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Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T10:42:35Z

IrmaBracy4216: created info.

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Coimbatore
| map_image = Coimbatore lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Coimbatore constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 2009
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]] [[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]] [[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]] [[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore North]] [[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore South]] [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
| electors = 21,04,577 <ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/7%20-%20Constituency(PC)%20wise%20summary%20table.pdf Constituency(PC) wise summary table] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811000000/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
}}
'''Coimbatore''' is a Lok Sabha constituency in western [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 20 of 39. It is the second-largest city of Tamil Nadu and the district headquarters of the Coimbatore district. This Coimbatore Lok Saba Constituency having third largest number of voters after [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]] and [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]].

==Assembly segments==

=== 2009-present ===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|None
|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=7}}
|-
|116
|[[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]
|None
|rowspan="6" |[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|-
|117
|[[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]
|None
|-
|118
|[[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore North]]
|None
|-
|120
|[[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore South]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|121
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|None
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

Before delimitation in 2009, it consisted of the following constituencies:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-11
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=31 October 2008
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
# [[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]] (defunct)
# [[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore East]] (defunct)
# [[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]] (defunct)
# [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
# [[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
# [[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]] (defunct)

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Coimbatore Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/parliamentary-constituencies/coimbatore.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221091914/https://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/parliamentary-constituencies/coimbatore.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1952^
|N. M. Lingam
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Parvathi Krishnan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|P. R. Ramakrishnan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[K. Ramani]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[K. Baladhandayutham]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|rowspan=3| [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|1974^
| rowspan="2" |[[Parvathi Krishnan]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Era Mohan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" |[[C. K. Kuppuswamy]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[M. Ramanathan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan=2| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[P. R. Natarajan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[P. Nagarajan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[P. R. Natarajan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|}

^ By Poll

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|45.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|35.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|57.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|52.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|53.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|57.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|47.76}}

}}
=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]|votes=568,200|percentage=41.39|change=''New''|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Annamalai (BJP politician)|K. Annamalai]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=450,132|percentage=32.79|change={{increase}}1.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Singai G. Ramachandran]]|votes=236,490|percentage=17.23|change=''New''|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kalamani Jeganathan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=82,657|percentage=6.02|change={{increase}}1.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=NOTA|votes=11,788|percentage=0.86|change={{down}}1.00}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=118,068 |percentage=8.60|change={{decrease}}5.78}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. Natarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=571,150 |percentage=45.85 |change= +42.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=392,007 |percentage=31.47 |change= -2.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mahendran |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=145,104 |percentage=11.65 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kalyana Sundaram |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=60,519 |percentage=4.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. R. Appathurai |party=Independent politician |votes=38,061 |percentage=3.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=23,190 |percentage=1.86 |change=0.36 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=179,143 |percentage=14.38 |change=10.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,245,644 |percentage=63.86 |change= -3.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,958,904 |change =13.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= +8.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Nagarajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,31,717 |percentage=37.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,89,701 |percentage=33.62 |change=+29.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ganeshkumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,17,083 |percentage=18.73 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=56,962 |percentage=4.91 |change=-26.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. Natarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=34,197 |percentage=2.95 |change=-32.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=17,428 |percentage=1.50 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pon. Chandran |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=6,680 |percentage=0.58 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,016 |percentage=3.62 |change=-1.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,59,192 |percentage=68.40 |change= -3.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,20,221 |change =+47.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 1.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. Natarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,93,165 |percentage=35.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,54,501 |percentage=30.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. R. Eswaran]] |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,28,070 |percentage=15.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Pandian |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=73,188 |percentage=8.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. K. S. Selvakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,909 |percentage=4.61 |change=-34.13 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,664 |percentage=4.70 |change=-14.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,22,566 |percentage=70.81 |change= 15.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,63,781 |change =-26.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -21.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Subbarayan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,04,981 |percentage=57.46 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,40,476 |percentage=38.74 |change=-10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Vellingiri |party=Independent politician |votes=11,562 |percentage=1.32 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Noor Muhamad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,484 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moogambikai Mani |party=Shiv Sena |votes=4,437 |percentage=0.50 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,64,505 |percentage=18.72 |change=12.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,78,866 |percentage=55.51 |change= -0.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,84,223 |change =0.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 8.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,30,068 |percentage=49.21 |change=43.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Nallakannu]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,75,991 |percentage=43.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. R. Balasubramaniam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=45,205 |percentage=5.17 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Lakshmana Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,502 |percentage=1.09 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=54,077 |percentage=6.19 |change=-11.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,74,020 |percentage=55.63 |change= -8.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,71,475 |change =5.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -7.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,49,269 |percentage=55.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. Subbian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,04,593 |percentage=37.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Krishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,739 |percentage=5.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. T. Kalyanasundaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,596 |percentage=0.57 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,44,676 |percentage=17.98 |change=-14.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,04,485 |percentage=55.28 |change= -9.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,95,356 |change =13.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Ramanathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,63,807 |percentage=56.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. K. Kuppuswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,01,020 |percentage=24.61 |change=-34.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. Natarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=85,355 |percentage=10.45 |change=-21.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Natarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,289 |percentage=5.30 |change=-1.48 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,62,787 |percentage=32.18 |change=5.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,16,665 |percentage=64.40 |change= 3.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,17,120 |change =11.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. K. Kuppuswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,08,891 |percentage=58.67 |change=1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Ramani]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,22,827 |percentage=31.97 |change=-6.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Narayanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,267 |percentage=6.78 |change=3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Abeeb Rahman |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=3,381 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,86,064 |percentage=26.70 |change=8.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,96,942 |percentage=60.86 |change= -4.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,79,032 |change =0.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. K. Kuppuswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,26,721 |percentage=56.68 |change=-1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Umanath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,86,653 |percentage=38.07 |change=-3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Narayanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,132 |percentage=3.34 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,40,068 |percentage=18.60 |change=1.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,52,918 |percentage=64.95 |change= -6.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,73,906 |change =30.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. A. Balakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,55,525 |percentage=57.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Umanath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,53,006 |percentage=41.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Stephen |party=Independent politician |votes=6,834 |percentage=1.11 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,02,519 |percentage=16.66 |change=5.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,15,365 |percentage=71.32 |change= 5.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,02,773 |change =14.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ram Mohan Alias Era Mohan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,76,975 |percentage=54.29 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parvathi Krishnan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,20,866 |percentage=43.29 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ramalingam |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=4,219 |percentage=0.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Rajan Alias Rajagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,166 |percentage=0.62 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=56,109 |percentage=11.00 |change=6.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,10,166 |percentage=66.06 |change= -4.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,85,260 |change =5.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 2.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parvathi Krishnan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,67,424 |percentage=52.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. C. Palanisamy]] |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,46,246 |percentage=47.94 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,178 |percentage=4.12 |change=-14.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,13,670 |percentage=70.39 |change= 2.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,43,258 |change =17.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Baladhandayutham]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,14,824 |percentage=53.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramaswamy |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,37,771 |percentage=34.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Ramani]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=52,388 |percentage=12.94 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=77,053 |percentage=19.03 |change=3.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,04,983 |percentage=67.48 |change= -8.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,31,568 |change =12.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Ramani]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,40,856 |percentage=57.93 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Mahalingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,74,935 |percentage=42.07 |change=3.01 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=65,921 |percentage=15.85 |change=4.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,15,791 |percentage=76.18 |change= -1.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,61,096 |change =10.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 18.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. R. Ramakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,51,019 |percentage=39.06 |change=-2.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parvathi Krishnan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,08,458 |percentage=28.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sundaram |party=Swatantra Party |votes=74,932 |percentage=19.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somasundaram |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,724 |percentage=10.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=V. N. Arunachyalam |party=SLP |votes=7,516 |percentage=1.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arumugham |party=Independent politician |votes=2,977 |percentage=0.77 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,561 |percentage=11.01 |change=4.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,86,626 |percentage=78.08 |change= 28.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,09,869 |change =10.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -8.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parvathi Krishnan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,10,454 |percentage=47.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Rangasami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=95,442 |percentage=41.27 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palanisami |party=Independent politician |votes=25,349 |percentage=10.96 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,012 |percentage=6.49 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,31,245 |percentage=50.02 |change= 50.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,62,294 |change =33.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Coimbatore}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link|candidate=[[T. A. Ramalingam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |change= }}

{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,46,405 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Coimbatore]]
* [[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency]]
* [[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190407180945/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/coimbatore/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Coimbatore lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.0|77.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government of Coimbatore]]

List of ministers of transport of Bihar

2026-05-07T21:33:53Z

IrmaBracy4216: Post

{{Short description|Transport ministers of Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}

This is a '''list of transport ministers of Bihar'''; which function as heads of the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]]'s [[Ministry of Transport]] and members of the [[Bihar government]]'s cabinet.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
! Chief Minister
! Party
|- align="center"
| 1
| Mahesh Prasad Singh
|
|
| Shri [[Krishna Singh (politician)|Krishna Singh]]
| rowspan="5" |
[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|- align="center"
| 2
|[[Rafique Alam]]
| 28 May 1973
| 24 June 1973
| [[Kedar Pandey]]
|- align="center"
| 3
| Shatrughan Sharan Singh
| 2 July 1973
| 25 September 1973
| rowspan="2" | [[Abdul Gafoor]]
|- align="center"
| 4
| Bindeshwari Dubey<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/bokaro-8794987.html | title=पुण्यतिथि पर याद किए गए बिन्देश्वरी दुबे }}</ref>
| 25 September 1973
| 18 April 1974
|- align="center"
| 5
| Shakeel Uzzaman Ansari
| 12 March 1985
| 14 February 1990
| [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
|- align="center"
| 6
| Shanker Prasad Tekriwal
| 2 April 2000
|
| [[Rabri Devi]]
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|- align="center"
| 7
| [[Ajit Singh (Bihar politician)|Ajit Kumar]]
| 24 November 2005
| 13 April 2008
| rowspan="3" | [[Nitish Kumar]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|- align="center"
| 8
| [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
| 13 April 2008
| 2010
|- align="center"
| 9
| [[Brishin Patel]]
| 26 November 2010
| 20 May 2014
|- align="center"
| 10
| [[Brishin Patel]]
| 20 May 2014
| 22 February 2015
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|- align="center"
| 11
| [[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
| 22 February 2015
| 20 November 2015
| rowspan="5" | [[Nitish Kumar]]
|- align="center"
| 12
| [[Chandrika Roy]]
| 20 November 2015
| 26 July 2017
|- align="center"
| 13
| [[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
| 29 July 2017
| 16 November 2020
|- align="center"
|14
|[[Sheela Kumari]]
|16 November 2020
|20 November 2025
|- align="center"
|15
|[[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
|20 November 2025
|15 April 2026
|- align="center"
|16
|[[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
|15 April 2026
|07 May 2026
| rowspan="2" | [[Samrat Choudhary]]
|- align="center"
|17
|[[Damodar Rawat]]
|07 May 2026
|present
|}

==See also==
*[[List of ministers of finance of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of health of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of sports of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of education of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of panchayati raj of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of co-operatives of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of science and technology of Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* http://transport.bih.nic.in/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport_Ministers_of_Bihar}}
[[Category:Government of Bihar|Transport Ministers]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists|Transport Ministers]]
[[Category:Transport in Bihar|Bihar, Transport Ministersis]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport ministers of Bihar]]

Sagardighi Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:26:18Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding Some Data From Scratch

{{Short description|State-level election constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sagardighi
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Sagardighi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sagardighi Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Bayron Biswas]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| constituency_no = 60
| established = 1951
| electors = 236,885
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Sagardighi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 60 Sagardighi Assembly constituency covers [[Sagardighi (community development block)|Sagardighi]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 11 July 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Sagadighi Assembly constituency is part of No. 9 [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!!Name!!colspan=2|Party!!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Shyamapada Bhattacharya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Kuber Chand Halder
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Shyamapada Bhattacharya
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Kuber Chand Halder
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]|| rowspan="2" |Ambika Chanran Das
|<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]||Kuber Chand Halder||{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||Atul Chandra Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]||Nrisinha Kumar Mandal
|<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]|| rowspan="2" |Hazari Biswas
|rowspan="7" bgcolor={{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
| rowspan="7" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]|| rowspan="4" |Paresh Nath Das
|<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||Parikhit Let
|<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Subrata Saha]]|| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|
|-
|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|2021]]
|
|-
|^2023
|rowspan=2| [[Bayron Biswas]]
|Switched from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] to [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]<ref name="3 months after bypoll win, lone Congress MLA in West Bengal Bayron Biswas joins TMC">{{cite news |date=30 May 2023 |title=3 months after bypoll win, lone Congress MLA in West Bengal Bayron Biswas joins TMC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3-months-after-bypoll-win-lone-congress-mla-in-west-bengal-joins-tmc/articleshow/100603113.cms?from=mdr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726071609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3-months-after-bypoll-win-lone-congress-mla-in-west-bengal-joins-tmc/articleshow/100603113.cms?from=mdr |archivedate=26 July 2025 |accessdate=26 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|
|}
^ denotes [[by-election]].

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagardighi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bayron Biswas]]
|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=90,781{{formatnum:}}|percentage=43.72|change={{increase}}8.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tapas Kumar Chakraborty |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=56,521{{formatnum:}}|percentage=27.22|change={{increase}}13.28}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Masiur Rahaman
|party=Social Democratic Party of India|votes=42,495{{formatnum:}}|percentage=20.46|change={{increase}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manoj Chakraborty]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=10,348{{formatnum:}}|percentage=4.98|change={{decrease}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,938{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.93|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:34260}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2560.htm

===2023 by-election===
By-poll was necessitated due to the death of sitting MLA [[Subrata Saha]] of [[Trinamool Congress]]. Shortly after the election, the winning [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate [[Bayron Biswas]] defected to [[Trinamool Congress]].
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 elections in India|2023 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Sagardighi<ref name="Sagardighi Assembly constituency 2023 By Poll Result">{{cite news |title=Sagardighi Assembly constituency 2023 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2560.htm?ac=60 |accessdate=26 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726071202/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2560.htm?ac=60 |archivedate=26 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Bayron Biswas]]|votes=87,667|percentage=47.35|change=+27.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Debasish Bandopadhyay|votes=64,681|percentage=34.94|change=-16.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dilip Saha|votes=25,815|percentage=13.94|change=-10.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,337|percentage=0.72|change=-0.19}}
{{Election box majority|votes=22,986|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,85,142|percentage=73.49|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections,2021]]: Sagardighi constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Subrata Saha]]
|votes = 95,189
|percentage = 50.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mafuja Khatun]]
|votes = 44,983
|percentage = 24.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sk M. Hasanuzzaman
|votes = 36,344
|percentage = 19.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Nure Mahaboob Alam
|votes = 3,450
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =1.705
|percentage =0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 50,206
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,86,816
|percentage = 78.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Subrata Saha of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Aminul Islam of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Sagardighi constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Subrata Saha]]
|votes = 44,817
|percentage = 26.23
|change = -11.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Aminul Islam
|votes = 39,603
|percentage = 23.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rajab Ali Mallick
|votes = 39,385
|percentage = 23.05
|change = -11.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Samsul Hoda
|votes = 31,920
|percentage = 18.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debsharan Ghosh
|votes = 7,358
|percentage = 4.31
|change = +1.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Badrul Sekh
|votes = 2,725
|percentage = 1.59
|change = -2.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,969
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kanika Chakroborty (Das)
|votes = 1,672
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Mirza Lutful Hoque
|votes = 1,416
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 170,865
|percentage = 82.92
|change = -2.67
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Samsul Hoda, contesting as an Independent candidate, was a rebel Trinamool Congress candidate.

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Subrata Saha of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Ismail Sekh of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Sagardighi constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=60| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130616231244/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=60| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 16 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Sagardighi| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Subrata Saha]]
|votes = 54,708
|percentage = 38.02
|change = -8.01#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ismail Sekh
|votes = 50,134
|percentage = 34.85
|change = -13.77
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aminul Islam
|votes = 22,402
|percentage = 15.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Badrul Sekh
|votes = 6,198
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shekharendu Das
|votes = 4,220
|percentage = 2.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Daud Mondal
|votes = 2,934
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Naru Gopal Saha
|votes = 2,037
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dhananjoy Bandopadhyay
|votes = 1,243
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 143,876
|percentage = 85.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +5.56#
}}
{{Election box end}}

Aminul Islam, a rebel Congress candidate contesting as an independent, was suspended from the party, but [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury|Adhir Chowdhury]], the Baharampur MP continued to extend support to him.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110420/jsp/bengal/story_13877493.jsp|title = Adhir defiant| publisher = The Telegraph, 20 April 2011 |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> Parikshit Let of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Sagardighi (SC) assembly seat defeating Rajesh Kumar Bhakat of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Paresh Nath Das of CPI(M) defeated Rajesh Kumar Bhakat representing [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> Nrisinha Kumar Mandal of Congress in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> and 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Hazari Biswas of CPI(M) defeated Nrisinha Kumar Mandal of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Atul Chandra Sarkar of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp53.htm | title = 53 - Sagardighi (SC) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Nrisinha Kumar Mandal of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> Atul Chandra Sarkar of Congress won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Kuber Chand Haldar of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> Ambika Charan Das of Congress won in 1967<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> and [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> Sagadigighi constituency was not there. Jangipur was a joint seat in 1957. It was won by Shyama Pada Bhattacharjee and Kuber Chand Haldar both of Congress. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952/> Sagardighi was a joint seat. It was won by Shyama Pada Bhattacharjee and Kuber Chand Haldar both of Congress.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T17:00:38Z

IrmaBracy4216: started new data

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kavundampalayam
| type = SLA
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| constituency_no = 117
| map_image = Constitution-Kavundampalayam.svg
| established = 2008
| district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[P. R. G. Arunkumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 422,138
}}
'''Kavundampalayam''' is a [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 117. It is the second largest electorate holding assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu as of 2021.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/tn-chief-election-officer-satyabrata-sahoo-released-final-voters-list-2023-of-tamil-nadu-today/articleshow/96754341.cms| title=Kavundampalayam Assembly Constituency | date=5 January 2023 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=1 April 2023 }}</ref>

==Composition==
It comprises the [[municipality]] of [[Goundampalayam|Kavundampalayam]] and its surrounding areas in [[Coimbatore]].

==History==
It was formed by the 2008 delimitation and is part of the [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]] parliamentary constituency.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It was created by the bifurcation of [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Two-more-Assembly-segments-notified/article14816726.ece | title=Two more Assembly segments notified | date=16 August 2007 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=2 July 2020 }}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

==Demographics==
Gender demographics of Kavundampalayam constituency as of 01.04.2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/kavundampalayam-assembly-elections-tn-117/|title=Patrikai.com Voters Count}}</ref> taken ahead of the State General election in Tamilnadu in 2021.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Female
!Male
!Transgender
!Total
|-
|2021
|2,29,997
|2,30,908
|95
|4,61,000
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2"| [[V. C. Arukutty]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[P. R. G. Arunkumar]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Kanimozhi Santhosh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.22}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kavundampalayam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kanimozhi Santhosh]]|party= Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=146466|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. G. Arunkumar]] |party= All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|votes=104326|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalamani Jagannathan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=SURYA PRAKASH K.P|party= Indian National Congress|Votes= |percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =407507 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kavundampalayam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. G. Arunkumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,35,669 |percentage=44.19 |change=3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,25,893 |percentage=41.00 |change=3.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pankaj Jain |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=23,527 |percentage=7.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalamani. M |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=17,897 |percentage=5.83 |change=4.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,892 |percentage=0.94 |change=-0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aruna. M |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,002 |percentage=0.65 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,776 |percentage=3.18 |change=0.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,07,026 |percentage=65.99 |change= -0.43 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=971 |percentage=0.32 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,65,228 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kavundampalayam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. C. Arukutty]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,10,870 |percentage=40.70 |change=-22.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Payya Gounder @ Krishnan. R. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,02,845 |percentage=37.76 |change=6.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nandakumar. R. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,444 |percentage=8.24 |change=5.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramamurthy. V. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,874 |percentage=6.19 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]] |party=None of the above |votes=5,274 |percentage=1.94 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,025 |percentage=2.95 |change=-29.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,72,400 |percentage=66.42 |change= -7.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,10,090 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kavundampalayam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. C. Arukutty]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,37,058 |percentage=63.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian T P |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,798 |percentage=31.27 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nandakumar R |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,175 |percentage=2.85 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69,260 |percentage=31.95 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,94,632 |percentage=73.58 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,16,785 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.0453373|76.9317303}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Arunachal Pradesh

2026-05-05T16:28:40Z

IrmaBracy4216: quick update

{{Short description|State in northeast India}}
{{Redirect|Arunachal|the hill at Thiruvannamalai|Arunachala|other uses|Arunachalam (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Arunachal Pradesh
| type = State
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
|image1 = TawangMonastery-ArunachalPradesh-1.jpg
|caption1 = [[Tawang Monastery]]
|image2 = Tawang Gate.jpg
|caption2 = [[Sela Pass|Tawang Gate]]
|image3 = Golden Pagoda Namsai Arunachal Pradesh.jpg
|caption3 = [[Golden Pagoda, Namsai|Golden Pagoda]]
| image4 = A wintry morning in Vijaynagar.jpg
| caption4 = [[Vijaynagar, Arunachal Pradesh|Vijaynagar]]
|image5 = Tsangyang Gyatso birth place.jpg
| caption5 = [[Urgelling Monastery]]
|image6 = Ziro valley of Aruncahl in summer season.jpg
|caption6 = [[Ziro|Ziro Valley]]
|image7 = Sangestar Tso Lake.jpg
|caption7 = [[Sangetsar Tso|Madhuri Lake]]
| image8 = 13,700 feet Sela Lake,in west Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh.jpg
| caption8 = [[Sela Pass]]
}}
| image_caption =
| image_seal = Arunachal Pradesh Seal.svg
| etymology = Arunachal ('dawn-lit mountains') and Pradesh ('province or territory')
| nickname = "Land of Rising Sun"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth Alone Triumphs)
| image_map = IN-AR.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|27.06|93.37|region:IN-AR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = Northeast India
| before_was = [[North-East Frontier Agency]]
| formation_date1 = 21 January 1972
| formation_date2 = formation1
| formation_date4 = 20 February 1987<ref>[http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/govt.htm Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007041243/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/govt.htm |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref>
| capital = Itanagar
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh|28]]
| government_footnotes =
| Governor = [[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Pema Khandu]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| Deputy_CM = [[Chowna Mein]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| judiciary = [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati High Court-Itanagar Bench]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 60 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| lok_sabha_seats = 2 seats
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|others=Hosted by: G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development. Sponsored by: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Govt of India|title=Arunachal Pradesh: Physiography, At a glance|url=http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/Arunachal_glance.html|access-date=23 June 2021|website=gbpihedenvis.nic.in|publisher=ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211513/http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/Arunachal_glance.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 83743
| area_rank = 14th
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=4 Reasons Why Arunachal Pradesh is a Natural Wonderland|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/68025/4-reasons-arunachal-pradesh-natural-wonderland|access-date=23 June 2021|website=Outlook India Traveller|quote=We may as well call Arunachal a flowery paradise. Arunachal is also called Orchid State of India|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205857/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/68025/4-reasons-arunachal-pradesh-natural-wonderland|url-status=live}}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 7,090
| elevation_max_point = [[Kangto]]
| elevation_min_m = 44
| elevation_min_point = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| population_total = {{Increase}} 1,383,727
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 27th
| population_urban = 22.94%
| population_rural = 77.06%
| population_density = 17
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011Abstract">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables (India & States/UTs – District Level) |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408052329/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx |archive-date=8 April 2022 }}</ref>
| population_demonym = Arunachalis
| 0fficial_Langs = English<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015025343/https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WORKING IN HINDI LANGUAGE |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2863engls.pdf |website=rajbhasha.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225114825/https://rajbhasha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2863engls.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| official_script = [[Latin script]]
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|0.47823|lc|lk=r}}
| GDP_year = 2025–26
| GDP_rank = 31st
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|280380|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 16th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.722 {{color|green|High}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 17th
| literacy = 84.2%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 21st
| sex_ratio = 997[[female|♀]]/1,000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019–2021)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India|access-date=29 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108164803/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2021
| sexratio_rank = 5th
| iso_code = IN-AR
| registration_plate = AR
| website = arunachalpradesh.gov.in
| foundation_day = Arunachal Pradesh Day
| mammal = [[Gayal|Mithun]]
| bird = [[Hornbill]]
| fish = Golden Mahseerref
| flower = [[Foxtail orchid]]
| tree = Hollong
| image_highway = SH IN-AR.png
}}

'''Arunachal Pradesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ər|ʊ|ˌ|n|ɑː|tʃ|əl|_|p|r|ə|ˈ|d|eɪ|ʃ}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Arunachal_Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516154328/https://www.lexico.com/definition/arunachal_pradesh |archive-date=16 May 2021 |title=Arunachal Pradesh |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{Literal translation|Dawn-Lit Mountain Province}})<ref>{{cite news |title='We Wake Up at 4 am': Arunachal Pradesh CM Pema Khandu Wants Separate Time Zone |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308 |work=Outlook |date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152928/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308|archive-date=17 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[northeast India]]. It was known as the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] until 1972, after which it became a [[union territory]] under the name Arunachal Pradesh. It became a state on 20 February 1987. [[Itanagar]] is its capital and largest town.

It shares [[Borders of India|international borders]] with [[Bhutan]] in the west, [[Myanmar]] in the east, and a disputed 1,129 km border with [[China]]'s [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] in the north at the [[McMahon Line]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ratnadip |date=23 September 2020 |title=Arunachal Residents Write To PM On Road Project, Quote National Security |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 |work=NDTV |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030144101/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nearly four-fifths of Arunachal Pradesh is claimed{{efn|Except the districts of [[Longding district|Longding]], [[Tirap district|Tirap]], [[Changlang district|Changlang]] and [[Namsai district|Namsai]] and some parts of [[Lohit district|Lohit]], [[Anjaw district|Anjaw]], [[Lower Dibang Valley district|Lower Dibang Valley]] and [[East Siang district|East Siang]] districts. The area of these districts is nearly 15,000 km² as per state figures.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Profile of Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/state_wise_dips/STATE%20PROFILE%20OF%20ARUNACHAL%20%20PRADESH,%202015_14316.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India|pages=12–15|date=2014}}</ref>}}<ref name="BBC_Apr2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=21 October 2024 |title=India says it reached a pact with China on military patrols along their disputed border |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-china-ladakh-border-standoff-c7c5fcf61b2378428842207b52b547c3 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2022 |title=China returns Indian citizen at disputed border |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-says-it-questioned-then-returned-indian-citizen-disputed-border-2022-01-27/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> by China as [[Southern Tibet]] as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region;<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691136097/strong-borders-secure-nation |title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation |date=14 September 2008 |isbn=978-0-691-13609-7 |pages=326–327 |quote=The territorial dispute between China and India concerns three sectors. The eastern sector includes 90,000 square kilometers south of the McMahon Line and north of what China claims as Tibet’s customary boundary, effectively the present-day Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, previously known as the North Eastern Frontier Agency. India claims that the frontier here was delimited by the McMahon Line drawn at the 1913–14 Simla Conference. China does not recognise the McMahon Line itself or any of the documents from this conference, which it never ratified. In addition, as the line itself was drawn directly on a map, it lacks a precise delimitation. Historically, Tibet had administered the area around Tawang in the far western portion of this sector, where the sixth Dalai Lama was born, and claimed additional areas on the southern slope. After independence in 1947, India moved to assert its authority, slowly administering this region in the early 1950s and in some cases replacing local Tibetan officials. |last1=Taylor Fravel |first1=M. |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802045657/https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691136097/strong-borders-secure-nation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarmah |first=Minakshi |date=2021 |title=Is China's Territorial Claim On Arunachal Pradesh Justifiable? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48654881 |journal=World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=78–89 |jstor=48654881 |issn=0971-8052}}</ref> China [[Sino-Indian War|occupied some regions]] of Arunachal Pradesh in 1962 but later withdrew its forces.<ref name="Mayilvaganan-Bej-Khatoon">{{cite book |title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2020 |editor-last1=Mayilvaganan |editor-first1=M. |editor-last2=Bej |editor-first2=Sourina |editor-last3=Khatoon |editor-first3=Nasima}}</ref>{{rp|22|quote=A theatre to the 1962 war, Tawang remained captive for a brief spell of time till China voluntarily retreated the territory in November 1962.}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Open War: State-Making's Dress Rehearsal |date=2016 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shadow-states/open-war/6069407DCF915B6A0D6A38EEB8E43ECA |work=Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962 |pages=232–264 |editor-last=Guyot-Réchard |editor-first=Bérénice |access-date=12 June 2023 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316796894.012 |isbn=978-1-107-17679-9 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071134/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shadow-states/open-war/6069407DCF915B6A0D6A38EEB8E43ECA |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 1,383,727. With only 17 inhabitants per square kilometre, it is the least densely populated state in India. It is an ethnically diverse state, with predominantly [[Monpa people]] in the west, [[Tani people]] in the centre, [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] and [[Tai peoples|Tai people]] in the east, and [[Naga people]] in the southeast of the state. About 23 major tribes and 100 sub-tribes live in the state,{{cn|date=February 2022}} including [[Nocte people|Nocte]], [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], [[Jingpo people|Singpho]], [[Galo tribe|Galo]], [[Tagin people|Tagin]], and [[Apatani people|Apatani]]. The Nyishi are the largest ethnic group in the region. The Mishmi tribe has three sub-tribes, namely Idu-Mishmi, Digaru-Mishmi, and Miju-Mishmi.

==Etymology==
Arunachal Pradesh means ''Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains'', which is the [[sobriquet]] for the state in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Discovery of North-East India |first=Usha |last=Sharma |isbn=978-81-8324-034-5 |page=65 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2005}}</ref> The term was coined during the formation of the state. Prior to the year 1972, it was called [[North-East Frontier Agency]].

The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) does not recognise Arunachal Pradesh, and claims the land to be part of Tibet, calling it [[Southern Tibet]] ({{lang-zh|c=藏南}} [[pinyin]]: ''Zàngnán'').<ref name="Mayilvaganan-Bej-Khatoon" />{{rp|22|quote=China's Ministry of Civil Affairs announced that it was standardising the names of six places in its 'south Tibet region' (''Zangnan diqu'') that refers to a portion of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.}}{{rp|155|quote=The ROC officially has never ceased to claim that it is the legitimate government of all China and continues, therefore, to claim all the territories that the People's Republic of China claims and more. This includes territories in dispute with India, too.}}<ref>{{cite news |date=10 September 2020 |title=India launches villages programme in Arunachal, ignores angry China |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-criticises-indian-ministers-visit-arunachal-pradesh-foreign-ministry-2023-04-10/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108131004/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-criticises-indian-ministers-visit-arunachal-pradesh-foreign-ministry-2023-04-10/ |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |agency=Reuters }}</ref> In ancient [[Classical Tibetan language|Tibetan]] texts, eastern Arunachal Pradesh{{Clarify|reason=Which part? Vague description.|date=January 2025}} and some parts of Tibet{{Which|date=January 2025}} were called Lhoyü while the residents were called Lhobha people,<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Web Page of Government of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/tourism.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320144930/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/tourism.htm |archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2025}} while [[Tawang district]] and [[West Kameng district]] in western Arunachal Pradesh were called Monyul.{{Efn|name=Monyul|{{harvnb|Nanda|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8i3rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30]}}: "Tawang, Dirang and parts of Western Kameng of Arunachal Pradesh, were historically and territorially (traditionally) part of the 'Monyul'."}}

== History ==
===Ancient period===
{{Main|Monpa people|Prince Tsangma}}

Very little ancient history is known about the region apart from the Northwestern corner, and the areas bordering current [[Assam]]. The Northwestern regions came under Monpa and [[Tibet]]an control.

Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul under Tibet which flourished between 500 BCE and 600 CE. The [[Monpa people|Monpa]] and [[Sherdukpen]] keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well.<ref>{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|pp=15–16}}</ref>

According to Tibetan chronicles, Monyul was ruled by Gongkar Gyal, descendant of an exiled Tibetan ruler named [[Prince Tsangma|Lhase Tsangma]], the brother of Tibetan king [[Ralpacan]] who arrived in Monyul in 837 A.D or earlier.<ref>{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=16}}</ref>

A descendant of Gongkar Gyal became the ruler of Trashiyangtse region of Bhutan and Gapde Tsan another descendant was the ruler of Khorwong valley in [[Thembang]] town (now [[West Kameng district]], Arunachal Pradesh).<ref name="ReferenceB">{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|pp=16–17}}</ref>
[[File:Thembang msb.jpg|thumb|250px|Thembang dzong built during the 12th century, a type of dzong commonly found in Bhutan and Tibet]]

Later, the second son of Gongkar Gyal, Wongme Palde who returned to Tibet owing to the poverty in Khorwong valley came back to Monyul to become its ruler.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

The Rgyal rigs text written in 1668 or 1728 contains a record of taxes collected. Taxes were paid via coins, foodstuffs, or livestock from area around present-day [[Kameng district]] and [[Tawang district]].<ref>{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=27}}</ref>

The Monpas ({{bo|t=མོན་པ}}) ་known to the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] as '''Menba'''<ref>{{harvcol|Eilmer|2014|p=127}}</ref> were responsible for trade between Assam and Tibet and held the Koriapar Dooar at [[Sonitpur district]] of [[Assam]]. The Monpa chief were subordinate to the ruler of [[Tawang]] who in turn were subordinate to the [[Ganden Phodrang|Government of Tibet]] or Ganden Phodrang in [[Lhasa]].<ref name="harvcol|Das|1998|p=38">{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=38}}</ref> The Tibetan government at Lhasa appointed Tibetan officials called Gellongs to supervise the local Monpa chief. The Monpa chief who looked after the Duar were called Tsorgon, a position created in the 16th century.<ref name="harvcol|Das|1998|p=38"/>

According to historical Tibetan text the state of Arunachal Pradesh known as Lhoyu came under the control of Tubo Kingdom or [[Tibetan Empire]] in the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |title=China's Tibet |author=Xiaoming Zhang |publisher=五洲传播出版社 |year=2004 |page=23 |isbn=7-5085-0608-1|quote=According to historical records, in the 7th century and thereafter, Lhoyu fell under the jurisdiction of the Tubo Kingdom and of the local government of Tibet}}</ref>

[[File:Tibetan empire greatest extent 780s-790s CE.png|thumb|250px|Arunachal Pradesh under the Tibetan Empire in 7th and 8th century CE]]

===Medieval period===
{{Main|Tsangyang Gyatso|Tawang Monastery}}

[[File:Tawang Monastery second largest monastery in Asia Arunachal Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.13|[[Tawang Monastery]] built in the 17th century under the instruction of the [[5th Dalai Lama]], is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], Tibet. It is one of the few monasteries of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] that have remained protected from [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s [[Cultural Revolution]] without any damage.{{Sfn|Richardson|1984|p=210}}]]

In the 17th century, the 5th Dalai Lama [[Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso]] (1617–1682), who achieved political supremacy over Tibet in 1642, imposed a tax called ''Khrey'' over Monyul and instructed the construction of fortresses in Monpa area called [[Dzong]] which served as centres for administration and tax collection.<ref name="harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=32">{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=32}}</ref>

[[File:Dirang Monastery.jpg|thumb|250px|Dirang Dzong build under instruction of the 5th Dalai Lama [[Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso]]]]

The fortresses built were Dirang Dzong, Taklung Dzong and Gyangkhar Dzong to collect tax from the [[Dirang|Dirang Monpa]], [[Kalaktang|Kalaktang Monpa]] and [[Tawang|Tawang Monpa]] respectively. The officials who collected the taxes were called [[Dzongpen|Dzongpon]].<ref name="harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=32"/>

The tax was carried to Tawang Monastery and then to Lhasa via [[Tsona]] city (present-day China).<ref name="harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=32"/>
[[File:Tsangyang Gyatso birth place.jpg|thumb|[[Urgelling Monastery]] built in 1489 A.D by Urgen Sangpo in Tawang is the birthplace of [[6th Dalai Lama]], Tsangyang Gyatso]]

The 6th [[Dalai Lama]] [[6th Dalai Lama|Tsangyang Gyatso]] (1683–1706) was born in [[Tawang]] and died in [[Amdo]] (present-day China) on his way to [[Beijing]] after being kidnapped by the [[Mongols|Mongol]] forces under [[Lha-bzang Khan]], the last ruler of [[Khoshut Khanate]] on the approval of [[Kangxi Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]].

Before his death the [[6th Dalai Lama]] instructed the construction of notable buildings like [[Tromzikhang]] in [[Barkhor]], [[Lhasa]].

[[File:Lhasa khrom gzigs khang 2014.09.23 11-19-07.jpg|thumb|Tromzikhang in Lhasa build under the instruction of the 6th Dalai Lama]]

Arunachal Pradesh falls under [[Kham]] ({{bo|t=ཁམས་}}) and [[Ü-Tsang]] ({{bo|t=དབུས་གཙང་}}) cultural region of Tibet which also includes the [[Brahmaputra River]] watershed.

The foothills and the plains, were under the control of the [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia]] kings of [[Assam]]. Inner parts of the state remained independent and self-governed even though interactions with external parties did exist.<ref>[[Claude Arpi]], The Pure Crystal Mountain Pilgrimage of Tsari, ''1962: The McMahon Line Saga''.</ref>

The main archaeological sites of the state include:<ref>{{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Swarnalata |title=Chutia Jaatir Buranji |year=2004 |publisher=Banalata Publications |location=Guwahati}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Site || Dated to || Built by
|-
| [[Bhismaknagar|Bhismaknagar Fort]], [[Roing]] || 8th–15th century<ref name="roing.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=https://roing.nic.in/tourism/|title=Tourism | District Lower Dibang Valley, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. | India|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515105256/https://roing.nic.in/tourism/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia kings]]
|-
| Bolung Fort, Bolung || 13th century || Chutia kings
|-
| Dimachung-Betali, West Kameng || 13th century || Chutia kings
|-
| [[Gomsi]] Fort, [[East Siang district|East Siang]] || 13th century<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201996_97%20A%20Review.pdf |title=Indian Archeology-1996-97 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224044929/http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201996_97%20A%20Review.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|| Chutia kings
|-
| Rukmini Fort, Roing || 14th–15th century<ref name="roing.nic.in"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Tezu Fort, Roing || 14th–15th century<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf |title=Chattopadhyay, S., ''History and archaeology of Arunachal Pradesh'', p. 71 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121180648/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/pdfToThesis.jsp?toHandle=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/159414&toFile=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Chutia kings
|-
| Naksha Parbat ruins, [[East Kameng district|East Kameng]] || 14th–15th century<ref>Borah, D.K.''Archaeological ruins of Naksabat'', p.32</ref>
|| Chutia kings
|-
| [[Ita Fort]], Itanagar || 14th–15th century<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itanagar.nic.in/tourist-place/ita-fort/|title=Ita Fort | Itanagar Capital Complex|website=itanagar.nic.in|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406223800/https://itanagar.nic.in/tourist-place/ita-fort/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| Chutia kings
|-
|Buroi Fort, [[Papum Pare]]|| 13th century<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2613|title=Early history of Kamarupa|first=Rai K. L.|last=Barua|date=27 January 1933|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>||Chutia kings
|-
| [[Malinithan]] Temple, Likabali || 13th–14th century<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thakur|first=A.K.|title=Pre-Historic Archaeological Remains of Arunachal Pradesh and People's Perception: An Overview|year=2004|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=65|pages=1185–1196|jstor=44144827}}</ref>|| Chutia kings
|-
| Ita Pukhuri, Ithili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1214_PART_A_DCHB_LOWER%20DIBANG%20VALLEY.pdf |title=District Handbook of Lower Dibang District |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111181928/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1214_PART_A_DCHB_LOWER%20DIBANG%20VALLEY.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || Chutia kings
|-
| Padum Pukhuri, Ithili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Kampona brick tank, Idili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Kanying brick tank, Idili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Bolung brick canal, Bolung|| 13th–14th century<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf |title=Chattopadhyay, S. "History and Archeology of Arunachal Pradesh Chapter3: Archeological remains", p.76. |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611010056/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || Chutia kings
|-Dibang fortifications, Dibang-Dikrung valley|| 13th–14th century<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124005#page/581/mode/1up |title=Notes on ancient temples and other remains in the vicinity of Sadiya by Major S.F.Hannay |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331094100/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124005#page/581/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> || Chutia kings
|-
| Dirang [[Dzong architecture|Dzong]], West Kameng || 17th century || [[Monpa people|Monpa]]
|-
| [[Tawang Monastery]], Tawang || 17th century (1680–1681) || Merak Lama Lodre Gyatso
|}

===British India===
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|262px|Map of the [[British Indian Empire]] from the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909 showing the Outer Line as the border of Assam]]

[[File:North-East Frontier in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The North-East Frontier Tracts in 1946]]

Following the annexation of Assam after the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], the British inherited the previous [[Ahom Kingdom]]'s tributary system in appeasing the frontier tribes known as ''posa''. The system was optimised with contracts to the leading chiefs to standardise who had the right to demand tribute from the British to curb raiding. With the goals of economic growth and extraction of tea, coal, oil and minerals in Assam, the British set out on a policy to curb tribal headhunting, civil wars and slavery.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=19}} Prior to the [[Simla Conference]] there was no declaration of British intentions towards the frontier tracts and tribes of the region. The region was treated as [[terra nullius]] neither to the British Raj or to any other entity. The British in their official documentation did not assert any recognition or affiliation of the frontier tracts with Tibetan or Chinese polities. Their assumption rested in that tribal territories were within the British sphere of influence until clear Tibetan boundaries were evident. In the 19th century, there was uncertainty along the border and no urgency to demarcate it.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=20}}

The first territorial policy with the frontier tracts was the introduction of the [[Inner Line Permit|Inner Line]] system. This was designed to restrict people beyond a certain territory to avoid provoking hostile relations with tribal groups on the frontier. However, the Inner Line was less of an international boundary and more of a framework for migration management. Before 1880, tribal relations with the British were handled ''ad-hoc'' by British officials. In 1880, a Frontier Tract Regulation was adopted and extended to any tract inhabited or freqeuented by barbarous or semi-civilised tribes adjoining or within the borders of any of the districts with the Territories under the administration of the Chief Commissioner of Assam. With this declaration, the Dibrugah Frontier Tract (east of the Subansiri River) was formally put under the administration of Lakhimpur with a political officer at Sadiya. The western section was in charge of the Deputy Commissioner of Darrang.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=20}}

In 1912, the sudden activity of Chinese military forces in the vicinity prompted the British to negotiate a formal delimitation of the international boundary. This was attributed to the [[Qing Empire]]'s attempts to establish Chinese authority in the Kham area of Tibet in 1910. The British recorded that various reports of dubious origin stated Chinese influence in the region. A party of Chinese were rumoured to have appeared in the Aka country, not far from the Inner Line boundary in the west. Chinese officials in Rima had also reportedly summoned the Mishmi chiefs to offer them to submit. Other rumours described a Chinese force ordered to march down the Siang river valley into the homeland of the Abors. As a response to these rumours, the British dispatched three missions into the hills. The Miri Mission explored the hills west of the Subansiri River. The Abor Mission between Subansiri and Siang was conducted along with the Mishmi Mission in the Sisseri, Dibang and Lohit river valleys. The goal of these missions was to establish the "natural and traditional frontier" between the frontier tribes and Tibet, and to inform the tribes that they were under British sovereignty and must adhere to British laws and punishments.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=21}}

The results of these missions led the boundary commission to create the [[McMahon Line]], which was influenced by the findings of the three missions. The one major exception was the incorporation of Tawang in the westernmost area. The inhabitants held close cultural and religious ties to Tibet and Bhutan, and the British had previously characterised this as a "dependancy of Thibet" not included in the tribal area designation. However, as knowledge of the Lhasa and Sub-Himalayan Buddhist communities grew, the accuracy of the statements of Tawang being a Tibetan dependency was questioned by the British and attributed to a category analogous to Bhutan and Sikkim, who were distinct groups with ties to the religious institution of Tibet. Another region between the tribals and Bhutan was considered highly undesirable, which in 1914 was examined by the British. The report by the Balipara Political Officer stated that the Tawang Monastery, the political authority of the region, was an offshoot of Drepung Monastery near Lhasa but recommend incorporation into the British regardless. Hence with these cosniderations the current McMahon line was drawn up.{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=21}}

In 1912–13, the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] established the [[North-East Frontier Agency|North-East Frontier Tracts]] via three divisions: the Western section, the Central and Eastern section, and the Lakhimpur tract. In 1919, they eventually came to be called the Ballipara Frontier Tract, Lakhimpur Frontier Tract and Sadiya Frontier Tract.{{sfnp|State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh|2010|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Rose|Fisher|1967|p=21-22}}

==== The McMahon line ====
{{Main|McMahon Line}}

[[File:McMahon Line on 1936 Survey of India map of Tibet.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A 1936 map of Tibet by [[Survey of India]], showing the [[McMahon Line]]]]
{{multiple image
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| direction = vertical
| width = 280
| image1 = 1947 India showing Provinces, States and Districts by Survey of India (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = The first political map of India (1947)
| image2 = North-East Frontier in 1947 Political Map of India.jpg
| caption2 = The North-East Frontier Tracts in 1947
}}

In 1913–1914, representatives of the [[Tibet (1912–1951)|''de facto'' independent state of Tibet]] and Britain met in India to define the borders of 'Outer Tibet' (with respect to China). British administrator [[Sir Henry McMahon]] drew the {{convert|550|mi|km}} [[McMahon Line]] as the border between [[British India]] and Tibet, placing [[Tawang]] and other areas within British India. The Tibetan and British representatives devised the [[Simla Accord (1914)|Simla Accord]] including the McMahon Line,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |title=Simla Convention |publisher=Tibetjustice.org |access-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215213927/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |archive-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> but the Chinese representatives did not concur.<ref name="Shakya1999">{{cite book |first=Tsering |last=Shakya |title=The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279 |year=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11814-9 |page=279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330183541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Simla Accord denies other benefits to China unless it assents to the Accord.<ref>Lamb, Alastair, ''The McMahon line: a study in the relations between India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914'', London, 1966, p529</ref>

The Chinese position was that Tibet was not independent from China and could not sign treaties, so the Accord was invalid, like the [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet|Anglo-Chinese (1906)]] and [[Anglo-Russian Convention|Anglo-Russian (1907)]] conventions.<ref name="int">{{Cite book |title=Aspects of India's International relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |series=History of science, philosophy, and culture in Indian civilization: Towards independence |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-317-0834-7 |page=202}}</ref> British records show that the condition for the Tibetan government to accept the new border was that China must accept the Simla Convention. As Britain was not able to get an acceptance from China, Tibetans considered the McMahon line invalid.<ref name="Shakya1999" />

In the time that China did not exercise power in Tibet, the line had no serious challenges. In 1935, a Deputy Secretary in the Foreign Department, [[Olaf Caroe]], "discovered" that the McMahon Line was not drawn on official maps. The [[Survey of India]] published a map showing the McMahon Line as the official boundary in 1937.<ref name="Ray2007">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA203 |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0834-7 |page=203|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017012124/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA203|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1938, two decades after the Simla Conference, the British finally published the Simla Accord as a bilateral accord and the Survey of India published a detailed map showing the McMahon Line as a border of India.

In April 1938, a small British force led by Captain G. S. Lightfoot arrived in Tawang and informed the monastery that the district was now Indian territory.{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|p=307}} The Tibetan government at [[Lhasa]] protested and its authority was restored after Lightfoot's return.

In 1944, Britain established administrations in the area, from Dirang Dzong in the west to [[Walong]] in the east. Administrative control extended over the area of the Tawang tract lying south of the [[Sela Pass]] when [[James Philip Mills|J.P. Mills]] set up an [[Assam Rifles]] post at [[Dirang]] [[Dzong]] and sent the Tibetan tax-collectors packing. Tibetan protests were brushed aside. However, no steps were taken to evict Tibet from the area north of the pass which contained Tawang town.<ref name=Maxwell>{{harvnb|Maxwell|1972|pp=50–51}}</ref> The Tawang district remained under Tibetan authority until 1951.

=== Sino-Indian War ===
{{Main|Sino-Indian War}}

Following the conclusion of British rule, India gained independence in 1947, while the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949. The new Chinese administration maintained the position that the McMahon Line was not valid.<ref name="Shakya1999"/>

In October 1947, independent [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] wrote a note to the Government of India asking for a "return" of the territories that the [[British Raj|British]] had allegedly occupied from Tibet. Among these were listed [[Zayul]] and [[Walong]] and in direction of [[Mêdog County|Pemakoe]], Lonag, Lopa, Mon, [[Bhutan]], [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling]]. After negotiation with the Indian government, Tibet relinquished claims on these territories.{{sfnp|Woodman, ''Himalayan Frontiers''|1969|pp=213–214}}{{sfnp|Maxwell, India's China War|1970|p=69}}<ref name="Lamb2-580">{{harvp|Lamb, ''The McMahon Line'', Vol. 2|1966|p=580}}</ref>

In November 1950, the PRC was poised to take over [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|Tibet by force]], and India supported Tibet. Journalist Sudha Ramachandran argued that China claimed Tawang on behalf of Tibetans, though Tibetans did not claim Tawang as part of Tibet.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF27Df01.html |title=China toys with India's border |first=Sudha |last=Ramachandran |date=27 June 2008 |work=South Asia |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20091122200123/http%3A//www%2Eatimes%2Ecom/atimes/South_Asia/JF27Df01%2Ehtml |archive-date=22 November 2009 | url-status= unfit}}</ref>

In February 1951, India sent [[Ralengnao Khathing]] of [[Manipur]] with a small escort and several hundred porters to Tawang and took control of the remainder of the Tawang tract from the Tibetans, removing the Tibetan administration.<ref>{{harvnb|Maxwell|1972|p=66}}</ref>{{efn|The official was [[Ralengnao Khathing]] of [[Manipur]], the Assistant Political Officer of the Sela subagency (now [[West Kameng district]]). He was accompanied by two platoons of [[Assam Rifles]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Manipur-remembers-man-who-won-Tawang/articleshow/45859646.cms Manipur remembers man who won Tawang], The Times of India, 13 January 2014.</ref>}}

What is now Arunachal Pradesh was established as the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) in 1954. [[Sino-Indian relations]] were cordial until 1960. Resurgence of the border disagreement was a factor leading to the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, during which China captured most of Arunachal Pradesh, including the Tawang tract.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/> China soon declared victory, withdrew back to the [[McMahon Line]], and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell">{{cite book |title=India's China War |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |year=1970 |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |isbn=978-0-224-61887-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaschinawar0000maxw |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Noorani2">A.G. Noorani, "{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050326174852/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm Perseverance in peace process]}}", ''India's National Magazine'', 29 August 2003.</ref><ref name="Joshi">Manoj Joshi, "Line of Defence", ''Times of India'', 21 October 2000</ref>

The war resulted in the termination of [[barter trade]] with Tibet, although since 2007 the Indian government has shown signs of wanting to resume barter trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/061227/48/6amqn.html|title=PM to visit Arunachal in mid-Feb|access-date=2 January 2007|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219083155/https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Renaming and statehood===
Under the leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]], The North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) was renamed Arunachal Pradesh {{citation needed span|date=February 2025|by Bibhabasu Das Shastri, Daya Krishna Goswami and O. P. Upadhya}} on 20 January 1972, and it became a [[union territory]]. Later on, Arunachal Pradesh became a state on 20 February 1987 during [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} DISTRICT UPPER SIANG {{!}} India |url=https://uppersiang.nic.in/history/ |access-date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224051233/https://uppersiang.nic.in/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

NB: K A A Raja, as Chief Commissioner to NEFA, under [[Assam]], whose Capital used to be [[Shillong]], later on went to become the first Lieutenant Governor to the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=KAA Raja brought democracy: C T Mein |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2017/03/16/kaa-raja-brought-democracy-c-t-mein/ |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=Arunachal Observer }}</ref>

=== Recent claims ===
The [[14th Dalai Lama]] did not originally recognise India's sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh. As late as 2003, he said that "Arunachal Pradesh was actually part of Tibet".<ref name="Tawang Dalai Lama">{{cite news |title=Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tawang-is-part-of-india-dalai-lama/articleshow/3097568.cms |archive-date=25 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125122218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |url-status=live |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2008 |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> In January 2007, the Dalai Lama said that both Britain and Tibet had recognised the McMahon Line in 1914. In 2008, he said that Arunachal Pradesh was a part of India under the [[Simla Accord (1914)|agreement]] signed by Tibetan and British representatives.<ref name="tpt">{{cite news |title=Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher=TNN |date=4 June 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |access-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125122218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |archive-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Dalai Lama, "In 1962 during the India-China war, the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) occupied all these areas (Arunachal Pradesh) but they announced a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew, accepting the current international boundary".<ref>"Dalai Lama's visit to Arunachal nostalgic: Top aide" [[Hindustan Times]] dated Dharamsala, 8 November 2009</ref>

In recent years, China has occasionally asserted its claims on [[Tawang district|Tawang]]. India rebutted these claims and told the Chinese government that Tawang is an integral part of India. India reiterated this to China when the two prime ministers met in [[Thailand]] in October 2009. A report that the [[Chinese Army]] had briefly invaded Arunachal Pradesh in 2016 was denied by India's [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)#List of Ministers of State|Minister of State for Home Affairs]], [[Kiren Rijiju]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/News-of-Chinese-incursion-in-Arunachal-Pradesh-incorrect-MoS-Rijiju/articleshow/54560708.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161003011521/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/News-of-Chinese-incursion-in-Arunachal-Pradesh-incorrect-MoS-Rijiju/articleshow/54560708.cms|archive-date = 3 October 2016|title = Kiren Rijiju: News of Chinese incursion in Arunachal Pradesh incorrect: MoS Rijiju |website = [[The Times of India]]| date=28 September 2016 }}</ref> In April 2017, China strongly objected to a visit to Tawang by the Dalai Lama, as it had to an earlier visit by the US ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/dalai-lama-in-tawang-what-next/391957.html |title=Dalai Lama in Tawang: What next |work=Tribuneindia News Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424090023/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/dalai-lama-in-tawang-what-next/391957.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=live |date=15 April 2017 |last1=Dikshit |first1=Sandeep }}</ref> China had objected to the Dalai Lama's previous visits to the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/india/2009/11/10/232126/Thousands-flock.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114542/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/india/2009/11/10/232126/Thousands-flock.htm|title=Thousands flock to see Dalai Lama in Indian state. |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2024, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that, according to [[satellite imagery]], China had constructed villages along and inside of disputed territory within Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last1=Xiao |first1=Muyi |last2=Chang |first2=Agnes |date=10 August 2024 |title=China's Great Wall of Villages |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/08/10/world/asia/china-border-villages.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=10 August 2024 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810234238/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/08/10/world/asia/china-border-villages.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese individuals, called "border guardians", received annual subsidies to relocate to newly built villages and paid to conduct border patrols.<ref name=":02" />

=== Insurgency ===
{{Main|Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh}}

Arunachal Pradesh has faced threats from insurgent groups, notably the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN), who are believed to have base camps in the districts of [[Changlang district|Changlang]] and [[Tirap district|Tirap]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030812/asp/northeast/story_2255514.asp |title=Apang rules out Chakma compromise |date=12 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526000435/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030812/asp/northeast/story_2255514.asp|archive-date=26 May 2011 |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> These groups seek to decrease the influence of Indian government in the region and merge part of Arunachal Pradesh into [[Nagaland]].

The [[Indian army]] is present along the Tibetan border to thwart any Chinese incursion. Under the [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)]], [[Inner Line Permit]]s (ILPs) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of its checkgates on the border with [[Assam]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[File:Mountains of Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Kettle (landform)|kettle lake]] at [[Sela Pass|Se La]] in [[Tawang district]].]]

Arunachal Pradesh is located between 26.28° N and 29.30° N latitude and 91.20° E and 97.30° E longitude and has an area of {{convert|83743|km2|abbr=on}}.

The highest peak in the state is [[Kangto]], at {{convert|7060|m|ft}}. Nyegi Kangsang, the main [[Gori Chen|Gorichen]] peak, and the Eastern Gorichen peak are other tall Himalaya peaks. The state's mountain ranges, in the extreme East of India, are described as "the place where the sun rises" in historical Indian texts and named the Aruna Mountains, which inspired the name of the state. The villages of [[Dong, Arunachal Pradesh|Dong]] (more accessible by car, and with a lookout favoured by tourists) and [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]] (on the edge of Myanmar) receive the first sunlight in all of India.
[[File:Salna Bari, Bhalukpong.jpg|thumb|A view from [[Bhalukpong]], a small town by the southern reaches of the Himalayas.]]
Major rivers of Arunachal Pradesh include the [[Kameng River|Kameng]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Siang ([[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]), [[Dibang River|Dibang]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]] and [[Noa Dihing]] rivers. Subsurface flows and summer snow melt contribute to the volume of water. Mountains until the Siang river are classified as the Eastern Himalayas. Those between the Siang and Noa Dihing are classified as the [[Mishmi Hills]] that may be part of the [[Hengduan Mountains]]. Mountains south of the Noa Dihing in [[Tirap District|Tirap]] and [[Longding district|Longding]] districts are part of the [[Patkai]] Range.

=== Climate ===
The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. The low-altitude areas have a [[humid subtropical climate]]. High-altitude areas (3,500–5,500 m) have a [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] and alpine climate. Arunachal Pradesh receives {{convert|2,000|to|5,000|mm}} of rainfall annually,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dhar |first1=O. N. |last2=Nandargi |first2=S. |date=1 June 2004 |title=Rainfall distribution over the Arunachal Pradesh Himalayas |journal=Weather |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=155–157 |doi=10.1256/wea.87.03 |issn=1477-8696 |bibcode=2004Wthr...59..155D|s2cid=121748669 }}</ref> 70%–80% obtained between May and October.

=== Biodiversity ===

Arunachal Pradesh has among the highest diversity of mammals and birds in India. There are around 750 species of birds<ref name="Choudhury2006">{{cite book |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=A pocket guide to the birds of Arunachal Pradesh. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India |location=Guwahati, India |isbn=81-900866-5-0 |date=2006}}</ref> and more than 200 species of mammals<ref name="Choudhury2003">{{cite book |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=The mammals of Arunachal Pradesh |publisher=Regency Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-87498-80-3 |date=2003}}</ref> in the state.
[[File:Clean ziro green ziro.jpeg|left|thumb|Ziro valley]] Arunachal's forests account for one-third of habitat area within the Himalayan biodiversity hot-spot.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hotspots revisited. |last=Mittermeier |first=Russell A. |publisher=Cemex |year=2004}}</ref> In 2013, {{convert|31273|km2|abbr=on}} of Arunachal's forests were identified as part of a vast area of continuous forests ({{convert|65730|km2|disp=or|abbr=on}}, including forests in Myanmar, China and Bhutan) known as [[Intact forest landscape]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Potapov |first1=Peter |last2=Hansen |first2=Matthew C. |last3=Laestadius |first3=Lars |last4=Turubanova |first4=Svetlana |last5=Yaroshenko |first5=Alexey |last6=Thies |first6=Christoph |last7=Smith |first7=Wynet |last8=Zhuravleva |first8=Ilona |last9=Komarova |first9=Anna |date=1 January 2017 |title=The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013 |journal=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1600821 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1600821 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5235335 |pmid=28097216 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E0821P}}</ref> There are three tiger reserves in the state: a reserve in [[Namdapha National Park]], Mouling National Park and [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="Arunachal Forest">{{cite web |last1=PCCF Arunachal Pradesh |title=Protected Areas |url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/protected_areas.html |website=www.arunachalforests.gov.in |publisher=Department of Forests & Environment, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607084038/http://arunachalforests.gov.in/protected_areas.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Flora===
In the year 2000, Arunachal Pradesh was covered with {{convert|63,093|km2|abbr=on}} of tree cover<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=M. C. |last2=Potapov |first2=P. V. |last3=Moore |first3=R. |last4=Hancher |first4=M. |last5=Turubanova |first5=S. A. |last6=Tyukavina |first6=A. |last7=Thau |first7=D. |last8=Stehman |first8=S. V. |last9=Goetz |first9=S. J. |s2cid=23541992 |date=15 November 2013 |title=High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6160 |pages=850–853 |doi=10.1126/science.1244693 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=24233722 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..850H}}</ref> (77% of its land area). It harbours over 5,000 plants.<ref>Govt of Arunachal Pradesh. {{cite web |url=http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/bio.htm |title=Official Web Page of Government of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415005713/http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/bio.htm |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border with [[Assam]], are [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]. Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home to [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]. Toward the northern border with Tibet, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests|Eastern]] and [[Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] followed by [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks. It supports many medicinal plants and within Ziro valley of Lower Subansiri district 158 medicinal plants are being used by its inhabitants.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=1315349 |pmid=16288657 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-1-11 |volume=1 |title=Ethnomedicinal botany of the Apatani in the Eastern Himalayan region of India |year=2005 |journal=J Ethnobiol Ethnomed |article-number=11 |last1=Kala |first1=CP |doi-access=free }}</ref> The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf [[rhododendron]], [[oak]], [[pine]], [[maple]] and [[fir]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A revised survey of the forest types of India(1968). |last1=Champion |first1=HG |first2=Shiam Kishore |last2=Seth |year=1968}}</ref> The state has [[Mouling National Park|Mouling]] and [[Namdapha National Park|Namdapha]] national parks.

===Fauna===

The major animal species are [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[snow leopard]], [[Asian elephant]], [[sambar deer]], [[chital deer]], [[barking deer]], [[sloth bear]], [[Bos frontalis|mithun]] (''Bos frontalis''), [[gaur]], [[dhole]], [[giant squirrel]], [[marbled cat]], [[leopard cat]].<ref name="Arunachal Forestb">{{cite web |title=Flora and Fauna |url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/wildlife_special.html |website=www.arunachalforests.gov.in |publisher=Department of Forests & Environment, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608224915/http://arunachalforests.gov.in/wildlife_special.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A new subspecies of hoolock gibbon has been described from the state which has been named as the [[Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon]] (''H. h. mishmiensis'').<ref name="Choudhury2013b">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'' from North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India |volume=9 |pages=49–59 |year=2013}}</ref> Three new giant flying squirrels were also described from the state during the last one and half-decade. These were, [[Mechuka giant flying squirrel]],<ref name="Choudhury2007">{{cite journal|first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=A new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. |journal= The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation NE India |volume=7 |pages=26–32 |date=2007}}</ref> [[Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel]],<ref name="Choudhury2009">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=One more new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation NE India |volume=8 |pages=27–35 |date=2009}}</ref> and [[Mebo giant flying squirrel]].<ref name="Choudhury2013a">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Siang basin, Arunachal Pradesh in North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India |volume=9 |pages=30–38 |date=2013}}</ref>

== Administration ==
=== Districts ===
{{Main|Districts of Arunachal Pradesh}}

Arunachal Pradesh comprises three divisions, namely, Central, East and West, each headed by a [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] and twenty-eight districts, each administered by a [[district magistrate|deputy commissioner]]. West Siang is the largest district by area and Tawang is the smallest district. Papum is the largest district by population and Diwang Valley is the smallest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh Districts |url=https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/ |website=arunachalpradesh.gov.in |access-date=22 December 2025 |archive-date=22 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222005915/https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Arunachal Pradesh districts}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Division<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/extraordinary_gazette/1513159055_2017%2520EOG%2520217%2520PERSONNEL.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224190501/https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/extraordinary_gazette/1513159055_2017%20EOG%20217%20PERSONNEL.PDF |archive-date=24 February 2021 |title=Administrative jurisdiction of divisions and districts |publisher=Government of Arunachal Pradesh|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>
! West
! Central
! East
|-
| Headquarters
| [[Yazali, Arunachal Pradesh|Yazali]]
| [[Basar, Arunachal Pradesh|Basar]]
| [[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]]
|-
| Districts
|
* [[East Kameng District|East Kameng]]
* [[Kamle district|Kamle]]
* [[Kra Daadi District|Kra Daadi]]
* [[Kurung Kumey District|Kurung Kumey]]
* [[Lower Subansiri District|Lower Subansiri]]
* [[Pakke-Kessang district|Pakke-Kessang]]
* [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]]
* [[Tawang District|Tawang]]
* [[West Kameng District|West Kameng]]
|
* [[Lepa-Rada district|Lepa-Rada]]
* [[Lower Siang district|Lower Siang]]
* [[Shi-Yomi district|Shi-Yomi]]
* [[Upper Subansiri District|Upper Subansiri]]
* [[West Siang District|West Siang]]
|
* [[Anjaw District|Anjaw]]
* [[Changlang District|Changlang]]
* [[Dibang Valley District|Dibang Valley]]
* [[East Siang District|East Siang]]
* [[Lohit District|Lohit]]
* [[Longding District|Longding]]
* [[Lower Dibang Valley District|Lower Dibang Valley]]
* [[Namsai District|Namsai]]
* [[Siang District|Siang]]
* [[Tirap District|Tirap]]
* [[Upper Siang District|Upper Siang]]
|}

=== Major towns ===
{{see also|List of cities and towns in Arunachal Pradesh}}
Below are the major towns in Arunachal Pradesh.

==== Municipal corporation ====
* [[Itanagar|Itanagar Municipal Corporation]]

==== Municipal councils ====
* [[Pasighat|Pasighat Municipal council]]

==== Municipal committees ====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Deomali]]
* [[Aalo]]
* [[Seppa]]
* [[Tezu]]
* [[Daporijo]]
* [[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]]
* [[Ziro]]
* [[Roing]]
* [[Tawang]]
* [[Khonsa]]
* [[Bomdila]]
* [[Pasighat]]

{{div col end}}

==== Towns ====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Jairampur]]
* [[Deomali]]
* [[Aalo]]
* [[Yingkiong]]
* [[Changlang]]
* [[Miao, Changlang|Miao]]
* [[Basar, Arunachal Pradesh|Basar]]
* [[Dirang]]
* [[Anini]]
* [[Koloriang]]
* [[Rupa, Arunachal Pradesh|Rupa]]
* [[Boleng]]
* [[Hawai, India|Hawai]]
* [[Sagalee]]
* [[Yupia]]
* [[Doimukh]]
* [[Gumto railway station|Gumto]]
* [[Longding]]
* [[Pangin]]
* [[Likabali]]
* [[Malinithan]]
* [[Bhalukpong]]
* [[Nampong]]
* [[Hayuliang]]
* [[Palin, Arunachal Pradesh|Palin]]
* [[Jamin (Arunachal Pradesh)|Jamin]]
* [[Bhismaknagar]]
* [[Akshiganga]]
* [[Mechuka|Mechukha]]
* [[Pasighat]]
* [[Ziro]]
* [[Raga, Arunachal Pradesh|Raga]]
{{div col end}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{more citations needed section|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Nishi tribal from Arunachal - Diganta Talukdar.jpg|thumb|left|Nyishi man in traditional dress]]
{{Historical population
| 1961 | 336,558
| 1971 | 467,511
| 1981 | 631,839
| 1991 | 864,558
| 2001 | 1,097,968
| 2011 | 1,383,727
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title= A – 2 DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1901 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/12%20A-2%20Arunachal%20Pradesh.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808132041/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/12%20A-2%20Arunachal%20Pradesh.pdf |archive-date= 8 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Census Population">{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Census Population |work=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Finance India |access-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population and decadal change by residence: 2011 (PERSONS) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |page=2 |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015117/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf }}</ref>
}}

As per the 2011 Census, Arunachal Pradesh has 12 [[List of Scheduled Tribes#Arunachal Pradesh|Scheduled Tribes]], comprising 68.79% of its population. The state can be roughly divided into a set of semi-distinct cultural spheres, on the basis of tribal identity, language, religion and material culture: the [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]-speaking [[Monpa people|Monpa]] area bordering [[Bhutan]] in the west, the [[Tani people|Tani]] area in the centre of the state, the [[Mishmi Hills|Mishmi]] area to the east of the Tani area, the [[Tai peoples|Tai]]/[[Singpho people|Singpho]]/[[Tangsa]] area bordering Myanmar, and the [[Naga people|Naga]] area to the south, which also borders Myanmar. In between there are transition zones, such as the [[Aka (tribe)|Aka]]/[[Hruso people|Hruso]]/[[Miji people|Miji]]/[[Sherdukpen]] area, between the Tibetan Buddhist tribes and the animist [[Tani (tribes)|Tani hill tribes]]. In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state, such as the Sulung.
[[File:A senior Adi Gaon bura in his official coat and badge, G.B.Simong, Upper Siang district.jpg|thumb|An Adi ''gaon-bura'' (village headman) in G.B.Simong village of the Upper Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh]]
Within each of these cultural spheres, one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions. In the Tibetic area, one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople, with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages, and also large numbers of Tibetan refugees. Within the [[Tani people|Tani]] area, major tribes include the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]]. [[Apatani people|Apatani]] also live among the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], but are distinct. In the north one find the Tagin People. In the centre, one finds predominantly [[Galo people]], with the major sub-groups of Karka, Lodu, Bogum, Lare and Pugo among others, extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas (which are close in many ways to Galo). In the east, one finds the [[Adi people|Adi]] with many subtribes including [[Padam tribe|Padam]], Pasi, [[Minyong]] and [[Bokar language|Bokar]], among others. [[Milang tribe|Milang]], while also falling within the general Adi sphere, are in many ways quite distinct. Moving east, the [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]], [[Miju Mishmi tribe|Miju]] and [[Digaro Mishmi language|Digaru]] make up the [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] cultural-linguistic area.

Moving southeast, the [[Tai peoples|Tai]] [[Khamti people|Khamti]] are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachalese tribes. They follow the [[Theravada]] sect of Buddhism. They also exhibit considerable convergence with the [[Singpho people|Singpho]] and [[Tangsa]] Naga tribes of the same area, all of which are also found in Burma. They are one of the most recent people group migrated to Arunachal region from Burma. The [[Nocte language|Nocte]] Naga and [[Wancho language|Wancho]] Naga are another two major ethnic tribes. Both the tribes exhibit very much cultural similarities. Finally, the [[Deori people|Deori]] tribe is also a major community in the state, with their own distinctive identity. They are the descendants of the priestly class of [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia people]] who were allowed to continue their livelihood after the defeat of the Chutias. Deoris are one of the only Arunachal tribes in the historical records – which shows they are among the first ethnic groups to inhabit the Himalayas of the districts of Dibang Valley and Lohit, before the arrival of many other tribes in the region between 1600 and 1900.

===Religion===
{{main|Religion in Arunachal Pradesh|Hinduism in Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[File:Parshuram Kund .jpg|right|thumb|[[Hinduism]] is practised by 29% of the population. Shown here is [[Parshuram Kund]] in [[Lohit district]], a major Hindu pilgrimage site.]]
[[File:BuddhaTwang.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.13|[[Buddhism]] is practised by 12% of the population. Shown here is a statue of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]] in [[Tawang]], Arunachal Pradesh.]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Arunachal Pradesh (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW12C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401141634/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW12C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|value1 = 30.26
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 29.04
|color2 = Darkorange
|label3 = [[Donyi-Polo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=C-1 Appendix – 2011 Details Of Religious Community Shown Under 'other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table C-1 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803134400/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|value3 = 26.20
|color3 = Crimson
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 11.77
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = [[Islam]]
|value5 = 1.95
|color5 = Green
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.78
|color6 = Gray
}}
According to the 2011 Indian Census, 418,732 (30.26%) are [[Christians]], 401,876 (29.04%) are [[Hindus]], 162,815 (11.77%) [[Buddhists]], 27,045 (1.95%) [[Muslims]], 3,287 (0.24%) [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], 771 (0.06%) [[Jainism|Jains]] and 362,553 (26.20%) are adherents of various tribals belief including [[Donyi-Polo]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Religious Composition |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=27 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live}}
</ref> However, the religious landscape of Arunachal Pradesh is diverse with no single religious group representing the majority of the population, although it is one of the few Indian states where [[Christianity]] has the most followers. A relatively large percentage of Arunachal's population are nature worshippers ([[indigenous religions]]), and follow their own distinct traditional institutions like the Nyedar Namlo by the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], the [[Rangfrah]] by the [[Tangsa Naga|Tangsa]] & [[Nocte people|Nocte]], Medar Nelo by the [[Apatani people|Apatani]], the Kargu Gamgi by the [[Galo tribe|Galo]] and Donyi-Polo Dere by the [[Adi people|Adi]] under the umbrella of the indigenous religion the [[Donyi-Polo]]. A small number of Arunachali people have traditionally identified as [[Hindu]]s,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms |title=How churches in Arunachal Pradesh are facing resistance over conversion of tribals|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201122855/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=19 November 2017 |last1=Katiyar |first1=Prerna}}</ref> although the number may grow as animist traditions are absorbed into Hinduism. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] predominates in the districts of [[Tawang]], [[West Kameng]], and isolated regions adjacent to [[Tibet]]. [[Theravada Buddhism]] is practised by groups living near the [[Myanmar]] border. Around 30% of the population are Christians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |title=Census of India: C-1 Population By Religious Community|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Buddhism arrived in Arunachal Pradesh in the 8th century CE from Tibet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/theravada-buddhist-monasteries-arunachal-pradesh-study-art-and-visual-culture#:~:text=While%20Mahayana%20Buddhism%20arrived%20in,%2Dday%20Myanmar)%2C%20settled%20in | title=Theravada Buddhist Monasteries of Arunachal Pradesh: A Study of Art and Visual Culture | access-date=24 June 2022 | archive-date=26 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626051042/https://www.sahapedia.org/theravada-buddhist-monasteries-arunachal-pradesh-study-art-and-visual-culture#:~:text=While%20Mahayana%20Buddhism%20arrived%20in,%2Dday%20Myanmar)%2C%20settled%20in | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1971, the percentage of Christians in the state was 0.79%. This increased to 10.3% by 1991 and by 2011 it had crossed 25%.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bansal|first1=Samarth|last2=Ramachandran|first2=Smriti Kak|date=8 March 2017|title=Christian population on the rise in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/christian-population-on-the-rise-in-arunachal-pradesh-manipur/story-8Go2uITu2BLFJ547MPwohM.html|access-date=26 January 2021|work=Hindustan Times|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163854/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/christian-population-on-the-rise-in-arunachal-pradesh-manipur/story-8Go2uITu2BLFJ547MPwohM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{see also|Arunachal languages}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Arunachal Pradesh in 2011<ref name="Census of India">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10194/download/13306/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809135135/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10194/download/13306/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
| label1 = [[Nyishi language|Nyishi]]
| value1 = 20.74
| color1 = teal
| label2 = [[Adi language|Adi]]
| value2 = 17.35
| color2 = firebrick
| label3 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value3 = 6.89
| color3 = goldenrod
| label4 = [[Bangni-Tagin language|Tagin]]
| value4 = 4.54
| color4 = White
| label5 = [[Bhotia language|Bhotia]]
| value5 = 4.52
| color5 = violet
| label6 = [[Wancho language|Wancho]]
| value6 = 4.23
| color6 = red
| label7 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| value7 = 3.89
| color7 = Peru
| label8 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value8 = 3.66
| color8 = darkorchid
| label9 = [[Hindi]]
| value9 = 3.45
| color9 = orange
| label10 = [[Chakma language|Chakma]]
| value10 = 3.40
| color10 = peachpuff
| label11 = [[Apatani language|Apatani]]
| value11 = 3.21
| color11 = cornflowerblue
| label12 = [[Digaro languages|Mishmi]]
| value12 = 3.04
| color12 = darkgrey
| label13 = [[Tangsa language|Tangsa]]
| value13 = 2.64
| color13 = indianred
| label14 = [[Nocte language|Nocte]]
| value14 = 2.19
| color14 = darkgreen
| label15 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| value15 = 2.04
| color15 = darkorange
| label16 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]]
| value16 = 1.04
| color16 = palegoldenrod
| label17 = Others
| value17 = 13.16
| color17 = Grey
| footer = Hindi is spoken by 62.8% (nearly 0.9 million) of the state population as a primary, secondary, or additional language, serving as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' for diverse ethnolinguistic social groups.<ref>{{cite web|title=C-17: Population by bilingualism and trilingualism, Arunachal Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10274/download/13386/DDW-C17-1200.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
}}

The speakers of major languages of the state according to the 2011 census are [[Nishi language|Nyishi]] (20.74%), [[Adi people#Language|Adi]] (17.35%, includes Adi and [[Gallong language|Gallong]]), [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (6.89%), [[Bangni-Tagin language|Tagin]] (4.54%), [[Bhotia language|Bhotia]] (4.51%), [[Wancho language|Wancho]] (4.23%), [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (3.9%), [[Bangla language|Bangla]] (3.65%), [[Hindi]] (3.45%), [[Chakma language|Chakma]] (3.40%), [[Apatani language|Apatani]] (3.21%), [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] (3.04%), Tangsa (2.64%), Nocte (2.19%), [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] (2.04%) and [[Sadri language|Sadri]] (1.03%).

The vast majority of Arunachal Pradesh speaks [[Tani languages]] of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language family. [[Tani people]] are indigenous to central Arunachal Pradesh, including (moving from west to east) the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], the [[Apatani people|Apatani]], the [[Tagin people|Tagin]], the [[Galo people|Galo]], the [[Bokar language|Bokar]], the [[Adi people|Adi]], the [[Padam people|Padam]], the Pasi, and the [[Minyong people|Minyong]]. The Tani languages are noticeably characterised by an overall relative uniformity, suggesting relatively recent origin and dispersal within their present-day area of concentration. Most of the [[Tani languages]] are mutually intelligible with at least one other Tani language, meaning that the area constitutes a [[dialect chain]], as was once found in much of Europe; only [[Apatani language|Apatani]] and [[Milang language|Milang]] stand out as relatively unusual in the Tani context. Tani languages are among the better-studied languages of the region.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

To the east of the Tani area lie three virtually undescribed and highly endangered languages of the "[[Digaro languages|Mishmi]]" group of Tibeto-Burman: [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]], [[Digaro Mishmi language|Digaru]] and [[Mishmi people]]. A number of speakers of these languages are also found in [[Tibet]]. The relationships of these languages, both among one another and to other area languages, are as yet uncertain. Further south, one finds the [[Jingpho language|Singpho (Kachin) language]], which is primarily spoken by large populations in [[Myanmar]]'s [[Kachin State]], and the [[Nocte language|Nocte]] and [[Wancho language]]s, which show affiliations to certain [[Naga languages]] spoken to the south in modern-day [[Nagaland]].

To the west and north of the Tani area are found at least one and possibly as many as four [[Bodic languages]], including [[Dakpa language|Dakpa]] and [[Tshangla language]]; within modern-day India, these languages go by the cognate but, in usage, distinct designations Monpa and [[Memba people|Memba]]. Most speakers of these languages or closely related Bodic languages are found in neighbouring [[Bhutan]] and [[Tibet]], and Monpa and Memba populations remain closely adjacent to these border regions.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Between the Bodic and Tani areas lie many almost completely undescribed and unclassified languages, which, speculatively considered Tibeto-Burman, exhibit many unique structural and lexical properties that probably reflect both a long history in the region and a complex history of language contact with neighbouring populations. Among them are [[Sherdukpen language|Sherdukpen]], [[Bugun language|Bugun]], [[Hrusish languages|Hruso]], [[Koro language (India)|Koro]], [[Miji languages|Miji]], [[Bangru language|Bangru]] and [[Puroik language|Puroik]]/[[Sulung]]. The high linguistic significance these languages is belied by the extreme paucity of documentation and description of them, even in view of their highly endangered status. Puroik, in particular, is perhaps one of the most culturally and linguistically unique and significant populations in all of Asia from proto-historical and anthropological-linguistic perspectives, and yet virtually no information of any real reliability regarding their culture or language can be found in print.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Finally, other than the Bodic and Tani groups, there are also certain migratory languages that are largely spoken by migratory and central government employees serving in the state in different departments and institutions in modern-day Arunachal Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} They are classified as Non-Tribal as per the provisions of the [[Constitution of India]].

Outside of Tibeto-Burman, one finds in Arunachal Pradesh a single representative of the [[Tai languages|Tai family]], spoken by [[Khamti people|Tai Khamti]], which is closely affiliated to the [[Shan language]] of [[Myanmar]]'s [[Shan State]]. Seemingly, Khampti is a recent arrival in Arunachal Pradesh whose presence dates to 18th or early 19th-century migrations from northern [[Myanmar]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In addition to English, various Indo-Aryan languages [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and especially [[Hindi]] are making strong inroads into Arunachal Pradesh. Primarily as a result of the primary education system—in which classes are generally taught by Hindi-speaking migrant teachers from [[Bihar]] and other Hindi-speaking parts of northern India, a large and growing section of the population now speaks a semi-[[Creolization|creolised]] variety of Hindi as a mother tongue. Hindi acts as a lingua franca for most of the people in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh |title=How Hindi became the language of choice in Arunachal Pradesh |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211120138/http://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh |archive-date=11 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite, or perhaps because of, the linguistic diversity of the region, English is the only official language recognised in the state.

===Literacy===
Literacy has risen in official figures to 66.95% in 2011 from 54.74% in 2001. The literate population is said to number 789,943. The number of literate males is 454,532 (73.69%) and the number of literate females is 335,411 (59.57%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Table-2(3)_literacy.pdf |title=Census of India: Provisional Population Tables – Census 2011 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409075627/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Table-2%283%29_literacy.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2011}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{see also|List of Indian states by GDP}}
The chart below displays the trend of the gross state domestic product of Arunachal Pradesh at market prices by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in billions of Indian Rupees.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Gross Domestic Product (Billion ₹)
|-
| 1980 || align=right|1.070
|-
| 1985 || align=right|2.690
|-
| 1990 || align=right|5.080
|-
| 1995 || align=right|11.840
|-
| 2000 || align=right|17.830
|-
| 2005 || align=right|31.880
|-
| 2010 || align=right|65.210
|-
| 2015|| align=right|155.880
|}

Arunachal Pradesh's [[Gross domestic product|gross state domestic product]] was estimated at US$706 million at current prices in 2004 and US$1.75 billion at current prices in 2012. Agriculture primarily drives the economy. Jhum, the local term used for shifting cultivation is being widely practised among the tribal groups, though owing to the gradual growth of other sources of income in the recent years, it is not being practised as prominently as it was earlier. Arunachal Pradesh has close to 61,000 km2 of forests, and forest products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation and processing units, and handloom handicrafts. [[Sawmill]]s and plywood trades are prohibited under law.<ref>[http://www.thisismyindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-economy.html Arunachal Pradesh Economy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508051639/http://www.thisismyindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-economy.html |date=8 May 2016 }}, ''This Is My India''</ref> There are many saw mills in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/economy.html |title=Economy of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027102248/http://www.mapsofindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/economy.html |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
A significant portion of India's unexplored hydroelectric capacity is attributed to Arunachal Pradesh. In 2008, the Arunachal Pradesh government entered into several memoranda of understanding with multiple companies, outlining around 42 hydroelectric projects intended to generate over 27,000 MW of electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2008/feb/env-arunachal.htm |title=Massive dam plans for Arunachal |date=17 February 2008 |publisher=Indiatogether.org |access-date=6 October 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Construction of the [[Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project]], which is expected to generate between 10,000 and 12,000 MW, began in April 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article53042.ece |title=India pre-empts Chinese design in Arunachal |work=The New Indian Express|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812234659/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article53042.ece|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Air ===
[[Itanagar Airport]], a [[greenfield project]] serving Itanagar, was constructed at Holongi at a cost of {{INR}}6.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=PMO ends tussle between AAI and Arunachal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3696836.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 July 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730222350/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3696836.ece |archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> In 2022, [[IndiGo]] began direct flights to Itanagar from [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-commences-operations-from-donyi-polo-airport-itanagar.html |title= IndiGo commences operations from Donyi Polo Airport, Itanagar |website=IndiGo |date=28 November 2022 |access-date=22 December 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230205105931/https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-commences-operations-from-donyi-polo-airport-itanagar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=December 2024}} [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] operates flights to the state flying from Kolkata via [[Guwahati]] to [[Pasighat Airport]]. This route commenced in May 2018 under the Government's Regional Connectivity Scheme [[UDAN]] following the completion of a passenger terminal at Pasighat Airport in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/arunachals-first-commercial-flight-lands-at-pasighat-airport/articleshow/64271968.cms |title=Arunachal's first commercial flight lands at Pasighat airport |website=The Times of India |date=22 May 2018 |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526033123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/arunachals-first-commercial-flight-lands-at-pasighat-airport/articleshow/64271968.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> State-owned [[Daporijo Airport]], [[Ziro Airport]], [[Along Airport]], and [[Tezu Airport]] are small and not in operation, but the government has proposed to develop them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt considering setting up of 3 greenfield airports in NE |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/govt-considering-setting-up-of-3-greenfield-airports-in-ne/article6312413.ece |date=13 August 2014 |work=[[Business Line|The Hindu Businessline]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308035352/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/Govt-considering-setting-up-of-3-greenfield-airports-in-NE/article20842073.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the state was connected by roads, these airstrips were used to distribute food.

=== Roads ===
[[File:Parsuram.jpg|thumb|The road from Tinsukia to [[Parshuram Kund]]]]
[[File:Hunli Signboard Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Hunli signboard]]
The main highway of Arunachal Pradesh is the [[Trans-Arunachal Highway]], [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]] ({{convert|1293|km|abbr=on|adj=on}}; formerly NH-229 and NH-52). It originates in [[Tawang Town|Tawang]] and spans most of the width of Arunachal Pradesh, then crosses south into [[Assam]] and ends at [[Wakro]]. The project was announced by then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2008 for completion by 2015–16, but only became operational in 2018.

[[National Highway 15 (India)|NH-15]] through Assam follows the southern border of Arunachal Pradesh. Access to central Arunachal Pradesh has been facilitated by the [[Bogibeel Bridge]], an earthquake-resistant rail and road bridge over the [[Brahmaputra River]] in Assam, opened for public use on 25 December 2018 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]. A spur highway numbered [[National Highway 415 (India)|NH-415]] services Itanagar.

State-owned [[Arunachal Pradesh State Transport Services]] (APSTS) runs daily bus service from [[Itanagar]] to most district headquarters including [[Tezpur]], [[Guwahati]] in Assam, [[Shillong]] in Meghalaya, and [[Dimapur]] in Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/itanagar-dimapur-bus-service-flagged-off/articleshow/56168153.cms |title=Itanagar-Dimapur bus service flagged off |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 December 2016 |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208223430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/itanagar-dimapur-bus-service-flagged-off/articleshow/56168153.cms |archive-date=8 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/csp_ap_portal/night-bus-service-again.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170752/http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/csp_ap_portal/night-bus-service-again.html|title=Night coach bus services introduced |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiamapped.com/public-transports-in-india/arunachal-pradesh/ |title=PSTS |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170146/http://www.indiamapped.com/public-transports-in-india/arunachal-pradesh/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Official Page of NRC Yak, Dirang.. |url=http://www.icar.org.in/nrcyak/background.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040347/http://www.icar.org.in/nrcyak/background.html |archive-date=28 September 2007 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=www.icar.org.in}}</ref>

{{as of|2007}}, every village is connected by road, thanks to funding provided by the central government. Every small town has its own bus station with daily bus service. Connections to [[Assam]] have increased commerce.

In 2014, two additional east–west highways were proposed: an [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|Industrial Corridor Highway]] in the lower foothills, and a [[Arunachal Frontier Highway|Frontier Highway]] along the [[McMahon Line]].<ref name=BR1>{{cite news |title=Top officials to meet to expedite road building along China border |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms |work=Dipak Kumar Dash |date=16 October 2014 |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018192037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BR2>{{cite web |title=Narendra Modi government to provide funds for restoration of damaged highways |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106 |publisher=dnaindia |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027082007/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106|archive-date=27 October 2014|url-status=live |date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR3>{{cite web |title=Indian Government Plans Highway Along Disputed China Border |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/ |work=Ankit Panda |publisher=thediplomat.com |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018054055/https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BR4>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |title=Govt planning road along McMohan line in Arunachal Pradesh: Kiren Rijiju |newspaper=Live Mint |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202035956/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |archive-date= 2 December 2014 |url-status= live}}</ref> The proposed alignment of the Frontier Highway has been published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225424/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

=== Railway ===
Arunachal Pradesh got its first railway line in late 2013 with the opening of the new link line from Harmuti on the main [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section|Rangpara North–Murkongselak railway line]] to Naharlagun in Arunachal Pradesh. The construction of the 33-kilometre {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad-gauge railway]] line was completed in 2012, and the link became operational after the gauge conversion of the main line from Assam. The state capital Itanagar was added to the Indian railway map on 12 April 2014 via the newly built 20-kilometre Harmuti-Naharlagun railway line, when a train from Dekargaon in [[Assam]] reached [[Naharlagun railway station]], 10 kilometres from the centre of Itanagar, a total distance of 181 kilometres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/arunachal-pradesh-capital-itanagar-put-on-indias-railway-map-139950.html |title=Arunachal Pradesh Capital Itanagar Put on India's Railway Map |work=indiatimes.com|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429092408/http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/arunachal-pradesh-capital-itanagar-put-on-indias-railway-map-139950.html|archive-date=29 April 2014|url-status=live |date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-12/news/49080232_1_harmuti-railway-map-arunachal-pradesh |title=Arunachal Pradesh now on railway map, train reaches Naharlagun, a town near capital Itanagar |work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090627/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-12/news/49080232_1_harmuti-railway-map-arunachal-pradesh|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>

On 20 February 2015, the first through train was run from New Delhi to Naharlagun, flagged off from the capital by the Indian prime minister, [[Narendra Modi]]. India plans to eventually extend the railway to [[Tawang]], near the border with China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalita |first1=Prabin |title=Modi to flag off first train from Arunachal to Delhi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-to-flag-off-first-train-from-Arunachal-to-Delhi/articleshow/46307403.cms |access-date=23 February 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223113655/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-to-flag-off-first-train-from-Arunachal-to-Delhi/articleshow/46307403.cms|archive-date=23 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[File:NERIST academic block.jpg|thumb|left|[[NERIST]] academic block]]
[[File:NIT Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|[[NIT Arunachal Pradesh]] temporary campus in [[Yupia]]]]

The state government is expanding the relatively underdeveloped education system with the assistance of NGOs like [[Vivekananda Kendra]], leading to a sharp improvement in the state's literacy rate. The main universities are the [[Rajiv Gandhi University]] (formerly known as Arunachal University), under which come 36 institutions offering regular undergraduate courses as well as teacher education and health sciences and nursing degrees, both under governmental and private managements, [[Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University]] and [[Himalayan University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news/34163931_1_apex-professional-university-education-bills-education-minister-bosiram-siram |title=Quality higher education |work=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214064057/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news/34163931_1_apex-professional-university-education-bills-education-minister-bosiram-siram |archive-date=14 December 2012 }}</ref> as well. The first college, Jawaharlal Nehru College, Pasighat, was established in 1964. The First Technical University is Established in 2014 namely North East Frontier Technical University (NEFTU). In Aalo, West Siang District by The Automobile Society India, New Delhi. There is also a [[deemed university]], the [[North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology]] as well as the [[National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh]], established on 18 August 2010, is located in [[Yupia]] (headquarter of Itanagar).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nitap.in |title=NIT Arunachal Pradesh, Govt. of India|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224042511/http://nitap.in/|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> NERIST plays an important role in technical and management higher education. The directorate of technical education conducts examinations yearly so that students who qualify can continue on to higher studies in other states.
[[File:St Claret College Ziro.JPG|thumb|St Claret College Ziro]]
Of the above institutions, only the following institutions are accredited by NAAC ([[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]), in the order of their grade: [[Jawaharlal Nehru College]], Pasighat (Grade A), [[St Claret College, Ziro]] (Grade A), Indira Gandhi Govt. College, Tezu (Grade B++), [[Rajiv Gandhi University]] (Grade B), [[National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh]] (Grade B), Dera Natung Government College, Itanagar (Grade B), Govt. College, Bomdila (Grade B), Donyi Polo Govt. College, Kamki (Grade B), and Rang Frah Govt. College, Changeling (Grade C).

Wangcha Rajkumar Government College, [[Deomali]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=WANGCHA RAJKUMAR GOVT.COLLEGE |url=https://www.wrgcollege.edu.in/ |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=www.wrgcollege.edu.in |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009152333/https://www.wrgcollege.edu.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is the only college in the southeastern part of Arunachal Pradesh. It caters to the students from [[Tirap district|Tirap]], [[Changlang]] and [[Longding district|Longding]] districts.

There are also trust institutes, like Pali Vidyapith, run by Buddhists. They teach Pali and [[Khamti language|Khamti]] scripts in addition to typical education subjects. [[Khamti people|Khamti]] is the only tribe in Arunachal Pradesh that has its own script. Libraries of scriptures are in a number of places in [[Lohit district]], the largest one being in [[Chowkham]].

The state has two polytechnic institutes: [[Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic]] in Itanagar established in 2002 and Tomi Polytechnic College in Basar established in 2006. There are two law colleges, namely, the private-owned Arunachal Law Academy at Itanagar and the government-owned Jarbom Gamlin Government Law College at Jote, Itanagar. The College of Horticulture and Forestry is affiliated to the [[Central Agricultural University]], [[Imphal]].

==Politics==
{{see also|Politics of Arunachal Pradesh}}
Arunachal Pradesh suffered [[2015–16 Arunachal Pradesh political crisis|political crisis]] between April 2016 and December 2016. The [[Indian National Congress]] Chief Minister [[Nabam Tuki]] replaced [[Jarbom Gamlin]] as the [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]] on 1 November 2011 and continued until January 2016. After a political crisis in 2016, [[President's rule]] was imposed ending his tenure as the chief minister. In February 2016, [[Kalikho Pul]] became the Chief Minister when 14 disqualified MLAs were reinstated by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. On 13 July 2016, the Supreme Court quashed the Arunachal Pradesh Governor [[Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa|J.P. Rajkhowa]]'s order to advance the Assembly session from 14 January 2016 to 16 December 2015, which resulted in President's rule in Arunachal Pradesh. As a result, Nabam Tuki was reinstated as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh on 13 July 2016. But hours before floor test, he resigned as the chief minister on 16 July 2016. He was succeeded by [[Pema Khandu]] as the INC Chief Minister who later joined PPA in September 2016 along with majority of MLAs. Pema Khandu further joined BJP in December 2016 along with majority of MLAs. Arunachal Pradesh becomes second northeast Indian state to achieve [[Open defecation#Open defecation free|ODF]] status.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-becomes-2nd-ne-state-to-achieve-odf-status/articleshow/62348405.cms |title=Arunachal becomes 2nd NE state to achieve ODF status |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125030743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-becomes-2nd-ne-state-to-achieve-odf-status/articleshow/62348405.cms |archive-date=25 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
During 2017, 2021, and 2023, China compiled a list of name alterations for multiple locations in Arunachal Pradesh, in both Chinese and Tibetan languages. China asserts these areas as belonging to "Southern Tibet" and being integral parts of China. The proposed changes encompassed 11 alterations, covering geographical landmarks like mountain summits and rivers, as well as residential zones.<ref name=HT/> The Indian government has continued to reject Chinese claims of geographical ownership of parts of Arunachal Pradesh. National military forces on both sides have increased over the Indian-Chinese border.<ref name="BBC_Apr2023">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh: India rejects China's attempt to rename disputed places |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65134534 |work=BBC News |date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404074648/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65134534 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 August 2023, China further provoked India when the PRC's Ministry of Natural Resources released its new 'standard map' in which Arunachal Pradesh was depicted as a part of PRC. Other internationally disputed lands and waters were also depicted as PRC territory on their new map.<ref name=HT>''Himalayan Times'', "China Provokes India, includes Arunachal Pradesh, Aksai Chin in new 'standard map' ", p.3, 30 August 2023. ''Asian News International'', Beijing, 29 August 2023.</ref>

== State symbols ==

{{see also|List of symbols of Indian states and territories}}

{| class="toccolours" style="margin:0.2em;"

|-
|-
| '''Emblem'''
| [[Emblem of Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[File:Arunachal Pradesh Seal.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''Animal'''
| Mithun (''[[Bos frontalis]]'') || [[File:Wild Bos gaurus Upparabeeranahalli.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Bird'''
| Hornbill (''[[Buceros bicornis]]'') || [[File:Great-Hornbill.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Flower'''
| Foxtail orchid (''[[Rhynchostylis retusa]]'') || [[File:Rhynchostylis retusa.JPG|50px]]
|-
| '''Tree'''
| [[Hollong]] (''Dipterocarpus retusus'')<ref name="State Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh">{{Cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol.php |title=Arunachal Pradesh Symbols |website=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127114512/http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol.php |archive-date=27 November 2017 }}</ref> || [[File:Dipterocarpus macrocarpus Hollong young leafIMG 1920 05.jpg|50px]]
|-
|}
{{clear}}

==Geographical indication==
[[Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice)]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 3 October 2023 and is valid until 12 December 2031.<ref>{{cite news |title=18 lesser-known GI-certified products of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/18-lesser-known-gi-certified-products-of-arunachal-pradesh/photostory/108183979.cms |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2024}}</ref>

Namsai Organic Spices and Agricultural Producer Company Limited from Lohit, proposed the GI registration of Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice). After filing the application in December 2021, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice)" exclusive to the rice grown in the region. It thus became the first rice variety from Arunachal Pradesh and the 3rd type of goods from Arunachal Pradesh to earn the GI tag. The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Aksai Chin]]
* [[Arunachal Scouts]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh Police]]
* [[Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of people from Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=The McMahon Line: a Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 2: Hardinge, McMahon and the Simla Conference |year=1966 |publisher=Routledge & K. Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/mcmahonlinestudy0002lamb_h1e5 |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 2|1966}}}}
* {{citation |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |title=India's China War |publisher=Pantheon Books |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-394-47051-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaschinawar0000maxw |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Maxwell, India's China War|1970}}}}
* {{citation |last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |title=Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries |publisher=Praeger |year=1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanfrontie00wood |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969}}}}
* {{citation |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |title=A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC |year=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91176-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Neville |last=Maxwell |title=India's China War |publisher=Anchor Books |year=1972}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mizuno|first1=Kazuharu|last2=Tenpa|first2=Lobsang|title=Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India: A Study of Monpa|year=2015|publisher=Springer
}}
* {{cite book|last=Eilmer|first=David|title=The Emperor Far Away:Travels at the Edge of China|year=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949|type=PhD|publisher=Guwahati University|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|hdl=10603/67909|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100526/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Kri |editor-first=Sokhep |title=State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh, Volume 1 |publisher=Government of Arunachal Pradesh |year=2010 |isbn=978-81906587-3-7 |url=https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/state-gazetteer.pdf |ref={{sfnref|State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Richardson |first=Hugh E. |title=Tibet and its History |edition=Second |publisher=Shambala |location=Boulder/London |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-87773-789-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45QizQEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Nanda |first=Neeru |chapter=Tawang and the Mon in their Borderlands: A Historical Overview |editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Mayilvaganan |editor2-first=Nasima |editor2-last=Khatoon |editor3-first=Sourina |editor3-last=Bej |title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition: Life and Society along the India-China Borderland |year=2020 |pages=29–44 |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-4346-3 |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4346-3_3 |s2cid=226473864}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Leo E.|last2=Fisher|first2=Margaret Welpley |title=The North-East Frontier Agency of India |date=1967 |publisher=Institute of International Studies |location=California |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/The_North_East_Frontier_Agency_of_India/AIG1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=14 February 2026}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Arunachal Pradesh}}
;Government
* [http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/ Official Site of the government of Arunachal Pradesh]
* [http://arunachaltourism.com/#0 Official Tourism Site of Arunachal Pradesh, India]

;General information
* {{Britannica|37367}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|2027346}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Arunachal Pradesh
|North = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], China
|Northeast =
|East = {{flag|Kachin State}}, Myanmar
|Southeast = {{flag|Sagaing Region}}, Myanmar
|South = [[Nagaland]]
|Southwest = [[Assam]]
|West = [[Samdrup Jongkhar District|Samdrup Jongkhar]], [[Trashigang District|Trashigang]] and [[Trashiyangtse District|Trashiyangtse]] Districts, Bhutan
|Northwest =
}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{North East India|state=collapsed}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]
[[Category:Tibet]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in India]]

Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T02:41:11Z

IrmaBracy4216: created data.

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Chennai South
| map_image = chennai south lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Chennai South constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| incumbent_image = Thamizhachi Thangapandian.jpg
|established = 1957–present
|reservation =None
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|mp = [[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 Lok Sabha election]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Virugambakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Virugampakkam]] [[Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)|Saidapet]] [[Theagaraya Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiyagarayanagar]] [[Mylapore (State Assembly Constituency)|Mylapore]] [[Velachery (State Assembly Constituency)|Velachery]] [[Sholinganallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Shozhinganallur]]
|electors = 21,83,315<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2 August 2013 }}</ref>
}}
The [[Lok Sabha]] [[constituency]] '''Chennai South''' is one of three constituencies in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 3 of 39. It was formerly known as '''Madras South'''. It was created in 1957 through bifurcation of [[Chennai|Madras]] Lok Sabha constituency. It is one of the most populous parliamentary constituencies in South India.

==Assembly segments==
===After 2009===
After delimitation, Chennai South consists of following constituencies
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|22
|[[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugampakkam]]
|None
|rowspan="6" |[[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|23
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|None
|-
|24
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagarayanagar]]
|None
|-
|25
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|None
|-
|26
|[[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
|None
|-
|27
|[[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Shozhinganallur]]
|None
|}

[[File:1971 delimitation chennai south lok sabha constituency.png|thumb|right|Chennai South constituency as laid out by 1971 Delimitation. The boundaries for this constituency lasted until 2004 election, which was then replaced by 2008 Delimitation.]]

===Before 2009===
Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-08
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=2008-10-31
}}</ref>
#[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]] (defunct)
#[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
#[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
#[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]] (moved to Sriperumpudhur)
#[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]] (moved to Sriperumpudhur)
#
#[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagarayanagar ]]
#
#

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[T. T. Krishnamachari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|----
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|----
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[C. N. Annadurai]]
|----
|1967^
|[[Murasoli Maran]]
|----
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Murasoli Maran]]
|----
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[R. Venkataraman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|----
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vyjayanthimala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|----
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|R. Sridharan
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|----
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|----
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|----
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|----
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[C. Rajendran]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[J. Jayavardhan]]
|----
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi|archive-date=31 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S223.htm {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|----
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|----
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|60.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#General By-Elections 1967|By-Election 1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}| }}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.66}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=516,628|percentage=47.00|change={{decrease}}3.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=290,683|percentage=26.44|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[J. Jayavardhan]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=172,491|percentage=15.69|change={{decrease}}11.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. Tamilselvi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=83,972|percentage=7.64|change={{increase}}3.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=15,653|percentage=1.42|change={{decrease}}0.08}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 225,945|percentage= 20.55|change={{decrease}}2.19 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,00,005|percentage=54.36|change={{decrease}}2.46}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,23,133 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,64,872 |percentage=50.28 |change=+21.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[J. Jayavardhan|Dr. J. Jayavardhan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,02,649 |percentage=26.94 |change=-14.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rangarajan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,35,465 |percentage=12.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. J. Sherine |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=50,222 |percentage=4.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. E. Subaya (A) Esakki Subaya |party=Independent politician |votes=29,522 |percentage=2.63 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=16,891 |percentage=1.50 |change=-0.42 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,62,223 |percentage=23.34 |change=+10.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,23,410 |percentage=56.92 |change= -1.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,73,533 |change =9.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[J. Jayavardhan|Dr. J. Jayavardhan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,34,540 |percentage=41.34 |change=-1.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. K. S. Elangovan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,98,965 |percentage=28.44 |change=-9.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[La. Ganesan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,58,262 |percentage=24.57 |change=18.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. V. Ramani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,276 |percentage=2.31 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=20,229 |percentage=1.92 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. S. Chandirakumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=17,208 |percentage=1.64 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,35,575 |percentage=12.90 |change=8.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,51,180 |percentage=58.54 |change= -4.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,95,776 |change =54.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Rajendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,08,567 |percentage=42.38 |change=5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. S. Bharathi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,75,632 |percentage=37.86 |change=-22.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Gopinath |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=67,291 |percentage=9.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[La. Ganesan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,925 |percentage=5.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Sarath Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=15,885 |percentage=2.18 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,935 |percentage=4.52 |change=-19.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,62,062 |percentage=62.66 |change= 14.73 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=16|percentage=0.00 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,28,092 |change =-40.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Baalu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,64,578 |percentage=60.41 |change=0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bader Sayeed]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,43,838 |percentage=36.79 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,20,740 |percentage=23.62 |change=-2.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,34,548 |percentage=47.93 |change= 2.77 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=29|percentage=0.00 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,49,904 |change =-5.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Baalu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,62,221 |percentage=60.03 |change=-1.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Dhandayuthapani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,22,037 |percentage=34.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muktha Srinivasan|Muktha V. Srinivasan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=38,700 |percentage=4.13 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=4,309 |percentage=0.46 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,40,184 |percentage=25.65 |change=-13.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,36,522 |percentage=45.15 |change= -11.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,74,130 |change =7.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Baalu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,32,913 |percentage=48.17 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jana Krishnamurthi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,12,899 |percentage=45.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. P. Subramaniam|M. P. Subramanyam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,549 |percentage=4.96 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,014 |percentage=2.23 |change=-36.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,98,798 |percentage=47.35 |change= -8.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,36,771 |change =23.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Baalu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,38,697 |percentage=61.97 |change=27.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Ganesham |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,99,516 |percentage=22.95 |change=-33.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asha Menon @ [[Revathi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=42,906 |percentage=4.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Maitreyan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,356 |percentage=3.95 |change=-0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Senguttuvan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,838 |percentage=3.43 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. V. Sivaraman |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=13,540 |percentage=1.56 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,39,181 |percentage=39.02 |change=17.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,69,334 |percentage=56.28 |change= 3.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,72,764 |change =11.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Sridharan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,18,493 |percentage=56.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Baalu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,55,965 |percentage=34.66 |change=-4.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Narayanaswami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,480 |percentage=3.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. V. Sivaraman |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=19,840 |percentage=2.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[H. V. Hande]] |party=Janata Party |votes=7,662 |percentage=1.04 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,62,528 |percentage=22.01 |change=6.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,38,558 |percentage=53.19 |change= -6.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,10,540 |change =0.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vyjayanthimala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,45,864 |percentage=53.91 |change=1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aladi Aruna]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,20,020 |percentage=38.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ayilam Panchapakesa Venkateswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=24,967 |percentage=3.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Sivaraman Alias Saidai K. V. Siva |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=22,234 |percentage=2.69 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,25,844 |percentage=15.22 |change=7.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,27,014 |percentage=59.72 |change= -6.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,97,773 |change =37.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vyjayanthimala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,36,353 |percentage=51.92 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Era Sezhiyan]] |party=Janata Party |votes=2,88,336 |percentage=44.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Kulothungacholan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,173 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Madhavan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,999 |percentage=0.46 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Era Kulasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,908 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,017 |percentage=7.41 |change=-14.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,47,851 |percentage=65.84 |change= -2.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,18,795 |change =25.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= -8.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,28,836 |percentage=60.34 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. V. K. Sulochana Sampath |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,08,474 |percentage=38.25 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,20,362 |percentage=22.09 |change=18.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,44,980 |percentage=68.09 |change= 9.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,11,849 |change =-0.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,41,033 |percentage=50.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Murasoli Maran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,26,204 |percentage=47.66 |change=-4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Srinivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,676 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,829 |percentage=3.12 |change=-1.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,74,577 |percentage=58.72 |change= -8.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,18,878 |change =10.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Murasoli Maran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,53,626 |percentage=52.09 |change=-7.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nara Simhan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,33,285 |percentage=47.91 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,341 |percentage=4.18 |change=-15.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,86,911 |percentage=67.32 |change= -6.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,41,660 |change =28.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. N. Annadurai]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,48,099 |percentage=59.38 |change=14.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Gurumurti |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,66,121 |percentage=39.76 |change=13.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. M. A. Chettiar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,601 |percentage=0.62 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=81,978 |percentage=19.62 |change=1.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,17,783 |percentage=73.60 |change= 2.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,75,015 |change =18.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,51,917 |percentage=44.73 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. R. Ramaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=89,771 |percentage=26.43 |change=-19.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. V. K. Sampath]] |party=Tamil National Party |votes=63,768 |percentage=18.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ganapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=34,169 |percentage=10.06 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=62,146 |percentage=18.30 |change=12.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,39,625 |percentage=71.61 |change= 34.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,86,728 |change =3.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. T. Krishnamachari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=81,390 |percentage=45.93 |change=5.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Balasubramania Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=71,284 |percentage=40.23 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. D. Rajah |party=Independent politician |votes=24,516 |percentage=13.84 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,106 |percentage=5.70 |change=-2.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,77,190 |percentage=37.54 |change= -15.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,72,017 |change =27.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Chennai South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. T. Krishnamachari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=79,431 |percentage=40.66 |change=40.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Balasubramanyam |party=Justice Party (India) |votes=63,254 |percentage=32.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srinivasa Ramanujan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=16,835 |percentage=8.62 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=10,555 |percentage=5.40 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramanathan |party=All India Republican Party |votes=9,535 |percentage=4.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achar |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=7,252 |percentage=3.71 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramanathan Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,953 |percentage=3.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srinivasa Iyer |party=Hindu Mahasabha |votes=2,555 |percentage=1.31 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,177 |percentage=8.28 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,95,370 |percentage=52.90 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,69,299 |change =0.00 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070328231518/http://www.eci.gov.in/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S22/partycomp03.htm ECI, Chennai South]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190407185208/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/chennai_south/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Chennai South lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

==See also==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110808142308/http://www.thesouthchennai.com/ South chennai Latest News]
* [[Chennai]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|12.87|80.19|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai South (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]

Myaladumparai

2026-05-01T15:46:29Z

IrmaBracy4216: started stub

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Myaladumparai
| other_name = Mayiladumparai
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| coordinates = {{coord|09|47|14|N|77|30|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Theni district|Theni]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Andipatti taluk|Andipatti]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| area_total_km2 = 120.75
| elevation_m = 356
| population_total = 29731
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 625579
| area_code = 04554
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''Myaladumparai''', also known as '''Mayiladumparai''', is a village in [[Theni district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in [[Andipatti taluk]], about 36 kilometers southwest of the subdistrict headquarter [[Andipatti]]. As of the year 2011, the village had a total population of 29,731.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Myaladumparai is situated on the eastern bank of [[Vaigai River]], with the State Highway 101 running through it. The village covers a total area of 12075 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/45385/download/49552/DH_2011_3323_PART_A_DCHB_THENI.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Tamil Nadu District Census Handbook Theni |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Tamil Nadu |pages=98}}</ref> Archaeologists have discovered iron objects at six sites in Tamil Nadu;including near '''Mayiladumparai''', dating back to 2,953–3,345 BCE. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Earliest iron use found in India? Tamil Nadu digs spark debate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62e36jm4jro |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], there were 29,731 people residing in 8,628 households in Myaladumparai. Its literacy rate was 58.71%, significantly lower than the state average of 80.09%.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Theni district}}
[[Category:Villages in Theni district]]

Street Academics

2026-04-21T10:35:16Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding The Pg V1

{{Short description|Indian hip-hop group}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Street Academics
| image = Street Academics at The Humming Tree.jpg
| caption = Street Academics at The Humming Tree, Bangalore 2017
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| landscape = yes
| alt =
| alias =
| origin = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Alternative hip-hop]]
| years_active = 2009–present
| instrument = Vocals, Sampler, Drum machine, Synthesizer, Turntables.
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}

'''Street Academics''' is an Indian [[alternative hip-hop]] group from [[Kerala]], known for their songs blending [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] lyrics. The collective, made up of rappers from various districts, is noted for emphasizing contemporary and philosophical themes ranging from social realism to dystopian fantasy. <ref>{{cite news |last=Mathew |first=Mathew Joy |date=2016-10-16 |title=This gang of five will 'rap-spire' you |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2016/oct/17/this-gang-of-five-will-rap-spire-you-1527815.html |work=New Indian Express |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chandy |first=Susanna |date=2014-07-11 |title=Hip Hop goes 'South' with our rappers |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/hip-hop-goes-south-with-our-rappers/section/13034 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170915093931/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/hip-hop-goes-south-with-our-rappers/section/13034 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-09-15 |work=New Indian Express Indulge |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2018-02-23 |title=Radio City's Indie Revolution Enthralls Bangalore with 'Radio City Freedom Awards 5.0' |url=http://theretailtimes.co.in/radio-citys-indie-revolution-enthralls-bangalore-radio-city-freedom-awards-5-0/ |work=The Retail Times |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref><ref name="Jovial">{{cite news |last=Jovial |first=Nirmal|date=2020-09-06 |title=Up Beat |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2020/08/27/up-beat.html |work=The Week |access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref> They collaborate with projects like Mappila Lahala and Palakkadan Dystopia, to release songs that focus on having cultural discussions set in avant-garde backdrops.<ref name=aa>{{cite news |last=Abhishek |first=Abhishek |date=2018-05-18 |title=Decoding desi Hip-Hop: Street Academics |url=http://www.musicplus.in/decoding-desi-hip-hop-street-academics/ |work=MusicPlus |access-date=2017-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gujubhai |first=IQ |date=2013-01-16 |title=Hip Hop in Kerala! "Native Bapa" by Mappila Lahala |url=http://desihiphop.com/hip-hop-in-kerala-native-bapa-by-mappila-lahala/201904 |work=DesiHiphop |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref><ref name="WtzupCity">{{cite news |last=K |first=Anjana|date=2017-11-21 |title=Street art goes on to a whole new level with Kalapila from Street Academics |url=http://wtzupcity.com/kochi/features/street-art-goes-on-to-a-whole-new-level-with-kalapila-from-street-academics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040833/http://wtzupcity.com/kochi/features/street-art-goes-on-to-a-whole-new-level-with-kalapila-from-street-academics |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |work=WtzupCity |access-date=2017-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Magan |first=Srishti|date=2019-01-09 |title=21 Fire Indian Rappers You Should Know About Beyond Gully Boy |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/21-fire-indian-rappers/?ref=latest |work=ScoopWhoop |access-date=2019-01-09}}</ref>

==History==
Street Academics was an idea brought forward by Rjv Ernesto in 1999, as a small group for [[spoken word poetry]] and making pause tapes.<ref name="Karunakaran">{{cite news |last=Karunakaran |first=Binu|date=2020-06-25 |title=How Malayalam rap broke out of the margins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-malayalam-rap-broke-out-of-the-margins/articleshow/77162522.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref> Later he was introduced to Haris Saleem through hip-hop communities in Myspace and Orkut. After recording various demo tracks, they brought in Amjad Nadeem, Abhimanyu Raman and Pranav to move forward as a hip-hop collective in 2009. Keyboardist & music producer Ruthin Thej worked with the group to produce a couple of singles, before leaving to pursue his career as keyboardist for [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]. Later Vivek Radhakrishnan joined the group as the DJ/producer providing a bass-oriented sound. They started collaborating with the cultural music collective Mappila Lahala, led by filmmaker [[Muhsin Parari]], to release politically oriented singles which featured veteran actor [[Mamukkoya]] and national award-winning composer [[Bijibal]].<ref>{{cite news |last=MG |first=Gokul|date=2019-04-03 |title=Rapper's delight |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/030419/rappers-delight.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref><ref name="Suhasini">{{cite news |last=Suhasini |first=Lalitha |date=2019-08-09 |title=Sounds from Malabar |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/sounds-from-malabar/articleshow/70592548.cms |work=Pune Mirror India Times |access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2018-02-20 |title=Know Your Band - Street Academics |url=http://www.radiocity.in/indie/photo-gallery-details/Know-Your-Band-Street-Academics/2602 |work=Radio City |access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Bindu|date=2014-07-06 |title=Modern Media & Kerala's Rap Music |url=http://navamalayali.com/2014/07/06/bindumenon-nativebapa/ |work=Navamalayali |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Basith |first=Abdul|date=2013-01-07 |title=Native Bapa: A hip-hop song from Kerala challenges narrative on terrorism |url=http://twocircles.net/2013jan07/native_bapa_hiphop_song_kerala_challenges_narrative_terrorism.html |work=TwoCircles |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=M |first=Rajeev |date=2024-06-19 |title=റെക്കോഡ് പ്ലെയറിന്റെ സൂചി ആയുധമാക്കിയ സംഗീതലോകത്തെ ആന്റി-ഹീറോ|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/music-day-2024/rjv-ernesto-hiphop-music-artist-writes-music-day-special-article-1.9640839 |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatt |first=Shephali|date=2024-09-07 |title=Hip-Hop Stars from Kerala: How Malayalam rappers create a remarkable sound that is both familiar and inventive |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/hip-hop-stars-from-kerala-how-malayalam-rappers-create-a-remarkable-sound-that-is-both-familiar-and-inventive/articleshow/113155210.cms |work=Economic Times |access-date=2024-09-07}}</ref> The group has also formed [[avant garde]] hip-hop project Palakkadan Dystopia to release singles and went on to collaborate with [[experimental theatre]] acts, performing shows which combined spoken word, theatre, hip-hop music & [[graffiti]].<ref name=aa/><ref>{{cite news |last=T |first=Sreejith |date=2014-10-25 |title=An Insolence Combining Graffiti, Hip-hop & DJ |url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/362115/Palakkad/25-OCTOBER-2014#page/14 |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref> After working on singles and compilations over the years, the group released a complete multilingual album titled "Loop" loosely based on [[seven deadly sins]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2019-07-01 |title=Kerala-based band 'Street Academics' raps on seven deadly sins |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jul/01/kerala-based-band-street-academics-raps-on-seven-deadly-sins-1997590.html |work=New Indian Express |access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joy |first=Jose |date=2019-07-12 |title=Street Academics: tracing the evolution of Malayalam hip-hop music |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2019/jul/12/street-academics-tracing-the-evolution-of-malayalamhip-hop-music-16372.html |work=New Indian Express Indulge |access-date=2019-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dings |first=Dhinoj |date=2020-01-05 |title=Street Academics' 'Loop' is a Malayalam hip hop album worthy of adoration |url=https://medium.com/film-music/street-academics-loop-is-a-malayalam-hip-hop-album-worthy-of-adoration-31442efc7225 |work=Medium |access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>

On July 13, 2019, a live performance of Street Academics along with [[Bandish Projekt]] and Swadesi, was interrupted by a group of people who demanded the venue officials to play [[Kannada]] songs, instead of the group's original Malayalam tracks, as they were in [[Bengaluru]]. The group's set was cut short and forced off stage. After the performance, rapper/vocalist Amjad and few of his friends were taken away by the police, allegedly for causing public nuisance. Venue management later released a public statement, apologizing to Street Academics regarding the incident.<ref>{{cite news |date=2019-07-15 |title=Stopped for singing in Malayalam? Hip-hop band protests shoddy treatment in B'luru pub |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/stopped-singing-malayalam-hip-hop-band-protests-shoddy-treatment-bluru-pub-105479 |work=The News Minute |access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Praveen |first=S.R. |date=2019-07-15 |title=Bengaluru organisers pull the plug on Kerala band |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bengaluru-organisers-pull-the-plug-on-kerala-band/article28443489.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2019-07-15 |title=Bengaluru: Music Performance Cut Short Over Language Row |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/music-performance-cut-short-over-language-row/articleshow/70219449.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2019-07-15 |title=Kerala Hip-Hop Group Street Academics Forced Off Stage at Bengaluru Venue |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/kerala-hip-hop-group-street-academics-forced-off-stage-bengaluru-venue/ |work=Rolling Stone India |access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=S |first=Joy |date=2019-07-15 |title=Malayalam hip-hop act Street Academics is forced off stage |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2019/jul/15/shame-on-bangalore-malayalam-hip-hop-act-street-academics-is-booed-off-stage-16524.html |work=New indian Express Indulge |access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Murthi |first=Rajrishi |date=2019-07-15 |title=Kerala-Based Hip-Hop Crew Street Academics Forced Off Stage In Bengaluru For Singing In Malayalam |url=http://thebanginbeats.com/2019/07/street-academics-forced-off-stage-bengaluru/ |work=Bangin Beats |access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> The group released a protest song titled "Hara Hara" along with a music video, and performed it live during [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]] at Kozhikode.<ref>{{cite news |last=Praveen |first=S.R. |date=2019-12-30 |title=Hard-hitting music adds fuel to anti-citizenship Act protests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hard-hitting-music-adds-fuel-to-anti-citizenship-act-protests/article30430295.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2019-12-28 |title=Kerala music bands bring out songs to protest against CAA and NRC |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-music-bands-bring-out-songs-protest-against-caa-and-nrc-114927 |work=The News Minute |access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=K.M. |first=Rakesh |date=2020-01-03 |title=Music of protest rises in Kerala |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/music-of-protest-rises-in-kerala/cid/1732425 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=2020-01-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kaav |first=Sweety |date=2020-01-06 |title=The two music bands of Kerala protest against CAA: Street Academics, The Down Troddence |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/politics/the-two-music-bands-of-kerala-protest-against-caa-1.4421214 |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2020-01-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Satvika Kundu |first=Amaan Khan |date=2020-01-10 |title=Voice Of The People: Protest Music In India |url=http://www.thewildcity.com/features/15939-voice-of-the-people-protest-music-in-india |work=Wild City |access-date=2020-01-10 }}</ref>

==Themes and influences==
Members state that they started off through [[Poetry slam|slam poetry]] before getting introduced to hip-hop music.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chandy |first=Susanna |date=2014-07-11 |title=Hip Hop goes 'South' with our rappers |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/hip-hop-goes-south-with-our-rappers/section/13034 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170915093931/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/hip-hop-goes-south-with-our-rappers/section/13034 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-09-15 |work=New Indian Express |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref> Rjv Ernesto cites spoken word poetry and [[Sports commentator|sports/pro-wrestling commentary]] as his influence in rap music. Developing an interest towards drum solos, he recalls creating beats by cutting out bits of tape from cassettes using a razor blade and glueing them back before inserting the tape into the cartridge.<ref name="Suhasini"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Varier |first=Soumya |date=2020-12-23 |title=Hip Hop And The Kerala Connect: How A New Breed Of Rappers Is Using The Genre To Speak Of Our Reality |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/hip-hop-and-kerala-connect-a-new-breed-of-rappers-is-using-the-genre-to-speak-of-our-reality-malayalam-neeraj-madhav-kozhipunk-neela-bucket/ |work=Film Companion |access-date=2020-12-23}}</ref> The group's [[List of multilingual bands and artists|multilingual]] lyricism usually brings up questions of expression and identity, affirming the place of vernacular rap in India, being one of the first acts to do so.<ref name="Jovial"/><ref>{{cite podcast |title=Straight Outta Mumbai |website=BBC |publisher=BBC |date=28 March 2018|time=08:20|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09yjh0g |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kapur |first=Uday|date=2019-03-03 |title=The power of language in Indian hip-hop |url=http://www.soledxb.com/allarticles/2018/10/10/thelanguage-of-indian-hiphop |work=Sole DXB |access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Bindu|date=2014-02-19 |title=The Blazon Call Of HipHop - Lyrical Storms In Kerala's Music Culture |url=https://www.academia.edu/6255056 |work=Sage Publications |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2016-06-03 |title=Street Academics: Haris Saleem |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/030616/like-to-act-in-films-haris-saleem.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref> Street Academics is considered to be one of the oldest independent hip-hop outfits in India.<ref>{{cite news |date=2018-02-22 |title=Know Your Band - Street Academics |url=http://www.radiocity.in/indie/photo-gallery-details/Radio-City-Freedom-Concert-Bangalore-Highlights/2612/4/1/13622 |work=Radio City |access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Balram |first=Dhruva|date=2018-11-12 |title=The Commodification Of Hip-Hop In India: A Discussion |url=http://www.bordermovement.com/the-commodification-of-hip-hop-in-india-a-discussion/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028132253/http://www.bordermovement.com/the-commodification-of-hip-hop-in-india-a-discussion/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |work=Border Movement |access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joy |first=Jose|date=2019-04-26 |title=Street Academics releases song video for Sky with a collaboration |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2019/apr/26/watch-street-academics-releases-song-video-for-sky-with-a-collaboration-14483.html |work=New Indian Express |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> They are noted for pioneering Malayalam rap with serious content & multisyllabic rhyme patterns, against the comical parody image that rap/hip-hop music has had in their region. Even though the production relies on minimal boom bap oriented sampling as the backbone, the collective effort exhibits influences of [[musique concrète]], [[Lo-fi music|lo-fi]], [[glitch music|glitch]], [[folk music|folk]], [[ambient music|ambient]], [[R&B]], [[jazz poetry]], [[Grime (music genre)|grime]] and [[funk]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Joy |first=Jose |date=2019-07-12 |title=Street Academics: tracing the evolution of Malayalam hip-hop music |url=
https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2019/jul/12/street-academics-tracing-the-evolution-of-malayalamhip-hop-music-16372.html |work=New Indian Express Indulge |access-date=2019-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Balram |first=Dhruva |date=2020-02-22 |title=10 Indian Rappers You Need to Know |url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/best-indian-rappers/ |work=Highsnobiety |access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Balram |first=Dhruva |date=2020-04-29 |title=Indian Artists are Fighting Theocracy With Music |url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/scene-report/indian-protest-music-list |work=Bandcamp |access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kavu |first=Sweety |date=2023-06-10 |title='മലയാളത്തിലെ റാപ് ബാലികേറാമലയെന്ന് കരുതിയ കാലമുണ്ടായിരുന്നു; കപ്പയുടെ സംരംഭം പ്രശംസനീയം'|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/interview-pakarcha-vyadhi-rjv-ernesto-southside-music-album-kappa-originals-hip-hop-music-1.8630700 |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2023-06-10}}</ref> Most of the themes are set in an [[alternate history|alternate reality]] or a [[post-apocalyptic]] world, often presented from the narrative mode of various alter egos. It is noted that majority of those plots are inter-connected & follow a particular [[nonlinear narrative|nonlinear storyline]] throughout the body of their work.<ref name=aa/><ref>{{cite news |date=2018-02-20 |title=Know Your Band - Street Academics |url=http://www.radiocity.in/indie/photo-gallery-details/Know-Your-Band-Street-Academics/2602/5/1/13553 |work=Radio City |access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |date=2018-12-07 |title=Electrifying beats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/electrifying-beats/article25690415.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref><ref name="WtzupCity"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Justis |first=Poetik |date=2017-12-02 |title=An Ode To The Producers In Indian Hip-Hop |url=http://desihiphop.com/ode-producers-indian-hip-hop-part-1/150033 |work=DesiHipHop |access-date=2017-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Justis |first=Poetik |date=2019-02-20 |title=Voices Beyond Gully Boy - The South |url=http://desihiphop.com/voices-beyond-gully-boy-south-4-5/011647 |work=DesiHipHop |access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref> The "Dead Crow" symbolism goes hand in hand with their journey and has pretty much established itself as a mascot for Street Academics over time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Navaneethakrishnan|date=2022-05-07 |title=Uncovering The Genius Of Street Academics |url=https://pinklungi.com/uncovering-the-genius-of-street-academics/ |work=Pink Lungi |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> The group's singles Vandi Puncture and Native Bapa, both released in 2012, are often held responsible for taking Malayalam hip-hop music to mainstream.<ref name="Karunakaran"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Muraleedharan |first=Vishnu|date=2024-06-02 |title=Kerala rappers spit bars, break into mainstream with a bang |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2024/06/01/kerala-rappers-spit-bars-break-mainstream-bang-dabzee-hip-hop-street-academics-fejo-hanumankind-gully-boy-sushin-shyam.html |work=On Manorama |access-date=2024-06-02}}</ref>

==Members==
* Rjv Ernesto (Pakarcha Vyadhi) - Rapper, MC, lyricist, music producer, visual artist.
* Dr. Haris Saleem (Maapla) - Rapper, lyricist.
* Amjad Nadeem (Azuran) - Rapper, MC, lyricist, vocalist, music producer.
* Arjjun (Imbachi) - Rapper, MC, lyricist, vocalist, b-boy.
* Sai Giridhar - Filmmaker, editor, cinematographer.
* Shamnas Sha (Kalla Sha) - DJ, music producer.

'''Former Members:-'''
* Vivek Radhakrishnan (V3K) - Music producer, DJ, vocalist, rapper, record producer.
* Ruthin Thej - Music producer.
* Abhimanyu Raman (Earthgrime) - Rapper, lyricist, music producer.
* Pranav CH - Rapper, lyricist.
* Sandeep Thulasidas (Yestey) - Music producer, DJ, record producer.

==Discography==

=== Albums:- ===
* 1. Aathmasphere EP (2013)
* 2. Chatha Kaakka EP (2016)
* 3. Loop (2019)

=== Remix Albums:- ===
* 1. Loop Flip (2020)
* 2. Kaliyug Remix (2020)

=== Film Soundtracks:- ===
* 1. [[Paisa Paisa (2013 film)|Paisa Paisa]] - "Paisa Paisa" with [[Rahul Raj]], Aby Salvin Thomas, Namitha Correya & Carl Frenies, Haris Saleem (2013)
*2. [[Valiyaperunnal]] - "Uyirullavaram" with [[Rex Vijayan]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]], Haris Saleem (2019)
*3. [[Mariyam Vannu Vilakkoothi]] - "Thala Therichoru Aalkkoottam" with Wazim Ashraf, Murali Krishnan, Sandhoop Narayanan, Imbachi (2020)
*4. [[Vichithram]] - "Paanje" with V3K, Azuran, Pakarcha Vyadhi (2022)
*5. [[Yugi (film)|Adrishyam]] - "Akalekkodi" with [[Dawn Vincent]], Pakarcha Vyadhi (2022)
*6. [[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]] - "Killer On The Loose" with [[Rex Vijayan]], Imbachi (2024)
*7. Meesha - "The Moustache" with [[Sooraj S. Kurup]], Imbachi (2025)
*8. [[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]] - "Turbo Jose" with [[Sekhar Menon]], [[Resmi Sateesh]], Azuran, Imbachi, Pakarcha Vyadhi, Haris Saleem, ItsPC, Greesh (2025)
*9. [[Vala: Story of a Bangle]] - "Sinners" with [[Govind Vasantha]], Imbachi, Gabri (2025)

=== Singles:- ===
* 1. Rest In Peace (2011)
* 2. Vandi Puncture (2012)<ref>{{cite video |title=News Song "Vandi Puncture" by Street Academics |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zlWnqEGTfY |work=Asianet News |access-date=2012-06-11}}</ref>
* 3. Native Bapa ft. Mappila Lahala (2012)<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakrabarti |first=Ajachi |date=2013-10-16 |title=What Rhymes with Self-Respect? |url=
http://www.tehelka.com/2013/04/what-rhymes-with-self-respect/ |work=Tehelka |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref>
* 4. Trapped In Rhymes (2013)<ref>{{cite news |last=Gujubhai |first=IQ |date=2013-01-31 |title=Street Academics – "Trapped In Rhymes" |url=http://desihiphop.com/street-academics-trapped-in-rhymes/042247 |work=DesiHiphop |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref>
* 5. Aathmasphere (2013)
* 6. Angot Onnai (2013)
* 7. 16 Adiyanthiram (2015)<ref>{{cite news |last=Bobkat |first=Enkore |date=2015-06-15 |title=Street Academics Return with a Fire Single |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QT2_Y4KzP7M |work=Voice Of Tha People |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref>
* 8. Funeral of a Native Son ft. Mappila Lahala (2016)<ref>{{cite news |last=Sebastian Edmond |first=Deepu |date=2016-06-30 |title=Distilling Dissent |url=
http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Distilling-dissent/article14410279.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
* 9. Chatha Kaakka (2016)
* 10. Space Station ft. Space Behind The Yellow Room (2017)<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Denver |date=2017-09-19 |title=Exclusive: Watch videos from The Clash EP - Edition One |url=
https://www.redbull.com/in-en/exclsuive-stream-the-clash-ep-edition-one |work=RedBull |access-date=2017-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Denver |date=2017-11-09 |title=Exclusive: Stream The Clash EP -Edition One |url=
https://www.redbull.com/in-en/exclsuive-stream-the-clash-ep-edition-one |work=RedBull |access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Britto |first=David |date=2017-11-27 |title=Hear India's Rap, Rock and Metal Worlds Collide on 'The Clash' Compilation |url=
http://rollingstoneindia.com/hear-indias-rap-rock-metal-worlds-collide-clash-compilation/ |work=Rolling Stone India |access-date=2017-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Deepa |date=2017-12-05 |title=The Clash - One Of A Kind EP Where Hip Hop Meets Other Genres |url=
http://desihiphop.com/clash-one-kind-ep-hip-hop-meets-genres/371657 |work=DesiHipHop |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>
* 11. Kalapila (2017)<ref>{{cite news |last=Justis |first=Poetik |date=2017-11-09 |title=Exclusive Interview - Street Academics' "Kalapila" Just Changed The Game |url=
http://desihiphop.com/exclusive-interview-street-academics-kalapila-just-changed-game/081710 |work=DesiHipHop |access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=2017-12-08 |title=Milliblog Annual Music round-up 2017 |url=
http://milliblog.com/2017/12/08/milliblog-annual-music-round-up-2017/ |work=Milliblog |access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref>
* 12. Aara? (2019)
* 13. Kolilakkam (2019)
* 14. Hara Hara (2019)
* 15. Pambaram (2020)<ref>{{cite news |last=Kadiyala |first=Swetha |date=2020-03-10 |title=Spinning a sensation |url=
https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/mar/10/spinning-a-sensation-2114594.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref>
* 16. Pambaram - V3K Remix (2020)
* 17. Kalapila - V3K Remix (2020)
* 18. Kaliyug ft. Hrishi (2020)
* 19. Walayar (2021)
* 20. Pathiye (2021)
* 21. Coco [MFC Anthem] (2024)
* 21. Theepori (2026)

=== Collaboration Albums:- ===
* 1. Palakkadan Dystopia - Narakasabha (2015–2017)
* 2. Palakkadan Dystopia & Dead Author - Kaav (2020)
* 3. Palakkadan Dystopia & Dead Author - Marupiravi (2021–2022)
* 4. Palakkadan Dystopia - Vere Mari (2024)
* 5. Palakkadan Dystopia & Dead Author - Vasalpadi (2025)

=== Mixtapes/Solo Albums:- ===
* 1. Rjv Ernesto - Industrial Area (2003, 2006, 2008)
* 2. Maapla - Biohazard (2010)
* 3. Rjv Ernesto - Country Fellow: The Clairvoyant of Alter Egos (2012)
* 4. Rjv Ernesto & Earthgrime - Asylum of Philosophy: A Bottle of Paranoia (2012)<ref>{{cite news |last=Bobkat |first=Enkore |date=2015-05-18 |title=Episode 12 – The VOTP Show (Podcast) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHwthF_1KDo |work=Voice Of Tha People |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref>
* 5. Earthgrime & Sez - Standalone Complex Vol 1: Paradox EP (2012)
* 6. Earthgrime & Sez - Geostatis EP (2012)
* 7. V3K - Psycle Edukk (2012)
* 8. Earthgrime - Street Lights In The Sun LP (2013)
* 9. V3K - The Gateway EP (2013)
* 10. Street Academics - Rest In Peace (2014)
* 11. Spank The Queen: The Death of Rjv Ernesto (2015)
* 12. Molten Wax: The Revenge of Rjv Ernesto (2016)
* 13. Shrapnels: The Autopsy of Rjv Ernesto (2016)
* 14. V3K - 240P: Third World Bass EP (2016)
* 15. Digging In The Wasteland: The Filth of Rjv Ernesto (2017)
* 16. V3K - 1010B & The Broken Laptop (2018)
* 17. Sex And Time Altering Nibs: The Hand of Rjv Ernesto (2018)
* 18. 25th Hour: The Miscarriages of Rjv Ernesto (2018)
* 19. V3K - Mojo (2019)
* 20. V3K - Minni (2020)
* 21. Blind Old Ape: The Tree of Rjv Ernesto (2022)
* 22. Mass Grave: The Womb of Rjv Ernesto (2022)
* 23. Imbachi - Lingo (2023)
* 24. Petroglyph: The Bird of Rjv Ernesto (2026)

== See also ==
* [[Indian hip-hop]]
* [[Malayalam hip-hop]]
* [[Gully rap]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdO8Y_jo2XZ3QqQ1jtWG5pQ YouTube]
* [https://open.spotify.com/artist/0LZRSRpEniupzKWif9FXh6 Spotify]
* [https://www.facebook.com/academicstreet Facebook]
* [https://www.instagram.com/streetacademics Instagram]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian rappers]]
[[Category:Hip-hop record producers]]
[[Category:Underground hip-hop groups]]
[[Category:Indian hip-hop groups]]
[[Category:Alternative hip-hop groups]]
[[Category:Hip-hop activists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Music bands from Kerala]]
[[Category:Rappers from Kerala]]

Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:24Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding New Data From Scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sahebpur Kamal
| type = SLA
| map_image = 145-Sahebpur Kamal constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Satanand Sambuddha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Begusarai District|Begusarai]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai Lok Sabha]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|145]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 263,289
| reservation = None
| abolished = 
}}
'''Sahebpur Kamal (Balia) Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Begusarai district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 145 Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Sahebpur Kamal and Ballia [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency is part of No. 24 [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>
As a consequence of the orders of the Delimitation Commission of India, Ballia Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-2008: See [[Ballia Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Parveen Amanullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|-
|2014^
|rowspan="2" |[[Shreenarayan Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Satanand Sambuddha]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]

|-
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]:Sahebpur Kamal<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sahebpur Kamal">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sahebpur Kamal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04145.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213142803/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04145.htm |archive-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satanand Sambuddha]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:76798}}
|percentage = 40.49
|change = -0.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Surendra Kumar
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|votes = {{formatnum:61077}}
|percentage = 32.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shashikant Kumar Shashi
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:34781}}
|percentage = 18.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Shahzaduzzama Alias Saify
|votes = {{formatnum:4905}}
|percentage = 2.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Md. Abdullah
|votes = {{formatnum:3396}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1751}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change = -1.43
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15721}}
|percentage = 8.29
|change = -0.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189684}}
|percentage = 72.04
|change = +9.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Sahebpur Kamal<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satanand Sambuddha]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:64888}}
|percentage = 41.45
|change = -15.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shashikant Kumar Shashi
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:50663}}
|percentage = 32.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Surendra Kumar
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:22871}}
|percentage = 14.61
|change = -9.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Gore Lal Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:7933}}
|percentage = 5.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamal Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1962}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Shahzaduzzama
|votes = {{formatnum:1429}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3672}}
|percentage = 2.35
|change = -0.53
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14225}}
|percentage = 9.09
|change = -24.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:156563}}
|percentage = 62.77
|change = +4.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Sahebpur Kamal<ref name="Sahebpur Kamal Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Sahebpur Kamal Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sahebpur-kamal |access-date=13 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213142809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sahebpur-kamal |archive-date=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shreenarayan Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:78225}}
|percentage = 57.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = M.D. Aslam
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:32751}}
|percentage = 23.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surendra Vivek
|votes = {{formatnum:12259}}
|percentage = 8.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = S.M. Noor Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:2198}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maulana Kasim
|votes = {{formatnum:1874}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sarita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1804}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3941}}
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:45474}}
|percentage = 33.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:136947}}
|percentage = 58.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election,2014: Sahebpur Kamal<ref name="election2014">[https://ceobihar.nic.in/PDF/Stat_Assem_GE_Bihar_2014.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2014]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Shreenarayan Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 53,813
|percentage = 39.01
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shashikant Kumar Shashi
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes = 37,178
|percentage = 26.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shabnam Perwin
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 32,665
|percentage = 23.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ravindra Kumar Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,108
|percentage = 2.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 140,808
|percentage = 72.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 193,868
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = JD(U)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2010]]: Sahebpur Kamal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Parveen Amanullah]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 46,391
|percentage = 42.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Shreenarayan Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 35,280
|percentage = 32.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rakesh Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 9,578
|percentage = 8.87
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 11,048
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,07,994
|percentage = 55.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,43,998
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Munger Division topics}}
{{coord|25|28|01|N|86|23|57|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Begusarai district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Hom Shali Bugh Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:43Z

IrmaBracy4216: started a biography

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hom Shali Bugh
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]]
| established = 1977
| abolished = 2018
| type= SLA
}}
'''Hom Shali Bugh''' was a legislative constituency in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Hom Shali Bugh was also part of [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency]] until its dissolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Hom Shali Bugh Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/homeshalibugh.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | Abdul Salam Deva || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Ghulam Nabi || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Gul Mohammed Rafiqui || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | Abdul Gafar Sofi || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Abdul Majeed || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hom Shali Bugh<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majeed |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,406 |percentage=40.00% |change={{increase}}19.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gafar Sofi |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=10,137 |percentage=35.55% |change={{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anayatulla Rather |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,822 |percentage=13.40% |change={{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Dar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,527 |percentage=5.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Bary Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=702 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin Bhat |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=305 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Bhat |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=246 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=233 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,269 |percentage=4.45% |change= {{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,518 |percentage=37.56% |change= {{decrease}}16.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,936 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hom Shali Bugh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gafar Sofi |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=12,249 |percentage=33.74% |change={{decrease}}24.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majeed |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,439 |percentage=20.49% |change={{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anayatullah Rather |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,223 |percentage=14.38% |change={{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Amin Dar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,782 |percentage=10.42% |change={{decrease}}9.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Malla |party=Independent politician |votes=3,730 |percentage=10.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,219 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmed Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=644 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmed Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Itoo |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=447 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ayub Shiekh |party=Independent politician |votes=367 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,810 |percentage=13.25% |change= {{decrease}}25.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,309 |percentage=54.36% |change= {{increase}}31.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,796 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}24.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hom Shali Bugh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gafar Sofi |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=6,803 |percentage=58.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin Dar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,327 |percentage=20.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Firdous Ahmad |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,764 |percentage=15.19% |change={{decrease}}17.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ramzan Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=474 |percentage=4.08% |change={{decrease}}16.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Tantray |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=244 |percentage=2.10% |change={{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,476 |percentage=38.55% |change= {{increase}}28.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,612 |percentage=22.93% |change= {{decrease}}19.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,635 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}26.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hom Shali Bugh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gul Mohammed Rafiqui |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,863 |percentage=32.20% |change={{decrease}}7.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sikander |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=3,948 |percentage=21.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anaatullah Khan |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,838 |percentage=21.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gafar Sofi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,821 |percentage=20.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sardar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=738 |percentage=4.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,915 |percentage=10.52% |change= {{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,208 |percentage=46.58% |change= {{decrease}}38.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,685 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}26.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hom Shali Bugh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi |party=Independent politician |votes=20,886 |percentage=58.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Salam Deva |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,180 |percentage=39.52% |change={{decrease}}6.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzar |party=Independent politician |votes=676 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,706 |percentage=18.69% |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,877 |percentage=84.91% |change= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,437 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hom Shali Bugh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Salam Deva |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,752 |percentage=46.37% |change={{decrease}}10.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mufti Mohammed Syed |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,722 |percentage=26.04% |change={{increase}}16.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rasak Mir |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=7,118 |percentage=24.00% |change={{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=547 |percentage=1.84% |change={{decrease}}54.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Ganai |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,030 |percentage=20.33% |change= {{decrease}}10.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,660 |percentage=85.01% |change= {{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,217 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}10.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hom Shali Bugh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Salam Deva |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,959 |percentage=56.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammed Dar |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=5,897 |percentage=25.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rahman Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,104 |percentage=9.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Sawal |party=Janata Party |votes=1,867 |percentage=8.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,062 |percentage=30.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,827 |percentage=81.79% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,727 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.744|75.015|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]

Tehok Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:37Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding First Pg W/ Infobox

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Tehok Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Tehok
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Mon district|Mon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 45
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[C. L. John]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:12209}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Tehok''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mon district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Hentok || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Manlem || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || C. Nocklem Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || T. P. Manlen Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || C. Nocklem Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || T. P. Manlen Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | W. Wongyuh Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2004 Nagaland Legislative Assembly by-election|2004 by-election]] || Shaboh
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=4 | [[C. L. John]]|| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. L. John]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=9,232 |percentage=78.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. Kawang Konyak|party=Naga People's Front|votes=2,162|percentage=18.40%|change=-51.16%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chingkai Konyak|party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|votes=149|percentage=1.27%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shaboh Konyak|party=Indian National Congress|votes=120|percentage=1.02%|change=0.60%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. M. Throma Konyak|party=Communist Party of India|votes=47|percentage=0.40%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Chingo Walim|party=Independent politician|votes=24|percentage=0.20%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=19|percentage=0.16%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,070 |percentage=60.15% |change=17.69% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,753|percentage=96.27%|change=4.08%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,209 |change =4.89% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 9.00% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. L. John]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,463 |percentage=69.55% |change=-7.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. Kawang Konyak|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,907|percentage=27.09%|change=26.43%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chingkai Konyak|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=268|percentage=2.50%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=47|percentage=0.44%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shaboh Konyak|party=Indian National Congress|votes=45|percentage=0.42%|change=-21.00%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,556 |percentage=42.46% |change=-13.39% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,730|percentage=92.18%|change=0.75%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,640 |change =-24.67% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -7.71% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. L. John]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,917 |percentage=77.27% |change=23.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=W. Wongyuh Konyak|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,026|percentage=21.42%|change=-22.89%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. M. Throma Konyak|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=93|percentage=0.66%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. P. Yaeih Konyak|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=88|percentage=0.62%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,891 |percentage=55.85% |change=46.18% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=14,129|percentage=91.43%|change=-0.21%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,453 |change =-2.36% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 23.28% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. L. John]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,829 |percentage=53.98% |change=5.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shaboh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,426|percentage=44.31%|change=-5.41%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chennyeim|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=356|percentage=2.45%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thronwa|party=Adarsh Political Party|votes=81|percentage=0.56%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,403 |percentage=9.67% |change=8.33% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=14,503|percentage=92.83%|change=-6.94%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,826 |change =15.37% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.27% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2004 Assembly by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Nagaland Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Tehok<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeOct2004/index.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214061943/https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeOct2004/index.htm |archive-date=14 February 2007}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaboh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,723 |percentage=49.72% |change=-2.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. L. John]]|party=Naga People's Front|votes=6,541|percentage=48.37%|change=11.50%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chennyeim|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=160|percentage=1.18%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yaju|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=99|percentage=0.73%|change=-1.75%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=182 |percentage=1.35% |change=-14.40% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,523|percentage=98.58%|change=0.42%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,718 |change =2.21% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Wongyuh Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,748 |percentage=52.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noklem |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,729 |percentage=36.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chennyeim |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=906 |percentage=7.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yaju |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=318 |percentage=2.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Tapa |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=124 |percentage=0.97% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,019 |percentage=15.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,825 |percentage=98.16% |change= 98.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,421 |change =2.01% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=W. Wongyuh Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,156 |change =0.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Manlen Konyak |party=Naga People's Front |votes=9,443 |percentage=76.47% |change=28.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chennyeim |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,821 |percentage=22.85% |change=-29.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Nocklem Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,622 |percentage=53.63% |change=48.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,348 |percentage=94.67% |change= -3.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,065 |change =55.91% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 24.09% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Nocklem Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,292 |percentage=52.38% |change=12.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Manlen Konyak |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,902 |percentage=47.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=390 |percentage=4.76% |change=3.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,194 |percentage=98.02% |change= 1.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,380 |change =-0.01% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 10.60% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Manlen Konyak |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,382 |percentage=41.78% |change=-6.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Nocklem Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,242 |percentage=40.05% |change=-11.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Locknyem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,470 |percentage=18.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=140 |percentage=1.73% |change=-1.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,094 |percentage=96.89% |change= -0.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,381 |change =8.75% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.83% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Nocklem Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,827 |percentage=51.61% |change=34.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Manlen Konyak |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,588 |percentage=48.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=239 |percentage=3.22% |change=-0.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,415 |percentage=97.66% |change= 5.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,707 |change =10.61% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 23.11% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manlem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,782 |percentage=28.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noklem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,578 |percentage=25.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanpoh |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,217 |percentage=19.47% |change=-10.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hondok |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,089 |percentage=17.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loknyem |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=586 |percentage=9.37% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=204 |percentage=3.26% |change=-7.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,252 |percentage=91.78% |change= 7.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,968 |change =14.93% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -12.08% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hentok |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,031 |percentage=40.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manlem |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,517 |percentage=30.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manlem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,456 |percentage=29.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=514 |percentage=10.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,004 |percentage=84.13% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,063 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mon district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.6|95.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Mon district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line

2026-04-15T01:48:17Z

IrmaBracy4216: Put up a place!

{{Short description|Railway Route in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line {{small|(including Shantipur loop line)}}
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Krishnanagar City Junction railway station 07.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Krishnanagar City Junction railway station
| type =
| system = Electrified
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| start = [[Ranaghat]]
| end = [[Lalgola]]
| stations = 35
| daily_ridership =
| open = {{start date and age|1899}} (Aistala Ghat–Shantipur–Krishnanagar City NG line) 
{{start date and age|1905}} (Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Krishnapur BG line)
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway Zone (India)|Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot = Ranaghat EMU Carshed
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|155|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} - Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola 
{{convert|36|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} - Ranaghat–Shantipur–Krishnanagar City
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge = {{Track gauge|2ft6in|lk=on}} - Aistala Ghat–Nabadwip Ghat section
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = up to {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line|collapse=yes|inline=yes}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line''' is a {{Convert|155|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] railway line which connects [[Ranaghat Junction railway station|Ranaghat Junction]] in the [[Nadia district]] with [[Lalgola railway station|Lalgola]] in the [[Murshidabad district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. The line runs up to the Bangladesh border near the [[Ganga river]] and is a part of the [[Sealdah railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Division System Map|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597667046291-Sys%20Map%20SDAH%202020.pdf|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

== Services ==
There are three [[Express trains in India|express services]], which connect [[Lalgola railway station|Lalgola]] with [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] ([[Hazarduari Express]] and [[Dhano Dhanye Express]]) and [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] ([[Bhagirathi Express]]), that traverse the entire length of the line connecting major towns like [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Beldanga]], [[Berhampore]] and [[Murshidabad]] in between.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arrivals at LGL/Lalgola - Express trains|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/lalgola-lgl/1171?tt=6|access-date=1 February 2022|website=India Railinfo}}</ref> These services are further augmented by locomotive hauled [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|passenger trains]] that stop at every station on the line.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arrivals at LGL/Lalgola - Passenger Trains|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/lalgola-lgl/1171?tt=11|access-date=1 February 2022|website=India RailInfo}}</ref> In 2012, daily [[MEMU]] services were started between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Lalgola railway station|Lalgola]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Highlights of TRS Organisation, Sealdah division, Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,2269 |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>

With the opening of the [[Nashipur Rail Bridge]]<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=বিশ্বাস |first=সামসুদ্দিন |title=নতুন রেল লাইনের উদ্বোধন করবেন প্রধানমন্ত্রী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-railway-lines-at-nashipur/cid/1499829 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=শনিবারই নশিপুর সেতুর উদ্বোধন! কলকাতা থেকে উত্তরবঙ্গ যেতে ৩ ঘণ্টা কম লাগবে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/nashipur-rail-bridge-to-be-inaugurated-by-pm-narendra-modi-on-2nd-march-to-cut-kolkata-to-north-bengal-travel-time-31709257167744.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301173133/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/nashipur-rail-bridge-to-be-inaugurated-by-pm-narendra-modi-on-2nd-march-to-cut-kolkata-to-north-bengal-travel-time-31709257167744.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>, the section was directly connected to the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop|B.B loop line]] and the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]] allowing a shorter alternative connection between [[Kolkata]] and [[Siliguri]]. As such a new [[Sealdah - Jalpaiguri Road Humsafar Express|Humsafar Express]] between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Jalpaiguri Road railway station|Jalpaiguri Road]] was launched on 20 June 2025 along this route.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Sealdah-Jalpaiguri Humsafar Express: Weekly train to boost Bengal connectivity |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/railways-to-introduce-weekly-humsafar-express-from-sealdah-to-jalpaiguri-road-in-bengal-3582637 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The [[Kolkata–Sairang Express]], the first train between [[Kolkata]] and [[Aizawl]] was also launched on 13 September 2025<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-13 |title=Sairang-Kolkata Express Launched: Check Route, Distance, Travel Time, Frequency, Stoppages and Timings |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/sairang-kolkata-express-launched-check-route-distance-travel-time-frequency-stoppages-and-timings-article-152793884 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> along this route and quickly became popular within weeks of its launch.<ref name=":21">{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=Anish |date=3 October 2025 |title=Train to Mizoram: Kolkata – Sairang Express crosses 140% occupancy within weeks of launch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/train-to-mizoram-kolkata-sairang-express-crosses-140-occupancy-within-weeks-of-launch-10285467/ |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City section along with the Kalinarayanpur–Shantipur–Krishnanagar City loop line is a part of the suburban section of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] linking with the system at [[Ranaghat Junction railway station|Ranaghat Junction]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Details of Operating Department: Sealdah Division, Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,471|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> The Sealdah–Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City section is served with total pairs of 231 Daily and 187 Sunday EMU services.<ref name=":14" /> There are also 3 pairs of EMU services between Ranaghat and Krishnanagar via the Shantipur Loop line. Shantipur is further connected to [[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]] via the [[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Ranaghat–Bangaon branch line]] with 2 pairs of daily EMU services.<ref name=":14" />

A majority of the Sealdah–Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City section is served by 9-car EMU rakes from the Narkeldanga EMU Carshed.<ref name=":6" /> The Ranaghat EMU Carshed, commissioned in 2007, mainly serves the Bangaon–Ranaghat–Shantipur–Krishnanagar City section and the Ranaghat–Lalgola section, where EMU services were introduced from 2017, with 12-car [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] and [[MEMU]] rakes.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14" />

==History==

=== Pre–Partition ===

==== Ranaghat–Krishnanagar Light Railway ====
While the [[Main line (railway)|main line]] of the eastern section of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] {{Reporting mark|:EBR}} was opened from [[Calcutta]] to [[Kushtia]] via [[Ranaghat]] in 1862, it bypassed [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] and [[Shantipur]], two very prominent heritage centers of art, culture and learning of the 18th and 19th century [[Bengal]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Administration Report on Railways 1918|url=https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n55mode/1up|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=5 December 2020|title=The Santipur Local – Part 2|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-santipur-local-part-2|access-date=1 February 2022|website=GetBengal}}</ref> To resolve this issue, [[Martin's Light Railways]] {{Reporting mark|:MLR}} constructed a {{Convert|20.25|mi|km|abbr=on}} long, [[2 ft 6 in gauge railways|2 ft 6 in narrow gauge]] line from Aistala Ghat, on the west bank of the [[Churni River|Churni river]], near Ranaghat to Krishnanagar via Shantipur in 1899 which was known as the Ranaghat–Krishnanagar Light Railway.<ref name=":2">[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n56/mode/1up “Administration Report on Railways 1918” page48-49, pdf page 56]; Retrieved 22 Nov 2016</ref> EBR further constructed a {{Convert|1.6|mi|km|abbr=on}} long [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] line from Ranaghat station to Churni Ghat, known as the '''Churni Extension railway''', from where a direct ferry connection to Aistala Ghat was established.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n51/mode/1up “Administration Report on Railways 1918” page 42 (pdf51) ]; Retrieved 31 Dec 2017</ref> The administration of the Ranaghat–Krishnanagar Light Railway passed onto EBR in 1904.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web|last=J. H. E. Garrett|title=Nadia, Bengal District Gazetteers (1910)|url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/history/nadia.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028190255/http://irfca.org/docs/history/nadia.html|archive-date=28 October 2012|access-date=2012-02-10|publisher=[[IRFCA]]}}</ref>

==== Murshidabad Branch Railway ====
EBR opened the Ranaghat–Murshidabad–Bhagwangola–Krishnapur branch line in 1905. This was known as the Murshidabad Branch Railway.<ref name=":2" /> This was further extended to Lalgola Ghat on the south bank of the [[Ganga river|Ganges]] in 1907 and the line came to be known as the '''Lalgola Ghat Branch Railway'''.<ref name=":2" /><ref>[http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/BejvG_1000695561/163 "Bengal District Gazetteer" / Mukshidabad by L S S O’Malley, Indian Civil Service, Calcutta; Pages 150-151"]; Retrieved 1 Jan 2016</ref> In 1909, a [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge line]] from Katihar to Godagari Ghat (on the north bank of the [[Ganges]]), known as the '''Godagari Ghat Branch Railway''' was built, from where a ferry connection was established to Lalgola Ghat, thus providing a direct link from [[Katihar]] to [[Calcutta]].<ref>[[iarchive:BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/page/n55/mode/1up|“Administration Report on Railways 1918” page 47 (pdf56)]]; Retrieved 1 Feb 2022</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgYxnnQvcekC&dq=amnura+godagari+line&pg=RA5-PA31|title=Assam Information|date=1971|publisher=Directorate of Information & Public Relations.|language=en}}</ref>

==== Further extensions ====
in 1925. a [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] extension was built from Churni Bridge (present day [[Kalinarayanpur Junction railway station]]) to Shantipur thus establishing direct connectivity from Sealdah to Shantipur.<ref name=":4">[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650 “Administration Report on Railways 1937” page 71 (pdf98) ];Retrieved 1 Feb 2022</ref> This made the Aistala Ghat–Shantipur section and the Churni Extension Railway redundant following which they were dismantled and the line was known as '''Shantipur–Krishnanagar Light Railway'''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=5 December 2020|title=The Santipur Local – Part 2|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-santipur-local-part-2|access-date=1 February 2022|website=GetBengal}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The Shantipur–Krishnanagar Light Railway was extended up to [[Nabadwip Ghat]] on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi river]], in 1926 and a direct ferry connection was established to [[Nabadwip|Nabadwip Dham]], an important pilgrimage centre of Bengal.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650 “Administration Report on Railways 1937” page 78 (pdf105) ] Retrieved 1 Feb 2022</ref>

In 1928, a {{Convert|2.01|mi|km|abbr=on}} long branch line was constructed from [[Azimganj Junction railway station|Azimganj]] on the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop|B.B. loop line]] to the [[Nashipur Road railway station|Nashipur Road]] station on the Ranaghat–Lalgola line via a bridge across the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi river]] for carrying stone freight traffic.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650 “Administration Report on Railways 1937” page 70 (pdf95) ] Retrieved 1 Feb 2022</ref> This bridge was destroyed in the Second World War, leading to connectivity problems between the twin cities of [[Jiaganj Azimganj|Azimganj]] and [[Jiaganj Azimganj|Jiaganj]] located on the opposite sides of the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi river]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|title=Passengers association call for hunger strike for railway bridge|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/passengers-association-call-for-hunger-strike-for-railway-bridge/articleshow/31242582.cms|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref>

=== Post-partition ===
Following the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the link between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Katihar Junction railway station|Katihar]] via this line was snapped<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgYxnnQvcekC&dq=amnura+godagari+line&pg=RA5-PA31|title=Assam Information|date=1971|publisher=Directorate of Information & Public Relations.|language=en}}</ref> affecting the connection of [[South Bengal]] with [[North Bengal]], [[North Bihar]] and [[Assam]] due to which the ferry connection was moved to between Sakrigali Ghat railway station in the [[Sahibganj loop|Sahibganj Loop]] to Manihari Ghat railway station in the [[Katihar–Teznarayanpur branch line]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Katihar Division – North East Frontier Railway|url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,655,656|access-date=2 February 2022|website=North East Frontier Railway}}</ref> The [[Barsoi–New Farakka section|Katihar–Singhabad section]] was converted to broad gauge in 1962 with the construction of the new [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speech of Shri Jagjivan Ram introducing the Railway Budget for 1961-62 on, 15th February, 1961|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1961-62.pdf|access-date=4 February 2022|website=Indian Railways}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Speech of Sardar Swaran Singh: Introducing the Railway Budget for 1963-64, on 19t h February, 1963|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1963-64.pdf|access-date=4 February 2022|website=Indian Railways}}</ref>

The line along with other EBR lines came under the jurisdiction of the [[Sealdah railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] post zonal re-organisation in 1952.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02">[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,452 Brief Detail of Sealdah Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625120205/http://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,452|date=2018-06-25}}, ''Eastern Railway''</ref>

==== Gauge conversion & Nabadwip Dham Connection ====
The Shantipur–Krishnanagar City [[2 ft 6 in gauge railways|narrow gauge]] line was sanctioned for gauge conversion to [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] in 2001.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Ongoing projects Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1591266376881-ERSM2020%20-2021%20cor-04.06-Model.pdf|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Eastern Railway}}</ref> The line closed for gauge conversion in 2010 which was completed and the new line was commissioned on 7 February 2012.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=List of sanctioned projects commissioned – Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596802207330-PROJECTS%20%20COMMISSIONED%20UP%20TO%2031.03.2020.pdf|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Eastern Railway}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Brief status of sanctioned projects – Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1588676551219-BRIEF%20STATUS%20OF%20SANCTIONED%20PROJECTS.pdf.pdf|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Eastern Railway}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=Mamata rolls out rly sops for Nadia|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Mamata-rolls-out-rly-sops-for-Nadia/articleshow/5421863.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710144906/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-08/kolkata/28141187_1_narrow-gauge-broad-gauge-railway-jobs|archive-date=2012-07-10|access-date=2012-02-10|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The Krishnanagar–Nabadwip Ghat section was sanctioned for gauge conversion in 2007 along with a planned extension of the line to {{Rws|Nabadwip Dham}} on the [[Bandel–Katwa line|B.B. loop line]] with a bridge over the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Ongoing projects Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1591266376881-ERSM2020%20-2021%20cor-04.06-Model.pdf|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Eastern Railway}}</ref> While the gauge conversion of the section was completed from Krishnanagar City to Amghata railway station it was not commissioned because of unauthorized crossings, while the stretch between Amghata and Nabadwip Ghat has been blocked due to a temple and a mosque being on the alignment.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Brief status of sanctioned projects – Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1588676551219-BRIEF%20STATUS%20OF%20SANCTIONED%20PROJECTS.pdf.pdf|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Eastern Railway}}</ref> Similarly, while the superstructure of the bridge between the Nabadwip Ghat and {{rws|Nabadwip Dham}} railway stations over the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] is ready, tracks leading to the bridge haven't been built because of land acquisition problems and protests by the locals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Nabadwip Dham-Sealdah Rail Link Work Suspended Over Land Dispute|url=https://newsfromnadia.in/nabadwip-dham-sealdah-rail-link-work-suspended-over-land-dispute/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=News from Nadia|date=18 January 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trinamul accused of double standards as party leaders press Nadia villagers to give up land|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-accused-of-double-standards-as-party-leaders-press-nadia-villagers-to-give-up-land/cid/1680977|access-date=2022-02-02|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

On 15 October 2023, a trial run of a [[goods train]] was conducted between the {{Stnlnk|Krishnanagar City Junction}} and Amghata railway stations in order to check the heath of the unutilized section of the new gauge converted line. It was planned to short terminate trains at Amghata till the land acquisition problems between the Amghata–Nabadwip Ghat section are sorted out.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=আমঘাটা অবধি লাইন চালু হবে, ছুটল ওয়াগন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/wagon-started-running-again-at-krishnanagar-nabadwip-ghat-railway-track-after-decades/cid/1467344 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=১৩ বছর পর কৃষ্ণনগর–নবদ্বীপ লাইনে ছুটল রেল ইঞ্জিন, দ্রুতই চালু হবে জানালেন সাংসদ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/rail-engine-run-on-krishnagar-nabadwip-route-after-13-years-31697540211235.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110063805/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/rail-engine-run-on-krishnagar-nabadwip-route-after-13-years-31697540211235.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=১৩ বছর পর চালু নবদ্বীপ-কৃষ্ণনগর ট্রেন লাইন, বন্ধ রেললাইনে ছুটল ট্রেন |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/krishna-nagar/krishnanagar-nabwadwip-train-route-become-operational-after-13-years/articleshow/104448493.cms |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref> The Krishnanagar City–Amghata section was finally commissioned for operations on 17 November 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-11-17 |title=Eastern Railway launches new EMU service between Amghata and Krishnanagar |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/eastern-railway-launches-new-emu-service-between-amghata-and-krishnanagar-635821 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>.

==== Nashipur rail bridge ====
{{main|Nashipur Rail Bridge}}
A [[Nashipur Rail Bridge|new railway bridge]] between Azimganj and Murshidabad, across the Bhagirathi river was sanctioned in 2001 owing to the long time demand of the people of the area.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=The Nashipur syndrome|url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/bibek-debroy/2019/10/05/the-nashipur-syndrome.html|access-date=2022-02-02|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> While the superstructure of the bridge was completed by 2013, since the approach roads couldn't be built due to land acquisition problems and local protests related to employment, the tracks leading to the bridge couldn't be constructed.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=The Nashipur syndrome|url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/bibek-debroy/2019/10/05/the-nashipur-syndrome.html|access-date=2022-02-02|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Left landowners play spoilsport in railway project|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=320427&catid=72|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614104446/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=320427&catid=72|archive-date=14 June 2012|access-date=2012-02-10|publisher=The Statesman, 19 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=ananda |first=abp |date=2022-01-30 |title=৮ বছরেও তৈরি হয়নি মুর্শিদাবাদ-আজিমগঞ্জ রেলপথ, 'চাকরির দাবিতে আন্দোলনে সমস্যা', দাবি রেলের |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/murshidabad-murshidabad-azimganj-railway-not-built-in-8-years-the-railway-authorities-intervened-to-solve-the-problem-863541 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>

The hurdles related to land acquisition & employment were finally cleared & work for laying the tracks was started in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=দীর্ঘ প্রতিক্ষার পর অবশেষে কাজ শুরু হল নশিপুর রেলব্রিজের |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/murshidabad/finally-the-work-of-nashipur-railway-bridge-started-l18-pbd-939104.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=News18 বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Work on Nashipur railway bridge resumes |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/work-on-nashipur-railway-bridge-resumes/cid/1903216 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=জমি জট কেটে যাওয়ায় আড়াই দশক পার, নশিপুর রেলব্রিজ দিয়ে ছুটবে ট্রেন |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/bahrampur-news/murshidabad-nashipur-railway-bridge-started-after-two-and-a-half/articleshow/102053724.cms |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref> Track renewal work by replacing the old railway panels was underway as of September 2023 and the entire work was expected to be completed by March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=উত্তরবঙ্গ আরও কাছে এসে যাবে, সফল ট্রায়াল রান নশিপুর রেল ব্রিজে |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/murshidabad/rail-trial-run-at-nashipur-rail-bridge-was-successful-l18-1267310.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=News18 বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> Meanwhile the area near the bridge had become a popular picnic spot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title=নশিপুর রেলসেতু এখন পর্যটন কেন্দ্র! ভিড় উপচে পড়ছে রোজ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/nashipur-railway-bridge-has-become-the-new-tourist-spot-of-murshidabad-district-dgtld/cid/1484856 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>

The bridge was finally inaugurated on 2 March 2024 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /> and multiple passenger services were launched via the bridge, finally connecting the twin cities of [[Jiaganj Azimganj]] by rail, on October 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Vaishnaw inaugurates rail services, Nashipur railway bridge, dedicates new platforms at Sealdah station |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/vaishnaw-inaugurates-rail-services-nashipur-railway-bridge-dedicates-new-platforms-at-sealdah-station/113891381 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>.

Once commissioned, the [[Indian Railways]] planned to use the bridge for [[North Bengal]] bound trains from [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] like [[Darjeeling Mail]] as it provided a shorter route between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]] leading to significant savings in cost and time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darjeeling Mail gears up for short route, cheaper fare|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/darjeeling-mail-gears-up-for-short-route-cheaper-fare/596579/|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-08 |title=Darj Mail set to run on new route from March, save travel time by 90 mins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/darj-mail-set-to-run-on-new-route-from-march-save-travel-time-by-90-mins/articleshow/105828723.cms |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This plan finally came into fruition on 20 June 2025 when a new [[Sealdah - Jalpaiguri Road Humsafar Express|Humsafar Express]] between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Jalpaiguri Road railway station|Jalpaiguri Road]] was launched along this route.<ref name=":19" /> The [[Kolkata–Sairang Express]], the first train between [[Kolkata]] and [[Aizawl]] was also launched on 13 September 2025<ref name=":20" /> along this route as well and quickly became popular within weeks of its launch.<ref name=":21" />

==Track==
The Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola section along with the Ranaghat–Shantipur section is a double line section while the Shantipur–Krishnanagar City section is a single line section.<ref name=":1" />

==Electrification==
The Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City and the Ranaghat–Shantipur section were electrified in 1963–64.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html | title = History of Electrification | publisher = [[IRFCA]] | access-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071225163912/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html | archive-date = 25 December 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The {{Convert|128|km|mi|abbr=on}} long Krishnanagar City–Lalgola stretch was electrified in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Important Landmarks of Indian Railways Electrification|url=https://core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,531|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE)}}</ref> The single electrified line of the Shantipur–Krishnanagar City section was commissioned after gauge conversion in 2012.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

== EMU Carsheds ==
The Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City section of the line is primarily served by 9-car [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] rakes from the Narkeldanga EMU Carshed with a few 12-car EMU rakes from Ranaghat EMU Carshed as well. Further to this most 12-car EMU rakes from Ranaghat EMU Carshed serve in the Ranaghat–Lalgola section and the Krishnanagar City–Shantipur–Ranaghat–Bangaon section.<ref name=":6" /> The Ranaghat EMU Carshed also maintains 12-car [[MEMU]] rakes which started serving from Sealdah to Lalgola in 2012.<ref name=":6" />

While the section was initially served by the Narkeldanga EMU carshed which opened on 1963, due to the increasing traffic requirements in the [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line|Ranaghat–Gede]], [[Ranaghat–Bangaon line|Ranaghat–Bangaon]], Ranaghat–Shantipur–Krishnanagar City and Ranaghat–Lalgola sections owing to the electrification and gauge conversions of various lines, the Ranaghat EMU carshed was commissioned in 2007.<ref name=":6" /> EMU services were introduced between Ranaghat and Lalgola in 2017.<ref name=":6" />

As of January 2024, the Narkeldanga carshed had 28 9-car EMU rakes, a few of which served the [[Sealdah South section]] mostly via the [[Kolkata Circular Railway|Circular line]], while rest served the [[Sealdah Main and North section|Sealdah North section]] lines. The Ranaghat EMU carshed contains 1 9-car EMU rake, 16 12-car EMU rakes (of which 1 is a 3 phase EMU) and 8 12-car MEMU rakes. 4 of the 12-car MEMU rakes are [[Three-phase electric power|three phase]] [[MEMU]].<ref name=":6" />

== Routes and stations ==

=== Stations ===

: ''Names in '''bold''' indicate that the station is a major stop or an important interchange/terminal station.''
: ''Names in '''italics''' indicate that the station is now defunct''

==== Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola main line ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%;"
! colspan="6" |'''Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola main line'''
|-
! style="max-width:1%;" |#
! style="max-width:1%;" |Distance from Ranaghat Junction (km)
! style="max-width:5%;" |Station Name
! style="max-width:1%;" |Station Code
! style="max-width:1%;" |Existing Connections
![[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|Station Category]]<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Category of stations - Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624521405374-.4%20Category_wise%20Stations%20ZZZ.pdf|access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|1
|0
|'''{{rws|Ranaghat Junction}}'''
|RHA
|[[Ranaghat–Bangaon line]] / [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line]]
|'''SG-2'''
|-
|2
|4
|{{rws|Kalinarayanpur Junction}}
|KLNP
|Shantipur loop line
|SG-3
|-
|3
|8
|{{rws|Birnagar}}
|BIJ
|–
|SG-3
|-
|4
|11
|{{rws|Taherpur}}
|THP
|–
|SG-3
|-
|5
|16
|{{rws|Badkulla}}
|BDZ
|–
|SG-3
|-
|6
|21
|{{rws|Jalal Khali Halt}}
|JKL
|–
|HG-2
|-
|7
|26
|'''{{rws|Krishnanagar City Junction}} †'''
|KNJ
|Shantipur loop line
|'''SG-2'''
|-
|8
|33
|{{rws|Bahadurpur}}
|BPD
|–
|NSG-6
|-
|9
|39
|{{rws|Dhubulia}}
|DHU
|–
|NSG-6
|-
|10
|44
|{{rws|Muragacha|3=Muragachha}}
|MGM
|–
|NSG-6
|-
|11
|54
|{{rws|Bethuadahari}}
|BTY
|–
|NSG-5
|-
|12
|58
|{{rws|Sonadanga}}
|SVH
|–
|NSG-6
|-
|13
|66
|{{rws|Debagram}}
|DEB
|–
|NSG-5
|-
|14
|71
|{{rws|Pagla Chandi|3=Paglachandi}}
|PCX
|–
|NSG-6
|-
|15
|77
|{{rws|Plassey}}
|PLY
|–
|NSG-5
|-
|16
|82
|{{rws|Siraj Nagar Halt|3=Sirajnagar}}
|SRJN
|–
|HG-2
|-
|17
|86
|{{rws|Rejinagar}}
|REJ
|–
|NSG-5
|-
|18
|95
|'''{{rws|Beldanga}}'''
|BEB
|–
|'''NSG-4'''
|-
|19
|101
|{{rws|Bhabta}}
|BFT
|–
|NSG-6
|-
|20
|104
|{{rws|Sargachi|3=Sargachhi}}
|SGV
|–
|NSG-6
|-
|21
|108
|{{rws|New Balarampur Halt}}
|NBPH
|–
|HG-3
|-
|22
|113
|'''{{rws|Berhampore Court}}'''
|BPC
|–
|'''NSG-3'''
|-
|23
|116
|{{rws|Cossimbazar}}
|CSZ
|–
|NSG-5
|-
|24
|124
|'''{{rws|Murshidabad|3=Murshidabad Junction}}'''
|MBB
|Azimganj Jn. Link Line
|'''NSG-4'''
|-
|25
|129
|''{{rws|Nashipur Road}}''
|NSO
|–
|–
|-
|26
|132
|{{rws|Jiaganj}}
|JJG
|–
|NSG-5
|-
|27
|137
|{{rws|Subarnamrigi}}
|SBNM
|–
|HG-2
|-
|28
|144
|{{rws|Bhagwangola}}
|BQG
|–
|NSG-5
|-
|29
|147
|{{rws|Pirtala}}
|PRTL
|–
|HG-1
|-
|30
|153
|{{rws|Krishnapur}}
|KRP
|–
|NSG-5
|-
|31
|155
|'''{{rws|Lalgola}}'''
|LGL
|–
|NSG-5
|-
|32
|160
|''Lalgola Ghat''
|LGG
|–
|–
|-
| colspan="6" |† End of suburban section of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
|}

==== Shantipur loop line ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%;"
! colspan="6" |'''Shantipur loop line'''
|-
! style="max-width:1%;" |#
! style="max-width:1%;" |Distance from Ranaghat Junction (km)
! style="max-width:5%;" |Station Name
! style="max-width:1%;" |Station Code
! style="max-width:1%;" |Existing Connections
![[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|Station Category]]<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Category of stations - Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624521405374-.4%20Category_wise%20Stations%20ZZZ.pdf|access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|1
|0
|'''{{rws|Ranaghat Junction}}'''
|RHA
|[[Ranaghat–Bangaon line]] / [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line]]
|'''SG-2'''
|-
|2
|4
|{{rws|Kalinarayanpur Junction}}
|KLNP
|Ranaghat–Lalgola line
|SG-3
|-
|3
|8
|{{rws|Habibpur}}
|HBE
|–
|SG-3
|-
|4
|12
|{{rws|Phulia}}
|FLU
|–
|SG-3
|-
|5
|16
|{{rws|Bathna Krittibas}}
|BTKB
|–
|HG-3
|-
|6
|21
|'''{{rws|Shantipur Junction}}'''
|STB
|–
|SG-3
|-
|8
|27
|{{rws|Dignagar}}
|DTG
|–
|HG-3
|-
|7
|33
|'''{{rws|Krishnanagar City Junction}} †'''
|KNJ
|Ranaghat–Lalgola line
|'''SG-2'''
|-
| colspan="6" |† End of suburban section of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
|}

== Planned extensions ==

=== Krishnanagar–Karimpur–Berhampore line ===
There have been multiple demands for a new railway line from [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] to [[Berhampore]] via [[Karimpur]] and [[Domkal]], two major towns in the [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] districts of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 February 2017|title=Regarding demand for Behrampore-Karimpur via Domkal Islampur new railway line in Murshidabad district in West Bengal|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/194589449/|access-date=7 February 2022|website=India Kanoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Regarding demand for Behrampore-Karimpur via Domkal Islampur new railway line in Murshidabad district in West Bengal.|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/744908/1/10823.pdf|access-date=7 February 2022|website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha, Digital Library}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-03-22|title=Demand For Rail Link Revived In Karimpur|url=https://newsfromnadia.in/demand-for-rail-link-revived-in-karimpur/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=News from Nadia|language=en-US}}</ref> While multiple surveys have been conducted for the proposed railway line since 1905, it was not sanctioned for construction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Bengal Polls 2021: Rail link remains elusive to Karimpur|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-rail-link-remains-elusive-to-karimpur/cid/1813465|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref> In January 2023, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Indian Ministry of Railways]] has given an approval to start survey work on the Krishnanagar–Karimpur railway line again, at a cost of Rs.2 crore.<ref name="anandabazar2">{{cite web |last1=Biswas |first1=Amitabh |date=4 January 2023 |title=করিমপুরে রেল চলার সমীক্ষা, পোস্ট মহুয়ার |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/mahua-moitra-added-extra-boost-about-krishnanagar-karimpur-railway-track/cid/1396749 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |location=Karimpur}}</ref> As per the plans, the survey work started in August 2023.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=দু’মাসে দু’বার সমীক্ষা, দিনের আলো দেখবে কি কৃষ্ণনগর-করিমপুর রেল প্রকল্প? প্রশ্ন দুই জনপদে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/is-krishnanagar-karimpur-rail-project-really-going-to-be-implemented-dgtld/cid/1458377 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |location=Krisnanagar}}</ref>

Two new railway line projects, [[Dhubulia railway station|Dhubulia]]–Charatala and Krishnanagar City–Chapra have been sanctioned in the railway budget in 2001 and 2002 respectively.<ref name=":10" /> While the final line survey for both the newly planned lines have been completed, there has been no further progress made in the project.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":16" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Plassey Railway Station display.jpg|Plassey railway station
File:Berhampore Court - Railway Station - Murshidabad 2014-11-11 9052.JPG|Berhampore Court railway station
File:Rail Bridge over Jalangi river at Krishnanagar in Nadia district 03.jpg|Rail Bridge over [[Jalangi River|Jalangi river]] at Krishnanagar
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float=right
| video1=[http://wn.com/Indian_Railways_Toy_Train_from_Shantipur_via_Krishnanagar_to_Nabadwipghat__Part_02_of_02 Shantipur-Krishnanagar-Nabadwip Ghat Toy Train – Now closed]}}

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Nadia topics}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranaghat-Krishnanagar City-Lalgola line}}
[[Category:Transport in Murshidabad]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division|*]]

T. V. S. N. Prasad

2026-04-12T14:31:34Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding Initial Stub Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Prasad at news conference.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Razole, Andhra Pradesh]], India
| office = [[Chief Information Commissioner]], [[Haryana]]
| governor = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| successor =
| predecessor = Vijai Vardhan
| term_start = 27 May 2025
| office1 = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]], [[Haryana]]
| governor1 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| successor1 = [[Vivek Joshi]]
| predecessor1 = Sanjeev Kaushal
| term_start1 = 15 March 2024
| term_end1 = 31 October 2024
| office2 = Mission Director, [[National Mission for Clean Ganga]]
| 1blankname2 = President
| 1namedata2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| 2blankname2 = Prime Minister
| 2namedata2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| successor2 =
| predecessor2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 = Lead Economist, [[World Bank]]
| 1blankname3 = President
| 1namedata3 = [[Paul Wolfowitz]]
| 2blankname3 = Vice President
| 2namedata3 = Inger Anderson
| successor3 =
| predecessor3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]] [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]], [[Harvard Kennedy School]]
}}

'''T.V.S.N. Prasad''' (born 14 October 1964) is an economist and Indian civil servant, currently serving as the Chief Information Commissioner of Haryana.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVSN Prasad sworn in as Haryana Chief Info Commissioner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/tvsn-prasad-sworn-in-as-haryana-chief-info-commissioner-10031281/ |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=Indian Express |date=27 May 2025}}</ref> He previously served as the Chief Secretary of Haryana.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saini |first1=Manvir |title=Haryana appoints TVSN Prasad as chief secretary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-appoints-tvsn-prasad-as-chief-secretary/articleshow/108531839.cms |access-date=25 June 2025 |publisher=Times of India |date=15 March 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Prasad was born in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family from [[East Godavari District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He obtained his Bachelor's in Electrical Engineering from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]]. He later pursued a degree Masters in Public Administration from [[Harvard Kennedy School]] as an Edward S. Mason Fellow in Public Policy and Management and a John Kenneth Galbraith Scholar in Infrastructure Economics. He completed his PhD in Economics at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] in August 2024.

==Career==
Prasad joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1988, serving in the Haryana Cadre. As an IAS officer, he has held numerous positions, including Deputy Commissioner, [[Rohtak]] and [[Kurukshetra]], Chief Administrator, Haryana State Agricultural Marketing Board, and Principal Secretary, Department of Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Affairs, Government of Haryana. During his stint in the Central Government between 2014 and 2018, Prasad served as Mission Director in the National Mission for Clean Ganga and Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs.

[[File:Prasad taking oath.jpg|thumb|Dr. Prasad taking oath as Chief Information Commissioner]]

Earlier, he worked as a senior economist at the World Bank, contributing to its policies on power, oil and gas sectors, national economic policies, investments, and infrastructure expansion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria's Energy Sector |url=https://iaee.org/en/publications/newsletterdl.aspx?id=72 |publisher=International Association of Energy Economics |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref> He published several articles on economics, energy and infrastructure, including ''Monitoring Performance of Electric Utilities - Indicators and Benchmarking'' published by the World Bank in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13030|title=Monitoring Performance of Electric Utilities : Indicators and Benchmarking in Sub-Saharan Africa|first1=Tallapragada V.S.N.|last1=Prasad|first2=Shkaratan|last2=Maria|first3=Izaguirre, Ada|last3=Karina|first4=Helleranta|last4=Jaakko|first5=Rahman|last5=Saifur|first6=Bergman|last6=Sten|date=30 December 2017|publisher= World Bank|accessdate=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tallapragada |first1=Prasad |title=Restructuring Paper on a Proposed Project Restructuring of Nigeria National Energy Development Project Credit to the Federal Republic of Nigeria |journal=World Bank |date=8 June 2010 |volume=Report No: 5491 2-NG |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/450341468291914862/pdf/549120PJPR0P09101Official0Use0Only1.pdf |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

He later worked in the Government of Haryana as Finance Secretary, Home Secretary and finally as Chief Secretary. After retirement, he served as the Distinguished Professor at NALSAR National Law University until he took over as Chief Information Commissioner of Haryana.<ref>{{cite news |title=NALSAR appoints Dr TVSN Prasad, Dr Sitharamam as Sr Professors |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-nalsar-appoints-dr-tvsn-prasad-dr-sitharamam-as-sr-professors |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=Telangana Today |publisher=Telangana Today |date=12 December 2024}}</ref>
At the end of his career, he and his government faced some criticism. In March 2024, Prasad simultaneously held multiple positions — chief secretary (during leave period of Sanjeev Kaushal, Prasad's predecessor), home secretary, and financial commissioner. Hemant Kumar appealed to the Election Commission, urging it to take corrective action to safeguard administrative efficiency. The Commission refrained from intervening; Prasad was later transferred from his home secretary and financial commissioner roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/in-haryana-questions-1-ias-officer-3-top-posts-9228738/|title=In Haryana, questions raised as 1 IAS officer occupies 3 top posts|first1=Sukhbir|last1=Siwach|first2=|last2=|first3=|last3=|first4=|last4=|first5=|last5=|first6=|last6=|date=22 March 2024|publisher= [[Indian Express]]|accessdate=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/tvsn-prasad-holding-three-key-posts-ecs-intervention-sought-602732/|title=Haryana: TVSN Prasad holding three key posts, EC's intervention sought|first1=Pradeep|last1=Sharma|date=20 March 2024|publisher=[[The Tribune]]|accessdate=26 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
<references />


{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, T. V. S. N.}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]

Fasi-ur-Rehman Munnan Khan

2026-04-04T20:53:35Z

IrmaBracy4216: created stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (1945–2009)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Fasih-ur-Rehman Munnan Khan
| term_start1 = 1989
| term_end1 = 1991
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|01|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Haldharmau village, [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British India]]
| constituency1 = [[Balrampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balrampur]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]](MP), [[Lok Sabha]]
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Uttar+Pradesh&lsno=9
| party = Independent
| parents =
| country = [[India]]
| predecessor1 = Mahant Deep Narain
| successor1 = [[Satya Deo Singh]]
| education = High School
| spouse = Zubaida Begum
| children = 5 sons, 2 daughters
| occupation = Politician, Agriculture, Trader
| profession = Social worker, Writer
| death_date = {{death date|2009|06|25|df=yes}}
| nickname =
| constituency = [[Katra Bazar Assembly constituency]]
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]](MLA)
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1989
| death_place = [[Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor = Murlidhar Muneem
| successor = Murlidhar Muneem
}}
'''Fasih-ur-Rehman Munnan Khan''' was an Indian politician, social worker, and social activist who was also [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3309.htm |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1991 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1991-election-results.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Uttar+Pradesh&lsno=9 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref> from [[Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh]] in 9th Lok Sabha.

== History ==
He was born on 7 January 1945 in [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]] and popularly known as ''Munnan Khan.'' His son's name is Muhammad Kasim Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-03 |title=पूर्व सांसद के बेटे के खिलाफ गैंगस्टर का मामला दर्ज, संपत्ति की जांच शुरू |url=https://www.m.khaskhabar.com/news/news-gangster-case-submitted-against-former-minister-son-kasim-khan-in-gonda-news-hindi-1-166850-KKN.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=khas khabar |language=hi}}</ref> He and his followers were the butchers of Ayodhya they killed karsewaks dressed as police men.<ref>https://twitter.com/STVRahul/status/1754539295883640883?t=eMLm5osdMIlP6lFnjK99HQ&s=19</ref>

== Career ==
He served as member of parliament in the years of 1985–89, MLA from [[Katra Bazar Assembly constituency]] in 1985 ([[Lokdal]]), and member of consultative committee of [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|ministry of labour]] and welfare in 1990 CE. He also wrote a book titled '''Ae-lane Jung''' (a book on public problem).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munnan Khan, Fasi-ur-Rehman}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:People from Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]

Budha Debbarma

2026-04-04T03:55:40Z

IrmaBracy4216: created a data.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Budha Debbarma
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|09 March 1983]]
| term_end = 1988
| predecessor = [[Niranjan Debbarma]]
| successor = Niranjan Debbarma
| constituency = [[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]]
| birth_name =
| spouse =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tripura]], India
| parents =
| party = [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Budha Debbarma''' was a politician and indigenous leader from [[Tripura]], India. He became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] in the 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1983/tripura/51/25|title=1983 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Tripura|website=India Votes|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/golaghati-constituency-tripura-assembly-election-1983-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/|title=Golaghati Constituency, Tripura Assembly Election 1983 Results|website=Entrance India|date=19 September 2018 |access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Golaghati-(ST)-in-Tripura|title=Tripura Assembly Election Results (constituency Wise)|website=Elections Trace Cell|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> and 1988<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/golaghati-tripura-assembly-constituency|title=List of all MLA from Golaghati Assembly Constituency Seat|website=Result University|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/golaghati-Constituency-tripura-assembly-election-1988-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/|title=Golaghati Constituency, Tripura Assembly Election 1988 Results|website=Entrance India|date=19 September 2018 |access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1988/tripura/78/25|title=1988 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Tripura|website=India Votes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1988|url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1988-election-results.html|website=Election India}}</ref> elections from [[Golaghati Assembly constituency]]. He was one of the leaders who helped build [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1983–1988]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1988–1993]]
[[Category:Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti politicians]]

Ronald Brymer Beckett

2026-04-03T09:23:55Z

IrmaBracy4216: Put up article

{{Short description|English civil servant and historian}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ronald Brymer Beckett
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 17 January 1891
| birth_place = [[Rawdon, West Yorkshire|Rawdon]], Yorkshire
| death_date = 1 December 1970
| death_place = [[Northmoor, Oxfordshire|Northmoor]], Oxfordshire
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Indian Civil Service]]
| known_for =
}}
'''Ronald Brymer Beckett''' (17 January 1891 - 1 December 1970) was a British administrator in the [[Indian Civil Service]] and later an art historian.

==Early life and education==
Ronald Beckett was born on 17 January 1891 in [[Rawdon, West Yorkshire|Rawdon]], Yorkshire, to James Robertson Beckett, a wool and silk merchant, and his wife Annie Bertha Murray, a schoolteacher.<ref name=ODNB2004>{{Citation |title=Beckett, Ronald Brymer |date=23 September 2004|work=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|last=Beckett|first=Elisabeth|editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45949 |access-date=28 February 2026 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/45949 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B.|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="BritLib">{{cite web |last=O'brien|first=John|title=Papers of Ronald Brymer Beckett, High Court Judge at Lahore |url=https://www.bl.uk/stories/blogs/posts/papers-of-ronald-brymer-beckett-high-court-judge-at-lahore |website=www.bl.uk|date=15 December 2025 |access-date=28 February 2026 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403092036/https://www.bl.uk/stories/blogs/posts/papers-of-ronald-brymer-beckett-high-court-judge-at-lahore|archive-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> At the age of four, his family relocated to [[Pocklington]].<ref name=ODNB2004/> Two years later, following an episode of [[measles]], he was sent to [[Talbot Heath School|Talbot Heath School for Girls]] in [[Bournemouth]], before continuing his education at Highbury House School in [[St Leonards, Dorset|St. Leonards]] and subsequently at [[Woodbridge School]].<ref name=ODNB2004/> In 1907, he attained the highest grades nationally in his Higher Certificate examinations, securing his admission to Lincoln College, Oxford, from where he graduated with third class in Classics, before joining the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1914.<ref name=ODNB2004/><ref name=BritLib/>

==Career==
In November 1914 Beckett arrived in India, where he was appointed Assistant Commissioner in Punjab.<ref name=BritLib/> Having been declared unfit for military service in 1917, he entered the Middle Temple to read for the Bar.<ref name=ODNB2004/> After recovering from [[Spanish flu|influenza]] he was posted to Amritsar.<ref name=ODNB2004/> In 1919, Beckett, then assistant commissioner at Amritsar, was present alongside [[Miles Irving]], deputy commissioner, and [[John Ferguson Rehill|John F. Rehill]], deputy superintendent of police, at the arrest of the Indian political leaders [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]] and [[Satyapal]] on 10 April that year.<ref name=Wagner.74>Wagner, pp. 74-77</ref> When in response a large Indian crowd proceeded to Irving's residence to request their release, Beckitt was assigned to prevent their entry into the [[Civil Lines|European residential quarter]].<ref name=Wagner.77>Wagner, pp. 78-82</ref> Later that year he gave testimony to the official British inquiry into the Punjab disturbances, the Hunter Committee.<ref name=Wagner.225>Wagner, p. 225</ref>

During his career in India Beckett's posts included being guardian to the [[Nawab of Mamdot]], and Judge at the [[Lahore High Court|High Court of Lahore]].<ref name=BritLib/>

Beckett returned to England after October 1946 and took to art history.<ref name=BritLib/> Artists he studied include [[John Constable]], [[William Blake]], [[Thomas Gainsborough]], [[Thomas Rowlandson]], [[J. M. W. Turner]], [[Peter Lely]] and [[Richard Wilson (painter)|Richard Wilson]].<ref name="Cal">{{cite web |title=Beckett (R. B.) English artist research files, approximately 1880s-1967|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8086b2k/ |website=oac.cdlib.org |publisher=University of California |access-date=2 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403091408/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8086b2k/|archive-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

==Personal and family==
Beckett married Norah Ford Anderson in 1918.<ref name=ODNB2004/> She would later return to England on two occasions to give birth to their two daughters.<ref name=ODNB2004/> He wrote two novels and became a [[stamp collecting|collector of stamps]], [[Indian painting|Indian miniatures]], and sculptures.<ref name=ODNB2004/>

==Death==
Beckett died on 1 December 1970 in [[Northmoor, Oxfordshire|Northmoor]], Oxfordshire.<ref name=ODNB2004/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A.|author-link=Kim A. Wagner |title=Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear & the Making of a Massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beckett, Ronald Brymer}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People from Rawdon, West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:British philatelists]]
[[Category:People educated at Talbot Heath School]]
[[Category:People educated at Woodbridge School]]
[[Category:English art historians]]

Paratha

2026-03-27T00:11:54Z

IrmaBracy4216: quick refine content after review for accuracy

{{short description|Flatbread from South Asia}}
{{For|the South Indian version|South Indian parotta}}
{{Distinguish|Maratha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Paratha
| image = Triangle paratha (cropped).JPG
| image_alt = A triangular flatbread that is brown with some darker spots, served next to yoghurt
| caption = Plain paratha
| alternate_name = {{bulleted list|
|[[Parotta]] (South India)
|Porota (Bengal)
|Buss-up-shut (Caribbean)
|Farata (Mauritius)
|Palata (Myanmar)
|Godamba roti (Nepal)}}
| type = [[Flatbread]]
| region = Northern [[Indian Subcontinent]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lanka]], [[Maldivian cuisine|Maldives]], [[Mauritian cuisine|Mauritius]], [[Trinidad and Tobago cuisine|Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Burmese cuisine|Myanmar]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysia]]
| creator =
| course = [[Breakfast]] or other meal
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Atta (flour)|Atta]] (or [[maida (flour)|maida]]), [[ghee]] (or oil), water, salt
| minor_ingredient = Various stuffings (such as potato, cauliflower, or radish)
| variations = [[Mughlai paratha]], [[Dhakai paratha]], [[kathi roll]], [[paratha roll]]
| similar_dish = [[Chapati]], [[thepla]]
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Paratha''' ({{IPA|hns|pəˈɾaːʈʰaː, pəˈɾãːʈʰaː|ipa}}, also known by [[#Names|other spellings]]) is a [[flatbread]] from the Indian subcontinent, consisting of a wheat dough, typically whole wheat, that is [[Lamination (food)|folded and rolled]] with ghee, forming multiple layers, and [[shallow fried]]. Paratha may be stuffed with various fillings, the most common being potato. Paratha is one of the most popular flatbreads in India. The folded, whole-wheat version is prevalent in the Northern Indian subcontinent, and is distinct from [[South Indian parotta]], which uses refined flour. Variations also exist in the cuisines of [[Burmese cuisine|Myanmar]], [[Mauritian cuisine|Mauritius]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysia]] (where it is known as [[roti canai]]), and [[Caribbean cuisine|the Caribbean]] (where it is known as buss-up-shut).

Although paratha is sometimes said to have originated in Punjabi cuisine, it may have evolved from similar flatbreads from regions connected to India via the [[Silk Road]]. Possible origins include the Persian flatbread {{lang|fa-Latn|waraki}} or from breads introduced by [[Arabs in India]]. Sanskrit recipes for versions of paratha appeared in the 12th century. The popularity of paratha increased during the [[Mughal Empire]], which introduced it across the region. During the [[British India|British imperial era]], [[Indian indenture system|indentured workers from India]] introduced paratha to Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and Mauritius. In India, several versions of paratha were popularised after the [[Partition of India|1947 partition]].

Paratha is eaten as the central component of a meal, with various accompaniments, often including [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] and [[South Asian pickle|pickle]]. Paratha is eaten for any meal; for breakfast, it is commonly paired with tea. Some types of paratha are made with spiraling layers, such as lachha paratha. Stuffed parathas include aloo paratha, using potatoes; gobhi paratha, using cauliflower; mooli paratha, using radish; methi paratha, using [[fenugreek]] leaves, and keema paratha, using [[Keema|minced meat]]. Paratha is also used for [[wrap (food)|wrap]]s, including the [[kathi roll]] and [[paratha roll]].

== Names ==
The word ''paratha'' is from Hindi,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayto |first=John |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199640249.001.0001/acref-9780199640249-e-886 |url-access=subscription |title=The Diner's Dictionary |chapter=Paratha |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-964024-9 |edition=2 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199640249.001.0001}}</ref> derived from the word {{lang|hi-Latn|para}}, meaning 'layer'.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=30}} In [[Indian English]], the bread is always referred to by the specific term ''paratha'', rather than ''bread''.{{sfn|Davydova|2011|p=38}}

The word for paratha differs across India.<ref name="Maitra Chakraborty" /> Alternative spellings include ''parantha'', ''prantha'',{{sfn|Banerji|2008|p=119}} ''parata'',<ref name="Davidson & Jaine" /> ''prata'', and ''parotta''.<ref name="Groundwater">{{Cite news |last=Groundwater |first=Ben |date=11 August 2025 |title=Many cuisines have a version of flatbread, but this might be the best |url=https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/many-cuisines-have-a-version-of-flatbread-but-this-might-be-the-best-20250801-p5mjiv.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> It is spelled as {{lang|my-Latn|palata}} ({{IPA|my|pəlàtà|pron}}) in Myanmar{{sfn|Cummings|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmyan00joec/page/218 218]}} and {{lang|mfe|farata}} in Mauritius.{{sfn|Boswell|2019|p=35}} In the [[Gulf countries]], as well as in East Africa, the breads referred to as [[chapati]] are more similar to a paratha.{{sfnm|1a1=Rubel|1y=2011|1p=[https://archive.org/details/breadglobalhisto0000rube/page/143 143]|2a1=Al-Habsi|2a2=Al-Khusaibi|2a3=Rahman|2y=2019|2p=42}}

== Preparation ==
[[File:Moong dal stuffed inside wheat flour dough for Paratha.jpg|thumb|alt=A thick circle of dough is folded around a filling of dal and herbs.|Stuffed parathas are made by placing a filling into dough before rolling it out.]]
Like most [[Indian breads]], paratha is wheat-based and [[Unleavened bread|unleavened]].{{sfn|Pant|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/indiacookbook0000pant/page/590 590]}} The dough is made of [[atta (flour)|atta]] (whole wheat flour), water, and salt, which is covered in [[ghee]].{{sfnm|1a1=Sidhu|1a2=Seibel|1a3=Meyer|1y=1990|1pp=337–338|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=74}} Oil may be used instead of ghee, and white flour ([[maida (flour)|maida]]) may be used instead of whole wheat;<ref name="Carman">{{Cite news |last=Carman |first=Tim |date=19 March 2020 |title=The 10 best breads in the world |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/voraciously/10-best-breads-in-the-world/?itid=sr_5_b37c764a-9614-4472-8089-2fdf539d273c |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> maida is used for more tender, flaky parathas.<ref name="El-Waylly">{{Cite web |last=El-Waylly |first=Sohla |author-link=Sohla El-Waylly |date=8 December 2025 |title=Paratha (Flaky South Asian Flatbread) Recipe |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/paratha-flaky-south-asian-flatbread |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=[[Serious Eats]]}}</ref> Vegetables, herbs, and spices may be added;{{sfn|Sengupta|2012|p=80}} [[ajowan]] is a commonly used spice in plain paratha.{{sfnm|1a1=Malhotra|1y=2012|1p=124|2a1=Kohli|2y=2024|2p=61}}

The [[common wheat]], the dominant species of wheat in the northern Indian subcontinent, results in the light, spongy texture of North Indian breads such as paratha.{{sfn|Fuller|2006|p=24}} The flour used in paratha is typically of low [[Flour extraction|extraction]], although high-extraction flour is sometimes used.{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=22}} It may also use resultant atta, the coarse byproduct of sifting atta.{{sfn|Haridas Rao|Sai Manohar|2003|p=1034}} In commercial preparations, [[potato flakes]] may be used as a [[binding agent]].{{sfn|Chauhan|Islam|Imran|Ikram|2023|p=5776}}

[[File:Cooking paratha in old Dhaka (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Seven circles of dough are browning atop a large, convex griddle, and the cook is moving them using a spatula, preparing them as street food.|Paratha is [[shallow fried]] on a [[tava]].]]
The dough is kneaded by hand.{{sfn|Hegde|Nair|Chandran|Irshad|2018|p=20}} It is rolled out with oil or ghee, then folded.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=70}} This process of [[Laminated dough|lamination]] is performed two or more times. This usually forms a triangle with four to six layers;{{sfn|Indrani|Swetha|Soumya|Rajiv|2011|p=719}} it may also be folded into a circle or square.{{sfn|Banerji|2008|p=119}} [[Stuffing|Stuffed]] versions of paratha are instead made by shaping the dough into balls and placing a filling inside before rolling them out.{{sfn|Ananthanarayan|Dubey|Muley|Singhal|2019|p=135}} Paratha may be rolled out using a [[dough sheeting]] machine that may produce thousands of parathas per hour.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=143}}

Both plain and stuffed parathas are [[shallow fried]] on a [[tava]], a type of iron [[griddle]],{{sfnm|1a1=Beranbaum|1y=2003|1p=232|2a1=Ananthanarayan|2a2=Dubey|2a3=Muley|2a4=Singhal|2y=2019|2p=130}} until [[Browning (cooking)|browned]],<ref name="Carman" /> with or without additional ghee.<ref name="Groundwater" /> Sometimes, particularly among street vendors, paratha is fried in a shallow pan filled with oil, thus containing more fat than a paratha cooked on a tawa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |date=16 August 2013 |title=Rude Food: fear of frying |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-fear-of-frying/story-eSXMXnuzPFR5Ob4ISByU5I.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Some versions are instead baked.{{sfn|Haridas Rao|Sai Manohar|2003|p=1034}} Paratha may be brushed with ghee after serving.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=21}}

While frying, paratha forms distinct layers.<ref name="Davidson & Jaine">{{Cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Alan |author-link1=Alan Davidson (food writer) |last2=Jaine |first2=Tom |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337-e-1772 |url-access=subscription |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |chapter=Parata |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001}}</ref> The lamination of the dough results in a soft, flaky flatbread.{{sfn|Beranbaum|2003|p=232}} Its lamination process and layered texture are much like a [[puff pastry]],{{sfnm|1a1=Rubel|1y=2011|1p=[https://archive.org/details/breadglobalhisto0000rube/page/143 143]|2a1=Pant|2y=2013|2p=30}} but it does not rise as a puff pastry does.<ref name="Carman" /> Frying (rather than baking) results in a slightly [[crispy]] outside,{{sfnm|1a1=Beranbaum|1y=2003|1p=232|2a1=Banerji|2a2=Ananthanarayan|2a3=Lele|2y=2020|2p=43}} and, in the absence of leavening, the formation of steam is responsible for the separation of [[crust and crumb]].{{sfn|Sidhu|Seibel|Meyer|1990|p=338}}

Paratha is similar to [[chapati]], with the only difference in physical composition being the use of oil,{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=93}} while paratha also has multiple layers.{{sfn|Platel|2020|p=88}} Paratha is slightly thicker{{sfn|Mir|Shah|2019|p=93}} and denser,<ref name="Tan" /> with a more prominent crumb.{{sfn|Haridas Rao|Sai Manohar|2003|p=1033}} The starch properties of the two breads differ as paratha has fat in its crumb as well as fat coverage that causes more thorough [[heat transfer]]. Paratha has starch granules in its crumb that are deformed and shrunken compared to those of chapati.{{sfnm|1a1=Sidhu|1a2=Seibel|1a3=Meyer|1y=1990|1p=338|2a1=Mir|2a2=Shah|2y=2019|2p=93}} The [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati]] bread [[thepla]] resembles a cross between paratha and roti.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}}

Paratha is the same size as chapati;{{sfn|Rubel|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/breadglobalhisto0000rube/page/143 143]}} a single paratha weighs about {{convert|140|g|oz}}.<ref name="Bender">{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=David A. |author-link=David A. Bender |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191752391.001.0001/acref-9780191752391-e-4006 |url-access=subscription |title=A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition |chapter=Paratha |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175239-1 |edition=4 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191752391.001.0001}}</ref> Both plain and stuffed parathas are about {{Convert|15|cm|in}} in diameter and 3 mm thick, with plain parathas sometimes ranging to as thin as 2.5 mm.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|pp=5–6}} Paratha has a sturdy texture, enabling it to be served with thick foods.<ref name="Tan" /> Stuffed paratha has a softer texture than plain paratha.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=43}}

Paratha is eaten quickly; a study in the journal ''[[Appetite (journal)|Appetite]]'' found that it took about 9 minutes to eat a 250-calorie serving.{{sfn|Pai|Ghugre|Udipi|2005|p=266}} According to a 2020 study in Delhi, the median portion size of paratha is 60 grams, averaging 1 paratha for women and 2 parathas for men.{{sfn|Sharma|Chadha|2010|pp=189–190}} According to a 2013 study in the United Kingdom, the mean portion size is 121 grams for children and 100 grams for adults.{{sfn|Khokhar|Ashkanani|Garduño-Diaz|Husain|2013|p=438}}

== Varieties ==
Paratha exists in both plain and stuffed varieties.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=130}} Dozens of varieties are commonly consumed.{{sfn|Rubel|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/breadglobalhisto0000rube/page/143 143]}} Regional variations differ based on cooking method or filling.<ref name="Groundwater" />

=== Plain varieties ===
{{Multiple image
|image1=Lachha parantha in making.jpg|alt1=Several spirals of tightly wrapped dough in a pan.
|image2=Laccha Paratha.JPG|alt2=A round flatbread with flaky layers that come apart.
|footer=Lachha paratha has circular spiraling layers.
}}
India has two categories of paratha: North Indian paratha, made from atta, and [[South Indian parotta]], made from maida.{{sfn|Prasada Rao|Hemalatha|2014|p=287}}<ref name="Tan" /> Both are similarly flaky and layered, but the South Indian version achieves this texture through repeated stretching and coiling rather than rolling and folding.{{sfn|Kohli|2024|p=61}}<ref name="Tan">{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Alethea |date=August 21, 2019 |title=Beginner's Guide to Indian Breads: 9 Types to Start With |url=https://guide.michelin.com/tw/en/article/dining-out/guide-to-indian-breads-2019 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[Michelin Guide]]}}</ref>

Some versions of paratha have spiraling layers, forming a circle or square.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=5}} Lachha paratha ({{lit|layered paratha}}) is a kind of North Indian paratha<ref name="Awal" /> with many circular layers, formed by shaping a circle of dough into a coil before rolling it out again. It has a crispy texture and is the same size as a regular paratha.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|pp=6, 13}} {{lang|hi-Latn|Ulte tave ke paratha}} is a North Indian paratha cooked on the bottom side of the pan, the same method as [[roomali roti]].<ref name="Ribeiro" />

[[Cornmeal]], atta, [[palm sugar]], ajowan, and green chillis are used to make makkai paratha,{{sfn|Bladholm|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/indiangrocerysto00blad/page/39 39]}} while ginger and chillis are used for {{lang|hi-Latn|adraki mirchi paratha}}.{{sfn|Rubel|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/breadglobalhisto0000rube/page/143 143]}} [[Sattu]], a type of chickpea flour, is used to make sattu paratha,{{sfn|Kaur|Kaur|Kaur|Rehal|2026|p=1}} a breakfast dish eaten in [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], and part of Uttar Pradesh.{{sfn|Khatiar|2024|p=186}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrivastava |first=Tarishi |date=28 January 2026 |title=Sattu Paratha Recipe A High-Protein Traditional Indian Breakfast That Supports Weight Loss and Lasting Energy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/recipe/sattu-paratha-recipe-a-high-protein-traditional-indian-breakfast-that-supports-weight-loss-and-lasting-energy-101769583612820.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In the [[Eastern Himalayas]], the legume [[Macrotyloma uniflorum|gahat]] is crushed into a paste that is added to paratha dough.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|Thattantavide|Kumar|2023|p=187}} Paratha has been made with atypical ingredients for nutritional value.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=109}} For example, it may be made with [[mulberry]] leaves as a nutritional supplement,{{sfn|Saini|Rohela|Kumar|Shabnam|2023|p=41}} which also increases shelf stability of the flour.{{sfnm|1a1=Jan|1a2=Parveen|1a3=Zahiruddin|1a4=Khan|1y=2021|1p=3912|2a1=Semwal|2a2=Painuli|2a3=Jamloki|2a4=Rauf|2y=2023|2p=6504}} Other ingredients that may sometimes be used in the dough include [[amaranth]],{{sfnm|1a1=Bhauso Patil|1a2=Jena|1y=2020|1p=1236|2a1=Mani|2y=2024|2p=18}} [[flaxseed]],{{sfn|Parikh|Pierce|2019|p=76}} [[sorghum]] flour,{{sfn|Sen (b)|2024|p=240}} and [[buckwheat flour]].{{sfn|Sharma|Pandey|Manpoong|Vashishth|2023|p=252}}

=== Stuffed varieties ===
Many varieties of stuffed paratha exist. The most common is aloo paratha, with a spiced potato filling.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=4}} Aloo paratha uses ingredients such as [[coriander leaf]] and green chilli<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gill |first=Romy |author-link=Romy Gill |date=1 September 2018 |title=How to make Romy Gill's aloo paratha |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/recipes/romy-gill-aloo-paratha-recipe-indian-vegan-cooking-instructions-a8504386.html |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> and spices such as [[amchoor]] and [[garam masala]],{{sfn|Basak|Chakraborty|Singhal|2023|p=3}} and its proportion of dough to filling may vary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Priya |author-link=Priya Krishna (journalist) |date=13 May 2019 |title=Potatoes — stuffed, roasted, pan-fried and piled on buns — star in Indian cooking |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/05/13/potatoes-stuffed-roasted-pan-fried-and-piled-on-buns-star-in-indian-cooking/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404003204/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/05/13/potatoes-stuffed-roasted-pan-fried-and-piled-on-buns-star-in-indian-cooking/ |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Along with aloo paratha, the stuffed parathas common in [[Punjabi cuisine]] are gobhi paratha, with cauliflower, and mooli paratha, with radish.<ref name="Chatterjee" /> Keema paratha uses [[keema]] (minced meat), such as lamb,<ref name="Groundwater" /> while methi paratha uses [[fenugreek]] leaves.{{efn|Methi paratha may use [[kasuri methi]], an herb related to fenugreek.{{sfn|Ravindran|2024|p=3570}}}} Other common fillings include peas (matar), onions, spinach, and [[paneer]].{{sfnm|Achaya|1998|1p=[https://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha/page/138 138]|2a1=Beranbaum|2y=2003|2p=232|3a1=Pant|3y=2013|3p=31|4a1=Ananthanarayan|4a2=Dubey|4a3=Muley|4a4=Singhal|4y=2019|4p=130}} Aloo palak paratha contains both potatoes and spinach.{{sfn|Bladholm|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/indiangrocerysto00blad/page/38 38]}} Dal paratha is stuffed with cooked [[dal]] such as [[mung bean]]s.{{sfn|Dahiya|Linnemann|Nout|Van Boekel|2014|p=186}} Pudina paratha uses mint.{{sfn|Herbst|2007|p=[https://archive.org/details/newfoodloverscom0000herb/page/488 488]}} Sweet parathas include {{lang|hi-Latn|gurh ka paratha}} ([[jaggery]] paratha).{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=31}}

{{Gallery|mode=nolines
| height=128
| width=170
| File:Paratha and Lassi-Chennai-Tamilnadu-IMG 1796 (cropped).jpg |Aloo paratha |alt1=A sliced paratha showing a thin layer of potato inside
| File:Gobhi Parantha (cropped).JPG |Gobhi paratha |alt2=Two thick, brittle, round parathas with pieces of cauliflower and herbs
| File:Keema Paratha by Preeti Tamilarasan (cropped).jpg |Keema paratha |alt3=A round paratha with some meat underneath the dough
| File:Paneer Parantha (cropped).jpg |Paneer paratha |alt4=A round paratha with a piece broken off to show a filling of paneer and herbs
| File:Methi Parathas.JPG |Methi paratha |alt5=A stack of parathas that have a large amount of herbs mixed baked into the dough
}}

Anda paratha contains beaten eggs; the paratha may simply be coated in eggs, or it may have a filling of eggs, onions, chillis, coriander seed, and ginger added during frying.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} Anda paratha is a common Punjabi breakfast.{{sfn|Arora|Singh Kohli|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/foodofgrandtrunk0000aror/page/42 42]}} Among the [[Sunni Bohra]]s of Gujarat, egg paratha, known as {{lang|gu-Latn|baida paratha}}, is a festive food.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}}

In Punjabi cuisine, stuffed parathas are often prepared from leftovers.<ref name="Ghose" /> For example, paratha filled with leftover rice dishes is known as {{lang|pa-Latn|chawal ka paratha}}.<ref name="Chatterjee">{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |date=28 August 2023 |title=From Odisha's puri-upma to Punjab's chawal ka paratha, carb-on-carb treats from around India |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/from-odishas-puri-upma-to-punjabs-chawal-ka-paratha-carb-on-carb-treats-from-around-india/ |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[Condé Nast Traveller]]}}</ref> Bathua paratha has dough mixed with the leaf vegetable [[Chenopodium album|bathua]], which is boiled, and green chillis. This is eaten as breakfast in winter{{sfn|Sarkar|Lohith Kumar|Dhumal|Panigrahi|2015|p=102}} in North India,{{sfn|Prasad|Shivay|2019|p=172}} Paratha stuffed with [[besan]] (chickpea flour) is known as birahi.{{sfnm|1a1=Achaya|1y=1998|1p=[https://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha/page/138 138]|2a1=Bladholm|2y=2000|2p=[https://archive.org/details/indiangrocerysto00blad/page/39 39]}} A type of paratha from Chhattisgarh uses a dough with wheat flour, rice flour, and leaf vegetables.{{sfn|Shukla|2021|p=8}} [[Khoa]] (milk solids) may also be a paratha filling.{{sfn|Sen (a)|2024|p=200}} Modern variations of paratha use ingredients such as cheese, mushrooms, or [[Soy protein|soya]],<ref name="Ghose" /> and meat fillings are used for some [[Fusion cuisine|fusion]] versions of paratha.{{sfn|Khara|Ruby|2019|p=2}}

=== Regional variants ===
{{See also|South Indian parotta}}
The version eaten in the South Indian cuisines of [[Karnataka cuisine|Karnataka]] and [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil Nadu]] is like a chapati made of maida. South Indian variations called Malabar parotta and Ceylon parotta resemble lachha paratha.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} Malabar parotta, from the [[cuisine of Kerala]], has layers formed by kneading oil into the dough.<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Awal" /> Another preparation from Kerala is [[kothu parotta]], a mixture of chopped parotta with other ingredients. Veechu parotta is a square-shaped parotta eaten in Tamil Nadu. Ceylon parotta is similar to this, with the addition of a minced meat filling. [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, has a variant called bun parotta, shaped like a [[bun]].<ref name="Ghose" /> [[Bidar]], Karnataka, is home to the Bidari paratha, distinguished from regular paratha by the addition of a small amount of [[semolina]] flour.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}}
{{Gallery |mode=nolines |align=center
| height=160
| width=240
| title=South Asian parotta
| File:Malabar Porotta (cropped).jpg |Malabar parotta |alt1=
| File:Veechu Rotti.jpg |Veechu parotta |alt2=
| File:Chicken Kottu.jpg |[[Kothu parotta]] |alt3=
}}

In [[Bengali cuisine]], the typical paratha—or {{lang|bn-Latn|porota}}—is triangular and usually combines atta and maida.<ref name="Maitra Chakraborty">{{Cite news |last=Maitra Chakraborty |first=Barnini |date=9 March 2022 |title=Beaten to perfection: The pull of the 'petai porota' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/kolkatas-petai-porota-or-petai-paratha-is-a-special-street-food-dish/cid/1855209 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> This is common among both [[Bengali Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Bengali Muslims|Muslim Bengalis]].{{sfn|Banerji|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/bengalicookingse0000bane/page/28 28]}} Circular parathas also exist in the region, with five or six layers.{{sfnm|1a1=Banerji|1a2=1997|1p=[https://archive.org/details/bengalicookingse0000bane/page/28 28]|2a1=Bladholm|2y=2000|2p=[https://archive.org/details/indiangrocerysto00blad/page/38 38]}} The [[Dhakai paratha]] is deep-fried and has many layers, with a hollow centre.<ref name="Ghose" /> Taking its name from [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh,{{sfn|Banerji|2008|p=119}} it is also found in Kolkata, India.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} [[Mughlai paratha]], a dish from Kolkata, which is prepared by folding a paratha over a filling with beaten eggs and chopped onions,<ref name="Ghose" /> sometimes with minced meat.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} It is one of the more complex forms of stuffed paratha.<ref name="El-Waylly" /> Another Bengali version, petai porota ({{lit|beaten paratha}}), is tossed and torn apart after cooking,<ref name="Maitra Chakraborty" /> resembling kothu parotta.<ref name="Ghose" /> It is a common street food meal, served with [[ghugni]] or [[aloo dum]], and is eaten for breakfast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Jaismita |date=8 June 2025 |title=The pull of petai porota: Kolkata's breakfast dish that is beaten to perfection — quite literally |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/food/why-kolkatas-petai-porota-is-the-citys-og-streetside-breakfast-photogallery/cid/2116678 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> Vendors sell petai porota by weight.<ref name="Maitra Chakraborty" />
{{Gallery |mode=nolines |align=center
| height=160
| width=240
| title=Paratha in Bengali cuisine
| File:Mughlai Kheema Paratha.JPG |[[Mughlai paratha]] |alt1=
| File:Dhakai Paratha with Bengal Gram.JPG |[[Dhakai paratha]] |alt2=
| File:Smash Paratha - Howrah 2014-04-14 0217.JPG |Petai porota |alt3=
}}

Some regions of India serve unique forms of paratha.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=31}} {{lang|ur-Latn|Warqi paratha}} ({{lit|layered paratha}}) is a variant in [[Awadhi cuisine]], originating in Lucknow. It is made of white flour and a large amount of ghee, sometimes with sugar and [[saffron]], and it is folded and rolled.{{sfn|Kohli|2024|pp=62–63}} A type of paratha in [[eastern Uttar Pradesh]] and Bihar is called {{lang|bho-Latn|makhuni}}.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} Dulhan paratha, originating from [[Hyderabad, Pakistan]], is named for its elaborate presentation, which is reminiscent of the ornate appearance of a [[bride]] ({{lang|ur-Latn|dulhan}} in Urdu); this dish is known for its combination of flavorful ingredients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad's Famous Dulhan Paratha: The Paratha Queen - Dr. Saba Noor |url=https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/hyderabad-famous-dulhan-paratha-the-paratha-queen/MjMyMg== |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Youlin Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

Versions of paratha exist beyond the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Ghose" /> Caribbean cuisine features parathas that are milk-based and crispy, known as [[buss-up-shut]].{{sfn|Afroz|2000|p=285}} In Trinidad and Tobago, this is classified as a [[roti]], distinguished from other rotis by using more oil.{{sfn|Jayaram|2022|p=272}} The roti served in Suriname also evolved from paratha.{{sfn|Kraig|Sen|2013|p=333}} The [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]] version of paratha is known as [[roti canai]], named after the Indian city of [[Chennai]],{{sfn|Ray|2024|p=217}} and is a type of South Indian parotta.<ref name="Tan" /> The [[Burmese cuisine|Burmese]] version, {{lang|my-latn|palata}}, may use whole-wheat dough with a filling of peas, served with [[fried onion]]s on top. It is eaten using [[chopsticks]].<ref name="Varma">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Anshika |date=21 November 2022 |title=Eating paratha with chopsticks and such other Indian-ish stories in Burma |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/travel-food/story/eating-paratha-with-chopsticks-and-such-other-stories-564754-2022-11-20 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[Harper's Bazaar India]]}}</ref> Other Burmese versions include a banana-stuffed version and a [[pigeon pea]]-stuffed version known as {{lang|my-Latn|bei palata}}.{{sfn|Cummings|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmyan00joec/page/218 218]}} The [[Afghan cuisine|Afghan]] version, known as {{lang|fa-Latn|naun-i-parauta}}, is leavened and cooked on a griddle.{{sfn|Buell|Anderson|de Pablo Moya|Oskenbay|2020|p=207}} In [[Sri Lankan cuisine]], paratha is known as {{lang|si-Latn|godamba roti}}.{{sfn|Liyanage|2020|p=130}} Similar breads are eaten in Nepal.<ref name="Davidson & Jaine" />

{{Gallery |mode=nolines |align=center
| height=160
| width=240
| title=Versions of paratha from beyond the Indian subcontinent
| File:Roti chanai at Lepak Victoria Park (cropped).jpg |Malaysian [[roti canai]] |alt1=
| File:Paratharoti.jpg |Trinidadian [[buss-up-shut]] |alt2=
| Palatha, Myanmar (cropped).jpg |Burmese {{lang|my-Latn|palata}} |alt3=
}}

== Serving ==
[[File:Mooli Paratha.jpg|thumb|alt=|Mooli paratha with [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] and [[South Asian pickle|pickle]], common pairings with paratha]]
Paratha may be served for any meal.<ref name="Carman" /><ref name="Imtiaz" /> Like other flatbreads in [[North Indian cuisine]], it is served as the central component of a typical meal;{{sfn|Platel|2020|p=88}} the bread is eaten by using the hands to tear the bread and pick up the accompanying food.{{sfnm|1a1=Beranbaum|1y=2003|1p=232|2a1=Hegde|2a2=Nair|2a3=Chandran|2a4=Irshad|2y=2018|2p=20}} A stuffed paratha may be a full meal.<ref name="Lewis" />

A wide range of foods may be served with paratha.<ref name="Imtiaz" /> Common accompaniments include [[curries]], [[sabzi (food)|sabzi]], [[South Asian pickle|pickle]], and [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (curd).{{sfn|Ananthanarayan|Dubey|Muley|Singhal|2019|pp=130, 135}} Likewise, stuffed parathas such as aloo paratha are commonly served with curd or pickle.{{sfnm|1a1=Arora|1a2=Singh Kohli|1y=2011|1p=[https://archive.org/details/foodofgrandtrunk0000aror/page/104 104]|2a1=Banerji|2a2=Ananthanarayan|2a3=Lele|2y=2020|2p=7}} When served by vendors, paratha often comes with dahi or pickle included.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=31}} A paratha may also be served with tea or [[raita]], with which it can be rolled up and dipped.<ref name="El-Waylly" /> As a dessert, paratha may be eaten with [[brown sugar]].<ref name="Imtiaz" />

Although rice is the staple in [[Kashmiri cuisine]], parathas paired with [[kofta]] are a common dish served to guests.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} In middle-class [[Bangladeshi cuisine]], parata is eaten for breakfast or, less commonly, for dinner, while rice is more common for lunch.{{sfn|Islam|1982|p=12}} In the [[cuisine of Odisha]], paratha is eaten with [[egg curry]] for dinner.{{sfn|Custodio|Ynion|Samaddar|Cuevas|2021|p=8}} In the [[cuisine of Haryana]], it may be eaten with [[mung bean]]s.{{sfn|Dahiya|Linnemann|Nout|Van Boekel|2014|p=184}} Parotta served with beef is a culturally significant dish in Kerala.<ref name="Ghose" />

[[File:Teaparatha.jpg|thumb|Paratha served with tea in Pakistan]]
Paratha is frequently part of a breakfast in North India.{{sfn|Platel|2020|p=89}} A common breakfast in India and Pakistan consists of paratha, butter, and tea,{{sfn|Butt|Sultan|2009|p=1279}} and it may also be eaten alongside eggs.{{sfn|Fox|2015|p=701}} In [[Karachi]], breakfast the phrase "chai-paratha" is synonymous with breakfast, and a 1987 survey found that paratha is the most common breakfast food.<ref name="Imtiaz">{{Cite news |last=Imtiaz |first=Saba |date=9 November 2015 |title=The Under‑Appreciated Cousin of the World‑Famous Naan |url=https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2015/the-under-appreciated-cousin-of-the-world-famous-naan/ |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[Roads & Kingdoms]]}}</ref> Paratha with pickle and curd is also a common breakfast.<ref name="Ribeiro" /> A typical breakfast in [[Uttar Pradesh cuisine|Uttar Pradeshi Hindu cuisine]] may pair paratha with a vegetable dish or sweet [[halva]].{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=404}} In [[Hyderabadi cuisine|Hyderabadi Muslim cuisine]], paratha may be paired with eggs or [[minced meat]] for breakfast or with a meat dish for lunch.{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=407}} Stuffed parathas such as aloo paratha, as well as plain parathas, are commonly eaten for breakfast in [[Punjabi cuisine]].{{sfnm|1a1=Benson|1a2=Helzer|1y=2017|1p=73|2a1=Rani|2a2=Dharaiya|2a3=Singh|2y=2021|2p=30|3a1=Kaur Sidhu|3y=2024|3p=299}}

Paratha may be used for [[wrap (food)|wrap]]s, commonly with [[kebab]]s.{{sfn|Kraig|Sen|2013|p=172}} The [[kathi roll]], originating in Kolkata, is a wrap with a kebab served on an egg-covered paratha;{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} other versions use various toppings.{{sfn|Kraig|Sen|2013|p=180}} This egg-covered paratha in a kathi roll differs from anda paratha, with the egg being scrambled on top of the paratha as it cooks.{{sfn|Arora|Singh Kohli|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/foodofgrandtrunk0000aror/page/42 42]}} In Pakistan, particularly in Karachi, a kebab wrapped in paratha is known as a [[paratha roll]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Imtiaz |first=Aysha |date=19 July 2023 |title=Why KFC failed to master Karachi's famed paratha rolls |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230718-why-kfc-failed-to-master-karachis-famed-paratha-rolls |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In [[Lucknow]], {{lang|hi-Latn|ulte tave ke paratha}} may be served as a crispy cone, and is the typical pairing with [[galouti kebab]].{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=31}} The [[frankie (food)|frankie]] is another wrap using paratha, with various fillings, served as street food in Indian cities.{{sfn|Sapra|Bhattacharyya|2024|p=360}} In the United Arab Emirates, paratha is used to make a wrap with potato chips of the brand [[Chips Oman]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zacharias |first=Anna |date=27 November 2013 |title=UAE National Day: in search of the Chips Oman sandwich |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/uae-national-day-in-search-of-the-chips-oman-sandwich-1.291962 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> The paratha burger—a [[hamburger]] using paratha rather than a hamburger bun—originated in Dubai, at the restaurant Klay by Karak House.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Bushra |date=15 September 2025 |title=Viral and trending: Dubai's Paratha Burger arrives in Hyderabad |url=https://www.siasat.com/viral-and-trending-dubais-paratha-burger-arrives-in-hyderabad-3271335/ |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref>

== Nutrition and chemistry ==
{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Paratha, whole wheat, commercially prepared, Frozen
| kcal = 327
| protein = 6.36 g
| fat = 13.20 g
| carbs = 45.36 g
| fiber = 9.6 g
| water = 33.5 g
| sugars = 4.15
| calcium_mg = 25
| iron_mg = 1.61
| magnesium_mg = 37
| phosphorus_mg = 120
| potassium_mg = 139
| sodium_mg = 452
| zinc_mg = 0.82
| manganese_mg =
| thiamin_mg = 0.11
| riboflavin_mg = 0.076
| niacin_mg = 1.830
| pantothenic_mg = 0
| vitB6_mg = 0.08
| folate_ug = 0
| vitE_mg = 1.35
| vitK_ug = 3.4
| source_usda = 1
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/174076/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Aloo paratha (fresh, unfortified)
| fat = 3.3 g
| protein = 6.1 g
| sugars = 6.0 g
| iron_mg = 3.2
| zinc_mg = 2.0
| water = 58 g
| opt1v = 2 g
| opt1n = Ash
| source = {{sfn|Kaul|Kaur|Kaur|Kaur|2022|p=7217}}
}}
{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Methi paratha (fresh)
| carbs = 42.38 g
| fat = 7.03 g
| protein = 10.0 g
| starch = 0.49 g
| fiber = 10.39 g
| water = 27.19 g
| opt1v = 2.96 g
| opt1n = Ash
| noRDA = yes
| source = {{sfn|Shobana|Geetha|Ramya Bai|Vijayalakshmi|2022|p=58}}
}}

Paratha contains wheat, which provides calories, protein, and minerals{{sfn|Baig|Chandio|Kazi|Afridi|2023|p=3558}} and is a major source of carbohydrates.{{sfn|Ray|Prakash|Jyothi Lakshmi|Dasappa|2018|p=2}} As parathas are fried in oil, they have a higher fat content than other flatbreads,{{sfnm|1a1=Ali|1a2=Al-Nassri|1a3=Al-Rasasi|1a4=Akhtar|1y=2010|1p=204|2a1=Boukid|2y=2022|2p=3}} The fat content of aloo paratha is about 3.3%, while that of leaf vegetable stuffed parathas has been measured at 5%.{{sfn|Kaul|Kaur|Kaur|Kaur|2022|p=7216}} The sodium content may be high, based on the amount of salt added according to consumer preferences.{{sfn|Baig|Chandio|Kazi|Afridi|2023|p=3559}} A 2018 study in Malaysia found high amounts of added sugar in restaurant paratha.{{sfn|Zainal Arifen|Shahar|Trieu|Abdul Majid|2024|p=2}}

The average commercially produced paratha provides 306 [[dietary calorie]]s per 100 grams. This portion contains 44.97 g carbohydrates (including 3.41 g sugar), 11.37 g fat (including 5.23 g [[saturated fat]]), 6.92 g protein, 3.96 g fibre, and 371.28 mg salt.{{sfn|Boukid|2022|p=4}} A 100 g serving of a homemade paratha—using the recipe published by the [[Ministry of Health of Oman]]—has 394 calories and 13.8 g fat.{{sfn|Ali|Al-Nassri|Al-Rasasi|Akhtar|2010|pp=200–201}} Parathas have a high [[trans fat]] content of about 7.8%.{{sfn|Butt|Sultan|2009|p=1279}} The fat content of paratha may contribute to a lower [[glycemic index]] than other breads. The aforementioned homemade paratha has a glycemic index of 32,{{sfn|Ali|Al-Nassri|Al-Rasasi|Akhtar|2010|pp=203–204}} while methi paratha made with curd and oil has a glycemic index of about 60, lower than that of roti.{{sfn|Shobana|Geetha|Ramya Bai|Vijayalakshmi|2022|p=62}}

Paratha contains a high amount of the vitamin [[retinol]], in part due to the use of ghee.{{sfn|Khokhar|Ashkanani|Garduño-Diaz|Husain|2013|pp=437}} It is also high in iron and [[vitamin A]];<ref name="Bender" /> the use of [[palm oil]] has been shown to increase vitamin A content.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} The micronutrient content, based on samples from the United Kingdom, is as follows:{{sfn|Khokhar|Ashkanani|Garduño-Diaz|Husain|2013|pp=439}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vitamins and minerals{{sfn|Khokhar|Ashkanani|Garduño-Diaz|Husain|2013|pp=439}}
! Vitamin !! Per 100 g !! Mineral !! Per 100 g
|-
| [[Retinol]] || 153 μg || [[Sodium]] || 99 mg
|-
| [[Beta-carotene]] || 97 μg || [[Magnesium]] || 51 mg
|-
| [[Thiamine]] || 0.18 μg || [[Potassium]] || 160 mg
|-
| [[Riboflavin]] || 0.05 mg || [[Calcium]] || 85 mg
|-
| [[Niacin]] || 4.1 mg || [[Iron]] || 2 mg
|-
| [[Vitamin B6]] || 0.14 mg || [[Zinc]] || 1.2 mg
|-
| [[Folate]] || 16 μg
|-
| [[Vitamin B12]] || Trace
|-
| [[Vitamin C]] || Trace
|-
| [[Vitamin D]] || 0.1 μg
|}

Paratha with additional ingredients can be more nutritionally balanced.{{sfn|Kaul|Kaur|Kaur|Kaur|2022|p=7214}} Methi paratha is high in fibre and [[carotenoid]]s, while bathua paratha is especially high in iron and carotene.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=110}}

The moisture content of paratha is over 40%.{{sfn|Kaul|Kaur|Kaur|Kaur|2022|p=7214}} Due to its short cooking time, paratha experiences low loss of moisture{{sfn|Pai|Ghugre|Udipi|2005|p=267}} and low deterioration of protein.{{sfn|Eggum|Duggal|1977|p=1056}} It loses about 40% of its weight during cooking.{{sfn|Pai|Ghugre|Udipi|2005|p=267}} The use of composite flours has been shown to produce acceptable parathas with increased nutrition.{{sfnm|1a1=Bhargava|1a2=Jyothi Lakshmi|1a3=Indrani|1y=2012|1p=254|2a1=Ray|2a2=Prakash|2a3=Jyothi Lakshmi|2a4=Dasappa|2y=2018|2p=5}}

Parathas, including stuffed parathas, are very perishable due to a high moisture content.{{sfnm|1a1=Khan|1a2=Mahesh|1a3=Semwal|1a4=Sharma|1y=2014|1p=2190|2a1=Kaul|2a2=Kaur|2a3=Kaur|2a4=Kaur|2y=2022|2p=7214}} Stuffed parathas experience mold growth in twelve to twenty-four hours.{{sfn|Khan|Mahesh|Semwal|Sharma|2014|pp=2189–2190}} [[Thermal processing]] has been shown to increase the shelf life;{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=132}} however, this may result in hardening, discoloration, and loss of shape. [[Food irradiation|Irradiation]] has been shown to preserve paratha for over six months.{{sfn|Khan|Mahesh|Semwal|Sharma|2014|pp=2189–2190}} Other preservation methods include [[vacuum packing]] and additives such as [[sorbic acid]].{{sfn|Haridas Rao|Sai Manohar|2003|p=1043}}
{{clear}}

== History ==
[[File:Historical spread of paratha.svg|thumb|center|upright=5|alt=Map with arrows and labels. Paratha, in North India, comes from similar flatbreads via Silk Road, including waraki, in Persia. Parotta, in South India, comes from maritime trade routes from around Persia. The Mughals move east within India. Paratha's introduction by Indian indentured labourers leads to farata, in Mauritius; roti canai, in Malaysia; and buss up shut, in the Caribbean.|Map showing the possible historical spread of paratha, according to [[Sonal Ved]]'s theory that the dish evolved from the Persian {{lang|fa-Latn|waraki}} and [[Kurush Dalal]]'s theory that the South Indian version was introduced via maritime trade routes]]
[[File:Spring onion pancake 2013.JPG|thumb|alt=A scallion pancake|Foods similar to paratha include the Chinese [[scallion pancake]], which may have spread to India through the [[Silk Road]].]]
Historian [[Pushpesh Pant]] writes that there is no evidence of paratha in [[Ancient India]],{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=30}} while historian [[Chitrita Banerji]] writes that it "has probably been around in some form or another since antiquity."{{sfn|Banerji|2008|p=119}} A theory that paratha originated in [[Punjabi cuisine]] is commonly held among Punjabis.<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Groundwater" />{{efn|Food historian Charmaine O'Brien supports the statement that paratha originated in Punjab.{{sfn|O'Brien|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/flavoursofdelhif0000obri/page/97 97]}}}} Banerji writes that, despite its association with Punjabi and [[North Indian cuisine]], paratha is often said to be related to [[poli (food)|poli]], a flatbread in [[Maharashtrian cuisine|Maharashtrian]] and [[Gujarati cuisine]].{{sfn|Banerji|2008|p=119}} According to Megha Kohli in ''The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian cuisine'', paratha originated in [[Peshawar]], Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.{{sfn|Kohli|2024|p=61}}

Trade routes to India, such as the [[Silk Road]], may have introduced flatbreads from Persia and Central Asia, as well as the [[scallion pancake]] of Chinese and [[Uyghur cuisine]], which resemble paratha.<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Groundwater" /> The book ''[[Whose Samosa Is It Anyway?]]'' by [[Sonal Ved]] suggests that paratha was adapted from the Persian {{lang|fa-Latn|waraki}}, a milk-based flatbread with separating layers.<ref name="Ghose" /> A theory supported by Pant states that paratha was invented after the arrival of [[Arabs in India]], who merged flatbreads introduced by the Arabs, like roomali and [[Khamiri roti|khamiri]], with the local [[puri (food)|puri]].{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=30}} Culinary anthropologist [[Kurush Dalal]] stated that South Asian parotta came from Central Asia—through maritime trade routes with the [[Malabar Coast]]—rather than from North India. Paratha also entered [[Sri Lankan cuisine]] from South India.<ref name="Ghose">{{Cite news |last=Ghose |first=Sandip |date=27 August 2023 |title=Paratha, parotta, prata: How a humble flatbread went global |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Aug/19/paratha-parotta-prata-how-a-humble-flatbread-went-global-2606881.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Recipes for various parathas are mentioned in ''[[Manasollasa]]'', a 12th-century Sanskrit reference work compiled by [[Someshvara III]], a [[Western Chalukya]] king who ruled from present-day [[Karnataka]]. According to historian [[K. T. Achaya]], the parathas listed in this book were more similar to the modern [[manda roti]].{{sfn|Achaya|1998|p=[https://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha/page/88 88]}} These included {{lang|sa-Latn|purana}}, which Achaya describes as the modern-day [[puran poli]], as well as stuffed parathas called {{lang|sa-Latn|manda}}, {{lang|sa-Latn|vestika}}, and {{lang|sa-Latn|pahalika}},{{sfn|Achaya|2003|p=85}} the latter being a sweet version.{{sfn|Sen (c)|2024|p=406}} In Bengal, food historian Jayanta Sengupta attributes the introduction of wheat breads like paratha to the thirteenth-century [[Ghurid conquest of Bengal|Turkic conquest]].{{sfn|Sengupta|2023|p=132}} During the [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic era]], parathas were common with the Muslim nobility and Hindu aristocracy in [[Punjab]],{{sfn|Nijjar|1968|p=162}} and paratha was also eaten in the [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|Sen (c)|2024|p=406}}

The [[Mughal Empire]] introduced more complex ingredients to [[Mughlai cuisine|the cuisine of the era]], being used for foods such as paratha.{{sfnm|1a1=Sengupta|1y=2012|1p=74|2a1=Sengupta|2y=2023|2p=134}} Mughal cookbooks included recipes for paratha;{{sfn|O'Brien|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/flavoursofdelhif0000obri/page/97 97]}} it does not appear in the {{lang|fa-Latn|Nushka-e-Shahjahani}}, indicating that it was not yet present.{{sfn|Antani|Mahapatra|2022|p=7}} Banerji states that the Mughals were introduced to parathas during their conquests of Punjab.{{sfn|O'Brien|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/flavoursofdelhif0000obri/page/149 149]}} Banerji states that the paratha was popular among Mughal leadership, and it later became popular in [[Islamic Indian cuisine]].{{sfn|Banerji|2008|p=119}} It and other flatbreads spread to [[Dhaka]], in Bengal, during this time.{{sfn|Sengupta|2023|p=135}} Sweet parathas were also eaten during the Mughal era.{{sfn|Sengupta|2023|p=137}}

People from India [[Indian indenture system|were sent as indentured workers]] to Southeast Asia, Mauritius, the Maldives, and the Caribbean, where they introduced paratha.<ref name="Ghose" /> This included [[British West Indies|the British colony in Trinidad]], where Indians sent as workers began using white flour for paratha and other flatbreads as a result of European imports.{{sfn|Jayaram|2022|p=272}} On migrant ships to the Caribbean, cooks began using tavas to make large parathas portioned for several people, originating the variation known as paratha roti.{{sfn|Samaroo|2021|p=32}}

In 19th-century [[British India]], North Indian snack foods such as paratha were eaten as [[tiffin]] snacks as part of an early form of [[Indian fast food]].{{sfn|Nandy|2004|pp=12–13}} A similar flatbread, [[sheermal]], is said to have been created as a type of paratha in Lucknow in the 19th century, although it may have originated in Persia.{{sfn|Kohli|2024|p=62}} In Bengal, wheat-based foods such as paratha and [[luchi]] were primarily for special occasions (such as [[Ekadashi]]) before wheat became a staple food, alongside rice, during the [[Bengal famine of 1943|1943 famine]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|Biswakarma|2025|p=172}}

During the 1947 [[partition of India]], Punjabi refugees propagated various stuffed parathas, including aloo, gobhi, mooli, methi, and matar, with paneer and keema stuffed versions appearing later. Pant writes that [[tandoor]]-baked paratha was introduced to India during the partition, out of a desire for roti to be less chewy and cold, and that it originated from [[Amritsari kulcha]]. Parathas became a common item at [[dhaba]] establishments; Pant writes that roadside dhabas invented lachha and pudina parathas.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=31}} Some state that the paratha was popularised in Delhi after the partition. However, O'Brien suggests this item was prevalent among Punjabis in Delhi before then, and paratha vendors at the [[Paranthe Wali Gali]] claim to have been present since the 1880s.{{sfn|O'Brien|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/flavoursofdelhif0000obri/page/149 149]}} In the Caribbean, paratha was one of several dishes from [[Mughlai cuisine]] to be widely popularised in the late 20th century.{{sfn|Afroz|2000|p=285}}

The world record for the largest paratha, as recognised by the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'', was set in February 2024 in [[Amritsar]], when chefs from the Taj Swarna hotel created a methi paratha weighing {{Convert|35|kg|lb}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saini |first=Neha |date=29 February 2024 |title=Guinness World Record for largest parantha made in holy city Amritsar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/world-record-for-largest-parantha-made-in-holy-city-595729/ |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=29 February 2024 |title=Was it heavy! 37-kg parantha makes it to Guinness Book |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/108092278.cms |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Prevalence ==
[[File:A man who is cooking parathas.JPG|thumb|alt=A cook at a stall with a large griddle, cooking six parathas, with paratha dough behind him.|Paratha is commonly served by vendors.]]
Paratha is one of the most common flatbreads in India—alongside chapati and [[naan]]{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=11}}—and is the most common that is shallow-fried.{{sfn|Achaya|1998|p=[https://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha/page/138 138]}} It is associated with [[North Indian cuisine]], in which wheat is the predominant [[Staple food|staple]]{{sfn|Bharati|Kulkarni|2020|p=44}} and atta is particularly common.<ref name="Ribeiro">{{Cite news |last=Ribeiro |first=Mini |date=6 June 2019 |title=What's in a bread? The story of the Indian bread basket |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/whats-in-a-bread/article27564796.ece |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A 2022 study in the South Indian city of [[Hyderabad]] found that the average adult consumes 1 paratha, or 40 grams, per day.{{sfn|Baig|Chandio|Kazi|Afridi|2023|p=3559}}

Like chapati and [[puri (food)|puri]], paratha is often homemade,{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=9}} as tavas are a common household item.<ref name="Lewis">{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Sarina |date=11 October 2011 |title=Knead to know your dough |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/knead-to-know-your-dough-20111008-1leb5.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> Ready-to-eat parathas, sold as a [[convenience food]], are a common product in India,{{sfnm|1a1=Ghosh-Jerath|1a2=Khandpur|1a3=Kumar|1a4=Kohli|1y=2024|1p=27|2a1=Bhargava|2a2=Jyothi Lakshmi|2a3=Indrani|2y=2012|2p=247}} including several types of frozen stuffed paratha.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=154}} Stores also sell [[ready-to-cook]] parathas from brands such as Fingerlix.{{sfn|Ananthanarayan|Dubey|Muley|Singhal|2019|p=173}}

Paratha is frequently sold by vendors at marketplaces, roadsides, and transit stations, as a consistently affordable meal.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=31}} It is served by vendors next to mosques in North India to break the fast on [[Eid-al-Fitr]]; they prepare very large parathas that are served as slices with [[halwa]].{{sfn|Kraig|Sen|2013|pp=175–176}} Paratha is also a typical offering at Punjabi [[dhaba]]s, a type of establishment on highways.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2024|p=125}} It is less common among chefs, except for unusual stuffed versions, according to food writer [[Vir Sanghvi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |date=25 February 2026 |title=Have your loaf and eat it too! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/have-your-loaf-and-eat-it-too/story-e23JGLx8K2FZsDZU3cX1cO.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

In North Indian Hindu traditions, paratha is classified as [[Kaccha and pukka food|pukka]], a type of food that is made with ghee, which is associated with purity, and is served when hosting guests or during festivals.{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=404}} Historically, orthodox Hindus adhered to a pukka diet; those who wanted to limit oil (for health or financial reasons) would cook parathas like rotis, with only a very thin layer of oil applied using a cloth wrapped around a coin.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=31}} In Uttarakhand, aloo paratha is seen as an energy booster and, when cooked without oil, a cure for a sore throat.{{sfn|Kala|Nautiyal|2023|p=40}}

=== By region ===
Paratha is commonly included in meals in both [[Punjab, India|Indian]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]],{{sfn|Sen (b)|2012}} but it is not as common in Gujarat{{sfn|Gilbert|Khokhar|2008|p=206}} or in North India east of [[Kanpur]].{{sfn|Pant|2013|pp=21–22}} According to Banerji, stuffed parathas are associated with North Indian cooking but have spread to every Indian city.{{sfn|Banerji|2008|p=36}} Aloo paratha is served across India between Punjab and Bengal.{{sfn|Arora|Singh Kohli|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/foodofgrandtrunk0000aror/page/104 104]}} It is also common in parts of Pakistan, except in the highlands.{{sfn|Miller|2022|p=50}} Mooli paratha is common in North India and [[Kashmir]].{{sfn|Saberi|2024|p=302}}

[[File:Cooking paratha in ghee at a shop in parathe wali gali, Delhi, India.jpg|thumb|alt=A vendor deep-fries two parathas, standing behind various bulk ingredients.|At [[Paranthe Wali Gali]] in Delhi, parathas are deep-fried and are made with many fillings.]]
Paratha is served by many establishments in Delhi.<ref name="Awal">{{Cite news |last=Awal |first=Vernika |date=3 January 2024 |title=Peeling the many layers of parathas across India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/2024/Jan/04/peeling-the-many-layers-of-parathas-across-india-2647639.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The city has parathas that are baked, then fried, which are large enough to serve multiple people.{{sfn|Pant|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/indiacookbook0000pant/page/16 16]}} [[Old Delhi]] houses the [[Paranthe Wali Gali]] ({{lit|Alley of Paratha Makers}}), a small lane primarily dedicated to paratha restaurants,{{sfnm|1a1=O'Brien|1y=2003|1p=[https://archive.org/details/flavoursofdelhif0000obri/page/149 149]|2a1=Banerji|2y=2008|2p=117|3a1=Kohli|3y=2024|3p=61}} where parathas are always stuffed,{{sfn|Banerji|2008|p=119}} using ingredients including tomato, lemon, peppers, and [[papad]] inside the parathas. They are deep-fried in ghee,{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=31}} more similar to stuffed puri or [[bedmi]] than typical parathas.{{sfn|Jaffrey|2008|pp=[https://archive.org/details/climbingmangotre0000jaff/page/122 121–122]}}

Dhabas of [[Haryana]] on the [[Grand Trunk Road]] are famous for their parathas, including Sukhdev Dhaba and Gulshan Dhaba in [[Murthal]].{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2024|pp=125–126}}<ref name="Balasubramaniam">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/food-safari-in-search-of-murthal-ke-paranthe/article4364734.ece|title=Food Safari: In search of Murthal Paratha The Hindu newspaper, 2-Feb-2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2013-02-02|last1=Balasubramaniam|first1=Chitra}}</ref> These dhabas serve Murthal paratha, a version that is deep-fried.<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Balasubramaniam" /> In [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh, an establishment called Ramababu Paratha Bhandhar serves very large parathas, weighing 35 kilograms.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}}

In Mauritius, paratha ({{langx|mfe|farata}}) is eaten across all ethnic groups and is known as a homemade [[comfort food]], particularly as a warm food during rainy weather.{{sfn|Boswell|2019|p=35}} In Myanmar, paratha is served at Indian tea shops.{{sfn|Cummings|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmyan00joec/page/218 218]}}<ref name="Varma" /> People in Myanmar eat it on [[Martyrs' Day (Myanmar)|Martyrs' Day]], as it was known to be a favorite food of [[Aung San]], whom the holiday celebrates.{{sfn|Girke|2018|p=150}} In the Caribbean, paratha, particularly aloo paratha, is among several Indian fast food dishes in the region.{{sfn|Lal|2013|p=108}}

Many [[Pakistanis in Norway]] and [[Pakistanis in Denmark|in Denmark]] shift toward eating parathas as a special breakfast on weekends, rather than daily, upon immigrating, in part due to health concerns amid changing lifestyles.{{sfnm|1a1=Mellin-Olsen|1a2=Wandel|1y=2005|1pp=319–321, 334|2a1=Halkier|2a2=Jensen|2y=2011|2p=477}} [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani migrants to the United Kingdom]] also eat paratha for breakfast, though some members of the community view it as a holdover from Pakistan.{{sfn|Charsley|Bolognani|2017|p=53}} Among [[Indian Americans|Indians in the United States]], store-bought parathas are common due to busy lifestyles.{{sfnm|1a1=Sen (a)|1y=2012|2a1=Trivedi-Grenier|2y=2012}} Paratha is a widespread food in the [[cuisine of Oman]], where it is associated with [[Indians in Oman|Omani–Indian]] culture rather than a specific region of India.{{sfn|Jacob|Sharma|2018|p=107}} Aloo paratha is commonly served at South Asian dining establishments in the United Kingdom{{sfn|Khokhar|Roe|Swan|2012|p=168}} and Pakistani restaurants in South Africa.{{sfn|Connor|Charway|2020|p=265
}}

== See also ==
* [[Indian bread]]
* [[Paratha roll]]
* [[Bolani]]{{snd}}a similar stuffed bread from Afghanistan{{sfn|Buell|Anderson|de Pablo Moya|Oskenbay|2020|p=206}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
=== Works cited ===
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{{refend}}

{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Cuisine of India}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Pakistani bread}}
{{Burmese cuisine}}
{{Flatbreads}}

[[Category:Paratha| ]]
[[Category:Flatbreads]]
[[Category:Unleavened breads]]
[[Category:South Asian breads]]
[[Category:Pakistani breads]]
[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Balochi cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]
[[Category:Burmese cuisine]]
[[Category:Hindu cuisine]]
[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Pashtun cuisine]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Fijian cuisine]]
[[Category:Sindhi cuisine]]
[[Category:Mauritian cuisine]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Stuffed dishes]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Thaamirabharani

2026-03-20T22:55:24Z

IrmaBracy4216:

{{short description|2007 Indian Tamil film}}
{{distinguish|Thamirabarani River}}
{{other uses|Thamirabharani (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thaamirabharani poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| writer = Hari
| starring = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Bhanu (actress)|Bhanu]] [[Nadhiya]]
| producer = [[B. Venkatarama Reddy]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Priyan (cinematographer)|Priyan]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2007|01|14}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thaamirabharani''''' ({{Translation|River of red-coloured leaves}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama]] film written and directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]]. The film has [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and newcomer [[Muktha (actress)|Bhanu]], while [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Nadhiya]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], and [[Ganja Karuppu]] play supporting roles. The score and soundtrack were composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].

The title is derived from the [[Thamirabarani River|river of the same name]], which flows through [[Thirunelveli]] and [[Thoothukudi]], where the film is set. ''Thaamirabharani'' was released on 14 January 2007 during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].

==Plot==
Saravana Perumal is a rich salt trader and iron businessman living in [[Thoothukudi]]. Subbayya, his son Vellathurai, and his daughter Sakunthala Devi are from [[Tirunelveli]] and are his business rivals. Bharani Puthiran is Saravanan's nephew and heir, who has graduated and always roams with his irresponsible friends. Bhanumathi is a college student at Bharani's alma mater. She meets Bharani, falls in love with him, and always pursues him. Bharani learns that Bhanu is Sakunthala Devi's daughter and suspects her behavior, and hence does not reciprocate her love.

One day, Bhanu goes to meet Bharani in [[Nallathanni Theevu]] island, off the Indian coast, and everyone gets arrested by the coast guards, who mistake the situation for prostitution. The local police release them, as Bharani is highly influential, but a reporter writes about the event because he has a vendetta against Sakunthala Devi. This angers Subbayya, who misunderstands that Saravanan was the mastermind behind trapping Bhanu in the prostitution case. Subbayya and Vellathurai plan to kill Saravanan, but he escapes. Bharani becomes enraged upon knowing this and goes to kill Vellathurai, but he accidentally chops off the hand of Vellathurai's kindhearted younger brother Selvam. Bharani feels bad about his action.

Saravanan tells Bharani the truth that Sakunthala Devi is none other than his estranged wife, and Bhanu is his own daughter. Sakunthala Devi did not like Saravanan's widowed sister and her son Bharani staying with him, as she wanted him to lead a nuclear family. This led to a fight between Saravanan and Sakunthala Devi, and she left for her father's place. Bharani realizes his mistakes and understands that Bhanu intentionally tried to marry him so the family could reunite. Bharani meets Bhanu, apologizes to her, and both get closer again. Bharani eventually plans to reunite Sakunthala Devi and Saravanan.

Meanwhile, Karmegam, who works for Vellathurai, expresses his interest in marrying Sakunthala Devi with the plan of owning all her wealth. Vellathurai agrees without telling the plans for the wedding. Bharani learns about this and rushes to stop the wedding. Sakunthala Devi is shocked by her brother's perverted intention to marry her to Karmegam and scolds him. A quarrel erupts, and Karmegam seemingly gets killed by Bharani, after which Bharani is sent to prison. Sakunthala Devi realizes her mistake and finally reunites with Saravanan. After four years, Bharani gets released from prison and returns home to find that the wedding arrangements have been made between him and Bhanu.

Bharani refuses to marry Bhanu, saying that Subbayya and Vellathurai are still angry at him for chopping off Selvam's hand, and Bharani insists that Bhanu marry Selvam instead. Finally, Sakunthala Devi reveals the truth that she actually killed Karmegam, and Bharani took the blame and was imprisoned so that she could be saved. Subbayya and Vellathurai overhear the conversation and understand Bharani's good nature. Finally, Bharani and Bhanu marry, and the family reunites.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Bharani Puthiran aka Kettavan
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Saravana Perumal, Bharani Puthiran's uncle and Bhanumathi's father
* [[Nadhiya]] as Shakunthala Devi, Saravana Perumal's wife and Bhanumathi's mother
* [[Muktha George]] (Credited as Bhanu) as Bhanumathi, Bharani Puthiran's love interest and Saravana Perumal and Shakunthala Devi's daughter
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Vellathurai, Shakunthala Devi's second elder brother
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as P. V. Subbaiya, Shakuntala Devi's father
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Pechchikani, Bharani Puthiran's mother and Saravana Perumal's younger sister
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Thangapazham, Saravana Perumal & Pechchikani's mother and Bharani Puthiran & Bhanumathi's grandmother
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Thanga Pandi, Shakuntala Devi's first elder brother and Saravana Perumal's best friend
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Muthu, Bharani Puthiran's cousin
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Karmegam, Subbaiya's distant relative
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as Meenakshi, Shakunthala Devi's PA
* Akash as Selvam, Shakunthala Devi's younger brother
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Shanmugam, Shakunthala Devi's Car Driver
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Lakshmi, Vellathurai's wife
* [[Bonda Mani]] as Saattai Shankar
* [[Citizen Mani]] as a tea shop customer
* Robo Chandru as Viral Suppi, Bharani Puthiran's friend
* [[Chaams]] as Senthil (Adukku Roti), Bharani Puthiran's friend
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Bharani and Saravana Perumal's assistant.
}}

==Production==
The film was launched on 14 July 2006 at Vijaya Gardens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/15072006-6.shtml|date=15 July 2006|title=Rajini drops by 'Thamrabarani' inauguration / with pics|work=Cinesouth|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018042942/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/15072006-6.shtml|archive-date=18 October 2006}}</ref> A fight sequence was shot at Chengalpattu while a chase sequence was shot at suburbs of Chennai. One of the song sequences was shot at 32 locations including Nagercoil, Thiruchendur and Coutralam. The filming was completed within 73 days.<ref>{{cite web|work=Chennai Online|access-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010043420/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2007/01thaamirabharani.asp|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2007/01thaamirabharani.asp|date=10 January 2007|archive-date=10 October 2007|title=Thaamirabharani}}</ref> The song "Karuppana Kaiyala" was shot in a palm grove set in AVM Studios where the crew brought in lorry loads of red sand and fetched a forest of palm trees for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20122006-2.shtml|date=20 December 2006|title=The palm grove Hari created in A.V.M.|website=Cinesouth|access-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126232756/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20122006-2.shtml|archive-date=26 January 2007}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thaamirabharani
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2006|12|22|df=y}}
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:49
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Madana (film)|Madana]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who teamed up with Vishal for the third time after ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' (2005) and ''[[Thimiru]]'' (2006) and Hari for the first time. The soundtrack was released on 22 December 2006. It features five tracks with lyrics penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]] and Hari. The song "Karuppana Kaiyale" was adapted from the old devotional song "Karpoora Nayagiye" by [[L. R. Eswari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20122006-4.shtml|date=20 December 2006|access-date=6 August 2024|website=Cinesouth|title=Wicked Vishal - news about 'Thamirabarani'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403082146/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20122006-4.shtml|archive-date=3 April 2007}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Karuppaana Kaiyale
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
| length1 = 3:28
| title2 = Kattabomma Oorenakku
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length2 = 4:51
| title3 = Thaaliyae Thevaiyillai
| lyrics3 = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Bhavatharini]]
| length3 = 4:47
| title4 = Thiruchendhuru Muruga
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra4 = Naveen Madhav
| length4 = 5:27
| title5 = Vaartha Onnu
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra5 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| length5 = 5:16
}}

==Release==
It was released on 14 January 2007 during [[Thai Pongal]] along with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay's]] ''[[Pokkiri]]'' and [[Ajith Kumar|Ajith's]] ''[[Aalwar]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/film/News/2007/01pongalrelease.asp|title=Movies to be released this Pongal|website=Chennai Online|access-date=6 August 2024|date=15 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014231137/http://chennaionline.com/film/News/2007/01pongalrelease.asp|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Rediff'' wrote "Hari has managed to put together a fairly redeemable mixture of action, humour and sentiments, making the movie worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssth/20070117.htm|title=Thamirabarani is worth a watch|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107130842/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssth/20070117.htm|url-status=live|work=Rediff}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote "Hari has a few interesting twists and suspenseful sequences in the narration. The story is not new but it is gripping".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/01/19/stories/2007011900120200.htm |title=Mayhem, mostly unwarranted -- Thaamirabharani |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121173553/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/01/19/stories/2007011900120200.htm |archive-date=21 January 2007 |url-status=dead|date=19 January 2007}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Hari has packaged the film fairly neatly as a wholesome family entertainer, with the right dose of humour, sentiment and action. But there's a sense of deja vu throughout. The plot and situations are what we have seen in many earlier films like '[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]' and '[[Padayappa]]'".<ref>{{cite web|work=Chennai Online|access-date=7 July 2023|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001thamirabarani.asp|title=Thamirabharani|date=1 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713140242/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001thamirabarani.asp|archive-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''Kalki'' praised the star cast, music, cinematography and stunt choreography and added Hari's screenplay is elegant and stunning along with suspense, there's no lagging.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Kalki|language=ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-02-04/page/28/mode/2up|title=தாமிரபரணி |date=4 February 2007|page=29|access-date=15 April 2024|last=லஜ்ஜாவதி}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1503167}}

{{Hari (director)}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 action drama films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hari (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Films set in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films set in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Prem Rakshith

2026-03-20T09:22:55Z

IrmaBracy4216: improve article

{{Short description|Indian choreographer (born 1977)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prem Rakshith
| image =
| birth_name = Thomas Satish
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], India
| occupation = [[Choreographer]]
| yearsactive = 1993–present
}}

'''Prem Rakshith''' (born '''Thomas Satish''') is an Indian [[choreographer]] who works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganesh |date=17 July 2013 |title=Prem rakshit, lawrence, prabhu deva, dance master turns hero, another choreographer turns hero, prem rakshit hero entry, tollywood dancer, prem rakshit movies, KRK pawan director, KRK pawan directs prem rakshit |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/telugu-film-news/2/13916/prem-rakshit-lawrence-prabhu-deva-dance-master-turns-hero-another-choreographer-turns-hero-prem-rakshit-hero-entry-tollywood-dancer-prem-rakshit-movies-krk-pawan-director-krk-pawan-directs-prem-rakshit.html |access-date=March 6, 2025 |website=Cine Josh}}</ref> He is recipient of a [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|National Film Award]], three [[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Nandi Awards]] and six [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Prem Rakshit's special dance moves for Vishnu |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/prem-rakshits-special-dance-moves-for-vishnu.html |access-date=March 6, 2025 |website=123telugu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2013 |title=Prem Rakshit impresses Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/prem-rakshit-impresses-mahesh-babu.html |access-date=March 6, 2025 |website=123telugu.com}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Prem Rakshith was born in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and raised in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=15 January 2023 |title=The story behind the award-winning song 'Naatu Naatu' from 'RRR' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1041879/the-story-behind-the-award-winning-song-naatu-naatu-from-rrr |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> His real name is Thomas Satish, and was actually born as a [[Hindus|Hindu]], before his grandmother got the entire family converted to Roman Catholic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/when-naatu-naatu-choreographer-wanted-to-die/20230309.htm|title=When The Naatu Naatu Choreographer Wanted To Die|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=9 March 2023|quote=I'm a Christian. I started praying to Saibaba because a friend told me that would help, and I said, okay, let me try it out. I was actually born as a Hindu, but my grandmother got the entire family converted to Roman Catholic when I was in Standard 6. My real name is Thomas Satish.}}</ref>

Prem received acclaim for his work on "[[Naatu Naatu]]" from ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' (2022). The hook step involving [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Ram Charan]] dancing together became popular.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/ss-rajamouli-gifts-himself-a-swanky-car-worth-rs-44-lakhs-after-the-glorious-success-of-rrr-pics-article-91195881 | title=SS Rajamouli gifts himself a swanky car worth Rs 44 lakhs after the glorious success of RRR, PICS | date=30 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-to-beast-why-filmmakers-are-creating-a-hook-step/article65317547.ece | title='RRR' to 'Beast': Why filmmakers are creating a hook step | newspaper=The Hindu | date=14 April 2022 | last1=Ramanujam | first1=Srinivasa }}</ref> "Naatu Naatu" became the first song from an Indian film to win the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]]. Rakshith was credited as a choreographer at the ceremony, where "Naatu Naatu" went on to win.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2023-01-24 |title='Naatu Naatu' From 'RRR' Becomes First Song From an Indian Film to Land a Best Song Oscar.|url=https://variety.com/2023/awards/news/rrr-oscar-nomination-naatu-naatu-best-original-song-1235500136/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> It has also won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] award at the [[80th Golden Globe Awards]], making it the first Asian as well as the first Indian song to win the award.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=RRR's 'Naatu Naatu' song bags Golden Globe beating Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Lady Gaga |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/01/11/naatu-naatu-rrr-golden-globe-best-original-song.html |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Anna |date=10 January 2023 |title='Naatu Naatu' Wins in an Upset Over Taylor Swift, Rihanna & Lady Gaga for Golden Globes' Best Original Song in a Movie |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/news/naatu-naatu-from-rrr-wins-2023-golden-globe-for-best-original-song-in-a-motion-picture/ar-AA16c1XM |url-status= |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=MSN}}</ref> He was invited to join the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Oscar-winning 'RRR' director SS Rajamouli invited to join the Academy Awards as a honorable member |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/oscar-winning-rrr-director-ss-rajamouli-invited-to-join-the-academy-awards-as-a-honorable-member-13786439.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Chhatrapati (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' || rowspan="7" | Telugu
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Vikramarkudu]]''
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2007 || ''[[Madhumasam]]''
|-
| ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]''
|-
| ''[[Yamadonga]]''
|-
| ''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]''
|-
| ''[[Pourudu]]''
|-
| ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2008 || ''[[Aatadista]]''|| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Bhale Dongalu]]''
|-
| ''[[Kalidasu]]''
|-
| ''[[Kuruvi]]''
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Parugu]]''|| rowspan="19" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]''
|-
| ''[[Baladoor]]''
|-
| ''[[Avakai Biryani]]''
|-
| ''[[Hero (2008 film)|Hero]]''
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2009 || ''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]''
|-
| ''[[Current (2009 film)|Current]]''
|-
| ''[[Magadheera]]''
|-
| ''[[Ganesh (2009 film)|Ganesh]]''
|-
| ''[[Rechipo]]''
|-
| ''[[Mahathma]]''
|-
| ''[[Kasko]]''
|-
| ''[[Kurradu]]''
|-
| ''[[Arya 2]]''
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2010 || ''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]''
|-
| ''[[Adhurs]]''
|-
| ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]''
|-
| ''[[Varudu]]''
|-
| ''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]''
|-
| ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]''|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]''|| rowspan="11" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Don Seenu]]''
|-
| ''[[Brindaavanam]]''
|-
| ''[[Khaleja]]''
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2011 || ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]''
|-
| ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]''
|-
|''[[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]]''
|-
| ''[[Seema Tapakai]]''
|-
| ''[[Dhada]]''
|-
| ''[[Kandireega]]''
|-
| ''[[Bejawada (film)|Bezawada]]''
|-
| ''[[Velayudham]]''|| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="10" |2012
| ''[[Poola Rangadu (2012 film)|Poola Rangadu]]''
|rowspan="7" |Telugu
|-
| ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]''
|-
| ''[[Naa Ishtam]]''
|-
| ''[[Lovely (2012 film)|Lovely]]''
|-
| ''[[Rachcha]]''
|-
| ''[[Dhammu]]''
|-
| ''[[Endhukante Premanta]]''
|-
| ''[[Saguni]]''|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Tuneega Tuneega]]''
|rowspan="5" |Telugu
|-
| ''[[Dhenikaina Ready]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013 || ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
|-
|''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''
|-
|''[[Doosukeltha]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 || ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[1 (2014 film)|1: Nenokkadine]]''
|rowspan="6" |Telugu
|-
| ''[[Aagadu]]''
|-
|''[[Alludu Sreenu]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|-
| ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Rangasthalam]] ''
|Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021||''[[Annaatthe]]''||Tamil
|-
|''[[Gully Rowdy]]''|| rowspan="7" |Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022||''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
|-
|[[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|-
|[[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
|-
|[[Skanda (film)|''Skanda'']]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|-
| ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Kanguva]]''|| Tamil
|-
|2026
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
|Telugu
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Films
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
| [[CineMAA Awards]]
| Best Choreographer
| ''[[Yamadonga]]'' ("Nachore Nachore")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
| ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' ("Ella Pugazhum")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| ''[[Kantri]]'' ("Vayasunami")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Santosham Film Awards]]
| Best Choreographer
| ''[[Kantri]]'' and ''[[Takkari]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Nandi Award]]
| [[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
| ''[[Kantri]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2009
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Dance Choreographer
| ''[[Arya 2]]'' ("Mr. Perfect")
| {{won}}
|-
| 2010
| [[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Nandi Award]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
| ''[[Adhurs]]'' ("Assalaam Valekum")
| {{won}}
|-
| 2011
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
| ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]'' ("Nath Nath Badrinath")
| {{won}}
|-
|2014
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Nandi Award]]
|Best Choreographer
|''[[Aagadu]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| rowspan="2" |Best Choreographer
| rowspan="2" |''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosham Film Awards]]||{{won}}
|-
|2018
|Best Choreographer
|''[[Rangasthalam]]'' ("Rangamma Mangamma")
|{{won}}
|-
|2023
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' ("[[Naatu Naatu]]")
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024
|rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
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|-
| ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' ("Dhoom Dhaam Dosthaan")
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=2362821|name=Prem Rakshith}}
{{authority control}}

{{National Film Award Best Choreography}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South}}

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Tomaras of Gwalior

2026-03-19T07:02:50Z

IrmaBracy4216: fix content as per guidelines and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Medieval Jain and Hindu Rajput dynasty of Gwalior}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{for|the Princely State|Gwalior State}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Tomaras of Gwalior
| common_name = Tomaras of Gwalior
| year_start = c.1390
| year_end = c.1515
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start =
| event_end =
| p1 = Tughlaq dynasty
| flag_p1 = Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| p3 =
| flag_p3 =
| p4 =
| flag_p4 =
| s1 = Lodi dynasty
| flag_s1 = Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| coa_size =
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1400|center||{{Annotation|127|97|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|28px]]}}||none}}
| image_map_caption = The Tomaras of Gwalior circa 1400, with neighbouring polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref>
| religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]]
| capital = Gwalior
| government_type =
| legislature =
| title_leader =
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| common_languages =
| today = {{flag|India}}
}}
The '''Tomaras of Gwalior''' (also called '''Tomar''' in modern vernaculars because of [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]) were a [[Rajput dynasty]] who ruled the [[Gwalior Fort]] and its surrounding region in central India during 14th–16th centuries. They are known for their patronage to the cultural activities in [[Gwalior]].

The Tomaras originally held a small fief as feudatories of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]]. In the 1390s, they gained control of Gwalior, and became independent in the subsequent years. They fought several battles with the Delhi rulers to maintain their independence, and paid tribute to [[Bahlul Lodi]] to avoid war. They were displaced from Gwalior by [[Ibrahim Lodi]] in the first quarter of the 16th century, although their descendants continued to hold fiefs at other places.

== Sources of information ==
[[File:Gwalior 1.JPG|thumb|upright=2|The "Man Mandir" palace built by Tomaras of Gwalior ruler [[Man Singh Tomar]] (reigned 1486–1516 CE), at [[Gwalior Fort]].]]
Much of the information about the Tomaras of Gwalior comes from the [[Gwalior Fort]] inscriptions, the contemporary chronicles by Muslim writers, and the various history books on Gwalior (known as ''Guwaliar-nama''s). Two notable ''Guwaliar-nama''s include ''Gopachala-Akhyana'' and ''Qulyat-i-Guwaliari''.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=344}}

The ''Gopachala-Akhyana'' of Khadagrai exists in several different manuscripts. It was written in [[Hindi]] for the Tomara chief Krishna-simha, who was a descendant of the Tomara kings of Gwalior. The text was composed during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. A later manuscript contains several omissions from and additions to the original text, and covers the history of Gwalior down to its conquest by the [[Maratha confederacy|Maratha]] general [[Mahadaji Scindia]].{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|pp=343-344}}

''Qulyat-i-Guwaliari'' was also written during the reign of Shah Jahan, by Syed Fazl Ali Shah Kadiri Chishti. The author cites ''Tarikh-i-nama'' by Ghanshyam Brahmana as his source for the history of Gwalior. Chishti's genealogy of the Gwalior rulers is contradicted by other sources, including ''Gopachala-Akhyana'', the Muslim chronicles, and the Tomara inscriptions. For example, he uses the name "Paramala-deva" for the first Tomara ruler Virasimha, and claims that the king belonged to the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] clan. A later manuscript contains several additions to the original work, and covers the history of Gwalior down to its conquest by the British General Popham.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|pp=343-344}}

[[File:Gujari Mahal Museum Gwalior - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|The [[Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum|Gujari Mahal]] at [[Gwalior Fort]] was built by [[Man Singh Tomar]].]]
Other ''Guwaliar-nama'' texts include:{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=344}}

* ''Guwaliar-nama'' of Badili Das; a continuation of Khadag Rai's book
* ''Guwaliar-nama'' of Hiraman B. Girdhardas, a Munshi of Motmid Khan
* ''Guwaliar-nama'' of Motiram and Khushal, commissioned by Captain William Bruce after the British conquest of Gwalior
* ''Guwaliar-nama'' of Khan Jahan and Shaikh Jalal Hisar

== Origin ==

The Tomaras claimed to be [[Rajput]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqmyEbLScZ4C&q=Rajput|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-193742-7|language=en|page=179|quote=Other claiming to be Rajput and descent from Solar and lunar lines established themselves as local kings in Western and Central India. Among these were the Chandelas present in 12th century in Bundelkhand, the Tomaras also subject to the earlier Pratiharas ruling in Haryana region near Dhilaka, now Delhi, around 736 AD and later established themselves in Gwalior region}}</ref> The 1631 [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtas Fort]] inscription states that the Tomaras belonged to the [[lunar dynasty|lunar race]] (Somavaṃśa), and traces their ancestry to the legendary king [[Pandu]].{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=344}} The various medieval chronicles connect the Tomaras of Gwalior to the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras of Delhi]], whose power had declined after the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] and the [[Ghurid]] invasions of Delhi in the 12th century. Like the Rohtas inscription, Khadagrai's ''Gopachala-Akhyana'' traces the ancestry of the Tomaras to the lunar deity [[Chandra]]. Its different manuscripts differ about the number of kings who preceded Virasimha, the first Tomara ruler of Gwalior. One manuscript states that as many as 208 Tomara kings preceded Virasimha. These manuscripts count the legendary king [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] and the Delhi Tomara king [[Anangpal Tomar|Anagapala]] among his ancestors. These genealogical lists are obviously fictitious.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=344}}

The various sources provide different names for Virasimha's grandfather.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=343}} ''Virasimhavaloka'', which was composed during Virasimha's reign, names his father as Devabrahma (or "Devavarmma" in one manuscript), and his grandfather as Kamalasimha. Later sources, which appear to be inaccurate, give different names for these two people. For example, one manuscript of Khadagrai's ''Gopachala-Akhyana'' names the father as Brahmadeva and the grandfather as Ghatama-deva. Another manuscript of the same text names the father as Sultansimha and the grandfather as Kunwarpala, while stating that Brahmadeva is another name for Virasimha.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=345}}

== History ==
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The Tomaras emerged around Gwalior after the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]] [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] subjugated the last of the [[Parihar (clan)|Pratihara]] chiefs in the [[Gird, India|Gwalior region]]. In the 14th century, they served as feudatories of the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] rulers of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]].{{sfn|Iqtidar Alam Khan|2008|p=136}} They held a [[fief]] in Aisah, which is now a village near [[Ambah]] in [[Morena district]].{{sfn|B. D. Misra|1993|p=103}} They rendered military service to [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] until 1380.{{sfn|Iqtidar Alam Khan|2008|p=136}}

=== Virasimha ===

The earliest known Tomara ruler of Gwalior is Virasimha-deva. The ''Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi'' by [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi]] mentions that in 1390-91, the Tughlaq ruler [[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III|Muhammad Shah]] (r. 1390–1394) visited [[Etawah]]. There, he gave Virasimha a ''khillat'' (gift) and sent him back (the text does not mention where Virasimha's fief was located).{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=347}} In 1391-92, Virasimha and some other feudatories revolted against the Sultan. In response, the imperial general Islam Khan defeated him and ransacked his fief.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=348}}

According to the Gwalior chroniclers Khadagrai and Syed Fazl Ali, after this defeat, Virasimha was made a [[security guard|watchman]] at the Tughlaq royal palace in Delhi.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=347}} Khadagrai adds that his successor Uddharana was also summoned to Delhi and made a watchman.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=346}} Virasimha performed his duty sincerely, and during a heavy rainfall, he did not leave his post unlike the other watchmen. This impressed the Tughlaq Sultan [[Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah]] (r. 1394), who gave him the fort of Gwalior as an ''[[inamdar (feudal title)|inam]]'' (feudal grant),{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=347}} sometime during January-March 1394.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=350}} However, the [[Sayyid|Syed]] governor of Gwalior refused to hand over the fort to him. Virasimha encamped outside the fort, and gradually befriended the governor. One day, the governor invited Virasimha and his retinue for a dinner, during which Virasimha's soldiers attacked the hosts, and captured the fort.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=347}}

A [[Sanskrit]]-[[Nagari script|Nagari]] inscription from Virasimha's reign has been discovered at the Gangola-tal (pond) in the Gwalior fort. It states that Virasimha and Uddharana defeated the Shakas (Muslims in this context).{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|pp=343-345}} The year of the inscription is damaged, but based on other details, it appears to have been issued on 4 June 1394.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=350}}

The rule of Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah lasted for just one month and sixteen days. It appears that his successor [[Mahmud Shah II|Mahmud Shah]] (r. 1394-1413) did not approve of the transfer of Gwalior to Virasimha. After consolidating his power in Delhi, the new Sultan led an expedition to Gwalior in June 1394. However, a conspiracy by some of his nobles forced him to abandon this mission and return to Delhi.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|pp=348-349}} The Muslim chroniclers Yahya, Nizamuddin and [[Firishta]] state that Virasimha seized Gwalior treacherously amid the confusion caused by [[Timur]]'s 1398 invasion of Delhi.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=346}}

''Virasimhavaloka'', a work on medicine, was written during the reign of Virasimha. A printed edition of the text attributes its authorship to Virasimha himself, but it was actually written by Sarangadeva at Virasimha's request.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=345}}

=== Uddharana ===

Virasimha was succeeded by Uddharana-deva (r. c. 1400-1402). The relationship between these two rulers is not certain. Some sources mention Uddharana as a son of Virasimha: these include the [[Datia]] manuscript of Khadagrai's ''Gopachala-Akhyana'', the ''Yashodhara-Charita'' of Padmanabha, the [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtas]] inscription, and the [[Narwar]] inscription. However, Syed Fazl Ali's ''Qulyat-i-Guwaliari'' states that he was a brother of Virasimha. The other Muslim chroniclers do not mention him at all, and name his successor Virama as Virasimha's son. The [[Ujjain]] manuscript of ''Gopachala-Akhyana'' also omits his name. The ''Yashodhara-Charita'' was composed during the reign of Virama, so it is more reliable. Therefore, Uddharana was most probably a son of Virasimha.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=353}}

A Sanskrit-Nagari inscription from Uddharana's reign has also been discovered at the Gangola-tal (pond).{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=345}} This inscription attests that he was the ruler of Gwalior in June 1401, although it is not known when exactly he ascended the throne.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=349}} His successor Virama had become the ruler of Gwalior by 1402, and according to Syed Fazl Ali, Uddharana ruled Gwalior for 5 years. If this is correct, Uddharana must have ascended the throne around 1397, and his predecessor Virasimha must have ruled Gwalior for around three years, during 1394-1397. However, Sant Lal Katare notes that several sources omit Uddharana's name from the list of Tomara rulers, which suggests that he ruled for a shorter period.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|pp=352-353}}

Uddharana's inscription states that he had the Gangola-tal cleaned-up, and also mentions his victory over the Shakas (Muslims).{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=352}} This seems to be a reference to his conquest of the Gwalior fort with Virasimha.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=353}}

According to some Muslim chronicles, a chief named "Adharan" was killed in 1392-93, by the Delhi general Muqarrab-ul-Malik, for rebelling against the Sultanate. Historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] identified this "Adharan" with Uddharana. However, this identification is not correct, as proved by the 1401 inscription discovered at Gwalior.{{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=353}}

=== Virama ===

Uddharana was succeeded by Virama-deva (r. c. 1402-1423).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|2010|p=1044}} At the time of his ascension, Mallu Iqbal Khan, the minister of [[Mahmud Shah II|Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq]], decided to revive the Delhi Sultanate's prestige by subjugating the chiefs who had declared independence. In 1402, he besieged the Gwalior fort; although he was unable to conquer the fort, he ransacked the surrounding areas. Next year, he launched another attack on the fort.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=49}} According to [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni|Badauni]], he was able to capture the fort. However, historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] believes this to be inaccurate, as historical evidence suggests that the fort remained under Tomara rule in the later years.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=49}}

Sometime later, Virama joined an alliance against Iqbal Khan: his allies included the [[Etawah]] ruler Rai Sumer and Rai Jalbahar. When Iqbal Khan marched against them in 1404, the allies took shelter in Etawah, and made peace with Iqbal Khan after a 4-month long siege.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=52}}

The reign of Virama saw the rise of [[Jain]] scholars in Gwalior.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|2010|p=1044}} Virama's minister Kusharaja encouraged the Kayastha poet Padmanabha to write ''Yashodhara Charita''.{{sfn|Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty|1984|p=113}} Kusharaja also commissioned a temple of [[Chandraprabha]] in Gwalior; this temple was replaced by the tomb of the Muslim saint Muhammad Ghaus during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period.{{sfn|Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty|1984|p=44}} The Jain scholar Nayachandra states that he was inspired to compose ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' as a challenge, when Virama's courtiers declared that no contemporary poet could compose a poem comparable with the ones written by the ancient poets. Based on this statement, [[Phyllis Granoff]] theorizes that the poem was written at the Tomara court, around 1420 CE.{{sfn|Phyllis Granoff|2006|p=42}}

=== Dungarasimha and Kirtisimha ===
[[File:Jain Tirthankar statues (16317993572).jpg|thumb|The Jain [[tirthankara]] statues at the Gwalior Fort]]
During the reigns of Dungarasimha and Kirtisimha, the Jain [[Bhattaraka]]s of the [[Kashtha Sangha]] rose to prominence.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|2010|p=1044}}

There are over 1500 Jain rock carvings inside the Gwalior fort, most of which were carved between 1440 and 1473, during the reigns of Dungarasimha (c. 1425-59) and Kirtisimha (c. 1459-80).{{sfn|Phyllis Granoff|2006|p=31}} According to the Jain poet [[Raidhu]], the development of Gopalagiri (Gwalior fort hill) as a Jain holy place (''[[tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]'') was started by a Jain layman (''[[sanghavi]]'') named Kamalasimha. While this initiative was not a royal project, Raidhu states that Dungarasimha and Kirtisimha offered their full support to Kamalasimha.{{sfn|Phyllis Granoff|2006|p=33}} Raidhu stayed at the Gwalior court at Dungarasimha's invitation.{{sfn|Phyllis Granoff|2006|p=34}} Dungarasimha's minister Asapati was a patron of Raidhu.{{sfn|Phyllis Granoff|2006|p=33}}

=== Kirtisimha and Kalyanamalla ===

In 1451, the [[Lodi dynasty]] took over the Delhi Sultanate. Initially, [[Bahlul Lodi]] maintained friendly relations with Gwalior, because it was not easy for him to subjugate, and because Gwalior served as a buffer state between Delhi and [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]. However, in 1466, the Gwalior ruler Kirtisimha supported the [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] ruler Hussain Shah Sharqi in a war against Delhi. The Gwalior ruler not only provided men and money to Hussain Shah, but also escorted him to [[Kalpi]] during his march to Delhi. This made Bahul Lodi an enemy of Gwalior. He defeated Hussain Sharqi in 1479, but waited until the death of Kirtisimha's successor Kalyanamalla in 1486 to attack Gwalior.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=155}}

=== Manasimha (Man Singh Tomar) ===
[[File:Maharaja Mansingh Tomar Gwalior 2014-07-13 18-32.jpg|thumb|[[Man Singh Tomar]] (r.1486–1516), ruler of the Tomaras of Gwalior.]]
[[File:Fort with city.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Gwalior fort from afar]]
The newly crowned [[Man Singh Tomar|Manasimha]] (better known as Man Singh Tomar in Muslim chronicles and vernacular literature) was not prepared for an invasion from Delhi, and decided to avoid a war by paying Bahlul Lodi a tribute of 800,000 ''tanka''s (coins).{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=155}} In 1489, [[Sikandar Lodi]] succeeded Bahlul Lodi as the Sultan of Delhi. In 1500, Manasimha provided asylum to some rebels from Delhi, who had been involved in a plot to overthrow Sikander Lodi. The Sultan, wanting to punish Manasimha, and to expand his territory, launched a punitive expedition against Gwalior. In 1501, he captured [[Dholpur]], a dependency of Gwalior, whose ruler Vinayaka-deva fled to Gwalior.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=174}}

Sikander Lodi then marched towards Gwalior, but after crossing the [[Chambal River]], an epidemic outbreak in his camp forced him to halt his march. Manasimha used this opportunity to reconcile with Lodi, and sent his son Vikramaditya to the Lodi camp with gifts for the Sultan. He promised to expel the rebels from Delhi, on the condition that Dholpur be restored to Vinayaka-deva. Sikander Lodi agreed to these terms, and left. Historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] theorizes that Vinayaka Deva hadn't lost Dholpur at all: this narrative was created by the Delhi chroniclers to flatter the Sultan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=175}}

In 1504, Sikander Lodi resumed his war against the Tomaras. First, he captured the [[Mandrayal]] fort, located to the east of Gwalior.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=175}} He ransacked the area around Mandrayal, but many of his soldiers lost their lives in a subsequent epidemic outbreak, forcing him to return to Delhi.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=176}} Sometime later, Lodi moved his base to the newly established city of [[Agra]], which was located closer to Gwalior. He captured Dholpur, and then marched against Gwalior, characterizing the expedition as a ''[[jihad]]''. From September 1505 to May 1506, Lodi managed to ransack the rural areas around Gwalior, but was unable to capture the Gwalior fort because of Manasimha's hit-and-run tactics. A scarcity of food resulting from Lodi's destruction of crops forced Lodi to give up the siege. During his return to Agra, Manasimha ambushed his army near Jatwar, inflicting heavy casualties on the invaders.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=177}}

Having failed in capturing the Gwalior fort, Lodi decided to capture the smaller forts surrounding Gwalior. Dholpur and Mandrayal were already in his control by this time. In February 1507, he captured the Uditnagar (Utgir or Avantgarh) fort lying on the [[Narwar]]-Gwalior route.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|pp=177-178}} In September 1507, he marched against Narwar, whose ruler (a member of the Tomara clan) fluctuated his allegiance between the Tomaras of Gwalior and the [[Malwa Sultanate]]. He captured the fort after a year-long siege.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=179}} In December 1508, Lodi placed Narwar in charge of Raj Singh Kachchwaha, and marched to [[Lahar, India|Lahar]] (Lahayer) located to the south-east of Gwalior. He stayed at Lahar for a few months, during which he cleared its neighbourhood of rebels.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=179}} Over the next few years, Lodi remained busy in other conflicts. In 1516, he made a plan to capture Gwalior, but an illness prevented him from doing so. Manasimha died in 1516, and Sikander Lodi's illness also led to his death in November 1517.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=184}}

=== Vikramaditya ===

In Gwalior, Manasimha was succeeded by his son Vikramaditya. Meanwhile, Sikander Lodi's successor [[Ibrahim Lodi]] had to fight with rebels, one of whom - Jalal Khan - took asylum in Gwalior. Ibrahim Khan sent a strong army to besiege Gwalior. Led by Azam Humayun Sarwani, this army comprised 30,000 cavalry and 300 elephants.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=205}} During the siege, Jalal Khan left for Malwa so as not to cause any further trouble to his host. After offering some initial resistance, Vikramaditya realized that he was facing a certain defeat, and started peace negotiations. As part of a peace treaty, Ibrahim Lodi forced him to surrender Gwalior, and assigned the fief of Shamsabad to him. Vikramaditya remained loyal to Ibrahim Lodi for the rest of his life, and died fighting beside him at the [[First Battle of Panipat]] against [[Babur]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=206}}

== Descendants ==

=== Ram Shah ===

At the time of Vikramditya's death, his son [[Ramshah Tanwar|Ram Shah]] (also known as Ram Singh or Rama-sahi) was a young boy. The Tomaras, led by his relative Dhurmangad (also called Dharmanakat, Mangal Deo, or Mangat Rai) started harassing Tatar Khan, the Lodi-appointed governor of Gwalior. Meanwhile, the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal]] ruler Babur reached [[Agra]], and Tatar Khan decided to accept his suzerainty. However, when Babur's general Rahimdad arrived at Gwalior, Tatar Khan changed his mind. Nevertheless, Rahimdad took control of Gwalior, and subsequently, foiled Dhurmangad's attempt to capture the fort. In 1542, [[Sher Shah Suri]] captured the fort, and Ram Shah became his ally.{{sfn|B. D. Misra|1993|p=48-49}}

After the death of Sher Shah's son [[Islam Shah Suri]] in 1554, the fort was controlled by the Suri-appointed governor Bhil Khan (also known as Bahval, Bahbal, Buhail, or Suhail Khan). In 1556, Bhil Khan, facing a Mughal invasion, decided to sell the fort to Ram Shah. However, Ram Shah was defeated by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]'s general Qiya Khan (or Kiya Khan).{{sfn|B. D. Misra|1993|p=49-50}}{{sfn|S.R. Sharma|1999|p=177}}

According to Firishta, Ram Shah's son [[Shalivahan Singh Tomar|Shalivahan]] was married to a [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] princess of Mewar. Therefore, after his defeat, Ram Shah took refuge with the Mewar ruler [[Maharana Pratap]]. Ram Shah and his three sons were killed fighting for Pratap at the [[Battle of Haldighati]] 1576.{{sfn|B. D. Misra|1993|pp=158-159}}

=== Shalivahan's descendants ===

A 1631 (1688 VS) Sanskrit inscription found at the [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtas Fort]] (in present-day [[Bihar]]) mentions Viramitra, a Tomara prince of [[Gopachal Hill|Gopachala]] (modern Gwalior). The inscription provides a genealogy of the Tomaras, according to which Shalivahan had two sons: Shyam Shah (also Syam Shah or Syama-sahi) and Viramitra (also called Vira-mitrasena, Mitrasena or Mitra Singh).{{sfn|Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|1963|p=62}}{{sfn|Andrew Topsfield|2001|p=50}}
While other{{which|date=October 2019}} sources also mention a third son named Rao Dharmagat.<ref>M. N. Mathur, Battle of Haldighati, Page 2</ref>{{failed verification|reason=snippet search for "Dharmagat" on Google Books (id DwUhAAAAMAAJ) doesn't return any results|date=June 2025}}

The inscription claims that Viramitra captured the fort from "Sera Shanam", and boasts that this unprecedented conquest astounded the emperor of Delhi. Archaeologist Hamid Kuraishi, who identified "Sera Shanam" as [[Sher Shah Suri]], doubted the authenticity of this inscription. However, Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil theorized that this "Sera Shanam" was a local officer called Sher Khan, and Viramitra may have captured this fort as a subordinate of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]].{{sfn|Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|1963|p=62}} In any case, Viramitra did not hold this fort for long: another inscription suggests that the fort was under the command of Ikhlas Khan six years later.{{sfn|Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|1963|p=63}}

According to the ''[[Gwalior State]] Gazetteer'', both Shyam Shah and Viramitra served in [[Akbar]]'s armies.{{sfn|Andrew Topsfield|2001|p=50}} Viramitra's fate is unknown, but the descendants of Shyam Shah were [[zamindar]]s.{{sfn|B. D. Misra|1993|p=159}} Shyam Shah's son Sangram Shah assumed the nominal title of Raja of Gwalior around 1670. Sangram's grandsons Bijai Singh and Hari Singh took refuge in [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]]. Bijay Singh died childless, but Hari Singh's descendants continued to live in Udaipur.{{sfn|Andrew Topsfield|2001|p=50}}

== List of rulers ==

The Tomara rulers of Gwalior include the following.{{sfn|Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty|1984|p=98-116}}{{sfn|B. D. Misra|1993|p=27-46}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Name in dynasty's inscriptions ([[IAST]]) !! Reign !! Names in Muslim chronicles and vernacular literature
|-
| Vīrasiṃha-deva || c. 1375–1400 (c. 1394–1400 in Gwalior) || Virsingh Dev, Bir Singh Tomar, Bar Singh (in Yahya's writings), Har Singh (in [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni|Badauni]]'s writings), Nar Singh (in [[Firishta]]'s and Nizamuddin's writings).{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=6}}
|-
| Uddharaṇa-deva || c. 1400–1402 || Uddharan Dev, Usaran or Adharan (in Khadagrai's writings){{sfn|Sant Lal Katare|1975|p=346}}
|-
| Virāma-deva || c. 1402–1423 || Viram Dev, Biram Deo (in Yahya's writings), Baram Deo (in [[Firishta]]'s writings)
|-
| Gaṇapati-deva || 1423–1425 || Ganpati Dev
|-
| Dungarendra-deva alias Dungara-siṃha || 1425–1459 || Dungar Singh, Dungar Sen
|-
| Kirtisiṃha-deva || 1459–1480 || Kirti Singh Tomar
|-
| Kalyāṇamalla || 1480–1486 || Kalyanmal, Kalyan Singh
|-
| [[Man Singh Tomar|Māna-siṃha]] || 1486–1516 || Mana Sahi, Man Singh
|-
| Vikramāditya || 1516–1523 || Vikram Sahi, Vikramjit
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Andrew Topsfield |title=Court Painting at Udaipur: Art Under the Patronage of the Maharanas of Mewar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvu6EfsFH48C |year=2001 |publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers |isbn=978-3-907077-03-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=B. D. Misra |title=Forts and fortresses of Gwalior and its hinterland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lihuAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-047-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil |title=The antiquarian remains in Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xNXAAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute |oclc=248920006 }}
* {{cite book |author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGSKTttoa3IC&pg=PR136 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2008 |isbn=9780810864016 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kailash Chand Jain |title=History of Jainism: Medieval Jainism |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhRPAQAAIAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0550-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty |title=Gwalior Fort: art, culture, and history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WihuAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Arnold-Heinemann |isbn=9780391032231 |oclc=223392675 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |title=Twilight of the Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8QeAAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |oclc=500687579 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Phyllis Granoff |author-link=Phyllis Granoff |title=Mountains of Eternity: Raidhū and the Colossal Jinas of Gwalior |journal=Rivista di Studi Sudasiatici |volume=1 |year=2006 |publisher=Firenze University Press |url=http://fupress.net/index.php/rss/article/viewFile/2455/2290 |doi=10.13128/RISS-2455 |pages=31–50 |doi-broken-date=7 July 2025 |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422145713/http://www.fupress.net/index.php/rss/article/viewFile/2455/2290 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=S.R. Sharma |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnP0Lcp0TGoC&pg=PA177 |year=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-817-8 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Sant Lal Katare |title=Two Gangolatal, Gwalior, Inscriptions of the Tomara Kings of Gwalior |editor=B J Sandesara |journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute |volume=XXIII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGBjAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Oriental Institute, Maharajah Sayajirao University }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Gwalior]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]

Teri Meri Doriyaann

2026-03-17T20:34:22Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding Initial Info Basic Info

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Long plot|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = TeriMeriDoriyaann.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Family drama]] [[Suspense]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Mystery film|Mystery]]
| creator =
| developer = Snigdha Basu
| screenplay = {{ubl|Vishal Watwani|Renu Watwani}}
| story = Snigdha Basu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijayendra Kumeria]]|Himanshi Parashar|Tushar Dhembla|Roopam Sharma|Jatin Arora|Prachi Hada|Yogendra Vikram Singh|Tripti Sharma}}
| writer = Rajesh Chawla
| director = Jaideep Sen Ashwini Saraswat Arnav Chakravarti Jafar Shaikh Ranjeet Gupta Rohit Fulari
| creative_director = Siddhartha Vankar
| producer = {{ubl|Pradeep Kumar|Rajesh Ram Singh|Pia Bajpiee|Shaika Parween}}
| company = Cockcrow & Shaika Entertainment
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography = Shailesh Manore
| editor = {{ubl|Sagar Patil|Manish Upadhyay}}
| runtime = 22–25 minutes
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 562
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| theme_music_composer = Dhruva Aradhya
| composer = Nishant Pandey
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| narrator =
| related = ''[[Gaatchora]]''
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|01|04|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|07|14|df=y}}
}}

'''Teri Meri Doriyaann''' is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] television drama series that aired from 4 January 2023 to 14 July 2024 on [[StarPlus]] and streams digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. It was produced under Cockcrow & Shaika Entertainment, the series is an official adaptation of [[Star Jalsha]]'s [[Bengali language|Bengali]] series [[Gaatchora]]. The series is dubbed in [[English language|English]] and airs on [[Star Life (African TV channel)|Star Life]] as '''Strings of Love'''. It was replaced by ''[[Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua]]'' in its timeslot.

==Plot==
The fate of the three Brar cousins – Angad, Garry and Veer are linked with the three Monga sisters – Sahiba, Seerat and Keerat.

Sahiba is the hardworking and independent second daughter of the Monga family. She is an artist and earns money for her family by selling her art. Seerat, the eldest Monga sister, is pampered by her mother, Santosh, for her beauty. Santosh dreams of getting Seerat married to a rich man. As fate would have it, Angad falls in love with Seerat. However, Seerat is manipulated by Garry and his fake love. On Seerat and Angad's wedding day, Seerat runs away with Garry. Eventually, the Monga family's lies are exposed as well. Despite this, Angad and Sahiba get married under family pressure even though they despise each other.

Sahiba is slowly accepted by some of the family members due to her good nature, but Angad's parents still don't approve of her. Angad and Sahiba go through many challenges together and they slowly form a mutual understanding. However, Angad's trust in Sahiba is always shaken when new problems arise.

Sahiba is able to expose Garry as the man who had eloped with Seerat. The Brar family ousts Garry, but Angad eventually brings him back home and decides to get Seerat married to him in order to rectify her life. Sahiba resists as she knows that Garry can never change. As she had predicted, Garry is still the playboy womanizer that he was. He had only pretended to change in order to get back into the Brar house. Garry manipulates the family against Sahiba. With Veer's support, Sahiba exposes Garry's misdeeds, proving her innocence and revealing his infidelity to Seerat.

Garry breaks ties with the Brar family and leaves Seerat. Angad feels bad for ruining Seerat's life by getting her married to Garry, so he gives her support. However, Seerat starts developing romantic feelings towards Angad. Sahiba is once again put to the test, when the Brar family patriarch, Akaal refuses to let the women of his house go out to study or work. Despite this, Angad supports Sahiba and allows her to apply to college. From there on, Angad and Sahiba develop mutual romantic feelings towards one another. But their relationship is at stake, when they bring home a girl named Simran.

Sahiba is unaware that she is Inder's illegitimate daughter. When the truth is revealed to the family, everyone, except for Veer, blames Sahiba for bringing Simran home. Even Angad turns against her as Simran's presence hurts his mother. He completely disregards the fact that, Simran isn't responsible for her parents, Inder and Gayatri's affair.

Simran ends up in a life-threatening situation, prompting the family to unite. Angad finds out that Manbeer is responsible for Simran's condition. He confronts her and she blames Sahiba for turning her son against her, but it is actually a result of her own misdeeds. Meanwhile, Sahiba decides to donate her liver to save Simran, risking her own life. Initially pronounced dead, Angad's unwavering love brings Sahiba back, causing Seerat's jealousy. Seerat turns against her own sister and regrets leaving Angad. Keerat notices the change in Seerat and warns Sahiba, but Sahiba had already began suspecting Seerat's intentions. After Sahiba's release from the hospital, Inder welcomes her as his daughter-in-law, as he realises that his views towards Sahiba were completely wrong. Manbeer is still reluctant to accept Sahiba and blames Sahiba for her problems, especially as Angad embraces Simran as his sister with full Brar family rights.

Later on, Angad realises his love for Sahiba but Garry's apparent death interrupts his confession to Sahiba. Angad promises to support Seerat during this rough time, which Seerat uses as an advantage to get closer to Angad. When Angad finally confesses his love to Sahiba, Seerat stands there and Sahiba thinks that Angad is still in love with Seerat. Seerat further increases the misunderstandings between Sahiba and Angad. Sahiba decides to leave Angad and stay at a hostel. The Brars are confused as to what happened, but Manbeer takes her opportunity to rebuke Sahiba.

Sahiba is stalked by Rumi. Rumi changes his identity to Kartik and tries to get closer to Sahiba. Angad is worried about Sahiba's safety, but the real threat was looming over Angad, as Rumi wants to get him out of the picture. After Rumi reveals himself as Sahiba's stalker, Angad gets in a brutal fight with him. Sahiba is taken back into the Brar house. As Angad tries to clear the misunderstandings between Sahiba and him, Manbeer announces Angad and Seerat's wedding. Sahiba is heartbroken and leaves the house. Angad follows her to her hostel, only to find what appears to be Sahiba's lifeless body. Polices arrive and arrest Angad for her murder, but he realises the body isn't Sahiba's. Rumi orchestrated the entire scenario, keeping Sahiba hostage. Angad escapes police custody and is determined to save Sahiba.

Angad eventually finds Sahiba and saves her from Rumi. However, Angad gets shot and is hospitalised. Everyone finds out that Sahiba is still alive. Sahiba charges Rumi with kidnapping and attempt to murder however, he is declared mentally unstable and he evades his charges.

Angad is still accused for the death of the girl in Sahiba's room. It is revealed that Rumi is Yashraj's son, who is Jasleen's ex-husband. The Brar family fear that Yash will not help Angad, but he surprises everyone by clearing Angad's name. Everyone is thankful towards Yash, but Jasleen becomes emotional having come across Yash again. She blames her parents, Akaal and Japjyot for her divorce, but Akaal blames her for not valuing her relationship and giving importance to money. It is revealed that Yash came from a middle-class family and did not have the means of supporting Jasleen's luxurious lifestyle. He asked for 10 [[lakh]] loan from Akaal to start up a music studio, but he got rejected on the basis that Akaal also started his business from nothing. Eventually, Jasleen left him, but even now she blames her father's ego for her separation. Jasleen's bitterness and cruelty towards the Brar family comes from the fact that she had never gotten a happy family of her own.

Meanwhile, Sahiba's return to the Brar household is marred by Manbeer's demand for her immediate departure, presenting her with divorce papers. Determined to speak to Angad first, Sahiba faces manipulation from Seerat and Manbeer, who undermine her worth and manipulate her into signing the papers. Akaal intervenes, recognizing his past mistakes in imposing his will on his children; therefore he wants Angad and Sahiba to make their own decisions.

But Angad finally realizes that, Seerat had tricked him. He finds out that he didn't confess to Sahiba but to Seerat that night. He then exposes Seerat in front of everyone. Due to her misdeeds, as well as for intentionally creating misunderstandings between Angad and Sahiba, and for trying to destroy their relationship, the entire family, especially Angad and Sahiba, loses complete trust and respect for Seerat.

After 7 days, Angad and Sahiba go to Mumbai for a diamond deal called Janoon-e-Dil. A mysterious person is in touch with Seerat and created a plot of Sunny Sood, who looks like Angad, in order to trouble him and steal Janoon-e-Dil from delivery.

Later, it is revealed that the mysterious person is none other than Garry, who threatens Seerat to bring a file from Angad's locker otherwise he will not spare her. After Seerat hands over the file, they divorce each other. Yashraj and Jasleen's engagement is fixed. Soon it is revealed that Yashraj, Garry, Parth and Mannat have all teamed up to destroy the Brar family. Angad and Sahiba learn that Garry is alive and he has teamed up with Yashraj, which breaks Jasleen and Yashraj's engagement. Eventually, the Brars suffer a huge loss as their secret information is leaked, which was in the file and Angad is arrested in a fake fraud case, which was planned by Garry, Yashraj, Parth and Mannat.

Soon the Brar family learn that Garry is alive and realize that Angad and Sahiba were right. Later, Yashraj and Garry out the Brar family from the Brar mansion and bring a bulldozer in order to destroy the Brar Mansion, but they fail as Jasleen goes inside the house in order to save Garry's childhood memories. Jasleen is admitted to the hospital and Garry soon learns that Yashraj will kick him out of his business once his revenge is complete. Garry realizes that Yashraj was only using him for revenge and doesn't truly care about him. In the hospital, Garry and Sahiba meet each other, and Garry reveals Yashraj's plan. Yashraj is again about to destroy Brar mansion, but is stopped by Angad and Sahiba. Yashraj is arrested and all allegations against were removed. Garry has now genuinely reformed, but the Brar family believe that it must be Garry's plan and refuse to forgive him.

Later on, Veer becomes a singer because of Keerat's support. Veer becomes popular and starts to ignore Keerat. Veer also mixes in with a bad group of people and starts taking drugs and drinking alcohol. He is pressurized into developing a new image of himself now that he is famous. Eventually, Veer and Keerat's marriage is fixed. However, on the day of Veer's bachelor's party, Veer tries to molest Keerat. Keerat is helped by Garry and Sahiba finds out about Veer's shamelessness. Sahiba breaks their marriage, but no one believes that Veer could do such a thing. Angad accidentally slaps Sahiba, so she ends her relationship with Angad. Sahiba and Angad have to spend time together before their divorce is finalized. Out of anger, Veer tries to turn Sahiba insane by giving her drugs. Seerat assists Veer, in order to make Angad hers. Garry has developed feelings for Keerat, but no one besides Sahiba knows. Jasleen and Garry are the only ones to support Sahiba as she has her manic episodes. Veer and Seerat try to burn Sahiba alive, but Angad sees them and realizes their truth. Angad exposes Veer and Seerat to the family and sends Veer to the rehab facility and ousts Seerat from the Brar house.

Sahiba and Angad finally fix all their misunderstandings and confess their love and consummate their marriage. However, Seerat kidnaps Angad with Yashraj's help but he is saved. Police arrests Seerat, but while trying to escape Seerat dies in a car blast. Sahiba is pregnant and is revealed to be expecting twins. Finally Sahiba and Angad reunite and Manbeer also finally accepts Sahiba. Sahiba and Inder try to save an orphan girl being exported to a racket, but Inder dies while saving Sahiba. Sahiba also has some complications and has a miscarriage.

The Brars and Angad blames Sahiba for Inder and their unborn babies’ death. Manbeer tags her as inauspicious. Sahiba feels hurt and leaves the Brar house.

Distraught and hurt by Angad's behavior and trauma for losing her babies, she boards a bus to Panesar. A cheerful guy named Diljeet Singh Panesar meets Sahiba and tries to help her. The bus gets into an accident and Sahiba meets a [[Doctor Who|doctor who]] reveals that she is pregnant. Sahiba learns that one of her twins is still alive. Sahiba tries to inform Angad, but he doesn't listen to her.

===7 years later===

Sahiba is shown living in Panesar with Diljeet and raising her and Angad's son, Akeer. Akeer assumes Diljeet to be his father and both have a very loving and strong bond. Angad has become emotionless and unhappy, and he only cares for his sister Simran. Manbeer is shown to have accepted Simran as her daughter. Meanwhile, Garry and Keerat are married and have a daughter named Bani.

Angad meets Akeer, Diljeet and Sahiba and is shocked to see her moved on. Akeer forms a nice bond with Angad and Garry finds out that Akeer is Angad's son and kidnaps him to reunite Sahiba and Angad.

Angad learns that Akeer is his son and tries to find him. On the other hand, Manbeer has fixed Angad's marriage with Amanpreet. Her mother Harneet is revealed to be Diljeet's biological mother. Out of fear of losing Akeer and Sahiba, Diljeet becomes hellbent on keeping Akeer away from Angad. Harneet, to rectify her mistake of abandoning her son, helps Diljeet financially. Diljeet runs off with Akeer and brainwashes him against Angad. Diljeet becomes more obsessed with Sahiba, so he proposes that he will free Akeer if she marries him.

Harneet tells Amanpreet that after Diljeet marries Sahiba, Angad will marry her. Sahiba agrees for the marriage, but plans with Angad to outsmart Diljeet and runaway with Akeer. However, Diljeet foils their plan. With no choice left, Sahiba reveals to Akeer that Diljeet is not his real father. Akeer gets upset and runs away. Diljeet points his gun at Sahiba, but he gets shot instead. Sahiba gets arrested and Angad vows to prove her innocence.

Angad and Sahiba are kidnapped by Amarinder, Amanpreet's father. It is revealed that Amanpreet is mentally unstable and was the one who murdered Diljeet. She reveals that she killed Diljeet out of jealousy because her mother hid the truth of Diljeet being her half-brother. Amanpreet then fixes time bomb to kill Angad and Sahiba, since Angad can't be hers. Sahiba confesses that even though she hated Angad for leaving her, she was unable to stop herself loving him. Angad promises to unite with Sahiba forever and frees himself and her. However, Amarinder shoots Angad, but Sahiba saves him and takes the bullet.

Sahiba dies and Angad and the Brars become devastated. Akeer is upset and refuses to accept Angad as his father.

===1 month later===
{{expand section|date=April 2024}}
{{More plot|date=April 2024}}
Sahiba's look-alike, Gurnoor Kaur appears. Angad is shocked to see Gurnoor and tries to ignore her, but Akeer's insistence on meeting her brings them face-to-face all the time. Gurnoor initially is unaware about her resemblance to Sahiba, but finds out later while working as Akeer's teacher. As they spend more time together, Angad struggles to reconcile his feelings for Sahiba with his growing attraction to Gurnoor. Meanwhile, Akeer becomes increasingly attached to Gurnoor, seeing her as a replacement for his mother. Eventually, Gurnoor is brought into the Brar house as Akeer's private teacher. Manbeer is wary of her while Keerat grows a close sisterly bond with her.

However, Gurnoor has a mysterious past that she is running away from. As she takes shelter in the Brar house, she has grown attached to Akeer and Angad. She falls in love with Angad, and even Angad is growing fond of her.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Vijayendra Kumeria]] as Angad Singh Brar: Inder and Manbeer's son; Simran's half-brother; Garry, Veer, Ekam, Prince and Kiara's cousin; Seerat and Amanpreet's ex-fiancé; Sahiba's widower; Gurnoor's second husband; Akeer's father (2023–2024)
*Himanshi Parashar as
**Sahiba Kaur Monga Brar: Ajeet and Santosh's second daughter; Seerat and Keerat's sister; Angad's late wife; Akeer's mother (2023–2024)
**Gurnoor Kaur Brar (formerly Mann): Zorawar's ex-wife; Angad's second wife; Akeer's step-mother (2024)
*Tushar Dhembla as Garry Baweja: Jasleen and Yashraj's son; Kiara's brother; Rumi's half-brother; Angad, Veer, Ekam, Prince and Simran's cousin; Seerat's ex-husband; Keerat's husband; Bani's father (2023–2024)
*Prachi Hada/Tripti Sharma as Keerat Kaur Monga Baweja: Ajeet and Santosh's youngest daughter; Seerat and Sahiba's sister; Veer's ex-fiancée; Garry's wife; Bani's mother (2023–2024)/(2024)
*Roopam Sharma as Seerat Kaur Monga: Ajeet and Santosh's eldest daughter; Sahiba and Keerat's elder sister; Garry's ex-wife; Angad's ex-fiancée and one-sided obsessive love interest (2023–2024)
*Jatin Arora as Veer Singh Brar: Jaspal and Gurleen's son; Ekam's brother; Garry, Simran, Angad, Prince and Kiara's cousin; Keerat's ex-fiancé (2023–2024)

===Recurring===
*[[Lubna Salim]] as Santosh Kaur Monga: Sudha's sister; Ajeet's wife; Seerat, Sahiba and Keerat's mother; Bani and Akeer's grandmother (2023–2024)
*Sagar Saini as Ajeet Singh Monga: Santosh's husband; Seerat, Sahiba and Keerat's father; Bani and Akeer's grandfather (2023–2024)
*[[Surendra Pal|Surendrapal Singh]] as Akaal Singh Brar: [[Patriarchy|Patriarch]] of the Brar family; Japjyot's husband; Jasleen, Inder, Prabhjyot and Jaspal's father; Angad, Garry, Kiara, Veer, Ekam, Simran and Prince's grandfather; Akeer and Bani's great-grandfather (2023–2024)
*[[Amardeep Jha]] as Japjyot Kaur Brar: [[Matriarchy|Matriarch]] of the Brar family; Akaal's widow; Jasleen, Inder, Prabhjyot, and Jaspal's mother; Angad, Simran, Garry, Kiara, Veer and Ekam and Prince's grandmother; Akeer and Bani's great-grandmother (2023-2024)
*[[Avinash Wadhawan]] as Inderpal "Inder" Singh Brar: Akaal and Japjyot's elder son; Jaspal, Prabhjyot and Jasleen's brother; Manbeer's husband; Gayatri's ex-lover; Angad and Simran's father; Akeer's grandfather (2023–2024)
*Anita Kulkarni as Manbeer Kaur Brar: Inder's widow; Angad's mother; Simran's step-mother; Akeer's grandmother (2023–2024)
*Prachi Thakur as Simran Kaur Brar: Inder and Gayatri's daughter; Manbeer's step-daughter; Angad's half-sister; Garry, Veer, Ekam, Prince and Kiara's cousin (2024)
**Puvika Gupta as Child Simran Kaur Brar (formerly Sachdeva) (2023–2024)
*Sharhaan Singh as Jaspal Singh Brar: Akaal and Japjyot's younger son; Inder, Prabhjyot and Jasleen's brother; Gurleen's husband; Veer and Ekam's father (2023–2024)
*Anshu Varshney as Gurleen Kaur Brar: Jaspal's wife; Veer and Ekam's mother (2023–2024)
*[[Vaishnavi Ganatra]] as Ekam Kaur Brar: Gurleen and Jaspal's daughter; Veer's sister; Angad, Garry, Prince, Kiara and Simran's cousin (2023)
*Gauri Tonk as Jasleen "Jassi" Kaur Brar (formerly Baweja): Akaal and Japjyot's elder daughter; Jaspal, Prabhjyot and Inder's sister; Yash ex-wife; Garry and Kiara's mother; Bani's grandmother (2023–2024)
*[[Rose Sardana]]/Vaibhavi Mahajan as Kiara Baweja: Jasleen and Yash's daughter; Garry's sister; Rumi's half-sister; Angad, Simran, Veer, Ekam and Prince's cousin (2023)
*Neetu Wadhwa as Prabhjyot Kaur Brar Sandhu: Akaal and Japjyot's younger daughter; Jasleen, Inder and Jaspal's sister; Hansraj's wife; Prince's mother (2023–2024)
*[[Sailessh Gulabani]] as Hansraj Singh Sandhu: Prabhjyot's husband; Rewa's brother; Prince's father (2023–2024)
*Naman Ratan as Akeer Singh Brar: Sahiba and Angad's son; Gurnoor's step-son; Diljeet's foster son; Bani's cousin (2024)
*Yami Khandelwal as Bani Baweja: Keerat and Garry's daughter; Akeer's cousin (2024)
*Yogendra Vikram Singh as Diljeet Singh Panesar: Harneet's illegitimate son; Amanpreet's half-brother; Amarinder's stepson; Beeji's adoptive son; Twinkle's adoptive brother; Akeer's foster father (2024)
*[[Manoj Chandila]] as Zorawar Maan: Gurnoor's ex-husband (2024)
*[[Hrishikesh Pandey]] as Yashraj "Yash" Baweja: Jasleen's ex–husband; Natasha's widower; Rumi, Garry and Kiara's father; Bani's grandfather (2023–2024)
*Ruhani Roy as Rewa Kaur Sandhu: Hansraj's sister; Prabhjyot's sister-in-law; Prince's aunt (2023)
*[[Harsh Rajput]] as Rumi Baweja (Mirza / Kartik): Natasha and Yash's son; Garry and Kiara's half-brother; Sahiba's stalker (2023)
*[[Neha Khan]] as Amanpreet "Amu" Gill: Harneet and Amarinder's daughter; Diljeet's half-sister; Angad's ex-fiancée (2024)
*Kamla Dadialla as Harneet Gill: Amarinder's wife; Diljeet and Amanpreet's mother (2024)
*Digvijay Purohit as Dr. Amarinder Gill: Harneet's husband; Amanpreet's father; Diljeet's stepfather (2024)
*[[Disha Pandey]] as Twinkle Panesar: Beeji's daughter; Diljeet's adoptive sister (2024)
*Sonika Gill as Mrs. Panesar "Beeji": Twinkle's mother; Diljeet's adoptive mother (2024)
*[[Shivya Pathania]] as Shanaya: Garry's ex–fiancée (2023)
*[[Rishina Kandhari]] as Senior Inspector Megha Kashyap (2023–2024)
*Priyamvada Sahay as Hostel Warden (2023)
*Unknown as Gayatri Sachdeva: Inder's ex-lover; Simran's mother (2023)
*Unknown as Natasha Baweja: Yash's second wife; Rumi's mother; Garry and Kiara's step-mother; Bani's step-grandmother (2023)

===Guests===
*[[Amandeep Sidhu]] as Chandni from ''[[Chashni (TV series)|Chashni]]'' (2023)
*Srishti Singh as Roshni from ''[[Chashni (TV series)|Chashni]]'' (2023)
*[[Shiny Doshi]] as Dhara Pandya from ''[[Pandya Store]]'' (2023)
*[[Megha Chakraborty]] as Imlie Rana from ''[[Imlie]]'' (2023)
*[[Ayesha Singh]] as Sai Joshi from ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' (2023)
*[[Neil Bhatt]] as Virat Chavan from ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' (2023)
*Sayli Salunkhe as Vandana Karmarkar from ''[[Baatein Kuch Ankahee Si]]'' (2023)
*[[Hiba Nawab]] as Jhanak Raina from ''[[Jhanak]]'' (2023)

==Production==
===Casting===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = The lead cast of ''Teri Meri Doriyaann''.
| width1 = 160
| image1 = Vijayendra Kumeria and Prachi Hada-grace-Star-Parivaar-Awards-2023-008-2.jpg
| width2 = 160
| image2 = Himanshi Parashar-Celebs-grace-Star-Parivaar-Awards-2023-33-1.jpg
| width3 = 160
| image3 = Roopam Sharma and Tushar Dhembla-grace-Star-Parivaar-Awards-2023-2.jpg
}}

[[Vijayendra Kumeria]] and Himanshi Parashar were cast as the leads, Angad and Sahiba. Roopam Sharma, Tushar Dhembla, Jatin Arora and Prachi Hada were cast as the other leads - Seerat, Garry, Veer and Keerat respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teri Meri Doriyaann: Vijayendra Kumeria hints at major upcoming drama in Sahiba-Angad's life |date=2 September 2023 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/teri-meri-doriyaann-vijayendra-kumeria-hints-at-major-upcoming-drama-in-sahiba-angads-life-1240496?amp |language=en |access-date=2023-09-02 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914084050/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/teri-meri-doriyaann-vijayendra-kumeria-hints-at-major-upcoming-drama-in-sahiba-angads-life-1240496?amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Sahiba aka Himanshi Parashar speaks on her wedding sequence in Teri Meri Doriyaann |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 February 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/this-feels-like-a-dream-wedding-sahiba-aka-himanshi-parashar-on-her-wedding-sequence-in-teri-meri-doriyaann/articleshow/97881907.cms |language=en |access-date=2023-02-13 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829084050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/this-feels-like-a-dream-wedding-sahiba-aka-himanshi-parashar-on-her-wedding-sequence-in-teri-meri-doriyaann/amp_articleshow/97881907.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prachi Hada quit the show in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Teri Meri Doriyaann: Prachi Hada to Jatin Arora these character dont have dialogue in serial |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/photos/entertainment/teri-meri-doriyaann-prachi-hada-to-jatin-arora-these-character-dont-have-dialogue-in-serial-stand-in-corner-photo-gallery-108196706 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref> She stated, "In the scenes, I was either standing with the family or having a one-line dialogue. Considering my potential, I can't stand in one corner as a crowd and add no value to the show or my craft as an actress. The decision was long due. I have been contemplating it for two months."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Teri Meri Doriyaann's Prachi Hada QUITS show due to creative differences |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-teri-meri-doriyaanns-prachi-hada-quits-show-cant-stand-in-corner-as-crowd-1282504 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> In the same month, Jatin Arora too quit the show citing health issues, but later returned to the show in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=Jatin Arora AKA Veer Quits Teri Meri Doriyaann: 'One Should Know When To Move On' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/jatin-arora-aka-veer-quits-teri-meri-doriyaann-one-should-know-when-to-move-on-article-108027309 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, Yogendra Vikram Singh was cast as Diljeet Singh Panesar opposite Parashar.<ref name="Yogendra">{{Cite news |title=Yogendra Vikram Singh to play the other man in Sahiba's life in Teri Meri Doriyaann |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yogendra-vikram-singh-to-play-the-other-man-in-sahibas-life-in-teri-meri-doriyaann/articleshow/108367466.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the same month, Tripti Sharma was cast as Keerat, replacing Hada.<ref name="Tripti">{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Tripti Sharma replaces Prachi Hada to play the new Keerat in Teri Meri Doriyaann |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-tripti-sharma-replaces-prachi-hada-to-play-the-new-keerat-in-teri-meri-doriyaann/articleshow/108681425.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In June 2024, Parashar's character Sahiba died and a new character Gurnoor was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teri Meri Doriyaann: Himanshi Parashar bids adieu to Sahiba as she introduces new character Gurnoor; 'When i got to know...' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/teri-meri-doriyaann-himanshi-parashar-bids-adieu-to-sahiba-as-she-introduces-new-character-gurnoor-when-i-got-to-know-1314836%3famp |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
The wedding track of Angad-Sahiba featured various [[StarPlus]] characters gracing different wedding ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-02-10 |title=Teri Meri Doriyaann couple Angad and Sahiba get inspired by Sidharth Malhotra and Kiara Advani wedding |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/teri-meri-doriyaann-couple-angad-sahiba-get-inspired-sidharth-malhotra-kiara-advani-wedding/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309224558/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/teri-meri-doriyaann-couple-angad-sahiba-get-inspired-sidharth-malhotra-kiara-advani-wedding/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Megha Chakraborty]] from ''[[Imlie]]'' graced the [[Mehndi ceremony]]{{cn|date=October 2024}} followed by Amandeep Sidhu, Srishti Singh from ''[[Chashni (TV series)|Chashni]]'' and Ayesha Singh and [[Neil Bhatt]] from ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein]]'' gracing the sangeet ceremony.{{cn|date=October 2024}} [[Shiny Doshi]] from ''[[Pandya Store]]'' graced the [[Haldi (ceremony)|Haldi]] ceremony celebrations.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

On 10 March 2023 around 4:30pm, a massive fire broke out on the neighboring set of ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'', leaving the set into ashes and it was reported that the fire even reached the ''Teri Meri Doriyaann'' set and another neighboring set of ''[[Ajooni]]'' too.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GHKKPM: मशहूर सीरियल 'गुम है किसी के प्यार में' के सेट पर भीषण आग, मुंबई फिल्म सिटी में बड़ा हादसा|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-major-fire-broke-out-on-the-set-ayesha-singh-neil-bhatt-serial-mumbai-film-city-2023-03-10|access-date=2023-03-10|website=Amar Ujala|language=hindi|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312120337/https://www.amarujala.com/amp/entertainment/television/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-major-fire-broke-out-on-the-set-ayesha-singh-neil-bhatt-serial-mumbai-film-city-2023-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released starring ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' leads [[Neil Bhatt]], Ayesha Singh and [[Aishwarya Sharma]] introducing the cast of the show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सई-पाखी और विराट लेकर आ रहे नया TV शो Teri Meri Dooriyan! जानें कैसी है कहानी |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/star-plus-launchin-new-tv-serial-teri-meri-dooriyan-and-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-sai-virat-promotions-show-article-95683042 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Times Now Navbharat |date=22 November 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309224556/https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/star-plus-launchin-new-tv-serial-teri-meri-dooriyan-and-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-sai-virat-promotions-show-article-95683042 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-11-21 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin cast come together to introduce the new show of Star Plus, Teri Meri Doriyaann : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-cast-come-together-introduce-new-show-star-plus-teri-meri-doriyaann/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309224558/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-cast-come-together-introduce-new-show-star-plus-teri-meri-doriyaann/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A second promo featuring ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin''{{'}}s Ayesha Singh and ''[[Pandya Store]]''{{'}}s [[Kanwar Dhillon]] promoting the show was released, where Kanwar cheered for Sahiba-Angad, while Ayesha for Veer-Sahiba.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

It was followed by another promo of [[Neil Bhatt]] of ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin'' and Simran Budharup of ''Pandya Store'', promoting the new show. Neil cheered for Angad-Seerat and Simran cheered for Seerat-Garry.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Another promo featuring [[Pranali Rathod]] from ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' cheering for Angad-Sahiba and [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] from ''[[Anupamaa]]'' cheering for Angad-Seerat was released days before the premiere.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Roopam Sharma thankful as Sudhanshu Pandey roots for her character in 'Teri Meri Doriyaann' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/roopam-sharma-thankful-as-sudhanshu-pandey-roots-for-her-character-in-teri-meri-doriyaann/articleshow/96736826.cms |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309224556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/roopam-sharma-thankful-as-sudhanshu-pandey-roots-for-her-character-in-teri-meri-doriyaann/articleshow/96736826.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Broadcast===
''Teri Meri Doriyaann'' telecasted special episodes from 22 January 2024 to 26 January 2024 wherein two episodes were released per day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-24 |title=Himanshi Parashar aka Sahiba from Teri Meri Doriyaann on airing two episodes in a day: says 'It would double the hard work, but it will be worth it' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/teri-meri-doriyaann-himanshi-parashar-on-airing-two-episodes-in-a-day/articleshow/107122605.cms |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-01-20 |title=Teri Meri Doriyaann to air two episodes in a day from January 22 to January 26 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/teri-meri-doriyaann-air-two-episodes-day-january-22-january-26/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=en}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
''Teri Meri Doriyaann'' is an official adaptation of the [[Star Jalsha]]'s Bengali series ''[[Gaatchora]]'', that premiered on 20 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title= From Sreemoyee as Anupamaa to Gaatchora as Teri Meri Doriyaann: Recent Bengali shows remade in Hindi |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 August 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/from-sreemoyee-as-anupamaa-to-gaatchora-as-teri-meri-doriyaann-recent-bengali-shows-remade-in-hindi/etphotostory/102503094.cms |language=en |access-date=2023-09-23 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424051917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/from-sreemoyee-as-anupamaa-to-gaatchora-as-teri-meri-doriyaann-recent-bengali-shows-remade-in-hindi/etphotostory/102503094.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|23rd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| [[Lubna Salim]]
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=23rd Indian Television Academy Awards Nomination and Voting List |work=Indian Television Academy Awards |access-date=10 August 2023 |url=https://ita2023.indiantelevisionacademy.com/}}</ref>
|-
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
| Gauri Tonk
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://m.imdb.com/title/tt25503742/ ''Teri Meri Doriyaann''] on [[IMDb]]
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/teri-meri-doriyaann/1260127842 ''Teri Meri Doriyaann''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075156/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/teri-meri-doriyaann/1260127842 |date=30 June 2023 }} on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli

2026-03-17T19:04:33Z

IrmaBracy4216: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli
| image =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010{{endash}}present
| other_names = LPC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/like-to-be-known-as-actor-than-heroine-lakshmi-priyaa/383198-71-180.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140618124627/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/like-to-be-known-as-actor-than-heroine-lakshmi-priyaa/383198-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2014 |title=Like to be known as actor, than heroine: Lakshmi Priyaa |publisher=CNN-IBN |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli''' is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{cite web |title=68th National Film Awards: Editor Sreekar Prasad wins it for the ninth time |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/22/68th-national-film-awards-editor-sreekar-prasad-wins-it-for-the-ninth-time-32960.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=22 July 2022 }}</ref> She gained recognition by playing the titular role in ''[[Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum]]'' (2018) for which she won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]].

==Early life==
Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli was born into [[Tamils|Tamil]] family.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131028/entertainment-kollywood/article/all-world%E2%80%99s-stage-lakshmi-priyaa |title=All the world's a stage for Lakshmi Priyaa |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 October 2013 |accessdate=18 June 2014 |archive-date=16 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316194142/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131028/entertainment-kollywood/article/all-world%E2%80%99s-stage-lakshmi-priyaa |url-status=dead }}</ref> After completing her [[Master's degree|master's]] in social work, specialising in [[human resources]], from the [[Madras School of Social Work]], she worked for a corporate company as an [[human resource management|HR professional]].<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/> As she wanted to pursue "something more creative",<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/> she started to work with the theatre group Evam, on their managerial side. Although she never got to act in their plays because of a tight work schedule,<ref name = "thehindu1"/> she called it "a great platform where I could easily learn how things transformed from paper to performance".<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

She joined gymnastics before she was 10 years old and started playing [[cricket]], becoming a part of India's B national cricket team, under which she also played a series against the West Indies. She also pursues [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate Frisbee]]. A member of Chennai Ultimate Frisbee, she has regularly participated at Ultimate Frisbee competitions and has played on The India Masters team representing our nation in the Asia Oceanic tournament held in Philippines.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

==Career==
While selling tickets for one of Evam's plays, director Magizh Thirumeni approached and asked her to play a supporting role in his film ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]''. She took leave from work and shot for ten days for the film.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web |author=Deepa Venkatraman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bold-and-beautiful/article4564323.ece |title=Bold and Beautiful |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2013 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> After working with director [[K. Balachander]] on one of his teleserials, and starting to audition for a role in the TV show, ''[[Dharmayudham]]'', she decided to pursue acting full-time. She quit her job and attended several auditions for different roles in the show, eventually landing the role of Sharada.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/> Her first film in a lead role was the black comedy ''[[Sutta Kadhai]]''. She played a bold tribal girl called Silanthi in the film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130915/entertainment-kollywood/article/small-film-big-heart |title=A small film with big heart |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 September 2013 |accessdate=18 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135115/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130915/entertainment-kollywood/article/small-film-big-heart |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which required her to perform stunts as well,<ref name="thehindu1"/> and reviews on her performance were positive.<ref name="behindwoods1">{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/lakshmi-priya-chandramouli-talks-about-life-after-sutta-kadhai.html |title=Lakshmi Priya Chandramouli talks about life after Sutta Kadhai |website=Behindwoods |date=6 November 2013 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Her sole 2014 release was ''[[Angels (2014 film)|Angels]]'', which marked her Malayalam debut. Her next Tamil release was ''[[Kallappadam]]'' by debutant director Vadivel.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nikhil Raghavan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shotcuts-bashas-debut/article5648884.ece |title=Shotcuts: Basha's debut |work=The Hindu |date=3 February 2014 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Mysskin-pens-song-sings-it-himself-for-Kallapadam/articleshow/30520785.cms |title=Mysskin pens song, sings it himself for Kallapadam |work=The Times of India |date=17 February 2014 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> About her role, she said that it was a "well defined and powerful character" and "emotionally very strong".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/kallappadam-heroine-lakshmi-priyaa-showcases-full-commitment-to-her-character.html |title=Kallappadam heroine Lakshmi Priyaa showcases full commitment to her character |website=Behindwoods |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Her portrayal of a retired actress, which [[Baradwaj Rangan]] described as the "most fascinating, refreshing character" in the film,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/kallappadam-a-meta-movie-with-good-ideas-that-needed-better-filmmaking/article7016070.ece |title=Kallappadam: A meta movie with good ideas that needed better filmmaking |first=Baradwaj |last=Rangan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> was lauded by critics, with Sify stating that "Lakshmi Priya shines in the role".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kallappadam-review-tamil-pdulGXdejgcbe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320132923/http://www.sify.com/movies/kallappadam-review-tamil-pdulGXdejgcbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2015 |title=Kallappadam |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She has also played notable roles in films like ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/off-the-beaten-track/article7043592.ece |title=Off the beaten track |first=Vishal |last=Menon |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 March 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Kalam (film)|Kalam]]'' and ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/happy-being-an-actor-than-a-heroine-lakshmi-priyaa/article1-1243707.aspx |title=Happy being an actor than a heroine: Lakshmi Priyaa |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=2 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003135140/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/happy-being-an-actor-than-a-heroine-lakshmi-priyaa/article1-1243707.aspx |archivedate=3 October 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of acting performances in film
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]'' || Prashanthi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]'' || Saravanan/Jagapathi's wife || Tamil/[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Sutta Kadhai]]'' || Silanthi || Tamil ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Angels (2014 film)|Angels]]'' || Zaina || [[Malayalam]]||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2015 || ''[[Kallappadam]]'' || Leena || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' || Nila ||
|-
| ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' || Swathi ||
|-
| ''[[Salt Mango Tree]]'' || Priya || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2016 || ''Kalaivu'' || Swathi || Tamil || Short film
|-
| ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka|Malupu]]'' || Nila || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kalam (film)|Kalam]]'' || Dheeksha || rowspan="9" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ayynoorum Ayynthum]]'' || Anu||
|-
| ''[[Revelations (2016 film)|Revelations]]'' || Subha ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 || ''[[Ticket (2017 film)|Ticket]]'' || Shalini ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi (2017 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Lakshmi || Short film
|-
| ''[[Richie (film)|Richie]]'' || Philomena ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Odu Raja Odu]]'' || Meera ||
|-
| ''[[Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum]]''|| Sivaranjini ||[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]

Special Jury Award at [[Chennai International Film Festival]]

|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' ||Padmini || [[South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Award]] for Best Supporting Actress
|-
|''[[Cold Case (film)|Cold Case]]''||Advocate Haritha ||Malayalam||
|-
|2022 ||''[[Payanigal Gavanikkavum]]''||Tamizh || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||
|-
|2023 || ''[[Soppana Sundari]]'' || Thenmozhi || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Aishwarya Rajesh's 'Soppana Sundari' to release on April 14 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajeshs-soppana-sundari-to-release-on-april-14/articleshow/98628949.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025 ||''[[Thanal (2025 film)|Thanal]]''|| Robber's wife ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Oh Butterfly]]'' || Ranjani || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/oh-butterfly-movie-review-nivedhithaa-sathish-starrer-is-a-messy-but-watchable-triangular-hate-story|title='Oh Butterfly' Movie Review: A Messy But Watchable Triangular Hate Story|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>
|}

===Television===

{| Class ="wikitable sortable"
!Year !!Title !!Role !! Network
|-
| 2011-2012 || ''[[Shanthi Nilayam (TV series)|Shanthi Nilayam]]'' || Ezhil || [[Jaya TV]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Dharmayutham]]'' || Sharada || [[STAR Vijay]]
|-
|2021 ||''[[Survivor Tamil (season 1)|Survivor Tamil]]'' || Participant || [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of acting performances in short film
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[What If Batman Was From Chennai?]]'' || rowspan="2"|[[Catwoman]] / Mythili || rowspan="2"|English Tamil ||
|-
| ''Batman Returns... To Chennai <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Middle Ages'' ||
|-
|-
| 2021{{Endash}}2025||'' Kalaivu'' '' Kalaivu The Reprise ''|| || Tamil ||
|}

==Awards==
*[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 2020 for ''[[Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum]]''
*[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award 2022]] for Best Supporting Actress—Tamil for ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
*JFW Movie Awards 2022, Best Actress Jury for ''[[Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum]]''
*Special Jury award for ''[[Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum]]'' at the Chennai International Film Festival 2022

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6019263}}

{{National Film Award Best Supporting Actress}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandramouli, Lakshmi Priyaa}}
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

History of Punjab

2026-03-15T18:19:36Z

IrmaBracy4216: improved article

{{Short description|none}}
{{Original research|date=July 2025}}
{{History of Punjab}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{Punjabis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2022}}
The '''History of Punjab''' is the history of the [[Punjab]] region which is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in the [[Northwestern South Asia|northwest]] of [[South Asia]], comprising the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] in [[Pakistan]] and the [[Punjab, India|Punjab state]] in India.<ref name=EoS>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html |title=The Punjab |author=H K Manmohan Siṅgh|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh |publisher=[[Punjabi University]], Patiala|access-date=18 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062705/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> It is believed that the earliest evidence of human habitation in Punjab traces to the [[Soan valley]] of the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]], between the [[Indus]] and the [[Jhelum river]]s, where [[Soanian|Soanian culture]] developed between 774,000 BC and 11,700 BC. This period goes back to the first interglacial period in the [[Cryogenian|second Ice Age]], from which remnants of stone and flint tools have been found.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=1}}

The Punjab region was the site of one of the earliest [[cradle of civilization]]s, the [[Bronze Age]] [[Harrapan civilization]] that flourished from about 3000 B.C. and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the [[Indo-Aryan migrations]] that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 B.C.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |pages=257–259 |language=en |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182901/https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257 |url-status=live }}</ref> The migrating Indo-Aryan tribes gave rise to the [[Iron Age]] [[Vedic civilization]], which lasted till 500 BC. During this era, the [[Rigveda]] was composed in [[Punjab]],{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=37}} laying the foundation of [[Hinduism]]. In the 6th century BC, [[Pushkarasarin]], the monarch of [[Gandhara]], assumed a role in halting the expansionary ambitions of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] until during the reign of [[Darius the Great|Darius]] wherein tribute rendered by Gandhara to him is first documented.<ref name="Prakash2">{{cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Buddha |date=1951 |title=Poros |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784590 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=198–233 |doi= |jstor=41784590 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> A century later, the [[Janapada]]s of Punjab encountered the expansive undertakings of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]. The Janapadas exhibited resistance to his advances, notably the [[Aśvaka]] of Gandhara, the [[Mallian people|Mallians of South Punjab]], and [[Porus]] of Central Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 alexander and his successors in central asia |url=https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_alexander%20and%20his%20successors%20in%20central%20asia.pdf |page= |quote=}}</ref> Following the demise of Alexander, [[Chandragupta Maurya]], who had received his education in the city of [[Taxila]]{{dubious|date=July 2025}}, garnered support from republics such as [[Trigarta Kingdom|Trigarta]] and [[Gandhara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajkamal Publications Limited |first=New Delhi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189620 |title=Chandragupta Maurya And His Times |date=1943 |page=16 |quote=Chanakya, who is described as a resident of the city of Taxila, returned to his native city with the boy and had him educated for a period of 7 or 8 years at that famous seat of learning where all the ' sciences and arts ' of the times were taught, as we know from the Jatakas.}}</ref> He subsequently conquered the [[Nanda Empire]], with Taxila being designated as the provincial capital of the Northwestern territories. After its decline, the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greeks]], [[Indo-Saka]]s and [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-Parthians]] successively established reigns in Punjab however other states maintained autonomy and other janapadas such as that of the [[Yaudheya]] and the [[Audumbaras]] in Eastern Punjab resisted their expansions.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Tarn |first=William Woodthorpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA324 |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-00941-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ohri |first=Vishwa Chander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qws1AAAAIAAJ&q=dharagosha+audumbaras |title=Himachal Art & Archaeology: Some Aspects |date=1980 |publisher=State Museum, Department of Languages & Culture, Himachal Pradesh |language=en}}</ref> In the late 1st century AD the [[Kushan Empire]] annexed Punjab, [[Gandhara]]s cultural zenith occurred during this period in which artwork from the region flourished.

The devastating [[Alchon Huns#Persecution of Buddhism|Hunnic invasions]] of Punjab occurred in the 5th and 6th century, which were ultimately repelled by the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty|Vardhana dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gokhale |first=Balkrishna Govind |author-link=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_UHAQAAIAAJ&q=adityavardana+defeated+huns |title=Ancient India, History and Culture |date=1952 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Somānī |first=Rāmavallabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbTqAAAAMAAJ&q=adityavardhan+defeated+huns |title=Temples of Rajasthan |date=1996 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-85263-87-8 |language=en}}</ref> Most of the western Punjab region became unified under the [[Taank Kingdom|Taank]] and [[Hindu Shahis|Odi Shahi Kingdoms]] in the early medieval period. Between the 8th and 12th century, the [[Tomara dynasty]] and [[Katoch Dynasty|Katoch dynasty]] controlled the eastern portions of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hutchison |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&q=diwan+i+salman+jalandhar |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |last2=Vogel |first2=Jean Philippe |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0942-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Islam]] became established in Punjab when the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] conquered southern portions of the region up to Multan, which became independent from the caliphate under the [[Emirate of Multan]] in 855. The [[Ghaznavids]] conquered region in 1025, after whom the [[Delhi Sultanate]] followed. The [[Langah Sultanate]] ruled much of the south [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in the 15th century.

The [[Mughal Empire]], established in 1526 AD, has left an immense cultural and architectural legacy in Punjab. The city of [[Lahore]] became one of the largest in the world under Mughals. In the 16th century, [[Sikhism]] was founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in central Punjab which attracted many followers. After a long period of anarchy due to decline of Mughals in the 18th century, the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1799 unified most of the Punjab region. The region was conquered by the British EIC in 1849 after [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] was created in 1857. In 1947, [[Partition of India|Punjab was partitioned]] amidst wide-scale violence.

==Etymology==
Though the name Punjab is of [[Persian language|Persian]] origin, its two parts ({{Langx|fa|پنج|translit=panj|label=none|lit=five}} and {{Langx|fa|آب|translit=āb|label=none|lit=water}}) are cognates of the Sanskrit words, {{Langx|sa|पञ्‍च|lit=five|translit=pañca|label=none}} and {{Langx|sa|अप्|lit=water|translit=áp|label=none}}, of the same meaning.<ref name="EoS" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-83064-41-0 |location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, [[Illinois]] |page=1 ("Introduction")}}</ref> The word ''Pañjāb'' thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Sutlej]], and [[Beas River|Beas]].<ref>"Punjab." Pp. 107 in [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (9th ed.)]], vol. 20.</ref> All are [[Tributary|tributaries]] of the [[Indus River]], the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which calls one of the regions in [[Aryavarta]] ''Panchanada'' ({{Langx|sa|पञ्चनद|lit=five rivers|translit=pañca-nada}}).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |editor=Kenneth Pletcher |pages=199 |quote=The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata. |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182901/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Rajesh Bala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzduAAAAMAAJ |title=Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18–20, 2005: Proceedings |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7380-990-3 |editor=Sukhdial Singh |page=80 |chapter=Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab |quote="The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for 'Five rivers' the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus." |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182926/https://books.google.com/books?id=PzduAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ancient [[Greek people|Greeks]] referred to the region as ''Pentapotamía'' ({{langx|el|Πενταποταμία}}),<ref>[[Christian Lassen|Lassen, Christian]]. 1827. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XbBCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3 Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182901/https://books.google.ca/books?id=XbBCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3&redir_esc=y |date=18 November 2022 }}'' [''A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia'']. Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name <nowiki>''</nowiki>Penjab<nowiki>''</nowiki> is named ''Panchanada'' in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge, used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g., ''Doab'' and ''Nilab''. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the ''Ramayana'' and ''Mahabharata'', the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for ''Panchála'', which English translations of the ''Ramayana'' render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."{{whose translation|reason=has several mistakes – looks like Google translation|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1-last=Latif |author1-first=Syad Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 |title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time |publisher=[[Calcultta Central Press Company]] |year=1891 |page=1 |quote=The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, ''panj'' (five), an ''áb'' (water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features." |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182902/https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 |url-status=live }}</ref> which has the same meaning as the Persian word.<ref name="Khalid2">{{cite journal |year=2015 |title=Lahore of Pre Historic Era |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/7.%20Kanwal%20Khalid_v52_2_15.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |volume=52 |issue=2 |page=73 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811210654/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/7.%20Kanwal%20Khalid_v52_2_15.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |quote=The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period the word ''Pentapotamia'' was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (''Penta'' means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab " for this region. Again it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet. |author1-last=Khalid |author1-first=Kanwal}}</ref>

==Geographical extent==
[[File:Punjab map (topographic) with cities.png|thumb|right|The region of Punjab ({{literally}} [Land of] the Five Rivers)]]
Today Punjab region is usually considered to consist of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] in Pakistan and [[Punjab, India|Punjab state]] in India. The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts and thus the geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century, [[Mughal Empire]] referred it to a relatively smaller area between the [[Indus River|Indus]] and the [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]] rivers.<ref name="JS_Grewal_1998">{{cite book |first=J. S. |last=Grewal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |edition=Revised |series=The New Cambridge History of India |page=1 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182902/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[British Raj]], the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] was a large administrative region encompassing the present-day Indian [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Chandigarh]], and [[Delhi]] and the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistani regions]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. It bordered [[Balochistan]] and [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]] to the west, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to the north, the [[Hindi Belt]] to the east, and [[Rajasthan]] and [[Sindh]] to the south.<ref name="Chisholm 1911, p. 653">{{cite EB1911|Volume 22|wstitle=Punjab|page=653}}</ref>

==Prehistory==
===Paleolithic===
{{main|Soanian}}
[[Homo erectus]] lived on the [[Pothohar Plateau]], in upper Punjab, Pakistan along the [[Soan River]] (nearby modern-day [[Rawalpindi]]) during the [[Pleistocene Epoch]]. Soanian sites are found in the [[Sivalik Hills|Sivalik region]] across what are now India, Pakistan and Nepal.<ref>Parth R. Chauhan. [http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html |date=2012-01-04 }}. ''An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective''.</ref> The Soanian culture was a prehistoric technological culture from the [[Sivalik Hills|Siwalik Hills]].<ref name="SchugWalimbe2016">{{cite book|author1=Gwen Robbins Schug|author2=Subhash R. Walimbe|title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|date=13 April 2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-05547-1|pages=39–|access-date=10 November 2022|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182902/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|url-status=live}} Quote: "Soanian and Soanian‐like assemblages are known throughout the entire Siwalik or Sub‐ Himalayan region, from Pakistan to northeast India including Nepal..."</ref><ref name="sites.google.com">{{cite journal |last1=Lycett |first1=Stephen J. |title=Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2007 |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1434–1440 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001 |bibcode=2007JArSc..34.1434L |url=http://sites.google.com/site/sjlycett/Lycett_2007_Soan.pdf |access-date=10 November 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007112602/http://sites.google.com/site/sjlycett/Lycett_2007_Soan.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is named after the [[Soon Valley|Soan Valley]] in Punjab, Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1312059|title=Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land|date=2 February 2017 |access-date=10 November 2022|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204149/https://www.dawn.com/news/1312059|url-status=live}}</ref> The Soanian culture has been approximated to have taken place during the [[Chibanian|Middle Pleistocene]] period or the [[Holocene climatic optimum|mid-Holocene]] epoch ([[Northgrippian]]). Soanian artifacts were manufactured on quartzite [[pebble]]s, [[Cobble (geology)|cobbles]], and occasionally on [[boulder]]s, all derived from various [[Fluvial processes|fluvial sources]] on the [[Sivalik Hills|Siwalik]] landscape. Soanian assemblages generally comprise varieties of [[Chopper (archaeology)|choppers]], discoids, [[Scraper (archaeology)|scrapers]], [[Core (archaeology)|cores]], and numerous flake type tools, all occurring in varying typo-technological frequencies at different sites.<ref>Paterson, T.T., Drummond, H.J.H., 1962. Soan the Palaeolithic of Pakistan.Department of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan Karachi.</ref>

===Neolithic===
Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BCE in the Pothohar Plateau in north of Punjab that indicate the region was home to [[Neolithic]] peoples who settled on the banks of the [[Swaan River]],<ref name="Pakistan net"/> and who later developed small communities in the region around 3000 BCE.<ref name="Pakistan net">{{cite web|title=Islamabad history |publisher=Pakistan.net |url=http://www.pakistan.net/cities/islamabad/islamabad.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630100106/http://www.pakistan.net/cities/islamabad/islamabad.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2008 }}</ref>

==Bronze Age (3300 BC – 1300 BC)==
{{Main|Indus Valley Civilisation|Cemetery H culture}}

[[File:Ceremonial Vessel LACMA AC1997.93.1.jpg|thumb|175px|left|Ceremonial vessel; 2600 – 2450 BC; discovered from [[Harappa]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]].]]

The [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] is also known as the ''Harappan civilisation'', after its [[type site]] [[Harappa]], the first to be excavated early in the 20th century in Punjab.{{Sfn|Habib|2015|p=13}}{{refn|Habib: "Harappa, in Sahiwal district of west Punjab, Pakistan, had long been known to archaeologists as an extensive site on the Ravi river, but its true significance as a major city of an early great civilization remained unrecognized until the discovery of Mohenjo-daro near the banks of the Indus, in the Larkana district of Sindh, by Rakhaldas Banerji in 1922. Sir John Marshall, then Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, used the term 'Indus civilization' for the culture discovered at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, a term doubly apt because of the geographical context implied in the name 'Indus' and the presence of cities implied in the word 'civilization'. Others, notably the Archaeological Survey of India after Independence, have preferred to call it `Harappan', or 'Mature Harappan', taking Harappa to be its type-site."{{Sfn|Habib|2015|p=13}}|group=lower-alpha}} The discovery of Harappa and soon afterwards Mohenjo-daro was the culmination of work that had begun after the founding of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in the [[British Raj]] in 1861.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=2}}

The civilisation flourished both in the [[alluvial plain]] of the [[Indus River]], which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial [[monsoon]]-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar-Hakra]], a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=1}}{{Sfn|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2012}}The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their [[urban planning]], [[baked brick]] houses, elaborate [[drainage]] systems, [[water supply]] systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and [[metallurgy]].{{efn|These covered [[carnelian]] products, seal carving, work in [[copper]], [[bronze]], lead, and tin.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=115–125}}}} [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]] very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals,<ref>{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=29}} "Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization the subcontinent may have contained 4–6 million people."</ref> and the civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence.{{Sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=387|ps=: "The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying capacity."}} A gradual [[Aridification|drying]] of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.

==Iron Age (c. 1300 BC – 518 BC)==
{{main|Vedic period}}

=== Vedic Era ===
In ancient times the region was known as [[Vahika]] as is attested by authors such as [[Pāṇini]] and [[Patanjali]] in the 6th century CE, in which they describe the region as a territory of [[Sangha]]s which denotes a republic form of government. [[Pāṇini]] further describes the ruling class of the Vahika republics with some dominated by [[Brahmin]]s and others of ‘Rajanyas’ otherwise known as [[Kshatriya]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawala |first=V. S. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4695 |title=India as known to Panini |date=1953 |page=77 |quote=Panini specially mentions the Vahika sanghas, some dominated by Brahmanas as ruling caste, others by Rajanyas, and called Rajanyaka}}</ref> The Udichya region was another region mentioned in ancient texts and is noted by [[Pāṇini]] as comprising both the regions of Vahika and [[Gandhara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawala |first=V. S. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4695 |title=India as known to Panini |date=1953 |pages=38 |quote=Udichya and Prachya are the two broad divisions of the country mentioned by Panini, and these terms occur in connection with the linguistic forms known to the eastern and northern grammarians. The Udichya country included Gandhara and Vahika, the latter comprising Madra and Usinara.}}</ref> According to [[Rigveda|Rigvedic tradition]], [[Yayati]] was the progenitor of the prominent Udichya tribes and had numerous sons, including Anu, Puru, and Druhyu. The lineage of Anu gave rise to the [[Madra]], [[Kekaya]], [[Sivi Kingdom|Sivi]] and [[Uśīnara]] kingdoms of central Punjab, while the Druhyu tribe has been associated with the [[Gandhara]] kingdom based in modern day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]] and the [[Pothohar Plateau]] of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIMlttRq_P4C&dq=Druhyu+Anu+Puru&pg=PA230 |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1889 |publisher=University Press |page=212 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|upright=1.15|Map of Indian subcontinent in 500 BCE. Kingdoms of [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhara]], [[Kekaya]], [[Madra]], [[Trigarta]] and [[Shivi|Sivi]] can be seen in Punjab in northwest.]]
Some of the early Janas of the ''Rig Veda'' can be strongly attributed to Punjab. ''Rig Vedic'' Janas such as the [[Turvasu Druhyu and Anu Dynasties|Druhyus]], [[Turvasu Druhyu and Anu Dynasties|Anus]], [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Purus]], [[Yadu dynasty|Yadus]], [[Turvasu Druhyu and Anu Dynasties|Turvasas]], [[Bharatas]], and others were associated in Punjab and the Indo-Gangetic plain. Other ''Rig Vedic'' Janapadas such as the [[Pakhtas]], Bhalanasas, Visanins, and Sivas were associated with areas in the north and west of Punjab.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|2003|p=55}}

==== Battle of the Ten Kings ====
An important event of the ''Rig Vedic'' era was the "[[Battle of Ten Kings]]" which was fought on the banks of the river Parusni ([[Ravi river]]) in central Punjab, in c. 14th century BCE, between the Bharata clan on the one hand and a confederation of ten tribes on the other. The ten tribes pitted against Sudas comprised five major tribes: the Purus, the Druhyus, the Anus, the Turvasas and the Yadus; in addition to five minor ones: the Pakthas, the Alinas, the Bhalanas, the Visanins and the Sivas. Sudas was supported by the Vedic [[Rishi]] [[Vasishtha]], while his former Purohita, the Rishi [[Viswamitra]], sided with the confederation of ten tribes.{{sfn | Frawley | 2000 | p=118}} Sudas had earlier defeated Samvaran and ousted him from Hastinapur. It was only after the death of Sudas that Samvaran could return to his kingdom.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=4}} A second battle, referred to as the Mahabharat in ancient texts, was fought in Punjab on a battlefield known as [[Kurukshetra]]. This was fought between the Pandavas and the Kauravas. Duryodhana, a descendant of Kuru (who was the son of king Samvaran), had tried to insult the Panchali princess Draupadi in revenge for defeating his ancestor Samvaran.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=4}}

[[File:Karna Slays the Kaikeya Prince Vishoka.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Battle of Ten Kings]] was fought on the banks of [[Ravi river|River Parusni]] in [[Punjab]] – A depiction from [[Razmnama]] (1585)]]
Many Janapadas were mentioned from Vedic texts and there was a large level of contact between all the Janapadas with descriptions being given of trading caravans, movement of students from universities, and itineraries of princes.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|2003|pages=56—57}} In its heyday, the [[University of ancient Taxila]] attracted students from all over Indian subcontinent as well as those from surrounding countries.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=4}}

== Ancient Punjab (518 BC – c. 500 AD) ==

=== Pukkusāti and Achaemenid Gandāra (518 BC – 326 BC) ===
{{main|Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley}}
During the 6th century BCE, Gandhara was governed under the reign of King [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusāti]]. According to early [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] accounts, he had forged diplomatic ties with [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and achieved victories over neighbouring kingdoms such as that of the realm of [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118140 |title=The Achaemenids And India |date=1974 |page=22 |quote=According to the Buddhist account Pukkusati, king of Taksasila, sent an embassy and a letter to king Bimbisara of Magadha and he also defeated Pradyota, king of Avanti.}}</ref> It is noted by [[R. C. Majumdar]] that Pukkusāti would have been contemporary to the [[Achamenid]] king [[Cyrus the Great]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118140 |title=The Achaemenids And India |date=1974 |page=22 |quote=Bimbisara and his son Ajatasatru, he did not probably come to the throne before 540 or 530 bc, and Pukkusati also may be regarded as ruling in Gandhara about that time. He would be thus a contemporary of Cyrus who established his power and authority in 549 bc}}</ref> and according to the scholar Buddha Prakash, Pukkusāti might have acted as a bulwark against the expansion of the [[Persians|Persian]] [[Achaemenid Empire]] into Gandhara. This hypothesis posits that the army which [[Nearchus]] claimed Cyrus had lost in [[Gedrosia]] had been defeated by Pukkusāti's Gāndhārī kingdom.<ref name="Prakash2"/> Therefore, following Prakash's position, the Achaemenids would have been able to conquer Gandhāra only after a period of decline after the reign of Pukkusāti, combined with the growth of Achaemenid power under the kings [[Cambyses II]] and [[Darius the Great|Darius I]].<ref name="Prakash2" /> However, the presence of Gandhāra, referred to as {{transliteration|peo|Gandāra}} in [[Old Persian]], among the list of Achaemenid provinces in Darius's [[Behistun Inscription]] confirms that his empire had inherited this region from conquests carried out earlier by Cyrus.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-and-early-medeival-india-from-the-stone-age-to-the-12th-century-pdfdrive |title=History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India From The Stone Age To The 12th Century |page=604 |quote=The Behistun inscription of the Achaemenid emperor Darius indicates that Gandhara was conquered by the Persians in the later part of the 6th century BCE.}}</ref> It is unknown whether [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusāti]] remained in power after the Achaemenid conquest as a Persian vassal or if he was replaced by a Persian [[satrap]], although [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sources claim that he renounced his throne and became a monk after becoming a disciple of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pukkusāti |url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/pu/pukkusati.htm |access-date=26 July 2020 |publisher=www.palikanon.com}}</ref> The annexation under Cyrus was limited to the Western sphere of Gandhāra as only during the reign of [[Darius the Great]] did the region between the [[Indus River]] and the [[Jhelum River]] become annexed.<ref name="Prakash2" /> However [[Megasthenes]] [[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]], states that the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenids]] never conquered India and had only approached its borders after battling with the [[Massagetae]], it further states that the Persians summoned mercenaries specifically from the Oxydrakai tribe, who were previously known to have resisted the incursions of [[Alexander the Great]], but they never entered their armies into the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mccrindle |first=J. W. |url=http://archive.org/details/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrianByMccrindleJ.W |title=Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian by Mccrindle, J. W |page=109 |language=English |quote=The Persians indeed summoned the Hydrakai from India to serve as mercenaries, but they did not lead an army into the country and only approached its borders when Kyros marched against the Massagatai.}}</ref>

=== Alexander's invasion ===
{{main|Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Mallian campaign}}
Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as [[Mahajanapadas]].<ref name=":9" /> The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics, particularly the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name=":9" /> In 326 B.C. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as [[King Porus]], who fought the famous [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] against [[Alexander the Great]]. His kingdom spanned between rivers ''Hydaspes'' ([[Jhelum River|Jhelum]]) and ''Acesines'' ([[Chenab River|Chenab]]); [[Strabo]] had held the territory to contain almost 300 cities.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Albert Brian |title=Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |pages=125–130 |chapter=The campaign of the Hydaspes}}</ref> He (alongside [[Abisares]]) had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of [[Taxila]] which was ruled by his extended family.<ref name=":6" /> When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration, probably in [[Udabhandapura]], he was greeted by the-then ruler of Taxila, [[Taxiles|Omphis]].<ref name=":6" /> Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted, but while Abisares accepted the submission, Porus refused.<ref name=":6" /> This led Alexander to seek for a face-off with Porus.<ref name=":6" /> Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in [[326 BC]]; the exact site remains unknown.<ref name=":6" /> The battle is thought to have resulted in a decisive [[Greeks|Greek]] victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative.<ref name=":6" /> Alexander later founded two cities—''[[Nicaea, Punjab|Nicaea]]'' at the site of victory and [[Alexandria Bucephalous|''Bucephalous'']] at the battle-ground, in memory of [[Bucephalus|his horse]], who died soon after the battle.<ref name=":6" />{{Efn|Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are yet to be identified.}} Later, [[tetradrachm]]s would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a ''sarissa'' and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holt |first=Frank Lee |title=Alexander the Great and the mystery of the elephant medallions |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003}}</ref> Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.<ref name=":6" />
[[File:Le Brun, Alexander and Porus.jpg|thumb|350px|right| [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] and [[Porus]] during the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] – painting by [[Charles Le Brun]] (1673)]]
When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king".<ref>Rogers, p.200</ref> Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Albert Brian |title=Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |chapter=From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anson |first=Edward M. |title=Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2013 |isbn=9781441193797 |pages=151}}</ref>{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=23–28}} Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Irfan Habib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ |title=Mauryan India |author2=Vivekanand Jha |publisher=Aligarh Historians Society / [[Tulika Books]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-85229-92-8 |series=A People's History of India |page=16 |author1-link=Irfan Habib |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182903/https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After battle of Hydaspes, Alexander moved further southward during his campaign in Punjab which brought him in confrontation to the [[Mallian people|Mallian tribe]] in the south Punjab. The Malli, together with nearby tribe of oxydrakai, gathered an army of 90,000 personnel to fight against an army of 50,000 Greeks. Alexander started his [[Mallian campaign]] and advanced quickly than the expectations of the Mallians. Many of them were killed and rest fled to the Mallian capital, [[Multan]].{{sfn|Theodore Dodge|1890|p=597}} Alexander besieged the city after arriving there some days later. During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander reputedly leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he killed the Mallians' leader.<ref>Arrian (1893). Anabasis of Alexander. George Bell and Sons. OCLC 486120., p. 604</ref> Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured.<ref>Dodge, Theodore (1890). Alexander. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 604.</ref> The Greek army thereafter started killing civilians and animals and whatever came in their way to take revenge of their injured leader. The Mallian army eventually surrendered, preventing further bloodshed.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India |author=Tripathi, Rama Shankar|year=1967|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120800182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbrcVcT-GbUC&dq=Malloi++Alexander&pg=PA134}}</ref>

=== Mauryan Empire (316 BC – 180 BC) ===
{{main|Maurya Empire}}

During the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] era, [[Punjab]] held a pivotal position as a core territory within the empire, with [[Taxila]] serving as the provincial capital of the North West in [[Gandhara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarn |first=William Woodthorpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&dq=Taxila+capital+of+the+north+west+Mauryan+empire&pg=PA152 |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |date=24 June 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-00941-6 |page=152 |language=en |quote=The Mauryan empire proper, north of the line of the Nerbudda and the Vindhya mountains, had pivoted upon three great cities: pataliputra the capital and the seat of the emperor, Taxila the seat of the viceroy of the North West...}}</ref> [[Chanakya]], a prominent figure in the establishment of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]], played a key role by adopting [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the initial Mauryan emperor. Under Chanakya's tutelage, Chandragupta received a comprehensive education at Taxila, encompassing various arts of the time, including military training, for a duration spanning 7–8 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=2 |quote=he bought the boy by paying on the spot 1000 kdrshapanas. Kautilya(Chanakya) then took the boy with him to his native city of Takshasila (Taxila), then the most renowned seat of learning in India, and had him educated there for a period of seven or eight years in the humanities and the practical arts and crafts of the time, including the military arts.}}</ref> [[Plutarch]]'s accounts suggest that [[Alexander the Great]] encountered a young [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in the [[Punjab]] region, possibly during his time at the university.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=2 |quote=This tradition is curiously confirmed by Plutarch's statement that Chandragupta as a youth had met Alexander during his campaigns in the Panjab. This was possible because Chandragupta was already living in that locality with Kautilya (Chanakya).}}</ref> Subsequent to Alexander's death, Chanakya and Chandragupta allied with [[Trigarta Kingdom|Trigarta]] king Parvataka to conquer the [[Nanda Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=3 |quote=According to tradition he began by strengthening his position by an alliance with the Himalayan chief Parvataka, as stated in both the Sanskrit and Jaina texts, Mudradkshasa and Parisishtaparvan.}}</ref> This alliance resulted in the formation of a composite army, comprising Gandharans and [[Kambojas]], as documented in the [[Mudrarakshasa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=4 |quote=The army of Malayaketu (Parvataka) comprised recruits from the following peoples : Khasa, Magadha, Gandhara, Yavana, Saka, Chedi and Huna.}}</ref>

According to the [[Taranatha]], following the death of [[Ashoka]], the northwestern region seceded from the [[Maurya Empire]], and Virasena emerged as its king.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakesh |first=Buddha |title=Studies In Indian History And Civilization |url=https://ia802902.us.archive.org/2/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.126821/2015.126821.Studies-In-Indian-History-And-Civilization_text.pdf |page=157 |quote=Subhagasena seems to be the successor of Virasena, who came to the throne after Ashoka, according to Taranatha. It appears that after the secession of the north-western half of India from the Maurya empire after the death of Ashoka, Virasena entrenched his hold over it while the other eastern and southern half of the country passed under the domination of Samprati.}}</ref> Noteworthy for his diplomatic endeavors, Virasena's successor, [[Subhagasena]], maintained relations with the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid Greeks]]. This engagement is corroborated by [[Polybius]], who records an instance where [[Antiochus III the Great]] descended into India to renew his ties with King Subhagasena in 206 BCE, subsequently receiving a substantial gift of 150 elephants from the monarch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakesh |first=Buddha |title=Studies In Indian History And Civilization |url=https://ia802902.us.archive.org/2/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.126821/2015.126821.Studies-In-Indian-History-And-Civilization_text.pdf |page=155 |quote=Polybius states: “He (Antiochus the Great) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India, renewed his friendship with Sophogsenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had 150 altogether}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYg8AAAAIAAJ&dq=virasena+maurya&pg=PA735 |title=The Cambridge History of India |last2=Haig |first2=Sir Wolseley |last3=Burn |first3=Sir Richard |last4=Dodwell |first4=Henry |last5=Wheeler |first5=Sir Robert Eric Mortimer |date=1968 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=512 |language=en |quote=..with whom Antiochus the Great renewed an ancestral relationship in 206 BCE}}</ref>

The chief of the Mauryan military was also always a [[Yaudheya]]n warrior according to the Bijaygadh Pillar inscription, which states that the Yaudheyas elected their own chief who also served as the general for the Mauryans.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Gyan Swarup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbjT9GG__nEC&dq=chief+of+the+mauryan+military+yaudheyas&pg=PA194 |title=India: From Indus Valley Civilisation to Mauryas |date=1999 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-763-2 |language=en}}</ref> The Mauryan military was also made up vastly of men from the Punjab Janapadas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radhakumud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g2EAAAQBAJ&dq=mauryan+military+mostly+Punjabi&pg=PA27 |title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0433-3 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Indo-Greek Kingdom (c. 180 BC – c. 20 BC) ===
{{main|Indo-Greek Kingdom}}

The Indo-Greek kingdom was founded when the [[Graeco-Bactrian]] king [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]] (and later [[Eucratides I|Eucratides]]) invaded Punjab from Bactria in 200 BC, taking advantage of decline of Mauryans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thonemann |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LamzCwAAQBAJ |title=The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources |date=2016-01-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-43229-7 |pages=97 |language=en |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182903/https://books.google.com/books?id=LamzCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Greeks in the [[Indian subcontinent]] were eventually divided from the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Graeco-Bactrians]] centered on Bactria (now the border between [[Afghanistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]), and the Indo-Greeks in the present-day north-western Indian Subcontinent. Later, [[Menander I]] [[Soter]] conquered Punjab and made [[Sagala]] (present-day [[Sialkot]]) the capital of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]].<ref name="Hazel 2013">{{cite book |last=Hazel |first=John |title=Who's Who in the Greek World |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781134802241 |page=155 |quote=Menander king in India, known locally as Milinda, born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda (Alexandria-in-the-Caucasus), and who was himself the son of a king. After conquering the Punjab, where he made Sagala his capital, he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna, the capital of the Mauraya empire, though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north-west frontier with Eucratides.}}</ref><ref name="Ahir 1971">{{cite book |last=Ahir |first=D. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.49756 |title=Buddhism in the Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Maha Bodhi Society of India |year=1971 |page=31 |oclc=1288206 |quote=Demetrius died in 166 B.C., and Apollodotus, who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death, Menander carved out a kingdom in Punjab. Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130 B.C.}}</ref> Menander is noted for having become a patron and convert to [[Greco-Buddhism]] and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menander {{!}} Indo-Greek king |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menander-Indo-Greek-king |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521113834/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menander-Indo-Greek-king }}</ref>

The expression "Indo-Greek Kingdom" loosely describes a number of various dynastic polities, traditionally associated with a number of regional capitals like Taxila,<ref>Mortimer Wheeler ''Flames over Persepolis'' (London, 1968). Pp. 112 ''ff.'' It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as "not a Greek city but an Indian one"; not a ''polis'' or with a [[Hippodamian plan]].</ref> [[Pushkalavati]] and [[Sagala]].<ref>"Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 83.</ref><ref>McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at Sagala (Sialkot) in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p. 377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be Sialkot, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the sea."</ref> Other potential centers are only hinted at; for instance, [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' and the nomenclature of later kings suggest that a certain [[Theophilos (king)|Theophila]] in the south of the Indo-Greek sphere of influence may also have been a [[satrap]]al or royal seat at one time.
[[File:Menander Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Menander I]] (155–130 BC) is the most famous Indo-Greek king mentioned in both Graeco-Roman and Indian sources. The capital of the Indo-Greeks during his reign was [[Sagala]] in Punjab.]]
During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings [[Indosphere|combined the Greek and Indian languages]] and symbols, as seen on their coins, and blended Greek and Indian ideas, as seen in the archaeological remains.<ref>"A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", ''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 130</ref> The diffusion of Indo-Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today, particularly through the influence of [[Greco-Buddhist art]].<ref name="sanujit2">Ghose, Sanujit (2011). [https://www.worldhistory.org/article/208/ "Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182908/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/208/cultural-links-between-india--the-greco-roman-worl/ |date=18 November 2022 }}. Ancient History Encyclopedia</ref> Following the death of Menander, most of his empire splintered and Indo-Greek influence was considerably reduced. Many new kingdoms and republics east of the Ravi River began to mint new coinage depicting military victories.<ref>"Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire -Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas- began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India</ref> The most prominent entities to form were the [[Yaudheya]] Republic, [[Arjunayanas]], and the [[Audumbaras]]. The Yaudheyas and Arjunayanas both are said to have won "victory by the sword"<ref name="google1">{{Cite book |last1=Tarn |first1=William Woodthorpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA324 |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108009416 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182906/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA324 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Audumbaras are said to of checked the Indo-Greek advance all the way up the upper bari doab,<ref name="auto6">{{Cite book |last=Saklani |first=Dinesh Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK5y4iPArKQC&dq=dharaghosha+indo+greeks&pg=PA44 |title=Ancient Communities of the Himalaya |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-090-3 |language=en}}</ref> depicting a short Indo-Greek rule in Eastern Punjab. The [[Datta dynasty]] and [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]] soon followed in [[Mathura]]. The Indo-Greeks ultimately disappeared as a political entity around 10 AD following the invasions of the [[Indo-Scythians]], although pockets of Greek populations probably remained for several centuries longer under the subsequent rule of the [[Indo-Parthian]]s and [[Kushans]].{{efn|"When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 278}}

=== Indo-Scythian Kingdom ===
The [[Indo-Scythians]] were descended from the [[Sakas]] ([[Scythians]]) who migrated from southern [[Siberia]] to Punjab and [[Arachosia]] from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the earlier Indo-Greeks. The power of the Saka rulers started to decline in the 2nd century CE and soon they were replaced with Indo-Parthians by the mid 1st century AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrie |first=Cameron A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7QWEAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+indo+parthian+scythian&pg=PA105 |title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200 |date=2020-12-28 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-306-5 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref>

Some Aprachas are documented on the [[Silver Reliquary of Indravarman|Silver Reliquary]] discovered at [[Sirkap|Sirkap, near Taxila]], designating the title "Stratega," denoting a position equivalent to [[Senapati]], such as that of [[Indravarma]] who was a general during the reign of the Apracharaja [[Vijayamitra]]. [[Indravarma]] is additionally noteworthy for receiving the above-mentioned [[Silver Reliquary of Indravarman|Silver Reliquary]] from the [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] monarch [[Kharahostes]], which he subsequently re-dedicated as a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] reliquary, indicating was a gift in exchange for tribute or assistance. According to another reliquary inscription Indravarma is noted as the Lord of Gandhara and general during the reign of Vijayamitra. According to Apracha chronology, [[Indravarma]] was the son of Visnuvarma, an Aprachraja preceding [[Vijayamitra]].

[[Indravarma]]s son [[Aspavarma]] is situated between 20 and 50 CE, during which numismatic evidence overlaps him with the [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] ruler [[Azes II]] and [[Gondophares]] of the [[Indo-Parthians]] whilst also describing him as 'Stratega' or general of the Aprachas. In accordance with a Buddhist [[Avadana]], [[Aspavarma]] and a [[Saka]] noble, Jhadamitra, engaged in discussions concerning the establishment of accommodation for monks during the rainy seasons, displaying that he was a patron of [[Buddhism]]. A reliquary inscription dedicated to 50 CE, by a woman named Ariasrava, describes that her donation was made during the reign of [[Gondophares]] nephew, [[Abdagases I]], and [[Aspavarma]], describing the joint rule by the Aprachas and the Indo-parthians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/345076701.pdf |page=163 |quote=the Reliquary Inscription of Ariaśrava et al (No. 31), dated 98 Azes (50/51 CE), whose donor, Ariaśrava, stipulates her relic dedication was made in the reign of Gondopahres’ nephew Abdagases and the General Aśpavarma, son of Indravarma I:}}</ref>

==== Indo-Parthian Kingdom (c. 30 AD – c. 50 AD) ====
{{main|Indo-Parthian Kingdom}}
The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was founded by [[Gondophares]], and active from 19 CE to c. 226 CE. The city of Taxila is thought to have been a capital of the Indo-Parthians however this is where the Eastern boundary of the empire was limited to.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=W. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&dq=indo+parthians+eastern+punjab&pg=PA41 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |last2=Yarshater |first2=Ehsan |last3=Gershevitch |first3=Ilya |last4=Frye |first4=R. N. |last5=Boyle |first5=J. A. |last6=Avery |first6=Peter |last7=Jackson |first7=Peter |date=1968 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20092-9 |language=en}}</ref> The Greek philosopher [[Apollonius of Tyana]] is related by [[Philostratus]] in ''[[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]'' to have visited India, and specifically the city of Taxila around 46 AD. He describes constructions of the Greek type,<ref>Description of the Hellenistic urbanism of Taxila: 
* "Taxila, they tell us, is about as big as Nineveh, and was fortified fairly well after the manner of Greek cities" [https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_16.html#§20 (Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 20)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310044312/https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_16.html#§20 |date=10 March 2016 }}
*"I have already described the way in which the city is walled, but they say that it was divided up into narrow streets in the same irregular manner as in Athens, and that the houses were built in such a way that if you look at them from outside they had only one story, while if you went into one of them, you at once found subterranean chambers extending as far below the level of the earth as did the chambers above." [https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_21.html#§23 (Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 23)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310023858/https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_21.html#§23 |date=10 March 2016 }}</ref> probably referring to [[Sirkap]], and explains that the Indo-Parthian king of Taxila, named [[Phraotes]], received a Greek education at the court. The kingdom was conquered in the 1st century AD by the Kushan empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Romane |first=Julian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrPNDwAAQBAJ&dq=kushan+indo+parthian+punjab+century&pg=PT240 |title=Rise of the Tang Dynasty: The Reunification of China and the Military Response to the Steppe Nomads (AD 581–626) |date=2018-01-30 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-8779-4 |pages=240 |language=en}}</ref>

During the dominion of the [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-Parthians]], [[Apracharajas|Apracharaja]] [[Sases|Sasan]], as described on numismatic evidence identifying him as the nephew of [[Aspavarma]], emerged as a figure of significance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=215 |quote=The interesting additional information we get from these coins is that Sasan, a former associate of Gondophares and afterwards one of his successors in the Taxila region, was the son of Aspa's brother}}</ref> Aspavarman, a preceding Apracharaja contemporaneous with [[Gondophares]], was succeeded by [[Sases|Sasan]], after having ascended from a subordinate governance role to a recognized position as one of Gondophares's successors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=215 |quote=The coins further show that Sasan, who was at first a subordinate ruler under Gondophares, subsequently assumed independent or quasi-independent status.}}</ref> He assumed the position following [[Abdagases I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&dq=sases+apraca&pg=PA103 |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World |date=30 April 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2049-1 |page=106 |language=en |quote=In the Indus valley Gondophares was succeeded by his nephew Abdagases and then by Sases.}}</ref> The [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ruler [[Vima Takto]] is known through numismatic evidence to have overstruck the coins of [[Sases|Sasan]], whilst a numismatic hoard had found coins of Sasan together with smaller coins of [[Kujula Kadphises]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&dq=sases+apraca&pg=PA103 |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World |date=30 April 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2049-1 |page=115 |language=en}}</ref> It has also been discovered that Sasan overstruck the coins of [[Nahapana]] of the [[Western Satraps]], this line of coinage dating between 40 and 78 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rienjang |first1=Wannaporn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7dTDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ubouzanes&pg=PA16 |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 |last2=Stewart |first2=Peter |date=2018-03-14 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1-78491-855-2 |pages=16–17 |language=en}}</ref>

It was noted by [[Philostratus]] and [[Apollonius of Tyana]] upon their visit with [[Phraotes]] in 46 AD, that during this time the Gandharans living between the [[Kabul River]] and [[Taxila]] had coinage of [[Orichalcum]] and Black brass, and their houses appearing as single-story structures from the outside, but upon entering, underground rooms were also present.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&dq=sases+apraca&pg=PA103 |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World |date=30 April 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2049-1 |page=107 |language=en |quote=Philostratus comments that the people who live between the River Kophen and Taxila have a coinage not of gold and silver but of Orichalcum and black brass. He describes the houses as designed so that if you look at them from the outside, they appear to have only one storey, but if you go inside they have underground rooms as well.}}</ref> They describe [[Taxila]] as being the same size as [[Nineveh]], being walled like a Greek city whilst also being shaped with Narrow roads,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |pages=76 |issn=0035-869X |jstor=25581224 |quote=Taxila was about the size of Ninovoh, walled like a Greek city}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=77 |issn=0035-869X |jstor=25581224 |quote=They are taken to the palace. They found the city divided by narrow streets, well-arranged, and reminding them of Athens.}}</ref> and further describe [[Phraotes]] kingdom as containing the old territory of [[Porus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=76 |issn=0035-869X |jstor=25581224 |quote=and was the residence of a sovereign who ruled over what of old was the kingdom of Porus.}}</ref> Following an exchange with the king, [[Phraotes]] is reported to have subsidized both barbarians and neighbouring states, to avert incursions into his kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=78 |issn=0035-869X |jstor=25581224 |quote=Phraotes, in answer, said that he was moderate because his wants were few, and that as he was wealthy, he employed his wealth in doing good to his friends, and in subsidizing the barbarians, his neighbours, to prevent them from themselves ravaging, or allowing other barbarians to ravage his territories.}}</ref> [[Phraotes]] also recounts that his father, being the son of a king, had become an orphan from a young age. In accordance with Indian customs, two of his relatives assumed responsibility for his upbringing until they were killed by rebellious nobles during a ritualistic ceremony along the [[Indus River]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=81 |issn=0035-869X |jstor=25581224 |quote=The king then told how his father, the son of a king, had been left very young an orphan; and how during his minority two of his relatives according to Indian custom acted as regents, but with so little regard to law, that some nobles conspired against them, and slow them as they were sacrificing to the Indus, and seized upon the government}}</ref> This event led to the usurpation of the throne, compelling Phraotes' father to seek refuge with the king situated beyond the [[Hydaspes River]], in modern-day [[Punjab]], a ruler esteemed greater than Phraotes' father. Moreover, [[Phraotes]] states that his father received an education facilitated by the [[Brahmin]]s upon request to the king and married the daughter of the [[Hydaspes|Hydaspian]] king, whilst having one son who was Phraotes himself.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=81 |issn=0035-869X |jstor=25581224 |quote=How on this his father, then sixteen years of age, fled to the king beyond the Hydaspes, a greater king than himself, who received him kindly... he requested to be sent to the Brahmans; and how the Brahmans educated him; and how in time he married the daughter of the Hydaspian king, and received with her seven villages as pin-money, and had issue one son, himself, Phraotes.}}</ref> Phraotes proceeds to narrate the opportune moment he seized to reclaim his ancestral kingdom, sparked by a rebellion of the citizens of [[Taxila]] against the usurpers. With fervent support from the populace, Phraotes led a triumphant entry into the residence of the usurpers, whilst the citizens brandished torches, swords, and bows in a display of unified resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=81 |issn=0035-869X |jstor=25581224 |quote=When I crossed the Hydraotis, I heard that, of the usurpers, one was already dead, and the other besieged in this very palace; so I hurried on, proclaiming to the villages I passed through who I was, and what were my rights : and the people received me gladly, and declaring I was the very picture of my father and grandfather, they accompanied me, many of them armed with swords and bows, and our numbers increased daily; and when we reached this city, the inhabitants, with torches lit at the altar of the Sun, and singing the praises of my father and grandfather, came out and welcomed me, and brought me hither.}}</ref>

=== Kushan Empire (c. 50 AD – c. 350 AD) ===
{{Main|Kushan Empire|Kushan coinage|Kanishka}}
[[File:Silverplate with investiture scene. Sasanian 4th century CE, possibly Afghanistan. Middle East, 52 Ancient Iran - 28174064678.jpg|thumb|left|Possible [[Kushano-Sasanian]] plate, excavated in Rawalpindi, fourth century CE. [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Plate British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1897-1231-188 |website=The British Museum |language=en |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019223056/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1897-1231-188 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

About the middle of the 1st century CE, the [[Kushan Empire]] expanded out of central Asia into the Punjab under the leadership of their first emperor, [[Kujula Kadphises]]. They were descended from an Indo-European, Central Asian people called the [[Yuezhi]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105520/Zhang-Qian |title=Zhang Qian |date=2015 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527215406/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105520/Zhang-Qian |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/654618/Yuezhi |title=Yuezhi |date=2015 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505004416/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/654618/Yuezhi |url-status=live }}</ref> a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, [[Kanishka]], the empire spread to encompass much of south Asia<ref>Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 318–350</ref> at least as far as [[Saketa]] and [[Sarnath]] near [[Varanasi]] (Benares).<ref>which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.</ref> By the 3rd century, their empire in Indian subcontinent was disintegrating and their last known great emperor was [[Vasudeva I]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm|title=The History of Pakistan: The Kushans|website=www.kushan.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707162312/http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906</ref> Following territory losses in the west ([[Bactria]] lost to the [[Kushano-Sasanians]]), and in the east (loss of [[Mathura]] to the [[Gupta Empire]]), several "Little Kushans" are known, who ruled locally in the area of Punjab with their capital at Taxila: [[Vasudeva II]] (270–300), [[Mahi (Kushan)|Mahi]] (300–305), [[Shaka (Kushan)|Shaka]] (305–335) and [[Kipunada]] (335–350).{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017b|p=203}} They probably were vassals of the Gupta Empire, until the invasion of the [[Kidarites]] destroyed the last remains of Kushan rule.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017b|p=203}} In the early 3rd century BC, a union formed between the Punjab janapadas to expel the Kushans, resulting in a Kushan defeat and them being pushed all the way out of Eastern Punjab. Thus starting the fall of the empire and resulting in a century of peace in Punjab before the Gupta expansion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Arihant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhrzDwAAQBAJ&dq=yaudheyas+defeated+kushans&pg=PA10 |title=Know Your State Himachal Pradesh |date=2019-06-04 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-131-6765-5 |language=en}}</ref>

===Hunnic migrations (c. 350 AD – c. 500 AD)===
{{main|Kidarites|Alchon Huns}}
After decline of Kushan empire, the central Asian [[Huna people|Huns]] started migrating towards Punjab and other regions of Pakistan. First of them were the [[Kidarites]], who around 390 AD invaded Punjab and replaced remaining remnants of the Kushans. They seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire, particularly central and western Punjab, until they were displaced by the invasion of the Alchon Huns at the end of the 5th century.<ref name="HCCC123">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |pages=123–126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA123 |language=en |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182906/https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA123 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:SilverBowlNFPPakistan5-6thcenturyCE.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Hephthalite bowl]] from [[Gandhara]] (5th century AD) features two Kidarite royal hunters as well as two Alchon hunters, suggesting a period of peaceful coexistence between the two entities.{{sfn|Alram|2014|pp=274–275}}]]
The [[Alchon Huns]] were a nomadic people who invaded [[South Asia]] during the 5th and 6th centuries AD.<ref name="ROTS">{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=2017 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474400305 |pages=105–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |language=en |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183407/https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |url-status=live }}</ref> They were first mentioned as being located in [[Paropamisadae|Paropamisus]]. Between 460 and 470 AD, the Alchons took over Gandhara and Western Punjab which also had remained under the control of the Kidarites, while the Gupta Empire remained further east.<ref name="HCCC123"/> Their most famous ruler was [[Mihirakula]] who had capital in Sagala in northern Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+xuanzang&pg=PA113 |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |date=2014-07-16 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004277144 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&q=mihirakula+sialkot&pg=PA142 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120815407 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Dharmarajika stupa,Taxila.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[Dharmarajika Stupa]] in [[Taxila]]. It was destroyed during the [[Alchon Huns|Hunnic invasions]] in the 5th century.]]
The Alchons apparently undertook the mass destruction of Buddhist monasteries and [[stupas]] at Taxila, a high center of learning, which never recovered from the destruction.<ref name="AG">{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Amalananda |title=Taxila |date=1965 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=791 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA791 |language=en |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183407/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA791 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Medieval Punjab (c. 500 AD – 1526 AD)==

===Hindu Shahis (9th century AD – 11th century AD)===
{{Main|Hindu Shahis}}
[[File:AMB Temple in Soon Sakasar Valley by Usman Ghani.JPG|thumb|[[Amb Temples]], built by the [[Hindu Shahi|Hindu Shahi dynasty]] between the 7th and 9th centuries CE in [[Sakesar]].|left]]
In the ninth century, the [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi]] dynasty originating from the region of [[Oddiyana]] in the [[Swat Valley]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdul |date=2002 |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=37–42 |quote=The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=2005 |title=The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XVI |pages=41–48 |quote=Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".}}</ref>{{sfn|Rehman|1976}} replaced the Taank kingdom in the Punjab, ruling much of Western Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan.<ref name=":9" /> In the 10th century, the tribe of the [[Gakhars]]/[[Khokhars]] formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian [[Firishta]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=48–50}} Three of the most notable rulers were Lalliya, Bhimadeva and Jayapala.

Lalliya had reclaimed the territory at and around Kabul between 879 and 901 BC after it had been lost under his predecessor to the [[Saffarid dynasty]]. He was described as a fearsome Shahi. Two of his ministers reconstructed by Rahman as Toramana and Asata are said to of have taken advantage of [[Amr ibn al-Layth|Amr al-Layth]]'s preoccupation with rebellions in Khorasan, by successfully raiding [[Ghazna]] around 900 BC.{{sfn|Rehman|1976}}{{page needed|date=January 2023}}

After a defeat in Eastern Afghanistan suffered on the Shahi ally Lawik, Bhimadeva mounted a combined attack around 963 BC.{{sfn|Rehman|1976}}{{page needed|date=January 2023}} [[Abu Ishaq Ibrahim of Ghazna|Abu Ishaq Ibrahim]] was expelled from Ghazna and Shahi-Lawik strongholds were restored in Kabul and adjacent areas. This victory appears to have been commemorated in the Hund Slab Inscription (HSI):{{sfn|Rehman|1976}}{{page needed|date=January 2023}}

=== Arrival of Islam and the Emirate of Multan ===
{{Main|Umayyad campaigns in India}}At the beginning of the 8th century, [[Arab]] armies of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] penetrated into South Asia. In 712 the Umayyads conquered [[Sindh]] and Southern Punjab up to Multan, and [[Islam]] emerged as a major power in the southern Punjab.<ref name=":9"/> The newly conquered region became known as Sind and was the easternmost state of the Umayyad Caliphate. Umayyad rule was later replaced with [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] rule in 750.<ref name="Unesco">{{cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4 |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9231034677 |pages=294}}</ref>

Around the 850s, Abbasid authority in Sind weakened and five independent principalities emerged. The Banu Munnabih [[Emirate of Multan|established themselves based at Multan]]. The Banu Munnabih later gave allegiance to the Abbasids, and remained unchallenged for over a century. Visitors at the time noted the power, prestige and prosperity brought to the region under Banu Munnabih rule.<ref name="Unesco"/>

Between 982–5, the power of the Banu Munnabih began to erode and Multan was conquered by Halam b. Shayban on behalf of the [[Fatimid]] caliph based in [[Egypt]]. By 985, the traveller [[Al-Maqdisi]] noted that the city of Multan was [[Shia]], that the Friday sermon was in the name of the Fatimid and all decisions are taken in accordance with his commands.<ref name="The Ismailis in the Middle Ages">{{cite book |last1=Virani |first1=Shafique N. |title=The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation |date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198042594 |pages=100}}</ref>

===Ghaznavid Empire (10th century AD – 12th century AD)===
{{Main|Ghaznavids}}

In 977, [[Sabuktigin]], the [[Samanid]] governor of [[Ghazni]], established an independent kingdom in western Afghanistan with Ghazni as its capital. When the Ghaznavids began expanding eastwards they came into conflict with the Hindu Shahis. This led to the Hindu Shahi ruler to form an alliance with Rajput rulers in the Punjab to check the Ghaznavid expansion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Samad |first=Rafi U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&dq=hindu+shahi+rajputs+punjab&pg=PA275 |title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys |date=2011 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-860-8 |pages=275 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mahmud of Ghazni bilingual dirham.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Silver ''jitals'' of Mahmud of Ghazni with bilingual Arabic and Sanskrit minted in [[Lahore]] in 1028 CE]]
Sabuktigin's son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] succeeded his father in 997, and began a series of raids into northern India. In 1001 he defeated [[Jayapala]] at the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]] and seized Hindu Shahi territory north of the river Sindh.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Attock District, 1930, Part 1|date=1932|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693514131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfdtAAAAMAAJ&q=amb+temple|access-date=9 February 2020|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183412/https://books.google.com/books?id=gfdtAAAAMAAJ&q=amb+temple|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Mohan |2010| pages=170—172}}{{sfn|Barua|2006|p=25}} In 1006 Mahmud attacked the Kingdom of Multan, returning a few years later to massacre the local Ismaili population.<ref name="The Ismailis in the Middle Ages"/>

Jayapala's son and grandson, [[Anandapala]] and [[Trilochanapala]] respectively, resisted Mahmud for another quarter of a century and later by Bhimapala and local Ghakkhar chieftains until Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad's victory in Second battle of Tarain in 1192.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|pages=120—153}} Mahmud's battles against the Hindu Shahi between 1001 and 1026 were significant in establishing Muslim political dominance in the Afghanistan region and surrounding Gandhar region west of Punjab.<ref name="Algora Publishing">{{cite book |last1=Samad |first1=Rafi U. |title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys |date=2011 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0875868608 |pages=275}}</ref> After Ghazni was conquered by [[Ghurid Empire]], the capital of the Ghaznavids shifted to [[Lahore]] in Punjab which remained as their last capital.<ref name="CEB299">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |date=31 August 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2383-6 |page=299 |language=en}}</ref>

===Delhi Sultanate===
{{Main|Delhi Sultanate|}}

Earliest mention of the region under the name ''Panjāb'' date to the early period of Delhi Sultanate, such as in the ''Tārīkḣ-i Waṣṣāf'' of the 13th century historian [[Wassaf]], who described it as a region irrigated by Indus [''Sind''], Jhelum [''Jelum''], Lahore [''Lohawar''] (now known as Ravi), Satluj [''Satlut''] and Beas [''Biyaha''] rivers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Ikram Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAAbAAAAMAAJ |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Panjāb: Qadīm daur tā Jang-i Āzādī, 1857 |date=1990 |publisher= |pages=3 |language=ur |trans-title=History of Punjab: From Ancient Age to War of Independence, 1857 |via=[[The University of Michigan]]}}</ref>

In 1173 the [[Ghurid dynasty]] replaced the Ghaznavids in Ghazni, and under [[Muhammad of Ghor]] they began expanding eastwards. Between 1175 and 1192, the [[Ghurid dynasty]] occupied the cities of Uch, Multan, Peshawar, Lahore, and Delhi. In 1206, the Ghurid general Qutb-al-din Aybeg and his successor Iltutmish founded the first of the series of Delhi Sultanates. Each dynasty would be an alternation of various inner-Asian military lords and their clients, constantly vying for power. These sultanates would make Delhi a safe haven for Muslim Turks and Persians who would flee the eventual Mongol invasions.<ref name=":0" />

==== Khilji dynasty (1290 AD – 1320 AD) ====
The [[Khalji dynasty]] was the second dynasty of the Delhi sultanates, ruling from 1290 to 1320. This dynasty was a short-lived one, and extended Islamic rule to Gujarat, Rajasthan, the Deccan, and parts of Southern India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ&dq=khalji+gujarat+rajasthan+deccan+short+lived&pg=PA391 |title=A History of Islamic Societies |date=2014-10-13 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=391–394 |language=en}}</ref> The first Mongol invasion of Punjab occurred when they were pursuing the Khwarezmian Shah, [[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu|Jalal ad-Din]], who was defeated in the [[battle of Indus]] in 1221. The early period of te dynasty saw [[Mongol invasions of India|numerous Mongol invasions of Punjab]], and the cities of Multan and Lahore were even sacked. Ultimately, they were defeated during the rule by its able generals, [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]], [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]] and [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghazi Malik]] who were [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjab Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Medieval%20India%3A%20From%20Sultanat%20to%20the%20Mughals-Delhi%20Sultanat%20(1206-1526%20...&pg=PA269 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |isbn=9788124110645 |page=267 | publisher=Har-Anand Publications |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183413/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Medieval%20India%3A%20From%20Sultanat%20to%20the%20Mughals-Delhi%20Sultanat%20%281206-1526%20...&pg=PA269 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the winter of 1297, the Chagatai [[noyan]] Kadar led an army that ravaged the [[Punjab region]], and advanced as far as [[Kasur]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}} Alauddin's army, led by [[Ulugh Khan]] and probably [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]] defeated the invaders on the [[Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98|Battle of Jaran-Manjur]] near Lahore in 1298{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}} where quite a large number of them were taken prisoner.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saksena |first=Banarsi Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |year=1992 |editor-last=Habib |editor-first=Mohammad |edition=2nd |volume=5 |pages=332 |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |oclc=31870180 |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |orig-date=1970 |editor-last2=Nizami |editor-first2=Khaliq Ahmad}}</ref>

==== Tughlaq dynasty (1320 AD – 1410 AD) ====
The Tughlaq dynasty's reign formally started in 1320 in [[Delhi]] when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] after defeating [[Khusrau Khan]] at the [[Battle of Lahrawat]].
[[File:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 2014-07-31.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]] at [[Multan]], built during the reign of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq]] in 1320 AD]]
During Ghazi Maliks reign, in 1321 he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to [[Deogir]] to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of [[Telangana]]). His first attempt was a failure.<ref name="lowe296">William Lowe (Translator), {{Google books|RFNOAAAAYAAJ|Muntakhabu-t-tawārīkh|page=296}}, Volume 1, pages 296–301</ref> Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n240/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 233–234</ref> This time Jauna Khan succeeded and Arangal fell, it was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate.The Muslim aristocracy in Lukhnauti (Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]], which he did over 1324–1325 AD,<ref name="lowe296" /> after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign.

After his father's death in 1325 CE, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammed Bin Tughlaq]] assumed power and his rule saw the empire expand to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach.<ref name="ebmit">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396460/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq Muḥammad ibn Tughluq] Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> He attacked and plundered [[Malwa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Lakhnauti]], [[Chittagong]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and many other regions in India<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n242/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–237</ref> His distant campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions all over Indian subcontinent became routine.<ref name="zbarni">[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n242/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 235–240</ref> Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351<ref name="pjackson2003">{{Cite book |author=Jackson, Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0521543293 |location=Cambridge, England}}</ref> while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in [[Sindh]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="vsoxford3">Vincent A Smith, {{Google books|p2gxAQAAMAAJ|The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911|page=217}}, Chapter 2, pp. 242–248, Oxford University Press</ref>

The Tughlaq empire after Muhammed Bin Tughluqs death was in a state of disarray with many regions assuming independence, it was at this point that [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], Ghazi Maliks nephew, took reign. His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq|Ghazi Malik]]) who had the title ''[[Sipahsalar]]''. His mother Naila was a Punjabi Bhatti princess (daughter of Rana Mal) from [[Dipalpur]] and [[Abohar]] according to the historian [[William Crooke]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&dq=firoz+shah+tughlaq+mother&pg=PA144 |title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh |date=1890 |publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press |page=144 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhFDAAAAYAAJ&q=bibi+naila+punjabi |title=Proceedings – Punjab History Conference |date=1966 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjab University |page=82 |language=en}}</ref> The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured [[Cuttack]], desecrated the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] to pay tribute.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&dq=firoz+shah+orissa&pg=PA184 |title=A History of India |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |page=184 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ&q=firoz+shah+cuttack |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |page=20 |language=en}}</ref> He also laid siege to the [[Kangra Fort]] and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jauhri |first=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToRHAAAAMAAJ&q=firoz+shah+tughluq+kangra |title=Firoz Tughluq, 1351–1388 A.D. |date=1990 |publisher=ABS Publications |isbn=978-81-7072-029-4 |page=74 |language=en}}</ref> During his time Tatar Khan of [[Greater Khorasan]] attacked Punjab however he was defeated and his face slashed by the sword given by [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]] to Raja [[Kailas Pal]] who ruled the Nagarkot region in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hutchison |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=kailas+pal&pg=PA221 |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |last2=Vogel |first2=Jean Philippe |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0942-6 |page=221 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Sayyid Dynasty (1410–40 AD) ====
After the death of the last Tughluq ruler Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, the [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] or Arab chieftain [[Khizr Khan]] established the [[Sayyid dynasty]], the fourth dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] after the fall of the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]].<ref name=":022">{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |year=2019 |isbn=978-0520325128 |page=117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |author= [[Richard M. Eaton|Easton, Richard M.]] |year= 2019 | isbn=978-0520325128 |publisher= University of California Press |page=105|language=en|quote=The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Digby, Simon]] |title=After Timur Left: North India in the Fifteenth Century |date=13 October 2014 |pages=47–59 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-945066-4 |access-date=25 January 2023 |quote=And we find that a Khokhar chieftain, Khizr Khan who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately became the power holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had {{sic|aqu|ired|nolink=y}}.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Orsini |first1=Francesca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59OFoAEACAAJ&q=after+timur+left |title=After Timur Left: Culture and Circulation in Fifteenth-century North India |last2=Sheikh |first2=Samira |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-945066-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht21AAAAIAAJ&q=al+srivastava+delhi+sultanate |title=The Sultanate of Delhi: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, 711-1526 A. D. |date=1953 |publisher=S. L. Agarwala |isbn=978-8193009352 |pages=229 |quote="their claim of Descendants of Prophet Mohammad is dubious but it seems certain that Khizr Khan's ancestors came from Arabia"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |date=2015-04-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |pages=261 |language=en |quote=The first of these two dynasties was founded by Khizr Khan, who bore the appellation 'Sayyid', which identified him as a descendant of prophet Muhammad, so the dynasty he founded came to be known as the Sayyid dynasty. The veracity of Khizr Khan's claimed lineage is uncertain, but it is likely that his forebears were Arabs, who had migrated to India in the early Tughluq period and settled in Multan. The family prospered in India, gaining wealth and power. This advancement culminated in Malik Suleiman, Khizr Khan's father, becoming the governor of Multan under the Tughluqs. When Suleiman died, Khizr Khan succeeded him to the post, but lost it during the political turmoil following the death of Firuz Tughluq.}}</ref>

Following [[Timur|Timur's]] 1398 Sack of [[Delhi]],{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=103}} he appointed [[Khizr Khan]] as deputy of [[Multan]] ([[Punjab region|Punjab]]).{{sfn|Kumar|2020|p=583}} He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kenneth Pletcher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=PA132 |title=The History of India |date=2010 |page=138| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group | isbn=9781615301225 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=V. D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=RA1-PA229 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |page=229| publisher=S. Chand | isbn=9788121903646 }}</ref> Khizr Khan captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty.{{sfn|Kumar|2020|p=583}} Khizr Khan did not take up the title of [[Sultan]], but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as ''Rayat-i-Ala''(vassal) of the [[Timurids]] – initially that of Timur, and later his son [[Shahrukh Mirza|Shah Rukh]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OghDAAAAYAAJ&q=It+is+generally+acknowledged+that+Khizr+Khan+continued+to+recognise+Timur+and+his+successors+,+Shah+Rukh+,+as+his+nominal+overlords+.+But+later+on+under+his+succesor+,+Mubarak+Khan+,+this+%27+fiction+%27+of+allegiance+to+the+Timurid+rulers |title=Proceedings:Volume 55 |year=1995 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=216}}</ref><ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.237</ref> After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3QbAAAAIAAJ&q=khizr+khan+sindh |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers] Bharatpur |date=1971 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |page=52}}</ref> [[Punjab]] was the powerbase of Khizr Khan and his successors as the bulk of the Delhi army during their reigns came from [[Multan]] and [[Dipalpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate |title=Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398–1526 |date=1980 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0227-6 |language=en |quote=This considerably depleted Iqbal's strength and encouraged Khizr Khan to collect his forces of Multan, Deopalpur and the Punjab}}</ref>

Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]] after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as ''Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah'' on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the Caliph, and declared himself a Shah.<ref>{{cite book |author=V. D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah+timur++caliph&pg=RA1-PA240 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007| publisher=S. Chand | isbn=9788121903646 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah&pg=PA103 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008 |page=103| publisher=Scarecrow Press | isbn=9780810855038 }}</ref> He defeated the advancing [[Hoshang Shah|Hoshang Shah Ghori]], ruler of [[Malwa Sultanate]] and forced him to pay heavy tribute early in his reign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate |title=Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398–1526 |date=1980 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0227-6 |language=en |quote=Hoshang tried his luck against Sultan of Delhi but he was beaten back by Mubarak Shah Saiyyad to whom he had to pay a handsome tribute}}</ref> Mubarak Shah also put down the rebellion of [[Jasrat Khokhar|Jasrath Khokhar]] and managed to fend off multiple invasions by the Timurids of Kabul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate |title=Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398–1526 |date=1980 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0227-6 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref>

The last ruler of the Sayyids, [[Alam Shah|Ala-ud-Din]], voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]] on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.<ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, Now Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.244</ref>

The neighboring [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] from 1399 to 1493 was ruled by Malik Qaranfal and his descendants who was stated to be a member of the [[Sayyid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXxDAAAAYAAJ&q=Malik+Qaranfal+,+who+was+the+nephew+of+... |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526 |date=1970 |publisher=Orient Longmans |pages=714 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Lodi Dynasty (1451 AD − 1526 AD) ====
Later, Bahlul Lodi captured Delhi and founded the [[Lodi dynasty]], the last of the [[Delhi sultanate]]. {{sfn|Jayapalan|2001|p=54}} The Lodi dynasty reached its peak under Bahlul's grandson [[Sikander Lodi]]. Various road and irrigation projects were taken under his rule, and the rule had patronized Persian culture. Despite this, there was still persecution of the local Hindu people as many temples, such as that of Mathura, were destroyed and had a system of widespread discrimination against Hindus.{{sfn|Jayapalan|2001|p=56}} The rule of [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]], the last Lodi emperor, emperor was a weak one and was eclipsed by the [[First Battle of Panipat|arrival of Babur's army]]. {{sfn|Jayapalan|2001|p=57}}

===Langah Sultanate===
{{Main|Langah Sultanate}}
[[File:Map of the Langah Sultanate circa 1475 CE.png|thumb|Approximate territory of the Langah Sultanate at its greatest extent, circa 1475 CE<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite book |last1=Baloch |first1=N. A. |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind%2C%20baluchistan%2C%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia, v. 4: THE REGIONS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN, MULTAN AND KASHMIR: THE HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SETTING |last2=Rafi |first2=A. Q. |date=1998 |publisher=Unesco |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |page=305 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306193338/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind%2C%20baluchistan%2C%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, the chief of [[Langah (clan)|Langah clan]], established the [[Langah Sultanate]] in [[Multan]]. The reign of [[Husseyn Langah I|Sultan Husayn I]] who ruled from 1469 to 1498 is considered to most illustrious of the Langah Sultans.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans led by Tatar Khan and [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah|Barbak Shah]].<ref name="UNESCO" /> He fought off attempts to reinstall Shiekh Yousaf who had taken refuge under Delhi Sultans. Eventually, he signed a peace treaty with [[Sikander Lodhi]] and abducted in the favour of his son. His successor, Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Sultan Mahmud Shah I, inherited the Sultanate stretched encompassing the neighbouring regions, including the cities of [[Chiniot]] and [[Shorkot]].<ref name="UNESCO" />

[[Husseyn Langah I|Sultan Husayn I]] being unable to hold his trans-Indus possessions, assigned the region around [[Dera Ismail Khan]] to Sardar [[Malik Sohrab Dodai]] Baloch in 1469 or 1471 and appointed him as "Jagir".<ref name="tolbort">{{cite book |last1=Tolbort |first1=T |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVQOAAAAQAAJ&q=dera+ismail+khan |title=The District of Dera Ismail Khan, Trans-Indus |date=1871 |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183413/https://books.google.com/books?id=RVQOAAAAQAAJ&q=dera+ismail+khan |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was invaded during the reign of Sultan Husseyn II by ruler Shah Husayn of the [[Arghun dynasty]], probably at [[Babur]]'s insistence,<ref name="UNESCO" /> who was either ethnic Mongol,<ref>Davies, C. Collin. "Arghun." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I. New ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. {{ISBN|90-04-08114-3}}</ref> or of Turkic or [[Turco-Mongol]] extraction.<ref>Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-231-10714-5}}</ref> [[Multan]] fell in 1528 after an extended siege and Shah Husayn appointed his son Mirza Askari as governor of the city, assisted by Langar Khan, one of the powerful amirs of Sultan Mahmud Langah I. Shortly after Shah Husayn departed Multan for [[Thatta]], however, the governor was thrown out of the city. The rebels under Sultan Mahmud II administered Multan for a time independently<ref>Davies, pp. 627–8</ref> but in 1541, [[Sher Shah Suri]] captured Multan, and the Sultanate ended.<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124110669}}</ref>

===Founding of Sikhism===
{{See also|History of Sikhism}}
[[File:The Entrance of Janam Asthan-2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]] in [[Nankana Sahib]], Pakistan, commemorates the site where Guru Nanak is believed to have been born.]]
A significant event in the late 15th century Punjab was the formation of Sikhism by [[Guru Nanak]] who was born in [[Nankana Sahib]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan in the [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]] province of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|Singh|2006|pp=12–13}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=6}} The history of the Sikh faith is closely associated with the history of Punjab and the socio-political situation in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th century. The hymns composed by [[Guru Nanak]] were later collected in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the central religious scripture of the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3i_htgAACAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=46}}</ref>

==Early Modern period (1526 AD – 1849 AD)==

===Mughal Empire===
{{Main|Mughal Empire}}
{{see also|Subah of Lahore|Subah of Multan|Subah of Delhi}}

In 1526, [[Babur]], a descendant of [[Timur]] and [[Descent from Genghis Khan|Genghis Khan]] from the [[Fergana Valley]] was ousted from his ancestral domain in Central Asia. Bābur turned to India and crossed the Khyber Pass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121217/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/|title=The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> He was able to secure control of Punjab, and in 1526 he decisively defeated the forces of the Delhi sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī at the First Battle of Panipat. The next year, he defeated the Rajput confederacy under Rana Sanga of Mewar, and in 1529 defeated the remnants of the Delhi sultanates. At his death in 1530 the Mughal Empire encompassed almost all of Northern India.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|title=Mughal Dynasty|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|publisher=Britannica|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224114251/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bābur's son Humāyūn (reigned 1530–40 and 1555–56) had lost territory to [[Sher Shah Suri]], launched campaigns against the [[Gakkhars]], about whom he suspected of being friendly with the Mughals.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Ishwari |title=The Life and Times of Humayun |date=1976 |publisher=Central Book Depot |page=92}}</ref> During this period, Sher Shah constructed the [[Rohtas Fort]] near [[Jhelum]]. Following the death of Sher Shah, in 1556, the Mughal forces under Humayun defeated Sikandar at the [[Second Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]] in 1556 and re-established the Mughal Empire across the Punjab and northern India. In 1580 the Punjab was divided into two provinces, [[Subah of Lahore]] and [[Subah of Multan]]. From 1586 to 1598, [[Lahore]] remained capital of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinopoli |first=Carla M. |date=1994 |title=Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323 |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=33 |issue=2 |page=294 |issn=0066-8435 |jstor=42928323}}</ref>

Over the next twenty-four years, the Mughals gradually consolidated power in the Punjab. Campaigns followed to subdue local [[Zamindars]] and the Hill forts. The Gakkhars were co-opted and assimilated into the Mughal polity under Kamal Khan, son of [[Sultan Sarang Khan|Rai Sarang]].<ref name="auto1"/> Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) defeated [[Hemu]] at the Second Battle of Panipat (1556) and re-established Mughal rule. Akbar's son Jahangir had furthered the size of the Mughal Empire through conquest, yet left much of the state bankrupt as a result. He was later buried in Lahore. Jahangir's son Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658) was known for his monuments, including the Taj Mahal. He was born in Lahore. [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]], born into the [[Thaheem (tribe)|Thaheem tribe]] in Punjab<ref name="Quddus 1992 p.402">{{cite book |last=Quddus |first=S.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4y9zAAAAMAAJ |title=Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism |publisher=Royal Book Company |year=1992 |isbn=978-969-407-130-5 |page=402 |access-date=2022-07-29 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183413/https://books.google.com/books?id=4y9zAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> from [[Chiniot]]<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Shabbir A. |title=Relations Between Dara Shukoh and Sa'adullah Khan |date=1986 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141552 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=47 |pages=273–276 |jstor=44141552 |issn=2249-1937 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422052225/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141552 |url-status=live }}</ref> remained [[Grand vizier]] (or Prime Minister) of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]] in the period 1645 to 1656.<ref name=":13" /> Shah Jahan's son Aurangzeb was deeply religious and undertook extensive campaign in Deccan. He built famous [[Badshahi Mosque]] in Lahore. Aurangzeb had instilled heavy taxes on Hindus and Sikhs that had later led to an economic depression.<ref name="Britannica"/>{{sfn | Seiple | 2013 | p=96}}<ref name=bbcgtb>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml|title=Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414075330/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn | Singh | Fenech |2016 | pages=236—238}}{{sfn | Fenech | 2001 | pages=20—31, 623–642}}{{sfn | McLeod | 1999 | pages=155—165}}

During the reign of Muḥammad Shah (1719–48), the empire began to decline, accelerated by warfare and rivalries, and. After the death of Muḥammad Shah in 1748, the Marathas attacked and ruled almost all of northern India. Mughal rule was reduced to only a small area around Delhi, which passed under Maratha (1785) and the British (1803) control. The last Mughal, Bahādur Shah II (reigned 1837–57), was exiled to Burma by the British.<ref name="Britannica"/> Muslims from Punjab who rose to nobility during the Mughal Era include [[Wazir Khan (Lahore)|Wazir Khan]],<ref name="Koch">{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |title=The complete Taj Mahal : and the riverfront gardens of Agra |date=2006 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |others=Richard André. Barraud |isbn=978-0-500-34209-1 |location=London |pages=45 |oclc=69022179 }}</ref> [[Adina Beg|Adina Beg Arain]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=G.S. Chhabra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&dq=adina+beg+punjab&pg=PA38 |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707–1803) |date=2005 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8 |pages=38 |language=en |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183415/https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&dq=adina+beg+punjab&pg=PA38 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Shahbaz Khan|author=Chisti, AA Sheikh Md Asrarul Hoque}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="180" heights="180">
File:Naulakha Pavilion near Sheesh Mahal in Lahore Fort.jpg|[[Naulakha pavilion]] (1633) in the [[Lahore Fort]]
File:Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg|[[Alamgiri Gate]] of the [[Lahore Fort]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
File:Tomb_of_Jahangir,_Lahore.jpg|The [[Tomb of Jahangir]] in [[Lahore]]
File:Beautiful pavilion of Faiz Baksh terrace.jpg|[[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore]]
File:Main Entrance of Akbari Sarai.jpg|[[Akbari Sarai]]
File:Badshahi Mosque, Lahore I.jpg|[[Badshahi Mosque]]
</gallery>

====Mughal conflicts with Sikhs====
The lifetime of [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]], coincided with the conquest of northern India by [[Babur]] and establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Jahangir ordered the execution of [[Guru Arjan Dev]], whilst in Mughal custody, for supporting his son [[Khusrau Mirza]]'s rival claim to the throne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech|first1=Louis E |last2=McLeod|first2= W.H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1442236011 |pages=162 |edition=3}}</ref> Guru Arjan Dev's death led to the sixth Guru [[Guru Hargobind]] to declare sovereignty in the creation of the [[Akal Takht]] and the establishment of a fort to defend [[Amritsar]]. Jahangir then jailed Guru Hargobind at [[Gwalior]], but released him after a number of years when he no longer felt threatened. The succeeding son of Jahangir, [[Shah Jahan]], took offence at Guru Hargobind's declaration and after a series of assaults on Amritsar, forced the Sikhs to retreat to the [[Sivalik Hills]].{{sfn | Jestice | 2004 | pp=345—346}} The ninth Guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], moved the Sikh community to [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] and travelled extensively to visit and preach in defiance of [[Aurangzeb]], who attempted to install [[Ramraiya|Ram Rai]] as new guru.<ref name="McLeod2014p260">{{cite book |author1=Louis E. Fenech |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |author2=W. H. McLeod |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=260–261}}</ref>

====Durrani and Maratha invasions====
{{Main|Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Maratha conquest of North-west India}}

In 1747, the [[Durrani Empire]] was established by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] with his crowning as ''[[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|King of the Afghans]]'' by a [[Pashtun tribes|Pashtun tribal]] ''[[jirga]]''. The first time Ahmad Shah invaded Punjab, the Mughal imperial army checked his advance successfully. Yet subsequent events led to a double alliance, one by marriage and another politically, between the Afghan King and the Mughal Emperor. The battle of Panipat was the effect of this political alliance. After the victory of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Durrani became the primary ruler over Northern India. The influence of Durrani monarch continued in Northern India up to his death.<ref>{{Cite book|title = All India Modern History Congress|last = Potdar|first = Datto Vaman|year = 1938}}</ref>

In 1757, the Sikhs were persistently ambushing guards to loot trains. In order to send a message, and prevent such occurrences from recurring, Ahmad Shah destroyed the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]] and filled the Sarovar (Holy water pool) with cow carcasses.{{sfn | Singh | 1984 | p=144-145}}

In 1758 the [[Maratha Empire]]'s general [[Raghunathrao]] attacked and conquered northern and central Punjab up till [[Attock]] driving out [[Timur Shah Durrani]], the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, in the process. [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]], [[Subah of Multan|Multan]], [[Kashmir]] and other provinces on the eastern side of Attock were under Maratha rule. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas became major players.<ref name="K.RoyIHB">{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8|year=2004 }}</ref> As Punjab served as the frontier province of the Marathas, [[Balaji Baji Rao|Nana Saheb I]] gave the province to his key ally [[Adina Beg|Adina Beg Khan]] who acquired the title of the ''[[List of monarchs of Punjab|Nawab of Punjab]]'' in 1758. In 1761, following the victory at the [[Third battle of Panipat]] between the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] and the [[Maratha Empire]], Ahmad Shah Abdali captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and [[Kashmir]] regions and had consolidated control over them.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

In 1762, there were persistent conflicts with the Sikhs. [[Vadda Ghalughara]] took place under the Durrani rule to wipe out the [[Sikh]]s, with 30,000 Sikhs being killed, an offensive that had begun with the Mughals, with the [[Chhota Ghallughara]],<ref>A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 p.86] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183414/https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86&dq= |date=18 November 2022 }}, Routledge, W. Owen Cole, Piara Singh Sambhi, 2005</ref> and lasted several decades under its successor states.<ref>[[Khushwant Singh]], A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, pp. 127–129</ref> The rebuilt Golden Temple was destroyed, and the pool was filled with cow entrails, again.<ref name="SardarSingh1998">{{Cite book|title = The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume IV|last = Bhatia|first = Sardar Singh|publisher = Punjabi University|year = 1998|pages = 396}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|last = Latif|first = Syad Muhammad|publisher = Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd.|year = 1964|pages = 283}}</ref>

====Pakpattan state (1692–1810 CE)====
Following the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, the shrine's ''Dīwān'' was able to forge a political independent state centered on [[Pakpattan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC&q=pakpattan&pg=PA349 |title=Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam |date=1984-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04660-3 |language=en}}</ref> In 1757, ''Dīwān'' 'Abd as-Subḥān gathered an army of his [[Jats|Jat]] [[Murid|murīds]], attacked the Raja of [[Bikaner]], and thereby expanded the shrine's territorial holdings for the first time east of the Sutlej.<ref name=":3" /> Around 1776, the ''Dīwān'', supported mainly by his [[Wattoo (surname)|Wattu]] [[Murid|murīds]], successfully repelled an attack by the Sikh [[Nakai Misl]], resulting in the death of the Nakai leader, [[Heera Singh Sandhu]].<ref name=":3" />

====Sial State (1723 - 1816)====
{{See also |Sial dynasty}}
[[Sial dynasty|Sial state]] was established by the 13 Sial Chief Nawab Walidad Khan Sial in 1723.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmartin |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |date=2020-04-14 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8 |language=en}}</ref> He gradually gained control of the lower [[Rachna Doab|Rachna doab]], including the cities of [[Chiniot]], [[Pindi Bhattian]], [[Jhang]] and [[Mankera]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab Government |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105607 |title=Gazetteer Of The Jhang District |date=1883}}</ref>

Next chief, [[Inayatullah Khan Sial|Inayatullah Khan]] (r. 1747– 1787) was a successful general who won 22 battles against [[Bhangi Misl]] and the Multan chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab Government |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105607 |title=Gazetteer Of The Jhang District |date=1883}}</ref>

Sikh Empire invaded Jhang multiple times from 1801 to 1816.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab Government |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105607 |title=Gazetteer Of The Jhang District |date=1883}}</ref> [[Sial dynasty|Sial state]] was annexed by [[Sikh Empire]] and Ahmad Khan Sial was awarded a Jagir by [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRsCzwEACAAJ |title=Muslims Under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance |date=2022 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-7556-4035-5 |language=en}}</ref>

===Sikh Empire===
{{Main|Sikh Empire}}

==== Punjabi Unification ====
In 1799, a process to unify Punjab was initiated by [[Ranjit Singh]]. Training his army under the style of the [[East India Company]], he was able to conquer much of Punjab and surrounding areas.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=99}} The invasions of [[Zaman Shah]], the second successor of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] had served as a catalyst, for various Punjabi states to accede. After the first invasion, Singh had recovered his own [[Rohtas Fort|fort at Rohtas]]. During the second invasion, he had emerged as a leading Sikh chief. After the third invasion, he had decisively defeated Zamah Shah. This had eventually led to the takeover of [[Lahore]] in 1799, officially forming the [[Sikh Empire]]. In 1809, Singh signed the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1809|Treaty of Amritsar]] with the British; in this treaty, Singh was recognised as the sole ruler of Punjab up to [[River Sutlej]] by the British.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|pages=100—101}}

Within ten years of Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the Empire was taken over by the British who had already more or less exerted indirect or direct influence throughout the Subcontinent. At Lahore, there were increasing levels of nobles vying for power. A growing instability, allowed the British to come in and take over control of the area. After the British victories at the battles of the Sutlej in 1845–46, the army and territory of the boy Raja Duleep Singh was cut down. Lahore was garrisoned by British troops, and given a resident in the Durbar. In 1849, the British had formally taken control.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=99}}
<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160">
File:Fort of Lahore.jpg|[[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] in front of the [[Lahore Fort|Alamgiri gate]]. It was built by Ranjit Singh in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the ''[[Koh-i-Noor]]'' diamond from [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] in 1813.
File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 123.jpg|The [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]] is located in [[Lahore]], Pakistan, adjacent to the [[Badshahi Mosque]]
File:Ranjit Singh at Harmandir Sahib - August Schoefft - Vienna 1850 - Princess Bamba Collection - Lahore Fort.jpg|[[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] listening to [[Guru Granth Sahib]] being recited near the [[Akal Takht]] and [[Golden Temple, Amritsar]]. Painting by [[August Schoefft]] (1850)
</gallery>

===Kingdom of Bahawalpur===
[[File:Bahawalpur Coin Gold.jpg|thumb|One Rupee gold coin of [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V]]]]
The [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur state]] was founded in 1609 AD by [[Nawab]] Bahawal Khan Abbasi. The role of Bahawalpur state was important as the sole surviving Muslim state in Punjab. On 22 February 1833, Abbasi III entered into a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the [[British India|British]], to get protection against the expanding Sikh Empire. When British rule ended in 1947 and British India was partitioned into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], Bahawalpur joined the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. Bahawalpur remained an autonomous entity until 14 October 1955, when it was merged with the province of [[West Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Anas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9G3FBQAAQBAJ&dq=bahawalpur+1955+pakistan&pg=PT190 |title=Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology |date=2010-10-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-90418-9 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>

==Colonial period (1849 AD – 1947 AD)==
{{main|Punjab Province (British India)}}

The Punjab was annexed by the [[East India Company]] in 1849. Although nominally part of the [[Bengal Presidency]] it was administratively independent. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], apart from [[Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal|Revolt led by Ahmed Khan Kharal]] and [[Murree rebellion of 1857]], the Punjab remained relatively peaceful.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |first1=N.|last1=Arielli|first2=B.|last2=Collins |title=Transnational Soldiers: Foreign Military Enlistment in the Modern Era |date=28 November 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1137296634}}</ref> In 1858, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by [[Queen Victoria]], the Punjab came under the direct rule of Britain.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Colonial rule had a profound impact on all areas of Punjabi life. Economically it transformed the Punjab into the richest farming area of India, socially it sustained the power of large landowners and politically it encouraged cross-communal co-operation amongst land owning groups.<ref name="Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947"/> The Punjab also became the major centre of recruitment into the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]. By patronising influential local allies and focusing administrative, economic and constitutional policies on the rural population, the British ensured the loyalty of its large rural population.<ref name="Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947"/>

Administratively, colonial rule instated a system of bureaucracy and measure of the law. The 'paternal' system of the ruling elite was replaced by 'machine rule' with a system of laws, codes, and procedures. For purposes of control, the British established new forms of communication and transportation, including post systems, railways, roads, and telegraphs. The creation of [[Punjab Canal Colonies|Canal Colonies]] in western Punjab between 1860 and 1947 brought 14 million acres of land under cultivation, and revolutionised agricultural practices in the region.<ref name="Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947">{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Punjab and the Raj, 1849–1947 |date=1988 |publisher=Riverdale Company|isbn=0913215287}}</ref> To the agrarian and commercial class was added a professional middle class that had risen the social ladder through the use of the English education, which opened up new professions in law, government, and medicine.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=131}}

Despite these developments, colonial rule was marked by exploitation of resources. For the purpose of exports, the majority of external trade was controlled by British export banks. The Imperial government exercised control over the finances of Punjab and took the majority of the income for itself.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|pages=128—129}}

===Religious revivalism===
A highlight of religious controversy during this time was that of the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmaddiya movement]], initiated by [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]]. In his Burahin-i-Ahmaddiya, which was meant to rejuvenate Islam on the basis of the Quran, he had attempted to refute both Christian missionaries, and Hindus and Sikhs. In another work, Ahmad argued that [[Guru Nanak]] was a Muslim. He interpreted Jihad as a peaceful method, and declared himself to be the Messiah. This was met with significant controversy.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=134}}

In the first and second decades of the early 20th century, the idea of Hindu and Muslim separation had become an active political tone. Muslims were told to remain aloof of the Indian National Congress, the main body seeking Indian Independence, because there was a general fear that representation based on elections and employment-based upon competition was not in their interest. The [[All-India Muslim League]]'s demand for separate electorates for Muslims was granted at Amritsar in 1909. The Muslim League also demanded separate electorates in every province, even in those without Muslim majority populations, which was also granted by the Indian National Congress in 1916.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=136}}

===Railways===
In 1862, the first section of railway in the Punjab was constructed between Lahore and Amritsar, and [[Lahore Junction railway station]] opened. Lines were opened between Lahore and Multan in 1864, and Amritsar and Delhi in 1870.<ref name="Railway Development in Colonial Punjab">{{cite book |last1=Bhupinder Singh, Amandeep Kaur |title=Railway Development in Colonial Punjab: Social and Cultural Assimilation, Vol. 3, Issue 1 |date=2015 |publisher=International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research |pages=(80–84)}}</ref> The Scinde, Punjab and Delhi railways merged to form the [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]] in 1870, creating a link between Karachi and Lahore via Multan. The [[Punjab Northern State Railway]] linked Lahore and Peshawar in 1883. By 1886, the independent railways had amalgamated into [[North Western State Railway]].<ref name="Railway Development in Colonial Punjab"/>

===Education===
In 1854, the Punjab education department was instituted with a policy to provide secular education in all government managed institutions.<ref name="autogenerated96">Robert Ivermee, Secularism, Islam and Education in India, 1830–1910, Routledge, 28 July 2015, p.96</ref> Privately run institutions would only receive grants-in-aid in return for providing secular instruction.<ref name="autogenerated96"/> By 1864 this had resulted in a situation whereby all grants-in-aid to higher education schools and colleges were received by institutions under European management, and no indigenous owned schools received government help.<ref name="autogenerated96"/> In 1882, [[University of Punjab]] was established in Lahore, the 4th university to be established in South Asia. In 1884, a reorganisation of the Punjab education system occurred, introducing measures tending towards decentralisation of control over education and the promotion of an indigenous education agency. As a consequence several new institutions were encouraged in the province. The [[Arya Samaj]] opened a college in Lahore in 1886, the Sikhs opened the [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College]] whilst the [[Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam]] stepped in to organise Muslim education.<ref>Robert Ivermee, Secularism, Islam and Education in India, 1830–1910, Routledge, 28 July 2015, p.105</ref>

===Unrest===
An important event of the British Raj in Punjab was the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]. In 1919, Brigadier-General [[Reginald Dyer]] led fifty riflemen from the 1/9th Gurkhas, 54th Sikhs, and 59th Sikhs into the Bagh and ordered them to open fire into the crowd that had gathered there. The official number of deaths, as reported by the British government, was given as 379 killed, but some reports claimed that more than 1,000 were killed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Narain|first1=Savita|title=The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-87-9|page=1|date=19 October 2013}}</ref> There had been many Indian independence movements in Punjab at the time as well. Notably, the actions of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev Thapar|Sukhdev]], and Rajguru on 17 December 1928 in which the trio was responsible for killing J.P. Saunders in revenge for the latter's killing of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]. They were also responsible for the bombing of the Legislative Assembly in Delhi on 8 April 1929. The three believed that the nonviolent movement was a failure. Nevertheless, the use of violence in the Indian independence movement became unpopular after the execution of the trio on 23 March 1931.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=165}}

===Politics===
[[Punjab Legislative Council (British India)|Punjab Legislative Council]] was established by colonial authorities under [[Government of India Act 1919]]. The [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced increased provincial autonomy to Punjab replacing the system of dyarchy. It provided for the constitution of Punjab Legislative Assembly of 175 members presided by a Speaker and an executive government responsible to the Assembly. The [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] under Sir [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] formed the government in 1937. Sir Sikandar was succeeded by [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]] in 1942 who remained the [[Premier of the Punjab]] till partition in 1947. The [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] dominated Punjabi politics from the 1920s until the [[Second World War]]. Its influence over the rural population severely limited the local appeal and reach of both the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]].<ref name="Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947"/> A strong supporter of colonial rule, the Unionists were weakened by the war as they were directed to sacrifice their political interests to support the war effort.<ref name="Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947"/> Unable to placate their traditional support base with benefits from the colonial administration, they suffered a loss of authority which led to their disastrous performance at the [[1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election]] and a breakdown in inter-communal cooperation at a political level.<ref name="Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947"/> Although the term of the Assembly was five years, the Assembly continued for about eight years and its last sitting was held on 19 March 1945.<ref>http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/S-1937-1945.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402123700/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/S-1937-1945.htm |date=2 April 2016 }} Provincial Assembly of the Punjab</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160">
File:Lahore Museum, Lahore.jpg|[[Lahore Museum]] in Lahore. It was built in 1865.
File:Government College University, Lahore2.jpg|[[Government College University, Lahore|Government College, Lahore]], established in 1864.

File:General_Post_Office_Lahore_by_Damn_Cruze.jpg|[[General Post Office, Lahore]], built in 1887.
File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|[[University of the Punjab]], built in 1882. It was the fourth university established in the [[Indian subcontinent]].
File:GHANTA GHAR MULTAN.jpg|[[Ghanta Ghar (Multan)|Multan Ghanta Ghar]] was built in the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style, in 1884.
File:Jallianwala Bagh in Day light.JPG|Martyr's memorial at [[Jallianwala Bagh|Jallianwalla Bagh]]. In 1919, Brigadier-General [[Reginald Dyer]] ordered troops under his command to fire into a crowd of non-violent protestors, [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|killing between 300 and 1,000 people]]. The act served to rally the Indian independence movement.
</gallery>

==Partition of Punjab (1947)==
{{See also|Partition of India|Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab, India}}
[[File:Punjab map.svg|thumb|250px|Map of Punjab region, as of today]]

In 1947, the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of British India was divided along religious lines into [[West Punjab]] and [[East Punjab]], with East Punjab containing modern states of [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The [[Partition of India]] in 1947 split the former Raj province of Punjab; the mostly [[Muslim]] western part became the Pakistani province of West Punjab and the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became the Indian province of Punjab. Many Sikhs and Hindus lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and so partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. All Punjabi [[princely states]], except [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]], also became part of India.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.<ref>The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, [[Karachi]], 1997. table 45, pp. 136. {{ISBN|969-407-230-1}}</ref> The Gurdaspur district which is partially now part of the Indian state of Punjab had a slight Muslim majority (50.2% according to the [[1941 Census of India|1941 census]]) prior to the partition. Many Muslims fled the partition violence to settle in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |year=1993 |title=The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggled for Pakistan |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.1080/03086539308582893 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Nisid Hajari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO5zCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-547-66921-2 |pages=139– |access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref> While many cities in what is now Pakistan—such as [[Rawalpindi]], [[Nankana Sahib]], and [[Sargodha]] etc.—had Hindu and Sikh majorities before 1947, other districts like Lahore, Sheikhupura, and Lyallpur (now Faisalabad) had sizable Hindu and Sikh populations, though not in the majority. The migration of Hindus and Sikhs to India began following communal violence in the Hazara region in December 1946, and intensified after the [[1947 Rawalpindi massacres|Rawalpindi massacres]] in March 1947. This migration continued amid the broader wave of partition-related violence, lasting until and beyond the day of independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |title=The Punjab: Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199406593}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_Xm_2BOI3MC |title=The Punjab: Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed |date=29 September 2012 |publisher=Rupa Publications India Pvt. |isbn=9788129119049}}</ref>

As stated, a major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale [[Religious persecution#Religious cleansing|religious cleansing]] riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer [[Tim Dyson]], in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=188–189}}

A major religious population exchange happened in 1947, which resulted in the following 1951 census: Muslim population noted as 300,246 persons (1.77%) in [[East Punjab]] (India), while in [[West Punjab]] (Pakistan), the 1951 census recorded a Hindu population of 33,052 persons (0.16%) and only 35 others (some of whom may have been Sikh).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Population According to Religion Table-6 |first=CENSUS OF PAKISTAN, 1951 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31311/download/34492/1422_1951_POP.pdf |title=CENSUS OF PAKISTAN, 1951 Population According to Religion Table 6 |publisher=Office of Census Commissioner, Govt. of Pakistan, Ministry of Interior |date=October 1951 |pages=12–21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219010813/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31311/download/34492/1422_1951_POP.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Census Of India 1951, Vol 8 |first=Punjab |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.425679/page/8/mode/2up |title=Census Of India 1951, Vol 8 Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur and Delhi Part II-A General Population, Age and Social Tables |publisher=Govt. of India Census Commissioner LAKSHMI CHANDRA VASHISHTA, B.A.(Hons), LLB., P.C.S.}}</ref>

==After Independence==
===Punjabi Subah===
After independence, the [[Akali Dal]], a Sikh-dominated political party active mainly in Punjab, sought to create a Sikh State but idea was not very popular. However, there was push in many regions of India for [[States Reorganisation Commission|reorganisation of states]] based on language. In Punjab, instead of religion, the Akalis launched the Punjabi Suba movement aimed at creation of a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-majority [[Subah (province)|subah]] ("province") in the erstwhile [[East Punjab]] state of India in the 1950s.In 1966, it resulted in the formation of the Punjabi speaking -majority [[Punjab (India)|Punjab state]], the Haryanvi-Hindi-majority [[Haryana]] state and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]]. Some [[Western Pahari|Pahari]] majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged with [[Himachal Pradesh]] as a result of the movement.<ref name="paul_brass_north_india">{{cite book | first = Paul R. | last = Brass | title = Language, Religion and Politics in North India | publisher = iUniverse | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-595-34394-2 | page = 326 }}</ref>

===Khalistan movement===
{{main|Khalistan movement}}
Some Sikhs called for the creation of a separate Sikh homeland known as [[Khalistan]] in the 1970s, along the lines of Pakistan, which led to a state of emergency being declared by Indira Gandhi, who believed the creation of Khalistan would drastically weaken India, particularly since the Punjab region grew up to 70% of the country's wheat (during the [[Green Revolution in India]], incentives had been provided to the people of Punjab to switch to growing wheat exclusively). During [[Operation Blue Star]], Gandhi further called in Indian troops to extinguish the few militants who had taken shelter in the Golden Temple, killing thousands of civilians in the crossfire.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Gus|title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ6MeYq_FbkC&q=khalistan&pg=PA190|date=2013|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4522-0582-3|page=174|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183415/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ6MeYq_FbkC&q=khalistan&pg=PA190|url-status=live}}</ref> Attacks then targeted the Punjab State police and Indian Security forces that opposed the creation of Khalistan and wished Punjab stay under Indian rule.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lutz|first1=James|last2=Lutz|first2=Brenda|title=Global Terrorism|year=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-53785-8|page=88}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of Pakistan]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[Panjab Digital Library]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

===Books===
{{refbegin}}
* Ali, Imran. ''The Punjab under imperialism, 1885–1947'' (2014).
* {{cite journal |last=Alram |first=Michael |year=2014 |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=174 |pages=261–291 |jstor=44710198}}
* {{citation|last=Barua|first=Pradeep|title=The State at War in South Asia|year=2006|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-2785-9}}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}
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===Journals===
* {{cite journal | last=Digby | first=Simon | title=Mohammad Habib: Politics and society during the early medieval period. Collected works, Vol. 1. Edited by K. A. Nizami. xx, 451 pp., front. New Delhi: People's Publishing House [for the] Centre of Advanced Study, Dept. of History, Aligarh Muslim University, 1974. Rs. 50. | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=39 | issue=2 | year=1976 | issn=0041-977X | doi=10.1017/s0041977x0005028x | page=453 }}
* {{citation | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. |author-link= | title=Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=121 | issue=1 | pages=20–31 | year=2001 | issn=0003-0279 | doi=10.2307/606726 | jstor=606726 }}
* {{cite journal |display-authors=4 |vauthors=Giosan L, Clift PD, Macklin MG, Fuller DQ, Constantinescu S, Durcan JA, Stevens T, ((Duller GAT)), Tabrez AR, Gangal K, Adhikari R, Alizai A, Filip F, VanLaningham S, ((Syvitski JPM)) |title=Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=26 |year=2012 |pages=E1688–E1694 |issn=0027-8424 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1112743109 |pmid=22645375 |pmc=3387054 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109E1688G |doi-access=free}}
* Talbot, I. A. (1980). "The 1946 Punjab Elections" ''Modern Asian Studies'' 14(1), 65–91 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/312214 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128084227/https://www.jstor.org/stable/312214 |date=28 January 2021 }}.

===Theses===
* {{Cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Rehman |first=Abdur |date=1976 |title=The last two dynasties of the Sahis : an analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229 |language=en-AU |doi=10.25911/5d74e50054bb9}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* R. M. Chopra, "The Legacy of the Punjab", (1997), Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.

{{History of India by State}}
{{History of Pakistan by province}}

[[Category:History of Punjab| ]]
[[Category:History of India by region|Punjab]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan by location|Punjab]]

Bania (caste)

2026-03-14T00:50:24Z

IrmaBracy4216: refine intro additionally and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Indian mercantile caste}}
{{for|the Nepalese community|Bania (Newar caste)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

'''Bania''' (also spelled '''Baniya''', '''Banija''', '''Banya''', '''Vaniya''', '''Vani''', '''Vania''', and '''Vanya''')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haynes |first=Douglas E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij4-7F4Pip4C&dq=vaniya+caste&pg=PA55 |title=Rhetoric and Ritual in Colonial India: The Shaping of a Public Culture in Surat City, 1852-1928 |date=30 October 1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06725-7 |language=en}}</ref> is a mercantile [[caste]] primarily from the Indian states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]], with significant diasporic communities in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Maharashtra]] (particularly [[Mumbai]]) and northern states of India.<ref name="Schrader1997"/><ref name="Hanks2003"/><ref>Other citations for native and diaspora region
*{{cite book |author1=Anthony Webster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t17eCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT161 |title=Commodities, Ports and Asian Maritime Trade Since 1750 |author2=Ulbe Bosma |author3=Jaime de Melo |date=13 October 2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137463920 |page=161 |quote=By the late eighteenth century, a large number of Bania and Parsi merchants had relocated to Bombay.}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT187|title=Genetically Modified Democracy: Transgenic Crops in Contemporary India|page=187|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2021|author=Aniketh Aga|isbn=9780300262582}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jeffery |first1=Roger |last2=Jeffrey |first2=Craig |last3=Lerche |first3=Jens |title=Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh |date=31 March 2014 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-93-5150-428-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FclDAAAQBAJ&dq=bania+caste+in+uttar+pradesh&pg=PT74 |page=74}}
*{{cite book|title=Home Away from Home: Inland Movement of People in India|author=Mahavir Singh|year=2005|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTPCpA6xg0QC&pg=PA61|quote=John Malcolm, a British traveller, wrote in 1829, 'almost every businessman in Madhya Pradesh is a Baniya. Most of them are Marwaris from Rajasthan and some from Gujarat'|publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies|isbn=9788179750872}}</ref>

Traditionally, the Bania community has been associated with occupations such as trade, banking, and money-lending. In modern times, many members of the community are involved in various business and entrepreneurial ventures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardiman |first=David |date=1996b |title=Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651058 |journal=Past & Present |issue=152 |pages=113–156 |doi=10.1093/past/152.1.113 |issn=0031-2746 |jstor=651058|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheesman |first=David |date=1982 |title='The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312116 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=445–462 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00015262 |issn=0026-749X |jstor=312116 |s2cid=145722413|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Hindi term ''baniyā'' is derived from Sanskrit ''vaṇija'' ("trader"), whereas the Marwari ''bā̃ṇyõ'' and Gujarati ''vāṇiyo'' are derived from Sanskrit ''vāṇija'' ("trader").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Ralph Lilley |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1962–1985 |pages=655, 670}}</ref> The community is also known by the term "vanik".{{Sfn|Hardiman|1996|p=62}}

In [[Bengal]] the term ''Bania'' is a functional catch-all for moneylenders, indigenously developed bankers, readers of grocery items and spices, irrespective of caste.<ref name="Schrader1997">{{cite book|last=Schrader|first=Heiko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rf7nIIz8ikC&pg=PA68|title=Changing financial landscapes in India and Indonesia: sociological aspects of monetization and market integration|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=1997|isbn=978-3-8258-2641-3|page=68}}</ref> In Maharashtra, the term ''vani'' is used for traders/usurers who tended to rather be [[Kunbis]] by caste. Europeans used the term ''[[banyan]]'' loosely to mean "trader", whether regardless if the individual was a member of the Baniya caste or simply a trader who could be a Brahmin, [[Muslims|Muslim]], or [[Parsis|Parsi]].{{Sfn|Hardiman|1996|p=63}}

==Society==
[[File:Codice Casanatense Gujarati Merchant.jpg|thumb|left|300px|16th century Portuguese painting of a Baneane merchant man and woman from Cambay.]]
The community is composed of several sub-castes including the [[Agarwal]], [[Khandelwal Vaishya|Khandelwal]], [[Maheshwari]], [[Oswal]], [[Porwal|Porwad]] and [[Shrimal Jain|Shrimali]] Baniyas.<ref name="Hanks2003">{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |title=Dictionary of American Family Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG7MZ9J6dAgC&q=bania |date=8 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977169-1 |pages=xcvi, 103 |quote=The Banias of northern India are really a cluster of several communities, of which the Agarwal Banias, Oswal Banias, and Porwal Banias are mentioned separately in connection with certain surnames}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Supplement |date=1971 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hygLAQAAIAAJ&q=Maheshwari+banias |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kotani |first=Hiroyuki |title=The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2002 |editor-last=Panikkar |editor-first=K.N. |pages=196 |chapter=Rural and Urban Caste Structure in Eighteenth-Nineteenth Century India: The Deccan and Gujarat |editor-last2=Byres |editor-first2=Terence J. |editor-last3=Patnaik |editor-first3=Utsa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=A.M. |title=The Family in India: Critical Essays |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1998 |pages=136 |quote=For example, just as there were Modh Vanias, there were Modh Brahmins, and similarly Khadayata Vanias and Khadayata Brahmins, Shrimali Vanias and Shrimali Brahmins, Nagar Vanias and Nagar Brahmins, and so on.}}</ref> Traditionally (dating to at least the 15th century), the Gujarati Baniyas had 84 divisions (as did Gujarati Brahmins), although many were simply formulaic. Subcastes are also divided into Visa and Dasa divisions, which are also centuries old, and prohibit intermarriage.{{Sfn|Hardiman|1996|p=63}}

The Baniyas as a caste are either Jains or Hindus (mostly Vaishnava of the [[Vallabha sampradaya]]), and are native inhabitants of Gujarat and Rajasthan. In Rajasthan in particular, higher status Baniyas preferred to call themselves ''mahajan''s. Outside of Rajasthani, those Baniyas were known as "[[Marwari people|Marwaris]]" although technically a Marwari could be of any caste. The Gujarati and Rajasthani Baniyas have served as the prototypical Indian merchant, resulting in other non-Baniya mercantile communities sometimes also being called Baniyas. Scholars have noted that Baniyas however have certain cultural traits that distinguish them from other traders, such as [[nonviolence]]/[[pacifism]]. [[Lohanas]] and [[Bhatia caste|Bhatias]] of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Sindhis|Sindh]] (who are also mercantile and [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarga]] [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]]) although sometimes called baniyas are sharply distinguished from the Baniya caste due to their martial ethos. [[Daudi Bohra]]s whose business practicies are nearly identical to Baniyas and who consider [[Diwali]] as the start of the financial year are not considered part of the Baniya caste due to their nonvegetarianism, beards, and clothing traditions.{{Sfn|Hardiman|1996|p=63-67}}<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harold |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Trade and Merchants |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Rajeev Bhargava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ps65AAAAIAAJ |title=Multiculturalism, Liberalism, and Democracy |author2=Amiya Kumar Bagchi |author3=R. Sudarshan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-564824-9 |page=228 |quote=Most of the Hindu banias of Gujarat in the nineteenth century were followers of Vallabhcharya of the Vaishnava sect; the rest were Jains or Shravaks.}}</ref>

It is hypothesized by historians that the Vaishnav Vaniyas of Gujarat are the descendants of the now-extinct Buddhist merchants who were formerly present in the region.<ref name=":03" />

Banias are composed of caste in the mercantile and business fields, which have delineated the Baniya identity.{{Sfn|Hardiman|1996|p=63-67}} The term baniya has historically been applied to various mercantile communities who belong to diverse castes.<ref name=":03" />
[[File:Banians of Surat, Gogo, and Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|Bania men of Surat, Gogo, and Ahmedabad, Gujarat, [[British India]].|273x273px]]
[[File:KITLV 87170 - William Johnson - Bania women in British India - Before 1860.jpeg|thumb|Bania women in [[British India]]. Image taken before 1860.|248x248px]]
Baniyas are vegetarians, and some groups have greater restrictions on the foods that can be consumed. They also take care not to kill insects when preparing and eating food.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |pages=62–92}}</ref>

Baniyas were known to be hard working and frugal. Only minimum expenses would be made on clothing, food, and furniture.<ref name=":0" />

During the day, Baniya boys were sent to schools called ''patshala''s where they would learn business skills and habits. They learned how to read and write, as well as in secret merchant scripts that were hidden from non-Baniyas. They also learned [[cipher]]s, [[accounting]], and [[arithmetic]]. The correctness of mathematical calculations was extremely important to Baniyas, and they learnt various methods and tricks so they could perform advanced mental arithmetic. A mercantile ethos was also instilled in the boys, as they learned the chief aim of life was to acquire wealth and only profitable transactions were worthwhile. After school hours, boys would spend time in the family shop and learn the business. After education was complete boys would try to start their own businesses and if successful, would be allowed to manage the family business.<ref name=":0" />

When Baniyas made transactions, they often had dubious qualities that allowed the accumulation of many small profits. These include short-weighing, adulteration of products, and regular undervaluation of debt repayments. They were also known for being well-spoken and not confrontational. They were very secretive about their business accounts, and would use secret scripts or illegible handwriting. Often two sets of account books were kept, one for showing officials if needed, and one only for family. Business dealings were kept within the family, and in cases of dispute other Baniyas would arbitrate in order to keep business deals secret from non-Baniyas. Their preference for compromises instead of confrontations often led non-Baniyas to think of them as cowardly.<ref name=":0" />

In order to prepare for further business success, Baniyas also had to have high levels of information access. They had messengers, intelligence networks, and postal services in order to make sure that they knew about any important knowledge as early as possible. Such information was often used in [[speculation]] in [[futures exchange]]s, which in turn sometimes turned into gambling.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Baniyas of Delhi.jpg|thumb|Baniyas of Delhi|left|300px]]

Honour was very important to Baniyas, which they called ''abru''. Their honour was tied to their credit worthiness, which were valued higher than their lives. A bankrupt Baniya was stigmatised, and those who were caught to be dishonest with another Baniya were boycotted, bankrupted, and stigmatised. Honour was also tied to socioreligious conduct, as maintaining marital relations within the community, having a strong patriarch, and adherence to religious principles were all highly valued.<ref name=":0" />

Wealthy Baniyas only spent large sums of money for specific purposes: hosting feasts, buying jewellery (mainly for women), construction of [[haveli]]s, and the most honourable being donating to religious causes such as temples or religious festivals. Such displays of wealth allowed Baniyas to show their status and high honour.<ref name=":0" />

Baniyas historically are very religious, with the Jain and Hindu Vaishnavs' beliefs, rituals, prayers, and ceremonies being often very similar. [[Pushtimarg]] Vaishnavs would perform emotional [[Sevā|seva]] to [[Krishna]], and Jains would be austere and follow the Jain vows. [[Lakshmi Puja]] was performed by Baniyas, for Lakshmi to bestow wealth and welfare on the family.<ref name=":0" />

According to Basu, the culture of Gujarati Baniyas is viewed ambivalently by outsiders, stating "on the one hand, it is associated negatively with usury and commercial calculation, and on the other, it carries positive connotations of Jaina and Vaiṣṇava religious traditions that place special emphasis upon values of vegetarianism, nonviolence ( ''ahiṃsā'' ), and purity".<ref name=":03" />

They are described as belonging to the [[Vaishya]] varna.<ref>Citations mentioning ''vaishya'' caste:

* {{Cite book |author=Lawrence A. Babb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsJKNbszQ7MC&pg=PA15 |title=The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1975 |isbn=9780231038829 |page=15 |quote=The term Bania is used generally for mercantile castes in North and Central India, and these castes are accorded Vaishya status in the varna system.}}
* {{Cite book |author=Irawati Karve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w58iAQAAMAAJ |title=Kinship Organization in India |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1990 |isbn=9788121505048 |page=7 |quote=Vaishya generally go by various names : Vaishya, Bania, Vani, Sethi and Shetti.}}
* {{Cite book |author=Luis Cabrera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssHADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |title=The Humble Cosmopolitan: Rights, Diversity, and Trans-state Democracy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-086950-2 |page=27 |quote=Baniya, also written as bania, is a merchant caste or community within the Vaishya occupational varna.}}
* {{Cite book |author=Clara Neary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSa0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |title=Gandhi's Autobiographical Construction of Selfhood: The Story of His Experiments with Truth |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=9783031227868 |page=87 |quote=The Bania is a sub-caste (or jati) of the Vaishya caste (or varna). Vaishyas are tradition-ally the merchant class and are placed third in the hierarchical ordering of the four varnas of traditional Hinduism.}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rczUAAAAMAAJ |title=Census of India, 1961 Volume 19, Issue 6, Part 6 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India |year=1964 |page=9 |quote=Baniya The Baniyas who belong to Vaishya Varna carry on trade in the village . They also do money - lending business . In fact it is the only community in the village which is following its traditional occupation.}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of Baniyas}}
*[[Thakkar Pheru]] (early 14th century) (Shrimali), treasurer, mint director, and numismatics author in the court of [[Alauddin Khalji]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Samira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APUtDwAAQBAJ&dq=%C5%9Br%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%AB&pg=PT204 |title=Forging a Region: Sultans, Traders, and Pilgrims in Gujarat, 1200–1500 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-908879-9 }}</ref>
*Jhaveri family (Oswal){{sfn|Sheth|2024|p=6}}
**[[Shantidas Jhaveri]] (1584–1659), Indian jeweller, bullion trader, and moneylender<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sheth |first=Sudev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tfbEAAAQBAJ |title=Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2024 |isbn=9781009330268 |pages=6, 296}}</ref>
**[[Khushalchand|Khushalchand Jhaveri]] (1680–1748), Indian jeweller and financier{{sfn|Sheth|2024|p=6}}
**[[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai]] (1863-1912), Gujarati industrialist<ref name=":3" />
*[[Jagat Seth family]] (Oswal), merchant, banker and money lender family in Bengal<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |title=Towns and Cities of Medieval India |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |pages=508}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |title=A Business History of India: Enterprise and the Emergence of Capitalism from 1700 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2018 |pages=48}}</ref>
*[[Girdhar]] (1787–1852) (Lad), Gujarati poet<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sāṭhe |first1=Gajānana Narasiṁha |title=गिरधर-कृत रामायण |last2=Bhaṭṭa |first2=Dīneśa Harilāla |publisher=Vāṇī Presa |pages=17–18 |language=hi |script-title=hi:Giradhara-Kr̥ta Rāmāyaṇa}}</ref>
*[[Family of Mahatma Gandhi]] (Modh)<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+subcaste+the+Gandhis+belonged+to+was+known+as+Modh+Bania,+the+prefix%22&pg=PP42 |title=Gandhi before India |date=15 October 2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-322-8 |pages=42 |language=en |quote=The subcaste the Gandhis belonged to was known as Modh Bania, the prefix apparently referring to the town of Modhera, in Southern Gujarat}}</ref>{{refn|The Gandhis were expelled from their caste when Mahatma Gandhi crossed the seas.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gandhi, Nehru and Modern India |first=Elizabeth Mauchline |last=Roberts |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019|isbn=978-1-000-63959-9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=De2oDwAAQBAJ&dq=crossing+the+seas+india+%22expelled%22+%22caste%22&pg=PT15}}</ref>|group=note}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arDvngEACAAJ |title=Gandhi Before India |date=2014 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-385-53229-7 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Premchand Roychand]] (1832–1906) (Oswal), 19th century Indian businessman and founder of [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Subramanian |first1=Lakshmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUhvd13OoEwC&dq=Premchand+Roychand+bania&pg=PT51 |title=Three Merchants of Bombay |date=15 January 2016 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=9788184757217}}</ref>
*[[Karsandas Mulji]] (1832-1871) ([[Kapol community|Kapol]]), Gujarati writer and social reformer<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Bibeshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlTRAAAAMAAJ&q=hargovindas%20kantawala |title=Ideas in history; proceedings. |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1968 |pages=124|isbn=9780210268643 }}</ref>{{refn|Karsandas Mulji was expelled from his caste for travelling to England in 1862, and he never attempted to rejoin.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Yagnik|first1= Achyut|last2 = Sheth|first2= Suchitra|author-link= |date= 2005|title= The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond|url= |location= |publisher= Penguin Books|page= 79|isbn=}}</ref>|group=note}}<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Saha|first=Shandip|date=2004|title=Creating a Community of Grace: A History of the Puṣṭi Mārga in Northern and Western India (1493-1905)|url= |type= |chapter= |publisher=University of Ottawa|page= 274}}</ref>
*[[Mangaldas Nathubhoy|Mangaldas Nathubhai]] (1832-1890) (Kapol), Gujarati merchant in Bombay<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Neera |title=Social Change in Gujarat: A Study of Nineteenth Century Gujarati Society |publisher=Vora & Co. |year=1978 |pages=442}}</ref>
*[[Hargovinddas Kantawala]] (1844-1930), Gujarati writer<ref name=":2" />
*[[Birla family]] (Maheshwari), a prominent Business and Industrialist family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The concise Oxford history of Indian business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9LsAAAAMAAJ|author1=Dwijendra Tripathi|author2=Jyoti Jumani|year=2007|page=88|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-568429-2 |quote=One of them was Ghanshyamdas Birla, whose family symbolized more than any other Marwari, the transition of the community from trade to industry . Maheshwari Bania by caste, the Birlas originated from Pilani in the Shekhavati region of Rajasthan, which had been the original homeland of Marwari migrants.}}</ref>{{refn|The Birlas were expelled from their caste in 1922 when [[Rameshwar Das Birla]] married a Kolvar woman.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India |first=Catherine |last=Weinberger-Thomas |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-22688-568-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ashesofimmortali0000wein/page/177 177] |url=https://archive.org/details/ashesofimmortali0000wein |url-access=registration |edition=Translated |orig-year=1996}}</ref>|group=note}}
*[[Lala Lajpat Rai]] (1865-1912) (Agarwal), Indian independence activist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Dohra |title=Landscapes of Hope: Anti-Colonial Utopianism in America |date=2 March 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971569-5 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFy87zNb5QYC&dq=Lala+Lajpat+Rai+bania&pg=PA221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Burra |first1=Neera |title=A Memoir of Pre-Partition Punjab: Ruchi Ram Sahni, 1863–1948 |date=15 February 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909130-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z59MDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargar |first=Vanya Vaidehi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfb4EAAAQBAJ&dq=Lala+Lajpat+Rai+agarwal&pg=PT34 |title=Being Hindu, Being Indian: Lala Lajpat Rai's Ideas of Nationhood |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2024|isbn=978-93-5708-583-0 }}</ref>
*[[Krishnalal Jhaveri]] (1868-1957), Indian scholar and judge{{Sfn|Desai|1978|p=446}}
*[[Seth Hukumchand]] (1874-1959), Indian industrialist<ref>{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |title=Indian Business and Nationalist Politics 1931-1939: The indigenous capitalist class and the rise of the Congress Party |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1985 |pages=32}}</ref>
*[[Walchand Hirachand]] (1882-1953), Indian industrialist and founder of [[Walchand group]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schrader |first=Heiko |title=Changing Financial Landscapes in India and Indonesia |publisher=Lit |year=1997 |pages=130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Damodaran |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GG58DwAAQBAJ&dq=Walchand+Hirachand+baniya&pg=PT220 |title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation |publisher=Hachette |year=2018|isbn=978-93-5195-280-0 }}</ref>
*[[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] (1886-1964), Hindi poet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sunītā |first1=Ela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZRjAAAAMAAJ&q=Maithili+Sharan+Gupt+gahoi |title=Maithilīśaraṇa Gupta kā kāvya: Saṃskr̥ta srota ke sandarbha meṃ |date=1984 |publisher=Hindī Vibhāga, Kocina Viśvavidyālaya |page=20 |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Sarabhai family]] (Daśā Śrīmāḷī), a prominent Business family.<ref>{{cite book|title=Entrepreneurship and Industry in India, 1800-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ba7AAAAIAAJ|page=44|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-562806-7 |quote=The Sarabhais and the Lalbhais, the town's two most prominent entrepreneurial families, were Jain Banias prominent as shroffs.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Amrita |title=Vikram Sarabhai: A Life |publisher=Penguin Limited |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mūḷe|first=Bālakr̥ṣṇa Mādhavarāva|date=2001 |title=Aṁbālāla Sārābhāī |url= |encyclopedia=Gujarātī Viśvakośa |location= |publisher= |access-date=|language=gu}}</ref>
*[[Shankarlal Banker]], Indian independence activist{{refn|Shankarlal Banker (along with his family) was expelled from his caste for travelling to England in 1911 and eating meat while he was there.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Mukherjee|first1= Sumita|author-link= |date= 2010|title=
Nationalism, Education and Migrant Identities: The England-returned|url= |location= |publisher= Taylor & Francis|page= 33|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Śukla|first=Jayakumāra Ra. |date=2000 |title=Beṁkara, Śaṁkaralāla Ghelābhāī |url= |encyclopedia=Gujarātī Viśvakośa |location= |publisher= |access-date=|language=gu}}</ref>|group=note}}
*[[Balwantrai Mehta]] (1899 - 1965) (Ghoghārī Daśā Poravāḍa), Indian politician who served as the second [[Chief Minister]] of [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=મહેતા, બળવંતરાય |encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust |location=Ahmedabad |last=Śukla|first=Jayakumāra Ra.|date=2002 |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume=15 |pages= |language=gu |oclc=}}</ref>
*[[Ram Manohar Lohia]] (1910-1967), Indian independence activist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Somanaboina |first1=Simhadri |last2=Ramagoud |first2=Akhileshwari |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Other Backward Classes in India: Thought, Movements and Development |date=15 November 2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-46280-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5tIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ram+Manohar+Lohia+bania&pg=PT176 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Dalmia Group|Dalmia]] and [[Sahu Jain family|Sahu Jain families]], industrialist families<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Stephanie |title=Merchants of the Raj: British Managing Agency Houses in Calcutta Yesterday and Today |publisher=Macmillan Press |year=1992 |pages=411}}</ref>
*[[Dhirubhai Ambani]] (1932-2002), 20th century Indian businessman.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rowley |first1=Chris |last2=Rama |first2=Marie dela |title=The Changing Face of Corruption in the Asia Pacific: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges |date=3 May 2017 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-101230-7 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IM91DQAAQBAJ&dq=Dhirubhai+Ambani+bania+caste&pg=PA210 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Amit Shah]] (1964–present), Indian politician.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rathore |first1=Aakash Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16vDDwAAQBAJ&dq=Amit+Shah+baniya&pg=PT126 |title=Vision for a Nation: Paths and Perspectives |last2=Nandy |first2=Ashis |date=18 December 2019 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-722-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Venugopal |first1=Vasudha |last2=Nag |first2=Jayatri |date=22 March 2021 |title=West Bengal polls: BJP manifesto promises women safety, jobs, free transport, health care |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/mission-bengal-bjp-releases-sankalp-patra-promises-sonar-bangla/articleshow/81616578.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 July 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
*[[Arvind Kejriwal]] (1968–present), Indian politician and current [[Chief Minister of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kejriwal makes common cause with traders: I'm Baniya too |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kejriwal-makes-common-cause-with-traders-im-baniya-too/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 March 2014 |quote=I come from a Baniya family. Most of my relatives are businessmen. I know that it is not easy to do business in this country.}}</ref>
*[[Brij Behari Prasad]], former Science and Technology minister in [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]'s cabinet.<ref name="outlook 2007">{{cite magazine |last1=Gupta |first1=Smita |last2=PTI |date=15 October 2007 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pinned-lynch/235751 |title=Pinned Lynch |magazine=Outlook |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132556/https://www.outlookindia.com/article/pinned-lynch/235751 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Vaishya]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title= 'The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind |first=David |last=Cheesman |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |year=1982 |pages=445–462 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00015262 |jstor=312116|s2cid=145722413 | issn = 0026-749X }}
*{{cite journal |title=The British and the Moneylender in Nineteenth-Century India |first=Thomas R. |last=Metcalf |author-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=34 |issue=4 |date=December 1962 |pages=390–397 |doi=10.1086/239182 |jstor=1880056|s2cid=145246030 }}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Bania communities| ]]
[[Category:Vaishya community]]

Esthappan

2026-03-07T04:58:24Z

IrmaBracy4216: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Esthappan
| image = Esthappan poster.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[G. Aravindan]]
| producer = [[K. Ravindran Nair]]
| writer = G. Aravindan
| starring = Rajan Kakkanadan Krishnapuram Leela Sudharma Shobhana
| music = Janardhan G. Aravindan
| cinematography = [[Shaji N. Karun]]
| editing = G. Aravindan
| studio = General Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1980|4|25|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Esthappan''''' is a 1980 [[Malayalam film]] written and directed by [[G. Aravindan]]. Aravindan also co-composed the music and edited the film. Rajan Kakkanadan, Krishnapuram Leela, Sudharma and Shobhana form the cast. It won the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] for Best Film and Best Director.

==Plot==
Esthappan, a fisherman lives in a seashore colony of fishermen.

The first sequence of Esthappan is a long shot of Esthappan walking by the seashore, which creates an illusory feeling that he is walking over the waves and crossing the sea. Esthappan's miraculous acts like printing his own money and drinking whisky without getting drunk are narrated by people.
He is described as a prophet, miraculous healer, thief and charlatan by different people. Finally when the disappearance of Esthappan from the colony creates concern among fellow fishermen, the priest of the church consoles them that Esthappan would definitely come back.

==Cast==
*Rajan Kakkanadan
*Krishnapuram Leela
*Sudharma
*Shobhana
*[[Gemini Ganesan]]

==Critical commentary==
The character of Esthappan is always engaged in all sorts of things (in a moral way) to make people remind of Christ. The fishermen community of the place works (different sorts of ‘acts’) so hard and so do all other men and women of the locality. Yet the greatness of their acts is lost once the same community indulges without any moral concerns, in immoral and illegal acts. They lose the greatness of their effort (acts) through excessive drinking, gossiping, being promiscuous and through exploiting each other in many ways. This reprobate state of the people is what drives Esthappan to do what he does. He, who was once a fisherman now does no work other than doing things that will remind the people of Christ. He thinks that to work without a philosophy, is a waste. Therefore, his attempt is at the heart of the people who have forgotten Christ. In order to do that he comes to help people from diseases, from false acquisitions, from debt, from dangers etc. like Christ did. But his constant worries and thoughts while doing all these suggest us that he is not satisfied from these external acts alone. He is worried more about getting into the hearts of people where lay the real problem; the question of morality and conscience. Esthappan is not against established dogmas of the Church or against the practices of her. His attendance of mass celebrated in the church and his asking for the incenses are examples for this.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.chaosmag.in/aravindan.html|title=Aravindan's profile|date=|publisher=India Film database|access-date=11 April 2011|archive-date=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912052135/http://www.chaosmag.in/aravindan.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite magazine
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2701/stories/19890610160.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101020084908/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2701/stories/19890610160.htm
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 20 October 2010
| title = Aravindan's art
| access-date = 11 April 2011
| author = Sashi Kumar
| date = 2–15 January 2010
| magazine = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0080698}}

{{G. Aravindan}}
{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. Aravindan]]
[[Category:Films about faith healing]]

Ajagajantara

2026-03-03T22:00:39Z

IrmaBracy4216: new

{{short description|1991 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ajagajantara
| image = Ajagajantara.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]
| producer = [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] Doddayya Sathyanarayana Datthathreya Umapathy
| writer = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] (dialogues)
| story = Gayathri Cine Creations
| screenplay = [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| starring = [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] [[Anjana (Kannada actress)|Anjana]] Sriraksha Sudheendra [[Bank Janardhan]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Umapathy
| editing = Subrahmanyam
| studio = Sri Gayathri Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|01|24}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Ajagajantara''''' ({{Translation|The difference between a goat and an elephant}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[black comedy]] film directed by [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] who himself stars in the film alongside [[Anjana (actress)|Anjana]] and Sriraksha. Actor director [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] did an extended cameo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2022 |title=This Day, That Year: Upendra's debut as hero, the cult classic 'A' turns 24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/this-day-that-year-upendras-debut-as-hero-the-cult-classic-a-turns-24/articleshow/89072088.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315154646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/this-day-that-year-upendras-debut-as-hero-the-cult-classic-a-turns-24/articleshow/89072088.cms |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times}}</ref> The core plot was loosely based on the 1988 novel ''[[Indecent Proposal (novel)|Indecent Proposal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/18/veteran-kannada-film-actor-kashinath-passes-away-1757486.html |title=Veteran Kannada film actor Kashinath passes away |date=18 January 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702080535/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/18/veteran-kannada-film-actor-kashinath-passes-away-1757486.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around a wife who puts up her husband for sale and the trouble that follows.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]
*[[Anjana (Kannada actress)|Anjana]]
*Sriraksha
*Sudheendra
*Sathyabhama
*Somasekhar Rao
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*Prakash
*Ramachandra
*Anjanappa
*Gotoori
*Chaya
*Kavitha
*Padmashree
*Ramaprabha
*Shanmugam
*Suresh Devanagare
*Sorat Subrahmanyam
*[[Vijanath Biradar]]
*Uma
*Rathnashree
*Sundaramma
*Prathibha
*Ramesh
*Dheerendra Kulakarni
*Venkatesh
*Kumar
*Autoraja
*Padmini
*Sudarshini
*Prabhamma
*[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as the owner of Dum Dum Agarbattis (extended cameo appearance)
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/07/22/ajagajanthara-1991/ |title=Ajagajanthara – ಅಜಗಜಾಂತರ (1991/೧೯೯೧) |date=22 July 2013 |access-date=16 June 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616111805/https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/07/22/ajagajanthara-1991/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film was scripted by Gayathri Cine Creations, which earlier worked on ''[[Anantana Avantara]]'''s script. It was directed, co-produced, and acted by Kashinath. [[Hamsalekha]] composed the songs, while music director, [[V. Manohar]], and actor, Upendra (in his struggling days), wrote the lyrics. Upendra himself had penned the dialogue and wrote the screenplay along with Kashinath. He also made a cameo appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2014 |title=Upendra started his career as an actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/upendra-started-his-career-as-an-actor/articleshow/35340320.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ajagajantara
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1991
| recorded =
| venue =
| language = Kannada
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:30
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|gAZKU1-3kkg|Ajagajantara – Jukebox}}}}
| chronology = [[Hamsalekha]]
| prev_title = [[Bhujangayyana Dashavathara]]
| prev_year = 1991
| next_title = [[Neenu Nakkare Haalu Sakkare]]
| next_year = 1991
}}
The songs were composed by Hamsalekha. The lyrics were penned by [[V. Manohar]] and [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nooru Gandu Banderu
| extra1 = [[Manjula Gururaj]], Chorus
| length1 = 3:57
| title2 = Love Love Lavva
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Latha Hamsalekha]], Chorus
| length2 = 6:09
| title3 = Thattona Thattona
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Chandrika Gururaj]]
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Dooradalli Kano Bettavu
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chandrika Gururaj
| length4 = 5:07
| title5 = Jeevanada
| extra5 = Vishnu, Manjula Gururaj
| length5 = 4:47
| total_length = 24:30
}}

== Release ==
The movie was released on 24 January 1991. Upon release the movie received positive response from the people and went on to run for more than 180 days in movie halls. The movie was declared a blockbuster at the box office. It is considered to be one of the best movies in the career of [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]. The humorous sequences in the movie were well appreciated by the people. The movie since then has a massive [[Cult film|cult following]] in Karnataka.<ref>[https://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/kashinath.721/#post-50821 Article title]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-kashinath/20120810.htm |title=I have never undergone any directorial training |website=Rediff |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126172849/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-kashinath/20120810.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=Kannada film actor Kashinath passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-film-actor-kashinath-passes-away/articleshow/62550157.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930141740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-film-actor-kashinath-passes-away/articleshow/62550157.cms |archive-date=30 September 2018 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times}}</ref> Anjana, who played the wife's role, catapulted to fame after the successful run of this movie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Sandalwood News: ನೆನಪಿದ್ದಾರಾ ಅಜಗಜಾಂತರ ನಟಿ ಅಂಜನಾ; ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ತಮ ಅವಕಾಶಗಳಿದ್ದರೂ ಇದ್ದಕ್ಕಿದ್ದಂತೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು ಏಕೆ? |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-why-ajagajantara-movie-actress-anjana-left-kannada-film-industry-ondu-cinema-kathe-rsm-181690770900044.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808151640/https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-why-ajagajantara-movie-actress-anjana-left-kannada-film-industry-ondu-cinema-kathe-rsm-181690770900044.html |archive-date=8 August 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=Kannada}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10125812}}

{{Kashinath}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1991 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]

Kurukshetra (2019 film)

2026-03-03T21:27:38Z

IrmaBracy4216: adjusted references also and updated info for consistency

{{short description|2019 film directed by Naganna}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kurukshetra
| image = Kurukshetra (2019 film).jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Naganna]]
| writer = J. K. Bharavi
| story =
| producer = Munirathna
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] [[Ambareesh]] [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] [[Arjun Sarja]] [[Meghana Raj]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] [[Sonu Sood]] [[Nikhil Kumar (actor)|Nikhil Kumar]] [[Aditi Arya]] [[Danish Akhtar Saifi]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = Jo Ni Harsha
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| studio = KCN Movies Vrushabhadri Productions Rockline Productions
| distributor = Rockline
Entertainment (Kannada) [[Geetha Arts]] (Telugu) [[V. Creations]](Tamil) [[Global United Media]](Malayalam)
| released = {{film date|2019|08|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 185 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}}75 crore <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-kurukshetra-to-the-villain-and-kgf-kannada-cinema-is-betting-on-big-budget-films-5055281.html |title=From Kurukshetra to The Villain and KGF, Kannada cinema is betting on big-budget films|date=27 August 2018 |accessdate=27 August 2018}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}90 crore <ref>{{cite news |title='K.G.F.: Chapter 1' to 'Avane Srinamnarayana': Top 5 highest-grossing films in the history Sandalwood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/k-g-f-chapter-1-to-avane-srinamnarayana-top-5-highest-grossing-films-in-the-history-sandalwood/photostory/77084520.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723003609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/k-g-f-chapter-1-to-avane-srinamnarayana-top-5-highest-grossing-films-in-the-history-sandalwood/photostory/77084520.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/box-office/how-kannada-movies-are-setting-new-benchmarks-at-box-office-636839|title=
How Kannada Movies Are Setting New Benchmarks At Box Office|date=
August 2020|accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kurukshetra''''' ({{translation|Kuru's place}}) is a 2019 [[Kannada]]-language [[Hindu mythological film|epic]] [[War film|war]] film<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bharadwaj|first=K. v Aditya|date=2019-08-09|title='Kurukshetra' review: Rare mythological 3D treat, but lacks originality|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kurukshetra-film-review-rare-mythological-treat-but-lacks-originality/article28969391.ece|access-date=2021-06-08|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810111416/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kurukshetra-film-review-rare-mythological-treat-but-lacks-originality/article28969391.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Must-watch mythological movies in Kannada|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/must-watch-mythological-movies-in-kannada/742721|access-date=2021-06-08|website=[[Times Now]]|date=8 April 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608075335/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/must-watch-mythological-movies-in-kannada/742721|url-status=live}}</ref> written by [[J. K. Bharavi]] and directed by [[Naganna]]. The story, centred on [[Duryodhana]], [[Kaurava]] king,<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2017 |title=Darshan set to star as Duryodhana in 50th film |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/darshan-set-to-star-as-duryodhana-in-50th-film/articleshow/57994961.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410215850/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/darshan-set-to-star-as-duryodhana-in-50th-film/articleshow/57994961.cms |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=24 August 2017 |work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> is based on the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/aug/09/kurukshetra-movie-review-darshan-shines-in-a-seamless-retelling-of-mahabharata-13547.html|title=Kurukshetra Movie Review: Darshan shines in this seamless retelling of Mahabharata|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=9 August 2019 |access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105084839/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/aug/09/kurukshetra-movie-review-darshan-shines-in-a-seamless-retelling-of-mahabharata-13547.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kurukshetra-movie-review-the-mahabharta-is-told-more-with-more-focus-on-flesh-than-the-spirit-7139721.html|title=Kurukshetra movie review: The Mahabharta is told more with more focus on flesh, than the spirit|date=10 August 2019|website=Firstpost|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410021539/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kurukshetra-movie-review-the-mahabharta-is-told-more-with-more-focus-on-flesh-than-the-spirit-7139721.html|url-status=live}}</ref> inspired by the epic poem ''Gadhayuddha'' by [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kurukshetra-movie-review-rating-5891784/|title=Kurukshetra movie review: This Darshan film is a throwback to old-school mythological dramas|date=9 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410224137/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kurukshetra-movie-review-rating-5891784/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/kurukshetra-high-budget-movie-in-the-making/article52732.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614025052/http://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/kurukshetra-high-budget-movie-in-the-making/article52732.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2017|title= Kurukshetra High Budget Movie in the Making|website=Desimartini|date=23 May 2017|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Munirathna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/apr/18/budget-without-limits-for-kurukshetra-1594676.html|title=Budget without limits for Kurukshetra|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 April 2017|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/director-naganna-kurukshetra-start-with-a-song-kannada-news-191868|title=Director Naganna Kurukshetra, start with a song|website=Indiaglitz.com|date=1 August 2017|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

The film features an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Arjun Sarja]],
[[Nikhil Kumar (actor)|Nikhil Kumar]], [[Aditi Arya]], [[Meghana Raj]], [[Haripriya]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Danish Akhtar Saifi]], [[P. Ravishankar]] and [[Shashikumar]] portraying characters from ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/kurukshetra-could-be-kannada-cinema-biggest-multi-starrer/786418/|title=Kurukshetra could be Kannada cinema biggest multi-starrer|work=The Financial Express|date=30 July 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411064849/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/kurukshetra-could-be-kannada-cinema-biggest-multi-starrer/786418/|url-status=live}}</ref> The score and soundtrack were composed by [[V. Harikrishna]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Jayanan Vincent]] and
Jo Ni Harsha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/26/harikrishna-readying-music-for-kurukshetra-1621134.html|title=Harikrishna readying music for Kurukshetra|work=The New Indian Express|date=27 June 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824215737/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/26/harikrishna-readying-music-for-kurukshetra-1621134.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film was released on 9 August 2019 across more than 1000 screens, making it the widest release for any Kannada film alongside the dubbed Telugu version. On 15 August, the Tamil version was released. The Malayalam-language version was released on 18 October in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/260719/kurukshetra-to-hit-3000-screens-in-3d.html|title=Kurukshetra to hit 3,000 screens in 3D|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=26 July 2019|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> It was the
[[List of Kannada films of 2019|
highest-grossing Kannada film of 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2020 |title=Kurushetra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/k-g-f-chapter-1-to-avane-srinamnarayana-top-5-highest-grossing-films-in-the-history-sandalwood/photostory/77084520.cms |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723003609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/k-g-f-chapter-1-to-avane-srinamnarayana-top-5-highest-grossing-films-in-the-history-sandalwood/photostory/77084520.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/box-office/how-kannada-movies-are-setting-new-benchmarks-at-box-office-636839|title=
How Kannada Movies Are Setting New Benchmarks At Box Office|date=
August 2020|accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref>

==Premise==
{{More plot|section|date=May 2025}}
The story is a reinterpretation of the war described in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' Sanskrit epic from [[Duryodhana]]'s viewpoint.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/4entertainment/kannada/2019/aug/03/historical-drama-kurukshetra-will-be-a-festival-naganna-2013551.html|title=Historical drama Kurukshetra will be a festival: Naganna|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> After losing to the Kauravas in a gamble, the Pandavas go into exile and endure hardship for a number of years. Upon their return, conflict arises over the dynastic succession leading to a [[Kurukshetra war]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as [[Duryodhana]]
* [[Arjun Sarja]] as [[Karna]]
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Sri [[Krishna]]
* [[Ambareesh]] as [[Bheeshma]]
* [[Sonu Sood]] as [[Arjuna]]
* [[Danish Akhtar Saifi]] as [[Bhima]]
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as [[Draupadi]]
* [[Meghana Raj]] as [[Bhanumati (Mahabharata)|Bhanumati]]
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as [[Shakuni]]
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as [[Dhritarashtra]]
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as [[Drona|Dronacharya]]
* [[Shashikumar]] as [[Yudhishthira|Dharmaraya]]
* [[Chandan Kumar]] as [[Nakula]]
* [[Yashas Surya]] as [[Sahadeva]]
* [[Rockline Venkatesh]] as [[Shalya]]
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]] as [[Kunti]]
* [[Nikhil Kumar (actor)|Nikhil Kumar]] as [[Abhimanyu]]
* Ravi Chethan as [[Dushasana]]
* Bharat Gowda as [[Ashwatthama]]
* [[Aditi Arya]] as [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as [[Subhadra]]
* [[Hariprriya]] as Maaye in a special appearance in the song "Jhumma Jhumma"
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as [[Vidura]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Subala|Gandhara Raja Subala]]
* Ashrita Vemuganti as Sri [[Krishna]]'s wife
* Uma Hebbar as [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as a Kaurava army warrior}}

==Production==
The official launch of the film was held on 6 August 2017 with filming beginning on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/kurukshetra-movie-to-be-launched-today-august-6-266974.html|title=Kurukshetra News: Movie To Launch Today; CM Siddaramaiah To Clap Start The Movie!|website=Filmibeat.com|date=6 August 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824174622/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/kurukshetra-movie-to-be-launched-today-august-6-266974.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A major portion of the film was shot at [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/an-epic-realised-on-screen/article19416252.ece|title=An epic realised on screen|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 August 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030034/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/an-epic-realised-on-screen/article19416252.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot twice, first in 2D format and then in 3D, with shooting completed after more than 230 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mythological-drama-kurukshetra-to-hit-screens-in-five-languages-on-aug-9/article28809326.ece|title=Mythological drama Kurukshetra to hit screens in five languages on Aug. 9|first=K. v Aditya|last=Bharadwaj|date=3 August 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> A few scenes and dialogues were reported to have been inspired by the 1977 Telugu movie ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kurukshetra-film-review-rare-mythological-treat-but-lacks-originality/article28969391.ece|title='Kurukshetra' review: Rare mythological 3D treat, but lacks originality|first=K. v Aditya|last=Bharadwaj|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 August 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=10 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810111416/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kurukshetra-film-review-rare-mythological-treat-but-lacks-originality/article28969391.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/muniratna-kurukshetra-movie-review-this-film-wont-disappoint/articleshow/70612245.cms|title=Muniratna Kurukshetra movie review: This film won't disappoint|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815133151/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/muniratna-kurukshetra-movie-review-this-film-wont-disappoint/articleshow/70612245.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kurukshetra
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =Kurukshetra Audio.jpg
| language = Kannada
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|08|01}}
| genre = Soundtrack
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| prev_title = [[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Adyaksha in America]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Kurukshetra
| type = Singles
| single1 = Saahore Saaho
| single1date = 5 July 2019
| single2 = Chaaruthanthi
| single2date = 13 July 2019
}}
}}

{{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|uNoOzSdEtlc|Audio Jukebox Malayalam}}
| audio2 = {{YouTube|Qt4E8pxsxbA|Audio Jukebox Kannada}}
| audio3 = {{YouTube|mhGT6jAqi0k|Audio Jukebox Tamil}}
| audio4 = {{YouTube|_PAfCJkVkpY|Audio Jukebox Telugu}}
}}

Music director [[V. Harikrishna]] was commissioned to compose the film's score. [[Lahari Music]], which bagged the film's audio rights for {{INR}}1.5 crore, launched the soundtrack on 7 July 2019.<ref name="thindu"/> The first song, "Saahore Saaho", was released on 5 July 2019.

;Kannada Tracklist
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| title1 = Saahore Saaho
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 4:07
| title2 = Chaaruthanthi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/10/chaaruthanti--second-single-from-darshan-starrer-kurukshetra-to-be-out-on-saturday-12884.html|title=Chaaruthanti: Second single from Darshan-starrer Kurukshetra to be out on Saturday|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kurukshetra-team-is-releasing-chaaruthanthi-song-on-saturday-ae-209975.html|title=Kurukshetra: ಲೋಕಾರ್ಪಣೆಗೊಳ್ಳಲಿದೆ ಕುರುಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಹಾಡು..|date=11 July 2019|website=Kannada.news18.com|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141614/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kurukshetra-team-is-releasing-chaaruthanthi-song-on-saturday-ae-209975.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 = 3:23

| title3 = Yelliruve Hariye
| extra3 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length3 = 3:01

| title4 = Jhumma Jhumma
| extra4 = Anuradha Bhat, [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length4 = 3:55

| title5 =Uthare Uthare
| extra5 =[[Santhosh Venky]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length5 =

| title6 =Aava Yochaneyu
| extra6 =[[Hemanth Kumar]]
| length6=
}}

;Hindi Tracklist
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Saahore Saaho
| lyrics1=
| length1 =
| extra1 =
| extra2 =
| extra3 =
| title4 = Jumma Jumma
| extra5 =
| extra4 =
| title2 =
| title3 =
| title5 =
}}
;Telugu Tracklist
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Vennelakanti]]
| title1 = Saahore Saaho
| extra1 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| length1 = 4:18
| title2 = Raaga Thanthi
| extra2 = Sai Charan, [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length2 = 3:23
| title3 = Hey Bharatha Vamshaja
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length3 = 3:01
| title4 = Jhumma Jhumma
| extra4 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length4 = 3:55
| title5 = Uthtara Uththara
| extra5 = Sarath Santosh, Neha Venugopal
| length5 = 4:18
| title6 = Kurukula Thilakalu
| extra6 = Sri Vardhini
| length6 = 4:18
}}

;Tamil Tracklist
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = D. Sai Mohan Kumar
| title1 = Veerathi Veera
| extra1 = Mukesh
| extra2 = Sathyaprakash, Neha Venugopal
| extra3 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Mano
| extra4 = [[Surmukhi Raman]]
| extra5 = Sarath Santhosh, Neha Venugopal
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title2 = Kaadhal Kiliye
| title3 = Jumma Jumma
| title4 = Guru Kulathai
| title5 = Uyire Uyire
| title6 = Hey Bharatha
}}
;Malayalam Tracklist
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Mangop Gopalakrishnan
| total_length= 21:34
| title1 = Aajanu Bahu
| lyrics1=
| extra1 = P. Unnikrishnan
| length1 = 4:07
| extra2 = Sajin, Preetha
| length2 = 3:27
| extra3 = Preetha
| length3 = 3:57
| extra4 = Renjini Jose
| length4 = 4:46
| extra5 = Sajin, Kavitha
| length5 = 3:04
| extra6 = Sajin
| length6 = 2:13
| title2 = Charugandhi
| title3 = Engunee Hariye
| title4 = Jumma Jumma
| title5 = Uthare Uthare
| title6 = Hey Bharatha Vamshaja
}}

==Release==
===Home media===
The satellite rights for the Kannada and Hindi versions of the film were bought by two different companies for {{INR}}9 crore and {{INR}}9.5 crore, respectively.<ref name="thindu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kurukshetra-to-hit-screens-on-august-9/article27174147.ece|title=Kurukshetra to hit screens on August 9|date=18 May 2019|website=Thehindu.com|access-date=2 August 2019|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408101124/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kurukshetra-to-hit-screens-on-august-9/article27174147.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Release date allocation===
A news report in late 2018 speculated that the film would be released in February 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/24/muniratna-kurukshetra-to-see-a-february-release-1915600.html|title=Darshan's Muniratna Kurukshetra to see a February release?|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=10 April 2023|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410205930/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/24/muniratna-kurukshetra-to-see-a-february-release-1915600.html|url-status=live}}</ref> But a delay caused the release date to be pushed to 5 April, targeting an [[Ugadi]] release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/muniratna-kurukshetra-set-for-ugadi-release/articleshow/67859465.cms|title=Muniratna Kurukshetra set for Ugadi release|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|archive-date=4 August 2019|access-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804095756/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/muniratna-kurukshetra-set-for-ugadi-release/articleshow/67859465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After actor [[Nikhil Kumar (actor)|Nikhil Kumar]] announced his participation in the [[2019 Indian general elections]], and the release date was further postponed as promotion of a candidate is prohibited during the elections. Producer Munirathna remarked, "The film is made in both 2D and 3D and it has got delayed due to the extensive graphics. Now, we are ready with the product and as planned, I am very keen to release this in April first week. But since Nikhil is part of our film, if I want to go ahead with the planned release date, I will have to lose out the entire Mysuru region."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nikhil-gowda-s-kurukshetra-ready-needs-election-commission-clearance-98319|title=Nikhil Gowda's 'Kurukshetra' is ready, but needs Election Commission clearance|website=The News Minute|date=14 March 2019|access-date=4 August 2019|archive-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804101012/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nikhil-gowda-s-kurukshetra-ready-needs-election-commission-clearance-98319|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was later slated to be released on 9 August but pulled forward by a week in order to avoid a clash in screen allotment with another multi-language release ''[[Saaho]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/muniratna-kurukshetra-hit-the-screen-early/articleshow/70063163.cms|title=Muniratna Kurukshetra hits the screen early|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|archive-date=20 August 2019|access-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820183315/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/muniratna-kurukshetra-hit-the-screen-early/articleshow/70063163.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, it was rescheduled to 9 August to coincide with the festival of [[Varamahalakshmi Vrata]].

The film was planned to be simultaneously released in four languages, apart from Kannada. It was released on 9 August 2019 in both 2D and [[3D film|3D]] formats in two languages – Kannada and Telugu. On 15 August 2019, the Tamil version was released. Due to [[2019 Kerala floods|floods in Kerala]], the Malayalam version was released on 18 October 2019
in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/260719/kurukshetra-to-hit-3000-screens-in-3d.html|title=Kurukshetra to hit 3,000 screens in 3D|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=26 July 2019|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|archive-date=27 July 2019|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727094403/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/260719/kurukshetra-to-hit-3000-screens-in-3d.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 September 2019, the film was released in the [[Middle East]] countries of United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, and Qatar.<ref name="News18kannada">{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/darshans-kurukshetra-released-in-gulf-countries-ae-240205.html|title=Kurukshetra: ಸಾಗರದಾಚೆಗೂ ಸುಯೋಧನನ ಯಾತ್ರೆ: ಅರಬ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡದ 'ಕುರುಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ'|date=7 September 2019|website=kannada.news18.com|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408101126/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/darshans-kurukshetra-released-in-gulf-countries-ae-240205.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
Kurukshetra received positive to mixed reviews from critics.

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 4/5 stars and wrote, "Narration is simple and helps even those who know nothing of the epic understand the story. It looks like the team has tediously managed to keep the story in a format that is likely to be widely accepted."<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title='Kurukshetra' movie review: Seamless treat of mythology we've grown up with |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/story/entertainment/review/2019/Aug/10/kurukshetra-movie-review-seamless-treat-of-mythology-weve-grown-up-with-2016733.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "While the story manages to hold the interest of the viewers through most of its run time, the screenplay basically plays to the gallery. [...] This one is for those who miss the good old mythological cinema and of course, for Darshan’s fans, who can watch their superstar playing the character of his lifetime and excelling in it."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurukshetra Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kurukshetra/movie-review/70600701.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 August 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925150020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kurukshetra/movie-review/70600701.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it 3/5 stars and wrote, "The first half of ''Kurukshetra'' suffers from uneven pacing. However, the second half holds well, thanks to a series of action set pieces."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurukshetra movie review: This Darshan film is a throwback to old-school mythological dramas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kurukshetra-movie-review-rating-5891784/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=9 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410225605/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kurukshetra-movie-review-rating-5891784/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Aravind Shwetha of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "Darshan is the heart and soul of the film, but the dialogues and direction could have been better."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shwetha |first1=Aravind |title='Kurukshetra' review: Darshan makes a convincing Duryodhana in a lacklustre epic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/story/flix/kurukshetra-review-darshan-makes-convincing-duryodhana-lacklustre-epic-106951 |work=The News Minute |date=5 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Shashiprasad S. M. of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "There are quite a few epic mistakes when it comes to dialogues but it is the effort and the honest making despite the technical disappointments, Munirathna's ''Kurukshetra'' deserve applause for pulling out a decent entertainment".<ref>{{cite news |last1=S. M. |first1=SHASHIPRASAD |title=Munirathna Kurukshetra review: An entertaining warfare {{!}} Munirathna Kurukshetra review: An entertaining warfare |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100819/munirathna-kurukshetra-review-an-entertaining-warfare.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321210910/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100819/munirathna-kurukshetra-review-an-entertaining-warfare.html |url-status=live }}</ref> M. K. Raghavendra of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave it 1/2 stars and wrote, "the biggest problem with the film is perhaps that it does not maintain the respectful distance required from its epic characters."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurukshetra movie review: The Mahabharta is told more with more focus on flesh, than the spirit |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kurukshetra-movie-review-the-mahabharta-is-told-more-with-more-focus-on-flesh-than-the-spirit-7139721.html/ |work=Firstpost |date=10 August 2019 |language=en-us |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211090938/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kurukshetra-movie-review-the-mahabharta-is-told-more-with-more-focus-on-flesh-than-the-spirit-7139721.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Box office==
{{see also|List of highest-grossing Indian films}}

=== Domestic ===
The film collected {{INRConvert|13|c}} on its opening day which is recorded as one of the biggest openings in Kannada cinema.
<ref>{{cite web |date=10 March 2021 |title='Roberrt' box office prediction: Darshan-starrer set to open on a solid note |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/roberrt-box-office-prediction-darshan-starrer-set-to-open-on-a-solid-note-960302.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228034513/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/roberrt-box-office-prediction-darshan-starrer-set-to-open-on-a-solid-note-960302.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first week collection of the film was reported to be around ₹30 crore
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/kurukshetra-touted-as-costliest-kannada-movie-likely-to-surpass-kgfs-collections-4343431.html |title=Kurukshetra, touted as costliest Kannada movie, likely to surpass KGF's collections |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522210612/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/kurukshetra-touted-as-costliest-kannada-movie-likely-to-surpass-kgfs-collections-4343431.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/Aug/14/kurukshetra-to-touch-rs-30-crore-mark-in-first-week-of-release-in-karnataka-2018591.html |title='Kurukshetra' to touch Rs 30 crore mark in first week of release in Karnataka |date=14 August 2019 |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018210347/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/aug/14/kurukshetra-to-touch-rs-30-crore-mark-in-first-week-of-release-in-karnataka-2018591.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/entertainment/munirathna-kurukshetra-collects-more-than-30-crore-in-a-week-and-20-crore-tv-and-audio-rights-pw9pl6 |title=ಕುರುಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ಬಜೆಟ್ ಕೋಟಿ ಕೋಟಿ; ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದು ಮಾತ್ರ 30 ಕೋಟಿ ? |access-date=29 November 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204153907/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/entertainment/munirathna-kurukshetra-collects-more-than-30-crore-in-a-week-and-20-crore-tv-and-audio-rights-pw9pl6 |url-status=live }}</ref> to ₹35 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/darshan-starrer-kurukshetra-movie-over-all-collections-ae-225405.html |title=Kurukshetra Collections: ಕೋಟಿ ಕೋಟಿ ಬಾಚಿಕೊಂಡ 'ಕುರುಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ': ಬಾಕ್ಸಾಫಿಸ್ -ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಹಕ್ಕಿನಿಂದ ದುರ್ಯೋಧನ ಗಳಿಸಿದೆಷ್ಟು ಗೊತ್ತಾ..! |date=14 August 2019 |access-date=3 December 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204093650/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/darshan-starrer-kurukshetra-movie-over-all-collections-ae-225405.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The film completed 100 days in few centers and emerged as a commercially successful film at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/darshan-starrer-kurukshetra-movie-completed-100-days-and-fans-are-celebrating-ae-289081.html |title=Kurukshetra 100 Days: 'ಕುರುಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ'ಕ್ಕೆ ನೂರು ದಿನಗಳ ಸಂಭ್ರಮ: ಯಶಸ್ಸನ್ನು ಅಭಿಮಾನಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಮರ್ಪಿಸಿದ ಡಿಬಾಸ್ ದರ್ಶನ್ ..! |date=20 November 2019 |access-date=15 January 2025 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115052031/https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/darshan-starrer-kurukshetra-movie-completed-100-days-and-fans-are-celebrating-ae-289081.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7968456}}

{{Works based on the Mahabharata|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:2019 3D films]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Naganna]]

Pallakilo Pellikoothuru

2026-03-03T18:10:30Z

IrmaBracy4216: Put up new info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pallakilo Pellikoothuru
| image = Pallakilo Pellikoothuru (2004 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Suchitra Chandrabose]]
| producer = [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|Prasad Devineni]]
| screenplay = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] [[Abburi Ravi]] (dialogues)
| story = Suchitra Chandrabose
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Raja Goutham|Goutham]]
* [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]]
}}
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = V. Srinivasa Reddy
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Sri Vara Siddhi Vinayaka Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Pallakilo Pellikoothuru''''' ({{translation|The bride in a palanquin}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Suchitra Chandrabose]]. Its stars [[Raja Goutham|Goutham]] and [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]]. The film introduces [[Brahmanandam]]'s son Goutham and marked Rathi's Telugu debut. [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] scripted the film in addition to supervising the direction.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2022}}
The film follows Rani (Rathi), a woman who is due to marry an [[non-resident Indian|NRI]]. She attends a school called Pallaki College to help her get accustomed to the American way of life. The school is run by Goutham (Goutham)'s family. Whether Gowtam expresses his love to Rani or lets Rani marry an NRI forms the rest of the plot.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Raja Goutham|Goutham]] as Gowtam
* [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]] as Rani
* Vaibhav
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Dance Master
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Suleiman
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Pelli Kaani Prasad "PP"
* [[M. Balayya|Balayya]] as Rani's grandfather
* [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]]
* [[Ravi Babu]] as Dubai Babu
* Mustafa
* [[Rama Prabha]]
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Pallaki College principal
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as a fashion designer
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
* Sirisha
*[[Shakeela]] as Kanyakumari
*Sunayana
*Aswini Sharma
*Sathipandu
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
[[Suchitra Chandrabose]] conceived the story while on the sets of ''[[Paradesi (1998 film)|Paradesi]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2004 |title=Press Meet – Pallakilo Pellikoothuru |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-pallaki.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127040338/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-pallaki.html |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> [[Brahmanandam]] helped his then 19 year old son Raja Gowtam receive this film opportunity. Gowtam learned acting under the training of Satyanand in Vizag.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rajagoutham.html|title=Raja Goutham interview about Basanthi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=28 February 2014|access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Songs composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. Lyrics by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2004 |title=Audio Function – Pallakilo Pellikoothuru |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-pallaki.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034412/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-pallaki.html |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

*"Naa Peru Cheppukondi"
*"Nuvvu Pre Nenu Ma"
*"Vanaku Tadisina Vallu"
*"Muddu Leni Prema"
*"Chempaku Chukkalu Petti"
*"Cheeraloni Goppatanam"

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "''Pallakilo Pellikoothuru'' is disappointing from the word go".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2004 |title=Pallakilo Pellikoothuru |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pallakilo-pellikoothuru-review-telugu-pclv5bfgjdceh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426095625/https://www.sify.com/movies/pallakilo-pellikoothuru-review-telugu-pclv5bfgjdceh.html |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> On the contrary, Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Though the film is set in the same formula mode of [[K. Raghavendra Rao|Raghavendra Rao]], the treatment of the subject is pleasant experience with all those pleasantries, fun and frolic and bonhomie of a marriage".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=2 August 2004 |title=Wholesome entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/wholesome-entertainer/article28341027.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127012842/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/wholesome-entertainer/article28341027.ece |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "First half of the film is mediocre. Second half is a let down. Plus points of the film are music, heroine and songs picturization. Negative points are old-fashioned filmmaking, predictable screenplay, non-contemporary treatment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2004 |title=Movie review – Pallakilo Pellikoothuru |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-pallakilopellikoothuru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034306/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-pallakilopellikoothuru.html |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1579850}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

Gandhi Tatha Chettu

2026-03-03T09:13:50Z

IrmaBracy4216: created new data

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Padmavathi Malladi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gandhi Tatha Chettu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| writer = Padmavathi Malladi
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Naveen Yerneni
* Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar
* Sesha Sindhu Rao
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Sukriti Veni]]
* [[Ananda Chakrapani]]
* [[Rag Mayur]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plain list|
* Vishwa Devabattula
* Srijitha Cheruvupally
}}
| editing = Hari Shankar TN
| music = Ree
| studio = {{plain list|
* [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
* [[Sukumar Writings]]
* Gopi Talkies
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|11||[[Listapad]]|2025|1|24|df=y|India}}
| runtime = 114 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhi Tatha Chettu |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzIzMTIyMDIzMDAwMjI= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gandhi Tatha Chettu''''' ({{translation|Tree of Gandhi's grandfather}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Padmavathi Malladi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-01-21 |title='Gandhi Tatha Chettu' director Padmavati Malladidiscusses the film's journey |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/gandhi-tatha-chettu-director-padmavati-malladidiscusses-the-films-journey-938613 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126072746/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/gandhi-tatha-chettu-director-padmavati-malladidiscusses-the-films-journey-938613 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukumar: వినోదం.. సందేశమున్న మంచి చిత్రమిది |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/gandhi-tatha-chettu-chitchat-with-media/0201/125009720 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117164631/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/gandhi-tatha-chettu-chitchat-with-media/0201/125009720 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film features Sukriti Veni Bandreddi, [[Chakrapani Ananda]] and [[Rag Mayur]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-09 |title=Gandhi Tatha Chettu trailer: A little girl's Gandhian fight to save her grandfather's tree |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/09/gandhi-tatha-chettu-trailer-a-little-girls-gandhian-fight-to-save-her-grandfathers-tree |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film premiered at [[Minsk International Film Festival]] (Listapad) in November 2024 and at [[Jaipur International Film Festival]] during the same month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-01-22 |title=Director Padmavathi Malladi on the making of 'Gandhi Tatha Chettu', a crowdsourced Telugu indie film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-gandhi-tatha-chettu-a-crowdsourced-telugu-indie-film-came-to-be/article69118383.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123133955/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-gandhi-tatha-chettu-a-crowdsourced-telugu-indie-film-came-to-be/article69118383.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> It was released in [[movie theater]]s on 24 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2025-01-01 |title=Sukumar's Daughter Sukriti Veni's Gandhi Tatha Chettu to Release on January 24th |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sukumars-daughter-sukriti-venis-gandhi-tatha-chettu-to-release-on-january-24th-934039 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103025212/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sukumars-daughter-sukriti-venis-gandhi-tatha-chettu-to-release-on-january-24th-934039 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-01-01 |title=Gandhi Tatha Chettu: జనవరి 24న సుకుమార్ కూతురు 'గాంధీ తాత చెట్టు' రిలీజ్ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/director-sukumars-daughter-sukriti-venis-gandhi-tatha-chettu-to-release-on-january-24th-735059.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film tells the story of a 13-year-old girl named Gandhi, who is deeply influenced by her grandfather Ramachandrayya’s adherence to Mahatma Gandhi’s principles. When a spokesperson for a minister, Satish, attempts to persuade the villagers to sell their land for the construction of a chemical factory, Ramachandrayya refuses, valuing a cherished tree on his property. After his passing, Gandhi takes on the responsibility of protecting the tree and faces opposition from the villagers and Satish. The narrative follows her non-violent struggle to save the tree, embodying Gandhian ideals of peaceful resistance.

==Cast==
* [[Sukriti Veni]] as Gandhi
* [[Ananda Chakrapani]] as Ramachandrayya, Gandhi's grandfather
* [[Rag Mayur]] as Satish
* Bhanu Prakash
* Nehal Anand Kunkuma
* [[Raghu Ram]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Ree
| title1 = Uthuthi
| length1 = 2:56
| lyrics1 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra1 = Kanakavva
| title2 = Dhagad Pilla<ref name="‘Dhagad Pilla’ from Gandhi Tatha Chettu is an energising folk number">{{cite news |title='Dhagad Pilla' from Gandhi Tatha Chettu is an energising folk number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/19/dhagad-pilla-from-gandhi-tatha-chettu-is-an-energising-folk-number |accessdate=20 January 2025 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=19 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| length2 = 3:02
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| title3 = Ole Sandhamama
| length3 = 1:24
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra3 = Divya Maalika
| title4 = Gandhi Maate
| length4 = 2:57
| lyrics4 = Viswa
| extra4 = Meghanaa Naidu, Sindhuja Tanuku, Swetha Ponnapalli, Krishna Lasya, Sweeya Lakshmi, Gopika
}}

== Release ==
''Gandhi Tatha Chettu'' premiered at [[Minsk International Film Festival]] (Listapad) in November 2024 and other film festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2025-01-02 |title=Sukumar's Daughter Sukriti Makes Her Debut in Award-Winning Drama |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sukumars-daughter-sukriti-makes-her-debut-in-award-winning-drama-1851326 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103164628/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sukumars-daughter-sukriti-makes-her-debut-in-award-winning-drama-1851326 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later released in movie theaters on 24 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title='Pushpa' Director Sukumar's Daughter Sukriti Shaved Her Head For Debut Film 'Gandhi Tatha Chettu' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/pushpa-director-sukumars-daughter-sukriti-shaved-her-head-for-debut-film-gandhi-tatha-chettu-article-117332389 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> It was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[ETV Win]] on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Hari Prasad |title=OTT Telugu Movie: సైలెంట్‌గా ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చేసిన సుకుమార్ కూతురు నటించిన మూవీ.. ఎక్కడ చూడాలంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gandhi-tatha-chettu-ott-release-date-sukumar-daughter-acted-movie-streaming-on-amazon-prime-video-ott-121742569850395.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a positive review with appreciation for direction and, performances of lead cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-01-24 |title='Gandhi Tatha Chettu' movie review: A heartfelt tribute to Gandhian principles and rural innocence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gandhi-tatha-chettu-movie-review-a-heartfelt-tribute-to-gandhian-principles/article69131186.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126224738/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gandhi-tatha-chettu-movie-review-a-heartfelt-tribute-to-gandhian-principles/article69131186.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote that "''Gandhi Tatha Chettu'' accomplishes just that, leaving us emotional with its simplicity and wholesomeness" with a particular praise for the actor Ananda Chakrapani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-25 |title='Gandhi Tatha Chettu' movie review: An earnest tale about fighting for the present and future |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jan/25/gandhi-tatha-chettu-movie-review-an-earnest-tale-about-fighting-for-the-present-and-future |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128033144/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jan/25/gandhi-tatha-chettu-movie-review-an-earnest-tale-about-fighting-for-the-present-and-future |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' too gave the same rating and stated, "while its slow-burn approach requires patience, the moral takeaway and artistic execution make it worthwhile".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gandhi Tatha Chettu Movie Review : A Soulful Tale of Peace, Persistence, and Values |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gandhi-tatha-chettu/movie-review/117518806.cms |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=34057707|title=Gandhi Tatha Chettu}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Indian children's drama films]]
[[Category:2020s children's drama films]]
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]
[[Category:2024 children's films]]

Pavalakkodi (2003 film)

2026-03-03T04:39:45Z

IrmaBracy4216: enhanced structure also and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pavalakodi
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ram - CP Saravanan
| producer = CP Sivakumar
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Vijay Sarathy|[[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]]|Paval}}
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| cinematography = KV Suresh
| editing = Lancy Mohan
| released = {{Film date|2003|03|20|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pavalakodi''''' is a 2003 [[Tamil language]] [[drama film]] directed by Ram - CP Saravanan. The film stars Vijay Sarathy, [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] and Paval. The film was released on 20 March 2003.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Vijay Sarathy as Shiva
*[[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] as Robert
*Paval as Pavalakkodi
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Mohan
*[[Nirosha]] as Baby
*Shaama as Shaamam
* [[Crane Manohar]]
* Crazy Kumar
;Uncredited
* [[Chaams]] as Shyam
* [[Madhan Bob]]
}}

== Production ==
Vijay Sarathy, the host of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s ''Neengal Ketta Padal'', made his film debut with this film.<ref name="C">{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov260.asp |title=Pavalakodi |website=Chennai Online |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324062743/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov260.asp |archive-date=24 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Pavalakodi
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sirpy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 February 2003
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:47
| label =
| producer = [[Sirpy]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Sirpy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000903.html|title=Tamil Songs from Raaga.com - Tamil music, videos and latest movies|last=Raaga.com|website=Raaga.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://musicmazaa.com/tamil/audiosongs/movie/Pavalakodi.html|title=Pavalakodi|date=27 January 2004}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
|1 || "Kannaal Paarthathum" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] || 4:38
|-
|2 || "Azhage Un Gnyabagam" || O. S. Arun || rowspan=2|Palani Bharathi || 6:54
|-
|3 || "Spencer Plaza Naduvil" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || 6:12
|-
|4 || "Andaman Theeve" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]] || [[Snehan]] || 5:15
|-
|5 || "Naan Un Pinnadi" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Reshmi || Palani Bharathi || 5:02
|-
|}

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "For those who have missed seeing the Hollywood comedy ''[[There's Something About Mary|There Is something About Mary]]'' then Pavalakodi is sure to entertain you".<ref>{{cite web|url-status=dead|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12987517&ctid=5&cid=2429|archive-date=23 December 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223130233/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12987517&ctid=5&cid=2429|title=Review: Pavalakodi|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Chennai Online'' wrote that "If you've missed the original, here is your second chance".<ref name="C"/> ''Screen'' wrote "The film drags on and the only saving grace is a few comic scenes by Robert and his partner. Sirpy gives two good songs but sadly it is not picturised well".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=3006|title=Sluggish|website=Screen|access-date=7 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030422103906/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=3006|archive-date=22 April 2003|date=11 April 2003}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13914918}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{2000s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Vanmam

2026-03-03T03:30:16Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding Initial Data Initial Version

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Jai Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vanmam
| image = Vanmam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film Poster
| director = Jai Krishna
| producer = [[Nemichand Jhabak]] [[Nemichand Jhabak|V. Hitesh Jhabak]]
| story = Jai Krishna
| screenplay = Jai Krishna
| starring = [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[Kreshna]] [[Sunaina]]
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = Bala Bharani
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = [[Nemichand Jhabak|Jhabaks Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|21}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vanmam''''' ({{translation|Vengeance}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by Jai Krishna, a former assistant of [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite news |last=V. Lakshmi |date=5 September 2013 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Kreshna become friends |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-Kreshna-become-friends/articleshow/22289899.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117134415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-Kreshna-become-friends/articleshow/22289899.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=17 January 2018 |access-date=30 April 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Kreshna]] and [[Sunaina]].<ref name="TNIE">{{Cite news |date=30 April 2014 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's "Vanmam" kicks off |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vijay-Sethupathis-Vanmam-kicks-off/2014/04/30/article2196520.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005405/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vijay-Sethupathis-Vanmam-kicks-off/2014/04/30/article2196520.ece |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=30 April 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film has music scored by [[S. Thaman]] and cinematography by Balabharani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's film commences in Kanyakumari |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/106827.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511125558/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/106827.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |last=Naig, Udhav |date=16 April 2014 |title=Udhayanidhi ropes in Ahmed to direct his next |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/udhayanidhi-ropes-in-ahmed-to-direct-his-next/article5918875.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423225349/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/udhayanidhi-ropes-in-ahmed-to-direct-his-next/article5918875.ece |archive-date=23 April 2014 |access-date=30 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was highly panned by the critics for its poor screenplay.

== Plot ==
It is a rural tale about the life of two friends, played by Sethupathi and Kreshna.<ref name="indiatimes1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2014 |title=Vijay Sethupathi is a ruffian in "Vanmam" |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-sethupathi-is-a-ruffian-in-vanmam-tamil-news-106313 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123133823/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-sethupathi-is-a-ruffian-in-vanmam-tamil-news-106313 |archive-date=23 November 2014 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Radha
* [[Kreshna]] as Chelladurai
* [[Sunaina]] as Vadhana
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Muthuvel
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Ratnam
* [[Devaraj]] as Puli Pandi
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Palraj
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Muthupandi
* [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] as Hema
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Nila
* [[Manisha Yadav]] as Selvi
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Palraj's wife
* Radha as Radha's mother
* Radhamani Ammal as Chelladurai's mother
* "Subramaniapuram" Raja as Jai Prakash
* Vazhakku En Muthuraman as Thangappan
* Aroul D. Shankar as Inspector Sakthivel
* "Avan Ivan" Ramraj as Lawyer
* Albert Raj as Sappattai Velu
* Praveen as Kutty
* Subburaj
* S. Iyappan
* V. N. O. Padmanabhan
* Raandilya as Mani<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=October 3, 2015 |title=Etectera: From small to big screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/snippets-about-tamil-cinema/article7720615.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622053107/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/snippets-about-tamil-cinema/article7720615.ece |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
{{colend}}

==Production==
In August 2013, it was confirmed that Vijay Sethupathi would be doing a film with Kreshna titled ''Vanmam'' which means "vengeance".<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vijay-sethupathy-adds-one-more-to-his-list-vijay-sethupathy-vanhmam-30-08-13.html "The Vengeance of Vijay Sethupathy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006022858/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vijay-sethupathy-adds-one-more-to-his-list-vijay-sethupathy-vanhmam-30-08-13.html |date=6 October 2013 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 30 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</ref> Filming began in late April 2014 in [[Nagercoil]].<ref name = TNIE/> and was shot in and around [[Kanyakumari district]]<ref name="indiatimes1" /> for about 37 days, during which 60% of the filming had been completed.<ref name="BW">[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/vijay-sethupathis-vanmams-marudhanayagam-connection-and-more.html "Vanmam's Marudhanayagam connection and more .."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052059/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/vijay-sethupathis-vanmams-marudhanayagam-connection-and-more.html |date=5 June 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</ref> Vijay Sethupathi joined the cast from the second schedule onward.<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/vijay-sethupathi-kreshna-starrer-vanmam-vengeance-started-from-yesterday.html "Vijay Sethupathi's Vengeance started from yesterday"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620194515/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/vijay-sethupathi-kreshna-starrer-vanmam-vengeance-started-from-yesterday.html |date=20 June 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</ref> The final schedule began on 15 June 2014 and ended on 10 July 2014. The action sequences were canned during the final schedule of the film.<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vijay-sethupathi-and-kreshna-fights-at-the-vanmam-shooting-spot/vijay-sethupathi-and-kreshna-fights-at-the-vanmam-shooting-spot-event.html "VIJAY SETHUPATHI AND KRESHNA FIGHTS AT THE "VANMAM" SHOOTING SPOT VIDEO"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701060920/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vijay-sethupathi-and-kreshna-fights-at-the-vanmam-shooting-spot/vijay-sethupathi-and-kreshna-fights-at-the-vanmam-shooting-spot-event.html |date=1 July 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.</ref> The shooting was wrapped up 3 days earlier on 7 July 2014.

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vanmam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 September 2014
| recorded = 2013–2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18.27
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Aagadu]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
[[S. Thaman]] composed the music for the film. The audio launch of the film was scheduled to take place on 28 August 2014,<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vanmam-audio-launch-on-August-28/articleshow/40581784.cms "'Vanmam' audio launch on August 28"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824012732/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vanmam-audio-launch-on-August-28/articleshow/40581784.cms |date=24 August 2014 }}. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.</ref> but was postponed to 2 September 2014. The audio rights were purchased by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>[http://tamil.way2movies.com//newssingle_tamil/Vanmam-audio-launch-on-Sep-2-4-308177.html "'Vanmam' audio launch on Sep 2"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905020141/http://tamil.way2movies.com//newssingle_tamil/Vanmam-audio-launch-on-Sep-2-4-308177.html |date=5 September 2014 }}. ''way2movies''. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.</ref>

The soundtrack received mixed reviews from critics. ''Behindwoods'' wrote, "''Vanmam'' - de-ja-vu of Thaman's earlier albums", and rated the album 1.75/5.<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vanmam/vanmam-songs-review.html "VANMAM SONGS REVIEW"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903222305/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vanmam/vanmam-songs-review.html |date=3 September 2014 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' wrote, "Thaman's last release ''Meaghamann'' is a cool album with just 3 songs and a theme track. He has dished out a similar stuff in ''Vanmam''."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140908043141/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/18786.html "Vanmam - One more short and sweet album from, Thaman"]. ''Indiaglitz''. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.</ref> Karthik of ''Milliblog'' wrote, "But for occasional inventiveness, this familiar, predictable output from Thaman is distressing."<ref>Karthik (2 September 2014). [http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2014/09/02/vanmam-music-review-tamil-thaman/ "Vanmam (Music review), Tamil – Thaman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906161855/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2014/09/02/vanmam-music-review-tamil-thaman/ |date=6 September 2014 }}. ''Milliblog''. Retrieved 5 September 2014.</ref> Siddarth Srinivas of ''Cinemalead'' gave 2 out of 5 and concluded, "Though the autotune tsunami bashes this album to an extent, Thaman has come up with decent songs in "Manamae" and "Aetti Enga Porae". The saturation point has been breached for the composer, and its high time he comes up with innovative music. Otherwise, he better stick to the Telugu industry where he is a celebrated figure!"<ref>Srinivas, Siddarth (2 September 2014). [http://www.cinemalead.com/musicreview-id-vanhmam-aka-vanmham-aka-vanmam-music-review-music-review357.htm "VANMHAM AKA VANMAM MUSIC REVIEW"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907165138/http://www.cinemalead.com/musicreview-id-vanhmam-aka-vanmham-aka-vanmam-music-review-music-review357.htm |date=7 September 2014 }}. ''Cinemalead''. Retrieved 5 September 2014.</ref>

===Track list===
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Yugabharathi]]
| total_length = 18:03
| title1 = Aetti Enga Porae
| extra1 = [[M. M. Manasi]], Nivas
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 4:29
| title2 = Paadatta Paadatta
| extra2 = Hariharasudhan, [[Velmurugan]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 3:58
| title3 = Manamae Manamae
| extra3 = [[Pooja Vaidyanath]], [[Suchith Suresan]]
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 5:19
| title4 = Raasa Raasa
| extra4 = M. M. Monisha
| length4 = 4:17
| lyrics4 =
}}

==Critical reception==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] for ''[[The Hindu]]'' called ''Vanmam'' "just about the vilest thing I've sat through in recent times. The emotional beats are buried so deep they're hardly discernible, and what's on the surface is a generic mix of love and drama and sentiment and action. There's not a thing that's new".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=21 November 2014 |title=Vanmam: So indifferently made, it's shocking |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vanmam-review-so-indifferently-made-its-shocking/article6621929.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811225319/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vanmam-review-so-indifferently-made-its-shocking/article6621929.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=24 November 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The worrying bit about the film is that nothing feels really at stake. The director, who nicely captures milieu, hasn't done so when it comes to characters and plot. The result is that the film often seems like a morality drama turned into a rural masala".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vanmham Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Vanmham by Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Vanmham/movie-review/45233301.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "It is a story that has been told from time immemorial, and there is nothing fresh in presentation or treatment. And terrible screenplay aggravates the misery" going on to call it a "clichéd long and boring movie".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Vanmham |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vanmham-review-tamil-15058645.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121230328/http://www.sify.com/movies/vanmham-review-tamil-15058645.html |archive-date=21 November 2014 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Rediff]] wrote, "Director Jai Krishna's ''Vanmham'' is just another ordinary, highly predictable and melodramatic revenge drama that seriously tests your patience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Vanmham is an uninspiring revenge drama |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-vanmham-is-an-uninspiring-revenge-drama-south/20141121.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124095950/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-vanmham-is-an-uninspiring-revenge-drama-south/20141121.htm |archive-date=24 November 2014 |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

In contrast, ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Weaving a fairly engaging tale and moving his narration with focus and assurance, the director establishes his credentials in his very first effort".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Treat for Fans of Sethupathi |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/2014/11/23/Big-Treat-for-Fans-of-Sethupathi/article2536742.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222182558/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/2014/11/23/Big-Treat-for-Fans-of-Sethupathi/article2536742.ece |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4047150}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sayajinagari Express

2026-03-02T17:15:31Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding New Details Nd Citations

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Sayaji Nagari Express
| image = Sayaji Nagar LHB.jpg
| caption = Sayajinagari Express train board.
| type = [[Superfast trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2001|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Dadar}} (DDR)
| stops = 26
| end = {{stnlnk|Bhuj}} (BHUJ)
| distance = {{convert|845|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 20907 / 20908
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Kutch Express and Sayaji Nagari Express (Bhuj - Mumbai) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20907 / 20908 '''Sayaji Nagari Express''' is a [[Superfast trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Dadar}} and {{stnlnk|Bhuj}}. It operates as train number 20907 from Dadar to Bhuj and as train number 20908 in the reverse direction. It is a daily service.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sayaji-nagari-express-to-originate-from-dadar-instead-of-bandra-teminus-from-april-2/articleshow/55984561.cms| title=Sayaji Nagari express to originate from Dadar instead of Bandra Teminus from April 2| website=Times of India| date=14 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1480| title=20907/Sayaji Nagari Superfast Express (PT)| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1481| title=20908/Sayaji Nagari Superfast Express (PT)| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Coaches==

The Sayajinagari Express has 1 AC 1st Class, 2 AC 2 tier, 6 AC 3 tier, 7 Sleeper class, 4 General unreserved and 2 EOG cum sleeper & luggage. As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||H1||A1||A2||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6|||S7||S6||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||UR||UR||UR||UR||EOG||
|}

==Service==

The Sayajinagri Express covers the distance of 839 km in 15 hours 15 mins as 20907 Sayajinagri Express averaging 55 km/h & 15 hours 15 mins as 20908 Sayajinagri Express averaging 55 km/h. As the average speed of the train in both directions is 55 km/h.

It is one of 2 daily trains between Mumbai & Bhuj, the other being [[Kutch Express]]. It has 29 halts as opposed to 22 halts for Kutch Express.

==Route & halts==
They important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Dadar}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Borivali}}
* {{stnlnk|Dahanu Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Vapi}}
* {{stnlnk|Valsad}}
* {{stnlnk|Bilimora Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Navsari}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Kosamba Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ankleshwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anand Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Maninagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viramgam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhrangadhra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Maliya Miyana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Samakhiali Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhachau}}
* {{stnlnk|Gandhidham Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anjar}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Bhuj}}'''

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 20907 || DDR || {{rws|Dadar}} || 15:15 PM || Daily || {{rws|Bhuj}} || 06:30 AM || Daily
|-
| 20908 || BHUJ || {{rws|Bhuj}} || 22:35 PM || Daily || {{rws|Dadar}} || 13:50 PM || Daily
|}

==Traction==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Dadar Western to Bhuj and vice versa

==Images==
<gallery>
File:19115 Sayajinagri Express at Bhuj railway station.jpg|20908 Sayajinagri Express at [[Bhuj railway station]]
File:19132 Kutch Express sleeper coach.jpg|20908 Sayajinagri Express sleeper coach
File:19132 Kutch Express - AC 1st class coach.jpg|20908 Sayajinagri Express – AC 1st class coach
File:New RSA board of the Kutch & Sayajinagri Express.jpg|New RSA board of the [[Kutch Express|Kutch]] & Sayajinagari Express
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayaji Nagari Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bhuj]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2001]]

Rautu Ka Raaz

2026-03-02T04:39:23Z

IrmaBracy4216: Put up article!

{{short description|2024 film by Anand Surapur }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rautu Ka Raaz
| image = Rautu Ka Raaz.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Anand Surapur
| producer = [[Zee Studios]] Umesh KR Bansal Anand Surapur Chintu Srivastava
| writer = Anand Surapur Shariq Patel
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
*[[Narayani Shastri]]
*[[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]]
*Atul Tiwari
}}
| music = [[Sneha Khanwalkar]] [[Zeb Bangash]] [[Mujeeb Majeed]]
| cinematography = Sayak Bhattacharya
| editing = Manish Jaitly Anand Surapur
| studio = {{ubl|[[Zee Studios]]|Phat Phish Records}}
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|6|28}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rautu Ka Raaz''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[mystery film]] directed by Anand Surapur and produced by [[Zee Studios]] along with Umesh Kr Bansal, Anand Surapur and Chintu Srivastava. The film stars [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Narayani Shastri]], [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] and Atul Tiwari in key roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/zee-5s-rautu-ka-raaz-starring-nawazuddin-siddiqui-raises-expectations-898262 |title=Zee 5's Rautu Ka Raaz starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui raises expectations |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nawazuddin-siddiqui-on-how-producers-approach-small-films/138279ae14455 |title=Rautu Ka Raaz actor Nawazuddin Siddiqui says 'not a single producer backs small films' |work=OTT Play |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Jun/12/nawazuddin-siddiqui-plays-a-cop-in-zee5s-rautu-ka-raaz |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui plays a cop in ZEE5's Rautu Ka Raaz |work=Cinema Express |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> It was featured at the [[54th International Film Festival of India| 54th IFFI]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/iffi-2023-i-do-not-want-to-confine-myself-as-an-actor-says-nawazuddin-siddiqui/articleshow/105516152.cms |title=IFFI 2023: I do not want to confine myself as an actor, says Nawazuddin Siddiqui |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2023 |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://filmguide.iffigoa.org/detail/?id=6028 |title=Rautu Ki Beli |work=IFFI Goa |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

It was released over [[ZEE5]] on 28 June 2024 to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui starrer Rautu Ka Raaz Release Date Out |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/nawazuddin-siddiqui-starrer-rautu-ka-raaz-release-date-out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619015922/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/nawazuddin-siddiqui-starrer-rautu-ka-raaz-release-date-out |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=Film Companion|date=18 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=28 June 2024 |title='Rautu Ka Raaz' review: A murder mystery with a dull secret |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1069705/rautu-ka-raaz-review-a-murder-mystery-with-a-dull-secret |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rautu Ka Raaz Review : Nawazuddin Siddiqui's murder mystery is lazy yet intriguing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rautu-ka-raaz/ottmoviereview/111310749.cms |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title='Rautu Ka Raaz' Movie Review: लड़खड़ाती कहानी को मिला नवाजुद्दीन सिद्दीकी का साथ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-rautu-ka-raaz-movie-reviews-and-release-date-june-28-film-cast-nawazuddin-siddiqui-8446656.html |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rautu Ka Raaz Review: 'कॉल लिस्ट निकालो', खूबसूरत वादियों में क्राइम पेट्रोल जैसी लगती है नवाजुद्दीन की फिल्म - Rautu Ka Raaz Review Murder Mystery Released on Zee5 Starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui Rajesh Kumar Atul Tiwari |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/reviews-rautu-ka-raaz-review-murder-mystery-released-on-zee5-staring-nawazuddin-siddiqui-rajesh-kumar-atul-tiwari-23748346.html |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=28 June 2024 |title='Rautu Ka Raaz' movie review: Nawazuddin Siddiqui does the heavy lifting in this mild murder mystery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rautu-ka-raaz-movie-review-nawazuddin-siddiqui-does-the-heavy-lifting-in-this-mild-murder-mystery/article68344008.ece |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Inspector Negi, a PTSD sufferer, must solve the high-profile inquiry into the unexplained death of a Sevadham School warden. This investigation leads him to the some unsettling truths.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rautu-ka-raaz-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-plays-smart-cop-lazy-murder-investigation-watch/ |title=Rautu Ka Raaz Trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui plays a smart cop in lazy murder investigation, watch |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/rautu-ka-raaz-trailer-video-nawazuddin-siddiqu-and-atul-tiwari-starrer-rautu-ka-raaz-official-trailer-video/videoshow/110988592.cms |title=Rautu Ka Raaz Trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Atul Tiwari starrer |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Inspector ([[Station house officer|SHO]]) Deepak Singh Negi
*[[Narayani Shastri]] as Blind School Warden Sangeeta Nihau
*[[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Assistant Sub-inspector Naresh Prabhakar Dimri
*Atul Tiwari as School owner Manoj Keshri
* Anoop Trevedi as Constable Rajender Tripathi
* Vicky Dutt as Head Constable Dinesh Pant
* Samridhi Chandola as Constable Lata Bisht
* Pratham Rathod as Rajat - Blind Student
* Kailash Kandwal as Principal Vishwanath Kumai
* Sandeep Sharma as C.O. Arjun Panwar
* Drishti Gaba as Diya - Blind Student
* Anil Rastogi as Home Minister
* Kruthika Pawar as Payal - Rape Victim
* Gautam Sharma as Trijugi Semwal - Asst. to Principal
* Riya Sisodiya Natasha as Music Teacher
* Parimal Aloke as Govind - Rapist
* Preeti Sood as Hema (Asst. to Warden)
* Nitinn Rana as Ashraf Jaani - Builder
* Kavita Virmani as Malini Keshri
* Harshit Verma as Tanmay Keshri
* Amit Kumar Sinha as School Watchman
* Rahul as Sikander
* Sadat as Billa
* Rashmi Sharma as Diya's Mother
* Rajender Negi as Diya's Father

==Production==
The script of the film was developed over 10 years, and it was shot in 2022. It was initially titled Rauti Ke Beli, after the village the story is set in.<ref>{{Cite web |title=54th IFFI : Press Conference on the film Rautu ki Beli |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5poa03hg5HU&t=968s |work=PIB India | date=25 November 2023 |access-date=18 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}}

==Marketing==
The trailer of the film was launched on 13 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rautu Ka Raaz trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui's cop investigates murder in Missouri village |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rautu-ka-raaz-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiquis-cop-investigates-murder-in-missouri-village/cid/2026930 |work=The Telegraph |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rautu Ka Raaz trailer out! Nawazuddin Siddiqui in a Cop Avatar demands your attention |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/rautu-ka-raaz-trailer-out-nawazuddin-siddiqui-in-cop-avatar-demands-your-attention-watch-article-111009176 |work=TimesNowNews.com |date=15 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==

Siddiqui's performance received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui shines anew in 'Rautu Ka Raaz'; netizens go gaga |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-shines-anew-in-rautu-ka-raaz-netizens-go-gaga-1503314646.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214071020/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-shines-anew-in-rautu-ka-raaz-netizens-go-gaga-1503314646.html |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)]] |quote=His latest portrayal as police officer Deepak Negi in “Rautu Ka Raaz” has once again garnered widespread acclaim from both fans and critics alike.}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3 stars out of 5 and stated that "‘Rautu Ka Raaz’ is a slow-moving murder mystery that sustains its suspenseful atmosphere, keeping viewers intrigued as the mystery unfolds."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Archika |last=Khurana |title=RAUTU KA RAAZ REVIEW : NAWAZUDDIN SIDDIQUI'S MURDER MYSTERY IS LAZY YET INTRIGUING |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rautu-ka-raaz/ottmoviereview/111310749.cms |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
Anindita Mukherjee of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that " ‘Rautu Ka Raaz’ is a decent watch for those who love everything about hill station thrillers, cop mysteries, and, of course, Nawaz. The film has much to offer and goes beyond its stellar star cast. You won't regret it if you add it to your weekend binge-list."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anindita |last=Mukherjee |title='Rautu Ka Raaz' Review: Nawazuddin Siddiqui film has the right amount of thrill |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/rautu-ka-raaz-review-nawazuddin-siddiqui-film-thrill-2559549-2024-06-28 |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=[[India Today]]|date=28 June 2024 }}</ref>
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observes that "Rautu Ka Raaz is parodying your average police procedural."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nandini |last=Ramnath |title='Rautu Ka Raaz' review: A murder mystery with a dull secret |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1069705/rautu-ka-raaz-review-a-murder-mystery-with-a-dull-secret |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=28 June 2024 }}</ref>
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' writes in his review "It is a departure from blood-stained, breakneck crime thrillers, director Anand Surapur’s film impresses with its ambition but flunks in probing the characters and their circumstances"<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anuj |last=Kumar |title='Rautu Ka Raaz' movie review: Nawazuddin Siddiqui does the heavy lifting in this mild murder mystery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rautu-ka-raaz-movie-review-nawazuddin-siddiqui-does-the-heavy-lifting-in-this-mild-murder-mystery/article68344008.ece |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 June 2024 }}</ref>

Mayur Sanap of ''[[rediff.com]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5 and stated that "Rautu Ka Raaz is a dragged-out slow burner of a film that just fails to ignite"<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mayur |last=Sanap |title=Rautu Ka Raaz Review: Dull Whodunit |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/rautu-ka-raaz-review/20240628.htm |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
A critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and said that "Rautu Ka Raaz has some interesting moments as well as an unpredictable climax. But the script suffers due to certain loose ends and also, it’s a film devoid of thrills and action."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |title=Rautu Ka Raaz Movie Review: RAUTU KA RAAZ has some interesting moments |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rautu-ka-raaz/critic-review/rautu-ka-raaz-movie-review/rautu-ka-raaz-has-some-interesting-moments/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 June 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt32607174}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/rautu-ka-raaz/0-0-1z5577122 ''Rautu Ka Raaz''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Uttarakhand Police]]
[[Category:Indian legal thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]

2023–24 Churchill Brothers FC season

2026-03-01T22:18:45Z

IrmaBracy4216: stub

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox football club season
|club = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|season = 2023–24
|chairman = Valanka Alemao
|chrtitle = CEO
|manager = [[Edgardo Malvestiti]] (until January 2024) [[Francesc Bonet]] (from January)
|mgrtitle = Head coach
|stdtitle =
|stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
|league = [[2023–24 I-League|I-League]]
|league result = 7th
|league topscorer = [[Ogana Louis]] (7)
|season topscorer = Ogana Louis (7)
|highest attendance = 2,314 (v. [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] 17 November 2023)
|lowest attendance = 200 (v. [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] 4 March 2024)
|average attendance = 1,156
| largest win = '''7–0''' v. [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| largest loss = '''4–0''' v. [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| leftarm1 = FF0000
| leftarm2 = 8CD1FF
| body1 = FF0000
| body2 = 8CD1FF
| rightarm1 = FF0000
| rightarm2 = 8CD1FF
| shorts1 = FF0000
| shorts2 = 8CD1FF
| socks1 = FF0000
| socks2 = 8CD1FF
|prevseason = [[2022–23 Churchill Brothers FC Goa season|2022–23]]
|nextseason = [[2024–25 Churchill Brothers FC Goa season|2024–25]]
}}

The '''2023–24 season''' was the 36th season of [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] in existence and fifteenth in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/|title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in squad to be reduced|date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards/|title=AIFF invites bids for new clubs to join Hero I-League 2023–24 season onwards | Hero I-League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in the squad to be reduced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=I-League Foreigner Rule: AIFF League Committee reduces number of foreigners in I-League |url=https://www.insidesport.in/i-league-foreigner-rule-aiff-league-committee-reduces-number-of-foreigners-in-i-league-makes-five-u-22-players-mandatory-in-squad-check-out/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en-US}}</ref> A new coach for the team, [[Edgardo Malvestiti]], was appointed on 29 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-six-month-chase-argentina-coach-says-yes-to-churchill-bros/articleshow/102238755.cms |title=After six-month chase, Argentina coach says yes to Churchill Bros |date=29 June 2023 |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626171839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-six-month-chase-argentina-coach-says-yes-to-churchill-bros/articleshow/102238755.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The club has mutually parted ways with the head coach from Argentina after finding themselves in the bottom half of the I-League midway into the season.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Churchill-part-ways-with-coach-3-foreign-players/articleshow/106602328.cms|title=Churchill part ways with coach, 3 foreign players|date=6 January 2024|publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> [[Francesc Bonet]] replaced him in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://technosports.co.in/churchill-brothers-fc-francesc-bonet-head-coach/|date=28 January 2024|access-date=28 January 2024|website=technosports.co.in|publisher=Techno Sports India|first1=Ankush|last1=Mallick|title=Churchill Brothers FC Announce Francesc Bonet as Head Coach for the Remainder of the I-League 2023–24 Season|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128135556/https://technosports.co.in/churchill-brothers-fc-francesc-bonet-head-coach/|archive-date=28 January 2024}}</ref>

Churchill Brothers played their opening game of the season on 31 October 2023 in a goalless draw against [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]] at home.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debutants Namdhari FC grab a point from old horse Churchill Brothers {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/debutants-namdhari-fc-grab-a-point-from-old-horse-churchill |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> Their first win came in the next game, away against [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] on 8 November.<ref>{{cite news |title=Churchill Brothers win in Srinagar despite late Real Kashmir surge {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/churchill-brothers-win-in-srinagar-despite-late-real-kashmir-surge |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> They played their final match of the season on 10 April 2024, in a 7–0 win at home against [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]. They finished with 33 points,<ref>{{cite news |title=Churchill Brothers end 2023-24 season on winning note {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/churchill-brothers-end-2023-24-season-on-winning-note |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> and seventh on the I-League table at the end of the season. After a poor first half, Churchill Brothers won six of their last nine matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=A below-par performance by Churchill Brothers at I-League this season |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/a-belowpar-performance-by-churchill-brothers-at-ileague-this-season/112226.html |website=The Goan EveryDay |access-date=17 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personnel==
===Current technical staff===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francesc Bonet]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mario Soares
|-
| Fitness and conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Djair Miranda Garcia
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nikidesh Kalari Vattath
|-
| Head physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anandu S Kumar
|-
|}

==Current squad==

===First-team squad===
{{updated|3 September 2024}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=[[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Nishchal Chandan}}
{{Fs player|no=5|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Ponif Vaz]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Stendly Fernandes]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Rahul Raju]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|pos=MF|nat=URU|name=[[Martín Cháves]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Lalawmpuia Sailo}}
{{Fs player|no=15|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Lalbiakhlua Ralte}}
{{Fs player|no=17|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Lalremruata}}
{{Fs player|no=18|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Trijoy Dias}}
{{Fs player|no=19|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Lamgoulen Hangshing]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Silvana R Lalruatkima |other=on loan from [[Chhinga Veng FC]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=[[Bilal Khan (footballer)|Bilal Khan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Lunminlen Haokip}}
{{Fs player|no=27|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Sebastian Thangmuansang]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=32|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Pushkar Sanjay Prabhu}}
{{Fs player|no=33|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Richard Costa]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=34|pos=DF|nat=CIV|name=[[Aubin Kouakou]]}}
{{Fs player|no=40|pos=MF|nat=GHA|name=[[Emmanuel Essien (footballer)|Kofi Essien]]}}
{{Fs player|no=44|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Jobern Cardozo}}
{{Fs player|no=49|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Lesly Rebello}}
{{Fs player|no=57|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Anil Rama Gaonkar}}
{{Fs player|no=70|pos=FW|nat=SEN|name=[[Abdou Karim Samb]]}}
{{Fs player|no=88|pos=FW|nat=NGA|name=Chika Ajulu}}
{{Fs player|no=99|pos=FW|nat=NGA|name=[[Ogana Louis]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Ajith Kumar (footballer)|Ajith Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Gaurav K}}
{{Fs player|no=|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=Subhajit Bhattacharjee}}
{{Fs end}}

==Transfers==

===In===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:120px;" |Date
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:50px;" |Position
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:50px;" |Nationality
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:160px;" |Player
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:200px;" |From
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:110px;" |Fee
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:25px;" |Ref.
|-
|30 July 2023
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
|5 August 2023
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Bilal Khan (footballer)|Bilal Khan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|11 August 2023
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Gourav K
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|23 August 2023
|[[Defender (association football)#Full back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Nishchal Chandan
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|3 September 2023
|[[Defender (association football)#Full back|DF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Lalbiakhlua Ralte
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chhinga Veng FC]]
|Undisclosed Fee
|
|-
|5 September 2023
|[[Defender (association football)#Full back|DF]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}}
|Emiliano Callegari Torre
|{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Floriana F.C.|Floriana]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|9 September 2023
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Stendly Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|5 October 2023
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}}
|Ricardo Dichiara
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético Germinal]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|8 October 2023
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|11 October 2023
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Rahul Raju]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|16 October 2023
|[[Defender (association football)#Center back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|IRN}}
|[[Meysam Shahmakvand]]
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|16 October 2023
|[[Defender (association football)#Right back|RB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sebastian Thangmuansang]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|27 October 2023
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Lunminlen Haokip
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|28 October 2023
|[[Defender (association football)#Right back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Lesly Rebello
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|3 November 2023
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|Chikaorah Obiajulu
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|13 November 2023
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|[[Ogana Louis]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|02 February 2024
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|SEN}}
|[[Abdou Karim Samb]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|03 February 2024
|[[Defender (association football)#Right back|RB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Ajith Kumar (footballer)|Ajith Kumar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|03 February 2024
|[[Defender (association football)#Right back|DF]]
|{{flagicon|CIV}}
|[[Aubin Kouakou]]
|{{flagicon|LBY}} [[Al-Nasr Benghazi]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|07 February 2024
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|GHA}}
|[[Emmanuel Essien (footballer)|Kofi Essien]]
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Berekum Chelsea F.C.|Berekum Chelsea]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|}

===Loans in===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
|-
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Date
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Pos
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Nationality
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Player
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Loaned from
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Until
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Ref
|-
|5 September 2023
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Silvana R Lalruatkima
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chhinga Veng FC]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
|}

===Out===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:120px;" |Date
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:50px;" |Position
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:50px;" |Nationality
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:160px;" |Player
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:200px;" |To
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:110px;" |Fee
! style="background:#FF0000;color:white;border:1px solid black; width:25px;" |Ref.
|-
|1 April 2023
|FW
|{{flagicon|UGA}}
| Emmanuel Yaghr
|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[FC Dinamo Samarqand|Dinamo Samarqand]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|1 June 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Akash Mukherjee
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|1 July 2023
|MF
|{{flagicon|AFG|2013}}
|[[Sharif Mukhammad]]
|—
|Released
|
|-
|1 July 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|SEN}}
| Momo Cissé
| —
|Released
|
|-
|1 July 2023
|FW
|{{flagicon|SEN}}
| [[Abdoulaye Sané]]
| —
|Released{{efn|Joined [[Nîmes Olympique]] after release}}
|
|-
|7 July 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Raju Gaikwad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=Delhi_FC|number=1677312026081648642|title= Experience, Grace and Ability combined together as we welcome, 𝐑𝐚𝐣𝐮 𝐆𝐚𝐢𝐤𝐰𝐚𝐝 to add solidity to our back line. }}</ref>
|-
|15 July 2023
|FW
|{{flagicon|LBR}}
|[[Ansumana Kromah]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|20 July 2023
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Kingsley Fernandes|Kingslee Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-indian-football-isl-punjab-fc-sign-samuel-kingslee-nitesh</ref>
|-
|20 July 2023
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| Afdal Varikkodan
|—
|Released
|
|-
|22 July 2023
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Quan Gomes]]
|—
|Released
|
|-
|22 July 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Meldon D'Silva]]
|—
|Released
|
|-
|22 July 2023
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| Wendell Savio Coelho
|—
|Released
|
|-
|25 July 2023
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Alocious Muthayyan
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[United SC]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|29 July 2023
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Albino Gomes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Nora Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Nongmeikapam Sanathoi Meitei
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[George D'Souza]]
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Joseph Clemente]]
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Kapil Hoble]]
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Gautam Inacio Dias
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalkhawpuimawia]]
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Aaron Bareto
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Alent Colaco
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Mamit Vanlalduatsanga|Vanlalduatsanga]]
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Shubert Pereira]]
|
|Free Agent
|
|-
|3 January 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|ARG}}
|Ricardo Dichiara
|{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Żabbar St. Patrick F.C.|Żabbar St. Patrick]]
|Free Agent
|<ref name="toi1">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Churchill-part-ways-with-coach-3-foreign-players/articleshow/106602328.cms|title=Churchill part ways with coach, 3 foreign players|date=6 January 2024|publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|3 January 2024
|DF
|{{flagicon|ARG}}
|Emiliano Callegari Torre
|
|Free Agent
|<ref name="toi1"/>
|-
|3 January 2024
|DF
|{{flagicon|IRN}}
|Meysam Shahmakvand
|
|Free Agent
|<ref name="toi1"/>
|-
|3 January 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Chaitan Komarpant
|{{flagicon|IND}} Geno FC
|Free Agent
|
|}

==Competitions==
===Overview===
{{Fb overview2
|c=1
|c1=[[2023-24 I-League|I League]] |fm1=31 October 2023 |lm1=10 April 2024 |sr1= |fp1=7th |w1=9 |l1=9|d1=6|f1=40 |a1=31
}}

===I-League===
{{Main|2023–24 I-League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2023–24 I-League|showteam=CHB}}

==== Matches ====
'''Note''': I-League announced the fixtures for the 2023–24 season on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=AIFF announces fixtures for I-League, IWL {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/aiff-announces-fixtures-for-i-league-iwl |publisher=i-league.org}}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|10|31|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21856 Report]
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance = 561
| result = D
| motm = [[Martín Cháves]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Dipu Roy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|8|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 1–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21866 Report]
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 = Ateeb Ahmed Dar {{goal|45}}
| goals2 = *Carlos Lomba {{goal|26|o.g.}}
*Ricardo Dichiara {{goal|60||62}}
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 4,728
| result = W
| motm = Ricardo Dichiara (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Surojit Das
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|13|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21872 Report]
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 = *Lalchungnunga Chhangte {{goal|5}}
*[[Richard Gadze]] {{goal|38}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 150
| result = L
| motm = Lalchungnunga Chhangte (Rajasthan United)
| referee = Ashish Tiwari
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21876 Report]
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 = *Ricardo Dichiara {{goal|38}}
| goals2 = * [[Jackichand Singh]] {{goal|52}}
* [[Gyamar Nikum]] {{goal|87}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 2,314
| result = L
| motm = [[Gyamar Nikum]] (Inter Kashi)
| referee = Lakshay
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|22|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21884 Report]
| team2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| goals1 = *Ricardo Dichiara {{goal|18}}
*[[Richard Costa]] {{goal|33}}
*[[Ogana Louis]] {{goal|70|pen.}}
*Emiliano Callegari {{goal|84}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 1,895
| result = W
| motm = Ricardo Dichiara (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = K. Lyngdoh Nongum
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|26|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/churchill-brothers-take-a-point-home-from-gokulam-keralas-den
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 = [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Sánchez]] {{goal|73|pen.}}
| goals2 = [[Richard Costa|Costa]] {{goal|38}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 13,425
| result = D
| motm = Emiliano Callegari (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Suresh Devaraj
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|01|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21893 Report]
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 = *[[Sérgio Barboza]] {{goal|47}}
*[[Ponif Vaz]] {{goal|87|o.g.}}
| goals2 = [[Martín Cháves]] {{goal|24}}
| location = [[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance = 1,058
| result = L
| motm = [[Pape Gassama]] (Delhi)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|06|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21901 Report]
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 = *Laiwang Bohham {{goal|45+1}}
*[[Renan Paulino]] {{goal|50|pen.}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Shillong]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium
| attendance = 6,115
| result = L
| motm = [[Renan Paulino]] (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Anand Rana
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 4–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21905 Report]
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| goals1 = *[[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]] {{goal|9||15}}
*[[Stendly Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|32}}
*Ricardo Dichiara {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 = [[Ansumana Kromah]] {{goal|47}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 2,000
| result = W
| motm = [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Jatinder Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 0–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21916
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 1,683
| result = D
| motm = Padam Chettri (Mohammedan)
| referee = Akashkumar Mehta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|04|df=y}}
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26835 Report]
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 = Abdou Karim Samb {{goal|88}}
| goals2 = * [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] {{goal|11}}
* [[Eli Sabiá]] {{goal|90+4}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 500
| result = L
| motm = [[Eli Sabiá]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26842 Report]
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| goals1 = [[Martín Cháves]] {{goal|75}}
| goals2 = Akashdeep Singh {{goal|57}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 1,633
| result = D
| motm = [[Martín Cháves]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = K. Ramdasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 14
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26848 Report]
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 = [[Muhammad Ajsal]] {{goal|56}}
| goals2 = [[Emmanuel Essien (footballer)|Emmanuel Essien]] {{goal|52}}
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance = 259
| result = D
| motm = Muhammad Ajsal (Inter Kashi)
| referee = K. Lyngdoh Nongum
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 15
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 0–2
| report =
| team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *[[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|66}}
*[[Kamo Stephane Bayi|Kamo Bayi]] {{goal|90+9}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 825
| result = L
| motm = [[Gnohere Krizo]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 16
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|24|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26859 Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = *[[Ogana Louis]] {{goal|49}}
| goals2 = *[[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] {{goal|9}}
*Abhijith Kurungodan {{goal|19}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 1,025
| result = L
| motm = Abhijith Kurungodan (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = Tanmoy Dhar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 17
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 2–0
| report =
| team2 =[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = [[Ogana Louis]] {{goal|12||20|pen.}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 921
| result = W
| motm = [[Ogana Louis]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Arvind Sekhar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 18
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|04|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 2–1
| report = https://i-league.org/churchill-brothers-defeat-shillong-lajong-at-tilak-maidan/
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = *[[Stendly Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|15}}
*[[Martín Cháves|Cháves]] {{goal|80}}
| goals2 = [[Phrangki Buam]] {{goal|42}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 200
| result = W
| motm =
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 19
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|08|df=y}}
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 2–3
| report = https://i-league.org/karin-sambs-hat-trick-gives-churchill-full-points
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 = * [[Ansumana Kromah]] {{goal|8}}
* Aniket Panchal {{goal|45+3}}
| goals2 = Abdou Karim Samb {{goal|22||75||86}}
| location = [[Shillong]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium
| attendance = 50
| result = W
| motm = Abdou Karim Samb (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 20
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 3–2
| report = https://i-league.org/a-three-pointer-against-churchill-brothers-takes-mohammedan-sporting-closer-to-i-league-title
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 =
* [[Eddie Hernández|Hernández]] {{goal|28||33}}
* [[Lalremsanga Fanai|Fanai]] {{goal|75}}
| goals2 =
* [[Stendly Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|10}}
* [[Martín Cháves|Cháves]] {{goal|51|pen.}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm = [[Eddie Hernández]] (Mohammedan)
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 21
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|24|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 2–2
| report = https://i-league.org/sreenidi-deccans-title-hopes-dimmish-further-with-a-draw
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 =
* [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|4}}
* [[Lalromawia]] {{goal|39}}
| goals2 =
* [[Stendly Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|83}}
* [[Lamgoulen Semkholun|Semkholun]] {{goal|89}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 250
| result = D
| motm = [[Stendly Fernandes]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|28|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| score = 4–0
| report = https://i-league.org/aizawl-blank-churchill-confirm-traus-relegation
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 =
* [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia|Lalbiaknia]] {{goal|29||88}}
* [[Lalthankhuma]] {{goal|73||86}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 300
| result = L
| motm = [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]] (Aizawl)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 22
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|01|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 0–2
| report = https://i-league.org/churchill-brothers-blank-trau-fc-in-kalyani
| team2 = Churchill Brothers
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
* [[Stendly Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|1}}
* [[Kongbrailatpam Manjit Sharma|Sharma]] {{goal|45+2|o.g.}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 500
| result = W
| motm = [[Martín Cháves]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Tanmoy Dhar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 23
| date = {{Start date|2024|4|5|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 2–0
| report = https://i-league.org/churchill-brothers-score-two-past-aizawl-fc
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 =
* [[Ogana Louis|Louis]] {{goal|7}}
* [[Lalmuanawma]] {{goal|90|o.g.}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 275
| result = W
| motm = Ogana Louis (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L. Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 24
| date = {{Start date|2024|4|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Churchill Brothers
| score = 7–0
| report = https://i-league.org/churchill-brothers-end-2023-24-season-on-winning-note
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 =
* [[Ogana Louis]] {{goal|17||46}}
* [[Richard Costa|Costa]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Lamgoulan Semkholun|Semkholun]] {{goal|50}}
* [[Martín Cháves|Cháves]] {{goal|73}}
* [[Trijoy Dias|Dias]] {{goal|88}}
* [[Abdou Karim Samb|Samb]] {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 550
| result = W
| motm = [[Ogana Louis]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = I. Jamal Mohamed
}}

==Statistics==

===Goalscorers===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nat.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|I League
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1
| 88
| FW
| {{flagicon|NGA}}
| [[Ogana Louis]]
| |7||'''7'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2
| 7
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Stendly Fernandes]]
| |5||'''5'''
|-
| 9
| FW
| {{flagicon|ARG}}
| [[Ricardo Dichiara]]
| |5||'''5'''
|-
| 10
| MF
| {{flagicon|URU}}
| [[Martín Cháves]]
| |5||'''5'''
|-
| 70
| FW
| {{flagicon|SEN}}
| [[Abdou Karim Samb]]
| |5||'''5'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 6
| 33
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Richard Costa]]
| |3||'''3'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 7
| 11
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]]
| |2||'''2'''
|-
| 20
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Lamgoulan Semkholun
| |2||'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| 9
| 18
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Trijoy Dias]]
| |1||'''1'''
|-
| 28
| DF
| {{flagicon|ARG}}
| [[Emiliano Callegari]]
| |1||'''1'''
|-
| 40
| MF
| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| [[Emmanuel Essien (footballer)|Emmanuel Essien]]
| |1||'''1'''
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="5"| Own Goals ||4||'''4'''
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="5"| '''Total'''||'''41'''||'''41'''
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Churchill Brothers FC Goa}}
{{2023-24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Churchill Brothers FC Goa season}}
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC seasons]]

IIT Kharagpur

2026-03-01T19:44:54Z

IrmaBracy4216: quick corrected lead based on references additionally and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Research Institute in Kharagpur, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
| image_name = IIT Kharagpur Logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| image_upright = 0.9
| caption = Dedicated to the service of the Nation
| motto = {{lang|sa|yogaḥ karmasu kauśhalam}}
| mottoeng = Excellence in action is Yoga
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|1951|08|18}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| chairman = [[T. V. Narendran]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Steel chief TV Narendran to head IIT-Kharagpur governing board |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-steel-chief-tv-narendran-to-head-iit-kharagpur-governing-board/article67247780.ece/ |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |publisher=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] |date=29 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| Executive Director =
| director = [[Suman Chakraborty]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Som |first1=Moyurie |title=Professor Suman Chakraborty appointed Director of IIT Kharagpur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/professor-suman-chakraborty-appointed-director-of-iit-kharagpur/article69716496.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| budget = {{INRConvert|1302.45|c|1|lk=on}} {{small|(2023{{ndash}}24)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| academic_staff = 895 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 15,671 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/pdf/nirf25_overall.pdf |publisher=IIT Kharagpur}}</ref>
| undergrad = 8,494 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 3,542 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 3,635 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Kharagpur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| campus_type = [[Suburban]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|2200|acre}}
| language = English
| free_label2 = Newspaper
| free2 = ''The KGP Chronicle''
| sporting_affiliations = [[Inter IIT Sports Meet]]
| affiliation = {{hlist| [[BRICS Universities League]] | [[Institutes of National Importance|INI]] | [[Institutions of Eminence|IoE]]}}
| mascot = [[Ficus religiosa|Sacred Fig Tree]]
| sports_nickname = IITians, KGPians
| colours = {{color box|navy}} Blue
| website = {{Official URL}}|
}}

The '''Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur''' ('''IIT Kharagpur''' or '''IIT KGP''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[institute of technology]], [[research university]], and autonomous institute established by the Government of India in [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]]. Founded in 1951, the institute is the first of the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]] to be established and is recognized as an [[Institute of National Importance]]. In 2019 it was awarded the status of [[Institutions of Eminence|Institute of Eminence]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=award8>{{cite news |title=IIT-Khargapur, IIT-Madras, BHU get Institution of Eminence (IoE) status |url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/iit-khargapur-iit-madras-bhu-get-institution-of-eminence-ioe-status-1567686425668.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[LiveMint]] |date=5 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The institute was initially established to train engineers after India [[Indian independence movement|attained independence]] in [[Indian Independence Act 1947|1947]]. However, over the years, the institute's academic capabilities diversified with offerings in [[Science]], [[management]], [[law]], [[architecture]], [[humanities]], [[medicine]], etc. The institute has an {{convert|8.7|km2|acre|adj=on}} campus and has about 22,000 residents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2024 |title=About IIT Kharagpur |url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/about-iitkgp |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=IIT Kharagpur}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Origins of Higher Technical Institutions in India (1946) ===
In 1946, a committee was set up by Sir [[Jogendra Singh]], Member of the Viceroy's executive council, to consider the creation of higher technical institutions for the industrial development of India post [[World War II]]. This was followed by the creation of a 22-member committee headed by [[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]]. In its interim report, the Sarkar Committee recommended the establishment of higher technical institutions in India, along the lines of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and consulting from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] along with affiliated secondary institutions. The report urged that work should start with the speedy establishment of major institutions in the four-quarters of the country with the ones in the east and the west to be set up immediately.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php |title=Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur |publisher=Iitkgp.ac.in |access-date=15 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213137/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php |archive-date=13 August 2007 }}</ref>
[[File:Nalini Ranjan Sarkar.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]], who recommended the set up of [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT's]], along the lines of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]]]
[[File:IIT Kharagpur Main Entrance (Puri Gate).jpg|alt=IIT Kharagpur Main Gate|thumb|IIT Kharagpur Main Entrance]]
[[File:IIT Kharagpur nameplate at the entrance.jpg|thumb|IIT Kharagpur – Main Entrance Gate (Puri Gate)|alt=IIT Kharagpur Main Entrance Gate]]

On the grounds that [[West Bengal]] had the highest concentration of industries at the time, [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], the Chief Minister of West Bengal, persuaded [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ([[Prime Minister of India|India's first prime minister]]) to establish the first institute in West Bengal. The first Indian Institute of Technology was thus established in May 1950 as the Eastern Higher Technical Institute.<ref name="Trailblazer1">{{cite book
| last = IIT Kharagpur
| year = 2002
| title = Profile of a Trailblazer
| publisher=IIT Kharagpur
| location = India
| pages = (i)
}}</ref> It was located in [[Esplanade, Calcutta|Esplanade East]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and in September 1950 shifted to its permanent campus at [[Hijli]], [[Kharagpur]] – {{Convert|120|km}} south-west of Kolkata (formerly called Calcutta). [[Hijli Detention Camp|Hijli]] had been used as a [[detention camp]] during the period of [[British Empire|British rule]] in [[British Raj|India]], where [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian independence activists]] were imprisoned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pan IIT Speech at University of Warwich |url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/people/chairman/speeches/paniitspeechdraft3.pdf |publisher=University of Warwick |access-date=15 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018005256/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/people/chairman/speeches/paniitspeechdraft3.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2015 }}</ref>[[File:JN IITKharagFoundation 1951.jpeg|thumb|left|Jawaharlal Nehru laying the foundation stone in 1951]]IIT Kharagpur is the 4th oldest technical institute in the state after [[IIEST, Shibpur]] (established as B.E. College in 1856), [[Jadavpur University]] (established as the Bengal Technical Institute in 1906) and [[Rajabazar Science College]] (established as [[Calcutta University]] campus for Science and Technology in 1914). When the first session started in August 1951, there were 224 students and 42 teachers in the ten departments of the institute. The classrooms, laboratories and the administrative office were housed in the historic building of the Hijli Detention Camp (now known as Shaheed Bhawan), where political revolutionaries were imprisoned during the period of British colonial rule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kharagpur's legend |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1909/19090840.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314135330/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1909/19090840.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref> The office building had served as the headquarters of the Bomber Command of the [[Twentieth Air Force|U.S. 20th Air Force]] during World War II.
[[File:Bubai Manna (IIT Kharagpur main building).jpg|thumb|IIT Kharagpur main building]]

=== IIT Kharagpur: Naming, Legal Status, and Early Growth ===
[[File:IIT Kharagpur Old Building 1951.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hijli Detention Camp]] (photographed in 1951) served as IIT Kharagpur's first academic building]]The name "Indian Institute of Technology" was adopted before the formal inauguration of the institute on 18 August 1951 by [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/inaugurated-in-kharagpur-in-1951-the-first-indian-institute-of-technology-turns-66-today-328052.html|title=Inaugurated In Kharagpur In 1951, The First Indian Institute Of Technology Turns 66 Today|date=2017-08-18|website=indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref> On 18 May 1956, a Bill (Bill no 36 of 1956)<ref>[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/E-2178-1956-0027-99361.pdf The Gazette of India No 27, 18 May 1956 p 408]</ref> was introduced in Lok Sabha to declare the institution known as the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur to be an institution of national importance and to provide for its incorporation and matters connected therewith. The motto of the institute, योगः कर्मसु कौशलम् is taken from the Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 2, Verse 50, and it has been translated by [[Sri Aurobindo]] as "Excellence in action is Yoga".<ref name=":0" /> On 15 September 1956, the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act, 1956 of Parliament received the assent of the President.<ref>[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/E-2176-1956-0055-99246.pdf The Gazette of India No 55, p908]</ref> Prime Minister Nehru, in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur, said:<ref name="Nehru speech">{{cite web
| last = Kharagpu
| first = Indian Institute of Technology
| date = 14 May 2006
| url = http://iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php
| title = Institute History
| access-date = 14 May 2006
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060518045010/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php
| archive-date = 18 May 2006
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
{{Cquote
| quote = Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolical of the changes that are coming to India.
}}[[File:IIT Main Building 1955.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The main building of the institute during construction (1955)]][[File:Bubai Manna 22.jpg|thumb|Nalanda Complex, 2018]]
The Srinivasa Ramanujan Complex was incorporated as another academic complex of the institute with [[Takshashila]] starting operation in 2002, [[Vikramshila]] in 2003, and [[Nalanda]] in 2012. The erstwhile Hijli Detention camp building, subsequently renamed as the Hijli Saheed Bhavan, hosts the Nehru Museum of Science & Technology and is an imposing building bearing resemblance to the Byzantine style of architecture.<ref name="Legend">{{cite news |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Suhrid Sankar |date=27 April 2002 |title=Kharagpur's legend |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1909/19090840.htm |access-date=28 August 2006 |work=Volume 19 – Issue 9 |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>
[[File:Bubai Manna (Nehru Museum).jpg|thumb|Nehru Museum]]

== Campus ==
IIT Kharagpur is located {{convert|120|km|mi}} west of [[Kolkata]]. The campus is located five kilometres away from [[Kharagpur Junction|Kharagpur Railway Station]] in [[West Midnapore]] district. The layout of the present campus and the design of the buildings were carried out by a group of engineers and architects under the guidance of [[Werner M. Moser]], a Swiss architect.<ref name="Trailblazer3">{{cite book
| last = IIT Kharagpur
| year = 2002
| title = Profile of a Trailblazer
| publisher=IIT Kharagpur
| location = India
| page = 6
}}</ref> The {{convert|2100|acre|km2|adj=on|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Deepak Singh |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Chandranath |last3=Kalakoti |first3=Shivani |last4=Upadhyay |first4=Pawan |last5=Sahoo |first5=Manaswinee |last6=Panda |first6=Ambarnil |date=9 July 2016 |title=Modeling urban floods and drainage using SWMM and MIKE URBAN: a case study |journal=Natural Hazards |language=en |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=749–776 |doi=10.1007/s11069-016-2455-1 |bibcode=2016NatHa..84..749B |s2cid=132718044 |issn=0921-030X}}</ref> campus is residence to about 22,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/HTEducation/Chunk-HT-UI-HTEducationSectionPage-OtherStories/The-big-tech-show/SP-Article1-848860.aspx/ |title= The big tech show – Hindustan Times|website=www.hindustantimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503052255/http://www.hindustantimes.com/HTEducation/Chunk-HT-UI-HTEducationSectionPage-OtherStories/The-big-tech-show/SP-Article1-848860.aspx/ |archive-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> In 2015, IIT Kharagpur had about 605 faculty members, 1,933 employees and approximately 10,010 students living on the campus.<ref name="Faculty shortage">{{cite news |first=G.S. |last=Mudur |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060518/asp/nation/story_6237271.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202102925/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060518/asp/nation/story_6237271.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2007 |title=Faculty hitch in seat hike |work=The Telegraph |date=18 May 2006 |location=Calcutta, India |access-date=27 August 2006}}</ref> The campus has a total of {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=off}} of roadways. The Institute plans to go Green by 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=IIT Kharagpur sanctions 145 Lakhs for Green Technology at Campus |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/iit-kharagpur-sanctions-145-lakhs-for-green-technology-at-campus/ |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>

The 22 student hostels are located on either side of Scholars Avenue, which extends from the institute gate to the B. C. Roy Technology Hospital. The three earliest halls—Patel, Azad, and Nehru—together constitute the PAN loop or Old Campus, which is located just next to Scholar's Avenue. There are twelve hostels for undergraduate male students (MMM, LBS, RP, RK, MS, LLR, HJB, JCB, VS, Patel, Azad and Nehru) and two for undergraduate female students (SN/IG and MT). There are post-graduate hostels including four for women (RLB, Gokhle, Nivedita and SAM), two for research scholars (BCR and BRH), and a separate hostel for scholars from the armed forces.<ref name="Trailblazer3"/> The Jnan Ghosh Stadium and the Tata Sports Complex host large-scale sports competitions. The Tagore Open Air Theatre has a capacity of 6,000 people, and is used to host cultural programs.<ref name="Trailblazer3"/> The Science and Technology Entrepreneurs' Park (STEP) provides infrastructure facilities to alumni seeking to start their own corporations.<ref name="Trailblazer2">{{cite book
| last = IIT Kharagpur
| year = 2002
| title = Profile of a Trailblazer
| publisher=IIT Kharagpur
| location = India
| page = 23
}}</ref>

In addition to the main campus at Kharagpur, the institute has an extension centre at Kolkata to provide venues for continuing education programmes, distance learning courses, and guesthouse accommodation. The Kolkata extension centre at [[Rajarhat]] is used to offer some full-time undergraduate and postgraduate courses.<ref name="Kol extension">{{cite news
|last=Mallick
|first=Arnab
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/bsonline/storypage.php?&autono=215800
|title=IIT Kharagpur to expand Kolkata campus
|publisher=Business Standard
|date=20 February 2006
|access-date=22 July 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826191816/http://www.business-standard.com/bsonline/storypage.php?&autono=215800
|archive-date=26 August 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The {{convert|10|acre|ha|0|adj=on|order=flip}} Rajarhat campus houses 2,500 students.<ref name="Kolkata extension">{{cite news
|agency=Statesman News Service
|url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=22&id=150474&usrsess=1
|title = IIT in Rajarhat by 2008
|publisher=The Statesman
|date = 13 July 2006
|access-date = 22 July 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090203/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=22&id=150474&usrsess=1
|archive-date = 29 September 2007}}</ref> The institute's plan for a similar branch campus of {{convert|200|acre|km2|order=flip}} in [[Bhubaneswar]] was scrapped following rejection by the Union Human Resource and Development ministry.<ref name="Bhubabeswar">{{cite news|first=Chetan |last=Chauhan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1938858,0008.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523095136/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1938858%2C0008.htm |archive-date=23 May 2007 |title=IITs plan for expansion scrapped |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 February 2007 |access-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] on 5 September 2019 awarded the "[[Institute of Eminence]]" status to IIT Kharagpur along with four public institution in India, which will enable full autonomy and special incentives.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/iit-khargapur-iit-madras-bhu-get-institution-of-eminence-ioe-status-1567686425668.html|title=IIT-Khargapur, IIT-Madras, BHU get Institution of Eminence (IoE) status|date=5 September 2019|work=[[Livemint]]|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/what-are-institutes-of-eminence-and-how-are-they-different-from-other-universities/1238320/|title=What are 'Institutes of Eminence' and how are they different from other universities?|last=Tiwari|first=Manas|date=10 July 2018|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Bubai Manna -14(vikramsila).jpg|thumb|Vikramshila, 2018]]
[[File:Bubai manna 21.jpg|thumb|Takshashila, 2018]]

=== Academic buildings ===
IIT Kharagpur has 19 academic departments, eight multi-disciplinary centres/schools, and 13 schools of excellence in addition to more than 25 central research and development units. Apart from the main building in the central academic complex, the Srinivasa Ramanujan Complex also has common academic facilities. ''Takshashila'' houses the G. S. Sanyal School of Telecommunication, the School of Information Technology, the Computer and Informatics Centre, and has facilities for conducting lectures. The ''Vikramshila'' Complex consists of four lecture halls, several seminar rooms, and the 850-seat Kalidas Auditorium.<ref name="Campus expansion">{{cite web |url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/enews01/expansion.html?t=623 |title=Expansion At IIT Kharagpur |author=Kgp Konnexion Writeup Team |date=17 August 2006 |website=Kgp Konnexion e-newsletter |publisher=IIT Kharagpur |access-date=21 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206131625/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/enews01/expansion.html?t=623 |archive-date=6 February 2007}}</ref> The School of Medical Science and Technology is housed in the basement of the Vikramshila building.

The institute main building houses most of the administrative offices, the lecture halls, and two auditoriums on either side. The signage at the front displays the message, "Dedicated to the service of the nation." The tower of the main building has a steel tank with 10,000 imperial gallons of water capacity for emergency supply needs. The Netaji Auditorium in the main building is used for official functions and events, and doubles as a cinema theatre on weekend nights, showing films to the IIT community at subsidised rates.

IIT Kharagpur's first library was located in a small room of the institute's Old Building (''Shaheed Bhawan''). At the time of its opening in 1951, the library had a collection of 2,500 books. Now located in the main building of the institute, the Central Library is one of the largest of its type. Its collection includes over 350,000 books and documents, and it subscribes to more than 1,600 printed and online journals and conference proceedings.

The library has six halls and a section exclusively for [[scheduled caste|SC]] and [[Adivasi|ST]] students. The library's collection consists of books, reports, conference proceedings, back volumes of periodicals, standards, theses, micro-forms, DVDs, CD-ROMs, and audio-visual material. The library's transaction service is automated and online searches are possible through an [[OPAC|Online Public Access Catalog]] (OPAC). The Electronic Library section has a collection of databases, video lectures and miscellaneous other resources.

The [[Nehru Museum of Science and Technology]] has over a hundred indoor exhibits that include technical models collected from institutions across India. The park outside the museum contains 14 open-air demonstrations and outdoor exhibits, including a fighter plane and a steam engine. The museum has an archive room, showing documents relating to the history of the institute and [[Paschim Medinipur|West Midnapore district]].<ref name="Trailblazer4">{{cite book
| last = IIT Kharagpur
| year = 2002
| title = Profile of a Trailblazer
| publisher=IIT Kharagpur
| location = India
| page = 24
}}</ref> The Rural Museum, located in the Rural Development Centre, has a collection of exhibits in local culture.

=== Civic amenities ===
The institute campus has six guest houses, a civic hospital, four nationalised banks, four schools (Hijli High School, [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan|Kendriya Vidyalaya]], D.A.V Model School, and St. Agnes Branch School), a railway reservation counter and a police station. The campus has a water pumping station, electrical sub-station, telephone exchange, market, six restaurants, and a garbage disposal section for the daily needs of the residents.<ref name="Legend"/> Construction is presently going on for another guest house and a convention centre with a 2,000 seating capacity. The institute draws its supply of water from wells near the [[Kosai river]] (located 112 kilometres away from institute) by harnessing sub-surface water. Three deep wells near the institute supplement the supply from the river. The water is supplied by a {{convert|16|in|mm|adj=on}} pipeline to 12 tanks in the campus with a total capacity of 2,800,000 litres (615,000 imperial gallons). In 2009, students had expressed dissatisfaction with the level of amenities on campus, especially the civic hospital, forcing the director to resign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032456831000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327141453/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032456831000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2009 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Classes at IIT-Kharagpur suspended, director quits |date=24 March 2009}}</ref>

IIT Kharagpur is located just outside the town of Kharagpur, in the village of Hijli. Its civic amenities make it nearly self-sufficient with regards to the basic needs of the residents. As Kharagpur is a small town, there is limited direct interaction between the campus community and the town. There is also little employment opportunities for families of the faculty. Unlike some IITs (such as [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]]), IIT Kharagpur does not restrict the entry of outsiders into the campus.<ref name="Porous">{{cite web|url=http://www.educationworldonline.net/eduworld/article.php?choice=prev_art&article_id=10&issueid=1|title=Stormy weather for India's most famous education brand |date=January 2006 |publisher=EducationWorld |access-date=29 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210121/http://www.educationworldonline.net/eduworld/article.php?choice=prev_art&article_id=10&issueid=1 |archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> IIT Kharagpur provides much of its benefits to the local community through the Rural Development Centre (RDC) located in the campus. Established in 1975, the RDC helps the local community by developing customised technologies.<ref name="RDC web">{{cite web|url=http://iitkgp.ac.in/departments/home.php?deptcode=RD |title=Rural Development |publisher=IIT Kharagpur |access-date=29 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719062832/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/departments/home.php?deptcode=RD |archive-date=19 July 2006 }}</ref> The RDC also co-ordinates the [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS) programs in IIT Kharagpur, with the members of NSS taking part in weekly community service activities such as sanitation, road construction, teaching and building educational models.

In 2005, IIT Kharagpur started the construction of a boundary wall to ensure campus security, which is now complete. At present, mild restrictions apply on the entry of outsiders' vehicles. The boundary wall was opposed by the local community as it would hinder their access to amenities provided by the institute. Campus residents have also been denied direct access to the adjoining [[Hijli railway station]] as a result of this wall. The local community opposed the construction of a [[overpass|flyover]] from the railway station to the campus, stating that it would lead to a substantial loss of opportunity for the shops along the roads. However, upon completion, the Hijli road over-bridge has resulted in convenient transportation to the campus.<ref name="amenities">{{cite news
|last=Sen
|first=Saibal
|url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-15/india/27786453_1_kharagpur-iit-authorities-civic-polls
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-15/india/27786453_1_kharagpur-iit-authorities-civic-polls
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 29 September 2011
|title = Beyond the IIT wall, a world apart
|date = 15 April 2006
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date = 23 July 2006
}}</ref> The construction of the {{Convert|1052.69|m}} long flyover was approved by the [[Indian Railways]] and [[West Bengal state government]], and was constructed for an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|237|m}}.<ref name="Flyover">{{cite news
|last = Chatterjee
|first = Chandreyee
|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070414/asp/nation/story_7646380.asp
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043429/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070414/asp/nation/story_7646380.asp
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 30 September 2007
|title = IIT gets its flyover, finally
|newspaper=The Telegraph
|date = 13 April 2007
|location = Calcutta, India
|access-date = 15 April 2007
}}</ref>

===Halls of residence===
[[File:MMM Hall 1.JPG|thumb|Madan Mohan Malviya Hall accommodates both undergraduates and post-graduates]]
[[File:Rajendra Prasad Hall of Residence.jpg|alt=RP hall is one of oldest residence hall at IIT Kharagpur|thumb|Rajendra Prasad Hall of Residence]]
IIT Kharagpur provides on-campus residential facilities to its students, research scholars, faculty members and many of its staff.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Swanky-makeover-for-IIT-Kharagpur-hostel-rooms/articleshow/52303695.cms|title=Swanky makeover for IIT-Kharagpur hostel rooms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Reside">{{cite web

| url = http://iitkgp.ac.in/topfiles/faculty_openings_new.php
| title = Faculty Openings
| publisher = Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
| access-date = 22 July 2006
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060821220501/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/topfiles/faculty_openings_new.php
| archive-date = 21 August 2006
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The students live in hostels (referred to as ''halls'') throughout their stay in the IIT.<ref name="Residence">{{cite book
| last = HMC, IIT Kharagpur
| first = Chairman
| year = 2005
| title = Information Brochure
| publisher=Hall Management Centre
| location = India
| page = 5
}}</ref> Hostel rooms are wired to provide an internet connection, for which students pay a compulsory charge. Most rooms in the older ''halls'' are designed to accommodate one student, but an increase in the number of incoming undergraduate students has led to shared rooms in the first two years. The Lal Bahadur Shastri Hall of Residence and newer blocks of some ''halls'' now accommodate three students per room. The oldest Halls of Residence are located in the PAN Loop, named after the Patel, Azad, and Nehru Halls.

==== The halls of IIT Kharagpur are: ====
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|* Atal Bihari Vajpayee Hall of Residence
* Azad Hall of Residence
* B C Roy Hall of Residence
* B R Ambedkar Hall of Residence
* Gokhale Hall of Residence
* Homi J Bhabha Hall of Residence
* Jagadish Chandra Bose Hall of Residence
* Nehru Hall of Residence
* Lalbahadur Sastry Hall of Residence
* Lala Lajpat Rai Hall of Residence
* Madan Mohan Malviya Hall of Residence
* Megnad Saha Hall of Residence
* Mother Teresa Hall of Residence
* Nivedita Hall of Residence
* PDF Block
* Patel Hall of Residence
* Radha Krishnan Hall of Residence
* Rani Laxmibai Hall of Residence
* Rajendra Prasad Hall of Residence
* SAM Hall of Residence
* Savitribai Phule Hall of Residence
* Sarojini Naidu – Indira Gandhi Hall of Residence
* Vikram Sarabhai Residential Complex – 1
* Vikram Sarabhai Residential Complex – 2
* Vidyasagar Hall of Residence
* Zakir Hussain Hall of Residence}}

Undergraduate students choose between the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC), [[National Service Scheme (India)|National Service Scheme]] (NSS), [[National Sports Organisation (India)|National Sports Organisation]] (NSO), or [[National Cultural Appreciation]] (NCA) for their first two years of study.<ref name="Amitava Ghosh">{{cite news
|first = Suhrid Sankar
|last = Chattopadhyay
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1909/19090880.htm
|title = In pursuit of excellence
|work = Volume 19 – Issue 9
|publisher = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
|date = 27 April 2002
|access-date = 28 August 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212134500/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1909/19090880.htm
|archive-date = 12 December 2007
|url-status = usurped
}}</ref> IIT Kharagpur has a range of sporting facilities including grounds for cricket, football, hockey, volleyball, lawn tennis, badminton (indoor and outdoor); a state-of-the-art athletics tracks; and swimming pools for aquatic events. Most hostels have their own dedicated sports grounds. The institute used to organise ''Shaurya'', an annual inter-collegiate sports and games meet in October, which was discontinued in 2012.<ref name="Sports">{{cite book
| last = HMC, IIT Kharagpur
| first = Chairman
| year = 2005
| title = Information Brochure
| publisher=Hall Management Centre
| location = India
| page = 19
}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
=== Governance ===
{{Main|Indian Institutes of Technology#Organisational structure}}
IIT Kharagpur shares a common ''Visitor'' (a position held by the President of India) and the [[IIT Council]] with other IITs. The rest of IIT Kharagpur's organisational structure is distinct from that of the other IITs. The Board of Governors of IIT Kharagpur is under the IIT Council, and has 13 members that include representatives of the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]], in addition to other members appointed by the IIT Council and the institute's [[academic senate|Senate]]. Under the Board of Governors is the institute Director, who serves as the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT, and is aided by the Deputy Director.<ref name="Power and duty">{{cite web

| url = http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/03.html
| title = Powers and duties of Officers and Employees
| publisher = Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
| access-date = 22 July 2006
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060510062725/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/rti/03.html
| archive-date = 10 May 2006
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Under the Director and Deputy Director are the [[dean (education)|Deans]], Heads of Department, the Registrar, President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee (HMC). The Registrar is the chief administrative officer and oversees day-to-day operations. He is the custodian of records, funds, and other properties of the institute.<ref name="Power and duty"/> Under the charge of the heads of departments (HOD) are the faculty (full-time professors as well as those of associate and assistant status). The wardens of hostels are placed under the chairman of the hall management committee in the organisation.<ref name="org">{{cite web

|date=3 March 2006
|url=http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html
|title=Organisational Structure
|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
|access-date=14 May 2006
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922000243/http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html
|archive-date=22 September 2007
}}</ref>

IIT Kharagpur receives comparatively more funding than other engineering colleges in India.<ref name="funding">{{cite web
| date = 10 February 2004
| url = http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb102004/369.pdf
| title = Performance based funding of IITs
| page = 3
| publisher = [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]]
| access-date = 14 May 2006
| archive-date = 13 November 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181113032608/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb102004/369.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around {{INR}}100–200 million (US$2–4.5 million) per year, IIT Kharagpur gets nearly {{INRConvert|1300|m}} per year.<ref name="seven colleges">{{cite news
|first = Yogesh K
|last = Upadhyaya
|url = http://us.rediff.com/money/2005/may/25iit.htm
|title = New IITs: A long journey ahead
|work=[[Rediff.com]]
|date = 25 May 2005
|access-date = 14 May 2006
}}</ref> Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding by industry-sponsored projects. IIT Kharagpur provide scholarships to all [[Master's degree#India|MTech]] students and research scholars to encourage them to pursue higher studies.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The cost borne by undergraduate students, including boarding and mess expenses, is around {{INRConvert|275|k}} per annum. 35% of undergraduate students are given additional financial support based on personal need and economic background, with their annual expenses being nearly {{INRConvert|64|k}}.<ref name="Trailblazer10">{{cite book
| last = IIT Kharagpur
| year = 2002
| title = Profile of a Trailblazer
| publisher=IIT Kharagpur
| location = India
| page = 13
}}</ref>

The academic policies of IIT Kharagpur are decided by its senate.<ref name="senate">{{cite web
| url = http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/15.html
| title = Norms / Standards
| publisher = IIT Kharagpur
| access-date = 22 July 2006
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721205733/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/rti/15.html
| archive-date = 21 July 2006
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> It consists of all professors of the institute, and administrative and student representatives. The senate controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

On June 19, 2025, [[Suman Chakraborty]] was appointed as the director of (IIT) Kharagpur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2025 |title=Professor Suman Chakraborty appointed IIT Kharagpur director |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/Professor-Suman-Chakraborty-appointed-IIT-Kharagpur-director/2659450 |access-date=19 June 2025 |work=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>
=== Academic Units ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
| colspan="4" |'''Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FoE&A)'''
|-
|Aerospace Engineering
|Agricultural and Food Engineering
|Architecture and Regional Planning
|Artificial Intelligence
|-
|Centre of Excellence in Precision Agriculture & Food Nutrition
|Centre of Excellence in Urban Planning and Design
|Centre of Excellence on Safety Engineering & Analytics (COE-SEA)
|Chemical Engineering
|-
|Civil Engineering
|Computer Science and Engineering
|Cryogenic Engineering
|Do It Yourself Laboratories
|-
|Electrical Engineering
|Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering
|[[G S Sanyal School of Telecommunications]]
|Industrial and Systems Engineering
|-
|Mechanical Engineering
|Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
|Mining Engineering
|Ocean Engg and Naval Architecture
|-
|Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management
|Rubber Technology
|Steel Technology Centre
|Subir Chowdhury School of Quality and Reliability
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Faculty of Sciences (FoS)'''
|-
|Centre for Ocean, River, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL)
|Chemistry
|Geology and Geophysics
|Mathematics
|-
|Physics
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Faculty of Biosciences & Biotechnology'''
|-
|Academy of Classical and Folk Arts
|Advanced Technology Development Centre
|Centre for Computational and Data Sciences
|Centre for Rural Development and Innovative Sustainable Technology
|-
|Centre for Sustainable and Community Development
|Centre of Excellence for Indian Knowledge Systems
|Centre of Excellence in Sustainable Development
|Deysarkar Centre of Excellence in Petroleum Engineering
|-
|Education
|Energy Science and Engineering
|Environmental Science and Engineering
|Geospatial Academy
|-
|Humanities and Social Sciences
|Materials Science Centre
|Nano Science and Technology
|Partha Ghosh School of Leadership
|-
|[[Rajendra Mishra School of Engineering Entrepreneurship]]
|Rekhi Centre of Excellence for the Science of Happiness
|School of Water Resources
|-
| colspan="4" |'''School of Law'''
|-
|Centre of Excellence in Public Policy, Law and Governance
|Centre of Studies and Research for the Differently-abled
|[[Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''School of Management'''
|-
|[[Vinod Gupta School of Management]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Dean, Research and Development (R&D)'''
|-
|Centre For Railway Research
|Centre of Excellence in Advanced Manufacturing Technology
|Centre of Excellence in Advanced Transportation
|DRDO Industry Academia - Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE)
|-
|Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell
|M. N. Faruqi Centre for Innovation
|Manekshaw Center of Excellence for National Security Studies and Research
|-
| colspan="4" |'''[[School of Medical Science and Technology]]'''
|-
|[[Dr B C Roy Institute of Medical Sciences & Research|Dr B C Roy Multi Speciality Medical Research Centre]]
|-
|}

== Academics ==
[[File:Entrance Gate of IIT Kharagpur.jpg|thumb|Entrance gate of IIT Kharagpur]]
Admission to most undergraduate and postgraduate courses in IIT Kharagpur is granted through written entrance examinations. Admissions to M.S. (by Research) and PhD programmes are based on written tests followed by personal interviews.

Admission to undergraduate programmes in all IITs is tied to the [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination]] (IIT-JEE). As of 2013, students are required to pass the qualifying JEE Mains examination, followed by the JEE Advanced examination, in order to be admitted to an undergraduate course at an IIT. Candidates who qualify for admission through IIT-JEE apply for admission in one of: a four-year B.Tech. (''Bachelor of Technology''), a five-year B.Arch. (''Bachelor of Architecture''), a five-year Dual Degree (integrated ''Bachelor of Technology'' and ''Master of Technology''), or a four year B.S. (''[[Bachelor of Science]])'' course at IIT Kharagpur.

Admissions to postgraduate programmes (M.Tech.) are granted primarily through the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE). Other postgraduate entrance exams include the Joint Admission to M.Sc. (JAM) exam for M.Sc., and the [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT) conducted by IIMs for management studies.

15% of the seats are reserved for students belonging to [[scheduled caste|Scheduled Castes]] (SC) and 7.5% for [[Adivasi|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST).<ref name="sc-st">{{cite web

| url = http://jee.iitm.ac.in/reservation.php
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060926000807/http://jee.iitm.ac.in/reservation.php
| archive-date=26 September 2006
| title = Reservation of Seats for Joint Entrance Examination, 2006
| publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Madras
| access-date = 14 May 2006
}}</ref> {{As of|2008}}, 27% of seats are separately reserved for students belonging to ''[[Other Backward Class]]es''.

IIT Kharagpur is a member of [[Engineering education|LAOTSE]], a network of universities in Europe and Asia exchanging students and senior scholars.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=== Undergraduate education ===
[[File:Vikramshila V1 Auditorium.JPG|thumb|A lecture auditorium in the Vikramshila complex]]

Some of the undergraduate degrees offered by IIT Kharagpur include the [[Bachelor of Technology]] (BTech.Hons) degree, the [[Bachelor of Architecture]] (BArch) degree and the 5-year integrated [[Master of Science]] degree.

The BTech degree is the most common undergraduate degree in IIT Kharagpur in terms of student enrolment. It is based on a four-year programme with eight semesters. The first year of the BTech curriculum has common courses from various departments. At the end of the first year, an option to change departments is given to students on the basis of their performance in the first two semesters.<ref name="Trailblazer5" /> Like other IITs which evaluate their students on the basis of others' performance IIT Kharagpur also uses relative grading.

From the second year onwards, the students take courses offered by their departments that are known as ''depth'' courses. In addition to these, the students take inter-disciplinary courses known as ''breadth'' courses. Separate courses from the [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]] (HSS) department, and management and information technology are also required. At the end of the third year for the BTech and fourth year for the dual degree, students undertake industrial training for a minimum period of eight working weeks as part of the undergraduate curriculum.<ref name="Courses">{{cite book
| last = HMC, IIT Kharagpur
| first = Chairman
| year = 2005
| title = Information Brochure
| publisher=Hall Management Centre
| location = India
| pages = 6–7
}}</ref> In the final year of their studies, most students are offered jobs in industries and other organisations through the Training and Placement section of the institute commonly known as Career Development Centre or CDC.<ref name="Training">{{cite web |url=http://iitkgp.ac.in/tnp/introduction.php |title=Introduction to Training and Placement Section |publisher=IIT Kharagpur |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123171640/http://iitkgp.ac.in/tnp/introduction.php |archive-date=23 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some students opt out of this facility in favour of higher studies or by applying to recruiting organisations directly.

In addition to the [[academic major|major degree]] as part of the undergraduate education, students can take courses from other departments, and by demonstrating knowledge of a discipline based on objectives set by the department, earn a minor in that department. To stay up-to-date with the latest academic and industry standards, IIT Kharagpur revamps its academic curriculum periodically. In August 2017, an Undergraduate Council(UG Council) was constituted by the institute under the Dean of Undergraduate Studies(Dean UGS) as its chairman and with one student representative from each department to be elected/nominated for an annual term, to assist in the process of curriculum update, assimilate student feedback on different academic policies, and forward suggestions and proposals to the institute senate.

=== Postgraduate and doctoral education ===
[[File:IMG_20180123_160853_HDR.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law]] offers law programmes]]
IIT Kharagpur offers postgraduate programmes including Master of Technology (MTech), [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA), and Master of Sciences (MSc). Some specialised post graduate programmes offered by IIT Kharagpur include Master of Human Resource Management (MHRM), Postgraduate Diploma in [[information technology|Information Technology]] (PGDIT), Master in Medical Science and Technology ([[MMST (IIT Kharagpur)|MMST]]), Master of [[urban planning|City Planning]] (MCP), LL.B in [[intellectual property|Intellectual Property Law]] (LL.B Honors in IP Law), and Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation and Management (PGDMOM). The institute offers the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of its [[doctorate|doctoral education programme]]. The doctoral scholars are given a topic by the professor, or work on the consultancy projects sponsored by industry. The duration of the programme is usually unspecified and depends on the discipline. PhD scholars submit a [[dissertation]] as well as conduct an oral defence of their thesis. [[Teaching assistant]]ships (TA) and [[research assistant]]ships (RA) are provided based on the scholar's academic profile. IIT Kharagpur offers an M.S. (by research) programme; the MTech and M.S. being similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course-based) and thesis (research-based) master programmes respectively.

[[File:Bubai Manna iit kgp (Vinod gupta school of managment )-2.jpg|thumb|Vinod Gupta School of Management, the first school of management within the IIT system.]]
IIT Kharagpur (along with other IITs) offers Dual Degree programs that integrate undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected pairs of branches and specialisations. Most of the Dual Degree programs involve specialisation in the major field of education of the student. For a dual degree involving an MBA from [[Vinod Gupta School of Management]], the selection is made on the basis of an aptitude test of students across all engineering streams. The Dual Degree program spans five years as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech or MBA (two years).<ref name="Dude">{{cite web|url=http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf|title=The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India |last=Natarajan |first=R |website=CAGS 2005 Conference |publisher=Canadian Association for Graduate Studies |page=6 |access-date=27 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144431/http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

IIT Kharagpur has a management school (Vinod Gupta School of Management), an entrepreneurship school ([[Rajendra Mishra School of Engineering Entrepreneurship]]) and a law school ([[Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law]]) on its premises. The Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law has been opened in collaboration with [[George Washington University]].<ref name="GWU">{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/bsonline/storypage.php?&autono=213744
|title=IIT-K to host school on IPR Law
|publisher=Business Standard
|date=2 February 2006
|access-date=22 July 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215110123/http://www.business-standard.com/bsonline/storypage.php?&autono=213744
|archive-date=15 February 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law is the only law school in IIT System of the country The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked the institute 5th in its law ranking of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref> The [[School of Medical Science and Technology]] at IIT Kharagpur is the first and also the "only" of its kind in the country where M.B.B.S. graduates are trained in art and science of medical research with aim to provide a platform for interdisciplinary teaching and research in the field of medical science and technology. IIT Kharagpur will invest around {{INRConvert|2.3|b}} for its 400-bed super speciality hospital in the campus which will impart undergraduate medical course to students. The institute is expected to start the course in 2017 which will be recognised by [[Medical Council of India]] (MCI).<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/iit-kharagpur-to-invest-rs-230-crore-to-start-medical-course-113062700752_1.html IIT Kharagpur to invest Rs 230 crore to start medical course]. [[Business Standard]] (27 June 2013). Retrieved on 23 August 2013.</ref>

IIT Kharagpur also offers a unique, tri-institute programme, Post Graduate Diploma in Business Analytics (PGDBA), in association with [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]] and [[Indian Statistical Institute|ISI Kolkata]], which is ranked 14th globally as per QS World University Ranking 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bwcio.businessworld.in/article/IIM-Calcutta-s-Business-Analytics-Programme-Ranks-14-in-the-World-in-QS-World-University-Ranking-2019/29-11-2018-164681|title=IIM Calcutta s Business Analytics Programme Ranks 14 in the World in QS World University Ranking 2019|website=[[Businessworld]]|language=en|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>

=== International partnerships ===
In 2021, IIT Kharagpur and The [[University of Manchester]] entered into strategic partnership and launched a dual award PhD programme.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Press Trust|first=of India|title=IIT Kharagpur, University Of Manchester Launch India-UK Dual Doctoral Programme|work=[[NDTV]] (Mar 17, 2021 7:56 pm IST)|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/iit-kharagpur-university-of-manchester-launch-india-uk-dual-doctoral-prog|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>

On 24 May 2025, the Institute signed a MoU with [[Technische Universität Darmstadt]] (TU Darmstadt), Germany, to foster academic and research cooperation. The agreement includes the Study Abroad Program, enabling cross-institutional credit recognition and international exposure for students. This collaboration strengthens IIT KGP’s global research portfolio.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2025 |title=IIT Kharagpur inks academic collaboration pact with Germany's premier technical university |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/east/education-collaboration-iit-kgp/3474117.html |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=[[United News of India]] |location=[[Kharagpur]]}}</ref>

In June 2025 the Institute signed a MoU with [[Swansea University]], Wales, to deepen partnerships in advanced manufacturing and materials engineering.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2025 |title=IIT Kharagpur signs MoU with Swansea University in advance smart manufacturing, materials research |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/iit-kharagpur-signs-mou-with-swansea-university-in-advance-smart-manufacturing-materials-research/2657846 |access-date=18 June 2025 |work=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |language=English}}</ref>

In Feb 2026 The Institute has signed a landmark MoU with [[Saint Petersburg Mining University]], Russia. The partnership focuses on the critical intersection of traditional energy resources and the modern push for a green transition. As global markets shift toward sustainable practices, both institutions aim to lead research in Critical Minerals, Traditional Resources, AI Integration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Negi |first=Priyanka |date=18 Feb 2026 |title=IIT Kharagpur And Russian University Sign MoU For Academic Collaboration |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/indian-institute-of-technology-kharagpur-signs-mou-with-russian-university-to-boost-student-and-scholar-exchange-programmes-11053063 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226153019/https://www.ndtv.com/education/indian-institute-of-technology-kharagpur-signs-mou-with-russian-university-to-boost-student-and-scholar-exchange-programmes-11053063 |archive-date=26 Feb 2026 |access-date=26 Feb 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] Feb 18, 2026 15:07 pm IST}}</ref>

=== Continuing education ===
The institute offers the Continuing Education Programme (CEP) for qualified engineers and scientists to learn technologies and developments in their academic disciplines. As part of CEP, the institute offers formal degree programmes (MTech and PhD) and an Early Faculty Induction Programme (EFIP)<ref name="EFIP">{{cite web |url=http://www.efip.iitm.ac.in/welcome.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202155147/http://www.efip.iitm.ac.in/welcome.htm |archive-date=2 February 2007|title=Early Faculty Induction Programme |date=28 March 2006 |publisher=IIT Madras |access-date=19 August 2006}}</ref> under the Quality Improvement Programme (QIP), short-term courses supported by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]], self-financed short-term courses supported by course fees, and certificate courses conducted as distance education. In addition to conducting educational courses, the CEP develops model curricula for engineering education. As of 2006, the CEP has facilitated publication of 103 course curriculum books. The CEP administers SIMAP (Small Industries Management Assistant Programme) and STUP (Skill-cum-Technology Upgradation Programme) on behalf of IIT Kharagpur; the institute being a corpus institute of [[SIDBI]] (Small Industries Development Bank of India).<ref name="Trailblazer8">{{cite book
| last = IIT Kharagpur
| year = 2002
| title = Profile of a Trailblazer
| publisher=IIT Kharagpur
| location = India
| page = 14
}}</ref>

===Grading system===
IIT Kharagpur follows the [[credit (education)|credit]]-based system of performance evaluation, with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance.<ref name="Trailblazer5">{{cite book
| last = IIT Kharagpur
| year = 2002
| title = Profile of a Trailblazer
| publisher=IIT Kharagpur
| location = India
| page = 7
}}</ref> The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of [[Grading in education#India|grades]], with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. For each semester, the students are graded by taking a weighted average from all the courses with their respective credit points. Each semester's evaluation is done independently with a cumulative [[Grading in education|grade point average]] (CGPA) reflecting the average performance across semesters.
[[File:Bubai Manna -2 (gymkhana lakeside).jpg|thumb|Gymkhana Lake]]

===Rankings and reputation===
In the 2025 QS World University Rankings, the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT-KGP) was ranked 222nd in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS Ranking 2025 – India – Results |url=https://www.universityrankings.ch/results/QS/2025?ranking=QS&year=2025&region=&q=India |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=universityrankings.ch |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University

| ARWU_W_2022 = 801-900
| QS_A_2023 = 61

| OUTLOOK_E_G_2022 = 4

|QS_W_2025=222|NIRF_O_2024=6|NIRF_R_2024=5|NIRF_E_2024=5|NIRF_L_2024=7|NIRF_B_2024=19|NIRF_A_2024=2}}

Internationally, IIT Kharagpur was ranked 222 in the ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' of 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=QS World University Rankings 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> and 73 in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=QS ranking |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?page=4&region=Asia |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> It was also ranked 801–900 in the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' of 2022.<ref name=Rankings_ARWU_W_2022/>

In India, IIT Kharagpur ranked 4th among government engineering colleges by ''[[Outlook India]]'' in 2022<ref name=Rankings_OUTLOOK_E_G_2022/> and 5th among engineering colleges by the ''[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]'' (NIRF) in 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Engineering |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> which also ranked it 6th overall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Overall |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref>

The architecture department was ranked second among all architecture colleges in India by NIRF in 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024: Architecture and Planning |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ArchitectureRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law]] was ranked 7th among law schools{{cn|date=November 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/LawRanking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122081425/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/LawRanking.html |archive-date=22 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.nirfindia.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Vinod Gupta School of Management]] (VGSoM) was ranked 19th among management schools.{{cn|date=November 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ManagementRanking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122081425/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ManagementRanking.html |archive-date=22 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.nirfindia.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Research ==
[[File:Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell, IIT Kharagpur.jpg|thumb|[[Kalpana Chawla]] Space Technology Cell]]
The institute received 171 research revenue worth {{INRConvert|417|m}}—and 130 consultancy projects in the 2005–06 session. The institute transferred 15 technologies to industry during the same session. The institute has filed 125 patents and 25 of them have been granted. This does not include patents obtained by individual professors or students. During the same session, the value of the international projects was {{INRConvert|9.9|m}}, and the revenue from transferred technologies was about {{INRConvert|2.5|m}}. The institute earned {{INRConvert|520|m}} from research projects in the 2005–06 session.<ref name="Kolkata extension" /> Major sponsors for research include the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ordnance Factory Board Fourth Pillar of India's Defence |url=http://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=464&h=Ordnance-Factory-Board-Fourth-Pillar-of-India%27s-Defence}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]], Ministry of Human Resource and Development, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], Department of Science and Technology, [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]] and [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref name="Souvenir">{{cite book |last=IIT Kharagpur |first=IIT Press |title=Souvenir |publisher=IIT Kharagpur |year=2002 |edition=Golden Jubilee |location=Kolkata}}</ref> IIT Kharagpur has had a cell known as the SRIC (Sponsored Research and Industrial Consultancy) cell since 1982. It handles sponsored research projects and industrial consultancy assignments, and has the infrastructure to simultaneously administer 600 [[research and development|R&D]] projects.<ref name="Trailblazer9">{{cite book |last=IIT Kharagpur |title=Profile of a Trailblazer |publisher=IIT Kharagpur |year=2002 |location=India |page=15}}</ref>

[[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] has entered into a collaboration with IIT Kharagpur to carry out research for the design and development of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs). This is a major development that will boost the second stage of India's nuclear power programme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2019 |title=IIT Kharagpur ties up with atomic research centre to support India's indigenous nuclear programme |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-kharagpur-ties-up-with-atomic-research-centre-to-support-india-s-indigenous-nuclear-programme-1439059-2019-01-25 |access-date=26 January 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref>

=== IIT Kharagpur IRINS ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Kharagpur {{!}} IRINS |url=https://iitkgp.irins.org/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=iitkgp.irins.org |language=en}}</ref>

As per IRINS website, IIT Kharagpur college's research is:<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Kharagpur {{!}} IRINS |url=https://iitkgp.irins.org/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=iitkgp.irins.org |language=en}}</ref>

* Faculty: 291 Professor, 141 Associate Professor, (222+15+22) Assistant Professors.
* Articles: Journal: 29,310. Conference: 8,300. Books/Chapters: 1,659.
* Citations: 9,02,545.

== Placements ==
Prior to 2006, an internal policy at IIT Kharagpur allowed only Indian companies to apply for the campus recruitment drive. This was overturned by the Career Development Center (CDC) so as to not limit placement opportunities for graduates. Oil giants [[Schlumberger]] and [[Shell plc|Shell]] offered annual salaries to the tune of $80,000 that year.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2008 |title=IIT Kharagpur grad gets $80,000 offer |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/2892570.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey |date= 7 February 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IIT-Kharagpurs-placement-stunt/articleshow/1403456.cms |title=IIT-Kharagpur's placement stunt |newspaper=The Times Of India |access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref>

The top domestic compensation in 2008 came in at {{INRConvert|1.8|m}} per annum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/mar/24iit.htm |title=IIT Kharagpur grads get huge pay offers |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> In the 2011 batch, [[Goldman Sachs]] recruited 10 students on a package of {{INRConvert|2.6|m}} per annum.<ref>[http://www.cracktheinterview.org/2010/12/goldman-sachs-hiring-at-iit-kgp/ The Leading Crack the Interview Site on the Net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208014354/http://www.cracktheinterview.org/2010/12/goldman-sachs-hiring-at-iit-kgp/ |date=8 December 2010 }}. CrackTheInterview.org. Retrieved on 23 August 2013.</ref> [[Barclays Capital]] recruited 11 students with a compensation package of {{INRConvert|2|m}} per annum in December 2009. The highest salary offered till now is {{INRConvert|17|m}} per annum by [[Social network service|social networking site]] [[Facebook]] in an off-shore recruitment (of which [[employee stock ownership plan]]s [ESOPs] were offered valued at {{INR}}10 million) in December 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/careers/education/Placement-IIT-Kharagpur-graduates-offered-Rs-80-lakh-per-annum-salary-package/articleshow/17610378.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622063724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-14/education/35819505_1_iit-kharagpur-iit-kgp-three-students |url-status=live |archive-date=22 June 2013 |title=Placement: IIT Kharagpur graduates offered Rs 80 lakh per annum salary package |date=15 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-girl-stars-in-dream-start-to-IIT-Kharagpur-job-season/articleshow/17606527.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105050321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-14/kolkata/35819475_1_iit-kgp-world-quant-iit-kharagpur|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2013|title=Kolkata girl stars in dream start to IIT-Kharagpur job season|date=15 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiadailytimes.com/2010/12/iit-kharagpur-student-gets-rs-70-lakh-job-offer-from-facebook/ |title=IIT-Kharagpur student gets Rs 70 lakh job offer from Facebook |publisher=India Daily Times|date=9 December 2010 |access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> The 2010 batch of BTech students saw 94% placements. [[Deutsche Bank]] recruited 9 students on a package of {{INRConvert|1.5|m}} per annum.<ref>[http://www.cracktheinterview.org/2010/12/deutsche-bank-visit-to-iit-kharagpur-this-placement-season/ The Leading Crack the Interview Site on the Net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231043907/http://www.cracktheinterview.org/2010/12/deutsche-bank-visit-to-iit-kharagpur-this-placement-season/ |date=31 December 2010 }}. CrackTheInterview.org. Retrieved on 23 August 2013.</ref> For the 2012 batch, [[Facebook]] has made the highest offer $150,000 to four students.<ref>{{cite news|author=TOI |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/careers/job-trends/Recession-Not-in-hiring-at-IITs/articleshow/10968332.cms|title=IIT-Kharagpur 2012 offers |work=The Times of India|date=3 December 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Facebook-picks-up-four-IIT-Kharagpur-students/articleshow/11025230.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108010206/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/kolkata/30489569_1_iit-kharagpur-campus-placements-iit-kgp |url-status=live |archive-date=8 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Facebook picks up four IIT-Kharagpur students |date=8 December 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/IITians-get-Facebook-jobs-at-77-lakh/Article1-779229.aspx IITians get Facebook jobs at 77 lakh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107051315/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/IITians-get-Facebook-jobs-at-77-lakh/Article1-779229.aspx |date=7 January 2012 }}. Hindustan Times. Retrieved on 23 August 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111207/jsp/calcutta/story_14847596.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118023204/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111207/jsp/calcutta/story_14847596.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2012 |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Telegraph |title=From IIT to Facebook |date=7 December 2011}}</ref> For the 2013 batch, three students have been offered salaries of {{INRConvert|8|m}} per year while eight others have got offers of {{INRConvert|7.5|m}} from [[Google]], [[Facebook]] and [[Microsoft]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-girl-stars-in-dream-start-to-IIT-Kharagpur-job-season/articleshow/17606527.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105050321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-14/kolkata/35819475_1_iit-kgp-world-quant-iit-kharagpur |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2013 |location=Calcutta, India |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Kolkata girl stars in dream start to IIT-Kharagpur job season |date=14 December 2012}}</ref> For the 2014 batch, the highest package offered to a student stands at around {{INRConvert|9|m}} from [[Google]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Its-raining-job-offers-at-IIT-Kharagpur/articleshow/25234031.cms |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Times of India |title=It's raining job offers at IIT Kharagpur |date=5 November 2013}}</ref> As of the 2021–2022 academic session, a total of 1723 offers (including Pre-Placement Offers – PPOs) were made by several companies, peaking with a [[Cost to company|CTC]] of ₹2.4 Crore (US$301,014) which is the highest recorded CTC amongst the IITs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-25 |title=Placement Analysis 2021–2022 |url=https://awaaziitkgp.com/placement-analysis-2021-2022/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Awaaz, IIT Kharagpur |language=en-US |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915050152/https://awaaziitkgp.com/placement-analysis-2021-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of the 2024–2025 academic year, the annual recruitment drive is conducted in multiple phases. PPOs are extended to students (or directly to the Institute) towards the end of the previous summer internship cycle. Students who accept PPOs are removed from the normal placement process. The CDC enforces a strict "one student, one offer" policy to ensure a fair opportunity to all final-year students. The first two placement phases are typically organised in December and January, followed by an open-hiring session until the end of the academic year.

== Student life ==
===General Championship===
The students of IIT Kharagpur compete among themselves in various events held under the purview of open-IIT and inter-hall events, and the results of the latter contribute to the points that determine the winner of General Championship. The four categories in which General Championships are decided are Sports, Social and cultural activities, Technology, and Hall affairs. The women's hostel together participate as a single team in all events with the exception of sports, where women's team do not participate at inter-hall level. IIT Kharagpur participates in the [[Inter IIT Sports Meet]], held annually in one of the IITs by policy of rotation.<ref name="Inter-IIT">{{cite book
| last = HMC, IIT Kharagpur
| first = Chairman
| year = 2005
| title = Information Brochure
| publisher=Hall Management Centre
| location = India
| page = 23
}}</ref>

The students choose their representatives by elections held under the control of the Technology Students' Gymkhana. A fortnightly newsletter called ''The Scholar's Avenue'', named after the avenue common to the student halls, is published by an independent student body. A Hindi monthly newsletter, ''Awaaz'', is published by another independent student body.<ref name="Gymkhana">{{cite book
| last = HMC, IIT Kharagpur
| first = Chairman
| year = 2005
| title = Information Brochure
| publisher=Hall Management Centre
| location = India
| page = 22
}}</ref> Individual halls organise "Hall day" — an annual event that involves lighting and decoration of the organising hall, with a social gathering of students from all halls—during March.

=== Cultural Festivals and Other Events ===
[[File:Spring Fest IIT Kharagpur - Jim Ankan Deka photography.jpg|thumb|Bands performing at Spring Fest 2012, IIT Kharagpur.]]
IIT Kharagpur conducts two festivals (known as "fests") during the Spring semester, viz., [[Spring Fest]] and [[Kshitij (festival)|Kshitij]]. Spring Fest is the largest student managed socio-cultural ''fest'' in Asia and is held in January. It hosts a range of cultural competitions and stage shows (''Star-nights'') headlined by leading artistes including [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim-Sulaiman]], [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Kay Kay Menon|K.K.]], [[Pritam]], [[Kailash Kher]], and [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]. Spring Fest attracts participation from over 150 colleges across India.<ref name="Legend" /> Kshitij is the biggest techno-management ''fest'' in Asia, with a budget over {{INRConvert|15|m}} and prize money worth {{INRConvert|5|m}}. Organised in January or February, events include technical workshops, seminars, guest lectures, seminars, conferences, and competitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/news-international-conference-on-nanotechnology-at-nit-srinagar-in-collaboration-with-iit-kharagpur-141-1030 |title=International Conference on Nanotechnology |publisher=CollegeSearch |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402110940/https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/news-international-conference-on-nanotechnology-at-nit-srinagar-in-collaboration-with-iit-kharagpur-141-1030 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Robotix (competition)|Robotix]], a student-run annual robotics competition, is organised during Kshitij.
[[File:Rangoli in Dewali festival at IIT Kharagpur (RP Hall of Residence).jpg|thumb|Celebration of eco-friendly Diwali at IIT Kharagpur]]
IIT Kharagpur organises an annual inter-collegiate sports and games meet called Shaurya. It is held in the autumn semester in October. Events include cricket, hockey, volleyball, basketball, badminton, table tennis, lawn tennis, and aquatics. Workshops for archery, boxing, and handball are simultaneously conducted.

The Department of Computer Science and Engineering organises Bitwise IIT Kharagpur, an online programming contest hosted annually in February. A series of programming and algorithmic challenges are given to attendees in a span of 12 hours. Bitwise 2011 featured 5000 teams representing 80 countries.

In January, the Entrepreneurship Cell organises the Global Entrepreneurship Summit (GES) which consists of guest lectures, workshops, a start-up camp, and other [[entrepreneurship|entrepreneurial]] events.

Academic departments often host individual department ''fests'' or conferences, including ''Esperanza'' (Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering), ''Prithvi'' (Department of Geology),<ref>{{cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=http://www.prithvi-geo.in/index.php#about_us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914164431/http://www.prithvi-geo.in/index.php#about_us |archive-date=14 September 2015 |access-date=9 July 2015 |publisher=Prithvi-geo.in}}</ref> Samudramanthan (Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture), and Megalith (Department of Civil Engineering). A petroleum-themed technical event ''Petrofiesta'' is organised in November by the [[Society of Petroleum Engineers]] – IIT Kharagpur Chapter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://speiitkgp.org/Petrofiesta_2014/vision.html |title=Vision |publisher=Speiitkgp.org |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710170252/http://speiitkgp.org/Petrofiesta_2014/vision.html |archive-date=10 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Student organisations===
====Team KART (Kharagpur Automobile Racing Team)====
Kharagpur Automobile Racing Team, known as ''Team KART'', is a student group that designs and builds formula student prototype race-cars and represents IIT Kharagpur at Formula Student UK & Formula Bharat.<ref name="The telegraph">{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Chandreyee |date=13 December 2012 |title=Walk Down Memory Lane |work=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta, India |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121213/jsp/entertainment/story_16308668.jsp#.UgSX601wnH4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423054048/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121213/jsp/entertainment/story_16308668.jsp#.UgSX601wnH4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2014 |access-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> Founded in 2008, the team has built seven cars since, and placed 67th at Formula UK 2013. The team participated in FDC 2015, securing the second position in the Business Presentation and Cost Report event. Recent iterations of the car include 3D printed structures to reduce weight, dyno-tuning for improved performance, a revamped data acquisition system, and a new driver interface. At Formula Bharat 2020, the team was placed 2nd in the Business Plan Presentation event, 6th in Engineering Design, and 10th in overall rankings.

==== Autonomous Ground Vehicle (AGV) Research Group, IIT Kharagpur ====

Team AGV is a robotics research group at IIT Kharagpur, sponsored by SRIC, IIT Kharagpur under the Centre for Excellence in Robotics. The group aims to build a self-driving car for Indian roads. At the 2018 [[Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition]], the team was ranked 2nd. AGV was a top-13 participant of the Mahindra Rise Prize SDC challenge. The group performs cutting-edge research in the field of robot design, robot control, [[computer vision]], [[simultaneous localization and mapping]], [[motion planning]].

A spin-off venture from AGV, IIT Kharagpur – the San Francisco-based Auro Robotics (now acquired by RideCell), builds self-driving shuttles for university campuses in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/13/auro-robotics-yc-s15-is-building-a-driverless-shuttle-system-for-college-campuses/ |title=Auro Robotics Is Testing A Driverless Shuttle System On College Campuses – TechCrunch |publisher=Techcrunch.com |date= 14 August 2015|access-date=2021-12-11}}</ref>

==== Kharagpur Robosoccer Students' Group (KRSSG) ====

KRSSG is another robotics research group at IIT Kharagpur and is sponsored by SRIC as part of the Centre for Excellence in Robotics. The group conducts research into autonomics game-playing robots, specifically soccer, and takes part at global events including [[RoboCup]] and the [[Federation of International Robot-soccer Association]] (FIRA) Roboworld Cup. KRSSG participated in FIRA 2013 [[Malaysia]], FIRA 2014 [[Beijing, China]] and FIRA 2015 [[Daejeon, South Korea]], winning the bronze medal.<ref name="FIRA Result 15">{{cite web|url=http://www.fira.net/board/board_view.asp#|title=FIRA Result|publisher=FIRA}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> More recently, the team participated in the 3D Humanoid Simulation League 2016 held in [[Leipzig, Germany]], winning 7th position.

==== Gopali Youth Welfare Society (GYWS) ====
Gopali Youth Welfare Society is a government registered [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] run by students of IIT Kharagpur with the help of professors of IIT Kharagpur and local members of Gopali village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngo.india.gov.in/view_ngo_details.php?ngo_id=amartyakhan&ngo_black=0&t_state=WB&t_dist_new3=0&sector_key=0&ngo_name=Gopali%2520Youth%2520Welfare%2520Society&uniqueid=&t_ngo=S|title=NGO Partnership System|website=ngo.india.gov.in|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804212610/http://ngo.india.gov.in/view_ngo_details.php?ngo_id=amartyakhan&ngo_black=0&t_state=WB&t_dist_new3=0&sector_key=0&ngo_name=Gopali%2520Youth%2520Welfare%2520Society&uniqueid=&t_ngo=S|archive-date=4 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.gyws.org/index.php Gopali Youth Welfare Society] website</ref> The main initiative of GYWS is an English Medium School named Jagriti Vidya Mandir. Education, uniforms, and transportation are provided free of cost to underprivileged children. The school is located in Tangasole village, [[Salua, Paschim Medinipur|Salua]] outside the IIT Kharagpur campus, with nearly 200 students enrolled from nursery to Grade 5.''<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news |author=Ajanta Chakrobarty |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/IITians-run-school-to-bridge-social-divide/articleshow/45063578.cms?fb_action_ids=417262358425882&fb_action_types=og.likes|title=IITans run school to bridge social divide|date=7 November 2014|work=The Times of India|location=Calcutta, India |access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>''

====Entrepreneurship Cell====
{{Main|Entrepreneurship Cell, IIT Kharagpur}}

Entrepreneurship Cell (E-Cell)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecell-iitkgp.org/about_us.php |title= Entrepreneurship Cell | IIT Kharagpur|website=www.ecell-iitkgp.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926005008/http://www.ecell-iitkgp.org/about_us.php |archive-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> is a student organisation functioning from STEP (Science and Technology Entrepreneurs' Park) with the aim of promoting entrepreneurship among students throughout India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/IIT-Kharagpur-event-comes-to-NIT-Rourkela/articleshow/15219561.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126164448/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-28/news/32906069_1_iit-kharagpur-empresario-nit-rourkela |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=IIT Kharagpur event comes to NIT Rourkela |date=28 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> It provides mentoring, support, and financing assistance to start-up companies. It conducts the three-day Global Entrepreneurship Summit (GES) held in January at the institute, and the 20-day Entrepreneurship Awareness Drive (EAD) which consists of guest lectures in 20 cities across India. Knowledge Camp is conducted annually for the benefit of students within IIT-KGP, while the Innovation Platform and Fund-a-KGPian programs continue throughout the year, to recognise and support innovative ideas among students of IIT-KGP. Previous guest lecturers at E-Cell events include[[Sanjeev Bhikchandani]], [[Vinod Dham]], Arjun Malhotra, [[Rajat Sharma]] and [[Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw]].

E-Cell was instrumental in the establishment of the [[Rajendra Mishra School of Engineering Entrepreneurship]]. The E-Cell has played a key role in the Deferred Placement Programme (DPP), whereby, a student can opt for placement a year after the completion of his/her course, in case they are involved in a start-up company. This is the first time such a programme has been offered at the undergraduate level in India.

==== Space Technology Student Society ====
Space Technology Student Society (spAts) is a student initiative that functions as the official student body of Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell (KCSTC), the contact point for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) at IIT Kharagpur. It is responsible for organising the annual space-themed "National Students' Space Challenge (NSSC)".<ref>http://nssc.spats.in/ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611095023/http://nssc.spats.in/ |date=11 June 2011 }}</ref> NSSC is the country's first and largest astronomy and space conference. ''spAts'' organizes space-themed talks, sky gazing sessions, guest lectures, and discussion forums within IIT Kharagpur. The group publishes a bi-semester newsletter, 'The Moonwalk', which covers the latest ventures in space technology and astronomy.<ref name="The Statesman">{{cite web|title=Reaching for the stars|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/3532-reaching-for-the-stars.html|publisher=The Statesman |date=9 August 2013 |access-date=9 August 2013}}</ref>

==== Megalith – The Annual Civil Engineering Tech-Fest ====
Megalith is the annual technical fest of the department of civil engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur held under the aegis of the Civil Engineering Society, IIT Kharagpur and the patronage of the Institution of Civil Engineers (UK), IIT Kharagpur chapter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.megalith.co.in|publisher=Megalith 2018 |title=The Annual Fest of Civil Engineering {{!}} IIT Kharagpur |language=en|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

====Technology Filmmaking and Photography Society====
Technology Filmmaking and Photography Society (TFPS) is the students' interest club of IIT Kharagpur which provides a platform for students interested in filmmaking and photography.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gymkhana.iitkgp.ernet.in/societies/#self |title=Societies |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024403/http://www.gymkhana.iitkgp.ernet.in/societies/#self |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The society organises special screenings of acclaimed independent films, conducts filmmaking workshops, and hosts guest lectures from industry professionals.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} [[Biswapati Sarkar]] of TVF fame is one of the founding members of the society. Alumni of the society have gone on to produce critically acclaimed documentaries and films such as ''The Unreserved''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/tales-from-a-general-compartment/story-xPfxho4ubCDJaQ7xiPr8FL.html|title=#Unreserved: Tales from a general compartment|date=4 February 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Disciplinary Committee ===
Students who violate the institute's code of conduct are produced in front of the Hall Disciplinary Committee (HDC), which investigates the case and prescribes punishment if necessary. Students may appeal against the punishment to the Appellate-cum-Liaison Committee known as Inter Hall Disciplinary Committee (IHDC). The IHDC submits its recommendations to the Senate, which finalises the punishment. Extreme cases of indiscipline are referred directly to the IHDC. The IHDC is empowered to penalize students for acts of indiscretion committed anywhere in India.<ref name="DC">{{cite book |last=HMC, IIT Kharagpur |first=Chairman |title=Information Brochure |publisher=Hall Management Centre |year=2005 |location=India |page=13}}</ref> IIT Kharagpur has strict provisions for dealing with physical and mental harassment ([[ragging]]).<ref name="Ragging">{{cite news |last=Guha |first=Nandini |date=15 July 2005 |title=Led by IIT, engg colleges tighten anti-ragging rules |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=139196 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313215902/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=139196 |archive-date=13 March 2006 |access-date=9 August 2006 |publisher=Kolkata Newsline}}</ref>

== Alumni ==
{{main|List of IIT Kharagpur alumni}}

=== Alumni awards ===
IIT Kharagpur recognizes the professional achievements of its alumni through the annual Distinguished Alumnus Award on the Institute Convocation Day. The institute also recognizes alumni who have provided outstanding service to the institute with a Distinguished Service Award. The Young Alumni Achiever Award recognizes alumni aged 45 or less, who have achieved success and recognition in their profession.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni Services |url=http://alumni.iitkgp.ac.in/alumni_services }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Alumni initiatives ===
[[File:VGSOM 1.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Vinod Gupta School of Management]] was built from alumni funding]] [[Vinod Gupta School of Management|The Vinod Gupta School of Management]] (VGSOM) and [[Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law]] were established with donated funds from [[Vinod Gupta]] (founder, Infogroup) along with support from the government of India. VGSOM started in 1993 with a batch of 30 students. Other centres built by funding from alumni include the G.S. Sanyal School of Telecommunication and [[very-large-scale integration|VLSI]]-[[computer-aided design|CAD]] laboratory. The IIT Foundation, started by Vinod Gupta in 1992, is the alumni association of the institute with chapters in cities in India and abroad. The alumni association publishes the quarterly newsletter ''KGPian''.<ref name="KGPian">{{cite web |url=http://www.alumni.iitkgp.ernet.in/newsite/kgpian.php |title=KGPian |publisher=IIT Kharagpur |access-date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208210457/http://www.alumni.iitkgp.ernet.in/newsite/kgpian.php |archive-date=8 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The institute also publishes a monthly e-newsletter titled ''KGP Konnexion'' for alumni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/enews01/about.html|title=About KGP Konnexions |date=August 2006|website=KGP Konnexions e-newsletter |publisher=IIT Kharagpur |access-date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202204200/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/enews01/about.html |archive-date=2 February 2007}}</ref> The Dean of Alumni Affairs at IIT Kharagpur is responsible for liaising with alumni. The US-based alumni of IIT Kharagpur have started the ''Vision 2020'' fundraiser, to provide world-class infrastructure (laboratories and equipment), attract, and retain faculty and students. The objective of Vision 2020 is to raise a US$200 million endowment fund by 2020 for technology education, research and innovation related growth of the institute.<ref name="Vision 2020">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitfoundation.org/giving/|title=Vision 2020: Give to IIT Kharagpur|publisher=The IIT Foundation|access-date=25 September 2006|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216022841/http://www.iitfoundation.org/giving/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==See also==
* [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[National Institutes of Technology]]
* [[National Testing Agency]]
* [[Joint Seat Allocation Authority]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| last = Alok Kothari
| first = Yuvnesh Modi, Rahul Kumar
| year = 2012
| title = The Game Changers
| publisher=Random Business / Random House India
| location = India
| isbn = 978-8184002737
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Deb
| first = Sandipan
| year = 2004
| title = The IITians
| publisher=Penguin Books
| location = India
| isbn = 978-0-670-04986-8
}}
* {{cite video
| title = Introduction to IIT Kharagpur(2008)
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_q2qKAqH7X0
| medium = Documentary
| location = India
| publisher=TSG
}}
* {{cite news
|first = Suhrid Sankar
|last = Chattopadhyay
|url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1918/19180890.htm
|title = Enabling industrial progress
|volume=19 |issue=18
|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
|date = 13 September 2002
|access-date = 6 May 2014
}}
* {{cite news
|first = Suhrid Sankar
|last = Chattopadhyay
|url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1918/19180900.htm
|title = A committed player
|volume=19 |issue=18
|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
|date = 30 August 2002
|access-date = 6 May 2014
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|IIT Kharagpur}}
* {{official website}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{BRICS Universities League}}
{{Scientific Research in West Bengal}}
{{Universities in West Bengal}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|22|19|10.97|N|87|18|35.87|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title}}

[[Category:IIT Kharagpur| ]]
[[Category:Institutes of Eminence]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1951]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology|Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Kharagpur]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Environmental studies institutions in India]]

U.S. Route 30 in Indiana

2026-03-01T15:55:02Z

IrmaBracy4216:

{{Short description|Highway in Indiana}}
{{Highway detail hatnote|U.S. Route 30}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox road
| state = IN
| type = US
| route = 30
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|frame-height=240|type=line|from=U.S. Route 30 in Indiana.map}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = US 30 highlighted in red
| length_mi = 156.217
| length_ref = <ref name="indot" />
| established = November 11, 1926<ref name="USH">{{cite web |url = https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/numbers.cfm |title = From Names to Numbers: The Origins of the US Numbered Highway System |last = Weingroff |first = Richard F. |publisher = [[Federal Highway Administration]] |access-date = August 23, 2012 |date = January 9, 2009 |archive-date = May 21, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110521204506/http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/numbers.cfm |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="USHM">{{cite map |author1 = [[Bureau of Public Roads]] |author2 = [[American Association of State Highway Officials]] |date = November 11, 1926 |title = United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials |url = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_System_of_Highways_Adopted_for_Uniform_Marking_by_the_American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials.jpg |scale = 1:7,000,000 |location = Washington, DC |publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] |oclc = 32889555 |access-date = November 7, 2013 |via = [[Wikimedia Commons]] |name-list-style = amp |archive-date = April 13, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153913/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_System_of_Highways_Adopted_for_Uniform_Marking_by_the_American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials.jpg |url-status = live }}</ref>
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = {{Jct|state=IL|US|30}} at the [[Illinois]] state line in [[Dyer, Indiana|Dyer]]
| direction_b = East
| junction = *{{Jct|state=IN|US|41}} in [[Schererville, Indiana|Schererville]]
*{{Jct|state=IN|I|65}} in [[Merrillville, Indiana|Merrillville]]
*{{Jct|state=IN|US|421}} in [[Wanatah, Indiana|Wanatah]]
*{{Jct|state=IN|US|31}} in [[Plymouth, Indiana|Plymouth]]
*{{Jct|state=IN|US|35}} near [[Hanna, Indiana|Hanna]]
*{{Jct|state=IN|US|33}} near [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]
*{{Jct|state=IN|I|69}} in Fort Wayne
*{{Jct|state=IN|US|27|SR|3}} in Fort Wayne
*{{Jct|state=IN|I|469}} near [[New Haven, Indiana|New Haven]]
| terminus_b = {{Jct|state=OH|US|30}} at the [[Ohio]] state line near [[Monroeville, Indiana|Monroeville]]
| counties = [[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]], [[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]], [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]], [[Starke County, Indiana|Starke]], [[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall]], [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]], [[Whitley County, Indiana|Whitley]], [[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
| previous_type = SR
| previous_route = 29
| next_type = US
| next_route = 31
}}
'''U.S. Route 30''' ('''US 30''') is a part of the [[United States Numbered Highway System]] that runs from [[Astoria, Oregon]], to [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]. In Indiana, the route runs from the Illinois state line at [[Dyer, Indiana|Dyer]] to the Ohio state line east of [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] and [[New Haven, Indiana|New Haven]]. The {{convert|156.217|mi|km}} of US 30 that lie within Indiana serve as a major conduit. The entire length of US 30 in Indiana is included in the [[National Highway System (United States)|National Highway System]] (NHS). The highway includes four-lane rural sections, an urbanized four-lane divided expressway, and several high-traffic six-lane [[freeway]] areas. First designated as a U.S. Highway in 1926, US 30 replaced the original State Road 2 (SR 2) and SR 44 designation of the highway which dated back to the formation of the Indiana State Road system. A section of the highway originally served as part of the [[Lincoln Highway]]. Realignment and construction projects have expanded the highway to four lanes across the state, and the road is now part of a long stretch of US 30 from [[New Lenox, Illinois]], to [[Canton, Ohio]], where the road has at least four lanes (excluding ramps). There are over 40 traffic signals between [[Interstate 65 in Indiana|Interstate 65]] (I-65) at [[Merrillville, Indiana|Merrillville]] and [[Interstate 69 in Indiana|I-69]] at Fort Wayne.

==Route description==
The entire length of US 30 in Indiana is included in the [[National Highway System (United States)|NHS]],<ref name="NHS Map of Indiana">{{cite map |author = [[Federal Highway Administration]] |date = March 5, 2010 |title = National Highway System: Indiana |scale = Scale not given |location = Washington, DC |publisher = Federal Highway Administration |url = http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/nhs/maps/in/in_Indiana.pdf |format = PDF |access-date = August 18, 2012 |archive-date = June 7, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607054242/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/nhs/maps/in/in_indiana.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref> a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the U.S.<ref name=NHS>{{cite web |url = http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/nhs/ |title = National Highway System |access-date = August 18, 2012 |date = August 26, 2010 |publisher = Federal Highway Administration |archive-date = May 23, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523021349/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> The highway is maintained by the [[Indiana Department of Transportation]] (INDOT), similar to all other U.S. Highways in the state. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state highways as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called [[annual average daily traffic]] (AADT), calculated along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2010, INDOT figured that lowest traffic levels were 10,870 vehicles and 4,750 commercial vehicles used the highway daily between US 31 and [[Indiana State Road 331|SR 331]]. The peak traffic volumes were 69,280 vehicles and 12,660 commercial vehicles AADT along a section of US 30 that is [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with I-69, between the Lima Road (exit 311) and Coldwater Road (exit 312) exits in Fort Wayne.<ref name="AADT">{{cite web |url = http://dotmaps.indot.in.gov/apps/trafficcounts/ |title = INDOT Traffic Zones |publisher = Indiana Department of Transportation |year = 2010 |access-date = August 20, 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110505203005/http://dotmaps.indot.in.gov/apps/trafficcounts/ |archive-date = May 5, 2011 }}</ref>

===Illinois to Valparaiso===
US 30 enters [[Dyer, Indiana|Dyer]] from [[Lynwood, Illinois]], along the original alignment of the [[Lincoln Highway in Indiana|Lincoln Highway]], as a four-lane divided highway. At Moeller Street, the roadway becomes a four-lane highway with a center turn lane before reaching an [[at-grade intersection]] with [[CSX Transportation]] railroad tracks. Thereafter, the road returns to four-lane divided highway before a [[traffic light]] at [[U.S. Route 41 in Indiana|US 41]] in [[Schererville, Indiana|Schererville]] and passing under [[Norfolk Southern Railway]] tracks. After US 41, the original alignment of the Lincoln Highway leaves US 30 and continues along the same route as old [[Indiana State Road 330|SR 330]]. US 30 begins to curve toward the southeast, still as a four-lane divided highway. The highway has a traffic light at [[Indiana State Road 55|SR 55]], heading east as the roadway enters [[Merrillville, Indiana|Merrillville]], where the route becomes a six-lane divided highway and has an interchange at [[Interstate 65 in Indiana|I-65]]. At Colorado Street in Merrillville, the road narrows back to a four-lane divided highway.<ref name="Google Maps" /><ref name="INDOT 2012 Map" /><ref name="INDOT Railroad map" />

[[File:US Route 30 in Indiana.jpg|thumb|left|310px|US 30 in Indiana]]
After a traffic light at the southern terminus of [[Indiana State Road 51|SR 51]] in [[Hobart, Indiana|Hobart]], the original alignment of the Lincoln Highway rejoins US 30. The highway passes through a mix of farmland and residential properties on the way to [[Valparaiso, Indiana|Valparaiso]], entering the city and passing through commercial properties. The highway has a traffic light at [[Indiana State Road 2|SR 2]] at the western end of the concurrency of the two roads. From there, the road crosses railroad tracks, passes south of [[Valparaiso University]], and has a traffic light at the eastern terminus of [[Indiana State Road 130|SR 130]]. After passing the traffic light at SR 130, the road has a full interchange with [[Indiana State Road 49|SR 49]] and the eastern terminus of the [[Indiana State Road 2|SR 2]] and US 30 concurrency. Continuing east, the road passes [[Porter County Regional Airport]] and proceeds east-southeast from Valparaiso, toward [[Plymouth, Indiana|Plymouth]].

===Valparaiso to Allen County===
After leaving the Valparaiso area, US 30 passes through rural farmland, with an intersection at [[U.S. Route 421 in Indiana|US 421]] northeast of [[Wanatah, Indiana|Wanatah]] and an at-grade railroad crossing with the [[Chesapeake & Indiana Railroad]]. East of the railroad tracks is an intersection with [[Indiana State Road 39|SR 39]] and a bridge across the [[Kankakee River]].<ref name="Google Maps" /><ref name="INDOT 2012 Map" /><ref name="INDOT Railroad map" /> Then the route briefly swings slightly to the north of the old Lincoln Highway alignment to accommodate an interchange at [[U.S. Route 35 in Indiana|US 35]].

US 30 runs along the north side of Plymouth, passing through an interchange with the northern terminus of [[Indiana State Road 17|SR 17]] and near [[Plymouth Municipal Airport (Indiana)|Plymouth Municipal Airport]]. The route curves around the northeast side of the city, having a major interchange with [[U.S. Route 31 in Indiana|US 31]] before heading east-southeast toward [[Warsaw, Indiana|Warsaw]]. At [[Bourbon, Indiana|Bourbon]], the highway has an interchange with [[Indiana State Road 331|SR 331]]. The road curves east before entering Warsaw and has an interchange with [[Indiana State Road 15|SR 15]], south of [[Warsaw Municipal Airport (Indiana)|Warsaw Municipal Airport]]. After passing the airport, the road enters a mix of commercial and residential properties. As it bypasses Warsaw, the highway passes through a highly commercial area and has nine traffic signals within {{Convert|4|mi|km|spell=in}}, causing frequent traffic backups. One of these is a traffic light at an old alignment of the Lincoln Highway, before US 30 passes north of [[Winona Lake, Indiana|Winona Lake]] and heads toward [[Columbia City, Indiana|Columbia City]].

At Columbia City, the road turns southeast and has traffic lights at [[Indiana State Road 109|SR 109]], [[Indiana State Road 9|SR 9]], and [[Indiana State Road 205|SR 205]], again closely spaced, resulting in frequent congestion. After SR 205, US 30 heads east toward [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]], paralleling the [[Chicago, Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad]].<ref name="Google Maps" /><ref name="INDOT 2012 Map" /><ref name="INDOT Railroad map" />

===Allen County to Ohio===
====Western Allen County====
[[File:US 30 west of Fort Wayne, Indiana.jpg|thumb|right|325px|US 30 west of Fort Wayne]]
US 30 crosses into [[Allen County, Indiana|Allen County]] at a signalized intersection with [[Whitley County, Indiana|Whitley County]] Road 800 East (signed as County Line Road). After passing a pair of abandoned rest areas, the four-lane divided highway with partial access control then becomes a full access controlled freeway just east of the signalized intersection at Kroemer Road. Immediately thereafter, there is a [[trumpet interchange]] with [[U.S. Route 33 in Indiana|US 33]] (Goshen Road), at the western terminus of US 33's concurrency with US 30. From there, the joined routes proceed southeast as a six-lane (counting auxiliary lanes) freeway, passing under Hillegas Road, to a [[cloverleaf interchange]] with [[Interstate 69 in Indiana|I-69]]. At that junction, US 33 joins southbound I-69 (and westbound [[U.S. Route 24 in Indiana|US 24]]), while US 30 loops to the north, to run concurrent with both northbound I-69 and eastbound US 24. The through lanes revert to an urban arterial and continue southeast into Fort Wayne as Goshen Road, carrying [[Indiana State Road 930|SR 930]] to Coliseum Boulevard.

====Fort Wayne to New Haven====
US 30's concurrency with I-69 is a six-lane urban Interstate with interchanges at Lima Road ([[U.S. Route 27 in Indiana|US 27]] and [[Indiana State Road 3|SR 3]]) and Coldwater Road (formerly [[Indiana State Road 327|SR 327]] and, prior to that, US 27). At the interchange of I-69 and [[Interstate 469|I-469]], US 30 heads east concurrent with I-469 to loop around the north and east sides of Fort Wayne, heading toward [[New Haven, Indiana|New Haven]]. I-469 is a four-lane Interstate passing through a mix of farmland and suburban residential properties. Initially proceeding east, the interstate crosses the [[St. Joseph River (Maumee River tributary)|St. Joseph River]] and has an interchange at Maplecrest Road before turning southeast, then south around the northeast side of Fort Wayne to subsequent interchanges with [[Indiana State Road 37|SR 37]] followed by US 24. After the US 24 interchange, the Interstate crosses the [[Maumee River]] and Norfolk Southern Railway tracks before US 30 departs I-469 east of downtown New Haven at the eastern terminus of SR 930.

====Eastern Allen County====
After I-469, US 30 heads southeast away from New Haven, passing through rural farmland as a four-lane divided highway with partial access control. The route bypasses the tiny hamlets of [[Zulu, Indiana|Zulu]], [[Tillman, Indiana|Tillman]], and [[Townley, Indiana|Townley]] with an intersection at [[Indiana State Road 101|SR 101]] just to the north of the latter. US 30 completes its journey across the Hoosier State and enters Ohio (at State Line Road), continuing southeast toward [[Van Wert, Ohio|Van Wert]].<ref name="Google Maps">{{google maps |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Joliet+St&daddr=U.S.+30+E&hl=en&ll=40.95916,-86.154785&spn=2.439162,4.581299&sll=40.997994,-84.803494&sspn=0.00119,0.002237&geocode=FTAoeQId8XjI-g%3BFcCUcQIdVADy-g&mra=me&mrsp=1,0&sz=19&t=h&z=8 |title=Overview of US 30 in Indiana |access-date=August 20, 2012}}</ref><ref name="INDOT 2012 Map">{{cite map |url = http://www.in.gov/indot/files/StateTransportationMap.pdf |location = Indianapolis |publisher = Indiana Department of Transportation |title = Indiana Transportation Map |year = 2011–2012 |sections = A3–A5 |access-date = August 20, 2012 |author = Indiana Department of Transportation |archive-date = December 15, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101215222535/http://www.in.gov/indot/files/StateTransportationMap.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="INDOT Railroad map">{{cite map |location = Indianapolis |publisher = Indiana Department of Transportation |date = August 23, 2011 |url = http://www.in.gov/indot/files/MAIN-RR-11_V1.pdf |title = Indiana Railroad Map |format = PDF |author = Indiana Department of Transportation |access-date = August 20, 2012 |archive-date = June 15, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110615200542/http://www.in.gov/indot/files/MAIN-RR-11_V1.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Lincoln Highway porcelain sign.svg|thumb|right|100px|Lincoln Highway shield]]
The Lincoln Highway was planned in 1913 to run west to east across Indiana, including to [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] and Fort Wayne. In 1915, the highway opened, passed through downtown Fort Wayne on its route through Indiana,<ref name="News-Sentinel May 2009">{{cite news |title = Lincoln Highway: Road's hidden past could be route to future |first1 = Kevin |last1 = Leininger |newspaper = [[The News-Sentinel]] |location = Fort Wayne |oclc = 8807796  |date = May 5, 2009 |page = 1A }}</ref> and was assigned the designation of Main Market route number 2 in 1917.<ref name="1917 Indiana State Highway Map and State Highway Commission">{{cite map |url = http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=1002216 |location = Indianapolis |publisher = Indiana State Highway Commission |title = Report of State Highway Commission |map = 1917 Indiana State Highway Map and State Highway Commission |access-date = September 1, 2012 |author = Indiana State Highway Commission |archive-date = September 29, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120929050802/http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=1002216 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="INDOT 1917">{{cite map |url = http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gm-web/imdb/inhwy1917.jpg |location = Indianapolis |publisher = Indiana State Highway Commission |title = Indiana Main Market Highway Map |date = June 1, 1917 |access-date = September 1, 2012 |author = Indiana State Highway Commission |archive-date = March 11, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311003959/http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gm-web/imdb/inhwy1917.jpg |url-status = live }}</ref> Further designations saw the route become SR 2 from the Illinois state line to Valparaiso, SR 44 Valparaiso to Fort Wayne, and SR 2 from Fort Wayne to the Ohio state line. In the early 1920s, the Lincoln Highway was moved south between Valparaiso and Fort Wayne, to what is now known mostly as Old US 30, passing through Plymouth and Warsaw.<ref name="Lincoln Highway History 2001">{{cite news |url = http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:GPTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0FF67932F8529B54&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0B0A2F7372D54C748F8A8C4C17175B68 |title = You don't have to look hard, old route through Northwest Indiana still exists |first1 = Tim |last1 = Zorn |newspaper = [[Post-Tribune (Indiana newspaper)|Post-Tribune]] |location = Gary |oclc = 2266386 |access-date = August 23, 2012 |date = October 19, 2001 |page = LH4 |archive-date = April 17, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140417000252/http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:GPTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0FF67932F8529B54&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0B0A2F7372D54C748F8A8C4C17175B68 |url-status = live }}</ref> A section of US 30 in Dyer known as the "ideal section" of the Lincoln Highway was opened in 1923 and rebuilt in the 1990s.<ref name="US 30:The region's road">{{cite news |title = US 30: The region's road |first1 = Vanessa |last1 = Renderman |first2 = Phil |last2 = Wieland |newspaper = [[Munster Times|The Times]] |location = Munster, Indiana  |oclc = 42819936 |date = October 3, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="The Lincoln Highway">{{cite web |url = https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/general-highway-history/lincoln-highway |title = The Lincoln Highway |first = Richard |last = Weingroff |date = April 7, 2011 |access-date = August 22, 2012 |publisher = Federal Highway Administration |archive-date = March 29, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160329221754/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/lincoln.cfm |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1924, the sections of the road that were part of the original Lincoln Highway was paved,<ref name="INDOT 1923">{{cite map |url = http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu/u?/HIM,286 |location = Indianapolis |publisher = Indiana State Highway Commission |title = Indiana Transportation Map of 1923 |date = September 30, 1923 |access-date = August 22, 2012 |author = Indiana State Highway Commission }}</ref><ref name="INDOT 1924">{{cite map |url = http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gm-web/imdb/inhwy1924.pdf |format = PDF |location = Indianapolis |publisher = Indiana State Highway Commission |title = Indiana Transportation Map of 1924 |date = September 30, 1924 |access-date = August 22, 2012 |author = Indiana State Highway Commission |archive-date = March 10, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090310234509/http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gm-web/imdb/inhwy1924.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> followed by the paving of the rest of US 30, which was commissioned in 1926.<ref name="The Lincoln Highway" /><ref name="INDOT 1925">{{cite map |location = Indianapolis |publisher = Indiana State Highway Commission |title = Indiana Transportation Map of 1925 |date = September 30, 1925  |author = Indiana State Highway Commission }}</ref><ref name="INDOT 1926">{{cite map |location = Indianapolis |publisher = Indiana State Highway Commission |title = Indiana Transportation Map of 1926 |date = September 30, 1926  |author = Indiana State Highway Commission }}</ref> In 1927, a small realignment between [[Hanna, Indiana|Hanna]] and SR 29 (current US 35) took place.<ref name="INDOT 1926" /><ref name="INDOT 1927">{{cite map |url = http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gm-web/imdb/inhwy1927.pdf |location = Indianapolis |publisher = Indiana State Highway Commission |title = Indiana Transportation Map of 1927 |date = September 30, 1927 |access-date = August 22, 2012 |format = PDF |author = Indiana State Highway Commission |archive-date = March 10, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090310234331/http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gm-web/imdb/inhwy1927.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>

Prior to the construction of Coliseum Boulevard (a "circumurban" highway around Fort Wayne), US 30 followed a route through the city. Entering from the west, the route followed Goshen Avenue southeast to an intersection with Sherman Boulevard, where it turned to the south. After crossing the [[St. Marys River (Indiana and Ohio)|St. Marys River]], the route entered downtown Fort Wayne on Van Buren Street, before quickly departing to the east on Superior Street. The route then turned south onto Fairfield Avenue, continuing to the one-way system of Washington Boulevard (westbound) and Jefferson Boulevard (eastbound). East of downtown, the route followed the present-day alignment of SR 930 through New Haven and beyond. After the construction of the circumurban bypass, this route was kept signed as a "city" route.<ref>{{cite map |author = United States Geological Survey |year = 1956 |title = Fort Wayne West, Ind. |url = https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gm-web/topos/IN7.5min/900554.jpg |type = Topographic map |series = 7.5-minute |scale = 1:24,000 |location = Reston, Virginia |publisher = United States Geological Survey |access-date = July 24, 2024 |via = Indiana University }}</ref><ref>{{cite map |author = United States Geological Survey |year = 1956 |title = Fort Wayne East, Ind. |url = https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gm-web/topos/IN7.5min/900551.jpg |type = Topographic map |series = 7.5-minute |scale = 1:24,000 |location = Reston, Virginia |publisher = United States Geological Survey |access-date = July 24, 2024 |via = Indiana University |archive-date = September 14, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240914071651/http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gm-web/topos/IN7.5min/900551.jpg |url-status = live }}</ref>

In 1953, US 30 in Fort Wayne was rerouted to a "circumurban" highway that was built along portions of the alignments of Beuter Road and California Road, to bypass most of Fort Wayne. This route, later renamed Coliseum Boulevard since it passes directly by [[Allen County War Memorial Coliseum]], quickly became a congested urban highway in its own right as it was not built to freeway standards. In 1998, US 30 in Fort Wayne was rerouted onto I-69 and I-469, becoming a true controlled access freeway bypass for most of Fort Wayne and New Haven on the north and east side of the two cities. The old Coliseum Boulevard routing was assigned the SR 930 designation as a result, when local officials refused to let INDOT fully decommission the route and turn responsibility for it over to the cities or the county.<ref name="busy Coliseum Boulevard">{{cite news |url = http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090924/NEWS/909240315/0/FRONTPAGE |date = September 8, 2009 |last = Leininger |first = Kevin |access-date = August 30, 2012 |title = We need solution for Indiana 930 |newspaper = The News-Sentinel |location = Fort Wayne |oclc = 8807796 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171435/http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090924%2FNEWS%2F909240315%2F0%2FFRONTPAGE |archive-date = September 17, 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Future==
INDOT has plans to convert US 30 to a freeway from [[Valparaiso, Indiana|Valparaiso]] to the Ohio state line.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Truscio |first1=Marcus |title=Northern Indiana leaders discuss future of US 30 corridor |url=https://www.wane.com/top-stories/northern-indiana-leaders-discuss-future-of-u-s-30-corridor/ |access-date=August 7, 2024 |work=Wane15 |date=July 17, 2024}}</ref>

==Major intersections==
{{jcttop|exit|length_ref=<ref name="indot">{{INDOT ref|title=RPB-2016|access-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref>
|exit_ref=<ref name="indot" />}}
{{INint|exit
|county=Lake
|cspan=8
|location=Dyer
|mile=0.000
|espan=26
|road={{Jct|state=IL|US|30|dir1=west|Lincoln||city1=Joliet}}
|notes=Illinois state line}}
{{INint
|location=Schererville
|lspan=2
|mile=2.864
|road={{Jct|state=IN|US|41|city1=St. John|city2=Hammond|city3=Highland|countydab3=Lake|name1=South Indianapolis Boulevard}}}}
{{INint
|mile=3.262
|road={{Jct|state=IN|Lincoln||name1=Joliet Street}}}}
{{INint
|location=Merrillville
|lspan=3
|mile=8.586
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|55|city1=Crown Point|name1=Taft Street}}}}
{{INint
|mile=10.095
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|53|name1=Broadway}}}}
{{INint
|mile=10.430
|mile2=10.821
|road={{Jct|state=IN|I|65|city1=Indianapolis|location2=[[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]}}
|notes=Exit 253 on I-65}}
{{INint
|location=Hobart
|lspan=2
|mile=14.114
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|51|dir1=north|city1=Hobart|road|Grand Boulevard}}
|notes=Southern terminus of SR 51}}
{{INint
|mile=16.778
|road={{Jct|state=IN|Lincoln||name1=Joliet Road}}}}
{{INint
|county=Porter
|cspan=3
|location=Shorewood Forest
|mile=20.285
|road={{Jct|state=IN|Lincoln||name1=Joliet Road}}}}
{{INint
|location=Valparaiso
|lspan=2
|type=concur
|mile=24.348
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|2|dir1=west}}
|notes=Western end of SR 2 concurrency}}
{{INint
|type=concur
|mile=26.507
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|2|SR|49|dir1=east|city1=Valparaiso|city2=Kouts|city3=Chesterton}}
|notes=Eastern end of SR 2 concurrency; interchange}}
{{INint
|county=LaPorte
|cspan=2
|location=Wanatah
|mile=33.753
|road={{Jct|state=IN|US|421|city1=Michigan City|city2=La Crosse}}}}
{{INint
|location=Hanna
|mile=42.260
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|39|city1=North Judson|city2=LaPorte}}}}
{{INint
|county=Starke
|cspan=2
|location=Davis Township
|ctdab=Starke
|mile=48.360
|road={{Jct|state=IN|US|35|city1=Knox|city2=LaPorte}}
|notes=interchange}}
{{INint
|location=Grovertown
|mile=54.558
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|23|city1=Walkerton|city2=Koontz Lake}}}}
{{INint
|county=Marshall
|cspan=3
|location=Plymouth
|lspan=2
|mile=64.797
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|17|dir1=south|city1=Plymouth}}
|notes=Northern terminus of SR 17; interchange}}
{{INint
|mile=67.070
|road={{Jct|state=IN|US|31|city1=South Bend|city2=Indianapolis}}
|notes=Exit 225 on US 31; interchange}}
{{INint
|location=Bourbon
|mile=75.831
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|331|city1=Bremen|city2=Bourbon|city3=Mishawaka}}
|notes=interchange}}
{{INint
|county=Kosciusko
|cspan=3
|location=Etna Green
|mile=80.075
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|19}}}}
{{INint
|location=Warsaw
|mile=90.500
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|15|city1=Warsaw|city2=Goshen}}
|notes=interchange}}
{{INint
|location=Pierceton
|mile=99.626
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|13|city3=North Manchester|city2=Syracuse|city1=North Webster|location4=[[Manchester University (Indiana)|Manchester University]]}}}}
{{INint
|county=Whitley
|cspan=4
|location=Larwill
|mile=104.111
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|5|city2=South Whitley|city1=Ligonier|city3=Huntington}}}}
{{INint
|location=Columbia City
|lspan=3
|mile=111.258
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|109|dir1=north|road|Line Street|city1=Wolf Lake}}}}
{{INint
|mile=111.580
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|9|city3=Columbia City|city1=Albion|city2=Huntington}}}}
{{INint
|mile=112.857
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|205|city3=South Whitley|city2=Churubusco|city1=Columbia City}}}}
{{INint
|county=Allen
|cspan=13
|location=Fort Wayne
|lspan=7
|type=concur
|mile=127.588
|road={{Jct|state=IN|US|33|dir1=north|Lincoln||city2=Churubusco|city1=Elkhart}}
|notes=Western end of US 33 concurrency}}
{{INint|exit
|type=concur
|mile=127.971
|mile2=128.212
|exit=309
|road={{Jct|state=IN|I|69|US|24|US|33|dir1=south|dir2=west|dir3=south|city1=Indianapolis}} {{Jct|state=IN|IN|930|dir1=east|Lincoln||city1=Fort Wayne|name1=Goshen Road}}
|notes=Southern end of I-69 concurrency; western end of US 24 concurrency; eastern end of US 33 concurrency; western end of SR 930}}
{{INint|exit
|mile=129.993
|exit=311
|road={{Jct|state=IN|US|27|SR|3|dir1=south|dir2=north|road|Lima Road|city1=Fort Wayne|city2=Kendallville}}
|notes=Northern terminus of US 27; southern terminus of SR 3}}
{{INint|exit
|mile=131.295
|exit=312
|road=Coldwater Road
|notes=Serves [[IPFW]], [[Ivy Tech]], [[Allen County War Memorial Coliseum]], and [[Glenbrook Square]]}}
{{INint|exit
|type=concur
|mile=134.003
|exit=315 31
|road={{Jct|state=IN|I|69|dir1=north|location1=[[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing MI.]]}} {{Jct|state=IN|I|469|dir1=east}}
|notes=Northern end of I-69 concurrency; western end of I-469 concurrency; exit 315 on I-69 and exit 31 on I-469}}
{{INint|exit
|exit=29
|mile=136.258
|road=Maplecrest Road
}}
{{INint|exit
|mile=140.250
|exit=25
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|37|dir1=north|road|Maysville Road|city1=Fort Wayne|location2=[[Hicksville, Ohio|Hicksville]]}}
|notes=Southern terminus of SR 37}}
{{INint|exit
|location=New Haven
|lspan=2
|type=concur
|mile=143.951
|exit=21
|road={{Jct|state=IN|US|24|dir1=east|road|Rose Avenue}}
|notes=Eastern end of US 24 concurrency}}
{{INint|exit
|type=concur
|mile=145.404
|exit=19
|road={{Jct|state=IN|I|469|SR|930|dir1=south|dir2=west|Lincoln||city1=New Haven|city2=Fort Wayne}}
|notes=Southern end of I-469 concurrency; eastern terminus of SR 930}}
{{INint|exit
|espan=4
|location=Jefferson Township
|ctdab=Allen
|mile=147.233
|road={{Jct|state=IN|Lincoln|}}}}
{{INint
|location=Monroe Township
|ctdab=Allen
|lspan=3
|mile=152.835
|road={{Jct|state=IN|SR|101|city1=Townley|city3=Monroeville|city2=Woodburn}}}}
{{INint
|mile=155.907
|road={{Jct|state=IN|Lincoln|}}}}
{{INint
|mile=156.217
|road={{Jct|state=OH|US|30|dir1=east|Lincoln||city1=Van Wert|city2=Upper Sandusky|city3=Mansfield}}
|notes=Ohio state line}}
{{Jctbtm|exit|keys=concur}}

==See also==
*{{Portal-inline|U.S. Roads}}
*{{Portal-inline|Indiana}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Attached KML|display=title,inline}}
* [https://propelus30.com/ ProPEL US 30] (INDOT study)
* {{Commons category-inline|U.S. Route 30 in Indiana|US 30 in Indiana}}

{{State detail page browse|type=US|route=30|state=Indiana|statebefore=Illinois|stateafter=Ohio}}

[[Category:U.S. Highways in Indiana|30]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 30| Indiana]]
[[Category:Lincoln Highway|U.S. Route 030 in Indiana]]
[[Category:Expressways in the United States]]
[[Category:Transportation in Fort Wayne, Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation in Lake County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation in Porter County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation in LaPorte County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation in Starke County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation in Marshall County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation in Kosciusko County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation in Whitley County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation in Allen County, Indiana]]

Sindhiapura State

2026-02-28T16:38:15Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding A Entry V1

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Sindhiapura State
|common_name =Sindhiapura
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Sindhiapura
|stat_area1 =10.36
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =967
|footnotes =
}}
'''Sindhiapura State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up and then by the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency.</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> It was part of the 28 Princely States making up the [[Sankheda Mehwas]], estates dating from the fall of Pawagadh in 1484, by Rajputts settling on the south of the territory near the town of Sankheda, from which the Sankheda Mehwas derive their name.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 272,https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n303/mode/2up</ref> The State had a population of 967 and an area of 4 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

==History==

The state of [[Baroda]] had imposed a tribute on the Sankheda Mewas, it's extraction causing British intervention in 1822, brokering an agreement where the [[Gaekwar]] received tribute from the states, while their independence was recognised by Baroda, which also promised to respect the petty states' rights.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 272,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n303/mode/2up</ref>

== Rulers ==

The Rulers had the title of Thakur.

* Thakur Jitabawa (b 1853) fl. 1893 <ref>The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon (1893 Edition) p. 506, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n527/mode/2up</ref> -fl. 1900<ref>The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon (1900 Edition) p. 294, https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/294/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Hamir Khan (b. June 15, 1883) April 28, 1906-fl. 1909<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Muhamadkhan Amirkhan (b. April 30, 1902) June 4, 1913-fl. 1939<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Polisci-stub}}

Jatindra Nath Das

2026-02-27T10:00:05Z

IrmaBracy4216:

{{short description|Indian revolutionary (1904–1929)}}
{{redirect|Jatin Das|the Indian painter and sculptor|Jatin Das (painter)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jatindra Nath Das
| native_name = যতীন্দ্রনাথ দাস
| native_name_lang = be
| image = Jatindranath Das alias Khedu.jpg
| caption = Jatin Das in {{circa|1929}}
| birth_name = Jatindra Nath Das
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|10|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1929|09|13|1904|10|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_cause = [[Hunger strike]]
| occupation = [[Revolutionary]]
| employer = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
| other_names = Khedu,Jatin Da
| known_for = {{ubl|Following a 63-day hunger strike in prison|Participating in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]]}}
| signature = Signature of Jatin Das.jpg
}}

{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Jatindra Nath Das''' ({{langx|bn|যতীন্দ্রনাথ দাস}}; 27 October 1904 – 13 September 1929), better known as '''Jatin Das''', was an Indian freedom fighter and [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary]] who worked to make India independent from the [[British Raj]] and was a member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]. He died in the Borstal Jail, Lahore<ref name=":0" /> after a long 63-day [[hunger strike]] for the rights of political prisoners of India's freedom struggle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dogra |first=Bharat |date=13 September 2019 |title=Remembering Jatindra Nath Das, a Crusader for Rights of Political Prisoners |url=https://thewire.in/history/freedom-fighter-jatindra-nath-das-political-prisoners |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> He was only 24 years old when he died. His death proved to be a major incident in India's struggle for independence with more than five lakhs people attending his funeral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why revolutionary 'Jatin Da' opted for a 63-day hunger strike over hanged to death |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/why-revolutionary-jatin-da-opted-for-a-63-day-hunger-strike-over-hanged-to-death-2599362-2024-09-13 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tribune photo on Jatin Das shook British empire |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/the-tribune-photo-on-jatin-das-shook-british-empire-831659/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Das was born in 1904 in a Bengali [[Bengali Kayastha|Kayastha]] family at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to Bankim Behari Das and Smt. Suhasini Debi. Suhasini Debi passed away when Jatin Das was nine years old. He was a brilliant student and passed the matriculation in the First Division in 1921.<ref name=":1">Waraich, Malwinder Jit Singh(Ed.). ''Profile of a Martyr Jatin Das – A First Hand Account by His Brother Kiron Das''. Unistar Books. {{ISBN|978-93-5113-645-3}}</ref> He joined the [[Anushilan Samiti]], a revolutionary group in [[West Bengal|Bengal]], and also participated in [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] in 1921, was convicted for picketing foreign cloth shops in Burrabazar in Calcutta and lodged in Hoogly Jail.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Jatindra Nath Das on his 114th birth anniversary: All about the feisty freedom fighter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/jatindra-nath-das-340768-2016-09-13 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

He joined South Suburban College(now called Ashutosh College) in 1922 and passed the Intermediate in First Division in 1924. He participated in the North Bengal Flood relief activities during this time. In November 1925, while studying for a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] at Vidyasagar College in Calcutta, Das was arrested for his political activities and was imprisoned at the jail in [[Mymensingh]]. While interned there, he went on a 21 day [[hunger strike]] to protest the ill-treatment meted out to the political prisoners. He along with Panna Babu was transferred to Dacca Central Jail and then to the notorious Mianwali Jail(now in Pakistan) as a punishment for the Mymensingh Jail incident. Jatin was brought back to Bengal and released by the end of October, 1928.<ref name=":1" />

On 14 June 1929, he was arrested for making the 'bomb' which was thrown by Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutt at the Assembly hall during a session. The 'bomb' was made only to make a sound and draw attention and not to harm anyone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahluwalia |first=Paramjit |date=2013 |title=Bhagat Singh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/socialistlawyer.63.0032 |journal=Socialist Lawyer |issue=63 |pages=32–33 |doi=10.13169/socialistlawyer.63.0032 |issn=0954-3635|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh |url=https://www.indialawjournal.org/archives/volume1/issue_3/bhagat_singh.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Indian Law Journal}}</ref> He was [[imprisoned]] in [[Lahore]] Jail to be tried under the supplementary [[Bhagat Singh#Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case|Lahore Conspiracy Case]], by the colonial government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=Story Of Jatindra Nath Das Who Made Bombs For Bhagat Singh And Fasted For 63 Days In Jail |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/story-of-jatindra-nath-das-who-made-bombs-for-bhagat-singh-and-fasted-for-63-days-in-jail-577188.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Hunger strike==
In [[Central Jail Lahore|Lahore Jail]], Das began another [[hunger strike]] along with other revolutionary fighters, demanding equality for Indian political prisoners with those from Europe. The conditions of Indian inhabitants of the jails was deplorable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Ashish |date=29 September 2023 |title=Prejudice, Punishment, and Protest: The Carceral Experience under Colonial Rule in India |url=https://museumofbritishcolonialism.org/prejudice-punishment-and-protest-the-carceral-experience-under-colonial-rule-in-india/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=The Museum of British Colonialism |language=en-US}}</ref> The uniforms that Indian prisoners were required to wear in jail with were not washed for several days, and [[rat]]s and [[cockroach]]es roamed the [[kitchen]] area making the food unsafe to eat. Indian prisoners were not provided with any reading material such as newspapers, nor paper to write on. The condition of the British prisoners in the same jail was strikingly different.

Das's hunger strike started on 13 July 1929 and lasted 63 days. The jail authority took measures to forcibly feed him and the other independence activists. Eventually, the jail authority recommended his unconditional release, but the government rejected the suggestion and offered to release him on bail.

== Death and legacy ==
His medical report of 12 September 1929 read:<blockquote>'Das has fever- temperature morning 100 degrees, evening 99 degrees, pulse is 130 p.m.-very rapid. Vomitted only once in the day. Retching and hiccup still persists though less in frequency and duration. Mentally still clear. Taking water to which glucose is added without his knowledge.'<ref>Waraich, Malwinder Jit Singh(Ed.). ''Profile of a Martyr Jatin Das – A First Hand Account by His Brother Kiron Das''. Unistar Books. p. 59. {{ISBN|978-93-5113-645-3}}</ref></blockquote>Jatin Das died on 13 September 1929, Friday, at the lap of his brother Kiron Das at 1.00 pm.<ref>[http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Suede%20Gray/Currency/P/JATINDRA%20NATH%20DAS ''Indian Post'' article]</ref> The bier was carried on shoulders by [[Gopi Chand Bhargava|Dr. Gopi Chand Bhargava]], Dr. Muhammad Alam, [[Saifuddin Kitchlew|Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew]], Sardar Sardul Singh Caveseer, Dr. Benarasi Das, Sardar Kishan Singh(Bhagat Singh's father) and Lala Duni Chand.<ref name=":1" />

It is reported that Das used to sing Rabindranath Tagore's poem “[[Ekla Chalo Re|Ekla chalo re]],” in his final days.<ref>Papers of Comrade Ram Chandra, Installments I, II, and IV, NMML, Prime Ministers' Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi.</ref>

[[Durgawati Devi]] led the funeral procession, which went from [[Lahore]] to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] by train. Sardar Kishan Singh, Bhagat Singh’s father, and Kiron Das, Jatin Das's younger brother accompanied the coffin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Jyotsna |date=2 May 2025 |title=A different fire |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-different-fire-a-friendship-in-the-british-raj-from-lahore-to-calcutta-prnt/cid/2097086#goog_rewarded |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Thousands of people rushed to the [[railway station]]s to pay homage to Das. A two-mile long procession in Calcutta carried the coffin to the cremation ground. [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] (along with Smt. Basanti Devi -widow of C.R. Das, Mrs Kamla Nehru, Dr B.C. Roy, Shayama Prasad Mukerji and Maulvi Shamasuddin) received the coffin of Das at [[Howrah railway station]].<ref name=":1" /> Bose led the funeral procession to the cremation ground.

The hunger strike of Das in prison was a crucial moment in the resistance against illegal detentions.<ref name="durba">{{cite conference
|first=Durba
|last=Ghosh
|date=4–5 April 2003
|title=Britain's Global War on Terrorism:containing political violence and insurgency in the interwar years
|conference=How Empire Mattered: Imperial Structures and Globalization in the Era of British Imperialism
|location=Berkeley, CA
|url=http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/Ghosh.doc
|format=DOC
|access-date=8 April 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609151220/http://www.ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/Ghosh.doc
|archive-date= 9 June 2007
}}</ref>
[[File:Jatin_Das_on_his_death_bed.jpg|thumb|Das on his death bed in 1929]]
[[File:Jatindra Nath Das 1979 stamp of India bw.jpg|thumb|Das on a 1979 post-stamp of India]]
After his death, the Viceroy informed London that "Mr. Das of the Conspiracy Case, who was on hunger strike, died this afternoon at 1 p.m. Last night, five of the hunger strikers gave up their hunger strike. So, there are only [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] who are on strike."<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|author=Nayar, Kuldip |title=The Martyr: Bhagat Singh Experiments in Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC|year=2000|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0700-3}}</ref>

Tributes were paid by almost every leader in the country. Mohammad Alam and [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] resigned from the Punjab Legislative Council in protest. [[Motilal Nehru]] proposed the adjournment of the Central Assembly that was in session as a censure against the inhumanity shown against the Lahore prisoners. The censure motion was carried by 55 votes against 47. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] said "Another name has been added to the long and splendid roll of Indian martyrs. Let us bow our heads and pray for strength to act to carry on the struggle, however long it may be and whatever consequences, till the victory is ours".

Prosecution Lawyer Carden Noad said: <blockquote>"I desire on behalf of us all to express sincere regret and genuine sorrow which we feel on account of the untimely death of Jatinder Nath Das. There are qualities which compel admiration of all men alike and the prominent among them are qualities of courage and constancy in pursuit of an ideal. Although we do not share the ideals which he followed, we can not but admire the unwavering fortitude and firmness of the purpose he displayed".<ref name=":1" /> </blockquote>Bose described Das as the "young [[Dadhichi]] of India", referring to the well known mythological yogi [[Dadhichi]] who sacrificed his life for the sake of killing a demon.

Later that year, Jawaharlal Nehru began his famous Presidential Speech at Lahore Congress (on 29, December 1929) with a homage to Jatin Das along with Burmese freedom fighter Vizaya<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |date=1997 |title=Civil Disobedience 1930-31 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517680 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |pages=43–66 |doi=10.2307/3517680 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In honour of Jatin Das [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] wrote:<blockquote>"All meanness is devoured by the fire of your anger—

O God, give us strength, have mercy on your devotees.

Sweep away, Almighty, what is false and petty—

May death be dwarfed by the ecstasy of life.

By churning the depths of suffering will be found immortality,

Those who fear death will be freed of their terror.

Your resplendent scorching power will melt and let flow

Freed of the chain of stones, a stream of sacrifice"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=Neeti |title=Changing homelands: Hindu politics and the partition of India |date=2011 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05779-1 |location=Cambridge, Mass |page=122}}</ref></blockquote>[[File:The_Tribune_newspaper,_Jatin_Das_passes_away1929.png|thumb|Newspaper of [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] which showed that Das died, 1929]]The [[Jatin Das Park metro station]] on the [[Kolkata Metro]] is named after him.

==Popular culture==
Tamil writer [[Ki. Rajanarayanan]]'s semi-historical novel ''[[Gopallapurathu Makkal]]'' (1989) makes a reference to Das.

In the 2002 film ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'', the character of Das was played by [[Amitabh Bhattacharjee]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1569093/ Amitabh Bhattacharjee]. IMDb</ref> A 35-minute documentary film titled ''Immortal Martyr Jatin Das'' was released in 2009.<ref name="Chatterji">{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV0lDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 |title=Filming Reality: The Independent Documentary Movement in India |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2015 |isbn=978-9-35150-543-3 |page=36}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ekla Chalo Re|Ekla chalo re]]
* [[Batukeshwar Dutt]]
* [[Pritilata Waddedar]]
* [[Potti Sreeramulu]]
* [[Thileepan]]
* [[Bhagat Singh]]
* [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]]
* [[Bagha Jatin]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=Bhagat Singh as 'Satyagrahi': The Limits to Non-violence in Late Colonial India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=May 2009 |first=Neeti |last=Nair |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=649–681 |jstor=20488099 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x08003491|s2cid=143725577 }}
*Waraich, Malwinder Jit Singh(Ed.)(1981). ''Profile of a Martyr Jatin Das – A First Hand Account by His Brother Kiron Das''. Unistar Books. {{ISBN|978-93-5113-645-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jatindra Nath Das}}
*[http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Suede%20Gray/Currency/P/JATINDRA%20NATH%20DAS ''Indian Post'' article]

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Jatindra Nath}}
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People who died on hunger strike]]
[[Category:Indian hunger strikers]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:Vidyasagar College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian people who died in prison custody]]

Guntakal Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T22:35:45Z

IrmaBracy4216:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Guntakal
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (150-Guntakal highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Guntakal Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Gummanur Jayaram]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 252,372
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 150
}}

'''Guntakal Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of constituencies in [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Gummanur Jayaram]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 252,372 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Guntakal
|-
| Gooty
|-
| Pamidi
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Kotrike Madhusudan Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[R Jithendra Goud]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Y. Venkatrami Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Gummanur Jayaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntakal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kotrike Madhusudan Gupta]]
|votes = 61,097
|percentage = 43.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Sainath Goud Ramagowni]]
|votes = 51,753
|percentage = 37.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Patti Ravi]]
|votes = 20,417
|percentage = 14.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,344
|percentage = 6.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 139,770
|percentage = 64.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntakal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[R Jithendra Goud]]
|votes = 81,655
|percentage = 47.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Venkatarama Reddy]]
|votes = 76,561
|percentage = 44.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,094
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 172,869
|percentage = 74.54
|change = +10.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntakal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Venkatarama Reddy]]
|votes = 1,06,922
|percentage = 55.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[R Jithendra Goud]]
|votes = 58,390
|percentage = 30.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jana Sena Party
|candidate = [[Kotrike Madhusudan Gupta]]
|votes = 19,878
|percentage = 10.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,532
|percentage = 25.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,90,667
|percentage = 75.55
|change = +25.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntakal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gummanur Jayaram]]
|votes = 1,01,700
|percentage = 49.19
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Y. Venkatarama Reddy]]|votes=94874|percentage=45.89|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6826|percentage=2.2|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,06,731|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSRCP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.16|77.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Sudhir Kumar Mishra

2026-02-12T02:57:32Z

IrmaBracy4216: Adding Some Bio Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
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| image =
| name =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| alma_mater = [[GEC Jabalpur]] (B.E.) [[IIT Madras]] (M.Tech) [[NIT Warangal]] (PhD)
| occupation = Director General, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director
| alias =
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| credits = Missiles & Strategic Systems
| awards =
}}
'''Sudhir Kumar Mishra''' is an Indian engineer, defence scientist and civil servant. He is currently the director general at the [[Defence Research & Development Organisation]], and the chief executive officer and managing director of [[BrahMos Aerospace]], a joint venture between India's and Russia's ministries of defence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=281239333&privcapId=32414415&previousCapId=32414415&previousTitle=BrahMos+Aerospace+Private+Limited|title=Sudhir Kumar Mishra: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|date=27 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=chiefcontrollers-brahmos.jsp |title=DRDO |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519133558/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=chiefcontrollers-brahmos.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=181|title=BrahMos welcomes Shri Sudhir Kumar Mishra, its new CEO & MD :: BrahMos.com|website=www.brahmos.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhir-mishra-to-be-new-head-of-brahmos-corporation-114061600915_1.html|title=Sudhir Mishra to be new head of BrahMos Corporation|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=16 June 2014|publisher=|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sudhir-mishra-to-replace-pillai-as-brahmos-chief/|title=Sudhir Mishra to replace Pillai as BrahMos chief|date=17 June 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/trial-to-validatae-life-extension-of-brahmos-supersonic-cruise-missile-conducted-successfully-1238407-2018-05-21|title=Trial to validate life extension of BrahMos supersonic cruise missile conducted successfully|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179464|title=Successive test firing of Brahmos Missile to validate Critical Indigenous Components|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mishra was born and brought up in [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh in central India. Throughout meritorious, he got admission in to the [[Mechanical Engineering]] department of the prestigious [[Government Engineering College, Jabalpur]] where he received his bachelor's degree in 1982. He later received his master's degree from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] and his doctoral degree from the [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Dr. Sudhir Mishra, DS & Director General and CEO & MD, BrahMos Aerospace | url=http://www.brahmos.com/download/S-K-Mishra-Bio.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617210853/http://brahmos.com/download/S-K-Mishra-Bio.pdf | archive-date=2019-06-17}}</ref>

==Career==
Soon after graduating from IIT Madras, he joined DRDO's main missile laboratory, the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|DRDL Hyderabad]] in 1984 and worked under [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and other eminent scientists on the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] and other missile programmes of India, including the [[Agni (missile)|Agni]] and [[BrahMos]]. He served as the Project Director of [[BrahMos]], the world's only supersonic missile. He also served as Counsellor and Technical Adviser (Defence Technology) at the [[Embassy of India in Moscow]], coordinating several defence R&D projects between India and Russia. He served as the Director (Missiles) at DRDO overseeing all the missile programmes of India, and later as the Chief Controller (Research and Development) at DRDO.

He has been awarded with the “DRDO Scientist of the Year Award 2009” by the Prime Minister of India.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3436_Dr_Sudhir_Mishra_appointed_Appointed_CEO_and_MD_of_BrahMos_Aerospace.htm|title=..:: India Strategic ::. Appointments: Dr Sudhir Mishra Appointed CEO & MD of BrahMos Aerospace|website=www.indiastrategic.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Sudhir Kumar}}
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Institute of Technology, Warangal alumni]]

Lock Upp

2026-02-04T05:21:21Z

IrmaBracy4216:

{{Short description|Indian reality television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Lock Upp logo.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Kangana Ranaut]] {{small|(season 1)}} {{small|(Host)}} [[Karan Kundrra]] {{small|(season 1)}} {{small|(Jailor)}}

| starring = [[#Contestans|See Below]]
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 71
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor =
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = [[Endemol#Endemol India|Endemol Shine India]]
| budget =
| network = [[ALTBalaji]] (season 1) [[Netflix]] (season 2)
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|02|27|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|05|07|df=yes}}
| related =
| channel =
}}
'''''Lock Upp: Badass Jail, Atyaachari Khel!''''' is an Indian [[reality]] television series created by [[Ekta Kapoor]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lock-upp-grand-finale-ekta-kapoor-expresses-excitement-says-may-the-best-man/woman-win/articleshow/91401839.cms|title=Lock Upp Grand Finale: Ekta Kapoor expresses excitement, says 'May the best man/woman win!'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 May 2022|accessdate=5 June 2022}}</ref> and was hosted by [[Kangana Ranaut]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kangana-ranaut-to-make-digital-debut-with-ekta-kapoors-web-show-7753374/|title=Kangana Ranaut to make digital debut with Ekta Kapoor's web show|date=2 February 2022}}</ref> premiered on [[ALTBalaji]] and [[MX Player]] from 27 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/all-you-need-to-know-about-kangana-ranauts-show-lock-upp/photostory/89446060.cms|title=All you need to know about Kangana Ranaut's show 'Lock Upp'|date=9 February 2022|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/kangana-ranaut-thrilled-to-host-ekta-kapoors-reality-show-lock-upp-2433322.html|title=Kangana Ranaut thrilled to host Ekta Kapoor's reality show 'Lock Upp'|date=3 February 2022|website=Zee News}}</ref> The Grand Finale or ''Badass Finale'' of the show was held on 7 May 2022 where [[Munawar Faruqui]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/lock-upp-grand-finale-live-updates-kangana-ranaut-to-crown-season-1-winner-munawar-faruqui-payal-rohatgi-lock-horns-101651938189974.html|title=Lock Upp grand finale highlights: Emotional Munawar Faruqui lifts trophy, gets a hug from host Kangana Ranaut|date=7 May 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> emerged as the winner while [[Payal Rohatgi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/munawar-faruqui-wins-lock-upp-season-1-payal-rohatgi-is-first-runnerup-101651951279572.html|title=Munawar Faruqui wins Lock Upp season 1, Payal Rohatgi is first runner-up|date=8 May 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> was announced as the Runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/lock-upp-grand-finale-live-updates-kangana-ranaut-altbalaji-7905194/|title=Lock Upp Grand Finale Live Updates: Munawar Faruqui wins, Payal Rohatgi is first runner-up|date=8 May 2022}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[Ekta Kapoor]] teased the show on her social media handles. Kapoor described the show as the ''biggest'' and the ''most fearless'' reality show.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 February 2022|title=Ekta Kapoor to announce the biggest and the most fearless reality show for ALTBalaji and MX Player|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/ekta-kapoor-to-announce-the-biggest-and-the-most-fearless-reality-show-for-altbalaji-and-mx-player |access-date=2 March 2022|website=[[The Free Press Journal]] }}</ref>

===Concept===
Contestants called ''Inmates'' who were accused in outside world fought it out in jail to earn every basic necessity and win the heart of the host and audience by performing tasks and showcasing their personalities. [[Karan Kundrra]] was introduced as Jailor for the entire season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/lock-upp-grand-finale-karan-kundrra-says-my-journey-as-jailor-has-been-a-roller-coaster-ride/videoshow/91406876.cms|title=Lock Upp Grand Finale: Karan Kundrra says 'My journey as jailor has been a roller coaster ride' | TV - Times of India Videos|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> [[Tejasswi Prakash]] entered as the Warden for the finale episode.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/lock-upp-tejasswi-prakash-warden-jailor-karan-kundrra-kangana-ranaut-show-video-7901740/|title=Lock Upp: Warden Tejasswi Prakash to unleash 'atyaachaar' with jailor Karan Kundrra on Kangana's show|date=5 May 2022}}</ref> In the end, the contestant with the highest votes walks away with freedom and the trophy of ''Lock Upp: Badass Jail, Atyaachari Khel!''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/all-you-need-to-know-about-kangana-ranauts-show-lock-upp/photostory/89446060.cms|title=All you need to know about Kangana Ranaut's show 'Lock Upp'|date=9 February 2022|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Inmates==
:: ''Participants in the order of appearance and entering the jail.''
[[File:Kangana Ranaut attends Lock Upp success bash 23.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Kangana Ranaut]] during Lock Upp success bash]]
=== Original entrants ===
* [[Munawar Faruqui]] – Stand-up comedian.
**Charge - Allegations of mocking hinduism at his show. He unintentionally or intentionally mocked hindu deity Ram & Sita in a bollywood song. Also making controversial dark jokes in his comedy show about various events of religious extremism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/stand-up-comedian-munawar-faruqui-is-the-2nd-confirmed-contestant-of-lock-upp-1916230-2022-02-22 |title=Stand-up comedian Munawar Faruqui is the 2nd confirmed contestant of Lock Upp |author=Shweta Keshri |date=22 February 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref>
* [[Chakrapani (politician)|Chakrapani]] – Self-proclaimed Swami.
**Charge - He has gained media attention for his 'gomutra party' during the initial days of the coronavirus pandemic, Also for his purchase of wanted criminal Dawood Ibrahim's properties at auctions and his attempts to convert them into public toilets.
* Saisha Shinde – Fashion designer.
**Charge -  {{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
* [[Poonam Pandey]] – Actress and model. Known for her posting revealing pictures and videos on social media.
**Charge - Involvement in the porn film racketing controversy scandal.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kangana-ranaut-lock-upp-poonam-pandey-third-contestant-video-7787004/|title=Kangana Ranaut's Lock Upp: Poonam Pandey confirmed as third contestant|date=23 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Babita Phogat]] – Wrestler.
**Charge - She entered politics by joining the 'Bharatiya Janata Party' in 2019 and claimed that 'Tablighi Jamaat' is a bigger problem than COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/wrestler-babita-phogat-is-the-4th-confirmed-contestant-of-lock-upp-1917726-2022-02-25 |title=Wrestler Babita Phogat is the 4th confirmed contestant of Lock Upp |author=Shweta Keshri |date=25 February 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref>
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] – Actress.
**Charge - Married Ali Merchant on the Bigg Boss 4, then divorced within a few months.
* Shivam Sharma – Actor and Entrepreneur.
**Charge - Scallywag and flirty nature.
* Siddharth Sharma – Actor
**Charge - He was in news after conflicts and jealousy with co-actors.
* Anjali Arora – Social media influencer.
**Charge -accused for posting non-influencing content.  {{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
* [[Nisha Rawal]] – Actress.
**Charge - Controversial fights. Nisha filed a police complaint against her then-husband, actor Karan Mehra, accusing him of physical assault and an extramarital affair.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/lock-upp-nisha-rawal-is-first-confirmed-contestant-on-kangana-ranaut-s-show-charged-with-controversial-fights-watch-101645427058444.html|title=Lock Upp: Nisha Rawal is first confirmed contestant on Kangana Ranaut's show, charged with 'controversial fights'. Watch|date=21 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* Tehseen Poonawala – Lawyer and political analyst.
**Charge -  {{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
* [[Payal Rohatgi]] – Actress and model.
**Charge - In October 2019, she made controversial remarks concerning Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi in a video shared on social media. In 2020, her Twitter account was permanently suspended.
* [[Karanvir Bohra]] – Actor.
**Charge - Steals the limelight. He participated in ten reality shows but never won.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karanvir-bohra-joins-kangana-ranauts-lock-upp-as-a-contestant-says-mujhe-hai-qubool-hamaari-queen-ka-har-ek-rule/articleshow/89845229.cms|title=Karanvir Bohra joins Kangana Ranaut's Lock Upp as a contestant; says, 'Mujhe hai qubool, hamaari queen ka har Ek rule!'|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Wildcard entrants ===
* [[Ali Merchant]] - Actor, anchor, DJ and music producer.
**Charge - Ex-husband of Sara khan, married for publicity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=Sara Khan's ex-husband Ali Merchant enters as the 14th contestant in Kangana Ranaut's Lock Upp |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sara-khans-ex-husband-ali-merchant-enters-as-the-14th-contestant-in-kangana-ranauts-lock-upp/articleshow/90188296.cms |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] - Actor.
**Charge - Known for playing villainous roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Chetan Hansraj Enters Kangana's 'Lock Upp' |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/chetan-hansraj-enters-kanganas-lock-upp/81825519.html |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=AhemdabadMirror}}</ref>
* [[Mandana Karimi]] - Iranian actress and model based in India.
** Charge - She was accused for creating controversies.
* Azma Fallah -
**Charge - {{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
* Zeeshan Khan - Actor and model.
**Charge - {{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
* [[Vinit Kakar]] - Actor and entrepreneur.
**Charge - Dirty player.

===Troublemaker===

* [[Prince Narula]] - Actor And Model.
**Charge- Serial Winner

==Inmates status==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:87%; line-height:28px; width:auto;"
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Sr.
!Inmate
! scope="col" |{{nowrap|Day Entered}}
! scope="col" |{{nowrap|Day Exited}}
! scope="col" |Status
|-
| style="background:Cyan;" |
|1
| Munawar
| Day 1
| Day 70
|{{won|Winner}}
|-
| style="background:Pink;" |
|2
| Payal
| Day 1
| Day 70
|{{Runner-up |1st Runner-up}}
|-
| style="background:Pink;" |
|3
| Anjali
| Day 1
| Day 70
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd Runner-Up}}
|-
| style="background:Cyan;" |
|4
| Shivam
| Day 1
| Day 70
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|3rd Runner-Up}}
|-
| style="background:pink;" |
|5
| Azma
| Day 23
| Day 70
|style="background:#FF69B4;" |{{nowrap|4th Runner-Up}}
|-
| style="background:cyan;" |
|N/A
|Prince
|Day 49
|Day 70
|{{CGuest|Troublemaker}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:pink;" |
| rowspan="2" |6
| rowspan="2" | Saisha
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| Day 35
|Day 68
|{{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
| style="background:pink;" |
|7
| Poonam
| Day 1
| Day 67
|{{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
| style="background:cyan;" |
|8
| Ali
| Day 15
| Day 58
|{{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan;" |
| rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" | Karanvir
| Day 1
| Day 29
| style="background:#BFFF00;" | {{nowrap|Locked Out By Vinit & Zeeshan}}
|-
| Day 35
| Day 53
| {{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
| style="background:cyan;" |
|10
| Zeeshan
| Day 28
| Day 53
| {{CRemoved|Ejected }}
|-
|style="background:pink;" |
|11
|Mandana
| Day 23
| Day 49
| {{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
| style="background:cyan;" |
|12
| Vinit
| Day 29
| Day 42
| {{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
|style="background:pink;" |
|13
| Nisha
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
| style="background:pink;" |
|14
| Sara
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
| style="background:cyan;" |
|15
| Chetan
| Day 20
| Day 27
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| style="background:pink;" |
|16
| Babita
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
| style="background:cyan;" |
|17
| Siddharth
| Day 1
| Day 20
| style="background:#BFFF00;" | {{no wrap |Locked Out by Karanvir}}
|-
| style="background:cyan;" |
|18
| Tehseen
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|-
| style="background:cyan;" |
|19
| Swami
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{Eliminated|Locked Out}}
|}
:{{color box|Cyan |border=darkgray}} Male
:{{Color box|pink |border=darkgray}} Female

==Episodes==
{{Episode table|background=#B00000|overall=|title=|airdate=|airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/live-tv/lock-upp-live-live-channel-8090lockupin|title=Lock Upp Live {{!}}Live TV|website=www.mxplayer.in}}</ref>|country=India|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Badass Jailer Kangana Ke 13 Qaidi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Kangana Ranaut rakes the stage to talk about the show and the concept. She says that in her jail, it would not matter if the contestant is a star kid, influential politician or a famous business person – all that matters is the person needs to be controversial. Kangana also introduces the media people who will screen the ''Lock Upp'' contestants and put them up on a media trial. She then introduces the ''Lock Upp'' contestant.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Aaj Kaun Hoga Nominate?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|28|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In the first nominations, The inmates nominate any two other inmates. Payal Rohatgi and Anjali Arora seem to be distraught by the lack of amenities given inside the house. They put forward their dissent and urge the jailer to give them at least the necessities. Payal puts forward the issue that the house has no access to sunlight or any form of the external environment. She explains, on camera, how she has been to a real Lock Upp and even there the environment is friendly with the view of trees and sunlight.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Ab Qaidi Layenge Kranti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The contestants stage a protest and decide to go on a hunger strike if they are not provided with the basic amenities in the house. Babita requests the jailer to provide her with warm water as she has an issue with her legs and needs it for physio. Nisha Rawal, Sara Khan, Saisha, and others complain that they are not provided with their innerwear. Poonam Pandey complained of not having enough food supply as she needs her energy for her low BP. Even Anjali Arora complains of not having her makeup sent. To this, Munawar Farouqi comments that they are all locked up in jail and not a five-star hotel where all their whims and fancies will be catered to. Will the jailer take action against the contestants' mutiny?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Jail Mein Jhagada
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|02|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The day begins with the noisy alarm from the jailer which makes the inmates wake up in frustration. Later, in the day the contestants discuss the task that took place on the previous day. Poonam Pandey, Nisha Rawal, and Saisha also discuss their controversies which made them a part of the show. Poonam and Nisha talk about their abusive relationships and the consequences that they had to face for it while Saisha talks about the various unsolicited advice that was given to her before she undertook the gender reconstruction surgery. Later, the jailer announces that since the right block had won the task on the previous day they will be given all the things they had asked for. Everything rejoices to hear this and rushes to get their belongings. However, Payal had asked for sunlight which does not seem to be in sight yet.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Kya Yeh Ek Tarfa Pyaar Hai?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|03|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Sara wakes up to find the heart that Shivam made for her in the night. She tells him that she had seen it in the night as well and compliments him. Shivam continues to flirt with Sara which makes her think that he is putting up an act and that he has been told to play a certain part. This upsets Shivam and he breaks down crying. Karan, Saisha, and others come to console him but he cries inconsolably. Sara also tries to calm him down and apologizes for assuming that he is putting up an act. Shivam tells her that he is like that and he wears his heart on his sleeve. Sara tells everyone that she finds it a little childish that Shivam says he has fallen in love with her in just 2 days. Where is this relationship headed? Will this remain a one-sided love or will Sara cave in and develop feelings for Shivam?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Badass Jail Ka Badass Jailor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The jailer Karan Kundrra is in jail and he had a word with the contestants and try to explain to them that it's badass jail so they need to survive like this only. Where contestants discuss yesterday's task. Where jailer called Sara in a jhol ghar and he offered favorite food options to Sara where she got emotional but at last he made her week by showing her mother and she wanted to meet her. But for this repercussion will be faced by the other contestants. Munawar talks about his jail experience and what problems he faced.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Queen Ne Li Sabki Class
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|05|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Where queen Kangana Ranaut talks about the reality of the jail what they need to face and tries to show them the reality of Lock Upp. A group discussion has been held yesterday where contestants talk about their secrets and got emotional. While the queen has scolded everyone that it's a jail, not some luxurious resort. Where they need to stop complaining and live like that. A task has been given to nominated contestants. Who will be nominated this week?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Who revealed Their secrets?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The queen grills the contestants and tries to show the reality of this badass jail. Where nominated contents Swami, Anjali, and Siddharth are ordered to go to the benakab zone. While they need to confess their secret in front of the public and save themselves from nomination. Where Anjali reveals his secret and saved her from nomination. Where the queen questions Siddharth about his inactiveness post fighting with Shivam. Swami has been evicted from the show and said goodbye to the teammates.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Akal Badi Ya Brains
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|07|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The drama begins with a day. Saisha tells their team that doesn't trust the red team as they cheat with them. Sara cleared Shivam it's only friendship nothing else which will be interesting to watch that how deep this friendship will go? Kaidis are allocated with a task where they need to answer a few questions. The team which will give the right answer needs to lift the least weight. Watch Lock Upp on MX Player which team will win the game?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Kisko Milegi Rasoi Ki chabhi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Where punishment is over for Siddharth, Saisha, and Shivam. The kaidis got the task from the jailer to get the keys to the kitchen. So which team will win the keys of the kitchen and rule. The contestants need to take two names from the charge sheet and for a twist, they need to take the name from their team. Where they got triggered by teammates' sentiments. Watch which contestant will be nominated for this week?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Lock Upp Main Manaya Women's Day
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|09|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Women's day has been celebrated in jail where kaidis welcomes the acid attack survivor women as the guests. Poonam got the secret task from the jailer against the blue team and she successfully did the task but she is disqualified. Why Poonam has been disqualified from the secret task?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Ab Kya Sab Bhookhe Marenge
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|10|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In the morning drama, begins between the teams that which team will cook the food. Where Payal has a heated conversation with Sara and Shivam because of the food she cooked last night. Where jailor Karan Kundrra is back in the jail and taking the kaidis for a task where they secretly take each team to the location. Where they will play a task "Uchi Hai Building". Which team will win the task and get the immunity for jhol ghar?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Koun Hoga Kurbaan?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|11|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Where inmates got the task to make 40 flower garlands. While orange team win the game and got the gift which they are eagerly waiting for a long time. Meanwhile, Saisha tells the jailor that she feel demotivated in yesterday's game. Where jailor talks to kaidis about their behavior. Karan asked Saisha to confess her feelings. Munawar is called to jhol ghar where jailor gives a choice to Munawar which make him puzzled? What he will choose between the sister letter or teammates?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Kangana Ne Kiya Expose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|12|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Koun Hoga Safe?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = Sara Ka Past Bana Uska Present
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Kya Sara Aur Ali Suljha Payenge Apna Past?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = Dono Blocks Ke Beech Ghamasan Takkar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|16|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = Kyun Ho Rahe Jail Mein Personal Attacks?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|Title = KV Ke Saath Jhol Ghar Ka Khel
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|18|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|Title = Lock Upp Mein Holi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|19|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|Title = Will KV's Stupidity come back to Haunt Him?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|20|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|Title = Saisha ko orange team ne kyu kiya target
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|21|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|Title = Kya blue team apne shatir game se jetegi?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|22|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|Title = Anjali ne diya Payal ko Mooh Tod Jawab
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|23|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|Title = Azma Ne Aate Hi Apna Khel Shuru Kar Diya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|24|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|Title = Nisha Aur Mandana Ka Jal Yudh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|Title = Chetan Ke Bartav Ka Kya Hoga Natiza
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|Title = Aaj Kiska Secret Hoga Out
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|Title = Koun Hai Jail Ka Sabse Weak Kaidi?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|28|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|Title = Calories Burn Ke Chakkar Me Ho Gai Halat Kharab
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|29|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|Title = Left Block Ne Rachi Coins Ki Saazish
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|30|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|Title = Atyachaari Arena Mein Kaidiyon Ne Lagayi Aag!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|31|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|Title = Kya Left Block Ubhar Payega Aag Ke Khel Se?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|Title = Kaidiyon Ko Mila Reality Check
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|02|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|Title = The Ultimate Jhol
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|03|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|Title = Secret Ballot Ka Khel
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|Title = Hands Up
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|05|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|Title = Kuch Kuch Hone Laga Hai
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|Title = Kheench Ke Bunty Bajade Ghanti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|07|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|Title = Ticket To Temptation
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|Title = Aaj Hoga Pappi Ka Khel
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|09|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|Title = Kiska Secret Niklega Aur Kaun Hoga Safe?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|10|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 44
|Title = Golden Ticket Ki Chargesheet
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|11|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 45
|Title = Kahin Pe Nigahen Kahin Pe Nishana
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|12|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 46
|Title = Emotional Damage!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|Title = Kaun Hai Farzi Actor?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|Title = Temptation Ki Fight
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|Title = Lock Upp Mein Ekta!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|16|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|Title = Kaun hai Queen ka Hukum ka Ikka?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|Title = An Eye For An Eye - 1
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|18|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|Title = An Eye For An Eye - 2
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|18|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|Title = Yeh Toofan Kab Rukega?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|19|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|Title = Ticket to Finale - 1
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|20|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|Title = Ticket to Finale - 2
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|21|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|Title = Gubbara Bachao!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 57
|Title = Kya Kalik Badlegi Game?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|23|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 58
|Title = Kiska Hua Time Up?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|24|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 59
|Title = Palang Tod Entertainment
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 60
|Title = Family Karenge Lock In
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 61
|Title = Chargesheet Ki Jung!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 62
|Title = Bomb Squad
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|28|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 63
|Title = Arena Showdown
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|29|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 64
|Title = Jail Mein Lagi Queen Ki Kacheri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|30|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 65
|Title = Keechad Uchlega
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|1|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 66
|Title = Jeena Haram Kar Dunga
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|2|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 67
|Title = Lock Upp Ka Dangal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|3|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 68
|Title = Aakhri Chaap
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 69
|Title = Chhoti Bacchi Hai Kya?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|5|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 70
|Title = Finale Ki Race
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|6|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 71
|Title = Grand Finale
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|7|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== Guests==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!style="background:#B00000;color:white" | '''Week(s)'''
!style="background:#B00000;color:white"| '''Day(s)'''
! style="background:#B00000;color:white"| '''Guest(s)'''
!style="background:#B00000;color:white"| '''Notes'''
|-
!rowspan="2" |'''Week 1'''
! rowspan="2" |'''Premiere Night'''
|'''[[Raveena Tandon]]'''
| '''''Celebrity Guest Jailor'''''
|-
| '''[[Sunil Pal]]'''
| '''''To interact with'' [[Munawar Faruqui]]'''
|-
!rowspan="1" |'''Week 2'''
!rowspan="1" |'''Day 11'''
|'''Five Inspirational and Strong Women'''
|'''''To celebrate'' [[International Women's Day]]'''
|-
!'''Week 5'''
!'''Day 35'''
|'''[[Ankita Lokhande]]'''
|'''''To promote second season of'' [[Pavitra Rishta]] 2.0'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''Week 7'''
! rowspan="2" |'''Day 49'''
|'''[[Ekta Kapoor]]'''
| rowspan="2" |'''''To celebrate 5th Anniversary of'' [[Alt Balaji]]'''
|-
|[[Tusshar Kapoor|'''Tushar Kapoor''']], '''[[Rohan Mehra (born 1990)|Rohan Mehra]], Krishna Kaul, [[Krystle D'Souza]], [[Divya Agarwal]] and Nikhil Bhambri'''
|-
! rowspan="9" |'''Week 9'''
! rowspan="8" |'''Day 60'''
|'''Munawar's Friend'''
|'''''For Munawar'''''
|-
|'''Anjali's Mother'''
|'''''For Anjali'''''
|-
|'''Azma's Mother'''
|'''''For Azma'''''
|-
|'''[[Sangram Singh]]'''
|'''''For Payal'''''
|-
|'''Poonam's Mother'''
|'''''For Poonam'''''
|-
|'''Prince's Nephew'''
|'''''For Prince'''''
|-
|'''Shivam's Father'''
|'''''For Shivam'''''
|-
|'''Saisha's Friend'''
|'''''For Saisha'''''
|-
!'''Day 63'''
|'''Umar Riaz and [[Zareen Khan]]'''
|'''''To Promote Song Eid Ho Jayegi'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 10
!Day 66
|
'''[[Afsana Khan]]'''
|'''''To Promote Song Bechari'''''
|-
!Day 67
|'''Pratik Sehajpal'''
|'''''To Promote Song Subah Se Shaam and promote EK Company'''''
|-
!'''Day 69'''
|'''[[Tejasswi Prakash]]'''
|'''''As Warden'''''
|-
!'''Day 70'''
|'''[[Divya Dutta]] & Razneesh Ghai'''

|''''' To Promote [[Dhaakad]]'''''
|}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Namrata Thakker of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the show two and a half stars out of five and observed, "Lock Upp looks and sounds like [[Bigg Boss]], on the surface but it isn't," to find out more you'll have to watch the show!.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/lock-upp-review/20220228.htm|title=Lock Upp Review|first=NAMRATA|last=THAKKER|website=Rediff}}</ref>

Akansha Tiwari of ''[[Aaj Tak]]'' wrote ''"''while Kangana Ranaut is as good an actress as ever, she didn’t come across as a strong host. Her hosting didn’t quite live up to the expectations.''"''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Lock Upp Review: खुल गई Kangana Ranaut की 'जेल', फ्लॉप रहा शो का आगाज |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/kangana-ranaut-lock-upp-review-how-was-show-first-episode-detail-tmov-1419257-2022-02-28 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

On 21 March 2022, The show crossed 100 million views in just 19 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Kangana Ranaut's Lock Upp becomes 'highest watched reality show' in OTT space with 100 million views in 19 days |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kangana-ranaut-s-lock-upp-becomes-highest-watched-reality-show-in-ott-space-with-100-million-views-in-19-days-101647853727435.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[ALTBalaji#Shows|List of programs broadcast by ALTBalaji]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.altbalaji.com/show/lock-upp/371 Lock Upp: Badass Jail, Atyaachari Khel!] on [[ALTBalaji]]
* {{IMDb name|17736900}}
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-lock-upp-series-online-2d97e7bf2c1989d9e526175531316a0d Lock Upp: Badass Jail, Atyaachari Khel!] on [[MX Player]]

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:ALTBalaji original programming]]

Rakhshanda Jalil

2026-01-28T13:51:10Z

IrmaBracy4216: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian writer, critic and literary historian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name =Rakhshanda Jalil
| image = Rakhshanda Jalil bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 8260 July 19, 2017.jpg
| caption = Rakhshanda Jalil
| education = [[Miranda House, Delhi]], [[Delhi University]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|20 July 1963}}
| birth_place =[[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Indian writer, critic and literary historian
}}
'''Rakhshanda Jalil''' (born 20 July 1963) is an Indian writer, translator, critic and literary historian. She is known for her book on Delhi's lesser-known monuments called ''Invisible City: The hidden Monuments of Delhi''<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-8189738778 |title=Invisible City: The Hidden Monument of Delhi (9788189738778): Rakhshanda Jalil, Khushwant Singh: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |date=2013-02-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-697/2012/january/1/delhis-hidden-riches.html |title=Delhi's Hidden Riches |publisher=Thebookreviewindia.org |date=2012-01-01 |accessdate=2014-05-20 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090047/http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-697/2012/january/1/delhis-hidden-riches.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a well-received collection of short stories, called ''Release & Other Stories''<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-9350290699 |title=Release and Other Stories: Rakhshanda Jalil: 9789350290699: Amazon.com: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/cm-releases-short-story-collection/ |title=CM releases short story collection |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2011-09-18 |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref> (HarperCollins, 2011). Her PhD on the Progressive Writers' Movement as Reflected in Urdu Literature has been published by [[Oxford University Press]] as ''Liking Progress, Loving Change''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780198096733.do |title=Liking Progress, Loving Change: Rakhshanda Jalil - Oxford University Press |publisher=Ukcatalogue.oup.com |date=2014-03-06 |accessdate=2014-05-20 |archive-date=9 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309021052/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780198096733.do |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jalil |first=Rakhshanda |url=http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/liking-progress-loving-change-a/9780198096733-item.html |title=Liking Progress, Loving Change: A Literary History of the Progressive Writers Movement in Urdu Book by Rakhshanda Jalil | Hardcover |publisher=chapters.indigo.ca |date=2013-12-15 |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref> (2014). Jalil runs an organization called Hindustani Awaaz, devoted to the popularization of Hindi-Urdu literature and culture.

== Career ==

Jalil graduated from [[Miranda House|Miranda house]], Delhi University in 1986. She started her career as a lecturer in [[SGTB Khalsa College|Khalsa College]].<ref name="ignca1">{{cite web|author=CIL |url=http://ignca.nic.in/aqeedat_2007_009.htm |title=The Tradition of Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi in North India - Rakshanda Jalil |publisher=Ignca.nic.in |date=2007-03-23 |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref>
After that she worked at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] as lecturer (1987), editorial assistant at [[Tata McGraw-Hill]] Book Publishing Company<ref name="ignca1"/> (1987–89),
sub-editor in the [[Publications Division]] of the [[India International Centre]] (1989–90), assistant editor in the Publications Division of the India International Center (1990 – March 1995). She later joined [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]<ref name="ignca1"/> and worked there as director of the outreach programme.
She co-edited a quarterly journal called ''Third Frame: Literature, Culture and Society'', published and distributed by Cambridge University Press from 2007 to 2009. She was senior associate fellow at the Council of Social Development, New Delhi, and associate editor of ''Social Change'', the journal brought out by CSD (Jan 2011-Jan 2012).

== Contribution to Urdu literature ==

She has edited four collections of short stories: ''Urdu Stories''<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=8187075910 |title=Urdu Stories (Great Writers): Rakhshanda Jalil, etc., et al, Asif Aslam Farrukhi: 9788187075912: Amazon.com: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |date=2002-01-01 }}</ref> (Srishti, 2002), a selection by Pakistani women writers called ''Neither Night Nor Day''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harpercollins.co.in/BookDetail.asp?Book_Code=1763 |title=HarperCollins Publishers India Ltd |publisher=Harpercollins.co.in |date= |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref> (HarperCollins, 2007), New Urdu Writings: ''From India & Pakistan'' <ref>{{cite web|last=Events |first=Delhi |url=http://www.delhievents.com/2014/02/writings-from-india-and-pakistan-by.html |title=Writings: From India and Pakistan by Rakhshanda Jalil - Book Discussion at Conference Room - 1, Main Building, India International Centre (IIC), Lodhi Estate > 6:30pm on 10th February 2014 |publisher=Delhi Events |date=2014-02-10 |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref> (Westland, 2013), and Pigeons of the Domes: Stories of Communalism (Niyogi, 2015); a collection of essays on the little known monuments of Delhi, called Invisible City (Niyogi, 2008, revised third edition 2011); two co-authored books, ''Partners in Freedom: Jamia Millia Islamia''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/jamia-as-a-partner-in-freedom/article3048965.ece |title=Jamia as a partner in freedom |work=The Hindu |date=2006-11-17 |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref> (Niyogi, 2006) and ''Journey to a Holy Land: A Pilgrim’s Diary'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/a-journey-of-faith/article662018.ece |title=A journey of faith |work=The Hindu |date=2009-11-15 |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/journey-to-the-holy-land-9780198063469;jsessionid=EEEF50584921FC4AB9C1A8947E8D190B?cc=in&lang=en& |title=Journey to the Holy Land - Amir Ahmad Alawi; Mushirul Hasan; Rakhshanda Jalil - Oxford University Press |publisher=Global.oup.com |date=2009-11-30 |isbn=978-0-19-806346-9 |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref> (OUP, 2009). She was co-editor of ''Third Frame'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgeindia.org/news30.asp |title=Cambridge University Press India |publisher=Cambridgeindia.org |date=2008-04-24 |accessdate=2014-05-20 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006170609/http://www.cambridgeindia.org/news30.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> a journal devoted to literature, culture and society brought out by the Cambridge University Press. She has edited and introduced a volume of essays entitled ''Qurratulain Hyder and the River of Fire: The Meaning, Scope and Significance of her Legacy''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/154349093?versionId=168265219 |title=Qurratulain Hyder and the river of fire : the meaning, scope and significance of her legacy / edited by Rakhshanda Jalil. - Version details - Trove |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref> (Aakar, 2010; and Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2010). 
She has published nine works of translations: [[Premchand]]'s short stories entitled ''The Temple and the Mosque''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-855/2012/april/4/inequality-injustice-and-impunity-premchands-worlds.html |title=Inequality, Injustice and Impunity: Premchand's Worlds |publisher=Thebookreviewindia.org |date=2012-04-04 |accessdate=2014-05-20 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006142709/http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-855/2012/april/4/inequality-injustice-and-impunity-premchands-worlds.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (HarperCollins, 1992; revised and enlarged 2011); a collection of satirical writing in Hindi by [[Asghar Wajahat]] entitled Lies: Half Told<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abebooks.com/Lies-Half-Told-Asghar-Wajahat-Rakhshanda/10071036655/bd |title=Lies by Asghar Wajahat Rakhshanda Jalil: Srishti Publishers & Distributors 9788187075929 - Alden Books |publisher=Abebooks.com |date=2013-03-26 |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref> (Srishti, 2002); 32 satirical cameos by [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] entitled Black Borders<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=8129102420 |title=Black Borders: A Collection of 32 Cameos. pa.: Saadat Hasan., Rakhshanda Jalil Manto: 9788129102423: Amazon.com: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |date=2003-02-02 }}</ref> (Rupa & Co., 2003); Through the Closed Doorway,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Buy Through the Closed Doorway Book Online at Low Prices in India | Through the Closed Doorway Reviews & Ratings |publisher=Amazon.in |date=2004-01-01 |isbn=812910458X }}</ref> nazms by Urdu poet Shahryar (Rupa & Co. 2004); short stories by Intizar Husain entitled Circle and Other Stories<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec122004/br4.asp |title=A book that you will read till the last page - Deccan Herald |publisher=Archive.deccanherald.com |date=2004-12-12 |accessdate=2014-05-20 |archive-date=16 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916102534/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec122004/br4.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Rupa & Co. 2004; Sang-e-Meel, Lahore, 2012); a collection of Premchand's short stories for children called A Winter's Tale and Other Stories (Puffin, 2007); Naked Voices and other Stories<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7700096-naked-voices |title=Naked Voices: Stories And Sketches by Saadat Hasan Manto — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists |publisher=Goodreads.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref> – a collection of stories and sketches by Saadat Hasan Manto translated by her from Urdu (Roli, 2008); Panchlight and Other Stories by Hindi writer Phanishwarnath Renu ([[Orient Blackswan]], 2010); and ''Traitor,'' translated from [[Krishan Chander]]'s Gaddaar, published by Tranquebar in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-07-30|title=Traitor translated by Rakhshanda Jalil|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/traitor-book-review-rakhshanda-jalil/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-06|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US}}</ref>

The biography of Urdu feminist writer Dr [[Rashid Jahan]] by Rakhshanda Jalil has been published by Women Unlimited under the title ''A Rebel and her Cause'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web | title = A Rebel And Her Cause: Life and Work of Rashid Jahan released by Rakhshanda Jalil | url = http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/a-rebel-and-her-cause-life-and-work-of-rashid-jahan-released-by-rakhshanda-jalil-1399458730-1 |date=26 April 2014| accessdate = 2014-08-18 }}</ref> With over 15 books behind her and over 50 academic papers at seminars and conferences, at present she contributes regularly to national and international newspapers and magazines, writes book reviews, opinion pieces and travelogues, and appears on television to talk about issues of culture, literature and society. She also contributes regularly to ''Himal'' (Kathmandu), ''The Herald'' (Karachi) and ''The Friday Times'' (Lahore), apart from ''The Hindu'', ''Biblio'', ''The Literary Review'', etc. in India.

Her debut collection of fiction, ''Release & Other Stories'', was published by HarperCollins in 2011, and received critical acclaim. At present, she is engaged in a study of Indian secularism.

== Bibliography ==

* Invisible City: The Hidden Monument of Delhi
* Lies: Half Told; translated by Rakshanda Jalil; 2002, Srishti Publishers. {{ISBN|81-87075-92-9}}.
* A Winter's Night And Other Stories
* Release & Other Stories
* A Rebel and Her Cause: The Life and Work of Rashid Jahan published by Women Unlimited
* Qurratulain Hyder and the River of Fire: The Meaning, Scope and Significance of Her Legacy
* Naked Voices: Stories And Sketches
* Through The Closed Doorway: A Collection Of Nazms
* New Urdu Writings: From India and Pakistan

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*
*
*
*

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalil, Rakhshanda}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian literary historians]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Literary scholars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Book editors]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Urdu–English translators]]
[[Category:Hindi–English translators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women magazine editors]]
[[Category:Women literary historians]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]

Ramya Subramanian

2026-01-19T07:54:20Z

IrmaBracy4216: Put up a data

{{short description|Indian actress and television presenter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Indian name|Ramya|Subramanian}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramya Subramanian
| image = File:Ramya Subramanian-youtube.jpg
| caption = Ramya at ''[[Aadai]]'' trailer launch
| birth_date = 30 July<ref>{{cite news |title=Love and warmth leave birthday girl Ramya Subramanian all emotional |date=31 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/love-and-warmth-leave-birthday-girl-ramya-subramanian-all-emotional/articleshow/77279181.cms |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actress, Influencer
| yearsactive = 2008–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Aparajith Jayaraman|2014|2015|reason=divorced}}
}}

'''Ramya Subramanian''', also known as '''VJ Ramya''', is an Indian actress and television host, who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]].

==Early life==
Ramya was born in [[Thanjavur]]. She completed her schooling in [[Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan]] till 10th and continued her 11th and 12th in Adarsh Vidyalaya.{{cn|date=June 2021}} She received a BSc in Visual Communication at [[M.O.P. Vaishnav College for Women]], [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Papri |date=5 December 2013 |title=VJ Ramya is anchoring for the fun of it |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131205/entertainment-tvmusic/article/vj-ramya-anchoring-fun-it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829150844/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131205/entertainment-tvmusic/article/vj-ramya-anchoring-fun-it |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Vj ramya in littleshows.JPG|thumb|Ramya at a function.]]
Ramya participated in the [[Miss Chennai]] competition in 2004. She subsequently went on to host television shows, including ''[[List of programs broadcast by Star Vijay|Kalakkapovadhu Yaaru?]]'', ''Ungalil Yaar Adutha Prabhudeva?'', ''Namma Veetu Kalyanam'' and ''Kedi Boys Killadi Girls'' on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2019 |title=VJ Ramya Subramanian is a fitness pro; her workout videos will inspire you |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-ramya-subramanian-is-a-fitness-pro-her-workout-videos-will-inspire-you/articleshow/69166693.cms |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She revealed post-marriage, that she would cut down on television commitments and become more choosy with her work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=22 March 2014 |title=I am choosy about my work now: Ramya |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/I-am-choosy-about-my-work-now-Ramya/articleshow/32428386.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006121357/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/I-am-choosy-about-my-work-now-Ramya/articleshow/32428386.cms |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=10 January 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2007, Ramya made her acting debut with an uncredited role in ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=VJ Ramya takes a 'kutty break' from social media to 'unplug' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vj-ramya-takes-a-kutty-break-from-social-media-to-unplug/articleshow/76001180.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528072241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vj-ramya-takes-a-kutty-break-from-social-media-to-unplug/articleshow/76001180.cms |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2015, she appeared as Dulquer Salmaan's friend, Ananya, in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2014 |title=Ramya Subramanian moves to big screen |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ramya-subramanian-moves-to-big-screen-news-tamil-ol3tUmiabdbfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013060410/http://www.sify.com/movies/ramya-subramanian-moves-to-big-screen-news-tamil-ol3tUmiabdbfg.html |archive-date=13 October 2015 |access-date=10 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In the same year, she became an RJ at [[92.7 Big FM]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2015 |title=Ramya is an RJ now |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Ramya-is-an-RJ-now/articleshow/48759113.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905142516/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Ramya-is-an-RJ-now/articleshow/48759113.cms |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She was on the covers of [[Sumathi Srinivas#We Magazine|WE Magazine]]'s fitness special issue for the month of August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Ramya Subramanian Exclusive Photoshoot |url=https://www.wemagazine.in/ramya-subramanian-exclusive-photoshoot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808065629/https://www.wemagazine.in/ramya-subramanian-exclusive-photoshoot/ |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=[[Sumathi Srinivas#We Magazine|WE Magazine]]}}</ref>{{efn|The website https://www.wemagazine.in was shut down, and hence the content was removed. You can see the cover page at <ref>{{Cite web |title=WE Magazine |url=https://x.com/women_exclusive/status/1159086455509045248?mx=2}}</ref>.}} She also hosted many events and award ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2019 |title=பிகில் இசை வெளியீட்டு விழாவை தொகுத்து வழங்கும் நடிகை! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bigil-audio-launch-vj-ramya-subramaniyam-confirms-msb-205929.html |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Ramya is a health coach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=இரண்டு வருஷம் தூக்கமில்லாமல் உழைத்து விஜே ரம்யா சாதித்த விஷயம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/vj-ramya-becomes-certified-integrative-health-coach/articleshow/87990711.cms |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ramya married Aparajith Jayaraman in 2014, and the couple separated in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2015 |title=VJ Ramya confirms ending marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/VJ-Ramya-confirms-ending-marriage/articleshow/48933893.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811115316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/VJ-Ramya-confirms-ending-marriage/articleshow/48933893.cms |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' || Pannaiyar's daughter || Uncredited role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mankatha]]'' || Reporter ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' || Ananya ||
|-
| ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' || Reporter ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vanamagan]]'' || Ramya ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]'' || Varsha || Bilingual film (Tamil and Telugu)
|-
| ''[[Aadai]]'' || Jennifer ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || Ramya ||
|-
| ''[[Sangathalaivan]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]'' || Divya || Telugu film<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=18 May 2023 |title='Anni Manchi Sakunamule' Telugu movie review: Nandini Reddy's film starring Malvika Nair and Santosh Soban is an imperfect yet warm story of relationships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anni-manchi-sakunamule-telugu-movie-review-imperfect-yet-warm-story-of-relationships/article66865644.ece/ |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Rasavathi]]'' || Dr. Sailaja ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=5 January 2024 |title=Teaser of Arjun Das' Rasavathi is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/05/teaser-of-arjun-das-rasavathi-is-here-50997.html |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=9 May 2024 |title='Thai Thai' song from Rasavathi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/09/thai-thai-song-from-rasavathi-out |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''
|Anu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=20 December 2024 |title=Ramya Subramanian joins Ajith in Vidaamuyarchi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/20/ramya-subramanian-joins-ajith-in-vidaamuyarchi |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of performances and appearances on television
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2007 || ''King Queen Jack''
| rowspan="8" | Host
| rowspan="7" | [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|[[Stand-up comedy]] show; Co-hosted with [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' || Season 4
|-
| 2009 || ''Ungalil Yaar Adutha Prabhudeva?'' ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Namma Veetu Kalyanam'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Kedi Boys Killadi Girls'' ||
|-
|2017
|[[Vijay Television Awards|3rd Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Vijay TV to air 3rd annual Vijay Television Awards on 21st and 28th May |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/vijay-tv-air-3rd-annual-vijay-television-awards-21st-28th-may/ |access-date=20 January 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[64th Filmfare Awards South]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=64th Filmfare Awards South | website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/1730645613867214/posts/pfbid02sLnozp25NPeNSxyuYbVSruHe1WfdbLXHWqyz7pGNnxFUvuViBS7N9aQnU6fZ4bw7l/?app=fbl}}{{Self-published source|date=January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || Co-hosted with [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]]
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Streaming platform
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| ''[[As I'm Suffering From Kadhal]]''
| Sarah
| [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=As I'm Suffering From Kadhal Season 1 Review : Four shades of love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/as-im-suffering-from-kadhal/seasonreview/76197103.cms |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=As I'm Suffering from Kadhal |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/as-im-suffering-from-kadhal/14361/suffering-from-dependency/1000179181/watch}}</ref>
|}

== Other work and activities ==
Ramya is the author of the book, ''Stop Weighting''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joardar |first=Ranu |date=1 December 2022 |title=Actor Ramya Subramanian on her weight loss journey |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/actor-ramya-subramanian-on-her-weight-loss-journey/article66208721.ece |access-date=31 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is a fitness enthusiast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2021 |title=Ramya Subramanian is proud of her recent transformation; see post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ramya-subramanian-is-proud-of-her-recent-transformation-see-post/articleshow/80764843.cms |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She runs the YouTube channel, Stay Tuned with Ramya.

Ramya knows [[Bharatanatyam]], [[silambam]] and yoga as well.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web |last=das |first=papri |date=5 December 2013 |title=VJ Ramya is anchoring for the fun of it |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131205/entertainment-tvmusic/article/vj-ramya-anchoring-fun-it |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}} |2={{Cite news |date=4 August 2020 |title=Ramya Subramanian stuns fans with her Silambam skills; watch video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ramya-subramanian-stuns-fans-with-her-silambam-skills-watch-video/articleshow/77355074.cms |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}} |3={{Cite web |date=3 June 2024 |title=From Sanjana Singh to Ramya Subramanian: Tamil TV celebs who swear by yoga to stay fit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/from-sanjana-singh-to-ramya-subramanian-tamil-tv-celebs-who-swear-by-yoga-to-stay-fit/amp_etphotostory/110661933.cms |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}} }}</ref>

===Sports===
Ramya participated at the district level powerlifting championships and won gold medals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=3 April 2017 |title=பளுதூக்கும் போட்டியில் தங்கம் வென்ற ரம்யா |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2017/04/03103407/1077707/Actress-Ramya-Taking-Gold-1st-place-in-Deadlifting.vpf |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2017 |title=VJ Ramya calls her powerlifting journey addictive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-ramya-calls-her-powerlifting-journey-addictive/articleshow/61530144.cms |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She also won a bronze medal at a state level powerlifting competition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2017 |title=Actor Ramya wins bronze in power lifting championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-ramya-wins-bronze-in-power-lifting-championship/articleshow/57255676.cms |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In January 2023, she participated in [[Chennai Marathon]].

==Awards==
* YouTube Silver Creator Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Silver Creator Award |url=https://twitter.com/actorramya/status/1165953120607920128}}{{Self-published source|date=January 2025}}</ref>

*
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==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=7240397|name=Ramya Subramanian}}
*{{Facebook|id=VJRamyaOfficial}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rhododendron wattii

2026-01-02T07:29:05Z

IrmaBracy4216: Put up new data!

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN2.3
| genus = Rhododendron
| species = wattii
| authority = [[John Macqueen Cowan|Cowan]]
||status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Rhododendron wattii'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T33595A9789903 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33595A9789903.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>}}

'''''Rhododendron wattii''''' is a species of [[plant]] in the family [[Ericaceae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].

== Taxonomy ==
This species is highly questionable. It is not in cultivation, and is known only from a single drawing by Sir George Watt, made when he collected it on "Ching Sow in [[Manipur]] at 9,000 ft." in 1882. The mountain has not been identified since under this name. At least one recent expedition to the area searching for this plant has failed to find it, even though the area is still largely unexploited [http://www.rhodygarden.org/travels.html]. Seed collected at the time of the original sighting failed to produce plants of the same description, suggesting that this species was either a small local population or a single specimen of hybrid origin between ''[[Rhododendron macabeanum|R. macabeanum]]'' and ''[[Rhododendron arboreum|R. arboreum]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/red-flag-over-rhododendron-tree-in-nagaland-valley/article69187620.ece Red flag over rhododendron tree in Nagaland valley]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5463642}}

[[Category:Rhododendron|wattii]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Vulnerable plants]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

{{Ericoideae-stub}}

Thiyyar Regiment

2025-12-31T07:41:04Z

IrmaBracy4216: general adjusted page and added references for clarity

{{Short description|British military class}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|native_name =തീയ്യർ പട്ടാളം
|conventional_long_name = [[Tiyyar|Thiyyar]] Regiment
|common_name = Madras Presidency
|subdivision = [[Presidencies of British India|Presidency]]
|nation= [[Madras Presidency]]
|era = New Imperialism
|year_start = unknown
|date_start =
|event_start= The Agency of Fort St George at Madraspatnam becomes the Madras Presidency
|year_end = 1950
|date_end = 1932
|event_end= [[Republic of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =History of Chennai
|s1 = Madras State
|flag_p1 =British East India Company flag.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|s2 =
|flag_s2 =
|image_flag =British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map = Thalassery fort.JPG
|image_map_caption =Thalassery Kotta
|stat_area1 =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|footnotes =
}}
[[File:Army Man of Thiyya Regiment.jpg|thumb|Army man of Thiyya Regiment]]

The '''[[Tiyyar|Thiyyar]] Regiment''' was a military class created by [[British Empire]] that provided thousands of [[Tiyyar|Thiyyar]] community members from [[North Malabar]] (mostly in [[Kannur]] district) for the [[British Indian Army]]. The Regiment was based in [[Thalassery]], chosen because it was a strategic center in Malabar. There were many [[Tiyyar|Thiyyar]] people who held the posts of [[subedar]] and jemendhar in the local militia under the [[East India Company]]. Jemadhar were considered the high and responsible post. The first person to occupy this highest rank and post in British Indian army under the [[തീയർ|Thiyya]] regimen was Ayyathan Chandhoman Jemadhar. He was a strong personality who had led many wars while in the regiment who got promoted and retired as the Subedar Major. He was the great-granduncle to Dr.[[Ayyathan Gopalan]] a renowned renaissance leader and social reformer of Kerala.<ref>L.K.A.Iyer, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC The Mysore Tribes and caste]''. Vol.III, A Mittal Publish. Page.279, Google Books</ref><ref name="qq">{{cite book|last= Nagendra k.r.singh| year=2006|title=Global Encyclopedia of the South India Dalit's Ethnography|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcpa_T-7oVQC&dq=Tiyya+regiment&pg=PA230|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|page=230|isbn=9788182201675}}</ref><ref>L.Krishna Anandha Krishna Iyer(Divan Bahadur) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hOyqKkYi6McC The Cochin Tribes and Caste]'' Vol.1. Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1962. Page. 278, Google Books</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=L. K. Anantha Krishna|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7757|title=The Cochin tribes and castes vol.I|date=1909|publisher=Higginbotham, Madras}}</ref> There were lesser known [[Tiyyar|Thiyya]] regiments and Thiyyar Pattalam formed by the French and British governments in Mahe and Thalassery.<ref>{{Cite book|last=P.R|first=Nisha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=My8DEAAAQBAJ|title=Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus|date=2020-06-12|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-099207-1|language=en}}</ref> The British deployed the unit in various military operations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=M.D|first=N. C. Shyamalan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYWVBQAAQBAJ|title=North Africa To North Malabar: AN ANCESTRAL JOURNEY|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-93-83416-64-6|language=en}}</ref>

The letter of the government of Madras in October (1932) throws light on the fact about the Thiyyar regiment in malabar early.<ref>S.M.Mohammed Koya, "''print and public in malabar:A study of early newspaper''" (1847-1930)</ref>

==Role of Malabar==
Nowhere in the Malabar region is an army of only nairs to be seen. In the Thiyya division itself, various police forces and the military sector were under the French forces.<ref>{{cite book|last=J.B Prasant|year=2001|title= Freedom Movement in French India: The Mahe Revolt of 1948|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9S9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Tiyya+army|publisher=IRISH|pages=8–10|isbn=9788190016698}}</ref> This necessitated the maintenance of a fairly strong force at [[Thalassery]]. Personnel were recruited from the local Tiveys ( Tiyyas ) as regular force to support the European regiment. 51 Native irregulars were also maintained. on the occasions of war.<ref>{{cite book|last=K.k.N Kurup|year=1985|title= History of the Tellicherry Factory, 1683-1794|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ8oAAAAMAAJ&q=Tiyya+regiment|publisher=Sandhya Publications|page=254}}</ref>

It is seen mentioned in some documents that this battalion played a major role in [[Pazhassi Raja]] [[British East India Company]] War.<ref name="ggh"/> it is stated that, 1802. A European regiment and three battalions of native infantry were to be stationed at Canara in order to withdraw the British troops from [[Goa]]; If they remain at Goa, one regiment and two battalions will suffice for service in Canara. One regiment and one battalion were to be stationed at Mangalore for detachments in the southern parts of the province; A battalion in Kundapur.<ref name="ggh"/> A battalion was to be stationed at Seedasighur in case the British troops were withdrawn from Goa. One regiment of Europeans, five battalions of native infantry, and three companies of artillery were to be in the province of Malabar, except Wayanad, provided for in the supply to [[Mysore]].<ref name="ggh">{{cite book|last= Wellesley Duke of Wellington|year=1851|title=Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G.: India, 1797-1805|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xpATMtM_NYC|publisher=J. r Murray, published books of florida|page=68}}</ref>

<blockquote> 1. "Seringapatam, 11th March, 1802. a letter from '''General Stuart''', ''in which he informs me that orders have been received to discharge from the service all the Nair, Tier, and Moplah sebundies in Malabar, and all local and volunteer corps in other parts, and to reduce the numbers of the regular battalions to the peace establish ment of t of 1796, that is to say, to 900 each battalion.<ref name="ggh"/> The number of battalions is not to be altered at present . In consequence of this information, I write this day to Colonel Boles to desire that he will make the necessary arrange ments for disbanding the three corps of sebundies . The General has desired that I would suggest to you the propriety of taking into the service, as revenue or police peons, as many of these discharged sebundies as you may be willing to entertain in those capacities, rather than to let loose upon Mala bar at once so large a body of men accustomed to arms . You will be the best judge how far you can attend to this suggestion . If you can take into the service any number of these people, I think the peace of the country will be benefited . The General says that he intends to propose to government that waste land may be given to the discharged sebundies and sepoys in the different parts of the country.''<ref>{{cite book|last=Arthur Wellesley Duke of Wellington|year=1859|title=India, 1797-1805 Volume 3 of Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K.G, Arthur Richard Wellesley Duke of Wellington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYEBAAAAQAAJ|publisher=J. Murray|page=107}}</ref></blockquote>

==Modern history==

[[Eliza Draper]], who was born in British India and married to a British soldier, mentions Thiyyas as "a community bearing arms, though it was mainly the Nairs who had the privilege of carrying arms with them, according to Hindu social customs. But there were a number of Thiyya families known for martial skills and many families were known as gurukkals with Kalaripayattu traditions in the northern parts of Malabar. One of the prominent aristocratic family at Malabar was Ayyathan family who were the small time rulers of Randuthara (now Dharmadom) and a great navigators, warrior clan, scholars and aryavaidya physicians.One of the renowned aryavaidya scholar and physician was Ayyathan Kannan Vaidyar the great grandfather of Dr.[[Ayyathan Gopalan]] he was well versed in poison therapy, and was also a well known Sanskrit scholar and Gurukkal. "<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-29|title=The Thiyyas of Malabar: In Search of a New Identity|url=http://qjk.9bc.myftpupload.com/2019/08/29/the-thiyyas-of-malabar-in-search-of-a-new-identity/|access-date=2021-03-03|website=KochiPost|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:39A8599.pdf cropped.png|thumb|'[[:ml:Thalassery Manuscripts|തലശ്ശേരി രേഖകൾ (Thalassery Manuscripts)]]' on Thiyyar Pattalam(Thiyyar Army) of 1799 formed by British, a predecessor of Thiyyar regiment]]
[[File:Cropped File39A8599.png|thumb|Thiyyar in Kottayam Raja Army in 1792, half of the Army consisted of Thiyyar warriors, which motivated British to form a separate regiment later.]]

==See also==
*[[Cherayi Panikkar (title)|Cherayi Panikkar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military history of India]]

Sunil Pradhan

2025-12-28T11:43:10Z

IrmaBracy4216:

{{Short description|Indian neurologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunil Pradhan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|25}}
| birth_place = [[Najibabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| occupation = Neurologist
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] Uttar Pradesh Vigyan Ratna Dr. H. B. Dingley Memorial Award Shakuntala Amirchand Memorial Award Rajib Goyal Award Amrut Modi Unichem Award Maj Gen. Amir Chand Award Dr. S. T. Achar Award Best Poster Paper Award Best Paper Award Vocational Excellence Prize}}
'''Sunil Pradhan''' (born 25 June 1957) is an Indian [[neurologist]], medical researcher and writer, known for the invention of two [[electrophysiological]] techniques.
He has also described five [[medical signs]], of which one related to [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]] is known as ''Pradhan Sign'',<ref name="CSIR" /><ref name="Controversy">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm17/sgpgi-doctor-forced-to-apologise/article1-159913.aspx|title=Controversy|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=10 October 2006|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> and the others associated with [[facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy]] (FSHD) and similar neuro diseases.<ref name="Pradhan sign">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |title=New clinical sign in Duchenne muscular dystrophy |journal=Pediatric Neurology |date=November 1994 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=298–300 |doi=10.1016/0887-8994(94)90005-1 |pmid=7702689 }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, in 2014 for his contributions to the field of [[neuroscience]].<ref name="Padma">{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |work=Circular |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quotebox|align = right|width=21em|''Dr. Pradhan's extensive clinical research in the area of muscular dystrophy has led to the discovery of five new clinical signs, each indicative of a specific type of the disease.'' [[Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] circular.<ref name="CSIR" />}}
Pradhan was born in the hill station of [[Najibabad]], [[Bijnaur District]], in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], on 25 June 1957.<ref name="CSIR">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/Heads/pressroom/RnDNewsLetters/csirnews2k3/csirnews_30jun03.asp | title=CSIR | publisher=Central Council of Industrial Research | date=30 June 2003 | access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Vidhwan" /> He did schooling at many local schools in [[Jhansi]], [[Aligarh]], Banda, [[Allahabad]] and [[Lucknow]]<ref name="CSIR" /> and, choosing medical profession, he graduated in medicine, [[MB BS]], from the [[King George's Medical University]], Lucknow, in 1979 and did his post graduate studies in [[Internal Medicine]] (MD) there, which he completed in 1983. He did further specialization in [[neurology]] and secured the degree of DM.<ref name="CSIR" />

Pradhan started his career at [[Jaslok Hospital]], Mumbai and later, shifted to the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS), Bangalore. After a further move to the [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], Hyderabad, in 1989, he joined the faculty of the [[Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Lucknow]],<ref name="CSIR"/><ref name="Vidhwan">{{cite web|url=http://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/searchr.php?id=24059|title=Vidhwan|publisher=Vidhwan|date=2014|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> and worked there till 2007, in various capacities. The next move was to the [[Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences]] (IHBAS) as the Head of the Department of Neurology and works there now as the Medical Superintendent since 2008.

Pradhan brought about many changes at the IHBAS. He was instrumental in updating and elaborating the signage, displays and boards and constructing patient shelters. The [[electrophysiology]] Lab was started where he arranged for the setting up of modern equipment like 32 Channels [[Polysomnography]], Nicolet 32 Channels digital Portable [[Electroencephalography]] and [[Electromyography]].{{cn|date=November 2024}}

Pradhan lives in Lucknow, along the [[Rae Bareilly]] Road, in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Vidhwan"/>

==Legacy==
The legacy of Pradhan centres primarily around the five [[medical signs]] he has discovered, the two [[electrophysiological]] techniques he has invented and his research findings on the neuro diseases of [[Japanese Encephalitis]], [[Monomelic amyotrophy|Hirayama type monomelic amyotrophy]] and [[epilepsy]].<ref name="CSIR" />

===Medical signs===
'''Pradhan sign or Valley sign''': The first of the signs he discovered is related to [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]] (DMD).<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ICMR-award-for-SGPGI-doctor/articleshow/10636186.cms|title=TOI|publisher=TOI|date=7 November 2011|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> He discovered that the DMD patients tend to suffer visible enlargement of the [[infraspinatus]] and [[Deltoid muscle|deltoid]] muscles, which when contracted shows partial wastage. Pradhan clarified that this revealed ''a valley between the two mounts'', visible behind the outstretched shoulders and called it ''valley sign''.<ref name="Valley sign">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=S |title=Valley sign in duchenne muscular dystrophy: importance in patients with inconspicuous calves |journal=Neurology India |date=June 2002 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=184–186 |pmid=12134184 |url=http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2002;volume=50;issue=2;spage=184;epage=6;aulast=Pradhan }}</ref> The sign was evident in patients with little calf muscle enlargement and visibly positive in DMD cases with 90% sensitivity. The sign was later renamed as ''Pradhan Sign'', on recommendation from the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref name="CSIR" /><ref name="TOI"/>

'''Poly hill sign''': ''Poly Hill Sign'',<ref name="Poly Hill sign">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |title=Poly-Hill sign in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy |journal=Muscle & Nerve |date=May 2002 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=754–755 |doi=10.1002/mus.10108 |pmid=11994973 |s2cid=45754265 }}</ref> the second of the signs Pradhan discovered related to [[facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy]](FSHD).<ref name="TOI"/> Pradhan noticed that the shoulder abduction of a patient with external rotation resulted in the formation of six bulges on the back of the shoulders and arms and named it ''poly hill'' due to the bulges.<ref name="CSIR"/> He has also reported of an extra hill in one of the cases he attended to.<ref name="Extra hill">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |title=An extra hill in a poly-hill sign in a patient with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy |journal=Neurology India |date=2007 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=436–437 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.37109 |pmid=18040140 |s2cid=32263219 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Shank sign''': The third sign, ''Shank Sign,''<ref name=pmid17092719>{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |title=Shank sign in myotonic dystrophy type-1 (DM-1) |journal=Journal of Clinical Neuroscience |date=January 2007 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=27–32 |doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2005.10.009 |pmid=17092719 |s2cid=21870075 }}</ref> is related to [[myotonic dystrophy]] type 1 (DM-1). When patients suffering from the disease abduct their arms to 90 degrees, a tapering of the upper arm musculature is observed when examined from behind, due to wasting of the biceps, triceps and forearm muscles. This gives a visual resemblance of the shanks of an animal. This sign had an occurrence on 78% of the patients examined by Dr. Pradhan.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name=pmid17092719/>

'''Calf-head sign''': [[Distal muscular dystrophy|miyoshi myopathy]] patients, when they raise their arms with shoulders abducted and elbows flexed to 90 degrees, returned a visual similar to a calf head trophy, on magnetic resonance imaging.<ref name=pmid17030657>{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |title=Calf-Head Sign in Miyoshi Myopathy |journal=Archives of Neurology |date=1 October 2006 |volume=63 |issue=10 |pages=1414–7 |doi=10.1001/archneur.63.10.1414 |pmid=17030657 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The test returned positive on 10 of the 15 patients examined by Dr. Pradhan.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name=pmid17030657/>

'''Diamond on quadriceps sign''': The sign is related to [[dysferlinopathy]].<ref name="TOI"/> A clinical study of 31 patients revealed that the patients with the disease developed a diamond shaped bulge on the upper half of the anterolateral aspect of thighs when they stand with knees slightly bent, thereby putting pressure on the quadriceps muscles. The bulge did not appear when the patients were sitting or standing. MRI images confirmed focal bulging out of muscles.<ref name="Diamond on quadriceps">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |title=Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of 'diamond on quadriceps' sign in dysferlinopathy |journal=Neurology India |date=2009 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=172–5 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.51287 |pmid=19439848 |s2cid=10645075 |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=ni09048 |doi-access=free |hdl=1807/56294 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The occurrence is observed on 66% of the patients.

===Electrophysiological techniques===
Pradhan is credited with two new techniques related to electrophysiology.<ref name="CSIR"/>

The first technique is related to the non-invasive study of intercostal nerves.<ref name="Intercostal nerve conduction study in man">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=S |last2=Taly |first2=A |title=Intercostal nerve conduction study in man |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |date=1 June 1989 |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=763–766 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.52.6.763 |pmid=2526200 |pmc=1032029 }}</ref> The technique is reported to have been included in a text book published from the US, calling it as ''Pradhan Method''.<ref name="CSIR"/> The technique advises surface stimulation of the intercostal skin while using specific sites of the [[rectus abdominis]] muscle for surface recording. This helps in early detection of the symptoms in patients with [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]. It is also used in the diagnosis of diabetic thoraco abdominal [[neuropathy]].<ref name="CSIR"/>

The second technique involves stimulating the intercostal nerves to study the ''somatosensory evoked potentials'', for localizing the non compressive spinal cord lesions.<ref name="Peripheral and segmental spinal abnormalities of median and ulnar somatosensory evoked potentials in Hirayama's disease">{{cite journal |last1=Polo |first1=A |last2=Curro' Dossi |first2=M |last3=Fiaschi |first3=A |last4=Zanette |first4=GP |last5=Rizzuto |first5=N |title=Peripheral and segmental spinal abnormalities of median and ulnar somatosensory evoked potentials in Hirayama's disease |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |date=1 May 2003 |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=627–632 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.74.5.627 |pmid=12700306 |pmc=1738443 }}</ref>

Pradhan was successful in elucidating the mechanisms of neurophysiological F‑response generation in healthy and diseased bodies and discovered a phenomenon, F-response multiplicity, a symptom of the lower motor neuron disorder. Pradhan asserted, by way of his findings, loss of early components and scattering of late components are responsible for the different F-response parameters in the lower neuron disorders.<ref name="CSIR"/> He has also demonstrated standardized variables of contraction enhanced H‑reflex called R‑1 response and its utility in nerve root lesions where H-reflex is not electable. This was ratified by many researchers.<ref name="CSIR"/>

===Research on Japanese Encephalitis===
Pradhan found out that the Japanese‑B encephalitis (JE) sometimes produced selective lesions on the substrata nigra and this observation has assisted in eliciting a clue in explaining the early onset of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="Parkinsonism due to predominant involvement of substantia nigra in Japanese encephalitis">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=S. |last2=Pandey |first2=N. |last3=Shashank |first3=S. |last4=Gupta |first4=R. K. |last5=Mathur |first5=A. |title=Parkinsonism due to predominant involvement of substantia nigra in Japanese encephalitis |journal=Neurology |date=1 November 1999 |volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1781–6 |doi=10.1212/wnl.53.8.1781 |pmid=10563628 |s2cid=25764800 }}</ref> This was ratified by Japanese scientists with the help of an animal model of the disease using rats.<ref name="CSIR" /> His findings led to a new clinical entity called ''Parainfectious conus myelitis'', thus drawing an explanation for the unexplained urinary symptoms in young patients. He is credited with the discovery of the role of [[immunoglobin]]s in acute disseminated [[encephalomyelitis]], a finding confirmed by many other researchers.<ref name="CSIR"/>

===Research on Epilepsy===
Pradhan has done extensive research on epilepsy.<ref name="Perilesional gliosis and seizure outcome: a study based on magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging in patients with neurocysticercosis.">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |last2=Kathuria |first2=Manoj K. |last3=Gupta |first3=Rakesh K. |title=Perilesional gliosis and seizure outcome: A study based on magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging in patients with neurocysticercosis |journal=Annals of Neurology |date=2000 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=181–187 |doi=10.1002/1531-8249(200008)48:2<181::aid-ana7>3.0.co;2-c |pmid=10939568 |s2cid=24449302 }}</ref> His studies revealed that patients are likely to suffer from chronic [[epileptogenesis]] with poor seizure outcome if [[gliosis]] is present around their lesions. He averred that the patients with [[neurocysticercosis]] are prone to developing perilesional gliosis, may develop drug resistance during anti‑epileptic drug (AED) therapy and may suffer seizures if the drug is stopped. He has also explained ''tickling seizures''<ref name="Tickling Seizures">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=S |last2=Kalita |first2=J |title=Tickling seizures |journal=Neurology India |date=January 1996 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=27–29 |pmid=29542652 |url=https://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=1996;volume=44;issue=1;spage=27;epage=29;aulast=Pradhan;type=0 }}</ref> and ''micturition induced reflex epilepsy'',<ref name="Reflex epilepsy"/> both reported to be first time findings.<ref name="CSIR"/>

===Research on Hirayama type Monomelic Amyotrophy===
Pradhan has done research on Hirayama type [[monomelic amyotrophy]],<ref name="Hirayama type Monomelic Amyotrophy">{{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Km |last2=Jha |first2=Atul |last3=Sahni |first3=Hirdesh |title=Clinical and radiological profile of Hirayama disease: A flexion myelopathy due to tight cervical dural canal amenable to collar therapy |journal=Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology |date=2012 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=106–12 |doi=10.4103/0972-2327.94993 |pmid=22566723 |pmc=3345586 |doi-access=free }}</ref> a disease described by Dr. Hirayama in 1959.<ref name="Hirayama">{{cite journal |last1=Neves |first1=Marco Antonio Orsini |last2=Freitas |first2=Marcos R.G. de |last3=Mello |first3=Mariana Pimentel de |last4=Dumard |first4=Carlos Henrique |last5=Freitas |first5=Gabriel R. de |last6=Nascimento |first6=Osvaldo J.M. |title=Benign monomelic amyotrophy with proximal upper limb involvement: case report |journal=Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria |date=June 2007 |volume=65 |issue=2b |pages=524–527 |doi=10.1590/s0004-282x2007000300032 |pmid=17665029 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1977, he published a report explaining the features of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging.<ref name="CSIR"/> Since the diagnosis of the disease remains primarily clinical, it has been reported that Dr. Pradhan's findings provide the only objective diagnostic method. In 2003, Dr. Hirayama published a study that supported and confirmed these findings.<ref name="CSIR"/>

===Other studies===
Pradhan is also credited with other findings such as:
* If the process is of long duration, patients may develop central [[pontine myelinolysis]], irrespective of whether the correction of hyponatremia is kept slow.<ref name="CSIR"/><ref name="Central pontine myelinolysis following 'slow' correction of hyponatremia">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |last2=Jha |first2=Ratan |last3=Singh |first3=Madhurendra N. |last4=Gupta |first4=Sandeep |last5=Phadke |first5=Rajendra V. |last6=Kher |first6=Vijay |title=Central pontine myelinolysis following 'slow' correction of hyponatremia |journal=Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery |date=November 1995 |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=340–343 |doi=10.1016/0303-8467(95)00060-w |pmid=8599905 |s2cid=12090766 }}</ref>
* Explanation of the sheathing of the retinal vessels in [[Tuberous Sclerosis]].<ref name="CSIR"/><ref name="Sheathing of retinal vessels">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |title=Focal Sheathing of Retinal Arteries in Tuberous Sclerosis |journal=Pediatric Neurosurgery |date=1991 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=279–280 |doi=10.1159/000120610 |pmid=1822694 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Description of MRI and other features of acute [[endosulphan]] poisoning and its similarities with the MRI features of [[Huntington's disease]] and suggested neurotoxic mechanism by blocking mitochondrial energy metabolism.<ref name="CSIR"/><ref name="Endosulphan poisoning">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |last2=Pandey |first2=Nirmal |last3=Phadke |first3=Rajendra V. |last4=Kaur |first4=Apjeet |last5=Sharma |first5=Kumudini |last6=Gupta |first6=Rakesh K. |title=Selective involvement of basal ganglia and occipital cortex in a patient with acute endosulfan poisoning |journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences |date=April 1997 |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=209–213 |doi=10.1016/s0022-510x(96)05345-2 |pmid=9106131 |s2cid=28905740 }}</ref>
* Description of a new method for extracting lipid from muscle tissues for NMR studies.<ref name="Lipd extraction">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar Srivastava |first1=Niraj |last2=Pradhan |first2=Sunil |last3=Mittal |first3=Balraj |last4=Kumar |first4=Raj |last5=Nagana Gowda |first5=G. A. |title=An Improved, Single Step Standardized Method of Lipid Extraction from Human Skeletal Muscle Tissue |journal=Analytical Letters |date=January 2006 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=297–315 |doi=10.1080/00032710500477001 |s2cid=95137864 }}</ref>
* Description of micturition induced reflex epilepsy.<ref name="Reflex epilepsy">{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=S |last2=Kalita |first2=J |last3=Jayantee |first3=K |title=Micturition induced reflex epilepsy |journal=Neurology India |date=October 1993 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=221–223 |pmid=29542670 |url=http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=1993;volume=41;issue=4;spage=221;epage=223;aulast=Pradhan;type=0 }}</ref>
* Classification of acute transverse myelitis.<ref name="Acute transverse myelitis">{{cite journal |last1=Kalita |first1=J |last2=Shah |first2=S |last3=Kapoor |first3=R |last4=Misra |first4=UK |title=Bladder dysfunction in acute transverse myelitis: magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological and urodynamic correlations |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |date=1 August 2002 |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=154–159 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.73.2.154 |pmid=12122174 |pmc=1737981 }}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
The [[Government of India]], in 2014, honoured Dr. Sunil Pradhan, by awarding him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma"/> He has received many other awards such as:
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] - [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] - Government of India - 2002<ref name="CSIR"/><ref name="Controversy"/><ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] - [[Medical Council of India]] - 2003
* Uttar Pradesh Vigyan Ratna - Council of Science and Technology - [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] - 2003-04<ref name="Controversy"/><ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* Dr. H. B. Dingley Memorial Award - [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] - 1994 and 1996<ref name="CSIR"/><ref name="Controversy"/><ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* Shakuntala Amirchand Memorial Award - [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] - 1999<ref name="Controversy"/><ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* Rajib Goyal Award - [[Kurukshetra University]] - Haryana - 2003<ref name="Vidhwan"/><ref name="Tribune">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040205/haryana.htm#4|title=Tribune|publisher=Tribune India|date=4 February 2003|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>
* Amrut Modi Unichem Award - [[Indian Council for Medical Research]] (ICMR) - 2007<ref name="TOI"/>
* Maj Gen. [[Amir Chand]] Award - [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]] - 1998<ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* Dr. S. T. Achar Award - [[Indian Academy of Pediatrics]] - 1995<ref name="CSIR"/><ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* Dr. S. T Achar Award - [[Indian Academy of Pediatrics]] - 1996<ref name="CSIR"/><ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* Best Poster Paper Award - Indian Academy of Neurology - 1993<ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* Best Paper Award - Indian College of Radiology - 1999<ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* Vocational Excellence Prize - [[Rotary International]] - 2002<ref name="Vidhwan"/>
* Elected fellowship - [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] (2006)<ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows - NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>

==Sunil pardhan_007==

Pradhan has published several research papers in peer-reviewed journals, both national and international in circulation.<ref name=" U.S. National Library of Medicine">{{PubMedAuthorSearch|Pradhan|S}}</ref> A random selection of his articles features:

* {{cite journal |last1=Levac |first1=Danielle |last2=Espy |first2=Deborah |last3=Fox |first3=Emily |last4=Pradhan |first4=Sujata |last5=Deutsch |first5=Judith E. |title='Kinect-ing' With Clinicians: A Knowledge Translation Resource to Support Decision Making About Video Game Use in Rehabilitation |journal=Physical Therapy |date=1 March 2015 |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=426–440 |doi=10.2522/ptj.20130618 |pmid=25256741 |pmc=4348717 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Snoussi |first1=Karim |last2=Gillen |first2=Joseph S. |last3=Horska |first3=Alena |last4=Puts |first4=Nicolaas A. J. |last5=Pradhan |first5=Subechhya |last6=Edden |first6=Richard A. E. |last7=Barker |first7=Peter B. |title=Comparison of brain gray and white matter macromolecule resonances at 3 and 7 tesla: MRS of Brain Macromolecules at 3T and 7T |journal=Magnetic Resonance in Medicine |date=September 2015 |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=607–613 |doi=10.1002/mrm.25468 |pmid=25252131 |pmc=4369478 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil |last2=Kumar |first2=Ajit |title=Lower motor neuron paralysis with extensive cord atrophy in parainfectious acute transverse myelitis |journal=Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology |date=2014 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=347–8 |doi=10.4103/0972-2327.138525 |pmid=25221410 |pmc=4162027 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sunil K. |last2=Kamble |first2=Nitin M. |last3=Pillai |first3=Aravind S. |last4=Gaikwad |first4=Satish S. |last5=Khulape |first5=Sagar A. |last6=Reddy |first6=M.R. |last7=Mohan |first7=C. Madhan |last8=Kataria |first8=Jag Mohan |last9=Dey |first9=Sohini |title=Recombinant nucleocapsid protein based single serum dilution ELISA for the detection of antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus in poultry |journal=Journal of Virological Methods |date=December 2014 |volume=209 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.015 |pmid=25173423 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=S |title=Valley sign in Becker muscular dystrophy and outliers of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy |journal=Neurology India |date=June 2004 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=203–5 |pmid=15269471 |url=http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2004;volume=52;issue=2;spage=203;epage=205;aulast=Pradhan }}

The National Center for Biotechnology Information of the [[United States National Library of Medicine]] has published the abstracts of over 750 papers published by Dr. Pradhan.<ref name="U.S. National Library of Medicine"/> ''Nanojamians'', a blog providing information on technological advancement in neuro sciences, has also listed many of his papers.

==Controversy==
{{quotebox|align = right|width=21em|''It was around 12 noon on Monday when the judge came to the OPD and asked to be seen by me. As is the normal procedure, I requested that the case should first go to a resident doctor for preparation of a medical case sheet. But he insisted to be seen by me only. He carried no medical file with him. Also, no doctor had referred him to me. Anyway, I called him in. As I was busy seeing a patient, I could only offer a chair to the lady accompanying the judge. I did not have more chairs to offer to the judge. He, however, left,'' Dr. Pradhan said about the incident.<ref name="Controversy"/>}}

On 9 October 2006, Dr. Pradhan received a [[court summons]] from the Lucknow bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]], on charges of contempt of court for allegedly ignoring a sitting judge of Allahabad High Court, to present himself before the judge the next day. Dr. Pradhan appeared before the judge at his chamber, along with the Advocate General and the Additional Advocate General of Uttar Pradesh and was asked to tender a written apology, which included an assurance not to repeat the mistake in future. He duly did so and was released without a sentence. Reports about the incident appeared in the media, and drew comments from the public and the law circles. The comments of the judge, however, was not reported.<ref name="Controversy"/>

Later, acting on the news report, the Governor of Uttar Pradesh, [[T. V. Rajeswar]], ordered an enquiry into the incident. The Principal Secretary to the Governor contacted [[Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] and asked for a report from the management of the institute. Dr. Pradhan's statement was recorded and a report was submitted to the Governor. The details about the action taken are not known.<ref name="Highbeam Research">{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1144455811.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323095425/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1144455811.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2015|title=Highbeam Research|publisher=Highbeam Research|date=11 October 2006|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>

{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|title = NANOJAMIANS: A PROUD OF NEUROLOGY|url = http://nanojamians.blogspot.in/2009/02/proud-of-neurology.html|website = nanojamians.blogspot.in|access-date = 2015-07-27|date = 22 February 2009}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Sunil}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian neurologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:King George's Medical University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]

IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role

2025-12-25T12:37:30Z

IrmaBracy4216: improve details further and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Varun_Dhawan_promoting_Badrinath_Ki_Dulhania.jpg | thumb | right | alt=Varun Dhawan promoting Badrinath Ki Dulhania
| Varun Dhawan]]
The '''IIFA Best Comedian Award''' is chosen via a worldwide poll and the winner is announced at the ceremony.

== Multiple wins ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Wins
!Recipient
|-
|2
|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Varun Dhawan]]
|}

== Awards ==
The winners are listed below:

{| cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3" border="3"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Winner ||Character Name|| Film
|-
| 2000 || [[Anil Kapoor]] ||Lakhan Singh Khurana || ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2001 || [[Paresh Rawal]] ||Baburao Ganpatrao Apte (Babu Bhaiya)|| ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]''
|-
| 2002 || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] ||Veer Sahay (Veeru)|| ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No. 1]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2003 || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] ||Raja "Bali" Yadav|| ''[[Kaante]]''
|-
| 2004 || [[Boman Irani]] ||Dr. JC Asthana|| ''[[Munnabhai M.B.B.S.]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2005 || [[Akshay Kumar]] ||Arun Khanna/Sunny|| ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
|-
| 2006 || [[Jaaved Jaffrey]] ||Jaggu Yadav aka Crocodile Dundee|| ''[[Salaam Namaste]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2007 || [[Tusshar Kapoor]] ||Lucky|| ''[[Golmaal (2006 film)|Golmaal]]''
|-
| 2008 || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] ||Bhaskar Diwakar Chaudhary|| ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2009 || [[Abhishek Bachchan]] ||Sameer "Sam" Acharya|| ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''
|-
| 2010 || [[Sanjay Dutt]] ||Dharam Kapoor|| ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2011 || rowspan="2" | [[Riteish Deshmukh]] ||Babu Rao "Bob"|| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
|-
| 2012 ||Deshbandhu Lallan Roy/Lee/Tukya/Heera Bhai|| ''[[Double Dhamaal]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2013 || [[Abhishek Bachchan]] ||Abbas Ali/Abhishek Bachchan|| ''[[Bol Bachchan]]''
|-
| 2014 || [[Arshad Warsi]] ||Advocate Jagdish Tyagi a.k.a. Jolly|| ''[[Jolly LLB]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2015 || [[Varun Dhawan]] ||Sreenath Prasad aka "Seenu"|| ''[[Main Tera Hero]]''
|-
| 2016 || [[Deepak Dobriyal]] ||Pappi Kutti|| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
|-
| 2017 || [[Varun Dhawan]] ||Junaid "J" Ansari|| ''[[Dishoom]]''
|}

== See also ==
* [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090822183347/http://www.iifa.com/web07/cntnt/iifa.htm Official site]
{{IIFA Awards}}

[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Punjabi

2025-12-11T06:51:19Z

IrmaBracy4216: started new pg

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in"/>

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title=..:: Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation ::..|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-08-01}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable|References
|-
| 1989 || Rattan Singh Jaggi || Tulasi Ramayan || [[Ramcharitmanas]]|| Awadhi || Epic || [[Tulsidas]]||
|-
| 1990 || Amar Bharati || Ikki Kahaniyan || Collection || Bengali || Short stories || [[Rabindra|Rabindranath Tagore]]||
|-
| 1991 || Govind Nath Rajguru || ''Natya Shastra''|| [[Natya Shastra]]|| Sanskrit || Text || [[Bharata Muni]]||
|-
| 1992 || Nav Rattan Kapur || Rasa Siddhant || Rosa Siddhant || Hindi || treatise on Poetics || Nagendra ||
|-
| 1993 || Nav Rattan Kapur || ''Jawaharlal Nehru''|| ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography''|| English || Biography || [[Sarvepalli Gopal|S Gopal]]||
|-
| 1994 || Pritam Singh || Haddian Te Phul || Kahani Sanchayan || Urdu || Short Stories || [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]||
|-
| 1995 || Gursharan Kaur Jaggi ||Premchand: Kalam Da Sipahi || Premchand: Kalam Ka Sipahi || Hindi || Biography || [[Amrit Rai]]||
|-
| 1996 || Surjit Sarna || Muktibodh || Muktibodh || Hindi || Novel || [[Jainendra Kumar]]||
|-
| 1997 || Karanjit Singh || Bhalak Dian Hoian Beatian || Collection || English || Science fiction || Various authors ||
|-
| 1998 || Loveleen Jolly || Durg da Patan || [[Durgaastamana]]|| Kannada || Novel || [[T.R. Subba Rao]]||
|-
| 1999 || Baldev Singh Badan || Ranbhoomi || Ranangan || Marathi || Novel || [[Vishram Bedekar]]||
|-
| 2000 || Devinder || Patjhar Di Awaz || Patjhar Di Awaz || Urdu || Short stories || [[Qurratulain Hyder]]||
|-
| 2001 || Swarn Singh || Agarkar Lekh Sangrah || Agarkar Lekh Sangrah || Marathi || Prose || [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]]||
|-
| 2002 || Gulwant ‘Farigh’ || Ardhnarishwar || [[Ardhanarishwar|Ardhnarishwar]] || Hindi || Novel || [[Vishnu Prabhakar]]||
|-
| 2003 || Iqbal Deep || Gian Singh Shatir || Gian Singh Shatir || Urdu || Novel || Gian Singh Shatir ||
|-
| 2004 || Jagbir Singh || Sanrachnavad, Uttar Saranchnavad || Sakhtiyat, Pas-Sakhtiyat Aur Mashriqi Sheriyat Ate Poorvi Kav Shastar || Urdu || Literary Criticism || [[Gopi Chand Narang]]||
|-
| 2005 || Piara Singh || Sikh History || A History of the Sikhs (Vol. I & II) || English || History || [[Khushwant Singh]]||
|-
| 2006 || Kirpal Singh Kasel || Gur-Sabad Vismad-Bodh || Book of Ten Masters || English || Poetry & Prose || Puran Singh ||
|-
| 2007 || Dalbir Singh || Damu Acchut Te Usdi Aulaad Da Jivannama || Aamcha Baap Aan Amhi || Marathi || Memoir || [[Narendra Jadhav]]||
|-
| 2008 || Vanita || Peele Patte Da Supna || Collection || Malayalam || Poetry || [[K. Satchidanandan]]||
|-
| 2009 || Shah Chaman || Karbala || Karbaia || Hindi || Novel || [[Premchand]]||
|-
| 2010 || Prem Gorkhi || Kissa Gulam || Kissa Gulam || Hindi || Novel || [[Ramesh Chandra Shah]]||
|-
| 2011 || [[Gurbax Singh Frank]] || Bhart Nikky Kahani || [[Umrao Jaan Ada]]|| Various Languages || Anthology of Short Stories || Ed. by E.V. Ramakrishnan|| <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120216/punjab.htm#13 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || Satish Kumar Verma || Rangmanch Da Kohinoor : Prithiviraj Kapoor || Theatre Ke Sirtaj- Prithviraj || Hindi || Biography || Yog Raj ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Balbir Madhopuri]]|| Rajkamal Chaudhary Dian Chonvian Kahaniyan || Rajkamal Choudhary Ki Chuninda Kahaniyan || Hindi || Short stories || [[Rajkamal Choudhary]]|| <ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013- News Letter|date= 22 August 2014|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Tarsem || Man Da Mannukh || Moner Manush|| Bengali || Novel || [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]|| <ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2014- News Letter|date= 4 September 2015|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Balbir Parwana || Manoj Das Dian Kahaniyan || Manoj Dasanka Galpa || Odia || Short stories || [[Manoj Das]]|| <ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2015.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2015|date= 15 February 2016|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Amarjeet Kaunke || Aurat Mere Andar || Istri Mere Bhitar || Hindi || Poetry || [[Pawan Karan]]|| <ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2016.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2016|date= 20 April 2017|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || Jinder || Ramdarash Mishra Dian Chonvian Kahanian || Ramdarash Mishra : Sankalit Kahaniyan|| Hindi || Short stories || [[Ramdarash Mishra]]|| <ref name=":10">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2017.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2017|date= 21 December 2017|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || K. L. Garg || Gopal Parsad Vyas Da Chonvan Haas Viang || Gopal Parsad Vyas Kee Chonvian Hasya Vyang || Hindi || Satire || [[Gopal Prasad Vyas]]|| <ref name=":11">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |title=AKADEMI TRANSLATION PRIZES (1989-2018) |website=Sahitya Akademi |accessdate=20 November 2019|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || [[Prem Parkash]]|| Desh Vand De Lahoo De Rang || Desh Vand De Lahoo De Rang || Urdu || Short stories || [[Saadat Hasan Manto]]|| <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Mohinder Bedi || Ravi Virsa || Ravi Virsa || Hindi || Novel || [[Asghar Wajahat]]|| <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Bhajanbir Singh|| Pratinidhi Kahaniyan || Pratinidhi Kahaniya|| Hindi || Short stories || [[Uday Prakash]]|| <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Bhupinder Kaur 'Preet' || Nagaare Wang Vajde Shabad || Nagde Ki Tarah Bajde Shabad || Hindi || Poetry || Nirmala Putul || <ref name=":6A">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Jagdish Rai Kulrian || Gulara Begum || Gulara Begum || Hindi || Novel || Sharad Pagare ||<ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Chandan Negi || ''Tere Laee'' || ''Tumhare Liye'' || Hindi || Novel || Himanshu Joshi || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi]]

==References==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI Akademi Translation Prizes For Punjabi Language]

{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Punjabi]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

Muhammad Ibrahim Siddiqui

2025-11-27T17:21:43Z

IrmaBracy4216:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Muhammad Ibrahim Khushtar Siddiqui
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Muhammad Ibrahim Siddiqui
| birth_date = {{birth date|1930|3|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
Hijri Date: 5th Jumada al-Ukhra 1423
Gregorian Date: August 14, 2002

| death_place = [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]]
| body_discovered =
| death_cause =
| resting_place = Vallee Pitot, [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]]
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| residence =
| language = [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[Arabic]], [[Farsi]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| employer =
| notableworks = Foundation of Sunni Razvi Society
| occupation = Missionary, writer, poet, Islamic teacher, [[imam]]
| years_active =
| home_town =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relations =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Sufism}}

'''Muhammad Ibrahim Khushtar Razvi Siddiqui''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد ابراہیم صدیقی}}}}; 8 March 1930 – 9 June 2002) was an Indian sufi saint and Islamic scholar belonging to the [[Barelvi movement]] of [[Sunni Islam]]. He was particularly influential in Mauritius, where he founded the Sunni Razvi Society.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ValYAAAAMAAJ |title=Moors' Islamic Cultural Home Souvenir III, 1970-1976 |date=1978 |publisher=The Home |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Siddiqui was born in [[24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]].

== Education, career and Sufi permissions==
Siddiqui memorized the Quran by the age of 13 and graduated in Fazil-e-Darsi Nizami in 1956. He undertook his first Hajj with his teacher and guide, Muhaddith e Azam Pakistan Sardar Ahmad Chishti. He received successorship and teaching licences in 1957 from Shah Muhammad Ibrahim Raza Khan Jilani Mian in 1376 (1957) and was appointed as faculty at the Darul Uloom Rehmania and Jama Masjid Gukarkhan, as principal and Khateeb (lecturer).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dedication |url=http://sunnirazvi.net/society/dedication.htm |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=sunnirazvi.net |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212134943/http://sunnirazvi.net/society/dedication.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

He also received teaching licenses from Sufi master Ejaaz Wali Khan Razvi from [[Mustafa Raza Khan]] Qadiri Razvi Nuri, Ziauddeen Qadiri Razvi and from Sufi master Taqaddus Ali Khan (son-in-law of Hujjatul Islam).<ref name=":0" />

==Service in Mauritius==
In 1965, Siddiqui established the [[Sunni Razvi Society|Sunni Razvi Society International]] in Mauritius, formed on the directions of [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]]. The organisation spread to France, Holland, Kenya, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka, Suriname and South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://risingsunlenasia.co.za/54128/fundraiser-saaberie-chisty-hall-supported/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417012313/https://risingsunlenasia.co.za/54128/fundraiser-saaberie-chisty-hall-supported/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2020|title=Fundraiser at Saaberie Chisty Hall supported | Rising Sun Lenasia|date=17 April 2020}}</ref>
During his 1970 visit to Durban, South Africa, he gave lectures on the importance and significance of loving the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and debated with Tablighi Jamaat members.<ref name="Ingram2018">{{cite book|author=Brannon D. Ingram|title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuVvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=21 November 2018|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-29799-9|pages=174–|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-date=10 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210170453/https://books.google.com/books?id=CuVvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Siddiqui has composed and sung in praise of Mauritius, especially when it gained independence and its status as a republic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's who of Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_nSAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Ken Donaldson (Pty.) Limited}}</ref>

His friends included the Governor-general, [[Leonard Williams (politician)|Leonard Williams]] and Sir [[Raman Osman]], former Prime Minister of Mauritius [[Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]], [[Anerood Jugnauth]], A. Pasooraman (Minister Of Education, Arts and Culture).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://president.govmu.org/English/Pages/Speeches-2009-X.aspx|title=Office of the President - Speeches 2009|website=president.govmu.org|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144515/http://president.govmu.org/English/Pages/Speeches-2009-X.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

He began organizing continuous weekly Thursday study circles at the Jummah Mosque. On 20 February 1983, Siddiqui laid the foundation stone on a large piece of land which had been donated by a disciple. The first weekly study circle occurred on 14 April 1983 under his patronage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/mysticalteachings.pdf|title=Mystical teachings|website=bahaistudies.net|access-date=24 August 2023|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419023233/http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/mysticalteachings.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Works==
His works include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raza-e-khushtar.org/publications/|title=Raza-e-Khushtar|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610151543/https://raza-e-khushtar.org/publications/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/211452638/The-Path-of-Salvation|title=The Path of Salvation | Salat | Religious Belief And Doctrine | Free 30-day Trial|website=Scribd|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-date=10 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210170620/https://www.scribd.com/document/211452638/The-Path-of-Salvation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnirazvi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Khushboo-e-Khushtar.pdf|title=Khushboo-e-Khushta|language=fa|website=sunnirazvi.com|access-date=24 August 2023|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712213752/http://sunnirazvi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Khushboo-e-Khushtar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raza-e-Khushtar Foundation |url=https://raza-e-khushtar.org/articles/khushtari-teachings/mystical-teachings/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610151342/https://raza-e-khushtar.org/articles/khushtari-teachings/mystical-teachings/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Path of Salvation''
* ''Maqaam-e-Siddiq-e-Akbar Ba Kalaam-e-Ibrahim Khushtar''- a biography of [[Abu Bakr]].
* ''On the Holiest Earth of Islam'' - Guidance for Hajj and Umrah.
* ''Fragrance of Khushtar'' - Islamic poetry book
* ''Preparations for Death''
* ''Mystical teachings''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External sources ==
* [http://www.sunnirazvi.com Official website of the Sunni Razvi Society]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddiqui, Muhammad Ibrahim}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian imams]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Mauritian Muslims]]
[[Category:Mauritian Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Students of Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]]

Rangiya–Dibrugarh Express

2025-11-11T17:36:00Z

IrmaBracy4216: Put up data!

{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rangiya–Dibrugarh Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|10|09}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}} (RNY)
| stops = 28
| end = {{stnlnk|Dibrugarh}} (DBRG)
| distance = {{convert|604|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14h
| frequency = Three days {{efn|Runs three days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = Second Sitting, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15967/15968
| speed = {{convert|40|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Dibrugarh - Rangiya) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Rangiya–Dibrugarh Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Dibrugarh}} in India. It is currently being operated with 15967/15968 train numbers on a six days in a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=sep1615/city055 Train service extended for festive season]</ref><ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=sep3015/city057 New train timings to make space for freight]</ref><ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov2513/city05 Special trains to cater to winter vacationers]</ref>

== Service==

The 15967/Rangiya–Dibrugarh Express has an average speed of 40 km/h and covers 604 km in 15h. The 15968/Dibrugarh–Rangiya Express has an average speed of 41 km/h and covers 604 km in 14h 45m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Guwahati}}
* {{stnlnk|Chaparmukh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hojai}}
* {{stnlnk|Lanka}}
* {{stnlnk|Lumding Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Diphu}}
* {{stnlnk|Dimapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Furkating Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Titabar}}
* {{stnlnk|Mariani Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Amguri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Simaluguri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Namrup}}
* {{stnlnk|Naharkatiya}}
* {{stnlnk|Duliajan}}
* {{stnlnk|New Tinsukia Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dibrugarh}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 16 coaches:

* 2 Second Sitting
* 12 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake(SLR)

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Guwahati|Guwahati Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-2]] diesel locomotive from Rangiya to Dibrugarh and vice versa.

== See also ==

The train shares its rake with 15927/15928 [[Rangiya–New Tinsukia Express]].

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Rangiya Junction railway station]]
* [[Dibrugarh railway station]]
* [[Rangiya–New Tinsukia Express]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/7979 15967/Rangiya - Dibrugarh Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/5897 15968/Dibrugarh - Rangiya Express]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangiya-Dibrugarh Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Rangiya]]
[[Category:Transport in Dibrugarh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}