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William Jones (philologist)

2026-05-07T14:16:09Z

IrisClow72785038: Made Entry

{{Short description|British scholar and judge (1746–1794)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = William Jones
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|FRS|FRAS|FRSE|country=GBR|size=100%}}
| image = Portrait of Sir William Jones (4671559) (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 220
| caption = A steel engraving of Sir William Jones, after a painting by Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]]
| office = Puisne judge of the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]] in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
| term_start = 22 October 1783<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sirrobertchamber0000curl|url-access=registration|title=Sir Robert Chambers: Law, Literature, & Empire in the Age of Johnson|first=Thomas M.|last=Curley|date=1998|page=[https://archive.org/details/sirrobertchamber0000curl/page/353 353]|isbn=0299151506|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref>
| term_end = 27 April 1794{{sfn|Curley|1998|page=434}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1746|10|9}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.129699/page/923/mode/2up |title=The Letters of Sir William Jones |date=1970 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Westminster]], [[London]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1794|4|27|1746|9|28}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| resting_place = [[South Park Street Cemetery]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Anna Maria Shipley|1783}}
| father = [[William Jones (mathematician)|William Jones]]
}}

'''Sir William Jones''' (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was a Welsh [[philologist]], scholar and judge. Born in [[Westminster]], [[London]] to Welsh mathematician [[William Jones (mathematician)|William Jones]], he moved to the [[Bengal Presidency]] where Jones served as a [[puisne judge]] on the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]] and also became a scholar of [[History of India#Iron Age (c. 1800 – 200 BCE)|ancient Indian history]]. He is known for being one of the earliest scholars to assert the kinship of the [[Indo-European languages]], albeit not the first. Jones also founded [[the Asiatic Society]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1784.

== Early life ==
William Jones was born in London; his father [[William Jones (mathematician)|William Jones]] (1675–1749) was a mathematician from [[Anglesey]] in Wales, noted for introducing the mathematical use of the symbol [[pi|π]]. The young William Jones was a [[multilingualism|linguistic prodigy]], who in addition to his native languages English and Welsh,{{sfn|Anthony|2010|p=7}} learned [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Latin]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and the basics of Chinese writing at an early age.{{sfn|Said|1978|p=77}} By the end of his life, he knew eight languages with critical thoroughness.{{sfn|Edgerton|1946|p=230}}

Jones's father died when he was aged three, and his mother Mary Nix Jones raised him. He was sent to [[Harrow School]] in September 1753 and then went on to [[University College, Oxford]]. He graduated there in 1768 and became M.A. in 1773. Financially constrained, he took a position tutoring the seven-year-old [[George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer|Lord Althorp]], son of [[John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer|Earl Spencer]]. For the next six years, he worked as a tutor and translator. During this time he published in 1770 ''Histoire de Nader Chah'' (History of Nader Shah), a French translation of a work originally written in Persian by [[Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi]]. This was done at the request of King [[Christian VII of Denmark]]: he had visited Jones, who by the age of 23 had already acquired a reputation as an [[oriental studies|orientalist]], and in appreciation of his work he was granted membership in the [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shore |first1=John |title=Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Correspondence of Sir William Jones |date=1815 |publisher=Hatchard |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVtVAAAAcAAJ&dq=sir+william+jones&pg=PR19 |language=en}}</ref> This would be the first of his numerous works on [[Persia]], [[Anatolia]], and the Middle East in general.

[[File:W.jones.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tomb of William Jones in [[South Park Street Cemetery]], [[Kolkata]].]]

==Legal studies and politics in England==

In 1770, Jones joined the [[Middle Temple]] and studied law for three years, a preliminary to his life-work in India. He was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] on 30 April 1772.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shore |first1=John |title=Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Correspondence of Sir William Jones |date=1815 |publisher=Hatchard |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVtVAAAAcAAJ&dq=sir+william+jones&pg=PR19 |language=en}}</ref> In 1773, he was elected a member of [[The Club (dining club)|The Club]], of which he became president in 1780.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=L. F. |title=Sir William Jones and The Club |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=February 1946 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=818–822 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00089837|s2cid=162986049 }}</ref> He spent some time as a [[Circuit judge (UK)|circuit judge]] in Wales, and then became involved in politics: he made a fruitless attempt to resolve the [[American Revolution]] in concert with [[Benjamin Franklin]] in Paris,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cannon |first1=Garland |title=Sir William Jones and Anglo-American Relations during the American Revolution |journal=Modern Philology |date=August 1978 |volume=76 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1086/390823 |s2cid=153596466 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/390823 |language=en |issn=0026-8232|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and ran for the post of [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Oxford (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford]] in the general election of 1780, but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cannon |first1=Garland |title=Sir William Jones and Anglo-American Relations during the American Revolution |journal=Modern Philology |date=August 1978 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=36–37 |doi=10.1086/390823 |s2cid=153596466 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/390823 |language=en |issn=0026-8232|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Jones was a radical political thinker, and a friend of American independence. His work, ''The principles of government; in a dialogue between a scholar and a peasant'' (1783), was the subject of a trial for seditious libel (known as the [[Case of the Dean of St Asaph]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Page |first=Anthony |date=2009 |title=The Dean of St Asaph's Trial: Libel and Politics in the 1780s |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2008.00108.x |journal=Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=21–35 |doi=10.1111/j.1754-0208.2008.00108.x |issn=1754-0194|url-access=subscription }}</ref> after it was reprinted by his brother-in-law [[William Davies Shipley]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cannon |first1=Garland |date=August 1978 |title=Sir William Jones and Anglo-American Relations during the American Revolution |journal=Modern Philology |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=43–44|doi=10.1086/390823 |s2cid=153596466 }}</ref>

==Indian tenure==
He was appointed [[puisne judge]] to the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]] in Calcutta, [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], on 4 March 1783, and on 20 March he was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]]. In April 1783 he married Anna Maria Shipley, the eldest daughter of [[Jonathan Shipley]], [[Bishop of Llandaff]] and [[Bishop of St Asaph]]. Anna Maria used her artistic skills to help Jones document life in India. On 25 September 1783, he arrived in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].

In the [[Indian subcontinent|Subcontinent]] he was entranced by [[Indian culture]], an as-yet untouched field in European scholarship, and on 15 January 1784 he founded the [[Asiatic Society]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].{{sfn|Anthony|2010|p=6}} He studied the [[Vedas]] with Rāmalocana, a pandit teaching at the Hindu University of [[Nadia district|Nadiya]], becoming a proficient Sanskritist.{{sfn|Anthony|2010|p=6}} Jones kept up a ten-year correspondence on the topic of ''[[jyotisa]]'' or Hindu astronomy with fellow orientalist [[Samuel Davis (orientalist)|Samuel Davis]].{{sfn|Davis|Aris|1982|p=31}} He learnt the ancient concept of Hindu Laws from Pandits.

Over the next ten years, he produced a flood of works on India, launching the modern study of the subcontinent in virtually every social science. He also wrote on the Hindu and Muslim laws, music, literature, botany, and geography, and made the first English translations of several important works of Indian literature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Solodow |first=Joseph B. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Latin_Alive/Q6UgAwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English and the Romance Languages |date=2010-01-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48471-8 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref>

Sir William Jones sometimes also went by the [[Pen name|nom de plume]] Youns Uksfardi (یونس اوکسفردی, "Jones of Oxford"). This pen name can be seen on the inner front cover of his ''Persian Grammar'' published in 1771 (and in subsequent editions).

Jones's works, especially his translations, with their philological and anthropological appeal, became a major inspiration of a certain orientalist strain discernible in Romantic poetries such as Coleridge's "[[Kubla Khan]]" or Fitzgerald's "[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam]]".<ref name=":0" />

He died in Calcutta on 27 April 1794 at the age of 47 and is buried in [[South Park Street Cemetery]].<ref>''The South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta'', published by the Association for the Preservation of Historical Cemeteries in India, 5th ed., 2009</ref>

==Scholarly contributions==
Jones is known today for his propositions about relationships between the [[Indo-European languages]]. In his ''Third Anniversary Discourse '' to the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]] (1786) he suggested that [[Sanskrit]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]] languages had a common root, and that indeed they might all be further related, in turn, to [[Gothic language|Gothic]] and the [[Celtic languages]], as well as to [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name=Patil>{{cite book|title=The Variegated Plumage: Encounters with Indian Philosophy : a Commemoration Volume in Honour of Pandit Jankinath Kaul "Kamal" |year=2003 |page=249 |author=Patil, Narendranath B. |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C1GWkeyXnQC&pg=PA249|isbn=9788120819535 }}</ref> Although his name is closely associated with this observation, he was not the first to make it. In the 16th century, European visitors to India became aware of similarities between Indian and European languages<ref name="auroux">{{cite book |first=Sylvain |last=Auroux |title=History of the Language Sciences |page=1156 |isbn=3-11-016735-2 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin, New York |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yasNy365EywC&q=3110167352&pg=PA1156}}</ref> and as early as 1653, the Dutch scholar [[Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn]] had published a proposal for a [[proto-language]] ("Scythian") for [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[Romance languages|Romance]], [[Hellenic languages|Greek]], [[Baltic languages|Baltic]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] and [[Indo-Iranian language|Iranian]].<ref name=Blench>Roger Blench, [http://rogerblench.info/Archaeology/World/CH4-BLENCH.pdf Archaeology and Language: methods and issues]. In: ''A Companion To Archaeology''. J. Bintliff ed. 52–74. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2004.</ref> Finally, in a memoir sent to the French Academy of Sciences in 1767 [[Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux]], a French Jesuit who spent all his life in India, had specifically demonstrated the existing analogy between Sanskrit and European languages.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kip|last=Wheeler|title=The Sanskrit Connection: Keeping Up With the Joneses|url=http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/IE_Main4_Sanskrit.html|publisher=Dr.Wheeler's Website|access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref><ref>See:
* Anquetil Duperron (1808) [https://books.google.com/books?id=It67j8ZjoZwC&pg=PA647 "Supplément au Mémoire qui prècéde"] (Supplement to the preceding memoir), ''Mémoires de littérature, tirés des registres de l'Académie royale des inscriptions et belles-lettres'' (Memoirs on literature, drawn from the records of the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belle-lettres), '''49''' : 647-697.
* John J. Godfrey (1967) "Sir William Jones and Père Coeurdoux: A philological footnote," ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', '''87''' (1) : 57-59.</ref> In 1786 Jones postulated a proto-language uniting Sanskrit, Iranian, Greek, Latin, Germanic and Celtic, but in many ways, his work was less accurate than his predecessors, as he erroneously included [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] in the Indo-European languages, while omitting [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref name=Blench/> and [[Slavic languages|Slavic]].{{sfn|Campbell|Poser|2008|p=37}} Jones also suggested that Sanskrit "was introduced [to north India] by conquerors from other kingdoms in some very remote age" displacing "the pure Hindi" of north India.<ref name= Ballantyne>{{cite book|title=Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire|year=2002 |page=27 |author= T. Ballantyne |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]] Publications |doi=10.1057/9780230508071 |isbn=978-0-230-50703-6 |url=https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780333963609#}}</ref>

Nevertheless, Jones's third annual discourse before the Asiatic Society on the history and culture of the Hindus (delivered on 2 February 1786 and published in 1788) with the famed "philologer" passage is often cited as the beginning of [[historical linguistics|comparative linguistics]] and [[Indo-European studies]].<ref name="jones1824discourses">{{Cite book |title=Discourses delivered before the Asiatic Society: and miscellaneous papers, on the religion, poetry, literature, etc., of the nations of India |last=Jones |first=Sir William |publisher=Printed for C. S. Arnold |year=1824 |page=28}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The ''Sanscrit'' language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the ''Greek'', more copious than the ''Latin'', and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists; there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the ''Gothic'' and the ''Celtic'', though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the ''Sanscrit''; and the old ''Persian'' might be added to the same family.}}

This common source came to be known as [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Damen|first=Mark|title=SECTION 7: The Indo-Europeans and Historical Linguistics|url=http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/chapters/07IE.htm|access-date=16 April 2013|year=2012}}</ref>

Jones was the first to propose the concept of an "[[Indo-Aryan migrations|Aryan invasion]]" into the [[Indian subcontinent]], which according to Jones led to a lasting ethnic division in India between descents of indigenous Indians and those of the Aryans. This idea fell into obscurity due to a lack of evidence at the time, but was later taken up by amateur Indologists such as the colonial administrator [[Herbert Hope Risley]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Concept of Race in South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1995 |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Robb |first=Crispin |last=Bates |chapter=Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry |isbn=978-0-19-563767-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNkQgAACAAJ |page=231 |access-date=2 December 2011}}</ref>

Jones also propounded theories that might appear peculiar today but were less so in his time. For example, he believed that Egyptian priests had migrated and settled down in India in prehistoric times. He also posited that the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] were originally Hindus belonging to the [[Kshatriya]] caste.{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=9}}

Jones, in his 1772 ''Essay on the Arts called Imitative'', was one of the first to propound an expressive theory of poetry, valorising expression over description or imitation: "If the arguments, used in this essay, have any weight, it will appear, that the finest parts of poetry, music, and painting, are expressive of the passions...the inferior parts of them are descriptive of natural objects".<ref>Quoted in M H Abrams, ‘'The Mirror and the Lamp'’ (Oxford 1971) p. 88</ref> He thereby anticipated [[Wordsworth]] in grounding poetry on the basis of a Romantic subjectivity.<ref>M Franklin, ‘'Orientalist Jones'’ (2011) p. 86</ref>

Jones was a contributor to [[John Hyde (judge)|Hyde's ''Notebooks'']] during his term on the bench of the Supreme Court of Judicature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Carol Siri |last2=Otis |first2=Andrew |date=2024 |title=Deciphered Shorthand in Justice Hyde's Supreme Court Notebooks, Calcutta, India, 1780–1782 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/928068 |journal=Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History |volume=25 |issue=1 |issn=1532-5768}}</ref> The notebooks are a valuable primary source of information for life in late 18th-century Bengal and are the only [[Recorded history|extant sources]] for the proceedings of the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranganathan |first=Murali |date=23 February 2021 |title=Print History: Three in their thirties - Next-gen print historians {{!}} PrintWeekIndia |url=https://www.printweek.in/features/print-history-three-in-their-thirties-nextgen-print-historians-54262 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=PrintWeek India |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Curley|1998|p=xiv}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otis |first=Andrew |date=2022-09-01 |title=“Guilty of Publishing Only”: Jury Nullification as a Legal Defense in the Eighteenth Century |url=https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01834 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=267–288 |doi=10.1162/jinh_a_01834 |issn=0022-1953}}</ref>

==Legal contributions==
After reaching Calcutta, Jones was unhappy with the appointed pandits of the court, who were tasked with interpreting the laws of Hinduism and contributing to judgements. After a number of cases in which different pandits came up with different rulings, Jones determined to thoroughly learn Sanskrit so that he could independently interpret the original sources.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rocher |first1=Rosanne |editor1-last=Cannon |editor1-first=Garland |editor2-last=Brine |editor2-first=Kevin |title=Objects of Enquiry: The Life, Contributions, and Influences of Sir William Jones, 1746-1794 |date=October 1995 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1517-8 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvMJ7draBvkC&dq=sir+william+jones&pg=PA1 |language=en}}</ref>

Jones's final judicial project was suggesting and leading the compilation of a Sanskrit "digest of Hindu Law", with the original plan of translating the work himself.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rocher |first1=Rosanne |editor1-last=Cannon |editor1-first=Garland |editor2-last=Brine |editor2-first=Kevin |title=Objects of Enquiry: The Life, Contributions, and Influences of Sir William Jones, 1746-1794 |date=October 1995 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1517-8 |pages=61–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvMJ7draBvkC&dq=sir+william+jones&pg=PA1 |language=en}}</ref> After his death, the translation was completed by [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]].

== View on the historical timeline of the Biblical events ==
Jones said that "either the first eleven chapters of Genesis ... are true, or the whole fabrick [sic] of our national religion is false, a conclusion which none of us, I trust, would wish to be drawn." (1788, 225)<ref name = "Bryant">{{cite book |title= The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate | year = 2001 | publisher = Oxford University Press | first = Edward | last = Bryant | page = 15}}</ref>

He also said that "I... am obliged of course to believe the sanctity of the venerable books [of Genesis]." (1788, 225)<ref name ="Bryant" />

Jones "traced the foundation of the Indian empire above three thousand eight hundred years from now" (Jones, 1790). Jones thought it was important that this date would be between [[James Ussher|Archbishop Ussher]]'s Creation date of 4004 BC and the Great Flood that Jones considered to have been in 2350 BC.<ref name = "Bryant" />

== Encounter with Anquetil-Duperron ==
In Europe, a discussion as to the authenticity of the first translation of the [[Avesta]] scriptures arose. It was the first evidence of an Indo-European language as old as Sanskrit to be translated into a modern European language. It was suggested that the so-called Zend-Avesta was not the genuine work of the prophet [[Zoroaster]] but was a recent forgery. Foremost among the detractors, it is to be regretted, was the distinguished (though young) orientalist William Jones. He claimed, in a letter published in French (1771), that the translator [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron|Anquetil-Duperron]] had been duped, that the Parsis of Surat had palmed off upon him a conglomeration of worthless fabrications and absurdities. In England, Jones was supported by Richardson and Sir John Chardin; in Germany, by Meiners. Anquetil-Duperron was labelled an impostor who had invented his own script to support his claim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zoroastrian.org.uk/vohuman/Article/The%20First%20European%20Translation%20of%20the%20Holy%20Avesta.htm|title=The First European Translation of the Holy Avesta|website=www.zoroastrian.org.uk|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> This debate was not settled for almost a century.

== Chess poem ==
In 1763, at the age of 17, Jones wrote the poem ''[[Caïssa|Caissa]]'' in English, based on a 658-line poem called "Scacchia, Ludus" published in 1527 by [[Marco Girolamo Vida]], giving a mythical [[origins of chess|origin of chess]] that has become well known in the chess world.

In the poem, the nymph Caissa initially repels the advances of [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], the god of war. Spurned, Mars seeks the aid of the god of sport, who creates the game of [[chess]] as a gift for Mars to win Caissa's favour. Mars wins her over with the game.

Caissa has since been referred to as the "goddess" of chess, and her name is used in several contexts in modern chess playing.

== ''An Elegiac Poem'' ==
Thomas Maurice (1754–1824) published ''An Elegiac Poem''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomas Maurice: An Elegiac and Historical Poem: Sacred to the Memory and Virtues of the Honourable Sir William Jones. Containing a Retrospective Survey of the Progress of Science, and the Mohammedan Conquests in Asia|url=http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/TextRecord.php?action=GET&textsid=37333|access-date=2020-12-13|website=spenserians.cath.vt.edu}}</ref> in 1795; full title: ''An Elegiac and Historical Poem: Sacred to the Memory and Virtues of the Honourable Sir William Jones. Containing a Retrospective Survey of the Progress of Science, and the Mohammedan Conquests in Asia''.

==Schopenhauer's citation==
[[Arthur Schopenhauer]] referred to one of Sir William Jones's publications in §1 of ''[[The World as Will and Representation]]'' (1819). Schopenhauer was trying to support the doctrine that "everything that exists for knowledge, and hence the whole of this world, is only object in relation to the subject, perception of the perceiver, in a word, representation." He quoted Jones's original English:
<blockquote>... how early this basic truth was recognized by the sages of India since it appears as the fundamental tenet of the [[Vedanta|Vedânta]] philosophy ascribed to [[Vyasa]], is proved by Sir William Jones in the last of his essays: "On the Philosophy of the Asiatics" (''Asiatic Researches'', vol. IV, p. 164): "The fundamental tenet of the Vedânta school consisted not in denying the existence of matter, that is solidity, impenetrability, and extended figure (to deny which would be lunacy), but in correcting the popular notion of it, and in contending that it has no essence independent of mental perception; that existence and perceptibility are convertible terms."</blockquote>

Schopenhauer used Jones's authority to relate the basic principle of his philosophy to what was, according to Jones, the most important underlying proposition of Vedânta. He made more passing reference to Sir William Jones's writings elsewhere in his works.

==Oration by Hendrik Arent Hamaker==
[[File:Monuments at St. Paul’s, March 2022 18.jpg|thumb|Statue of Jones in [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London ]]
On 28 September 1822, the Dutch orientalist [[Hendrik Arent Hamaker]], who accepted a professorship at the [[University of Leiden]], gave his inaugural lecture in Latin ''[https://archive.org/details/annalesacademiae22rijk/page/n153 De vita et meritis Guilielmi Jonesii]'' (The Life and Works of William Jones)(Leiden, 1823).{{sfn|Blok|Molhuysen|1914}}

==Memorial==
There is a statue of Jones, by the sculptor [[John Bacon (sculptor, born 1740)|John Bacon]] in [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London, erected in 1799.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jason Edwards, Amy Harris & Greg Sullivan|publisher=Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers Ltd |year=2021|title= Monuments of St Paul's Cathedral 1796-1916 |isbn=978-1-78551-360-2}}</ref>

==List of works==
Listing in most cases only editions and reprints that came out during Jones's own lifetime, books by, or prominently including work by, William Jones, are:

* Muhammad Mahdī, ''Histoire de Nader Chah: connu sous le nom de Thahmas Kuli Khan, empereur de Perse / Traduite d'un manuscrit persan, par ordre de Sa majesté le roi de Dannemark. Avec des notes chronologiques, historiques, géographiques. Et un traité sur la poésie orientale, par Mr. Jones'', 2 vols (London: Elmsly, 1770), later published in English as ''The history of the life of Nader Shah: King of Persia. Extracted from an Eastern manuscript, ... With an introduction, containing, I. A description of Asia ... II. A short history of Persia ... and an appendix, consisting of an essay on Asiatick poetry, and the history of the Persian language. To which are added, pieces relative to the French translation / by William Jones'' (London: T. Cadell, 1773)
* William Jones, ''Kitāb-i Shakaristān dar naḥvī-i zabān-i Pārsī, taṣnīf-i Yūnus Ūksfurdī = A grammar of the Persian language'' (London: W. and J. Richardson, 1771) [2nd edn. 1775; 4th edn. London: J. Murray, S. Highley, and J. Sewell, 1797]
* [anonymously], ''Poems consisting chiefly of translations from the Asiatick languages: To which are added two essays, I. On the poetry of the Eastern nations. II. On the arts, commonly called imitative'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1772) [2nd edn. London: N. Conant, 1777]
* [William Jones], ''Poeseos Asiaticæ commentariorum libri sex: cum appendice; subjicitur Limon, seu miscellaneorum liber / auctore Gulielmo Jones'' (London: T. Cadell, 1774) [repr. Lipsiae: Apud Haeredes Weidmanni et Reichium, 1777]
* [anonymously], ''An inquiry into the legal mode of suppressing riots: with a constitutional plan of future defence'' (London: C. Dilly, 1780) [2nd edn, no longer anonymously, London: C. Dilly, 1782]
* William Jones, ''An essay on the law of bailments'' (London: Charles Dilly, 1781) [repr. Dublin: Henry Watts, 1790]
* William Jones, ''The muse recalled, an ode: occasioned by the nuptials of Lord Viscount Althorp and Miss Lavinia Bingham'' (Strawberry-Hill: Thomas Kirgate, 1781) [repr. Paris: F. A. Didot l'aîné, 1782]
* [anonymously], ''An ode, in imitation of Callistratus: sung by Mr. Webb, at the Shakespeare Tavern, on Tuesday the 14th day of May, 1782, at the anniversary dinner of the Society for Constitutional Information'' ([London, 1782])
* William Jones, ''A speech of William Jones, Esq: to the assembled inhabitants of the counties of Middlesex and Surry, the cities of London and Westminster, and the borough of Southwark. XXVIII May, M. DCC. LXXXII'' (London: C. Dilly, 1782)
* William Jones, ''The Moallakát: or seven Arabian poems, which were suspended on the temple at Mecca; with a translation, and arguments'' (London: P. Elmsly, 1783), https://books.google.com/books?id=qbBCAAAAcAAJ
* [anonymously], ''The principles of government: in a dialogue between a scholar and a peasant / written by a member of the Society for Constitutional Information'' ([London: The Society for Constitutional Information, 1783])
* William Jones, ''A discourse on the institution of a society for enquiring into the history, civil and natural, the antiquities, arts, sciences, and literature of Asia'' (London: T. Payne and son, 1784)
* William Davies Shipley, ''The whole of the proceedings at the assizes at Shrewsbury, Aug. 6, 1784: in the cause of the King on Friday August the sixth, 1784, in the cause of the King on the prosecution of William Jones, attorney-at-law, against the Rev. William Davies Shipley, Dean of St. Asaph, for a libel ... / taken in short hand by William Blanchard'' (London: The Society for Constitutional Information, 1784)
* William Davies Shipley, ''The whole proceedings on the trial of the indictment: the King, on the prosecution of William Jones, gentleman, against the Rev. William Davies Shipley, Dean of St. Asaph, for a libel, at the assize at Shrewsbury, on Friday the 6th of August, 1784, before the Hon. Francis Buller ... / taken in short-hand by Joseph Gurney'' (London: M. Gurney, [1784])
* {{cite journal | first = William | last = Jones | title = A dissertation on the orthography of Asiatick words in Roman letters | journal = Asiatick Researches | year = 1786 | volume = 1 | pages = 1–56 | url = https://archive.org/stream/asiaticresearche01asia#page/n19/mode/2up }}
* [William Jones (ed.)], ''Lailí Majnún / a Persian poem of Hátifí'' (Calcutta: M. Cantopher, 1788)
* [William Jones (trans.), ''Sacontalá: or, The fatal ring: an Indian drama / by Cálidás; translated from the original Sanscrit and Prácrit'' (London: Edwards, 1790) [repr. Edinburgh: J. Mundell & Co., 1796]
* W. Jones [et al.], ''Dissertations and miscellaneous pieces relating to the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia'', 4 vols (London: G. Nicol, J. Walter, and J. Sewell, 1792) [repr. Dublin: P. Byrne and W. Jones, 1793]
* William Jones, ''Institutes of Hindu law: or, the ordinances of Menu, according to the gloss of Cullúca. Comprising the Indian system of duties, religious and civil / verbally translated from the original Sanscrit. With a preface, by Sir William Jones'' (Calcutta: by order of the government, 1796) [repr. London: J. Sewell and J. Debrett, 1796] [trans. by [[Johann Christian Hüttner]], ''Hindu Gesetzbuch: oder, Menu's Verordnungen nach Cullucas Erläuterung. Ein Inbegriff des indischen Systems religiöser und bürgerlicher Pflichten. / Aus der Sanscrit Sprache wörtlich ins Englische übersetzt von Sir W. Jones, und verteutschet'' (Weimar, 1797)
* [William Jones], ''The works of Sir William Jones: In six volumes'', ed. by A[nna] M[arie] J[ones], 6 vols (London: G. G. and J. Robinson, and R. H. Evans, 1799) [with two supplemental volumes published 1801], [repr. ''The works of Sir William Jones / with the life of the author by Lord Teignmouth'', 13 vols (London: J. Stockdale and J. Walker, 1807)], [https://archive.org/details/worksofsirwillia01jone vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/worksofsirwillia_d02jone vol. 2], [https://archive.org/details/worksofsirwillia03jone vol. 3], [https://archive.org/details/worksofsirwillia_c04jone vol. 4], [https://archive.org/details/worksofsirwillia05jone vol. 5], [https://archive.org/details/worksofsirwillia06jone vol. 6], [https://archive.org/details/supplementalvolu01jone supplemental vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/supplementalvolu02jone supplemental vol. 2]

{{botanist|Jones}}

==See also==
* [[Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux]] (1691–1779)
* [[James Burnett, Lord Monboddo]] (1714–1799)
* [[Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri]] (1727–1801)
* [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron|Anquetil-Duperron]] (1731–1805)
* [[Reuben Burrow]] (1747–1792)
* [[James Prinsep]] (1799–1840)
* [[Alexander Cunningham]] (1814–1893)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography ==
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Blok|first1=P.J. |last2=Molhuysen|first2=P.C. |encyclopedia=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek|title=Hamaker, Hendrik Arent|year=1914|volume=III|page=534}}
* [[Lyle Campbell|Campbell, Lyle]]. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
* {{Cite journal| title = Sir William Jones, 1746–1794 | last =Edgerton | first = Franklin | author-link=Franklin Edgerton | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society |date = 1946 | volume = 66 | issue =3 | pages =1–17 |jstor=595570}}
* Cannon, Garland H. (1964). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458887 ''Oriental Jones: A Biography of Sir William Jones, 1746–1794'']. Bombay: Asia Pub. House Indian Council for Cultural Relations.
* Cannon, Garland H. (1979). ''Sir William Jones: A bibliography of primary and secondary sources.'' Amsterdam: Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-0998-7}}.
* Cannon, Garland H.; & Brine, Kevin. (1995). ''Objects of enquiry: Life, contributions and influence of Sir William Jones.'' New York: [[New York University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8147-1517-6}}.
* Franklin, Michael J. (1995). ''Sir William Jones''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. {{ISBN|0-7083-1295-0}}.
* Jones, William, Sir. (1970). ''The letters of Sir William Jones.'' Cannon, Garland H. (Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-812404-X}}.
* Mukherjee, S. N. (1968). ''Sir William Jones: A study in eighteenth-century British attitudes to India''. London, Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-05777-9}}.
* Poser, William J. and Lyle Campbell (1992). ''[http://www.billposer.org/Papers/iephm.pdf Indo-european practice and historical methodology],'' Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, pp. 214–236.
* {{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Lyle|last2=Poser|first2=William|title=Language Classification: History and Method|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521880053|page=536|language=en}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Jones, Sir William |volume=15 |page=501}}
* "Sir William Jones (1746–1794): As a Philologist, a Persian Scholar and Founder of Asiatic Society" by R M Chopra, INDO-IRANICA, Vol.66, (1 to 4), 2013.
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-link1=Upinder Singh|title=The discovery of ancient India: early archaeologists and the beginnings of archaeology|date=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=9788178240886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Said|first1=Edward W.|author-link1=Edward W. Said|title=Orientalism|date=1978|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780804153867|language=en|title-link=Orientalism (book)}}
* {{cite book|last1=Anthony|first1=David W.|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|date=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400831104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC|language=en}}
* {{cite book|title=Views of Medieval Bhutan: the diary and drawings of Samuel Davis, 1783|first1=Samuel|last1=Davis|first2=Michael|last2=Aris|year=1982|publisher=Serindia | url=https://archive.org/stream/ViewsOfMedievalBhutanTheDiaryAndDrawingsOfSamuelDavis1783MichaelAris/Views%20of%20Medieval%20Bhutan%20--%20the%20Diary%20and%20Drawings%20of%20Samuel%20Davis%201783%20Michael%20Aris#page/n29/mode/2up }}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Sir William Jones |birth=1746 |death=1794}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2099}}
* [http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp191_william_jones_orientalism.pdf Urs App: William Jones's Ancient Theology. ''Sino-Platonic Papers'' Nr. 191 (September 2009)] (PDF 3.7 Mb PDF, 125 p.; includes third, sixth, and ninth anniversary discourses)
* [http://www.eliohs.unifi.it/testi/700/jones/Jones_Discourse_3.html The Third Anniversary Discourse, On The Hindus]
* [http://www.chessdryad.com/caissa/caissa.htm Caissa or The Game at Chess; a Poem.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617184242/http://www.chessdryad.com/caissa/caissa.htm |date=17 June 2017 }}
* [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7163926M/The_principles_of_government_in_a_dialogue_between_a_scholar_and_a_peasant. The principles of government; in a dialogue between a scholar and a peasant. (London?; 1783)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, William}}
[[Category:1746 births]]
[[Category:1794 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Westminster]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Linguists from England]]
[[Category:Historical linguists]]
[[Category:Hindu law jurists]]
[[Category:Scholars of Islamic jurisprudence]]

[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Linguists of Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:British people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:British philologists]]
[[Category:British anthropologists]]
[[Category:British Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:British orientalists]]
[[Category:Translators of Kalidasa]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:18th-century philologists]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]

Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T07:30:38Z

IrisClow72785038: New new stub w/ infobox

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{other uses|Bangaon (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| incumbent_image = Shri Shantanu Thakur.jpg
|name = Bangaon {{Small|WB-14}}
|state = [[West Bengal]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Bangaon.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bangaon Lok Sabha Constituency
|established = 2009
|reservation = SC
|assembly_cons = [[Kalyani Assembly constituency|Kalyani]] [[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata]] [[Bagda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagda]] [[Bangaon Uttar Assembly constituency|Bangaon Uttar]] [[Bangaon Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bangaon Dakshin]] [[Gaighata Assembly constituency|Gaighata]] [[Swarupnagar Assembly constituency|Swarupnagar]]
|mp = [[Shantanu Thakur]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|electors = 1,540,713<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency''' or '''Bongaon Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency is in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in [[West Bengal]] and is centered on [[Bangaon]]. 5 of the 7 assembly segments of No.14 Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency are in [[North 24 Parganas district]] and the Kalyani and Haringhata assemblies are of Nadia District (formerly Nabadwip loksabha constituency). As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency came into being in 2009.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. '''Bangaon''', 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]
In 2009 Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency was formed. Until then Bagdah, Bongaon Uttar, Bongaon Dakshin, Gaighata all these assembly constituencies were the part of Barasat Lok Sabha constituency. [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]] was the first elected MP of this constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> He was also a member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly in four different terms.

==Assembly segments==
Bangaon (SC) Lok Sabha constituency (parliamentary constituency no. 14) is composed of the following assembly segments

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! Reservation
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|92
|[[Kalyani Assembly constituency|Kalyani]]
| rowspan="7" style="background:#fef06d;" align="center" | '''SC'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Nadia District|Nadia]]
|[[Ambika Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|93
|[[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata]]
|[[Ashim Kumar Sarkar]]
|-
|94
|[[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagdah]]
| rowspan="5" |[[North 24 Parganas District|North 24 Parganas]]
|[[Soma Thakur]]
|-
|95
|[[Bangaon Uttar Assembly constituency|Bangaon Uttar]]
| [[Ashok Kirtania]]
|-
|96
|[[Bangaon Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bangaon Dakshin]]
|[[Swapan Majumder]]
|-
|97
|[[Gaighata Assembly constituency|Gaighata]]
|[[Subrata Thakur]]
|-
|98
|[[Swarupnagar Assembly constituency|Swarupnagar]]
|[[Bina Mondal]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
! Member
!colspan="2"| Party
! Refs
|-
| 1950–2008
|colspan=4| Constituency did not exist. Was a part of [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
| <ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Kapil Krishna Thakur]]
| <ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015^
| [[Mamata Thakur]]
| <ref name=loksabha2015>{{cite web| url = http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/bangaon.html |title = Bangaon Bye Elections to Lok Sabha 2015 | publisher = elections.in|access-date = 25 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Shantanu Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal|2024]]
|
|-
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Bangaon|Bongaon]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bangaon">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bangaon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2514.htm |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710054842/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2514.htm |archive-date=10 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bangaon Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Bangaon Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/bangaon |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710054913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/bangaon |archive-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Shantanu Thakur]]|votes=719,505|percentage=48.19|change=-0.66}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]]|votes=645,812|percentage=43.25|change=+2.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pradip Biswas|votes=65,176|percentage=4.37|change=+2.36}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=73,693|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
In 2019 Election BJP won for the first time in this constituency since its [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2514.htm?ac=14 | title= General Election 2019, Bangaon, Results| work=Election Commission of India|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Bangaon]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shantanu Thakur]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 687,622
|percentage = 48.85
|change = +24.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= [[Mamata Thakur]]
|party=All India Trinamool Congress
|votes= 576,028
|percentage= 40.92
|change= -2.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Alakesh Das]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 90,122
|percentage = 6.40
|change = -19.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Sourav Prasad
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes= 22,618
|percentage= 1.61
|change= -0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Animesh Chandra Halder
|party=Independent (politician)
|votes= 9,522
|percentage= 0.68
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Chandan Mallick
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 4,707
|percentage= 0.33
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Swapan Mondal
|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes= 4,544
|percentage= 0.32
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Samaresh Biswas
|party= Party for Democratic Socialism (India)
|votes= 1,913
|percentage= 0.14
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Swapan Kumar Roy
|party= Independent (politician)
|votes= 1,859
|percentage= 0.13
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Subrata Biswas
|party=Bahujan Mukti Party
|votes= 1,291
|percentage= 0.09
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= None of the above
|party=None of the above
|votes= 7,512
|percentage= 0.53
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,11,594
|percentage = 11.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 14,08,653
|percentage = 82.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,704,632
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Bye-poll 2015===
The bye election occurred on 13 February 2015 due to the death of sitting MP [[Kapil Krishna Thakur]] on 13 October 2014. Mamata Thakur of [[Trinamool Congress]] defeated Debesh Das of [[CPIM]].<ref name=loksabha2015/>

{{Election box begin | title=Bye election, 2015: Bangaon }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Thakur]]
|votes = 5,39,999
|percentage = 43.27
|change = +0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Debesh Das
|votes = 3,28,214
|percentage = 26.30
|change = -5.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subrata Thakur
|votes = 314,214
|percentage = 24.17
|change = +5.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kuntal Mandal
|votes = 29,149
|percentage = 2.33
|change = -1.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,11,785
|percentage = 22.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,48,359
|percentage = 79.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Bangaon<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kapil Krishna Thakur
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 551,213
|percentage = 42.94
|change = -7.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Debesh Das
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 404,612
|percentage = 31.52
|change = -10.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = K.D. Biswas
|votes = 244,783
|percentage = 19.07
|change = +15.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ila Mondal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,866
|percentage = 3.42
|change = +3.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandan Mullick
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 9,207
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pranita Mandal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,738
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Swapan Mondal
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 3,589
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tarapada Biswas
|party = Amra Bangalee
|votes = 2,848
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shyam Prasad Mondal
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|votes = 2,624
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Sarat Chandra Mandal
|party = Rashtriya Ahinsa Manch
|votes = 1,172
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Pinaki Ranjan Bharati
|party = The Religion of Man Revolving Political Party of India
|votes = 1,071
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 9,965
|percentage = 0.78
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,46,601
|percentage = 11.42
|change = -2.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,83,688
|percentage = 83.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Bangaon]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
|votes = 546,596
|percentage = 50.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Asim Bala|Dr. Asim Bala]]
|votes = 453,770
|percentage = 42.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishnapada Majumder
|votes = 42,610
|percentage = 3.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pranita Roy
|votes = 17,178
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Probir Kumar Sarkar
|votes = 4,557
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = RPI(A)
|candidate = Sukriti Ranjan Biswas
|votes = 5974
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Nishikanta Biswas
|votes = 7,550
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 92,826
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,078,235
|percentage = 86.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{election table|title=[[2009 Indian general election]] West Bengal summary}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" width=225 |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seat change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote percentage
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Trinamool Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}18
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0
| style="text-align:center;" | 13.45
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | NA
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}17
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward bloc]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.04
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.14
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/bangaon/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Bangaon lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

{{Coord|23.07|N|88.82|E|format=dms|display=title}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]

Vipin Das

2026-05-05T09:40:38Z

IrisClow72785038:

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vipin Das
| image = File:Vipin Das Malayalam Film Director at Film Shooting Site.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|screenwriter|producer}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| alma mater =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Vipin Das''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He is best known for directing the films ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'' (2022) and ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]'' (2024). He also wrote and co-produced the films ''[[Vaazha: Biopic of a Billion Boys]]'' (2024) and ''[[Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros]]'' (2026); the latter being [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of all-time]]. <ref>{{cite news|title=Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey' director Vipin Das to script, produce 'Vaazha'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/oct/11/jaya-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey-director-vipin-das-to-script-produce-vaazha-2622689.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 October 2023 |accessdate=22 December 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
Das had his directorial debut with the Malayalam film ''[[Mudhugauv]]'' in 2016.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} His second film, [[Antakshari (2022 film)|Antakshari]] was directly released to [[SonyLIV]] in April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title= 'I like to make thrillers with the least-expected elements,' says director Vipin Das |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vipin-das-antakshari-movie-saiju-kurup/article65334293.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date =19 April 2022|accessdate=22 December 2023}}</ref> His third film, ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'', released on the 15th of November, 2022, became one of the biggest box office successes of the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey' secures Mollywood's biggest family hit in 2022|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jaya-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey-secures-mollywood-s-biggest-family-hit-in-2022-1|website=Mathrubhumi|date=21 November 2022|accessdate=22 December 2023}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As film director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"!
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!{{refh}}
|-
|2016
|''[[Mudhugauv]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[Antakshari (film)|Antakshari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]''
|
|
|}
===As writer and producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |{{refh}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" !
!Writer
!Producer
|-
|2024
|''[[Vaazha: Biopic of a Billion Boys]]''
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal]]''
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Anaswara Rajan's Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/23/anaswara-rajans-vyasanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros]]''
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2025 |title=Vipin Das' 'Vaazha' sequel launched; Alphonse Puthren on board |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vipin-das-vaazha-sequel-launched-alphonse-puthren-on-board/article69431195.ece |access-date=17 June 2025|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Vipin}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Upanishad Ganga

2026-05-04T23:50:13Z

IrisClow72785038: Made Stub

{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = 
| caption =
| genre = Drama, Spiritual, Mythological
| creator = [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]
| director = Chandraprakash Dwivedi
| developer = [[Chinmaya Mission]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 52
| executive_producer = [[Swami Tejomayananda]]
| producer = Chinmaya Mission
| location = Varanasi, India
| cinematography = 
| runtime = Approx. 45 minutes
| company = Chinmaya Mission
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|03|11|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2013|03|24|df=y}}
}}

'''Upanishad Ganga''' (Hindi: उपनिषद् गंगा) is an Indian television series based on the wisdom and stories of the ancient Hindu text, the [[Upanishad]]. The 52-episode series was directed by [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]], and produced by the [[Chinmaya Mission]]. It aired on [[DD National]] from 11 March 2012 to 24 March 2013.<ref name="t291">{{cite web | last=Das | first=Soumitra | title=Chandraprakash Dwivedi upbeat about Upanishad Ganga! | website=The Times of India | date=9 March 2012 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chandraprakash-dwivedi-upbeat-about-upanishad-ganga/articleshow/12195782.cms | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref> and was the first-ever TV serial based on the Upanishads and dramatised its central teachings.<ref name="BS"/><ref name="g864"/>

==Plot==
The series is set in modern-day [[Varanasi]], where a Sanskrit scholar and his playwright son stage theatrical renditions of Upanishadic teachings. Each episode features a dramatisation of key figures—such as Valmiki, Dara Shikoh, Ashtavakra, Meera Bai, and Yajnavalkya—tying ancient wisdom to relevant life lessons, to make Upanishadic wisdom accessible to a modern audience. <ref name="bhaskar"/>

==Episodes==

The series comprises 52 episodes. It begins with foundational teachings and gradually unfolds through short dramatizations:

* Episodes 1–4: Introduction to Vedic concepts and self-discovery

* 5–22: Stories of [[Valmiki]], [[Dara Shikoh]], [[Ashtavakra]], and others.

* 23–42: Episodes focusing on [[Tulsidas]], [[Nachiketa]], [[Yajnavalkya]].

* 43–51: Practical spiritual applications via [[Meera Bai]], [[Sant Eknath]].

* 52: A finale centred on gratitude and reflection.

==Cast==

The series had a large ensemble cast, each playing multiple roles over the course of the series. Abhimanyu Singh played 33 different roles. <ref name="g864">{{cite web | last=Maheshwri | first=Neha | title=33 roles for Abhimanyu Singh in one serial! | website=The Times of India | date=13 January 2012 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/33-roles-for-abhimanyu-singh-in-one-serial/articleshow/11461570.cms | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Sutradhar
* Ravi Khanvilkar as Sutradhar
* Sandeep Mohan
* [[Auroshikha Dey]]
* [[K.K. Raina]]
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Ratnavali, Jabala
* Mukesh Tiwari
* [[Rasika Dugal]]
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as [[Ashtavakra]]
* Sai Deodhar
* Zakir Hussain
* Gagan Malik
* Manju Mugdale
* [[Digvijay Singh (actor)|Digvijay Singh]]
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]]
* [[Huma Qureshi]] as Wife of Yuvraj<ref name="w388">{{cite web | title=Huma Qureshi considering a comedy reality show? | website=India Today | date=23 May 2016 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/huma-qureshi-considering-a-comedy-reality-show-325080-2016-05-23 | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

==Production==

The concept was conceived by Swami Tejomayananda, the then head of Chinmaya Mission, and was produced at a cost of US $1.6 million, under the direction of Chandraprakash Dwivedi, known for his historical serial ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]''.<ref name="bhaskar"/> The screenplay was written jointly by Dwivedi and Farid Khan after four years of research with Chinmaya Mission. <ref name="bhaskar">{{cite web | title='उपनिषद गंगा': हजारों सालों से चली आ रही मेरी तुम्हारी कहानी | website=Dainik Bhaskar | date=3 March 2012 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/mp-bpl-upanishad-ganga-a-series-depicting-the-story-of-you-and-me-2936670.html | language=hi | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="hinduism">{{cite web | title=Television: Chinmaya Mission Creates a Hit TV Series | website=[[Hinduism Today]] | date=1 April 2014 | url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/april-may-june-2014/2014-04-television-chinmaya-mission-creates-a-hit-tv-series/ | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref> The series were shot over a period of four years and the production cost crossed over 25 crores, before being aired. At the time, it was one of the most expensive serials on television.<ref name="g864"/>

==Reception==

According to Express News Asia admin, the series received widespread appreciation from the audience and was acclaimed.<ref name="express"/> [[Hinduism Today]] described the series as ''highly professional, with excellent writing, staging, acting and cinematography.''<ref name="hinduism"/>

==Distribution==

In 2013, it was released as a Home video DVD series by [[Shemaroo Entertainment]].<ref name="BS">{{cite web | title=First-ever TV serial on Upanishads released on home video | website=Business Standard | date=15 December 2012 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/first-ever-tv-serial-on-upanishads-released-on-home-video-112121500280_1.html | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

==Legacy==

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, it was re-aired by the [[DD Bharati]] channel of the state-run [[Doordarshan]]. <ref name="u621">{{cite web | title=India Watches DD, India Fights Corona | website= Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | date=28 March 2020 | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1610446 |quote= "re-broadcast of its old iconic serials " | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="v803">{{cite web | title=Doordarshan announces reruns of Chandraprakash Dwivedi's Chanakya, Shaktimaan, Shriman Shrimati | website=Firstpost | date=31 March 2020 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/doordarshan-announces-reruns-of-chandraprakash-dwivedis-chanakya-shaktimaan-shriman-shrimati-8209001.html | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref> In January 2025, Chinmaya Mission and Sanatana Seva Sangham translated and released the series in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, and English languages.<ref name="express">{{cite web | title=Chinmaya Mission and Sanatana Seva Sangham Release “Upanishad Ganga” in Multiple Languages | website=Express News | date=29 January 2025 | url=https://expressnews.asia/2025/01/chinmaya-mission-and-sanatana-seva-sangham-release-upanishad-ganga-in-multiple-languages/ | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float = right | caption = Chinmaya Mission Official channel
| headerimage= [[File:YouTube 2024.svg|alt=YouTube logo|x20px|left]]
| video1 = [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLm6DKuwwu5zo_10TIHyZVDLTDevH7ECRz&si=Wag6oI5ZLrk92wsz ''Upanishad Ganga'' in multiple languages]
}}

* [https://www.upanishadganga.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb title|5961444|Upanishad Ganga}}

{{Chandraprakash Dwivedi}}

[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Television series set in Ancient India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]

Hindustan Motors factory, Uttarpara

2026-04-27T10:00:15Z

IrisClow72785038: starting some page w/ refs!

{{Short description|Former automotive factory}}
{{Redirect|Hindmotor factory|other factories of Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors#Former/idle plants}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox factory
| name = Hindustan Motors, Uttarpara
| image =হিন্দুস্তান মোটরসের উত্তরপাড়া কারখানায় অ্যাম্বাসাডর তৈরির দৃশ্য.jpg
| alt =
| caption =Production of cars, 2005
| location_map =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates =
| built = 1942
| operated = 1957<ref>{{Cite web |last= Sudhiti |first=Naskar |last2= Chatterjee |first2=Paromita |title=In Pictures: India’s iconic Ambassador car |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/6/16/in-pictures-indias-iconic-ambassador-car}}</ref>
| location = [[Hindmotor]], [[Uttarpara]], [[West Bengal]]
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = [[Hindustan Ambassador]]
| employees = 22,000
| area = {{Convert|795|acre}}{{Efn|Also cited as {{Convert|720|acre}} }}
| owner = [[Hindustan Motors]]
| website = http://www.hindmotor.com/uttarpara.asp
| defunct = {{End date|2014|05|24}}
|volume={{Convert|395|acre}}|image_upright=1.1}}

'''Hindustan Motors factory, Uttarpara'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Hindustan Motors, European partner complete due diligence for EV project |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/hindustan-motors-european-partner-complete-due-diligence-for-ev-project-9402741.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> (Also known as '''Hindustan Motors factory'''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-05-27 |title=Hindustan Motors to make comeback with electric vehicle |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/hindustan-motors-to-make-comeback-with-electric-vehicle/na20220527215839282282194 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> and '''Hindmotor factory''') was an automotive manufacturing factory in [[Hindmotor]], a neighborhood of [[Uttarpara]], in [[Hooghly district]] of [[West Bengal]]. It was known for being the largest producer of [[Hindustan Ambassador]]s of [[Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors company]] in India and the first car manufacturer in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |date=2021-02-26 |title=Hindustan Motors plans to divest manufacturing units in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/hindustan-motors-planning-to-divest-manufacturing-units-in-west-bengal-and-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/81225883.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The factory was built in 1942, becoming the second oldest automotive factory in Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherji |first=Udit |date=2017-02-11 |title=Hindustan Motors sells Ambassador car brand to Peugeot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/hindustan-motors-sells-ambassador-car-brand-to-peugeot/articleshow/57089753.cms |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Starting its operations in 1957,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-05-27 |title=King of Indian roads 2.0: Hindustan Motors plans electric version of Ambassador |url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/king-of-indian-roads-2-0-hindustan-motors-plans-electric-version-of-ambassador-11653633688934.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> after being built in 1942, the Hindustan Motors' Ambassador declined in sales, closing the Uttarpara unit on May 24, 2014; from when the land owned by Motors was under turbulence from the inhabitants of Hindmotor and state government.

== Production of cars ==
[[Hindustan Motors]] established a factory in Hindmotor for the production of its then-new Ambassador cars.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-16 |title=Supreme Court upholds West Bengal govt’s decision of reclaiming Hindustan Motors factory land |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-upholds-west-bengal-govts-decision-of-reclaiming-hindustan-motors-factory-land/article69820256.ece |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |agency=BL Kolkata Bureau}}</ref> Different Ambassador variants were produced, including 1500[[Cubic centimeter|cc]] and 1800cc diesel and 1800cc petrol, [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] and [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]]. Others were Winner cars and auto compartments.<ref name="Himatsingka">{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |date=2021-02-26 |title=Hindustan Motors plans to divest manufacturing units in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/hindustan-motors-planning-to-divest-manufacturing-units-in-west-bengal-and-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/81225883.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It was the first and only integrated automotive factory in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Motors - Uttarpara |url=http://www.hindmotor.com/uttarpara.asp |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.hindmotor.com}}</ref> After the Hindmotor unit started operations, a railway station named after the unit was established, [[Hindmotor flag railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-24 |title=A year after, end of road for the iconic Ambassador car |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/a-year-after-end-of-road-for-the-iconic-ambassador-car/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The large number of people working in the factory and train station, schools, hospital, residential houses, clubs, apartments, worship places and sport venues were subsequently built, creating the neighborhood of Hindmotor in Hooghly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-27 |title=The depressing tale of Bengal's Hind Motor factory |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-depressing-tale-of-bengals-hind-motor-factory/20140527.htm |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> The Ambassador was modeled after the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Morris Oxford]]. The Ambassador was once driven by high-ranking officials, politicians and frequently used as taxis, some taxis still persist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Murilee |date=2014-05-23 |title=Hindustan Motors Uttarpara Plant Shut Down, May Be the End of the Iconic Ambassador |url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/a1897006/hindustan-motors-uttarpara-plant-shut-down-may-be-end-iconic-ambassador/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Autoweek |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Decline ==
[[File:1996 Hindustan Ambassador N574PVL Old Warden 17-08-2024 (54320022287).jpg|280px|thumb|Ambassador]]
The Ambassador was the first car made in India and dominated the market from the 1950s to the mid-1980s. It first lost its dominance to the 800 hatchback by [[Maruti Suzuki]] which costed lesser. It suffered a major decline from the mid-1990s when global automotive manufacturers began setting up plants and selling their international cars in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Aniek |date=2014-05-24 |title=Ambassador maker Hindustan Motors suspends production at Uttarpara plant |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/tBi8UwpvrMho4o82mDH4NO/Hindustan-Motors-suspends-production-at-Uttarpara-plant.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In a fiscal year conducted by the company, it sold 2,200 cars ending in March 2014 compared to 1,800,000 cars in previous years. A new ambassador cost {{US dollar|8800}} in Kolkata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=((Reuters)) |first=Thomson |title=Hindustan Motors Stops Production of Ambassador Cars |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/hindustan-motors-stops-production-of-ambassador-cars-563850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912101936/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/hindustan-motors-stops-production-of-ambassador-cars-563850 |archive-date=September 12, 2025 |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=NDTV |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of employees decreased in the factory from 22,000 to 2,300.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Subhro |date=2017-02-13 |title=Ghost town Hind Motor sees no hope of Ambassador revival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ghost-town-hind-motor-sees-no-hope-of-ambassador-revival/articleshow/57115216.cms |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Hindustan Motors sent a suspension of work notice to various [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] with Ambassador car industries about the lack of [[discipline]], shortage of funds, low productivity,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saha |first=Sambit |last2=Ghosh |first2=Pinak |date=2025-07-17 |title=SC allows Bengal government to reclaim HM land in Uttarpara |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/supreme-court-allows-bengal-government-to-reclaim-hindustan-motors-land-in-uttarpara-prnt/cid/2113596 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-18 |language=en}}</ref> large number of liabilities and litigations, low sales and lack of demand for the Ambassador car caused a decline in the Hindmotor factory,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Digbijay |date=2014-05-24 |title=HM halts work in West Bengal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hm-halts-work-in-west-bengal-114052400710_1.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> from when the production of cars declined in the unit.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2014 |title=Hindustan Motors shuts down Uttarpara plant |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/hindustan-motors-shuts-uttarpara-plant-5679 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en |agency=Autocar Pro News Desk}}</ref>

Hindustan Motors was looking for investors for managing finances and management following COVID-19, further slowing car sales. Motors started closing its units to slow the expenses. The company started its Uttarpara unit with {{Convert|795|acre|ha|abbr=in}} of land, selling {{Convert|314|acre|ha|abbr=in}} to Shriram Properties in 2007 for {{Indian rupee|285 crore}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Romita |last2=Basu |first2=Manish |date=2013-07-01 |title=Bengal may oppose Hindustan Motors' proposed restructuring plan |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/vWuhKCe2vKdjahs0XEzsDO/Bengal-may-oppose-Hindustan-Motors-proposed-restructuring-p.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> and another 100 acres to the Hiranandani Group of Mumbai in 2020/2021. Motors was left with more than 200 acres of unused land, and another 100 acres was used by the factory.<ref name="Himatsingka"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basak |first=Probal |date=September 24, 2013 |title=Hindustan Motors in talks with investors for Uttarpara, Chennai plants |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hindustan-motors-in-talks-with-investors-for-uttarpara-chennai-plants-113092400550_1.html |access-date=April 7, 2026 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Closure ==
In the morning of May 24, 2014, Hindustan Motors company put a sign in front of the main gates about the stoppage of production and work in the Uttarpara plant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethia |first=Dev |date=2024-04-23 |title=Hindustan Motors surges 10% intra-day: All eyes on Q4 earnings |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/hindustan-motors-surges-10-intra-day-all-eyes-on-q4-earnings-3466151/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The official suspension of work was stated by Hindustan Motors to help in reducing liabilities and reorganizing the finances and funds, to eventually restart operations in the plant.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Motors, Hind Motor Railway Station and the iconic Ambassador |url=http://www.motownindia.com//Bureau/Auto-Industry/2928/Hindustan-Motors-Hind-Motor-Railway-Station-and-the-iconic-Ambassador-Roy-Punnoose-Tharyan |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=MotownIndia.com |language=en}}</ref> On December 1, 2014, Motors announced a voluntary retirement scheme for all permanent grade scale staff and technicians and again on October 1, 2015. In November 2015, the Board of Directors of Motors held a meeting to approve that sale of the land of Uttarpara unit was allowed without permission or objections to the Government of West Bengal and permitted buyers of a maximum of 50 acres.<ref name=":2" /> Hindustan Motors closed the production of all factories outside the premises of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-25 |title=Production of India's Ambassador car suspended |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27563784 |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

A senior official of the company remarked, "Work has been suspended indefinitely at the Uttarpara factory. It is being done to ensure the company doesn't bleed more (money) and to enable us to draw plans for its revival."<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2013 |title=Hindustan Motors suspends production of India's once iconic Ambassador car |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/hindustan-motors-suspends-production-of-indias-once-iconic-ambassador-car-690224.html |access-date=April 7, 2026 |website=News18 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
{{See also|Tata Nano Singur controversy}}
[[File:হিন্দমোটর রেলওয়ে স্টেশন.jpg|400px|thumb|Hindmotor rail station]]
The tallest buildings of the factory were destroyed and replaced by new buildings on land acquired through legal means. The machinery was stolen, leaving the factory insufficient for car production.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Arkamoy Dutta |date=2017-02-13 |title=Peugeot deal brings no cheer at Ambassador's Uttarpara plant |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Rp143LrvXGAkjAJorEyBaN/Peugeot-deal-brings-no-cheer-At-Ambassadors-Uttarpara-plant.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The colony encircling the factory had its water and electricity cut off and the school in it, built in 1953, was closed. Many employees of the factory inhabiting this colony with their families left the area. As of September 17, 2023, seventy families still lived in this area without water, electricity or jobs.<ref name=":5" /> It was asserted that when the suspension notice was put, the company had not paid the salary of the employees for six months.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Hindustan Motors plant unlikely to reopen soon: West Bengal Labour minister Purnendu Bose |url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/hindustan-motors-plant-unlikely-to-reopen-soon-west-bengal-labour-minister-purnendu-bose/35762637 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> The colony inhabitants went to the [[Lok Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] and the Calcutta High Court, which ordered the company to pay [[dearness allowance]] to workers in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manoj |first=Priyanka |date=2023-09-17 |title=Hindustan Motors workers to continue stir |url=https://english.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2023/9/17/Plight-of-Employees-of-Hindustan-Motors-Ltd-Uttarpara-.php |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=english.hindusthansamachar.in |language=en}}</ref> In September 2015, a senior officer said that the management tried to revive the factory. But the sale of Ambassadors was not a viable option and no other company wanted to partner with them. The company announced a second voluntary retirement scheme for 1,300 workers, which offered {{Indian rupee|100,000}} as a lump sum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Arindam |date=September 21, 2015 |title=Hind Motor looks to monetise land as workers refuse to accept VRS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hind-motor-looks-to-monetise-land-as-workers-refuse-to-accept-vrs-115092100049_1.html |access-date=April 7, 2026 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

=== State meeting ===
Samrat Chakraborty, sub-divisional magistrate of Serampore, called a meeting with leaders of various labor organizations like Centre of Indian Trade Unions and factory workers for discussion about the vacant land of the Uttarpara factory of Hindustan Motors. A conclusion was reached by the labor organizations that industries should be set up on the land and the unpaid workers should be given their due salaries. Devi Prasad Basu Roy, from the Hindmotor Workers Union said at least 300 workers were not given their salaries and the company should issue funds. Pankaj Roy, from Serampore's Organizing Committee recommended the uplift of the unlawful factory suspension and to provide food, water and electricity to those living in the Hindmotor colony.<ref>{{Cite news |last=নিজস্ব সংবাদদাতা |first= |date=2022-12-14 |title=৮ বছর বন্ধ কারখানা, হিন্দমোটরের জমি নিল রাজ্য |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/business/west-bengal-government-takes-hind-motors-factory-land/cid/1391553 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712075539/https://www.anandabazar.com/business/west-bengal-government-takes-hind-motors-factory-land/cid/1391553 |archive-date=July 12, 2024 |access-date=2025-12-26 |language=bn |url-status=live |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

=== Reclamation of land ===
[[Mamata Banerjee]], Chief Minister of West Bengal pointed that 700 acres of land owned by Motors were unoccupied and could be potentially used.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Pranesh |date=2022-09-23 |title=Uttarpara: Bengal govt keen to take back Hind Motors land |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-government-keen-to-take-back-hind-motors-land-in-uttarpara/cid/1888241 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> She would discuss about the recovery of the land with [[Serampore]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Bandyopadhyay]] and the Chief Secretary of the land department. After parts of land were sold to different companies by motors, nearly 395 acres of land were left.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Hindustan Motors Claims WB Govt Seized Closed Plant Unlawfully; Unutilised Land Taken Back: State |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/news/hindustan-motors-claims-wb-govt-seized-closed-plant-unlawfully-unutilised-land-taken-back-state |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Outlook Business |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Banerjee specified Hooghly as having many industrial belts, with a lot of them being shut down and their lands unoccupied.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherji |first=Udit Prasanna |last2=Banerjee |first2=Falguni |date=2022-07-28 |title=West Bengal Government to start legal process to take over idle Hindustan Motors factory land: CM Mamata Banerjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/government-to-start-legal-process-to-take-over-idle-hindustan-motors-factory-land-cm-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/93173254.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Hindustan Motors said that around 11 p.m. on July 11, 2025, government officials, police officers and land department officials entered the Uttarpara factory and seized documents, machinery, licensed weapons, and storehouses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 16, 2025 |title=HM: हिंदुस्तान मोटर्स का दावा- पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार ने गैरकानूनी तरीके से प्लांट पर किया कब्जा, राज्य ने कहा- खाली जमीन वापस ली |url=https://www.amarujala.com/automobiles/hindustan-motors-claims-wb-govt-unlawfully-seized-its-uttarpara-plant-despite-pending-supreme-court-petition-2025-07-16 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |publication-place=New Delhi}}</ref> They submitted a special leave petition to the Supreme Court of India and sent an email and letter to the Special secretary of land department ministry and land reforms department ministry on July 11 and on July 14. The court order was scheduled for July 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-07-15 |title=Hindustan Motors claims WB govt seized closed plant unlawfully; unutilised land taken back: State |url=https://theprint.in/economy/hindustan-motors-claims-wb-govt-seized-closed-plant-unlawfully-unutilised-land-taken-back-state/2691329/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

In mid June 2025, Government of West Bengal took possession of the abandoned land used by the factory for providing other job opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-07-15 |title=West Bengal Cabinet clears 40-acre land lease to Titagarh Rail Systems for coach production |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/west-bengal-cabinet-clears-40-acre-land-lease-to-titagarh-rail-systems-for-coach-production/122496128 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Titagarh Rail Systems]] was assigned 40 acres of the land to set up a train car shed for the manufacture and repair of Vande Bharat and other superfast trains,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Hindustan Motors accuses West Bengal of unlawful takeover of Uttarpara plant amid SC case - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/hindustan-motors-accuses-west-bengal-of-unlawful-takeover-of-uttarpara-plant-amid-sc-case-19638250.htm |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> as part of a program to bring new trains to commercially important stations. A small rail track for testing was to be built. Titagarh was to spend approximately 200 [[crore]] in the unit spanning Uttarpara and Hindmotor.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-07-16 |title=Hindmotor to see production of Metro, Vande Bharat coaches |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/hindmotor-to-see-production-of-metro-vande-bharat-coaches-1503458295.html |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=The Statesman |language=en |agency=Statesman News Service}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-16 |title=Supreme Court upholds West Bengal govt’s decision of reclaiming Hindustan Motors factory land |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-upholds-west-bengal-govts-decision-of-reclaiming-hindustan-motors-factory-land/article69820256.ece |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |agency=BL Kolkata Bureau}}</ref>

== Lawsuits and litigations ==
In mid July 2025, a special leave petition issued by Hindustan Motors was dismissed in the [[Supreme Court of India]] retaining the order by the Calcutta High Court to pay dearness allowance to the former workers of the factory and the reclamation of land; the reclamation was issued on July 6, 2022, from when the government started claiming unused and abandoned lands. The whole 395 acres occupied by the factory was ratified by the state on November 9, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Ishita Ayan |last2=Mishra |first2=Bhavini |title=Hindustan Motors land: SC upholds West Bengal's resumption of Hindustan Motors' factory land |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/supreme-court-upholds-west-bengal-resumption-hindustan-motors-land-125071601429_1.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandelwal |first=Hardik |date=2025-07-16 |title=Supreme Court Clears West Bengal To Reclaim Iconic Ambassador Car Factory Land From Hindustan Motors |url=https://lawchakra.in/supreme-court/bengal-ambassador-car-hindustan-motors/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=lawchakra.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindustan Motors}}

[[Category:Motor vehicle assembly plants in India]]
[[Category:Auto parts suppliers of India]]
[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Automotive companies of India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Industrial buildings completed in 1942]]
[[Category:Demolished manufacturing buildings and structures]]

Crazy Fellow

2026-04-26T22:03:39Z

IrisClow72785038: created new pg

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Crazy Fellow
| image = Crazy Fellow 2022.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Phani Krishna Siriki
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = K. K. Radhamohan
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Aadi Saikumar]]
* [[Digangana Suryavanshi]]
* [[Mirnaa Menon]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Satish Muthyala
| editing = Satya Giduturi
| music = RR Dhruvan
| studio = [[Sri Sathya Sai Arts]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|10|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Crazy Fellow''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Phani Krishna Siriki and starring [[Aadi Saikumar]], [[Digangana Suryavanshi]] and [[Mirnaa Menon]] in her Telugu debut.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/apr/08/aadi-saikumars-next-titled-crazy-fellow-30771.html |title=Aadi Saikumar's next titled Crazy Fellow |date=8 April 2022 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/071121/finding-her-way-into-telugu-films-mirnaa.html |title=Finding her way into Telugu films: Mirnaa |first=Sashidhar |last=Devi |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=7 November 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Aadi Saikumar]] as Abhiram alias Nani
* [[Digangana Suryavanshi]] as Madhu
* [[Mirnaa Menon]] as Chinni
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Abhiram's brother
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Abhiram's sister-in-law
* Narra Srinu
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Abhiram's coworker
*Ravi Prakash
*[[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Chinni's brother
* Priya Hegde
* Tasty Teja
* Deepthi Naidu
{{colend}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Watch it if you don't mind a simple story aided by good performances and numerous cinematic liberties".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/crazy-fellow/movie-review/94858242.cms |title=Crazy Fellow Movie Review : A 'romance' of errors that works for the most part |first=Neeshitha |last=Nyayapati |work=The Times of India |date=14 October 2022}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Overall, ''Crazy Fellow'' has all those ingredients and entertaining moments, making it a good time-pass watch for this weekend".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/oct/15/crazy-fellow-movie-review-a-comedy-of-errors-that-entertains-mostly-2508249.html |title='Crazy Fellow' movie review: A comedy of errors that entertains, mostly |date=15 October 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |last=CH |first=Murali Krishna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/aadi-saikumar-latest-movie-crazy-fellow-review/0203/122195339 |title=Crazy Fellow Review: రివ్యూ: క్రేజీ ఫెలో | aadi saikumar latest movie crazy fellow review |accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]] from 3 December 2022 in Telugu.

==References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=18377922}}

[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Rushi (film)

2026-04-26T19:39:43Z

IrisClow72785038: made new data

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language medical drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rushi
| image = Rushi poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Raj Madiraju]]
| writer = Raj Madiraju
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Akkineni Ramesh Prasad|Ramesh Prasad]]
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Arvind Krishna (actor)|Arvind Krishna]]
*Supriya Shelja
*Master Gaurav
*[[Ravi Prakash]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Tribhuvan Babu
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]] Don-Chandran
| studio = [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Productions]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|2|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rushi''''' is a 2012 Indian Telugu-language medical drama film directed by [[Raj Madiraju]] and starring [[Arvind Krishna (actor)|Arvind Krishna]], Supriya Shelja, Master Gaurav and [[Ravi Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/rushi-preview/articleshow/12330305.cms|title=Rushi: Preview|date=19 March 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/logo-rushi.html|title=Rushi logo launch|date=11 January 2012|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|language=te}}</ref>

The film is produced by Prasad Productions, which was founded by [[L. V. Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/first-look-of-rushi-held/article2793636.ece|title=‘First look' of Rushi held|last=Krishnamoorthy|first=Suresh|date=12 January 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123082733/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/first-look-of-rushi-held/article2793636.ece|archive-date=23 November 2022|access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref> Raj Madiraju and [[Akkineni Ramesh Prasad|Ramesh Prasad]] won the [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]] and the [[Nandi Special Jury Award]], respectively for this film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rushi-wins-nandi-award-for-best-story/300908-71-177.html |title='Rushi' wins Nandi Award for best story |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-10-17 |access-date=2013-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208212452/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rushi-wins-nandi-award-for-best-story/300908-71-177.html |archive-date=8 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Plot needed|date=November 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Arvind Krishna (actor)|Arvind Krishna]] as Rishi
*Supriya Shelja as Pooja
*Master Gaurav as Karthik
*[[Ravi Prakash]] as Venkat
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Professor Lakshmipati
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as the judge
*[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as an advocate
*[[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]] as an advocate
*Sanjay Raichura as a medical professor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsybitsy-name-game/article2906858.ece|title=Itsy-Bitsy: Name game|last=Chowdhury|first=Y. Sunita|date=19 February 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*Solomon Pagadala as Rishi's friend
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Snigha and the duo Don-Chandran. The lyrics were written by Krishna Chinni. The audio was released through [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Audio-launch-of-%E2%80%98Rushi-held/article13387277.ece|title=Audio launch of ‘Rushi' held|date=30 January 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "the director deserves a pat on the back for attempting a novel subject, and a socially relevant theme even if he only managed to partially pull it off".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rushi/movie-review/11837984.cms|title=Rushi Movie Review|date=10 February 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' said that "''Rushi'' has a meaningful theme. The film should be appreciated for tackling a different subject and a significant theme".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-rushi/20120209.htm|title=Review: ''Rushi'' is a meaningful film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=9 February 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2256813}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]

D. Sridhar Babu

2026-04-25T06:50:46Z

IrisClow72785038: created new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Duddilla Sridhar Babu
| caption = Sridhar Babu in 2012
| image = The Minister for Civil Supplies, Andhra Pradesh, Shri Sridhar Babu addressing at the inauguration of the Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, at Manthani, Karimnagar Dist., Andhra Pradesh on September 26, 2012 (cropped).jpg
| office1 = [[Revanth Reddy ministry|Minister for Information Technology, Electronics, Communications, Industries and Commerce]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telangana-cabinet-full-list-of-ministers-9058279/lite/ | title=Here's the full list of ministers in Revanth Reddy's Telangana Cabinet | date=7 December 2023 }}</ref> {{small|[[Government of Telangana]]}}
| term_start1 = 7 December 2023
| governor1 = * [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] (2023-2024)
* [[C.P. Radhakrishnan]] {{small|(Additional charge)}} (2024)
* [[Jishnu Dev Varma]] (2024-)
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. T. Rama Rao]]
| office2 = [[Revanth Reddy ministry|Minister for Legislative Affairs]]<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> {{small|[[Government of Telangana]]}}
| term_start2 = 7 December 2023
| governor2 = * [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] (2023-2024)
* [[C.P. Radhakrishnan]] {{small|(Additional charge)}} (2024-present)
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| predecessor2 = [[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]]
| office3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2018
| predecessor3 = Putta Madhu
| constituency3 = [[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
| office4 = [[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|Minister for Civil Supplies & Legislative Affairs]] {{small|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| term4 = 25 November 2010 - 2 January 2014<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/andhra-minister-sridhar-babu-quits-kiran-reddy-ministry-over-portfolio-rejig-160901-2014-01-01 | title=Telangana effect: Andhra minister Sridhar Babu quits Kiran Reddy ministry over portfolio rejig | date=2 January 2014 }}</ref>
| governor4 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| predecessor4 = [[Sake Sailajanath]]
| successor4 = [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| office5 = [[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Minister for Higher Education and NRI Affairs]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/ysr-constitutes-35member-cabinet-drops-four-ministers/lite/ | title=YSR constitutes 35-member Cabinet, drops four ministers | date=26 May 2009 }}</ref> {{small|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| term5 = 25 May 2009 - 24 November 2010
| governor5 = * [[N. D. Tiwari]]
* [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = * [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
* [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
| predecessor5 = [[Dharmapuri Srinivas]]
| successor5 = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]]
| office6 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term6 = 1999 - 2014
| predecessor6 = Chandrupatla Ram Reddy
| successor6 = ''Telangana Assembly Created''
| constituency6 = [[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
| birth_place = [[Manthani]], [[Telangana]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1969|5|30}}
| spouse = Shailaja Ramaiyer
| children = 2
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Duddilla Sridhar Babu''' (born 30 May 1969)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsridharbabu.com|title=About Sridhar Babu |publisher=SridharBabu Official Website}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Indian National Congress]] and is a member of the [[Telangana Assembly]] from [[Manthani (Assembly constituency)|Manthani Constituency]], Peddapalli district which he won for the fifth time as MLA in December 2023. He is a senior Minister in the Telangana Government holding the crucial portfolios of Information Technology, Electronics & Communication, Industry & Commerce and Legislative Affairs.<ref name="Telangana Ministers' Portfolios">{{Cite web|url=https://telangana.gov.in/government/council-of-ministers///|title= Telangana Ministers' Portfolios}}</ref>

Sridhar Babu is one of the senior most leaders in the [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|Telangana Congress Party]], and was an [[All India Congress Committee|AICC All India Congress Committee]] Secretary attached to the AICC General Secretary, in charge of [[Karnataka]]<ref name="AICC Secretaries">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sridhar-babu-appointed-as-aicc-secretary-for-karnataka/article65624109.ece|title=AICC Secretaries |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Online |date= 10 July 2022|accessdate=2022-07-10}}</ref> from July 2022 to August 2024. He was the Minister for Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs, Legal Metrology, and Legislative Affairs in the United [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] prior to that state being divided.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/contact/listofcontacts.asp?id=01 |title=Council of Ministers |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |date=October 2013 |accessdate=2013-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008000758/http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/contact/listofcontacts.asp?id=01 |archivedate=8 October 2013}}</ref>

==Background==
Duddilla Sridhar Babu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dsridharbabu.com/|title=Sridhar Babu Official Website|last=Duddilla|first=Sridhar babu|date=|website=dsridharbabu.com/}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://secure.aponline.gov.in/APPORTAL/List-of-MLAs.html |title=List of MLAs |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=2014-06-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222016/https://secure.aponline.gov.in/APPORTAL/List-of-MLAs.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> is the fourth of six children of former Speaker of the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly]], the Indian National Congress politician Sri [[D. Sripada Rao]]. He graduated with [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]], [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B.]] from the [[University of Delhi]], and [[Master of Arts|M. A. Political Science]] from [[University of Hyderabad]]. Babu was a practicing lawyer at [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] before entering politics in 1999 following the assassination of his father by [[Naxalite]]s. At that time he decided that it was incumbent on him to continue the work of his father in the [[Manthani]] constituency and more specifically in the [[Karimnagar district]] in which it is situated.<ref name="postnoon">{{cite news |url=http://postnoon.com/2012/09/21/robed-minister-of-kirans-team/74605 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131174152/http://postnoon.com/2012/09/21/robed-minister-of-kirans-team/74605 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2013 |title=Robed minister of Kiran's team |publisher=Postnoon |first= Inkeshaf |last=Ahmed |date=21 September 2012 |access-date=2013-10-03 }}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052660220800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529204041/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052660220800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2009 |title=Andhra Pradesh News : Manthani fields a Minister after PV |date=26 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sridhar Babu was a keen cricketer as a student, he represented [[Nizam College]] and the [[University of Hyderabad]]. Sridhar Babu is married to Ms Shailaja Ramaiyer an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of the Telangana Cadre, while being a MLA. The couple have two children(one son , one daughter).

==Career==
Sridhar Babu is known for carrying out developmental works in the Backward region of Manthani ever since he became a Member of the Legislative Assembly and is believed to be always close to the people of the region.

===First term (1999–2004)===
Sridhar Babu won on the Congress ticket from Manthani in the 1999 elections, though his Congress party was relegated to sitting in the opposition. He defeated his nearest rival Chandrupatla Ram Reddy by a margin of over 15,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 October 2012 |archive-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929010550/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Second term (2004–2009)===
By the time [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]] undertook his padayatra in 2003, Sridhar Babu was the Karimnagar district party president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/01/28/stories/2003012805010300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314102147/http://www.hindu.com/2003/01/28/stories/2003012805010300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2014 |title=Cong. wants Nellore renamed |date=28 January 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref> In the 2004 elections, in which the Congress Party gained power, he defeated the TDP candidate, Somarapu Satyanarayana, by a margin of 42,560 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 October 2012 |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111120540/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He became a Government Whip in the 12th Telangana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aplegislature.org/whips |title=Whips |publisher=AP Legislature |date= |accessdate=2014-03-14 |archive-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219215350/http://www.aplegislature.org/whips |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Third term (2009–2014)===
He was re-elected in the 2009 Assembly Elections defeating Putta Madhu of the erstwhile [[Praja Rajyam Party]] by a margin of over 13,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Statistical_Report_AP2009.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 October 2012 |archive-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804205034/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Statistical_Report_AP2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the only Congress MLA to be re-elected in 2009 from Karimnagar district, amidst a strong showing from an alliance of the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] and Telugu Desam Party.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

Babu was appointed a member of Y. S. Reddy's cabinet in May 2009<ref name="hindu" /> as minister for Higher Education and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] affairs. After serving the ministry for 1.5 years he moved to the Civil Supplies and Legislative affairs ministry in Kiran Kumar Reddy's cabinet.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} He resigned from the cabinet on 2 January 2014 after Reddy divested him of his Legislative Affairs portfolio when the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill]], which concerns the creation of a separate Telangana state, was being discussed in the Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/andhra-pradesh-minister-sridhar-babu-resigns-over-portfolio-rejig-466330 |title=Andhra Pradesh Minister Sridhar Babu resigns over portfolio rejig |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2 January 2014 |accessdate=2014-03-18}}</ref>

===Fourth term (2018–2023)===
Sridhar Babu won a hard-fought election in 2018,<ref name="eci.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|title = Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report}}</ref> and won with a majority of 16,230 votes against his TRS rival.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/manthani-election-result-2018-live-updates-duddilla-sridhar-babu-of-inc-wins-1969027.html/ |title=Manthani Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Duddilla Sridhar Babu of INC Wins - News18 |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213130308/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/manthani-election-result-2018-live-updates-duddilla-sridhar-babu-of-inc-wins-1969027.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Telangana CM KCR had called for an early election in September 2018 by dissolving the assembly a good 8 months before its tenure throwing the opposition parties into a tizzy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kcr-dissolves-telangana-assembly-calls-for-early-polls-1869591.html/ |title=KCR Keeps Date with 'Lucky 6', Dissolves Telangana Assembly and Calls for Early Polls |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034946/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kcr-dissolves-telangana-assembly-calls-for-early-polls-1869591.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Congress party had high hopes of dethroning the ruling TRS and allied itself with the TDP, TJS and CPI to forge a grand alliance. However, the TRS rode back to power and Sridhar Babu was one of the only 19 MLAs who won on the Congress party ticket.

=== Fifth term (2023-) ===

The Congress party launched a comprehensive campaign and AICC leaders Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi campaigned in Telangana and Smt. Sonia Gandhi addressed a mega rally in the run up to the Telangana election where she announced 6 guarantees.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-telangana-rally-telangana-assembly-elections-bjp-rishtedar-samithi-sonia-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-8944525/|title= Congress announces 6 guarantees=18 Sep 2023| date=18 September 2023 }}</ref> Basis the 6 guarantees, the party prepared a robust Manifesto which was spearheaded by Sridhar babu <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/031023/congress-manifesto-will-reflect-social-inclusiveness-of-telangana-peop.html|title= D Sridhar Babu is Manifesto Chairman of TPCC=4 Oct 2023| date=4 October 2023 }}</ref>
Sridhar Babu contesting for the 6th time as MLA from Manthani, and as only one of the 5 sitting MLAs from the Congress party in Telangana ran a well planned election campaign focusing on the promises made by the Congress party in its manifesto and the 6 guarantees announced to achieve a Samajika Telangana (Social Telangana)-which was based on Social justice and Inclusive politics, to counter the Bangaru Telangana ( Golden Telangana) claim by BRS. In the end, he won with a handsome margin of 31380 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2924.htm/|title= D Sridhar Babu wins from Manthani=4 Dec 2023}}</ref> inflicting a defeat on Putta Madhukar of the ruling BRS for the third time.
The state witnessed a stunning defeat of the ruling BRS which had to contend only with 39 seats, and the Congress party romped home with a simple majority of 64 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/telangana-election-result-recap-congress-ends-10-year-rule-of-brs-secures-64-seats-10-points-to-know-11701664939720.html/|title= Congress ends BRS Rule in Telangana=4 Dec 2023}}</ref>

==Government of Telangana==
D Sridhar Babu was sworn in as a Minister in the Government of Telangana on 7 December 2023 along with 11 other ministers including CM Revanth Reddy and Dy CM Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telangana-cabinet-full-list-of-ministers-9058279//|title= Telangana Ministers list=7 Dec 2023| date=7 December 2023 }}</ref>

He is currently holding the portfolio of Information Technology, Electronics & Communication, Industry & Commerce and
Legislative Affairs.<ref name="Telangana Ministers' Portfolios"/><ref name="Portfolios allocated to Ministers in the new Telangana Cabinet">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=9 December 2023 |title=Portfolios allocated to Ministers in the new Telangana Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/full-list-of-telangana-cabinet-and-council-of-ministers/article67620817.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121123943/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/full-list-of-telangana-cabinet-and-council-of-ministers/article67620817.ece |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Revanth Reddy assigns portfolios to 11 ministers in Telangana Cabinet: Full list">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=9 December 2023 |title=Revanth Reddy assigns portfolios to 11 ministers in Telangana Cabinet: Full list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/revanth-reddy-portfolios-11-ministers-telangana-cabinet-keeps-law-order-general-administration-full-list-2474051-2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121125317/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/revanth-reddy-portfolios-11-ministers-telangana-cabinet-keeps-law-order-general-administration-full-list-2474051-2023-12-09 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Election statistics ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
| 103,822
| 52.82
| rowspan="4"|Putta Madhu
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| 72,442
| 36.86
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 31,380
| 15.96
|-
! [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| 89,045
| 50.41
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
| 72,815
| 41.22
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 16,230
| 9.19
|-
! [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| 64,667
| 38.00
| 84,037
| 49.38
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -19,370
| -11.38
|-
! [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| 63,770
| 42.27
| {{Party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
| 50,561
| 33.51
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 13,209
| 8.76
|-
! [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| 79,318
| 59.23
| [[Somarapu Satyanarayana]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
| 36,758
| 27.45
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 42,560
| 31.78
|-
! [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| 65,884
| 54.31
| Chandrupatla Ram Reddy
| 50,613
| 41.73
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 15,271
| 12.58
|-
|}

==Offices held==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Office''' !! '''Organization''' !! '''Tenure'''
|-
| Secretary, Coordination Committee||Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee || (2014–2015)
|-
| Chairman, Manifesto Committee <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/congress-releases-poll-manifesto-for-telangana-680770.html|title = Congress releases poll manifesto for Telangana|date = 12 April 2014}}</ref> ||Telangana Pradesh Election Committee || (2014–2014)
|-
| Minister for Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs, Legal [[Metrology]] ||Government of Andhra Pradesh || (2010-2014)
|-
|Minister for Legislative Affairs ||Government of Andhra Pradesh || (2010 - 2014)
|-
| In Charge District Minister and Chairman DRC(District Review Committee)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/water-board-ghmc-chiefs-caught-off-guard/article2848407.ece|title = Water Board, GHMC chiefs caught off guard|newspaper = The Hindu|date = February 2012}}</ref> ||Ranga Reddy District, Andhra Pradesh || (2009-2014)
|-
| Minister for Higher Education and NRI Affairs ||Government of Andhra Pradesh || (2009-2010)
|-
| President || District Congress Committee, Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh || (2004-2012)
|-
| Board Member ||Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh || (2004-2006)
|-
| Government Whip ||12th Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly || (2004-2009)
|-
| Chairman || Cricket Association of Telangana, CAT || (2014–2016)
|-
| Vice president || Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-04-17/Sonia-approves-TPCC-body/222081|title=Sonia approves TPCC body|date=17 April 2016}}</ref> || (2016–2021)
|-
| Secretary || All India Congress Committee <ref name="AICC Secretaries"/>|| (2022–Till date)

|-
| Minister for IT, E&C, Industries & Commerce, Legislative Affairs || Government of Telangana || (2023–Till date)

|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Sridhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]

Atul Bora (BJP politician)

2026-04-22T09:46:07Z

IrisClow72785038: New new stub v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Atul Bora
| native_name = অতুল বৰা
| image = Atul Bora Dispur MLA.jpg
| image_size = 180
| caption =

| office = [[Government of Assam|Cabinet Minister, Assam]]
| term_start = 15 May 1996
| term_end = 17 May 2001
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
| 2blankname = Department
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Public Works}}
| predecessor = [[Golok Rajbanshi]]
| successor = [[Sarat Barkotoky]]
| term_start1 = 24 December 1985
| term_end1 = 28 November 1990
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
| 2blankname1 = Departments
| 2namedata1 = {{bulleted list|Public Works|Town and Country Planning}}
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Anwara Taimur]] {{small|(PWD)}}|[[Jagannath Singh (Assam politician)|Jagannath Singh]] {{small|(T&CP)}}}}
| successor1 = [[Golok Rajbanshi]]

| office2 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 19 May 2016
| term_end2 = 4 May 2026
| constituency2 = [[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]
| predecessor2 = [[Akon Bora]]
| successor2 =
| term_start3 = 1985
| term_end3 = 13 May 2001
| predecessor3 = Tarini Mohan Barua
| successor3 = [[Robin Bordoloi]]

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|4|7}}
| birth_place = [[Assam]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]] (1985–2012)
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]]
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Atul Bora''' is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from Assam. He has been elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in the 1985 to 1996 and 2016 elections from [[Dispur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dispur]].<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/politics/assam-election-results-bjp-sonowal-win-congress-gogoi-loss-2810242/ Assam election results: Highest and lowest margin, the man behind BJP’s historic win]</ref><ref>[https://myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=706 My Neta]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Student-leader-to-take-on-political-heavyweights-in-Dispur/articleshow/51637107.cms Student leader to take on political heavyweights in Dispur]</ref> He was a founding member of [[Asom Gana Parishad]]. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2013.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/i-joined-bjp-for-bigger-platform-atul/articleshow/20904772.cms I joined BJP for bigger platform: Atul]</ref> He was also a minister in [[First Mahanta Ministry|First Prafulla Kumar Mahanta government]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bora, Atul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}

Nagaland Super League

2026-04-22T02:30:07Z

IrisClow72785038: https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/i-league-3 Barak did not join

{{Short description|Indian regional association football league in the state of Nagaland}}
{{Distinguish|Nagaland Premier League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox football league
| logo = Nagaland Super League.svg
| pixels =
| country = India
| organiser = [[Nagaland Football Association]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2024}}
| teams = 7
| promotion = [[I-League 3]] (proposed)
| levels = [[Indian football league system|5]]
| domest_cup =
| champions = Barak FC (1st title)
| tv = NSL [[North East Live|Northeast Live]] SportsCast India ([[YouTube]])
| season = 2025
| current = [[2025 Nagaland Super League]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.nagalandsuperleague.com/|nagalandsuperleague.com}}
}}

The '''Nagaland Super League''' is a men's professional franchise [[Association football|football]] league in the state of [[Nagaland]], [[India]], organised by the [[Nagaland Football Association]] (NFA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-15 |title=Nagaland Super League launches official logo |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/nagaland-super-league-launches-official-logo/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Super League official logo released |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/nagaland-super-league-official-logo-released |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Mirror |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/details/official-logo-of-nagaland-super-league-unveiled |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TIMES |first=MOKOKCHUNG |date=2025-01-14 |title=CM Neiphiu Rio visits Chümoukedima stadium ahead of Nagaland Super League kickoff » MokokchungTimes.com |url=https://mokokchungtimes.com/cm-neiphiu-rio-visits-chumoukedima-stadium-ahead-of-nagaland-super-league-kickoff/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=mokokchungtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-13 |title=CM interacts with footballers at Chümoukedima ahead of 1st Nagaland Super League |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/cm-interacts-with-footballers-at-chumoukedima-ahead-of-1st-nagaland-super-league/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Nagaland Super League kicks off on Jan 28, 2025! Seven clubs, two stadiums, one epic battle for glory. Join the action at Chumoukedima & IG Stadium, Kohima. |url=https://x.com/NSLOfficial2024/status/1879127922172461398 |website=x.com}}</ref>

== History==

The Nagaland Super League (NSL) was founded in 2024 by the [[Nagaland Football Association]] (NFA) to enhance the standard of football in the state and provide a competitive platform for local talent. The inaugural season of the league began in 2025, with the goal of fostering football development, scouting young players, and promoting the sport across Nagaland. The NSL features teams from various districts, creating a high level of competition while contributing to the overall growth of football in the region. The league is seen as a key initiative to elevate Nagaland's football scene and to create opportunities for players to progress to higher levels of the sport.
==Clubs==
{{Location map+|India Nagaland|float=right|width=300|caption=Locations of the NSL clubs|places=
{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.67 |long=94.1 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[27 United FC|27 United]]}} |position=bottom}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.554 |long=93.7406 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Barak FC|Barak]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=26.271559 |long=94.831384 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Frontier Warriors FC|Frontier Warriors]]}} |position=bottom}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=26.32 |long=94.5 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Longterok FC|Longterok]]}} |position=top}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.7916 |long=93.7818 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.909174 |long=93.726602 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Red Scars FC|Red Scars]]}} |position=top}}


{{Location map~ |India Nagaland |lat=25.715 |long=94.0365 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Sechü Zubza FC|Sechü Zubza]]}} |position=right}}}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Club
!City
|-
|[[27 United FC|27 United]]
|[[Kohima]]
|-
|[[Barak FC|Barak]]
|[[Peren, Nagaland|Peren]]
|-
|[[Frontier Warriors FC|Frontier Warriors]]
|[[Tuensang]]
|-
|[[Longterok FC|Longterok]]
|[[Mokokchung]]
|-
|[[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]
|[[Chümoukedima]]
|-
|[[Red Scars FC|Red Scars]]
|[[Dimapur]]
|-
|[[Sechü Zubza FC|Sechü Zubza]]
|[[Sechü Zubza]]
|-
|}

==Format==
In the inaugural season, 7 teams took part. They played with each other a league stage consisting of a [[double round-robin]] with each team playing total 12 matches. Top 4 teams qualified for playoffs where [[page playoff system]] was maintained.

==Stadiums==
The stadiums for the 2025 edition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TIMES |first=MOKOKCHUNG |date=2025-01-22 |title=Nagaland Super League announces fixtures for inaugural season starting January 28 » MokokchungTimes.com |url=https://mokokchungtimes.com/nagaland-super-league-announces-fixtures-for-inaugural-season-starting-january-28/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=mokokchungtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
![[Nagaland United SC|Nagaland United]]
![[Barak FC|Barak]]
![[Longterok FC|Longterok]]
![[Red Scars FC|Red Scars]]
![[27 United FC|27 United]]
![[Frontier Warriors FC|Frontier Warriors]]
![[Sechü Zubza FC|Sechü Zubza]]
|-
| colspan="4" |Chümoukedima Football Stadium
| colspan="3" |[[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Kohima)|Indira Gandhi Stadium]]
|-
| colspan="4" |Capacity: '''5,000'''
| colspan="3" |Capacity: '''20,000'''
|}

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;font-size:90%;float:center"
! width="75" |Season
! width="125" style="background:gold" |Champions
! width="125" style="background:silver" |Runners-up
!No. of teams
|-
| align="center" |[[2025 Nagaland Super League|2025]]
| [[Barak FC|Barak]]
| [[Longterok FC|Longterok]]
|7
|}

==Marketing==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Sponsors<ref>{{Cite web |title=Match Layout |url=https://nagalandsuperleague.com/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=nagalandsuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|
* IDAN
* [[Indian Olympic Association#State Olympic Associations|NOA]]
* DoYRS
* [[Government of Nagaland|GoN]]
* [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]
* [[Nagaland Football Association|NFA]]
|
* [[Coca-Cola]]
* [[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]]
* [[Madame (clothing)|Madame]]
* [[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]
* MIP
* [https://suchirindia.in/ SuchirIndia]
|
* SportsCast India
* [[Toyota]]
* [[Royal Enfield]]
* [[Nagaland Post]]
* Kaki
* Ahibi
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Nagaland Super League]]
[[Category:Football in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2025]]

Hulikatte

2026-04-21T12:38:27Z

IrisClow72785038: starting new details added tags!

{{one source|date=April 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hulikatte
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vijayanagara District|Vijayanagara]]
| subdivision_type3 =
[[Taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
|subdivision_name3 =
[[Harapanahalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KA-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hulikatte''' is a village in the [[Harapanahalli|Harapanahalli taluk]] of [[Vijayanagara district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geology |first=Mysore (India : State) Dept of Mines and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3616gASR_QC |title=Geological Dept |date=1923 |pages=11–16 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord|14.462244|76.101887|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Vijayanagara district]]

{{Vijayanagara-geo-stub}}

Tushar Shelke

2026-04-19T18:20:49Z

IrisClow72785038: Made New Post

{{Short description|Indian archer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Tushar Shelke
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = Tushar Prabhakar Shelke
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|01|30}}
| birth_place =
| height = 1.81 m
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[archery]]}}
{{Medal|Country | {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Archery at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Silver | [[Archery at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Archery at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team recurve|Team recurve]]}}
}}
'''Tushar Prabhakar Shelke''' (born 30 January 1995) is an [[List of Indian archers|Indian archer]]. He represents India in the recurve men's individual and team events. He is selected for the Indian Archery team to take part in the 2022 [[Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> The Indian Men's recurve team consisting of [[Atanu Das]], [[Dhiraj Bommadevara]] and Tushar Shelke won the silver medal at the 2022 Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Asian Games 2023: Atanu Das, Dhiraj Bommadevara, Tushar Shelke bag Silver medal in recurve archery final |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/asian-games-2023-atanu-das-dhiraj-bommadevara-tushar-shelke-bag-silver-medal-in-recurve-archery-final-india-asian-games-medals-2023-10-06-896492 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2023: India settle for silver in recurve men's team event in archery after losing to South Korea |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/asian-games-2023-india-settle-for-silver-in-recurve-mens-team-event-in-archery-after-losing-to-south-korea-2445433-2023-10-06 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tushar began his international career with the university games when he first did well at the Gwangju Summer Universiade.<ref name=":1" /> Later, he represented the country in various tournaments and was part of the recent teams that won bronze medals in the three World Cups in 2023 that served as the qualification meets for the World Championships. In 2023, he also won a gold medal at the Asian Grand Prix Circuit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tushar Prabhakar Shelke | World Archery |url=https://www.worldarchery.sport/profile/17709/tushar-prabhakar-shelke/biography |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=worldarchery.sport |language=en}}</ref> He took part in the men's recurve team and individual events at the World Championships in Berlin, Germany.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Indian archers bag two bronze medals in World Cup Stage 4 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-archers-bag-two-bronze-medals-in-world-cup-stage-4/articleshow/102806156.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 October 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Later in the same year, he won a bronze in the men's recurve team and individual events at the World Championships in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He also won two other bronze medals at the World Cup Stage 3 in [[Medellín|Medelin]], [[Colombia]] Men's individual and Mixed team events.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SHELKE Tushar Prabhakar – The 19th Asian Games |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/archery/athlete-profile-n2003206-shelke-tushar-prabhakar.htm |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Hangzhou2022.cn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005132039/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/archery/athlete-profile-n2003206-shelke-tushar-prabhakar.htm |archive-date=5 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=17 June 2023 |title=Archery World Cup Medellin: Bhajan Kaur-Tushar Shelke reach recurve mixed team bronze medal match |url=https://scroll.in/field/1051076/archery-world-cup-medellin-bhajan-kaur-tushar-shelke-reach-recurve-mixed-team-bronze-medal-match |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=26 May 2023 |title=Archery WC Stage-3 trials: Tushar, Mrinal selected in men's recurve; Parneet makes women's squad |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/archery/archery-wc-trials-tushar-mrinal-makes-mens-recurve-team-parneet-aditi-womens-squad/article66897941.ece |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cup Stage 3: Indian archers win recurve team bronze |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/world-cup-stage-3-indian-archers-win-recurve-team-bronze/20230616.htm |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=16 June 2023 |title=Archery World Cup Medellin: India win men's recurve team bronze; Abhishek Verma in compound semis |url=https://scroll.in/field/1051023/archery-world-cup-medellin-india-win-mens-recurve-team-bronze-abhishek-verma-in-compound-semis |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> India also won a bronze in the Men's recurve team<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=India claim recurve team bronze double | World Archery |url=https://www.worldarchery.sport/news/201351/india-claim-recurve-team-bronze-double |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=worldarchery.sport |language=en}}</ref> at the World Cup Stage 4 in Paris, France where Tushar was also part of the team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=Indian archers bag two bronze medals in World Cup Stage 4 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/indian-archers-bag-two-bronze-medals-in-world-cup-stage-4-101692276293187.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|archery/athlete-profile-n2003206-shelke-tushar-prabhakar|Tushar Prabhakar Shelke}}
* {{World Archery|17709/tushar-prabhakar-shelke|Tushar Prabhakar Shelke}}
* {{InterSportStats|3000359845|Tushar Prabhakar Shelke}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shelke, Tushar}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male archers]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in archery]]
[[Category:Archers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Marathi sportspeople]]

Balipatna Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:06Z

IrisClow72785038: New new bio basic info.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Balipatna
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Balipatna''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Khordha district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref> It was established in 1961 and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Jayadev Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref> This constituency was reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Castes]].

== Elected members ==
Between 1961 & 2008, 11 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Balipatna constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Gopinath Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Harihar Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Basanta Kumar Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" | Gopinath Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Basant Kumar Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Raghab Chandra Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | Hrushikesh Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Raghab Chandra Sethy
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Shashi Bhusan Behera|Sashi Bhusan Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
!colspan="4"|2009 onwards: See [[Jayadev Assembly constituency|Jayadev]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Khordha district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Khordha district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Khordha-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Gunnaur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:11Z

IrisClow72785038: created pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gunnaur
| constituency_no = 111
| map_image = 111-Gunnaur.svg
| mla = Ramkhiladi Singh Yadav
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[sambhal district|Sambhal]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,72,513 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Gunnaur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Budaun district|Budaun]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency]]. The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 111.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 10 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=10 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/gunnaur.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=10 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Gunnaur Assembly constituency is Gunnaur Tehsil.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Gunnaur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/gunnaur.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Karan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Jamuna Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Jugal Kishore
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Rishi Pal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Jugal Kishore
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sheoraj Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|1979^
| rowspan="2" |Prem Wati
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Pushpa Devi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Ramkhiladi Singh Yadav|Ramkhiladi Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Rajesh Kumar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Ramkhiladi Singh Yadav|Ramkhiladi Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Ajit Kumar Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|2004^
| rowspan="2" |[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|2007^
|Pradeep Kumar
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ramkhiladi Singh Yadav|Ramkhiladi Yadav]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|Ajit Kumar Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ramkhiladi Singh Yadav|Ramkhiladi Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gunnaur<ref name="Record win">{{cite news |title=Record win for Mulayam from Gunnaur {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/record-win-for-mulayam-from-gunnaur/articleshow/469098.cms |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2004 |language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Khiladi Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:123969}}
|percentage = 51.38
|change = +9.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajeet Kumar (Raju Yadav)
|votes = {{formatnum:94440}}
|percentage = 39.14
|change = -8.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Firoz Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:15068}}
|percentage = 6.24
|change = -0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2601}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29529}}
|percentage = 12.24
|change = +7.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:241292}}
|percentage = 58.68
|change = -2.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Gunnaur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajeet Kumar Urf Raju Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:107344}}
|percentage = 47.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Khiladi Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:95958}}
|percentage = 42.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Islam Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:16052}}
|percentage = 7.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2639}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11386}}
|percentage = 5.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227731}}
|percentage = 61.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Gunnaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ramkhiladi Singh Yadav]]
|votes = 107,378
|percentage = 53.19
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajit Kumar
|votes = 60,720
|percentage = 30.08
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhoopendra Singh
|votes = 19,326
|percentage = 9.57
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 5 candidates
|votes = 14,462
|percentage = 7.16
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 46,658
|percentage = 23.11
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 201,886
|percentage = 59.14
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2007"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Assembly election, 2007]]:Gunnaur<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |title=2007 results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 54,696
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Arif Ali
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 23,049
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bhoopendra Singh
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 7,550
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Piyush Ranjan Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,940
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 31647
|percentage = 35.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 90311
|percentage = 35.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:253894 }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2007"/>

===2004===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2004"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2004 elections in India#Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Assembly by election, 2004]]:Gunnaur <ref name="Record win">{{cite news |title=Record win for Mulayam from Gunnaur {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/record-win-for-mulayam-from-gunnaur/articleshow/469098.cms |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2004 |language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,95,213
|percentage = 91.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Arif Ali
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 11,314
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Gulfam Singh Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,941
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 1,83,899
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2004"/>

== See also ==

*[[Sambhal district]]
*[[Budaun Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Budaun district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Education in Maharashtra

2026-03-24T20:53:14Z

IrisClow72785038: created new stub

Modern education was introduced to [[Maharashtra]] region during the 19th century by British colonial administration.
Census of 2011 showed literacy rates in the state for males and females were around 78% and 67% respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=C-8 Educational Level By Age And Sex For Population Age 7 And Above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/C-08/DDW-2700C-08.xlsx|website=Census of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531202452/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/C-08/DDW-2700C-08.xlsx|archive-date=31 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
Education at different levels in the state is provided by the state, government supported charities, or private institutions. There are also a number of institutes offering vocational training.

== History ==
American Marathi Mission, Scottish presbyterian missionary [[John Wilson (missionary)|John Wilson]], Indian nationalists such as [[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], social reformers such as [[Jyotirao Phule]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] and [[Bhaurao Patil]] all played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges during the British colonial era.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Personality and Philosophy of Lokmanya B.G. Tilak |url=http://www.ncte-india.org/pub/tilak/section3.htm |website=ncte-india.org/ |publisher=NCTE: National Council For Teacher Education |access-date=29 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705182851/http://www.ncte-india.org/pub/tilak/section3.htm |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahatma Jotiba Phule: An Educational Philosopher|url=http://sikhinstitute.org/oct_2011/13-rajni_marwaha.html|website=sikhinstitute.org/|publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218044634/http://sikhinstitute.org/oct_2011/13-rajni_marwaha.html|archive-date=18 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. B.R.Ambedkar's Contribution To Buddhist Education|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-waghmare160207.htm|website=countercurrents.org/|publisher=Counter Currents news portal|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903113049/http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-waghmare160207.htm|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Smith2012">{{cite book|author=George Smith|title=Life of John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S.: For Fifty Years Philanthropist and Scholar in the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYqwdb1ZUEC&pg=PA50|date=7 June 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-05045-6|page=50|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYqwdb1ZUEC&pg=PA50|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The forerunner of [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] was established in 1821. The [[Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University]], the oldest women's liberal arts college in south Asia, started its journey in 1916. [[College of Engineering Pune]], established in 1854, is the third oldest college in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School|url=http://www.coep.org.in/|publisher=College of Engineering, Pune|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929220235/http://www.coep.org.in/|archive-date=29 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Government Polytechnic Nagpur]], established in 1914, is one of the oldest polytechnics in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/easy_cms_gpnagpur/2017/msbtetrainingbrochure.pdf|title=Government Polytechnic, Nagpur Training Brochure|year=2018|pages=http://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614050333/http://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/easy_cms_gpnagpur/2017/msbtetrainingbrochure.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Primary and secondary level ==
[[File:Students of a Maharashtra Primary School (9601442866).jpg|right|thumb|Students at a state-run primary school in [[Raigad district]].]]
Maharashtra schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. It is mandatory for local authorities to provide primary education under state law. However, secondary education is an optional duty.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms|title=Govt dissolves education board; schools now under Pune Municipal Corporation's wing - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202110818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757|title=Maharashtra Assembly passes bill allowing private companies to open schools in state, sets guidelines|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202154012/https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Public primary schools in the rural and urban are run by the area [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] or the municipal corporations respectively. Private schools are run mainly by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities. Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government.<ref name="ccsindia.org">Joshi, R., Regulatory Requirements for Starting a School in Poona. Centre for Civil Society, CCS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PAPERS 2004 [http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030245/http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf |date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
Instruction is mainly in Marathi, English or Hindi, though [[Urdu]] is also used. Physical education is mandatory.<ref name="BromberKrawietz2013">{{cite book|author1=Katrin Bromber|author2=Birgit Krawietz|author3=Joseph Maguire|title=Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LYZQyDBvRIC&pg=PA121|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-88438-9|page=139}}</ref>
The secondary schools are affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)]], the [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open School (NIOS)]] or the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]. Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]], also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely [[liberal arts]], commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs at colleges affiliated to a university.

== Tertiary level ==
[[File:AFMC Main Building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=AFMC Pune|[[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]], was one of the institutions established after the Indian independence movement]]
Maharashtra has 24 universities with a turnout of 160,000 Graduates every year.<ref name="educational institute">{{cite web|title=State University|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=2|publisher=University Grants Commission|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422051850/http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=2|archive-date=22 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=universities>{{cite web|title=Universities of Maharashtra|url=http://www.educationinfoindia.com/maharashtradir.htm|publisher=Education information of India|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915133355/http://www.educationinfoindia.com/maharashtradir.htm|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. The [[University of Mumbai]], is the largest university in the world in terms of the number of graduates and has 141 affiliated colleges.<ref name=colleges>{{cite web|title=Mumbai University Affiliated Colleges |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges.html |publisher=University of Mumbai |access-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509004327/http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges.html |archive-date=9 May 2014 }}</ref>
According to prominent national rankings, 5 to 7 Maharashtra colleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in India.<ref name="top colleges">{{cite news|title=10 Indian universities in developing nations top 100 list|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/10-Indian-universities-in-developing-nations-top-100-list/articleshow/26916987.cms|access-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211201523/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/10-Indian-universities-in-developing-nations-top-100-list/articleshow/26916987.cms|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's Best Universities for 2013|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=5&Y=2013|access-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518020839/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=5&Y=2013|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top colleges in state|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=8&Y=2013|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518013312/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=8&Y=2013|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maharashtra is also home to such notable autonomous institutes as [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], [[College of Engineering Pune]] (CoEP), [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University]], [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]], [[Walchand College of Engineering]], [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]] (VNIT) and [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI), [[Sardar Patel College of Engineering]] (SPCE).<ref name="autonomous colleges">{{cite web|title=List of autonomous institutes in Maharashtra|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/374autocolleges_april11.pdf|publisher=University Grants Commission|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102205937/http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/374autocolleges_april11.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of these autonomous institutes are ranked the highest in India and have very competitive entry requirements. The [[University of Pune]] (now [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]), the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune|Armed Forces Medical College]] and [[National Chemical Laboratory]] were established in Pune soon after the Indian independence in 1947. Mumbai has an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]], has [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]] and Nagpur has [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIM]] and [[AIIMS]].

Some of the notable institutes in the state are: [[Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur]] (MNLUN), [[Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai]] (MNLUM), [[Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad]] (MNLUA), [[Government Law College, Mumbai]] (GLC), [[ILS Law College]], and [[Symbiosis Law School]] (SLS).

Maharashtra has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions. Most of the private colleges were set up in the last forty years after the State Government of [[Vasantdada Patil]] liberalised the Education Sector in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhosale|first1=Jayashree|title=Economic Times: Despite private participation Education lacks quality in Maharashtra|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|access-date=6 October 2014|date=10 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010054204/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|archive-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Politicians and leaders involved in the huge cooperative movement in Maharashtra were instrumental in setting up the private institutes<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dahiwale Vol. 30, No. 6 (11 February 1995), pp.|first1=S. M.|title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1995|volume=30|issue=6|pages=341–342|jstor=4402382}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baviskar|first1=B. S.|title=Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2007|volume=42|issue=42|pages=4217–4219|jstor=40276570}}</ref>
There are also local [[community colleges]] with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=October 2016}}.
[[File:PDKV Akola - Agricultural University.png|thumb|right|Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural university) at Akola]]
The state also has four agricultural universities namely [[Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University]], [[Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth]], [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]] and [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]],<ref name="mcaer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcaer.org/|title=Welcome to MCAER official website|publisher=mcaer.org|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929163851/http://www.mcaer.org/|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> besides these, there are other regional universities like [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]], [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], [[North Maharashtra University]], [[Shivaji University]], [[Solapur University]], [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]] and [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]], all well established and nationally renowned, to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state. Apart from this, there are a number of [[Deemed university|deemed universities]] in Maharashtra, including [[Symbiosis International University]], [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], and [[Tilak Maharashtra University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Deemed Universities|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/deemedunivertisite.pdf|website=aicte-india.org|publisher=[[All India Council for Technical Education]]|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219220504/http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/deemedunivertisite.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Vocational training ==
The state has many post-secondary school [[industrial training institute]]s (ITIs) run by the government and private trusts that offer vocational training in numerous trades such as construction, plumbing, welding, automobile mechanic etc. Successful candidates receive the National Trade Certificate.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=James (editor)|last2=Melsens|first2=S|last3=Mangaonkar – Vaiude|first3=P|last4=Bertels|first4=Inge (Authors)|title=Building Histories: the Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Construction History Society Conference|date=2017|publisher=The Construction History Society|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=978-0-9928751-3-8|pages=27–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93kkDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Industrial+training+institute%22++pune&pg=PA27|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> In 2012 approximately 1,50,000 (113644 in ITIs and 35512 in ITCs) students were enrolled in programs run by these organizations.<ref>Mujumdar, M.S.S., 2012. A Study of Significance of Vocationalization of Education and Skill Development in India-with special reference to the State of Maharashtra. Unpublished PhD Thesis). Symbiosis International University, Pune, India. MHRD.(2014). Revised Scheme of Vocationalization of Higher Secondary Education, Department of School Education and Literacy. New Delhi: MHRD.[http://www.scdl.net/pdf/PhDThesis.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123125722/http://www.scdl.net/pdf/PhDThesis.pdf |date=23 November 2018 }} page 32</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Categories==

[[Category:Education in Maharashtra| ]]

International Society for Krishna Consciousness

2026-03-24T08:27:39Z

IrisClow72785038: quick added references for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|Hindu religious organisation}}
{{Redirect|ISKCON|prominent temples|ISKCON Temple (disambiguation){{!}}ISKCON Temple}}
{{Redirect|Hare Khrisna|the mantra|Hare Krishna (mantra)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| abbreviation = ISKCON
| logo = ISKCON logo.svg
| logo_size = 180px
| logo_caption = Official emblem of ISKCON
| image = Iskon Temple, Vrindawan.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = [[Krishna Balarama Mandir|ISKCON Temple]] in [[Vrindavan]], [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| formation = {{start date and age|1966|07|13|df=yes|p=y}} {{nowrap|[[New York City]]}}, [[United States]]
| type = [[Religious organization]]
| status = [[Foundation (nonprofit)|Foundation]]
| headquarters = [[Mayapur]], [[Nabadwip]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| coords = {{coord|23.4248|N| 88.3889|E|display=inline}}
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| main_organ = Governing Body Commission
| affiliations = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] ([[Hinduism]])
| founder = [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]
| membership =
| location = 800+ temples and centres<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iskcon.org/about-us/what-is-iskcon.php | title=What is ISKCON » Home - ISKCON - the Hare Krishna Movement | access-date=7 September 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032607/https://www.iskcon.org/about-us/what-is-iskcon.php | url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| website = {{URL|iskcon.org}}
|
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

The '''International Society for Krishna Consciousness''' ('''ISKCON'''), commonly known as the '''Hare Krishna Movement''', is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[religious organization]]. It follows the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition, which emphasizes devotion (''bhakti'') to [[Krishna]] as the supreme deity. The ISKCON was founded on 13 July 1966 in [[New York City]] by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gibson|2002|p=6}}</ref> The organization's spiritual and administrative headquarters is located in [[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], and it claims a global membership of around one million people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When is Rath Yatra 2025? Date, ritual timings, ISKCON's celebration plans, and full schedule of Lord Jagannath's festival - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/when-is-rath-yatra-2025-date-ritual-timings-iskcons-celebration-plans-and-full-schedule-of-lord-jagannaths-festival/articleshow/122007075.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=m.economictimes.com | date=22 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-21 |title=Iskcon to host Rath Yatra on June 29 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/iskcon-to-host-rath-yatra-on-june-29/articleshow/121982111.cms |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

ISKCON teaches a form of [[Panentheism|panentheistic]] Hinduism rooted in the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', and other [[Hindu texts|scriptures]], interpreted through the commentaries of its founder. Although commonly regarded as monotheistic by the general public, ISKCON theology emphasizes that the Supreme Being, Krishna, manifests in multiple forms while remaining the singular, ultimate reality. The movement is described as the largest and most influential branch of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition,<ref name="Bryant 2004 34">{{Harvnb|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=34}}</ref> which originated in India in the early 16th century and expanded internationally during the late 20th century.<ref>[https://hinduism.enacademic.com/150/Bharati,_Baba_Premanand Bharati, Baba Premanand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031529/http://hinduism.enacademic.com/150/Bharati%2C_Baba_Premanand|date=1 October 2017}}. Hinduism.enacademic.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.</ref>

ISKCON promotes [[bhakti yoga]]—the path of devotional service to Krishna—as the central spiritual practice of its members, who are often referred to as "bhaktas." The movement also encourages [[lacto vegetarianism]], regular chanting of the Hare Krishna mantra, and strict ethical and devotional disciplines as part of its teachings on spiritual progress.<ref name="Guy">{{Harvnb|Beck|2005|p=39|loc="According to Orthodox Gaudiya..."}}</ref>

== History and beliefs ==
{{Further|Achintya Bheda Abheda|Gaudiya Vaishnavism}}

=== Background ===
[[Viṣṇu]] was a minor deity in the [[historical Vedic religion]], to which [[Vaishnavism|Vaiṣṇavism]] has only "a very indirect connection".<ref>{{harvc |last=Witzel |first=Michael |c=The Vedic Literature |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> In the ancient Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābharāta]]'', Kr̥ṣṇa is both God and an ally of the [[Pandava|Pāṇḍavas]].<ref>{{harvc |last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf |c=Mahābhārata |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> The ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhāgavata Purāṇa]]'' enumerates numerous ''[[avatāra]]''s of Viṣṇu and of them considers Kr̥ṣṇa to be [[Svayam Bhagavan|Svayam Bhagavān]]; many concepts integral to the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava tradition such as ''[[Lila (Hinduism)|līlā]]'', ''[[Achintya Bheda Abheda|acintyabhedābheda]]'', [[Bhāva (Hinduism)|overflowing emotion]] in ''[[bhakti]]'', and reciting the names of [[Hari]] find their foundation in this text.<ref>{{harvc |last=Hospital |first=Clifford |c=Bhāgavata Purāṇa |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> The theme of emotional devotion to Kr̥ṣṇa continued in ''bhakti'' poetry such as the Sanskrit ''[[Gita Govinda|Gīta-Govinda]]'' of Jayadeva and the Bengali poems of [[Chandidas|Caṇḍīdāsa]], both of which were influential to Gauḍiya Vaiṣṇavism.<ref>{{harvc |last=Davis|first=Richard|c=Bhakti Poetry |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref>

The Gauḍīya ''sampradāya'' claims to originate from the [[Madhva sampradaya]] through [[Lakshmipati Tirtha|Lakṣmīpati Tīrtha]] and [[Madhavendra Puri|Mādhavendra Puri]]; scholars debate the historicity of this connection and most consider them to have been Vaishnava-oriented [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya|Shankarite aka Dashanami]] ''sannyasi''s (many consider [[Baladeva Vidyabhushana]] to be responsible for connecting the Gaudiya's to the Madhva lineage).<ref>{{harvc |last=Deadwyler |first=William |c=Saṁpradāya of Śrī Caitanya |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Brzezinski|first=Jan|c=Charismatic Renewal and Institutionalization in the History of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and the Gaudiya Math|in1=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|year=2004|p=76}}</ref> Caitanya Mahāprabhu, born in sixteenth century [[Bengal]], is considered the founder of Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism, called such because it was spread in [[Gauḍa (region)]] i.e. Bengal.{{Sfn|Rosen|1992|p=i-ii}} During the period around Caitanya's life, Bengal was ruled by a Muslim government which nevertheless patronized Vaiṣṇavas and their cultural work.<ref>{{harvc |last=Eaton |first=Richard |c=The Bengal of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> There exist several biographies of Caitanya which are capped by the ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-Caritāmr̥ta]]'' of [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja|Kr̥ṣṇadāsa Kavirāja]]; each biography explores Caitanya's life and Gauḍīya conceptions of his divinity.<ref>{{harvc |last=Stewart |first=Tony |c=Biographies of Śrī Caitanya |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> Caitanya started life as a precocious [[Pandit|''paṇḍita'']] but soon became a ''sannyāsī'' ("ascetic") entranced with ecstatic devotion to Kr̥ṣṇa who developed a strong following centered around the recitation of Kr̥ṣṇa's names.{{Sfn|Brooks|1998|p=6-14}} Caitanya went on a pilgrimage of South India and is depicted as debating various religious groups and converting them to Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism; scholars also believe he was searching for Vaiṣṇava traditions that did not survive in the Muslim-dominated North India.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kinsley |first=David |c=Śrī Caitanya's Pilgrimage to the South |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> In Caitanya's pilgrimage of [[Vraja]], he visited sites associated with Kr̥ṣṇa's life and is depicted as exhibiting ecstasies indicative of his true nature as Kr̥ṣṇa.<ref>{{harvc |last=Entwistle |first=Alan |c=Śrī Caitanya's Tour of Vraja |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> Of sites in Vraja, [[Radha Kund|Rādhā Kuṇḍa]] was considered by Gauḍīya's to be the most esoteric.<ref>{{harvc |last=Mohan |first=Gautam |c=The Glories of Rādhā Kuṇḍa
|in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> On the return journey, he tasked [[Rupa Goswami|Rūpa Gosvāmī]] and [[Sanatana Goswami|Sanātana Gosvāmī]] (future leaders of the [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavan]]) to develop the theology of his ''saṁpradāya''.{{Sfn|Brooks|1998|p=6-14}} The [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|temple]] of [[Jagannātha]] in Caitanya's resident city of [[Puri]] is an important religious site for Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas and other Hindus; the Jagannātha deity has very old traditions regarding its origin, relation to the [[Gajapati (title)|Gajāpati]] rulers and [[Devadasi|''devadāsī''s]], and the [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Yātrā]].<ref>{{harvc |last=Marglin |first=Frédérique |c=Jagannātha Purī
|in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref>{{Sfn|Brooks|1998|p=6-14}} Caitanya did not give anyone initiation nor he did he appoint a successor, but served as a "rallying point" for his contemporaries and was considered a ''yuga-avatāra'' (a contemporary incarnation of Krishna).<ref>{{harvc |last=Deadwyler |first=William |c=Saṁpradāya of Śrī Caitanya |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Brzezinski|first=Jan|c=Charismatic Renewal and Institutionalization in the History of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and the Gaudiya Math|in1=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|year=2004|p=75-77}}</ref>

''[[Sādhanā]]'' is the means or method used to increase devotion to God; in the Gauḍīya sampradāya ''sādhana''s include worship of an ''arcā-vigraha'' (God in an idol), ''smaraṇa'' (recalling) of Kr̥ṣṇa's ''līlā''s, ''saṅkīrtana'' (congregational chanting about Kr̥ṣṇa), ''vaidhī bhakti'' (following fixed ritual injunctions), ''rāgānugā bhakti'' (spontaneous and passionate devotion while assuming a personality from Kr̥ṣṇa's life).<ref>{{harvc |last=O'Connell |first=Joseph |c=Sādhana Bhakti |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> The Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava tradition considers [[Brahman]] to be infinite and having all personal qualities; it is strongly opposed to the [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] philosophy that Brahman is indescribable and impersonal with no qualities.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kapoor |first=O.B.L |c=Personalism vs Impersonalism |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> The Gauḍīya philosophy of ''acintya-bhedābheda'' considers reality to be inconceivably different and non-different at the same time; the [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavan]] were powerful scholarly figures who were able to rationalize the philosophy and give it prestige.<ref>{{harvc |last=Goswami |first=Shrivatsa |c=Acintya Bhedābheda |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> Hinduism has a long tradition of what has been termed "sonic theology", i.e. the spiritual and mundane effects of speaking certain syllables; the Gauḍīya tradition's sonic theology focuses on the loud chanting of Kr̥ṣṇa's names and the Hare Kr̥ṣṇa mantra to increase Kr̥ṣṇa devotion.<ref>{{harvc |last=Beck |first=Guy |c=Sonic Theology |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism has aspects of mysticism, where devotees attempt to attain certain [[religious ecstasy|ecstatic emotional states]] (''sāttvika bhāva''s) which has been termed [[divine madness|"divine madness"]] (''divyonmāda''); through ''līlā smaraṇa'' devotees assume a dual identity as a ''mañjarī'' (a preteen handmaiden of Rādhā or Rādhā's friends) in Kr̥ṣṇa līlā and as a Bengali ''brāhmaṇa'' boy in Gaura līlā (the life of Caitanya).<ref>{{harvc |last=McDaniel |first=June |c=Mysticism, Madness, and Ecstasy |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> In Gauḍīya theology, ''[[rasa (theology)|rasa]]'' refers to the cultivated emotion a devotee has for Kr̥ṣṇa, the highest being ''madhura rasa'' or selfless erotic love for Kr̥ṣṇa.<ref>{{harvc |last=Carney |first=Gerald |c=Rasa Theology |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> The ''līlā smaraṇa'' and ''mañjarī sādhana'' techniques are found to a greater extent among Gauḍīya ascetics; whereas householder (''gr̥hastha'') devotees more often access Kr̥ṣṇa līlā physically through pilgrimage to [[Vraja]].<ref>{{harvc |last=Haberman |first=David |c=Kṛṣṇa Līlā |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> While not mentioned directly in the ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'', the goddess [[Rādhā]] is considered chief among the ''[[Gopi|gopī]]''s (the cowherd girls of Vraja). Gauḍiya theology considers her to have the highest level of loving devotion for Kr̥ṣṇa (''mahābhava'') and Rādhā-Kr̥ṣṇa is considered the ultimate esoteric reality and receives the highest worship by Gauḍiya Vaiṣṇavas.<ref>{{harvc |last=Huberman |first=Eric |c=Rādhā: Beloved of Vraja |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> After Caitanya's death in 1534, the movement's philosophy and teachings were consolidated by his followers but eventually declined in popularity.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=23-27}} In eastern India, [[Vaishnava Sahajiya|Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā]] is a [[Vamachara|Vāma-Tantra]] tradition in which male and female devotees imitate the erotic relationship between Kr̥ṣṇa and Rādha; this tradition is met with abhorrence by the orthodox Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava tradition, which asserts that devotees can only serve and may not imitate the divine couple.<ref>{{harvc |last=Sailley |first=Robert |c=Sahajiyā Tradition |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref> The theologies of the Vrindavan goswamis were brought to Bengal in the late-sixteenth century and consolidated the teachings of Radha-Krishna worship in ''madhura rasa'', ''pancha tattva'' (recognition of Chaitanya's associates as incarnations of Krishna's associates), and ''raganuga bhakti''/''siddha pranali''.<ref>{{harvc |last=Deadwyler |first=William |c=Saṁpradāya of Śrī Caitanya |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Brzezinski|first=Jan|c=Charismatic Renewal and Institutionalization in the History of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and the Gaudiya Math|in1=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|year=2004|p=76}}</ref>

The Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition accepted the existing tradition of hereditary Brahmin ''kula guru''s. The ''Hari-bhakti-vilasa'' and ''Bhakti Rasamrita Sindhu'' of the Vrindavan goswamis approved of householder gurus and dissallowed ascetics to take disciples. The Gaudiya tradition rejected the Brahmin-only Dashanami ''sannyasa'' tradition of Chaitanya and his predecessors; unlike the saffron robes of the Shankarites Gaudiya renunciates (of any caste) wore white (a practice called ''bhekh'') and were called ''babaji''s. Despite concessions of Krishna bhakti to lower castes, Gaudiya Vaishnavism remained in Brahmanical control and preserved the social status quo.<ref>{{harvc |last=Brzezinski|first=Jan|c=Charismatic Renewal and Institutionalization in the History of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and the Gaudiya Math|in1=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|year=2004|p=78-81}}</ref>

[[File:Srimad-Gaurangalila-smaranamangal by Kedarnath Dutt (Bhaktivinoda Thakur) 1896.pdf|thumb|Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, His life and Precepts, the book sent by Bhaktivinoda to Western scholars in 1896.]]

In the 19th century, the leading castes in Bengal included the Kulīna Brāhmanas who served as priests and teachers and Kulīna Kāyasthas who served as writers and scribes. Below them were Non-Kulīna Brahmanas who were landowners and entrepreneurs and non-Kulīna Kāyasthas, who achieved great economic success under [[Bengal Presidency|British rule]] and were subject to [[Westernization]]. The Westernized non-Kulīna Brāhmanas and Kāyasthas were attracted to Western philosophies but viewed Gaudiya Vaishnavism with distaste as idol-worshipping superstition. [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] (born Kedarnath Dutt), a Westernized Gaudiya Vaishnava Kayastha, developed a rigorous intellectual interest in Gaudiya religious literature and began a personal mission to publish its texts and promote its teachings. Bhaktivinoda oriented his philosophies to a Westernized Bengali Hindu audience, arguing that Gaudiya Vaishnavism is a sophisticated [[universal religion]] in contrast to the hereditary caste-based nature of orthodox [[Brahmanism]]. Bhaktivinoda was a vocal opponent of Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā (which had increased in popularity by the 19th century), [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur#Discovery of Chaitanya's birthplace|"rediscovered" the "lost" birthplace of Caitanya]], and deemphasized the external exhibition of caste. He also attempted to spread Caitanyite teachings among the Western world by sending texts to foreign universities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Thomas J. |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |pages=34-54 |chapter=The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaishnavism to the West |editor-last2=Shinn |editor-first2=Larry D.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Brooks |first=Charles |c=The Gauḍīya Tradition in the Modern World |in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref>{{Sfn|Brooks|1998|p=14-16}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=120-123}} Bhaktivinoda utilised contemporary 19th-century scholarly methods (''adhunika vada'') to critically analyse Gaudiya Vaishnavism. He developed innovative theological principles such as his categorisation of spiritual seekers based on their intellectual capacity and his division of religious knowledge into phenomenal knowledge (which he considered subject to logical scrutiny) and transcendental knowledge (which he considered inscrutible).<ref>{{harvc |last=Das|first=Shukavak N.|c=Bhaktivinoda and Scriptural Literalsim|in1=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|year=2004|p=95-111}}</ref>

Bhaktivinoda's son was [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] (born Bimala Prasad Dutt), who continued his father's mission and extended its views on social equality. Bhaktisiddhanta claimed to be the initiate of Gaura Kishor Das Babaji, but details of his initiation are mysterious. In contrast to the standard ''pancharatrika diksha'' most sources claim he received ''bhagavati diksha'' (a practice unknown in Vaishnava circles). Bhaktisiddhanta claimed he belonged to an invented ''Bhagavata parampara'' which focused on ''raganuga bhakti'' which he contrasted with the ritualistic ''[[Pancharatra|Pancharatrika]]'' tradition which he claimed had infested Gaudiya Vaishnavism. Nevertheless, Bhaktisiddhanta initiated his own disciples in the standard ''Pancharatrika'' form and did not give clear instructions on how to continue the ''bhagavata'' tradition. In contrast to his father's deemphasis on caste, Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati allowed any devotee who exhibited the proper characteristics to consider themselves a [[brahmin]] (''brāhmaṇa'') and adorn the corresponding dress, challenging the existing system of hereditary Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava temple priests. Unlike his father, Bhaktisiddhanta was not employed in any official position which allowed him the time to create and manage the [[Gaudiya Math]] (Gauḍīya Maṭha), the first formal organisation of Vaiṣṇava ''sādhu''s/''sannyāsī''s. The Gaudiya Math broke with Gaudiya tradition by adopting the saffron robes of the Shankarites and the ''tridanda'' ("triple staff") of Puranic tradition. Prior to Bhaktivedanta, the Gaudiya Math had sent individuals to the West to convert foreigners to very little success. Prior to his death, Bhaktisiddhanta gave three disciples joint governorship of the Gaudiya Math: Ananta Vasudeva, Kunjabihari, and Paramananda. A council of Gaudiya Math leaders elected Ananta Vasudeva (later Puri Maharaj or Puri Das) as acharya, a decision which was rejected by Kunjabihari (later Bhaktivilas Tirtha) and his followers. Many other disciples also split off to create their own independent organisations. Puri Das discarded secondary literature of post-Chaitanyite figures and began to focus on the works of the Six Goswamis of Vrindavan (the Gaudiya Math ignored content from their works that was not purely philosophical or spiritual) and eventually became a major critic of the Gaudiya Math. Highlighting differences between traditional Gaudiya Vaishnavism and the Gaudiya Math, Puri Das encouraged Bhaktisiddhanta disciples to instead take initiation in traditional Gaudiya lineages. During this period Bhaktivedanta was a minor househoulder who unsuccessfully urged a return to the "hard" institution of Bhaktisiddhanta's time. By the mid-20th century the Gaudiya Math was no longer a "hard" institution but a loose collection of disciple lines and independent organisations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Thomas J. |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |pages=34-54 |chapter=The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaishnavism to the West |editor-last2=Shinn |editor-first2=Larry D.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Brooks|first=Charles|c=The Gauḍīya Tradition in the Modern World|in=Rosen|year=1992}}</ref>{{Sfn|Brooks|1998|p=16-18}}<ref>{{harvc |last=Brzezinski|first=Jan|c=Charismatic Renewal and Institutionalization in the History of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and the Gaudiya Math|in1=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|year=2004|p=82-92}}</ref>

Indian immigrants and Hindu thought among (particularly occult) [[White Americans]] began filtering into the United States in the 19th century, and both elicited negative reactions from the American public. The public viewed Indians and Hinduism as backward and its public visibility as threatening to white Christian Americans. After the [[Asian Exclusion Act]], there was a 30 year lull in reactions to Hinduism, which changed after the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] and the foundation of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, at the time the most visible face of Hinduism in America.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |location=Lewisburg |pages=79-101 |chapter=The Attitude of Americans toward Hinduism from 1883 to 1983 with Special Reference to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness |editor-last2=Shinn |editor-first2=Larry D.}}</ref> The Hare Krishna movement differed from these earlier expressions of Hindu philosophy in the West in that it was an explicitly theistic religious tradition that required absolute adherence to its rules and taboos. Earlier expressions of Hinduism in the West tended to belong to the monistic tradition of [[Advaita Vedanta]] and were propagated by "streamlined swamis" who greatly diluted Eastern thought and did not require people to give up their current lifestyles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basham |first=A.L. |title=Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West |publisher=Grove Press |year=1983 |editor-last=Gelberg |editor-first=Steven J. |location=New York |chapter=Interview with A. L. Basham}}</ref>

=== Foundation ===
Abhay Charan De met Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in 1922; in 1932, Bhaktisiddhanta initiated him as a disciple under the name Abhay Charanaravinda and granted him brahminhood as per his progressive theology. From their first meeting, Bhaktisiddhanta ordered Abhay to spread Gaudiya Vaishnavism in the Western world in the English language, an order that was reiterated weeks before Bhaktisiddhanta's death in 1937. Abhay eventually left his family life and career, at the same time increasing his involvement in preaching and publishing texts on Gaudiya Vaishnavism, being honored with the title of Bhaktivedanta for his knowledge in 1939. Bhaktivedanta chose not to participate in the power struggle following his guru's death and the Gaudiya Math split. In 1959 he took a vow of [[Sannyasa]] (renunciation of the world) under the name A.C. Bhaktivedānta Svāmī in [[Vrindavan]], and in 1965 arrived in New York City.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswami |first=Tamal |title=A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780199950423 |pages=21–37}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Gietz |first=Karl Peter |title=The Brill Dictionary of Religion |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |editor-last=von Stuckrad |editor-first=Kocku |edition=Revised |volume=II: E-L |location=Leiden |pages=831-834 |language=en |translator-last=Barr |translator-first=Robert R. |chapter=Hare Krishna Movement (ISKCON)}}</ref>{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=1-12}}{{Sfn|Brooks|1998|p=16-18}}
[[File:Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco 1967.jpg|thumb|Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco, 1967]]

After failing to attract interest from the upper class, Bhaktivedanta moved into a poor district in New York City, where he made connections with young people of the 1960s counterculture ([[Bohemianism|bohemians]], later called [[Hippie|hippies]]) who were already semi-familiar with Indian culture from previous experiences and were attracted by Bhaktivedanta's charisma. In July 1966 he founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, whose purpose would be to propagate spiritual consciousness of Krishna as per the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and ''[[Shrimad Bhagavatam]]'', the Chaitanyite form of public chanting, and publication of texts. In the September of the same year he initiated his young companions as disciples and led the first public ''kirtana'' in [[Washington Square Park]]. In the early years of the movement in New York City, Prabhupada gave little emphasis to the lifestyle principles of ISKCON and tolerated violations to traditional purity and ritual structures; this allowed the movement to spread through social networks. The only structure in the movement was the chanting of the Hare Krishna mantra; gradually Bhaktivedanta educated his disciples in aspects of the original Indian tradition. After relocating the movement to [[Haight-Ashbury]], [[San Francisco]], [[California]] in 1967, the movement grew rapidly due to large itinerant hippie population amenable to public preaching. In the next two years the movement gained followers in North American cities and he became known to his followers as Śrīla Prabhupāda. Soon after, Prabhupada decided to establish a Governing Body Commission (GBC) as the central authority of ISKCON, who would have zonal authority over temples and centers. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust was established to centralize the publication of ISKCON texts. The first Hare Krishna commune, [[New Vrindaban, West Virginia|New Vrindavan]] (West Virginia), was established by disciples in 1968.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=26-39}}{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=1-12}}<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Brooks|1998|p=20-23}} In 1968 disciples successfully established contact with [[George Harrison]] of [[The Beatles]] in the [[United Kingdom]], who recorded the hit single [[Hare Krishna Mantra (single)|Hare Krishna Mantra]]. The first ISKCON temple in Europe was founded in Bury Place, London.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=26-39}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hopkins|first=Thomas J.|title=Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West|editor-last1=Gelberg|editor-first1=Steven J|chapter=Interview with Thomas J. Hopkins|page=}}</ref>

Prabhupada's goal was to spread Chaitanyite Vaishavism across the world in a strategy he termed "cultural conquest". He was pessimistic towards modern industrial society and advocated a self-sufficient, rural agrarian economy; nevertheless he did not oppose utilising modern technology as long as it was for devotional service. Prabhupada stated that the ''Bhagavata Purana'' (aka ''Srimad Bhagavatam'') and other such texts could only be understood if recited by a "self-realised" person who stands as a "bona fide representative" of [[Shuka]] (the traditional composer of the text). The only manner to be a bona fide representative according to Prabhupada was to be in the disciplic succession (''parampara'') stretching back to Shuka and from there to Krishna himself. Prabhupada repeatedly stated he wants many of his disciples to become gurus but stressed that a disciple must perfectly follow the teachings of his guru (who in turn perfectly replicates his own guru linking back to Krishna) and not "manufacture" any new innovations. Prabhupada preached that reciting the Hare Krishna mantra and hearing the ''Bhagavata Purana'' being recited renders direct experience of divinity, a process he considered a "science of the spirit".<ref>{{harvc|last=Deadwyler|first=William H. (Ravindra Svarupa Dasa)|year=2007|c=Bringing the Lord's Song to a Strange Land: Srila Prabhupada's Strategy of "Cultural Conquest" and Its Prospects|in=Dwyer|in2=Cole}}</ref>

Despite the creation of the GBC, Prabhupada retained autocratic control over ISKCON during his lifetime. Key to the spread of ISKCON were Prabhupada's writings and translations including the ''[[Bhagavad Gita As It Is|Bhagavad-gītā As It Is]]'', ''Kṛṣṇa: The Supreme Personality of Godhead,'' ''[[Srimad Bhagavatam|Śrīmad-bhāgavatam]]'', ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-caritāmṛta]]'', and the ''[[Back to Godhead]]'' magazine. Prabhupada went on cross-country tours to establish ISKCON internationally.{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=1-12}} His devotion-oriented English translations and commentaries of Gaudiya Vaishnava texts were oriented to the neophyte Western mind. According to Hopkins, young Westerners were eager to submit themselves to Prabhupada's strong disciplinary structure (opposite to the loose ways of the 1960s counterculture) and his example of a devotional path. When instructing his disciples he instilled them the belief that no matter what work they had to do, Krishna would help them.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=126-151}}

[[File:Londres (1970) 21.jpg|thumb|Hare Krishna devotees, London, England (1970).]]As ISKCON established centers throughout the United States, it adapted its recruitment modes depending on the environment of the city and neighborhood at hand. As ISKCON became more closed off in the 1970s up until Prabhupada's death, movement sympathizers were key to its spread. In the late 1970s, some ISKCON centers became more open to public relationships and influences, to the chagrin of conservative centers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rochford |first=E. Burke, Jr. |title=Hare Krishna in America |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1985 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |pages=149-169 |chapter=The Growth of Hare Krishna in America}}</ref>

After returning to India with his Western disciples, Prabhupada was keen on establishing large temple complexes in [[Bombay]], [[Bengal]], and [[Vrindaban]]; by displaying the Krishna devotion of his non-Indian devotees, Prabhupada wanted to awaken a religious revival among Indians. Prabhupada was aware that in order to gain legitimacy from Indians; his foreign followers had to maintain strict behavior rules in India and display proper devotion in order for people to take seriously their claims of being Vaishnavas and ''brāhmaṇa''s.{{Sfn|Brooks|1998|p=24-28}}

Until 1972, ISKCON's finances were covered by the practice of ''[[sankirtana]]:'' the practice of distributing literature in on the street and soliciting donations. In following years this profitable practice expanded to other public spaces such as airports. However, as the movement grew larger and its monetary needs increased, the nature of ''sankirtana'' began to change from preaching Krishna consciousness to book-selling: disciples targeted people perceived to have more money, disguised their religious affiliations to more easily distribute books and solicit donations, engaged in the practice of ''change-up'' (re-negotiating for a higher price after the target already agreed on an amount), and even sold non-religious merchandise without any missionary activity (a practice called ''picking''). ISKCON leadership's newfound preference for ''picking'' rather than book distribution drew the ire of public bodies in the late 1970s at the same time the movement and its finances were going into a decline. ''Picking'' was morally justified by the finance-conscious leaders, and devotees who earned ISKCON the most money were given special privileges. The religious convictions of the majority of devotees remained unaffected by these practices and treated them as an organizational adaption, a smaller group rejected its ideology but remained within the movement, while the smallest group of idealists defected.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rochford |first=E Burke, Jr |title=Hare Krishna in America |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1986 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |pages=171-220}}</ref> Courts of justice generally upheld the rights of ISKCON devotees to proselytize in airports, fairs, highway rest stops under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment to the United States Constitution's]] protection of freedom of religion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Baird |first=Robert D. |date=1988 |title=ISKCON and the Struggle for Legitimation |journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |volume=70 |issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Rochford |first=E. Burke Jr|year=2004|c=Airports, Conflict, and Change in the Hare Krishna Movement|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand}}</ref>

In his final will Prabhupada granted the GBC the ultimate managerial authority of ISKCON, a decision based in his experience of the breakup of the Gaudiya Math and the quarrels for sole ''acharya''-ship. In the months prior to Prabhupada's death in 1977, he appointed eleven of his disciples to serve as initiating gurus and ''r̥tvik''s ("officiators") for ISKCON, who would have zonal authority over temples and disciples. The eleven gurus (who self-styled themselves as ''[[Acharya|ācārya]]''s) would serve alongside fourteen non-guru leaders on the Governing Body Commission. The post-Prabhupada succession period was characterized by decline and factionalism. Each guru developed his own economic policies for resources, sat on thrones, and some considered themselves worthy of worship just as Prabhupada had been worshipped as a guru.{{Sfn|Rochford|1986|p=221-255}}{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=12-24}} A guru was the ''de facto'' ultimate authority in his zone; the zonal ''acharya''s claimed absolute authority (as in Indian tradition) and viewed the GBC as an expedient committee until a "self-effulgent" leader for ISKCON emerged from amongst the gurus.<ref>{{harvc|last=Deadwyler|first=William H. (Ravindra Svarupa Das)|year=2004|c=Cleaning House and Cleaning Hearts: Reform and Renewal in ISKCON|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|pp=160-165}}</ref>

From 1978 to 1982, there were a series of guru crises that nearly split the movement. In the first guru crisis of 1980, the [[Berkeley, California]] police discovered weapons and ammunition stored by the local ISKCON community; the Northwest Guru's guruship was taken away by the GBC for one year. In the second guru crisis of 1980, [[Jayatirtha Dasa|Jayatirtha Swami]] began behaving bizarrely: he would shriek and cry during kirtan for hours on end; the GBC on the advice of "Maharaja Swami" ([[Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar]]), suspended Jayatirtha's guruship for a year and forced him to take ''sannyasa''. In the third guru crisis of 1980, Bombay Guru began claiming he was the sole true intermediary to Prabhupada and that all ISKCON disciples should worship him as guru; the GBC suspended Bombay Guru's guruship for a year. In the fourth guru crisis of 1980, Western Guru believed that the previous three crises showed that the ISKCON gurus were not infallible and sought to have the guru worship reduced; the GBC rejected his proposals. Many Prabhupada disciples did not accept that eleven of their fellow disciples now-gurus were perfect devotees of Krishna consciousness that were worthy of worship; many believed in Prabhupada's infallibility and argued that it was impossible that he could have made an error in character judgement by appointing three gurus who would be suspended. They argued that the entire appointment of gurus by Prabhupada was in fact fabricated. The movement faced its most serious schism in 1982, when one guru defected to join "Maharaja Swami". "Maharaja Swami" was a godbrother of Prabhupada; Prabhupada had told his disciples to seek out "Maharaja Swami" as an advisor after his death. "Maharaja Swami" believed in the absolute authority of a guru, and often sided with the gurus against the GBC. After Jayatirtha Swami was forced to take ''sannyasa'' by the GBC in 1980, he accepted "Maharaja Swami" as his guru. The proposal to institute "Maharaja Swami" as an ISKCON guru in 1982 was rejected due to his criticism of the GBC and Prabhupada, which created a rallying point for ISKCON to unify. A year later, [[Hansadutta Swami|Hansadutta Swami's]] guru-ship was suspended for a year on charges of drug abuse and insubordination.{{Sfn|Rochford|1986|p=221-255}}{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=12-24}}<ref>{{harvc|last=Deadwyler|first=William H. (Ravindra Svarupa Das)|year=2004|c=Cleaning House and Cleaning Hearts: Reform and Renewal in ISKCON|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|pp=165-169}}</ref>
[[File:Aindra-das-srila-prabhupada.jpg|thumb|Prabhupada and disciples in ISKCON, Potomac, Maryland (1974).]]

After these incidents, the GBC sought to democratize guru-ship by increasing its members; by 1986 twenty-four new gurus were elected. The GBC pushed the gurus to reduce their worship, remove their thrones, recognize Prabhupada as the sole ISKCON ''ācārya'', and get rid of the zonal system. In 1986, five of the original eleven gurus accepted these reforms, two were already expelled for doctrine, three were removed from guruship for illicit sexual activities, and [[Kirtanananda Swami]] was expelled the following year for refusing to accede to the GBC's demands.{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=12-24}}<ref>{{harvc|last=Deadwyler|first=William H. (Ravindra Svarupa Das)|year=2004|c=Cleaning House and Cleaning Hearts: Reform and Renewal in ISKCON|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|pp=160-165}}</ref>

While Prabhupada's original intended audience for Krishna consciousness was the Western elite, he soon pivoted to the marginal youth (hippies) of the 1960s counterculture movement. He characterised the contemporary Western youth as having achieved a state of ''vairagya'' (renunciation from the material world) that due to lack of proper instruction had fallen into the refuge of sexual intercourse and drug usage. Prabhupada considered Krishna consciousness as a means to uplift people from the "wretched" and "unclean" hippie movement to a pure state. Prabhupada's followers were young, immature, and inexperienced; due to the rapid growth of the movement and Prabhupada's sense of urgency many devotees were thrust into leadership roles without sufficient training. Further, the counterculture's anti-establishment message became ingrained into ISKCON which produced hostile, antinomian interactions between devotees and the public. Prabhupada offered a direct experience of God by following a strict program of religious practices (''sadhana'', see [[International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness#Religious_practices|below]]). The rules were stringent and devotees internalised an ideal of a "pure " Krishna devotee, of which only Prabhupada could be considered an example due to there being not any other mature devotees. As a rule any discussions of spiritual failings by devotees were avoided leading to an unhealthy environment where many devotees left the movement. Former devotees (known as "blooped" within the movement) who could not maintain the full spiritual program were condemned. To the chagrin of temple residents however, "blooped" devotees remained on the periphery of ISKCON, sustaining an irregular allegiance to a movement that no longer wanted any connection to a "failed" devotee. In the early years Prabhupada encouraged and personally approved devotee marriages as a norm, however by 1974 his opinion shifted and no longer approved of any further marriages. Prabhupada and ISKCON began to condemn married householder life and upheld asceticism as the norm. The population of ''sannyasi''s exploded in an atmosphere hostile to householders and women; most ''sannyasi''s were unable to maintain their vows, with a fall-down rate of almost 90%.<ref>{{harvc|last=Deadwyler|first=William H. (Ravindra Svarupa Das)|year=2004|c=Cleaning House and Cleaning Hearts: Reform and Renewal in ISKCON|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|pp=152-160}}</ref>

In the early years of the movement Prabhupada gladly appointed women to prominent positions in the movement. This changed by 1974 with the rise in the focus on the male ''sannyasa ashram'' and degradation of householders and women. Women were pushed out of view, a trend which continued after Prabhupada's death in 1974 and the following period of male ''sannyasi'' gurus. In the late 1980s there was growing criticism of the treatment of women within the movement, and in the late 1990s the GBC had their first female member. Institutional channels were made for women to voice their views and improve their devotional status, which nevertheless faced a counteroffensive from devotees who considered this to be a "feminist" imposition on ISKCON.<ref>{{harvc|last=Knott |first=Kim|year=2004|c=Healing the Heart of ISKCON: The Place of Women|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|pp=301-304}}</ref>

A large number of Prabhupada's disciples left ISKCON in the immediate years after his death, with the number of disciples down to approximately 1,000 in 1983 out of a peak of almost 5,000. Starting in the mid-1970s, the movement tried to expand its base beyond the committed disciples to include loosely-committed young members and Indian immigrant "life-members". The practice of ''picking'' continued into the 1980s, but the movement expanded its financial base by allowing members to earn money through more specialized businesses. The Indian immigrant community, being professionals and businesspeople, also were a minor source of income. ISKCON took several steps in this period to improve its general reputation, including separating its finances from ''sankirtana'', aligning itself with Hinduism, expanding its food-distribution, and by constructing cultural-religious centers like [[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]] to educate the public about the movement.{{Sfn|Rochford|1986|p=257-275}} The decline in ''sankirtana'' as a financial base for the movement was a key factor in the breakup of the traditional ISKCON communal lifestyle by the 1990s. By taking up conventional roles in the labour market, devotees became more independent from the temples and began having nuclear families.<ref>{{harvc|last=Rochford |first=E. Burke Jr|year=2004|c=Airports, Conflict, and Change in the Hare Krishna Movement|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|p=286}}</ref>

In the beginnings of the movement, most followers of Bhaktivedanta knew nothing about India or Hinduism, much less the Gaudiya Vaishnava sect; due to this Prabhupada was the sole source of knowledge and authority for devotees. In the early days in New York, he readily gave personal instructions to his disciples but as the movement grew he could no longer give direct attention to all members. Hence Prabhupada was keen on translating and writing texts as instructional material. Prabhupada delegated authority to "senior" disciples, but such disciples were far younger in age (sub-40 years) and far less knowledgable but were thrust into the senior ''sannyasi''/quasi-independent guru positions in a period of 10 years which traditionally took decades in India. Prabhupada's English publications of the Gaudiya textual canon were essential in propagating the movement. The death of Prabhupada left a void of authority in the movement which the new initiating gurus now had to fill, being far younger and far less knowledgable than traditional Vaishnava gurus. Prabhupada was of the view that it was acceptable to break orthodox rules (particularly of ''[[varnashrama dharma]]'') if it served ISKCON, a view that was extended by the new ''sannyasi'' gurus (many of whom held self-superior views) under whose rule women and children received abuse. ISKCON lacked an exegetical tradition beyond Prabhupada, leading devotees to treat all of Prabhupada's statements as [[Ex cathedra|''ex cathedra'']]; in the post-Prabhupada period, the movement began examining itself over its core identity and its relationship vis-à-vis the Gaudiya Math, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, and Vaishnavism at large.<ref>{{harvc|last=Hopkins|first=Thomas J.|year=2007|c=ISKCON's Search for Self-Identity: Reflections by a Historian of Religions|in=Dwyer|in2=Cole}}</ref>

[[File:Croome_Court_2016_013.jpg|thumb|Croome Court, at one point Chaitanya College]]

After the death of Prabhupada in 1977 in Vrindavana, India, the British disciples were led by the Governing Body Commission and the regional initiating guru, [[Jayatirtha Dasa]]. The movement continued to be successful in the 1970s, with many visitors to the headquarters of [[Bhaktivedanta Manor]] (formerly John Lennon's estate in Berkshire) and the establishment of [[Croome Court|Chaitanya College]], a former Catholic boys school which was converted into a home and ISKCON educational institution. In 1982, Jayatirtha Dasa's departure from ISKCON shocked the movement in Britain and slowed its spread. Chaitanya College was sold to cover the movement's finances, and the movement regained stability under Bhagavandas Goswami Maharaj.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=40-43}}

ISKCON was founded during the [[counterculture of the 1960s]], whose themes included [[psychedelia]], [[antitechnology]], and self-exploration of experiences beyond the standardness of "the establishment". Ellwood (1989) analyzes the early conversions of Hare Krishna disciples within the context of the experiences of the counterculture and the partial application of [[deprivation theory]], as early members felt dissatisfied with both with "the establishment" and earlier counterculture experiences. However, Elwood posits [[cognitive theory of religion]] as more useful for explaining the early conversions, in that the Hare Krishna worldview was more simply more attractive than alternatives to devotees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellwood |first=Robert S. |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |location=Lewisburg |pages=102-113 |chapter=ISKCON and the Spirituality of the 1960s |editor-last2=Shinn |editor-first2=Larry G.}}</ref>
[[File:Prabhupada_and_the_devotees_outside_Schloss_Rettershof,_Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|Prabhupada and devotees outside Schloss Rettershof, Frankfurt (1974).]]

Converts to ISKCON tended to be people who were undergoing a psychological religious identity crisis, who were vegetarians, anti-materialists, and had previously had some exposure to [[Eastern philosophy]]. Converts were attracted to certain basic ideas of ISKCON; they decided to reject forming an identity in conventional society and decided to join a community where one's spiritual identity is already defined by sacred tradition. Converts came into the movement via contacts with devotees (particularly at the Sunday feast), close friends and spouses, and ISKCON literature. Converts were attracted to Prabhupada and his eleven successor gurus, and submitted themselves to their guru's authority who was considered the link between devotees and God. ISKCON gurus were not as free as traditional Indian gurus to run their groups as independently as they wished; by setting up the GBC Prabhupada ensured a system of checks and balances to maintain the homogeneity of ISKCON as an institution. According to Shinn, the public viewed ISKCON as "brainwashing" its converts because of negative media depictions, former devotees giving negative depictions of the movement, and parental fears regarding their children's' radical new lifestyles and identities. Shinn considered such claims of brainwashing "ludicrous", stating ISKCON's methods of persuasion were simply enthusiastic preaching. Shinn regarded attempts to "rescue" people from ISKCON via "deprogramming" to more closely resemble traditional brainwashing techniques.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1= Gelberg|editor-first1= Steven J.|title=Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West|last=Shinn|first=Larry D.|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York|date=1983|chapter=Interview with Larry D. Shinn}}</ref>

In the first decade of ISKCON's founding, the Hare Krishna movement was treated cordially by the American public. In the 1970s and 1980s however, the group came under attack by secular anti-cult movements and Christian counter-cultists, who viewed the Hare Krishna's negatively as a cult and a new religious movement. ISKCON responded by inviting scholars to establish the credence of the Hare Krishna movement as an authentic religion, presenting itself as a traditional Indian religion, and seeking the support of the Indian-American immigrant community. ISKCON utilized scholars both as expert witnesses in court cases involving the sect's legitimacy, and directly invited them to write works on ISKCON.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> In the 1970s and 1980s, the traditional [[Judeo-Christian|Judeo-Christian religions]] of the West dealt with the growing influence of new religious movements whom they characterized as "cults" which in their view were evil, false religions who brainwashed devotees under an authoritarian leader who ostracized people from their family lives. The Christians and Jews believed that the materialistic Western society and modern cultural shortcomings of Judaism and Christianity allowed new religious movements to flourish. Christian (and to a lesser extent Jewish) literature attacked the Hare Krishna movement's teachings as false, inimical to Christianity, and as ill-hearted brainwashing of counterculture American youth who were disillusioned with materialism and their natal religions. However, Saliba notes there has been some balanced views on ISKCON by Christian and Jewish figures, and there has been dialogue with ISKCON as part of a wider trend of global religious discourse. While Bhaktivedanta himself was critical of other religions, later figures like [[Graham M. Schweig]] and Kirtanananda Swami developed more theological positions more accommodating of other religious paths.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saliba |first=John A. |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |location=Lewisburg |pages=219-237 |chapter=Christian and Jewish Responses to the Hare Krishna Movement in the West |editor-last2=Shinn |editor-first2=Larry D.}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> By the late 1980s, there were a number of psychiatric surveys and clinical studies on new religious movements including ISKCON. The survey tended to either view the new religious movements positively as therapeutic organizations or negatively as destructive organizations. Clinical studies tended to have results that stated ISKCON members had a normal psychological profile. However, Gordon criticizes both the surveys and clinical studies, stating the methodology, observations, and conclusions were limited and flawed and a proper psychiatric study requires a deeper analysis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=James S. |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |location=Lewisburg |pages=238-254 |chapter=Psychiatry and Krishna Consciousness |editor-last2=Shinn |editor-first2=Larry D.}}</ref>

The rise in new religious movements among middle class youth subcultures like ISKCON created a "cult scare" amongst families of devotees, who in turn developed the [[Anti-cult movement]]. According to Bromley, the Edward Shapiro case and Robin George case exemplify the trends in the anti-cult movement campaign. In both cases, Shapiro and George became attracted to the Hare Krishna movement, and family opposition ensued when the religion began to interfere in "scholastic achievement and family life". Both fled their homes leading their parents to take decisive and controversial measures to bring them home, and both families took the assistance of anti-cult movement physicians. The anti-cult movement's ideology was based on strong [[family values]], a view that [[Secularism|secular]] [[rationalism]] is normative human behavior, that new religious movements purportedly engaged in brainwashing/coercive persuasion, and that "cults" were subversive and conspiratorial organizations. Bromley identifies three stages in the development of the anti-cult movement: the formative stage involving forced deprogrammings, an expansionist stage focusing on the believed psychological manipulation by new religious movements, and the professional stage where the supposed brainwashing procedures of new religious movements gained medical recognition and former devotees filed civil suits against the new religious movements for infliction of mental distress.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bromley |first=David G. |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |location=Lewisburg |pages=255-292 |chapter=Hare Krishna and the Anti-Cult Movement |editor-last2=Shinn |editor-first2=Larry D.}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, the media had a various response to the Hare Krishna movement, ranging from favorable to unfavorable. Particularly in the movement's early years, parents feared the novel behaviors of the youth subculture and the believed harm that new religious movements caused. The British anti-cult movement considered ISKCON as one of many novel "cults"; as a result, legislation was proposed before the [[European Parliament]] to have higher surveillance on religious groups, however it failed due to concerns regarding religious freedom.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=75-84}}

The Hare Krishna movemented continued to decline into the late 1980s in the United States due to guru crises and desertions. During this period, the movement grew rapidly in Eastern Europe as the [[Cold War]] ended. Kirtanananda Swami and New Vrindavan came into the public limelight in 1987 due to the discovery of the bodily remains of a devotee who had gone missing five years earlier, which damaged the reputation of the movement. In the 1990s, the movement shifted its goals from having initiated disciples living in "utopian" communes to outreach to congregational members.{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=24-37}}[[File:Navaratri Bajan.jpg|thumb|ISKCON's ''[[Bhajan]]'' during [[Navaratri]] Golu at [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India]]

According to Rochford{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=197-204}} and Neubert, ISKCON has undergone a "[[Hinduisation|Hinduization]]" over last several decades. Prabhupada differentiated Kr̥ṣṇa consciousness from Hinduism, arguing that it was not bound by that label and was a universal teaching; however, in recent decades ISKCON members have increasingly used the terms "Hindu" and "Hinduism". Scholars cite three factors for this: participation of diasporic Indian Hindus in the sect, ISKCON devotees having academic careers in which they studied Hindu texts, and increased participation in global inter-religious dialogues in which ISKCON often represents Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neubert |first=Frank |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=ISKCON and Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref>

== Theology ==
The Hare Krishna movement follows the teachings of the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|school of Chaitanya]]. Chaitanya followed the school of [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]].<ref name=":8" /> Prabhupada characterised Krishna consciousness as "easy and sublime". According to Deadwyler, Chaitanyite Vaishnavism offers a direct and intimate contact with God to all peoples regardless of background, with an experience of divinity that is "all-attractive", awe-inspiring, and self-purifying.<ref>{{harvc|last=Deadwyler|first=William H. (Ravindra Svarupa Das)|year=2004|c=Cleaning House and Cleaning Hearts: Reform and Renewal in ISKCON|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand}}</ref>

Due to the belief in the innateness of ''bhakti'' held by certain Gaudiya traditions, they have developed a strong missionary culture to awaken this devotion in the public through chanting of Krishna's names. Devotion is stated to increase in eight states from faith to love. Most Gaudiya groups (including ISKCON), accept the theological and scriptural arguments of eighteenth century philosopher [[Baladeva Vidyabhushana]]. Most ISKCON devotees follow a popular, simplified version of the sophisticated Gaudiya philosophy via their devotional practices to Krishna.{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=45-47}} Klostermaier also identifies the fundamentalist Christian background of western ISKCON converts as a source of origin for the sect's drive to propagate their perceived version of the "true" Vedic tradition across the planet. Other 19th century fundamentalist Christian tendencies of ISKCON identified by Klostermaier includes [[Agrarianism]], anti-scientific religious views, ISKCON's painting style being derived from the 19th century [[Nazarene movement]], and puritanical sexual discipline.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klostermaier |first=K. |date=1980 |title=Will India's Past be America's Future? Reflections on the Chaitanya Movement and Its Potentials |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |volume=XV |issue=1-2}}</ref>

ISKCON adherents worship marble or brass images of Krishna, Radha, the spiritual plant Tulsi, and ISKCON's founder Srila Prabhupada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hare Krishna Transformed |url=https://nyupress.org/9780814775790/hare-krishna-transformed/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=NYU Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Sources of Doctrine ===
Key texts include the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', and ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]''.<ref name=":8" /> Prabhupada's ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is]]'' is considered to be the most authentic translation and commentary on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' by ISKCON.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=59-74}}

=== Nature of Krishna ===
ISKCON describes Krishna as the original source of all the [[avatars]] of the Almighty God.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gibson|2002|p=18}}</ref> Pious believers both teach and claim that [[Krishna]] is greater and far more magnanimous than the traditionalist Hindu [[Trimurti]] of [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]] and all its conceived emanations. According to traditional Gaudiya theology, Krishna is the supreme being and all souls are united in him yet at the same time different.{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=45-47}} The founder of ISKCON, Prabhupada, differentiates Krishna consciousness from popular Hinduism in that it stresses the awareness of people's relationship with God, à la [[Arjuna]] to [[Krishna]]. Prabhupada considered Krishna to be "the supreme personality of Godhead", the personal, universal, unlimited deity who manifests in numerous all-attractive forms ([[Avatar|''avatara''s]]) to turn souls away from the material world "back to Godhead".{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=59-74}}

While some say it is a [[monotheism|monotheistic]] tradition, a deeper study reveals it is a [[Panentheism|Panentheistic]] tradition which has its roots in the theistic [[Vedanta]] traditions.<ref name="Ency">{{cite book|author1-link=Gary Laderman |author=Laderman, Gary |title=Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2003 |isbn=1-57607-238-X |location=Santa Barbara, Calif |article=ISKCON}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| width = 160
| image1 = Radha Londonishvara Deities at Hare Krishna temple in London.jpg
| image2 = Radha-Paris-isvara.jpg
| image3 = Radha Syamasundar Vrindavan Radhastami 2004.jpg
| image4 = Deities New Vrindaban.jpg
| caption1 = Radha-Londonishvara in [[London]], United Kingdom
| caption2 = Radha-Paris-isvara in Paris, France
| caption3 = Radha-Shyamasundar in [[Vrindavan]], India on [[Radhashtami]]
| caption4 = [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Gaura]]-[[Nityananda|Nitai]] (left), Radha-Vrindaban Chandra (center) and [[Shrinathji|Sri Gopalnathaji]] (right) idols at [[New Vrindaban]], United States
}}

=== Nature of Radha ===
E. Burke Rochford Jr. notes that devotees worship marble or brass deities of Krishna and his consort Radharani on the altar.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=11}}

Graham M. Schweig elucidates the theologically prescient nature of the romantic/divine love between Radha and Krishna in the context of the ''Rasa Lila'' from the ''Bhagvata Purana''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schweig |first=Graham M. |title=Dance of Divine Love: India's Classic Sacred Love Story: The Rasa Lila of Krishna |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-19017-4 |location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref>

=== Nature of the Soul ===
In some Gaudiya traditions (including ISKCON), all souls have the innate ability to follow the supreme path of unconditional love and devotion (''bhakti'') to Krishna, which must first be transmitted by a qualified guru.{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=45-47}} The individual soul has an eternal spiritual identity which does not ultimately merge into the non-dual consciousness (Brahman) as believed by the [[monistic]] ([[Advaita]]) schools of Hinduism.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |last=Brzezinski |first=J |title=Vol 6, No 2 December 1998 ICJ |url=https://content.iskcon.com/icj/6_2/62jagat.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629133609/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/6_2/62jagat.html |archive-date=2013-06-29 |publisher=www.iskcon.com}}</ref> Prabhupada most frequently offers ''[[Sanatana-dharma]]'' and ''[[Varnashrama dharma]]'' as more accurate names for the religious system which accepts [[Vedic]] authority.

The soul is considered to be of the same nature as Krishna yet separate. The soul reincarnates through the material world, which is considered to be an illusion or ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]''. Actions performed in one life will affect the next, a principle called ''[[karma]]''. The end to the cycle of ''karma'' and reincarnation can be brought upon by the path of ''[[Bhakti yoga|bhakti]]'' ("devotion to God"), which Prabhupada considers easier and superior to ''[[Karma yoga|karma-yoga]]'' ("path of action") and ''[[Jñāna yoga|jnana-yoga]]'' ("path of knowledge").{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=59-74}}

== Religious practices ==
[[File:Luçay-le-Male Temple New Mayapur à Château d'Oublaise Innen Salle a Prière Srila Prabhupada 2.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Prabhupada]], the founder of ISKCON]]
[[File:International Society of Krishna Consciousness Chariot Procession.gif|right|thumb|Hare Krishna [[Ratha-Yatra]] through the streets of Boston, Massachusetts]]In practice, an initiated devotee must follow the four regulative principles: no eating meat, eggs, or fish, no consuming intoxicants, not committing illicit sex, and no gambling. Additionally, a devotee must receive a new spiritual name and recite sixteen rounds of the Hare Krishna mantra on 108 japa beads daily (totaling 1,728 times a day which takes 1.5 hours). A devotee must additionally spend an hour a day reading Prabhupada's works, which convey his teachings in the English language. Daily worship begins at 4:30 AM for the first viewing of the temple deities, followed by two hours chanting the Hare Krishna mantra, then offerings to the guru, followed by ''[[prasadam]]'' which is the main meal. The day is then spent in a variety of activities in service to ISKCON.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=59-74}}

=== Kirtan ===
The most famous and publicly recognizable ISKCON practice is [[kirtan]], a congregational chanting or singing of the Hare Krishna mantra. Kirtan is both a way to express devotion to God and a way to attract newcomers to the movement. Devotees gather in public, in streets and parks, to sing the mantra accompanied by instruments like the [[mridanga]], hand cymbals, and the [[Indian harmonium|harmonium]]. During the 1970s, ISKCON entered the public eye because of this practice. Devotees would sing, distribute books, and proselytize in airports and other public areas, sometimes obtrusively. Sankirtan continues throughout the world today, but in a less confrontational manner.<ref name=":4" />

=== Japa ===
[[Japa]] is another important religious practice within ISKCON and Gaudiya Vaishnavism. It is the meditative practice of repeatedly chanting the names of Krishna on a set of prayer beads. Its believers chant the Hare Krishna mantra:<ref>{{harvc |last=Beck|first=Guy L.|c=Hare Krishna Mahamantra: Gaudiya Vaishnava Practice and the Hindu Tradition of Sacred Sound|in1=Bryant|in2= Ekstrand|year=2004}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare}}

The mantra is chanted by initiated on 108 rosary beans a total of 16 rounds every day. According to Prabhupada, it is unnecessary to understand the mantra or its meaning because by simply chanting the mantra spiritual benefits and ecstatic love are automatically rendered.<ref>{{harvc |last=Beck|first=Guy L.|c=Hare Krishna Mahamantra: Gaudiya Vaishnava Practice and the Hindu Tradition of Sacred Sound|in1=Bryant|in2= Ekstrand|year=2004}}</ref>

Despite the simple explanation, Hinduism has a long intellectual tradition of "sonic theology" or sacred sound. Since the Vedic period, sacred speech has been considered to render results. In Sanskrit linguistics the theory of ''varnavada'' states that it is unnecessary to understand the Vedas to obtain their results (as long as they are correctly pronounced); this theory was coopted by theistic Shaiva, Vaishnava, and Shakta traditions for their own non-Vedic mantras. Vaishnava texts and ''sampradaya''s affirmed and promoted the use of mantras; the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition in particular emphasised the loud, audible chanting of Krishna's names. The Hare Krishna mantra first appears in the [[Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad|''Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad'']] (c. A.D. 1500).<ref>{{harvc |last=Beck|first=Guy L.|c=Hare Krishna Mahamantra: Gaudiya Vaishnava Practice and the Hindu Tradition of Sacred Sound|in1=Bryant|in2= Ekstrand|year=2004}}</ref>

=== Arati and Temple Deity Worship ===
[[Arati]] is also an important tenet (also called [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]) of ISKCON. During arati, devotees offer water, incense, a fire lamp, and flowers to a [[murti]], a sacred statue or image of Krishna. This is accompanied by prayers and devotional songs called [[bhajan]]s. Practitioners may perform ''arati'' at their own home or congregate at a temple to join in the ceremony. Along with this worship, devotees will bathe the murti, dress it, offer it food, and even put it to sleep. By doing arati and serving the murti, devotees aim to deepen their relationship with Krishna.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.patheos.com/library/iskcon-hare-krishna/ritual-worship-devotion-symbolism/rites-and-ceremonies|title=Rites and Ceremonies|website=www.patheos.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref>

ISKCON devotees meet regularly (typically on Sunday at a program known as the Sunday Feast)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://back2godhead.com/sunday-feast/|title=The Hare Krishna Temple Sunday Feast|date=2019-10-31|website=Back to Godhead|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> to worship deities, listen to discourses by senior devotees, participate in kirtan and eat sanctified offered food [[prasada]]m. Devotees place great emphasis on listening to spiritual discourses, believing them to be a key role in spiritual advancement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spiritual Discourses |url=https://www.iskconmysore.org/spiritual-discourses/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Iskcon |language=en-US}}</ref>

Vaishnava religion follows a formal ritual system of worship which was unknown to the modern twentieth century non-Vaishnava, non-Indian, non-brahmin ISKCON converts of the first generation. Prabhupada wrote a summary study of Rupa Goswami's ''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu'' which dictates ''vaidhi bhakti sadhana'' ("regulated devotional practice"). The ''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu'' along with Gopala Bhatta's and Sanatana Goswami's ''Hari-bhakti-vilasa'' give a detailed treatment of how to perform deity worship, based on the authoritative [[Tantric]] [[Pancharatra|Vaishnava Pancharata]] [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] and [[Puranas]]. Prabhupada, relying on certain statements in the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and ''Chaitanya Charitamrita'', considered non-Indian westerners worthy of performing temple service so long as they adhered to the formal rules of worship. ISKCON bases its worship on the three main temple centers important to Gaudiya Vaishavism: the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] (which disallows "non-Hindu" western ISKCON devotees from entering but whose [[Ratha Yatra]] is replicated by ISKCON), Vrindavan and its [[Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan|Radharaman Temple]] (whose goswamis strongly opposed Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati's practice of brahmin initiation but from which some modern liberal goswamis have taught ISKCON disciples in rituals), and [[Nabadwip, West Bengal]] (where historically Gaudiya idols and sites of worship have been small but since Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati has seen the construction of large images and complexes).<ref>{{harvc|last=Valpey|first=Kenneth (Krishna Kshetra Das)|chapter=Krishna in ''Mleccha Desh'': ISKCON Temple Worship in Historical Perspective|in1=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|year=2004}}</ref>

ISKCON has some innovations in its core temple traditions. Prabhupada ordered the rock-single "Govindam Prayers" arranged by George Harrison and whose lead singer is a woman to be played at every morning prayer. Prabhupada also gave brahmin initiation to women and allowed them to serve as temple priests whereas in historical Indian tradition the temple was restricted to male-priests (in Indian ISKCON temples this tradition is respected).<ref>{{harvc|last=Valpey|first=Kenneth (Krishna Kshetra Das)|chapter=Krishna in ''Mleccha Desh'': ISKCON Temple Worship in Historical Perspective|in1=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|year=2004}}</ref>

=== Four Regulative Principles ===
During initiation ([[diksha]]) ISKCON devotees vow to follow four basic rules and regulations.<ref name=":4" />
* The consumption of only [[lacto-vegetarian]] diet (abstinence from meat, fish, eggs).
* Prohibition against consuming any intoxicants (i.e., onion, garlic, coffee, caffeinated drinks, tea, tobacco cigarettes, drugs and alcohol)
* Prohibition against [[gambling]]
* Prohibition against sexual intercourse in terms of engaging in illicit sexual activity and relationships outside of marriage.

=== Celebrated festivals ===
[[File:Hare Krishna in Moscow H9202 C.JPG|thumb|Hare Krishna street show on [[Arbat Street]] in [[Moscow]], Russia, 2009]]
Besides weekly gatherings, devotees within the ISKCON movement celebrate a diverse array of Hindu festivals, including [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]], [[Radhastami]], [[Diwali]], [[Gaura Purnima]], [[Ekadashi|Ekadasi]], [[Holi]], [[Rama Navami]], and [[Gita Jayanti]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=Festivals » Home – ISKCON – The Hare Krishna Movement|url=https://www.iskcon.org/activities/festivals.php|access-date=2020-01-04|language=en-US|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032656/https://www.iskcon.org/activities/festivals.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Ratha Yatra [[Festival of Chariots]] is an annual parade whereby devotees chant and dance on the street, pulling a chariot with the deities of Jagannatha, Balabhadra, and Subhadra behind them. This public procession is typically followed by performances and free vegetarian food.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.krishna.com/ratha-yatra-festival-chariots|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801175825/http://krishna.com/ratha-yatra-festival-chariots|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2014|title=Ratha-yatra, The Festival of Chariots {{!}} Krishna.com|website=www.krishna.com|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>

=== Public preaching ===
ISKCON advocates preaching.<ref>ISKON LAWBOOK, Section 4.3, International Society For Krishna Consciousness, http://krishna.ie/images/docs/2009-10-19-IskconLawBook.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123155425/http://krishna.ie/images/docs/2009-10-19-IskconLawBook.pdf |date=23 November 2018 }}, Publication 19 October 2009</ref> Members spread Krishna consciousness primarily by singing the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]] in public places and by selling Indian spiritual books transcribed from their original languages and published in English by the movement's founder, Prabhupada.<ref>Krishna Consciousness in the West – ''David G. Bromley, Prof. Larry D. Shinn'', 1989, Page 149</ref>

A study conducted by the American researcher E. Burke Rochford Jr. at the [[University of California]] found that there are four types of contact between those in ISKCON and prospective members: individually motivated contact, contact made with members in public areas, contact made through personal connections, and contact with sympathizers of the movement who encourage people to join.<ref name="Hare Krishna Movement">Rochford, E Burke, Jr. ''Recruitment Strategies, Ideology, and Organization in the Hare Krishna Movement''. Social Problems Vol.29, No. 4, 1982</ref>

=== Initiation and Society===
Prior to initiation as a Hare Krishna disciple, a devotee must be adhering to the lifestyle principles of the movement. After the Initiation into the Holy Name, a devotee fully commits his or herself to Krishna consciousness, and becomes either a ''[[Brahmacharya|brahmachari/bhramacharini]]'' ("celibate") or a ''[[Grihastha|grihasta]]'' ("householder"). After several years as an initiated disciple, one may undergo "[[brahmin]] initiation" which allows disciples to act as priests in ISKCON temples. After "brahmin initiation", males are entitled to take ''[[sannyasa]]'' ("renunciation"), a complete detachment from the physical world. Men and women try not to intermingle, as ISKCON theology opposes illusory attachment to sexual relationships.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=46-52}}

Hopkins states that the universalism of Vaishnava devotionalism has allowed to popular within India and the Western world. According to Hopkins, Vaishnava devotional texts and the ''Mahabharata'' (including the ''Bhagavad Gita'') state that varna and social status are based on personal attributes and qualities, not birth as in the orthodox Hindu tradition.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=118-119}}

=== Dress ===
Traditionally, Hare Krishna disciples were characterized for their public use of Indian dress on the street (eg. [[Shikha (hairstyle)|shikha]]'','' [[dhoti]], and saffron robe for men and [[sari]] for women); this dress is now only found among disciples living in communes and the majority of lay members do not wear this dress.{{Sfn|Squarcini|Fizzotti|2004|p=39-40}}

==Organizational structure==
[[File:Governing Body Commission (GBC). Commissioners during a conference in Prabhupadadesh, Italy, 2003..jpg|thumb|Photo of GBC commissioners during a conference in Prabhupadadesh, Italy, 2003]]
Prabhupada spent much of the last decade of his life setting up the institution of ISKCON.<ref name="Das1982">{{Cite book|author=Das Goswami, S.|title=Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta, Vol 4: In Every Town and Village, Around the World, 1968–1971|publisher=Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|year=1982|isbn=978-0892131150|author-link=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami}}</ref><ref>[https://www.leeds.ac.uk/trs/staff/kim_knott.htm Knot, Kim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508085314/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/trs/staff/kim_knott.htm |date=8 May 2011 }} "Insider and Outsider Perceptions of Prabhupada" in ''[[ISKCON Communications Journal]]'' Vol. 5, No 1, June 1997: "In an evaluation of the nature of the guru, Larry Shinn, a scholar of religions, utilised Max Weber's analysis of charisma in order to understand Prabhupada and the issue of leadership in ISKCON. He noted that 'Prabhupada profited from two intertwined sources of authority' (1987:40), the traditional authority of the disciplic lineage, parampara, inherited from his own guru, and his own charismatic authority, derived from his spiritual attainment and presence{{nbsp}}[...] (49) Shinn offered an analysis based on sociological rather than spiritual (Vaishnava) authority in order to make sense of the role of guru in ISKCON and the unique qualities of Prabhupada." See also Larry D. Shinn (1987), ''The Dark Lord: Cult Images and the Hare Krishnas in America''. Philadelphia: The Westview Press.[https://archive.today/20130629124429/http://content.iskcon.com//icj/5_1/5_1knott.html available online]</ref>

The Governing Body Commission (or GBC) is the managerial authority of ISKCON. Created by Bhaktivedanta in 1970, it meets annually.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwyer|2007|pp=181–183; 30: "Out of some of his most committed disciples, Srila Prabhupada created ISKCON's international Governing Body Commission (GBC)"}}</ref> In a document ''Direction of Management'' written on 28 July 1970 [[Prabhupada]] appointed twelve members to the commission, all of them non-[[sannyasi]], including [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]], [[Hansadutta Swami]], and [[Tamala Krishna Goswami]].<ref name="Das1982" /> The letter outlined the purposes of the commission: improving the standard of temple management, the spread of Krishna consciousness, the distribution of books and literature, the opening of new centers and the education of the devotees. GBC has since grown in size to include 48 senior members from the movement who make decisions based on [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] of opinion.<ref name="Das1982" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Maria Ekstrand|title=The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant|author2=Bryant, Edwin H.|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=0-231-12256-X|location=New York|page=205}} Prabhupada. Letter of 28 July 1970. "As we have increased our volume of activities, now I think a Governing Body Commission (hereinafter referred to as the G.B.C.) should be established. I am getting old, 75 years old, therefore at any time I may be out of the scene, therefore I think it is necessary to give instruction to my disciples how they shall manage the whole institution. They are already managing individual centers represented by one president, one secretary and one treasurer, and in my opinion they are doing nice. But we want still more improvement in the standard of Temple management, propaganda for Krishna consciousness, distribution of books and literatures, opening of new centers and educating devotees to the right standard."</ref>

Shortly after establishing the GBC, Prabhupada asked his newly appointed leaders to renounce the everyday world and become ''[[Sannyasa|sannyasis]]'' (renunciate monks), indicating that those who set policy would not be involved with financial dealings. However, after Prabhupada's death some GBC members adopted lavish lifestyles. A number of schisms tested the notion of the supreme authority of the GBC. Some of these scandals involved GBC members [[Hansadutta Swami|Hans Kary]] (Hansadutta) and [[James Immel]] (Jayatirtha), as well as one of the leaders of the [[New Vrindaban]] community, [[Kirtanananda Swami|Keith Ham]] (Kirtanananda), who surrounded himself with opulence and declared himself the only true successor to Prabhupada.<ref>Streissguth, Thomas (1995) ''Charismatic cult leaders'' pp. 128–132 {{ISBN|1-881508-18-8}}</ref>

In 1982, the GBC began the slow process of adding new gurus to the original eleven. In 1983 the GBC was announced to be the highest ecclesiastical authority of ISKCON.<ref name=Bromley>Bromley, David G. & Phillip E. Hammond (1987) ''The Future of new religious movements'', New Ecumenical Research Association, Mercer University Press, pp. 126–129, {{ISBN|0-86554-238-4}}</ref> In 1985 the decision was made to lower the standard of living for ISKCON leadership. After much heated discussion, the GBC decided to "relieve" a number of leaders and new leaders were selected. The young leaders of the GBC sought the advice of one of Prabhupada's Gaudiya godbrothers, and endeavored to become more integrated in the broader [[Hindu]] community.<ref name=Bromley />

After years of discussion and reforms, a general consensus emerged to accept women as leaders in ISKCON, overriding the former GBC supposition that "unprotected, 'women leaders become subject to various forms of mistreatment and abuse'". In 1998, Malati Devi Dasi became the first woman appointed to the GBC.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=148}}

[[Kirtanananda Swami]], or Swami Bhaktipada, a leader of ISKCON, was expelled from the organisation in 1987 for various deviations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-03-18-mn-7900-story.html|title=Krishna Expels Leader of Group Under U.S. Probe|work=Los Angeles Times|date=18 March 1987 |access-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910011138/http://articles.latimes.com/1987-03-18/news/mn-7900_1_hare-krishna|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was the leader of [[New Vrindaban, West Virginia|New Vrindaban]], the largest and most famous Hare Krishna community in the United States at that time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/can-hare-krishnas-at-palace-of-gold-in-wva-rebuild-its-tarnished-community/2013/01/04/38dbf6a8-ebc8-11e1-a80b-9f898562d010_story.html|title=Can Hare Krishnas at Palace of Gold in W.Va. rebuild its tarnished community?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-date=8 June 2023|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608031705/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/can-hare-krishnas-at-palace-of-gold-in-wva-rebuild-its-tarnished-community/2013/01/04/38dbf6a8-ebc8-11e1-a80b-9f898562d010_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1996, Kirtanananda pleaded guilty to one count of [[Racket (crime)|racketeering]] and after serving 8 years of a 20-year prison sentence was subsequently released in 2004. Previously, in 1991, the jury had found him guilty of racketeering and mail fraud. These convictions were later overturned on appeal, only to result in the later retrial.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/us/swami-bhaktipada-ex-hare-krishna-leader-dies-at-74.html|title=Swami Bhaktipada, Ex-Hare Krishna Leader, Dies at 74|first=Margalit|last=Fox|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 October 2011|archive-date=21 August 2017|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821090728/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/us/swami-bhaktipada-ex-hare-krishna-leader-dies-at-74.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8849660/Disgraced-former-leader-of-US-Hare-Krishna-community-dies-at-74.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8849660/Disgraced-former-leader-of-US-Hare-Krishna-community-dies-at-74.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Disgraced former leader of US Hare Krishna community dies at 74|date=26 October 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kirtanananda-swami-us-hare-krishna-leader-deposed-after-a-racketeering-conviction-2376264.html|title=Kirtanananda Swami: US Hare Krishna leader, deposed after a racketeering conviction|work=The Independent|date=30 October 2011|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821043826/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kirtanananda-swami-us-hare-krishna-leader-deposed-after-a-racketeering-conviction-2376264.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

ISKCON has experienced a number of significant internal problems, the majority of which occurred from the late 1970s onwards, and especially within the decade following Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://content.iskcon.com/icj/5_1/5_1perils.html|title=Hare Krishna! iskcon.com is your official guide to the International Society For Krishna Consciousness|work=iskcon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211232601/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/5_1/5_1perils.html|archive-date=11 February 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=22 July 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Succession of teachings===
{{Main|ISKCON guru system}}

[[File:Japa mala (prayer beads) of Tulasi wood with 108 beads - 20040101-01.jpg|thumb|Chanting beads, normally of [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|tulsi]] wood given by an ISKCON guru at the initiation to an ISKCON devotee]]

=== Women's roles ===
According to ISKCON theology, the souls of men and women are of the same nature; furthermore according to Knott devotees follow a "feminine approach to spirituality" in emulation of [[Radha]]. However, souls still inhabit human bodies which have a unique ''dharma'' according to ''varna'', ''ashrama'', and gender. According to Knott, Prabhupada preached that upon becoming ''Vaishnavi''s (female Vaishnavas), female devotees became an "analytic exception" to the nature of women and were as empowered as male devotees. ISKCON's views on women are varied due to interconnected views on correct ''dharma'', which it divides into three kinds: "Vedic", "Hindu", and "Krishna Conscious". According to ISKCON, in "Vedic" ''varnashram dharma'' women served the men in their lives who protected them. ISKCON views "Hindu" dharma as a failed attempted to replicate this system in which women are oppressed. The "Krishna Conscious" or ''bhagavata dharma'' view is that men and women should both serve Krishna as equals.<ref>{{harvc|last=Knott |first=Kim|year=2004|c=Healing the Heart of ISKCON: The Place of Women|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand|pp=291-301}}</ref>

Women's roles are a controversial issue within ISKCON, and its members have strongly divergent opinions regarding the interpretation of Prabhupada's teachings on gender roles.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=}}{{Page needed|date=August 2025}} While some of its leaders advocate women taking public leadership roles,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdgoswami.com/questions-and-answers/role-of-women/|title=Role of Women|last1=Dasa Goswami|first1=Hridayananda|date=15 August 2013|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802011419/https://www.hdgoswami.com/questions-and-answers/role-of-women/|url-status=live}}</ref> other leaders disagree and maintain that "traditional" roles for women are more appropriate. Concerns have been expressed regarding the perceived potential for adverse effects stemming from [[Feminism|feminist]] ideals infiltrating the regulations of ISKCON.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://v1.bvks.com/2013/01/feminist-rhetoric-on-dandavats|title=Feminist Rhetoric on Dandavats|last1=Swami|first1=Bhakti Vikasa|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095632/https://v1.bvks.com/2013/01/feminist-rhetoric-on-dandavats|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since [[Women in Hinduism|women]] are the most respected position in Vedic culture, women within the Hare Krishna community are all viewed with reverence, especially by celibate male monks, also known as ''[[brahmacharis]]''. "Mataji" ({{lit|Mother}}) is a term of respect for women in ISKCON, and is often prefixed to the Sanskrit name they receive in initiation. Unmarried women are also referred to in this term.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/moonsisterskrish0000palm/page/15|title=Moon Sisters, Krishna Mothers, Rajneesh Lovers: Women's Role in New Religions|last=Palmer|first=Susan|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8156-0297-2|location=Syracuse, New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/moonsisterskrish0000palm/page/15 15, 17]}}</ref>

[[File:Malati Dasi in Mayapur 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Malati Dasi|Malati Devi Dasi]] is the first woman appointed to the ISKCON Governing Body Commission (GBC).]]

=== Office for Child Protection ===
In 1998, ISKCON published an exposé of widespread physical, emotional and sexual abuse of children in the group's boarding schools in the United States and India in the 1970s and 1980s. The report stated that the monks and young devotees caring for the children had no training in the task and often resented having to perform it. At a meeting in 1996, former young members testified that they had been regularly beaten at school, denied medical care, and sexually molested and raped.<ref name="nytimes.com" />

In 2002, a suit for $900{{nbsp}}million was filed in Texas State Court by alleged victims of abuse in ISKCON boarding schools.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1809847.stm|title=BBC News – Americas – Krishnas to file for bankruptcy|work=bbc.co.uk|date=8 February 2002|archive-date=14 May 2019|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514110834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1809847.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/09/us/hare-krishna-movement-details-past-abuse-at-its-boarding-schools.html|title=Hare Krishna Movement Details Past Abuse at Its Boarding Schools|last=Goodstein|first=Laurie|date=9 October 1998|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210050217/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/09/us/hare-krishna-movement-details-past-abuse-at-its-boarding-schools.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ISKCON later filed for [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-feb-09-me-chbrief9.2-story.html|title=Hare Krishnas Say Suit Spurs Bankruptcy Filing|work=Los Angeles Times|date=9 February 2002 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306031506/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/feb/09/local/me-chbrief9.2|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=22 July 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The eventual 2008 settlement in what became known as the Turley Case was $15{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://surrealist.org/gurukula/timeline/lawsuit.html|title=Children of ISKCON vs. ISKCON Timeline|publisher=Surrealist.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209234239/http://surrealist.org/gurukula/timeline/lawsuit.html|archive-date=9 February 2018|access-date=22 July 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The ''ISKCON Central Office of Child Protection'' department office was established by the GBC in 1997. It released its first official Child Protection Policy and Procedure Guidelines. The CPO has provided Child Protection Information Training to over 500 child care providers within the organization internationally and continues to file and review reports on local Child Protection Teams in 2005. The Child Protection Policy and Procedure Guidelines were revised and ratified by the GBC in June 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://childprotectionoffice.org/main/|title=ISKCON Child Protection Office|work=childprotectionoffice.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824031858/http://childprotectionoffice.org/main/|archive-date=24 August 2017|access-date=22 July 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Kirtan and musical traditions ==
[[File:Hare Krishna in Helsinki C IMG 8105.JPG|thumb|Hare Krishna devotees singing at the [[Esplanadi Park]] in [[Helsinki|Helsinki, Finland]] in August 2014]]
The practice of mantra chanting and devotional singing, also known as [[Kirtan]], is prominent in the ISKCON movement. Dedicated kirtan festivals are held annually around the world, such as the Sadhu Sanga Retreat in Boone, North Carolina,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sadhusangaretreat.com/|title=Sadhu Sanga Retreat – Sadhu Sanga Retreat organized in the USA by Indradyumna Swami|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227131208/http://www.sadhusangaretreat.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kirtan 50<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kirtan50.com/|title=Kirtan50 – Dallas New Year Kirtan Festival|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101202135/https://kirtan50.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> in Dallas, Texas, and Radhadesh Mellows, in Durbuy, Belgium. Notable ''kirtaneers'' include [[Jahnavi Harrison]], [[Gaura Vani & As Kindred Spirits|Gaura Vani]], and the Mayapuris,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mayapuris.com/|title=Home|last=kishrico|website=The Mayapuris|language=en-CA|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> who have all released Kirtan albums. Kirtan sessions are also held outside of temple settings, including at a local university "Bhakti Clubs", mantra lounges, and at a yoga and wellness festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirtanlondon.com/mantra-lounge/|title=Mantra Lounge|website=Kirtan London – Official Website|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229071049/http://www.kirtanlondon.com/mantra-lounge/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Full theatrical performances have been produced based on the Vedic theologies. Prominent performance companies include Viva Kultura<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vivakultura.com/|title=Viva Kultura Home|last=Srinam|website=Viva Kultura|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909231716/http://vivakultura.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Vande Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iskconnews.org/vande-supports-vaishnava-arts-and-culture-in-iskcon,3559/|title=VANDE Supports Vaishnava Arts and Culture in ISKCON|website=ISKCON News|date=November 2012|language=en|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818211816/https://iskconnews.org/vande-supports-vaishnava-arts-and-culture-in-iskcon,3559/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:The Head, ISKCON, Shri Gopal Krishna Goswami Maharaja calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on March 18, 2016.jpg|thumb|The Head, ISKCON, Shri Gopal Krishna Goswami Maharaja calls on India's Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]], in [[New Delhi]] on March 18, 2016.]]
The Hare Krishna mantra appears in some famous songs, such as former [[Beatle]] [[George Harrison]]'s 1970 hit "[[My Sweet Lord]]".<ref>Graham M. Schweig, "Krishna: The Intimate Deity", in Bryant and Ekstrand, p. 14.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Lavezzoli|2006|p=186}}</ref> [[John Lennon]] included the phrase "Hare Krishna" in his lyrics to "[[Give Peace a Chance]]" and the Beatles' 1967 track "[[I Am the Walrus]]". The backing vocalists also sing the phrase in [[Ringo Starr]]'s 1971 hit "[[It Don't Come Easy]]", written with the help of Harrison, although the words were mixed low on the released version.{{sfn|Spizer|2005|p=294}}

Of the four Beatles, only Harrison fully embraced Krishna Consciousness. He also provided financial support for ISKCON's UK branch and in 1973 purchased [[Bhaktivedanta Manor]] for their temple compound.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwyer|2007|pp=31–32}}</ref> Harrison enjoyed a warm friendship with Prabhupada,<ref>{{Harvnb|Greene|2006|pp=148, 198–199}}</ref><ref>Carol Clerk, "George Harrison", ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', February 2002; available at [https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/george-harrison-2 Rock's Backpages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215032558/http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/george-harrison-2 |date=15 December 2014 }} (subscription required).</ref> who provided the inspiration for Harrison songs such as "[[Living in the Material World (song)|Living in the Material World]]".<ref>{{Harvnb|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=194–195}}</ref>

In the 1980s, underground [[New York City]] [[hardcore punk]] band the [[Cro-Mags]] included Hare Krishna members and made references to Krishna Consciousness. By the early 1990s, an entire [[Underground music|underground]] [[Krishnacore]] subgenre was established with other [[New York hardcore]] bands like [[Shelter (band)|Shelter]] and [[108 (band)|108]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alpineanarchist.org/r_krishna.html|title=Alpine Anarchist Productions|access-date=22 December 2020|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225204430/https://www.alpineanarchist.org/r_krishna.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, [[Willow Smith]] and [[Jahnavi Harrison]] collaborated on the song "Surrender (Krishna Keshava"), and the album "RISE",<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Surrender (Krishna Keshava) – Single by Willow & Jahnavi Harrison |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/surrender-krishna-keshava-single/1512296922 |website=Music.apple.com |date=15 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-20 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701001256/https://music.apple.com/us/album/surrender-krishna-keshava-single/1512296922 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surrender (Krishna Keshava) de Willow – Streaming de música – Escúchalo en Deezer |url=https://www.deezer.com/mx/album/147378972 |website=Deezer.com|date=15 May 2020 |language=es-MX |access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref> featuring ancient sacred songs from India with [[Sanskrit]] lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pause For Thought – Pause For Thought: 'How a simple song can become a beacon of hope.' BBC Sounds |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p08d1pjz |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2020-05-20 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717210651/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p08d1pjz |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Dietary practices (vegetarianism) ==
[[Vegetarianism]] is one of the four tenets of ISKCON.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bryant, Edwin Francis. Ekstrand, Maria. |title=The Hare Krishna movement the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant |date=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |oclc=748865897}}</ref> Due to Prabhupada's focus on food distribution, many ISKCON devotees have opened vegan and vegetarian eateries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ffl.org/about-us/mission/prabhupada/|title=Prabhupada|website=Food for Life Global|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> Not all restaurants opened by ISKCON members are officially affiliated with ISKCON, although many Govindas' restaurants or catering businesses operate out of the main temple center.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dokras |first=Dr Uday |date=2023-01-01 |title=ISKCON temple |url=https://www.academia.edu/112578849 |journal=INAC |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819075430/https://www.academia.edu/112578849 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ISKCON followers refer to their diet as 'Krishnatarian'. According to them "A Krishnatarian meal is one which is cooked using fresh, vegetarian ingredients (excluding onion, garlic, red lentils and mushrooms) and milk products which is cooked by an Iskcon follower and offered to their main deities before it is distributed and consumed."<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.33083/joghat.2020.28 | title=An Ethnographic Inquiry Towards 'Hare-Rama Hare-Krishna Religious Tourists Food Consumption Habits While on a Holiday in India | year=2020 | last1=Dewan | first1=Mayukh | journal=Journal of Gastronomy Hospitality and Travel | volume=3 | pages=30–41 | s2cid=225748638 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:FeriaCulturasAmigas07.JPG|thumb|Hare Krishna musicians in [[Mexico City]]]]
[[File:2011. Карнавал на день города Донецка 227.jpg|thumb|Hare Krishna street show in [[Donetsk]], Ukraine, 2011]]
ISKCON claims to have around one million congregational members worldwide (majority in India), with 15,000 in [[Great Britain]].<ref name=":5">[https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/iskcon/ Profile of ISKCON]. Religion Media Centre. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529141915/https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/iskcon/ |date=29 May 2020 }}.</ref>

In the West it "has a relatively small number of followers", estimated at "a few thousand full-time practitioners", but those showing interest in its activities might number into the "tens of thousands."<ref>Malory Nye (2012), ''Religion: The Basics'', Routledge, pp. 29–30</ref>

After considerable success in the West due to the [[counterculture of the 1960s]], ISKCON lost its momentum from the early 1980s onward, "facing a sharp decline in membership and in financial resources"<ref name=":9" /> in North America and in Western Europe, while in the late 1990s the situation began to deteriorate in Eastern Europe as well. In 2000, it was estimated that only 750–900 members were residing in ISKCON centers in the United States. Since then, ISKCON has depended on the [[Indian diaspora]] to revitalize the movement; in most North American congregations Indian members make up 80% of the numbers.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Burke Rochford |first=Edmund Jr. |title=Hare Krishna in the Modern World |publisher=Arktos |year=2013 |editor-last=Dwyer |editor-first=Graham |pages=23 |chapter=Sociological Reflections on the History and Development of the Hare Krishna Movement |editor-last2=Cole |editor-first2=Richard}}</ref>

== Controversies and allegations ==
=== Allegations of being a cult ===
Some [[anti-cult movement]]s have scrutinised ISKCON and described it as a cult. [[Larry Shinn]], who studied ISKCON communities and the anti-cult movement, noted that media and anti-cult reports of ISKCON often relied on "sensationalised exaggeration" and "fearful and unsubstantiated Big Lie" about new religious movements like ISKCON. While acknowledging misconducts within the movement, he emphasized that "these excesses are just that, and are not typical" of most devotees, concluding that ISKCON represents an authentic Hindu devotional tradition rather than a "brainwashing cult".<ref name="Knott2000">{{cite journal |last=Knott|first= K.|year=2000|title=In Every Town and Village: Adaptive Strategies in the Communication of Krishna Consciousness in the UK, the First Thirty Years |journal=Social Compass|volume=47 |issue=2 |page=153 |doi=10.1177/003776800047002002 |s2cid=144738742}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Larry Shinn|title=The Maturation of the Hare Krishnas in America |url=https://content.iskcon.com/icj/2_1/shinn.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103082938/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/2_1/shinn.html|archive-date=2013-01-03|access-date=2008-04-18|author-link=Larry Shinn|website=iskcon.com }}</ref>

==== People v. Murphy ====
In a 1976 case, ''People v. Murphy'', a grand jury indicted Iskcon, Inc. and the president of an ISKCON temple for unlawful imprisonment. The parents of two Hare Krishna members alleged that ISKCON had imprisoned their children through brainwashing, but the court dismissed the case, ruling that the two members had freely followed the tenets of their chosen faith. The case was decided on the basis of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] upholding freedom of religion, namely that "'[T]he Hare Krishna religion is a [[bona fide]] religion with roots in India that go back thousands of years."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=16 March 1977|title=People vs. Murphy|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/197733398misc2d2351294|journal=The Leagle|archive-date=23 September 2017|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002750/https://www.leagle.com/decision/197733398misc2d2351294|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/18/archives/judge-rejects-charges-of-brainwashing-against-hare-krishna-aides.html|title=Judge Rejects Charges of Brainwashing against Hare Krishna Leaders|date=18 March 1977|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=23 July 2023|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723022443/http://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/18/archives/judge-rejects-charges-of-brainwashing-against-hare-krishna-aides.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== George v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness of California ====
In a 1984 case, ''George v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness of California'' was a lawsuit that resulted in a mixed judgment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Wilbert Lee |date=Fall 1984 |title=Religion on Trial: George v. International Society of Krishna Consciousness |url=https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi |journal=University of Baltimore Law Forum |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=16–29 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Marcia and Robin George accused ISKCON of kidnapping Robin via brainwashing and sued ISKCON for false imprisonment, intentional infliction of emotional distress, libel, and the wrongful death of Robin's father based on stress caused by the alleged circumstances. A California state appellate court dismissed Robin's claims for false imprisonment, libel, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, but upheld jury verdicts in favor of Marcia for intentional infliction of emotional distress and wrongful death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-court-of-appeal/1775782.html|title=FindLaw's California Court of Appeal case and opinions|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711032510/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-court-of-appeal/1775782.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Child abuse in boarding schools ===
In the 1990s, ISKCON faced accusations of [[child abuse]], and its leaders acknowledged physical, emotional and sexual abuse of children who were sent to live in the rural communities' boarding schools in the United States and India in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/sex-abuse-case-could-ruin-hare-krishnas-5370498.html |title=Sex abuse case could ruin Hare Krishnas |date=2000-06-14 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=2019-02-16 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408163207/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/sex-abuse-case-could-ruin-hare-krishnas-5370498.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nytabuse">{{cite news |last1=Goodstein |first1=Laurie |title=Hare Krishna Movement Details Past Abuse at Its Boarding Schools |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/09/us/hare-krishna-movement-details-past-abuse-at-its-boarding-schools.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=1998-10-09 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210050217/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/09/us/hare-krishna-movement-details-past-abuse-at-its-boarding-schools.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sociologist of religion E. Burke Rochford argues that a culture of abuse in ISKCON schools arose in part because of renunciant leaders' subtle denigration of the value of householders and children.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=}}{{Page needed|date=August 2025}}

An internal 1998 non-random survey reported that a substantial minority of students in boarding schools experienced sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional mistreatment, and child neglect. According to Wolf, ISKCON's schools developed an environment amenable to child abuse from the 1970s through the early 1990s due in part to limited contact between children and parents and no bar to entry or adequate training for teachers. ISKCON considered children born in devotee families as automatically spiritually pure by virtue of birth, but when children grew up and did not exhibit the appropriate characteristics ISKCON leadership labelled them as "materialists" unworthy of attention. Additionally, ISKCON's focus on the renuciate lifestyle and non-attachment drove many parents to disregard their children's needs. In the 1990s reports of child abuse emerged as the first generation of devotee children became adults. Several safety regulations and subcommittees, such as ISKCON Resolve and the ISKCON Child Protection Office, have been developed since these allegations to ensure that the legal rights of devotees, as well as their health and safety, are protected. Devotee trust in ISKCON's leadership was eroded and many fault GBC leaders for failing to take adequate responsibility for the abuse.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2017 |title=Once in the shadows, Hare Krishnas now seek to shake off the past |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/once-in-the-shadows-hare-krishnas-now-seek-to-shake-off-the-past-9944434 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928182200/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/once-in-the-shadows-hare-krishnas-now-seek-to-shake-off-the-past-9944434 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=9 January 2020 |newspaper=Channelnewsasia |department=City: Singapore |agency=TNN}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Wolf|first=David|year=2004|c=Child Abuse and the Hare Krishnas: History and Response|in=Bryant|in2=Ekstrand}}</ref>

=== Relations with Indonesian Hindu authorities ===
ISKCON has maintained an active presence in [[Indonesia]] since the 1970s, particularly on the island of [[Bali]], where most of the country’s Hindu population resides. The movement was introduced following a 1973 visit by founder A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. During the 1970s, the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust in [[Jakarta]] distributed Indonesian translations of ISKCON literature, initially receiving favorable comment from some members of the [[Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia|Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI)]]. According to Ravinjay Kuckreja, writing in ''Religió: Jurnal Studi Agama-agama'' (2022), early enthusiasm among [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese Hindus]] gave way to opposition in 1984 when the Indonesian Attorney General banned ISKCON publications and activities for "disturbing public order" during [[Suharto|President Suharto]]’s [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order period]]. The decree (No. KEP-107/J.A/5/1984) also closed ISKCON’s publisher and book distributor, citing risks to internal Hindu harmony. The ban was lifted after Indonesia’s [[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|1998 political reforms]], and ISKCON reorganized nationally under the name Sampradaya Kesadaran Krishna Indonesia (SAKKHI). A rival group, ISKCON-Indonesia, also formed in [[Denpasar]] under Damodara Pandit, prompting legal and organizational disputes until The ISKCON Association was later recognized by PHDI as the movement’s national council. Scholars have estimated that ISKCON’s Indonesian membership numbers roughly 1,500 initiated devotees.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Kuckreja |first=Ravinjay |year=2022 |title=The Hare Krishnas in Bali: Localized Religion and New Religious Movement |url=https://hal.science/hal-04697624 |journal=Religió: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama |volume=12 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.15642/religio.v12i1.1857}}</ref>

Kuckreja notes that cultural and theological differences have continued between ISKCON’s Gaudiya Vaishnava teachings and local Balinese Hindu practice, which is largely [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] and monistic. In 2020, Bali’s Majelis Desa Adat and PHDI issued a decree restricting "non-Balinese Hindu sects" (''sampradaya non-dresta Bali'') from conducting worship in traditional villages. The decree affected ISKCON and other pan-Hindu movements such as the [[Sri Sathya Sai International Organization|Sai Baba organization]]. Observers linked the regulation to cultural policies promoted by [[I Wayan Koster|Governor Wayan Koster]], including national legislator Arya Wedakarna, who had expressed support for ISKCON, faced criticism from some Balinese groups. Kuckreja interprets the regulation as part of broader efforts to preserve Balinese religious identity, while describing ISKCON’s imported rituals and attire as often perceived locally as culturally inappropriate. ISKCON representatives have denied causing unrest and have emphasized their recognition by [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Indonesia’s Ministry of Religious Affairs]] and [[Human rights in Indonesia|human-rights law]]. In 2021, one Balinese ISKCON group filed a complaint with the [[National Commission on Human Rights|National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM)]] concerning restrictions on their worship activities, and the issue was later mentioned in the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]’s 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/indonesia/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

==Legal battles and persecution in various countries==
In [[Russia]], ISKCON devotees face multiple legal hurdles under anti-extremism and anti-missionary laws. These included a judicial attempt in 2011 in [[Tomsk]] to ban ''Bhagavad Gita As It Is'' as extremist material, which a district court dismissed on appeal on 28 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russia court rejects ban of Hindu text | website=Al Jazeera | date=28 December 2011 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/12/28/russia-court-rejects-ban-of-hindu-text | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref> The [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled on 23 November 2021, in a case filed by the 'Center of Societies for Krishna Consciousness' and an individual devotee named Mikhail Frolov, that Russian authorities had violated Article 9 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] by conducting hateful anti-cult campaigns against ISKCON, refusing permits for public events, and imposing discriminatory administrative barriers by singling out the group.<ref>{{cite web | last=Fautré | first=Willy | title=RUSSIA: Hare Krishna and Mikhail Frolov win their case against Russia in Strasbourg | website=Human Rights Without Frontiers | date=24 November 2021 | url=https://hrwf.eu/european-court-russia-centre-of-societies-for-krishna-consciousness-in-russia-and-frolov-v-russia-no-37477-11/ | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref> These rulings establish that labeling minority religious groups as "cults" without evidence does not legitimize any propaganda activities or selective restrictions.<ref>{{cite web | last=Introvigne | first=Massimo | title=Russia Hit By European Court for Discriminating Krishnas, Unification Church | website=Bitter Winter | date=29 November 2021 | url=https://bitterwinter.org/russia-hit-by-european-court/ | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

In [[Bangladesh]], ISKCON faced intensified persecution amid a massive surge in anti-Hindu violence following the ouster of Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] in August 2024. According to data documented by human rights groups, more than 3,600 attacks on Hindu religious sites occurred between 2013 and September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Marof | first=Mehedi Hasan | title=‘Our lives don’t matter’: Bangladeshi Hindus under attack after Hasina exit | website=Al Jazeera | date=12 December 2024 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/12/12/our-lives-dont-matter-in-post-hasina-bangladesh-hindus-fear-future | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref> Islamist extremists demanded a nationwide ban on ISKCON in November 2024 and threatened to kill Hindus if the demand was not met, while authorities arrested senior leader [[Chinmoy Krishna Das|Chinmay Krishna Das]] on sedition charges and froze the bank accounts of 17 ISKCON figures.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bangladesh: Islamic radicals threaten to kill Hindus if ISKCON not banned | website=Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate | date=22 November 2024 | url=https://archons.org/persecution/bangladesh-islamic-radicals-threat/ | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref> A petition filed in the High Court to ban ISKCON's activities was dismissed on 28 November 2024,<ref>{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title=Bangladesh High Court Refuses To Ban ISKCON In Country: Report | website=NDTV | date=28 November 2024 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladesh-high-court-refuses-to-ban-iskcon-in-country-report-7126640 | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref> but attacks on temples and devotees continued. ISKCON's role in unifying Hindu resistance against forced conversions and land grabbing was noted.<ref>{{cite web | title=ISKCON Bangladesh targeted for uniting Hindus and resisting forced conversions, says its chief | website=Deccan Herald | date=28 November 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/iskcon-bangladesh-targeted-for-uniting-hindus-and-resisting-forced-conversions-says-its-chief-3295937 | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

[[Singapore]] has banned ISKCON's activities since the 1970s. It has been designated as an "unregistered and undesirable society" under the Societies Act. As part of broader controls on religious groups considered to be proselytizing, their public worship, preaching, and membership activities are prohibited.<ref>{{cite web | title=United States Department of State | website=United States Department of State | date=4 January 2025 | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/singapore/ | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

In [[Kazakhstan]], a local property dispute in 2007 between authorities and ISKCON's farming community escalated into international diplomatic pressure. This dispute involved land seizures and failed negotiations regarding the communal agricultural holdings that were central to the group's religious practices.<ref>{{cite web | title=Local Property Dispute Grows Into International Issue for Kazakhstan | website=ISKCON News | date=8 August 2007 | url=https://iskconnews.org/local-property-dispute-grows-into-international-issue-for-kazakhstan/ | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

[[Armenia]] reported sporadic persecutions of ISKCON members in the 1990s and 2000s. These incidents included arrests and harassment under post-Soviet religious registration laws, although the outcomes of specific court rulings remain limited in public records.<ref>{{cite web | title=Persecution of Hare Krishna Members in Armenia | website=ISKCON Communications | date=23 September 1993 | url=https://www.iskconcommunications.org/iskcon-journal/vol-2/persecution-of-hare-krishna-members-in-armenia | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

In the [[United States]], ISKCON won First Amendment challenges during the 1970s and 1980s against bans on public solicitation at airports and various events. Despite 'anti-cult' social opposition, federal courts recognized the devotees' right to distribute literature and perform ''namakirtana'' (chanting).<ref>{{cite web | last=Issue | first=Legal | title=GEORGE v. INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR KRISHNA CONSCIOUSNESS OF CALIFORNIA (1992) | website=FindLaw | date=30 January 1992 | url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/ca-court-of-appeal/1775782.html | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

== Global presence and centers ==

=== India ===
India has the highest density of ISKCON centers in the world, with over 800 temples, 12 state-recognized educational institutions, 25 affiliated and non-affiliated restaurants, and a number of tourist and pilgrimage hotels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/india/|title=India {{!}} ISKCON Centers|date=9 July 2011|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109003715/http://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/india/|url-status=live}}</ref> ISKCON India disciples are more conservative than the ISKCON disciples in the west.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/04/hare-krishna-india-hinduism-florida-women|title='It's latent misogyny': Hare Krishnas divided over whether to allow female gurus|last=Blumetti|first=Jordan|date=2019-06-04|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-04|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== Vrindaban ====
Vrindaban is a pan-Indian pilgrimage town historically developed by Bengali Vaishnavas and devotees consider it to be the place where Krishna performed his deeds on Earth. In 1976, the [[Krishna Balaram Mandir]] was founded, which by the late 1980s was an "integral part of Vrindaban's sacred complex". ISKCON devotees in the town claim to be [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], a view paradoxical to the traditional Indian belief that it is impossible for foreigners to even be Hindu. By the 1980s however, ISKCON members had successfully manipulated the devotion-centered social fabric of the town and were to be considered "Brahmin-like" due to successful displays of Krishna-devotion and behavior.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Charles R. |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |location=Lewisburg |pages=165-187 |chapter=A Unique Conjuncture: The Incorporation of ISKCON in Vrindaban |editor-last2=Shinn |editor-first2=Larry D.}}</ref>

====Temple of Vedic Planetarium, Mayapur====

[[File:Chandroday mandir uc side view.jpg|thumb|The ISKCON Temple of the Vedic Planetarium at Mayapur, under construction]]

Set to be completed in 2024, the [[Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir|Temple of the Vedic Planetarium, Mayapur]] in West Bengal is built in the birthplace of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], the founder of the Gaudiya-Vaishnava lineage of Hinduism. The temple itself currently sits at {{convert|425,000|sqft}} and is {{convert|340|ft}} tall, and is surrounded by accompanying lodges, shops, residences, educational centers, and gardens. The project cost an estimated $75{{nbsp}}million, with its major investor being Alfred B. Ford, the great-grandson of [[Henry Ford]]. The complex has a planetarium based on Vedic cosmology and exhibitions about the Vedic arts, sciences, and culture as described in the [[Srimad Bhagavatam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tovp.org/|title=Temple of the Vedic Planetarium - Home|website=Temple of the Vedic Planetarium|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=29 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129181832/https://tovp.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Sri Krishna-Balaram Mandir, Vrindavan====
[[File:ISKON TEMPLE 1.jpg|thumb|Sri Krishna-Balaram Mandir, Vrindavan]]

Located in the Raman Reti area of [[Vrindavan]], Uttar Pradesh, the Sri [[Krishna Balaram Mandir]] temple was built in the original village where the spiritual figures Krishna and Balarama are said to have resided in the Vedic period of Indian history. It is built in close proximity to other holy sites such as the village of Gokul, [[Govardhana Hill]], the [[Mathura]] palace, and various holy lakes. As a result, ISKCON Vrindavan is a common pilgrimage site for followers of the Krishna Conscious movement. The complex is home to a guesthouse, a museum, gift shops, a restaurant, a bakery, a broadcast studio as well as a marble temple hall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iskconvrindavan.com/|title=ISKCON Vrindavan - Home|website=ISKCON Vrindavan|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> The temple is also affiliated with the Vrindavan Institute of Higher Education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vihe.org/|title=Welcome to Vrindavan Institute for Higher Education|website=vihe.org|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802044714/https://vihe.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir, Vrindavan ====
{{Main|Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir}}

In March 2014, the Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir temple project was inaugurated,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/akhilesh-yadav-inaugurates-project-to-build-vrindavan-chandrodaya-mandir-the-tallest-temple-in-india/articleshow/32149629.cms|title=Akhilesh Yadav inaugurates project to build Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir, the tallest temple in India|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> and on 16 November 2014, the foundation stone of the temple was laid. Overseen by ISKCON Bangalore, the Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir temple building is currently under construction.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-president-pranab-mukherjee-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-tallest-krishna-temple-in-vrindavan-2035410 | title=President Pranab Mukherjee to lay foundation stone of tallest Krishna temple in Vrindavan | date=15 November 2014 | publisher=DNA | author=PTI | access-date=26 April 2018 | archive-date=25 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925000513/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-president-pranab-mukherjee-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-tallest-krishna-temple-in-vrindavan-2035410 | url-status=live }}</ref>{{update inline|date=October 2023}}

==== Radha Parthasarathi Mandir, New Delhi ====
[[File:ISKCON temple, Delhi at Janamashtami.jpg|thumb|The ISKCON Temple in New Delhi]]

The [[ISKCON Temple, Delhi|Sri Sri Radha Parthasarathi Mandir]] temple complex houses the Glory of India Vedic Cultural center, which is a set of interactive educational exhibits, as well as the world's largest printed religious book, known as the "Astounding [[Bhagavad Gita]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iskcondelhi.com/|title=Home|website=www.iskcondelhi.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118011242/http://www.iskcondelhi.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== ISKCON Temple, Bengaluru ====

In May 1997, Bangalore [[ISKCON Temple, Bengaluru|ISKCON Temple]] was inaugurated by the ninth [[president of India]], [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]].<ref name="ITBWebHist">[https://www.iskconbangalore.org/History ISKCON Temple Bangalore website, Temple History]</ref>

There is a gold-plated dhwaja-[[stambha]] (flag post) 17 m (56 ft) high and a gold plated kalash [[shikhara]] 8.5 m (28 ft) high. There is free distribution of Sri Krishna prasadam to all visitors during the darshana hours.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.iskconbangalore.org/daily-worship-schedule/ | title=Temple Schedule | publisher=ISKCON Bangalore | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>

ISKCON Bangalore has six shrines:

# Main deities is of [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]]
# Krishna [[Balrama]]
# Nitai Gauranga ([[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and [[Nityananda]])
# Srinivasa Govinda (also known as [[Venkateswara]])
# [[Prahlada]] [[Narasimha]]
# [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Srila Prabhupada]]<ref>[https://utsav.gov.in/view-darshan/iskcon-live-darshan-of-sevas-and-temple Iskcon Live Darshan of Sevas and Temple utsav.gov.in].</ref>

==== Radha Krishna Mandir, Chennai ====
The [[ISKCON Temple Chennai|Chennai temple]] is located on the [[East Coast Road]] in southern part of the city. Built on {{convert|1.5|acre}} of land and consecrated in 2012, the temple is the largest Radha Krishna temple in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="TheHindu_ConsecrationOfTemple">{{cite news
| title = Consecration of ISKCON temple
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 April 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3331867.ece
| access-date = 26 Apr 2012
| archive-date = 30 January 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130130044105/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3331867.ece
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
ISKCON Temple Nepal is located in [[Kathmandu]]. The geographic coordinates of ISKCON Nepal are 27.784062° or (27°47'2.62") of North and 85.356938° or (85°21'24.98") of East. It is on the lap of Shivapuri Mountain where the Holy [[Bishnumati River]] flows.

In this temple, the [[Deities]] of Sri Sri Radha Govinda Hari ([[Radha]] and [[Krishna]]), [[Jagannath]], [[Balarama|Baladeva]], [[Subhadra]], Gaur [[Nityananda|Nitai]], [[Narasimha]] are worshiped. ISKCON Nepal celebrates Jagannath Rath Yatra every year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagannath Rath Yatra by ISKCON Nepal |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/multimedia/photo-gallery/jagannath-rath-yatra-in-kathmandu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523031728/https://thehimalayantimes.com/multimedia/photo-gallery/jagannath-rath-yatra-in-kathmandu |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2022 |publisher=The Himalayan Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jagannath Rath Yatra in Kathmandu by ISKCON Desire Tree in association with ISKCON Nepal |first1=Jagannath Rath Yatra in Kathmandu by ISKCON Desire Tree in association with ISKCON Nepal |title=Jagannath Rath Yatra in Kathmandu |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/photo/jagannath-ratha-yatra-2019-at-kathmandu-nepal-7 |work=Jagannath Rath Yatra in Kathmanu |publisher=ISKCON Desire Tree |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929214553/https://iskcondesiretree.com/photo/jagannath-ratha-yatra-2019-at-kathmandu-nepal-7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=ISKCON Nepal activity |first1=ISKCON Nepal activity |title=ISKCON Nepal activity |url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/my-sweet-lord |agency=Nepali Times |publisher=Nepali Times |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929214551/https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/my-sweet-lord/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As per a 2018 estimate, over 5000 devotees participate in the ratha yatra from across the globe.<ref>{{cite news
| last = ANI
| title = Jagannath Yatra begins in Nepal
| newspaper = Business Standard
| location = Kathmandu
| date = 15 July 2018
| url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/jagannath-yatra-begins-in-nepal-118071500027_1.html
| access-date = 1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Bhattarai
| first = Sewa
| title = My Sweet Lord
| newspaper = Nepali Times
| location = Kathmandu
| date = 22 August 2019
| url = https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/my-sweet-lord/
| access-date = 1 January 2021
| archive-date = 3 December 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201203171944/https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/my-sweet-lord/
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

=== Europe ===

There are over 135 ISKCON-affiliated temples and cultural centers in Europe. The ISKCON movement in Europe is home to a number of rural and farming communities, including Nueva Vrajamandala in Spain,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iskconnews.org/the-glories-of-nueva-vraja-mandala-spain,3505/|title=The Glories of Nueva Vraja Mandala, Spain|website=ISKCON News|date=21 September 2012|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801230302/https://iskconnews.org/the-glories-of-nueva-vraja-mandala-spain,3505/|url-status=dead}}</ref> La Nouvelle Mayapura in France, Villa Vrindavan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villavrindavana.org/english-home/|title=Villa Vrindavana|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802004030/https://villavrindavana.org/english-home/|url-status=live}}</ref> in Italy and Simhachalam in Germany.

There are also 31 additional centers in Russia, as Vaishnava Hinduism represents one of the largest denominations of faith in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/russia/|title=Russia {{!}} ISKCON Centers|date=9 July 2011|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113000025/http://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/russia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

While most initiated disciples in Britain in the 1980s were young [[White people in the United Kingdom|white British]], the movement had support from the expatriate [[British Indians|Indian]] [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hindu]] community. British Indian Hindus generally attended ISKCON temples as one of many available Hindu temples.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=56-58}}

Through the first three decades of its existence, ISKCON's methods of communication in Britain have adapted to fit various circumstances. In the 1960s the movement via traditional ISKCON methods (book distribution, public ''sankirtana'', and Sunday Feasts) but also through their musical connections with [[George Harrison]] and [[John Lennon]]. From 1970 to 1985 the movement acquired Bhaktivedanta Manor and Chaitanya College in addition to the original Bury Place, London temple. While winning the attention of a small group of youth, during these period a negative image of ISKCON developed in the media and the anti-cult movement. From 1985 to 1998, ISKCON actively cultivated a relationship with the resident Indian Hindu community and leveraged its connections to Hinduism to win greater respectability and recognition from the general public.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Knott|first=Kim|title=In Every Town and Village: Adaptive Strategies in the Communication of Krishna Consciousness in the UK, the First Thirty Years|journal=Social Compass|volume=47|issue=2|date=2000|pp=153=167}}</ref>

====Bhaktivedanta Manor, Watford, UK====
[[File:Bhaktivedanta_Manor_crop.jpg|thumb|Bhaktivedanta Manor]]
A landscaped property featuring gardens, lakes, a school, farm, numerous temple and housing buildings, accommodations, and a bakery. The property for [[Bhaktivedanta Manor]] was donated by [[George Harrison]] of [[the Beatles]] and is on the [[National Heritage List for England]]. The houses on the property, including the temple, are built in the mock-Tudor mansion style of the 1800s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://krishnatemple.com/home/|title=Bhaktivedanta Manor – Hare Krishna Temple|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>

Bhaktivedanta Manor is also home to the London College of Vedic Studies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krishnacollege.co.uk/|title=New Home Page|website=The College of Vedic Studies|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=5 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205065515/https://krishnacollege.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is the birthplace of the [[Avanti Schools Trust]], a sponsor of state-funded primary and secondary schools that provides both non-denominational and Hindu-faith education throughout the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avanti.org.uk/|title=Home|last=mayapur|website=Avanti Schools Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809145058/https://avanti.org.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Demographically, the majority of devotees in Europe are ethnic Europeans. An exception can be made with the demographics of devotees in the United Kingdom, which caters to the Indian immigrant population, mirroring the demographics of most North American centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://btg.krishna.com/checkmate-iskcons-victory-russia|title=Checkmate: ISKCON's Victory in Russia {{!}} Back to Godhead|website=btg.krishna.com|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916175928/http://btg.krishna.com/checkmate-iskcons-victory-russia|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== South America ===
[[File:Fazenda Nova Gokula Templo Central Pindamonhangaba SP Lateral.jpg|thumb|The temple of ISKCON eco-village "Nova Gokula", [[Pindamonhangaba]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], Brazil]]
There are 60 affiliated ISKCON temples in South America, with most congregations located in Argentina and Brazil. There are also a number of devotee-run farming communities throughout Latin America.<ref name="Guerriero">{{cite journal |last=Guerriero |first=Silas |title=O Movimento Hare Krishna no Brasil: uma interpretação da cultura védica na sociedade ocidental |url=http://www.pucsp.br/rever/rv1_2001/t_guerri.htm |language=pt |journal=REVER — Revista de Estudos da Religião |date=2001 |pages=44–56 |issn=1677-1222 |archive-date=28 June 2011 |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222544/http://www.pucsp.br/rever/rv1_2001/t_guerri.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/latin-america/ |title=Latin America {{!}} ISKCON Centers |date=28 August 2011 |access-date=2020-01-04 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229063417/http://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/latin-america/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Most notable is the eco-village "Nova Gokula" at [[Pindamonhangaba]] in the Brazil state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], founded in 1978, with two temples planning as traditional [[Hindu architecture]].{{sfn|Guerriero|2001|p=52}}

=== United States ===
There are 56 formally affiliated ISKCON centers in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2011 |title=United States Of America {{!}} ISKCON Centers |url=http://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/united-states-of-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115124355/http://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/united-states-of-america/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 |access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> Notable centers include [[Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple|Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple (Spanish Fork)]], Utah, New Raman Reti in Alachua, FL,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://alachuatemple.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201202703/https://alachuatemple.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=2020-01-04 |website=Alachua Hare Krishna Temple}}</ref> and The Radha Kalachandji Temple in Dallas, TX.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhisma |title=Home |url=https://radhakalachandji.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213248/https://radhakalachandji.org/ |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-04 |website=Radha Kalachandji Temple}}</ref> Hare Krishna-affiliated full-time communities include [[New Vrindaban, West Virginia|New Vrindaban]] in West Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vrindaban – The Land of Krishna |url=https://newvrindaban.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220163038/https://newvrindaban.com/ |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=2020-01-04 |website=newvrindaban.com}}</ref> and Gita Nagari Eco Farm and Sanctuary in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Gita Nagari Eco Farm & Sanctuary |url=https://gnecofarm.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922061151/https://gnecofarm.org/ |archive-date=22 September 2019 |access-date=2020-01-04 |website=Gita Nagari Eco Farm & Sanctuary |language=en-US}}</ref> There are various other centers in the United States that promote Krishna Conscious culture without being formally affiliated with ISKCON, including The Bhakti Center in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=bhakticenter.org |url=http://bhakticenter.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106035241/http://bhakticenter.org/ |archive-date=6 January 2020 |access-date=2020-01-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:FOUNTAIN SQUARE IN DOWNTOWN CINCINNATI IS A PUBLIC SQUARE THAT WORKS FOR THE CITY AND ITS PEOPLE IN A MYRIAD OF WAYS... - NARA - 553146.jpg|thumb|Hare Krishna devotee proselytizing in downtown Cincinnati, May 1973.]]
According to Rochford (1985), the large majority of converts to the Hare Krishna movement in the United States were young white people. Because of their youth, most had not completed an undergraduate college degree. Converts mainly came from middle and upper-middle class Christian and Jewish families where their familial religion was stressed mainly during early childhood and then declined as the years went on. Early converts (pre-1971) had previously participated in the counterculture of the 1960s and the [[Anti-war movement]], while later converts (1977-1980) did not due to ISKCON's convert demography continuing to retain the same young age-bracket. Most had already been spiritual seekers, and the vast majority had previously experimented with some forms of drugs (alcohol, marijuana, hallucinogens, etc.). Most devotees stated that the three main reasons for their conversion was the Hare Krishna philosophy, the geniality of devotees, and personal attraction to Prabhupada. Most devotees had not worked serious careers prior to conversion and had no skilled occupational skills; forces that allowed for structural availability for ISKCON recruitment, while on the other hand there often were countervailing social ties opposed to their participation in the movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rochford |first=E. Burke Jr. |title=Hare Krishna in America |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1985 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |pages=43-85 |chapter=Searchers or Victims: Who Joins and Why}}</ref> Men and women were recruited through different structures: men were recruited more often via interaction with Hare Krishna devotees in public spaces, while women were recruited more often through social networks with ISKCON members. According to Rochford, by the 1980s the marginal status of women in American society was being challenged by the [[Second-wave feminism|feminist movement]], which advocated pushing women into the public (masculine) world. ISKCON in contrast offered a traditionalist solution to the issue of women's marginality, by ideologically supporting the domesticity of traditionalist women who desired to remain in the private sphere. ISKCON also offered a solution to the issue of men's marginality (the loneliness felt by some men in the competitive, egocentric male sphere) by providing a male lifestyle with intimate interpersonal relationships. Men, being less closed-off and wary to strangers, were more successfully recruited in public spaces; in particular, female Hare Krishna devotees were able to leverage their gender to more successfully approach men in public than their male devotee counterparts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rochford |first=E. Burke Jr. |title=Hare Krishna in America |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1985 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |pages=123-148 |chapter=Men, Women, and Membership}}</ref>

==== New Vrindaban ====
[[File:Palaceanddevotees 1982.jpg|thumb|Prabhupada's Palace of Gold and Hare Krishna devotees, c. 1982.]]
The New Vrindaban community was founded in 1968 in rural [[West Virginia]] by [[Kirtanananda Swami]] as a [[Self-sufficient economy|self-sufficient]], proto-technological community, attempting to recreate a [[Vedic period|Vedic village]]. The local [[Protestantism|Protestant]]-majority community viewed New Vrindaban negatively, leading New Vrindaban to attempt to legitimize itself theologically via interreligious dialogue with the local Ministerial Association in the 1980s; however, the locals were more concerned with New Vrindaban's lifestyle choices and criminal allegations than theological issues. To legitimate themselves scholarly, the community published books and journals on ISKCON subjects and invited professors to share insights. By the late 1980s, New Vrindaban had gained "grudging acceptance" from the locals by focusing on improving secular values, i.e. "pragmatism, industry, relative cleanliness, openness, and perseverance". The community also serviced the [[Indian American]] community by providing a temple amenable to Hindu tradition, cultural education of second-generation immigrants, and [[Cow protection movement|cow-protection]]. Additionally, the local community viewed Indian-Americans as a more acceptable demographic for the sect and as financial contributors to ISKCON, allaying fears about religious conversion of locals. Despite these changes by the late 1980s, the community continued to uphold its traditions via the principles of pilgrimage, ''[[darsana]]'', and ''[[prasada]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michael |first=R. Blake |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |location=Lewisburg |pages=188-216 |chapter=Heaven, West Virginia: Legitimation Techniques of the New Vrindaban Community |editor-last2=Shinn |editor-first2=Larry G.}}</ref>

== Subsidiary organisations ==
===Bhaktivedanta Book Trust===
Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (BBT) is a [[nonprofit organization]], of ISKCON, and supplies books both to ISKCON and to the book trade in general.<ref>{{cite web |title=About The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |url=http://bbt.org/about |website=bbt.org |access-date=3 November 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027141340/http://bbt.org/about |url-status=live }}</ref> BBT is the publisher of books on the Gaudiya Vaishnava.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&pg=PA53 |title=Krishna Consciousness in the West |page=53 |first1=David G. |last1=Bromley |first2=Larry D. |last2=Shinn |year=1989|publisher=Bucknell University Press |isbn=9780838751442 }}</ref> BBT was established in 1972 by A. C. Bhaktivedanta as the publisher for his books and for books by other authors. It also publishes the magazine ''[[Back to Godhead]]'' in multiple languages.<ref>{{cite book | first = Dasa Goswami | last = Satsvarupa| title =Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta Vol 1-2| publisher = BBT| orig-year=1980-82 |year=2002 | pages = vol.1 1133 pages vol.2 1191 pages | isbn = 978-0-89213-357-4 | no-pp = true}}</ref>

=== The Friends of Lord Krishna ===
The Friends of Lord Krishna (FOLK) was established in 1979 to spread ISKCON teachings to non-Hindu British people in a less intense manner than the movement's original methods. Via the publication of a FOLK magazine, leveraging friend networks of devotees, V.I.P. programmes to attract celebrities, and university programmes to target young people, the group seeks to spread ISKCON principles amongst a non-monastic audience who would be expected to retain their ordinary lives and careers.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=53-56}}

=== Cow protection and ISCOWP ===
ISCOWP (International Society for Cow Protection) claims to "present alternatives to agricultural and dietary practices that support and depend upon the meat and dairy industries' slaughter of the cow".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iscowp.org/|title=ISCOWP – The International Society of Cow Protection|website=iscowp.org|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624172716/http://iscowp.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ISKCON Tribal Care Trust ===
ISKCON Tribal Care Trust (ITCT) is an affiliate targeting the tribal people. The trust has set up schools and potable water sources for the tribal people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Minister praises ISKCON's India Tribal Care Trust|url=http://www.uniindia.com/tripura-minister-praises-iskcon-s-india-tribal-care-trust/states/news/1171920.html |date=18 March 2018 |newspaper=Uniindia|agency=TNN |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>
[[File:ISKCON Food for life.jpg|thumb|Member of Food for Life Russia giving food]]

===Pandava Sena===

Based out of Bhaktivedanta Manor of Watford UK, Pandava Sena is a youth organization started in 1994. It is composed of professionals and university students that host annual international mentorship and reunion retreats and weekly social gatherings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://psena.com/about/|title=About|website=ISKCON Pandava Sena|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222031840/http://psena.com/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pandava Sena has also established "KCSocs" or "Krishna Conscious Societies" across 30 universities in the UK. Many universities have similar student groups featuring youth from local ISKCON temples.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dwyer|first1=Graham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7e8ORp2QrEC&q=ISKCON+Pandava+Sena&pg=PA132|title=Hare Krishna in the Modern World|last2=Cole|first2=Richard J.|year=2013|publisher=Arktos|isbn=978-1-907166-47-1|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hare Krsna TV]]
* [[Hare Krishna in popular culture]]
* [[Krishna valley]], Hungary
* [[New religious movement]]
* [[Vedanta Society]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |editor-last=Beck |editor-first=Guy L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn =0-7914-6415-6 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Bryant |editor-first1=Edwin F. |editor-last2=Ekstrand |editor-first2=Maria |year=2004 |title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-12256-X }}
* {{cite book |last2=Cole |first2=Richard (Radha Mohan Das)|last1=Dwyer |first1=Graham |title=The Hare Krishna Movement: Forty Years of Chant and Change
|publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84511-407-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gibson |first=Lynne |title=Modern World Religions: Hinduism – Pupil Book Core (Modern World Religions) |publisher=Heinemann Educational Publishers |location=Oxford (England) |year=2002 |isbn=0-435-33619-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Greene |first=Joshua M. |title=Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-12780-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Knott |first=Kim |title=My Sweet Lord: The Hare Krishna Movement |publisher=The Aquarian Press |year=1986 |location=Wellingborough}}
* {{cite book |last=Lavezzoli |first=Peter |title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West |publisher=Continuum |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=0-8264-2819-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rochford |first=E. Burke |title=Hare Krishna Transformed
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiD5Enrerv0C |location=New York |publisher=[[NYU Press]]
|year=2007 |series=The New and Alternative Religions Series |isbn=978-0814775790 }}
* {{cite book
| editor-last1 = Rosen| editor-first1 = Steven J.
| date = 1992
| title = Vaiṣṇavism: Contemporary Scholars Discuss the Gauḍīya Tradition
| publisher= FOLK Books
| location= New York
}}
* {{cite journal
| editor-last1 = Rosen| editor-first1 = Steven J.
| journal= Journal of Vaiṣṇava Studies
| volume= 6: ISKCON/A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami
| issue= 2
| date=Spring 1998
| issn=1062-1237
| last= Brooks
| first= Charles R.
| title= ISKCON's Place in the Bengal Vaishnava Tradition of Caitanya Mahāprabhu
| publisher= FOLK Books
| location=Brooklyn, New York
}}
* {{cite book|last=Spizer|first=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Spizer|title=The Beatles Solo on Apple Records|publisher=498 Productions|location=New Orleans, LA|year=2005|isbn=0-9662649-5-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Squarcini|first1=Federico|last2=Fizzotti|first2=Eugenio|title=Hare Krishna|series=Studies in Contemporary Religion|publisher=Signature Books|date=2004|editor-last1=Introvigne|editor-first1=Massimo}}


==External links==

{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://iskcon.org/}}

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Jiddu Krishnamurti

2026-03-24T00:49:09Z

IrisClow72785038: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|Spiritual speaker and writer (1895–1986)}}
{{Distinguish|U. G. Krishnamurti}}
{{Family name hatnote|Jiddu|lang=Telugu}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Jiddu Krishnamurti
| image = Jiddu Krishnamurti 01.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Krishnamurti in the 1920s
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1895|5|11}}
| birth_place = [[Madanapalle]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|02|17|1895|05|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ojai, California]], U.S.
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Philosopher|author|public speaker}}
| title =
| spouse =
|relatives=[[Annie Besant]] (adoptive parent)
|region={{flatlist|* [[Eastern philosophy]]
**[[Indian philosophy]]}}
|era=[[20th-century philosophy]]
|institutions=[[Krishnamurti Foundation]] (founder)
|notable_works={{plainlist|
* ''[[The First and Last Freedom]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Commentaries on Living]]'' (1956–1960)
* ''[[Freedom from the Known]]'' (1969)
}}}}
'''Jiddu Krishnamurti''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɪ|d|uː|_|ˌ|k|r|ɪ|ʃ|n|ə|ˈ|m|uːr|t|i}} {{respell|JID|oo|_|KRISH|nə|MOOR|tee}}; 11 May 1895 – 17 February 1986) was an Indian [[Spirituality|spiritual]] figure, speaker, and writer. Adopted by members of the [[Theosophical Society]] as a child, Krishnamurti was raised to fill the mantle of the prophesied [[Maitreya (Theosophy)#The World Teacher Project|World Teacher]], a role tasked with aiding humankind's spiritual evolution. In 1922, he began to suffer from painful, [[seizure]]-like [[mystical experiences|mystical episodes]] that would produce a lasting change in his perception of reality.{{efn|name="process"}}{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=ch.18-21}}{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=124-128}}{{efn-la|name="proces_explanation"}} In 1929, he broke from the [[Theosophy|Theosophy movement]] and disbanded the [[Order of the Star in the East]] which had been formed around him. He spent the rest of his life speaking to groups and individuals around the world, hoping to contribute a radical transformation of mankind.{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=268}}{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=68}}{{efn|name="no_ego"}}{{efn-la|name="I_am_free"}}{{efn-la|name="locking_of_horns"}}

Krishnamurti asserted that "truth is a pathless land" and advised against following any [[doctrine]], discipline, teacher, [[guru]], or authority, including himself.<ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Rodrigues|author-first=Hillary|date=January 1996|title=J. Krishnamurti's 'religious mind'|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=15|issue=1|pages=40–55|issn=0829-2922}}</ref> Nonetheless, during his life he tried to share his insights in 'the teachings', urging for a state without conceptual deliberations and thought.{{efn|name="immediatism"}} In Krishnamurti's perception, such a [[righteousness]] was only possible through the practice of passive or [[choiceless awareness]], which he called the essence of "true meditation" in contrast to contrived techniques.{{sfnp|Vas|2004|p=26-29}}{{efn|{{harvp|Krishnamurti|1976}}"The foundation for true meditation is that passive awareness which is the total freedom from authority and ambition, envy and fear. Meditation has no meaning, no significance whatsoever without this freedom [...] Thought is of knowledge and knowledge cannot free the mind of the fact. Meditation is the choiceless awareness of this complex, which empties the mind of the known."}} He gained a wider recognition in the 1950s, after [[Aldous Huxley]] had introduced him to his mainstream publisher and the publication of ''[[The First and Last Freedom]]'' (1954). Many of his talks have been published since, among them ''[[Commentaries on Living]]'' (1956–60) and ''[[Krishnamurti's Notebook]]'' (written 1961-62).

A few days before his death he stated that nobody had understood what his body went through, and after his death, this consciousness would be gone, and no other body would support it "for many hundred years."{{efn|name="nobody"}} His supporters—working through [[Krishnamurti foundations|non-profit foundations]] in India, Britain, and the United States—oversee several independent schools based on his educational philosophy and continue to distribute his extensive body of talks, dialogues, and writings in various media formats and languages.

==Biography==

===Family background and childhood===
[[File:Jiddu Krishnamurti house.jpg|thumb|alt=House in which Krishnamurti was born |House in [[Madanapalle]], in which Krishnamurti was born]]
[[File:At the feet of the master pg 2.jpg|thumb|Krishnamurti in 1910]]
Born during the late [[British Raj]], the date of birth of Krishnamurti is a matter of dispute. [[Mary Lutyens]] determines it to be 11 May 1895,{{sfnp|Lutyens|1995|p=footnotes 1, 2}} but Christine Williams notes the unreliability of birth registrations in that period and points to various claims placing his birth between 4 May 1895 and 25 May 1896. She used calculations based on a published horoscope to derive a date of 11 May 1895 but "retains a measure of scepticism" about it.{{sfnp|Williams|2004|p=465}}

His birthplace was the small town of [[Madanapalle]] in [[Madras Presidency]] ({{As of|2025|alt=modern-day}} [[Annamayya district|Annamayya District]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]). He was born in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Brahmin]] family.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=7}}{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003a}} His father, Jiddu Narayanaiah, was employed as an official of the British colonial administration. Krishnamurti was fond of his mother Sanjeevamma, who died when he was ten.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=5}} His parents had a total of eleven children, of whom six survived childhood.{{sfnp|Williams|2004|p=471–472}}

In 1903 the family settled in [[Kadapa]], where Krishnamurti had contracted [[malaria]] during a previous stay. He suffered recurrent bouts of the disease over many years.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=2–4}} A sensitive and sickly child, described as "vague and dreamy", he was often considered intellectually disabled and was beaten regularly at school by his teachers and at home by his father.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=3–4, 22, 25}} In memoirs written when he was eighteen years old Krishnamurti described [[psychic]] experiences, such as seeing his sister, who had died in 1904, and his late mother.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983|p=5, 309}} Even from his childhood he felt a bond with nature which was to stay with him for the rest of his life.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2004|p=16}} Writing in his journal Krishnamurti states "He always had this strange lack of distance between himself and the trees, rivers, mountains. It wasn't cultivated."<ref>Krishnamurti's Journal, 17 September 1973.</ref>

Krishnamurti's father retired at the end of 1907 and then sought employment at the headquarters of the [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society]] at Adyar. Narayanaiah had been a [[Theosophist]] since 1882. He was eventually hired by the Society as a clerk, moving there with his family in January 1909.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983|p=7–8}} Narayanaiah and his sons were at first assigned to live in a small cottage that was located just outside the society's compound.{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=41}}

Krishnamurti was a [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]] from birth, and his family were strict vegetarians. He was an opponent of [[meat eating]], based on ethical and spiritual reasons.{{sfnp|Williams|2004|p=104}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krishnamurtiaustralia.org/articles/vegetarian.htm |title=Krishnamurti on eating meat & vegetarianism |website=Krishnamurti Australia |access-date=10 May 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511020937/http://www.krishnamurtiaustralia.org/articles/vegetarian.htm |archive-date=11 May 2023 }}</ref> Krishnamurti was also a "[[teetotalism|teetotaler]], nonsmoker, and practitioner of [[yoga]]."<ref name=Saxon/>

===Appropriation by the Theosophical Society===
In April 1909, Krishnamurti first met [[Charles Webster Leadbeater]], who claimed [[clairvoyance]]. Leadbeater had noticed Krishnamurti on the Society's beach on the Adyar river, and was amazed by the "most wonderful [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] he had ever seen, without a particle of selfishness in it."{{efn|
According to [[occult]] and Theosophical lore, auras are invisible emanations related to each individual's so-called [[subtle body|subtler planes of existence]], as well as her or his normal plane. The ability to discern a person's aura is considered one of the possible effects of clairvoyance. Leadbeater's occult knowledge and abilities were highly respected within the Society.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=15, 20–21}}
}}
[[Ernest Wood]], an adjutant of Leadbeater's at the time, who helped Krishnamurti with his homework, considered him to be "particularly dim-witted."{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=21}} Leadbeater was convinced that the boy would become a spiritual teacher and a great [[orator]]; the likely "vehicle for the [[Maitreya (Theosophy)|Lord Maitreya]]" in Theosophical [[doctrine]], an advanced spiritual entity periodically appearing on Earth as a World Teacher to guide the evolution of humankind.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=21}}<ref name ="Algeo" /> This World teacher "was supposed to "overshadow" Krishnamurti by using his body to communicate with humanity. There was no thought among Theosophists of Krishnamurti himself being the World Teacher; he was merely to be the channel through which the World Teacher would speak."<ref name ="Algeo" />

In her biography of Krishnamurti, [[Pupul Jayakar]] quotes his reflection on that period in his life some 75 years later: "The boy had always said 'I will do whatever you want.' There was an element of subservience, obedience. The boy was vague, uncertain, [[wikt:woolly-minded#Adjective|woolly]]; he didn't seem to care what was happening. He was like a vessel with a large hole in it, whatever was put in, went through, nothing remained."{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=28}} Krishnamurti himself described his state of mind as a young boy: "No thought entered his mind. He was watching and listening and nothing else. Thought with its associations never arose. There was no image-making. He often attempted to think but no thought would come."<ref>Krishnamurti's Journal, 15 September 1973.</ref>
[[File:Povedano - Jiddu Krishnamurti.png|thumb|Krishnamurti by [[Tomás Povedano]]]]
Following his discovery by Leadbeater, Krishnamurti was nurtured by the Theosophical Society in Adyar. Leadbeater and a small number of trusted associates undertook the task of educating, protecting, and generally preparing Krishnamurti as the "vehicle" of the expected World Teacher. Krishnamurti (often later called ''Krishnaji''){{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=xi}}{{efn|The suffix –ji in Hindu names is a sign of affection or respect.}} and his younger brother Nityananda (''Nitya'') were privately tutored at the Theosophical compound in Madras, and later exposed to an opulent life among a segment of European [[High society (social class)|high society]] as they continued their education abroad. Despite his history of problems with schoolwork and concerns about his capacities and physical condition, the 14 year-old Krishnamurti was able to speak and write competently in English within six months.{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=51–72}} Lutyens says that later in life Krishnamurti came to view his "discovery" as a life-saving event. When he was asked in later life what he thought would have happened to him if he had not been 'discovered' by Leadbeater he unhesitatingly replied "I would have died".{{sfnp|Lutyens|1995}}

During this time Krishnamurti had developed a strong bond with [[Annie Besant]] and came to view her as a surrogate mother. His father, who had initially assented to Besant's [[legal guardian]]ship of Krishnamurti,{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=40}} was pushed into the background by the swirl of attention around his son. In 1912 he sued Besant to annul the guardianship agreement. After a protracted legal battle, Besant took custody of Krishnamurti and Nitya.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=54–63, 64–71, 82, 84}} As a result of this separation from family and home Krishnamurti and his brother (whose relationship had always been very close) became more dependent on each other, and in the following years often travelled together.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=3, 32}}

In 1911 the [[Theosophical Society]] established the [[Order of the Star in the East]] (OSE) to prepare the world for the expected appearance of the World Teacher. Krishnamurti was named as its head, with senior Theosophists assigned various other positions. Membership was open to anybody who accepted the doctrine of the ''Coming of the World Teacher''. Controversy soon erupted, both within the Theosophical Society and outside it, in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] circles and the Indian press.{{efn|{{harvp|Lutyens|1975|p=40–63}} (cumulative):
:
The news regarding Krishnamurti and the World Teacher was not universally welcomed by Theosophists and led to upheavals in the Society; {{harvp|Lutyens|1983|p=15–19, 40, 56}}. Part of the controversy was [[Charles Webster Leadbeater|Leadbeater's]] role: He had a history of being frequently in the company of young boys—pupils under his spiritual and Theosophical instruction—and there was gossip of [[child sexual abuse|child abuse]], although no accusations were ever proven.
}}

===Preparation as the World Teacher===
[[Mary Lutyens]], a biographer, says that there was a time when Krishnamurti believed that he was to become the World Teacher after correct spiritual and secular guidance and education.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=10-11, 93}} Another biographer describes the daily program imposed on him by Leadbeater and his associates, which included rigorous exercise and sports, tutoring in a variety of school subjects, Theosophical and religious lessons, [[yoga]] and meditation, as well as instruction in proper hygiene and in the ways of British society and culture.<ref>Vernon (2001), p. 57.</ref> At the same time Leadbeater assumed the role of guide in a parallel [[Mysticism|mystical]] instruction of Krishnamurti; the existence and progress of this instruction was at the time known only to a select few.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p="Chapter 4: First Initiation" and "Chapter 5: First Teaching" pp. 29–46 (cumulative)}}

While he showed a natural aptitude in sports, Krishnamurti always had problems with formal schooling and was not academically inclined. He eventually gave up university education after several attempts at admission. He did take to foreign languages, in time speaking several with some fluency.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1997|p=83, 120, 149}}

His public image, cultivated by the Theosophists, "was to be characterized by a well-polished exterior, a sobriety of purpose, a cosmopolitan outlook and an otherworldly, almost [[wikt:beatific|beatific]] detachment in his demeanor."<ref name=Vernon2001p53>Vernon (2001), p. 53.</ref> Demonstrably, "all of these can be said to have characterized Krishnamurti's public image to the end of his life."<ref name=Vernon2001p53 /> It was apparently clear early on that he "possessed an innate personal magnetism, not of a warm physical variety, but nonetheless emotive in its austerity, and inclined to inspire veneration."{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=52}} However, as he was growing up, Krishnamurti showed signs of adolescent rebellion and emotional instability, chafing at the regimen imposed on him, visibly uncomfortable with the publicity surrounding him, and occasionally expressing doubts about the future prescribed for him.{{efn|Lutyens (1975), "Chapter 10: Doubts and Difficulties" through "Chapter 15: In Love" pp. 80–132 [cumulative].}}

[[File:Annie-Besant-J-Krishnamurti-Ernest-Wood.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of Krishnamurti with his brother Nitya, Annie Besant, and others in London 1911|Krishnamurti in England in 1911 with his brother Nitya, [[Annie Besant]], and [[George Arundale]]]]
Krishnamurti and Nitya were taken to England in April 1911.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=50–51}} During this trip Krishnamurti gave his first public speech to members of the OSE in London.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=51–52}} His first writings had also started to appear, published in booklets by the Theosophical Society and in Theosophical and OSE-affiliated magazines.{{efn|
{{harvp|Lutyens|1997|p=46, 74–75, 126}}. Krishnamurti was named editor of [[Order of the Star in the East|''The Herald of the Star'']], the official bulletin of the [[Order of the Star in the East|OSE]]. His position was mainly as a figurehead, yet he often wrote "editorial notes", which along with his other contributions helped the magazine's circulation; see, for example, {{harvp|Krishnamurti|1926}}.
}}
Between 1911 and the start of [[World War I]] in 1914, the brothers visited several other European countries, always accompanied by Theosophist [[chaperone (social)|chaperones]].{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=65}} Meanwhile, Krishnamurti had for the first time acquired a measure of personal financial independence, thanks to [[Mary Melissa Hoadley Dodge]] – a wealthy American benefactress then resident in England.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=4, 75, 77}}

After the war, Krishnamurti embarked on a series of lectures, meetings and discussions around the world, related to his duties as the Head of the [[Order of the Star in the East|OSE]], accompanied by Nitya, by then the Organizing Secretary of the Order.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=125}} Krishnamurti also continued writing.{{efn|See [[Jiddu Krishnamurti bibliography]].}} The content of his talks and writings revolved around the work of [[Order of the Star in the East|the Order]] and of its members in preparation for the ''coming''. He was initially described as a halting, hesitant, and repetitive speaker, but his delivery and confidence improved, and he gradually took command of the organization's meetings.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=134–35, 171–17}}

In 1921 Krishnamurti fell in love with [[Helen Nearing|Helen Knothe]], a 17-year-old American, whose family associated with the Theosophists. The experience was tempered by the realisation that his work and expected life-mission precluded what would otherwise be considered normal relationships and by the mid-1920s the two of them had drifted apart.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=114, 118, 131–132, 258}} She later said that Krishnamurti's attitudes were conditioned by privilege, because he had been supported, even pampered, by devoted followers from the time of his "discovery" by the theosophists. She also said that he was at such an "elevated" level that he was incapable of forming "normal personal relationships".<ref>{{cite book |last=Nearing |first=H. |author-link=Helen Nearing |year=1992 |title=Loving and Leaving the Good Life |place=White River Junction, VT |publisher=Chelsea Green |isbn=978-0-9300-3154-1 }}</ref>

=== Taking residence at Ojai, 'the process', and growing expectations===

In 1922 Krishnamurti and Nitya travelled from [[Sydney]] to [[California]]. In California, they stayed at a cottage in the [[Ojai, California|Ojai Valley]]. It was thought that the area's climate would be beneficial to Nitya, who had been diagnosed with [[tuberculosis]]. Nitya's failing health became a concern for Krishnamurti.{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=97}}{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=149, 199, 209, 216–217}} At Ojai they met [[Rosalind Rajagopal|Rosalind Williams]], a young American who became close to them both, and who was later to play a significant role in Krishnamurti's life.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1990|p=35}} For the first time the brothers were without immediate supervision by their Theosophical Society minders.{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=113}} They found the Valley to be very agreeable. Eventually, a [[Trust law|trust]], formed by supporters, bought a cottage and surrounding property there for them. This became Krishnamurti's official residence.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983b|p=6}}

===='The process'====
At Ojai in August and September 1922, Krishnamurti went through a series of "disturbing physical symptoms that progressed from discomfort to pain,"{{sfnp|Sloss|1993|p=58}} during which he mistook Rosalind for his mother,{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983|p=179-180}} interpreted by some of his followers as intense 'life-changing' experiences'and signs of his advancement along 'the path'.{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=46–57}}{{sfnp|Sloss|1993|p=62}} The initial events happened in two distinct phases: First a three-day acute pain in the neck accompanied by a mystical experience,{{sfnp|Sloss|1993|p=58, 61-62}}{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=282}} and two weeks later, a longer-lasting condition that Krishnamurti and those around him referred to as ''the process''. This condition recurred, at frequent intervals and with varying intensity, until his death.{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=282}}

According to Krishnamurti, Nitya, Rosalind, and Mr. Warrington, it started on 17 August 1922 when Krishnamurti complained of a sharp pain at the nape of his neck. Over the next two days the symptoms worsened, with increasing pain and sensitivity, loss of appetite, and occasional delirious ramblings. He seemed to lapse into unconsciousness but later recounted that he was very much aware of his surroundings, and that while in that state at 19 August 1922 he had "the first most extraordinary experience", in which he felt "at one with his surroundings".{{sfnp|Sloss|1993|p=622}}{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983|p=170}}{{efn|
{{harvp|Lutyens|1983|p=170}}: "There was a man mending the road; the man was myself; the picaxe he held was myself; the very stone he was breaking up was a part of me."
}}
The following day the symptoms and the experience intensified, and he had an out-of-body experience, feeling "the vibrations of Lord Buddha,"{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983|p=171}} experiencing peace and a "profound calmness".{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=158–160}}{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983|p=171}} Krishnamurti also wrote that he had "touched compassion which heals all sorrow and suffering; it is not for myself, but for the world".{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983|p=171}}{{efn|name="Sloss_1991_union_comment"}}

Following – and apparently related to – these events{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=165}}{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983|p=178}} the condition that came to be known as ''the process'' started to affect him, in September and October that year, as a regular, almost nightly occurrence. Later ''the process'' resumed intermittently, with varying degrees of pain, physical discomfort, and sensitivity, occasionally a lapse into a childlike state, and sometimes an apparent fading out of consciousness, explained as either his body giving in to pain or his mind "going off".{{efn|{{harvp|Lutyens|1975|p=152–188}}, Chapter 18: The Turning Point through Chapter 21: Climax of the Process [cumulative]:
:
The use of the term "going off" in the accounts of the early occurrences of 'the process' apparently signified so-called [[out-of-body experience]]s {{harv|Lutyens|1990|p=134–135}}. In later use the meaning of "going off" was more nuanced.
}}

===='The Otherness'====
These experiences were accompanied or followed by what was interchangeably described as, "the benediction", "the immensity", "the sacredness", "the vastness" and, most often, "the otherness" or "the other".{{sfnp|Lutyens|1988|p=12}} It was a state related to, but distinct from the process.<ref name=jkrishnamurti>{{cite web |title=J. Krishnamurti, ''Krishnamurti's Notebook'', foreword by Mary Lutyens |url=http://www.jkrishnamurti.org/krishnamurti-teachings/view-text.php?tid=27&chid=319&w= |via=jkrishnamurti.org |url-status=dead |access-date=28 November 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927062200/http://www.jkrishnamurti.org/krishnamurti-teachings/view-text.php?tid=27&chid=319&w= }}</ref> According to Lutyens it is evident from his notebook that this experience of ''otherness'' was "with him almost continuously" during his life, and gave him "a sense of being protected".{{sfnp|Lutyens|1988|p=12}} Krishnamurti describes it in his notebook as typically following an acute experience of the ''process'', for example, on awakening the next day:
{{blockquote|... woke up early with that strong feeling of otherness, of another world that is beyond all thought ... there is a heightening of sensitivity. Sensitivity, not only to beauty but also to all other things. The blade of grass was astonishingly green; that one blade of grass contained the whole spectrum of colour; it was intense, dazzling and such a small thing, so easy to destroy ...<ref name = Notebook>{{cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=J. |year=1976b |section=Part 3 Gstaad, Switzerland 13th July to 3rd September 1961 |title=Krishnamurti's Notebook |isbn=978-1-888004-63-2 |url=http://www.jkrishnamurti.org/krishnamurti-teachings/view-text.php?tid=27&chid=68289&w= |via=J. Krishnamurti online (jkrishnamurti.org) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927062100/http://www.jkrishnamurti.org/krishnamurti-teachings/view-text.php?tid=27&chid=68289&w= |archive-date=27 September 2016 }} Alt {{ISBN|1-888004-63-0}}.</ref>
}}

This experience of the ''otherness'' was present with him in daily events:
{{blockquote|It is strange how during one or two interviews that strength, that power filled the room. It seemed to be in one's eyes and breath. It comes into being, suddenly and most unexpectedly, with a force and intensity that is quite overpowering and at other times it's there, quietly and serenely. But it's there, whether one wants it or not. There is no possibility of getting used to it for it has never been nor will it ever be ..."<ref name = Notebook/>}}

====Secretiveness and explanations====
{{harvp|Lutyens|1975}} revealed the existence of ''the process'' in ''The Years of Awakening'', the first volume of her biography of Krishnamurti.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=ch.18-21}} The existence and history of these experiences had remained unknown outside of the Theosophical Society leadership and Krishnamurti's circle of close associates and friends.{{sfnp|''The Times''|1986}}{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=228}}{{efn-la|name="process"}}

[[Roland Vernon]], another of his biographers, states that previous attempts (by others) at revealing details from his past, including these reputed experiences, were suppressed by Krishnamurti. According to Vernon, Krishnamurti "believed, with good reason, that the sensationalism of his early story would cloud the public's perception of his {{interp|then}} current work".{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=227}} Krishnamurti himself gave the following description of his development to Rom Landau in 1935:
{{blockquote|
''Rom Landau'': How did you come to that state of unity with everything?
:
''Krishnamurti'': People have asked me about that before, and I always feel that they expect to hear the dramatic account of some sudden miracle through which I suddenly became one with the universe. Of course nothing of the sort happened. My inner awareness was always there; though it took me time to feel it more and more clearly; and equally it took time to find words that would at all describe it. It was not a sudden flash, but a slow yet constant clarification of something that was always there. It did not grow, as people often think. Nothing can grow in us that is of spiritual importance. It has to be there in all its fullness, and then the only thing that happens is that we become more and more aware of it. It is our intellectual reaction and nothing else that needs time to become more articulate, more definite.{{sfnp|Landau|1939|p=286}}
}}

However Krishnamurti often hinted at ''otherness''-like states in later talks and discussions:{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|1960|p=34}}{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|1963|p=27}} During Krishnamurti's later years, the nature and provenance of the continuing ''process'' often came up as a subject in private discussions between himself and associates, also stating that the experience of ''the otherness'' continued as he was nearing death. These discussions shed some light on the subject but were ultimately inconclusive.{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=133}}<ref group=lower-alpha name="jk-assoc">Some discussions with close associates are summarized or excerpted in {{harvnb|Lutyens|1983|pp=186, 224{{en dash}}231}}; {{harvnb|Jayakar|1986|pp=293, 364, 391{{en dash}}392, 409, 438{{en dash}}440}}; {{harvnb|Zimbalist|2014|loc=especially "Issue 29" forwards}}, contains numerous references; in such discussions, Krishnamurti is reputed to have often made tentative or ambiguous statements about his inner experiences and aspects of {{em|the otherness}}: "I don't know, and I don't ask" ({{harvp|Zimbalist|2014|loc=[http://inthepresenceofk.org/issues/issue-34/ "Issue 34"]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2021-08-30|append=}}); reputedly he once said of his ''Notebook'' manuscript, "It's not my book. I didn't write it." ({{harvp|Zimbalist|2014|loc=[http://inthepresenceofk.org/issues/issue-31/ "Issue 31"]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2021-08-30|append=}}); he believed that these experiences would stop once his physical condition deteriorated to the point where he could no longer travel and hold talks, and was mystified by the reputed continuing presence of {{em|the other}}, perceived while an invalid, days before his death ({{harvp|Zimbalist|2014|loc=[http://inthepresenceofk.org/issues/issue-89/ "Issue 89"]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2021-10-01|append=}}).</ref>

Since the initial occurrences of 1922, several explanations have been proposed for these experiences of Krishnamurti's, including [[Ecstatic seizures|epilepsy]].{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=124-128}}{{efn-la|name="proces_explanation"}} Leadbeater and other Theosophists expected the "vehicle" to have certain [[paranormal]] experiences but were nevertheless mystified by these developments.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=163–4, 188–9}}

====Growing expectations====
As news of these experiences spread, rumours concerning the [[Messianism|messianic]] status of Krishnamurti reached fever pitch as the 1925 Theosophical Society Convention was planned, on the 50th anniversary of its founding. There were expectations of significant happenings.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=223}} Paralleling the increasing adulation was Krishnamurti's growing discomfort with it. In related developments, prominent Theosophists and their factions within the Society were trying to position themselves favourably relative to the ''Coming'', which was widely rumoured to be approaching. He stated that "Too much of everything is bad". "Extraordinary" pronouncements of spiritual advancement were made by various parties, disputed by others, and the internal Theosophical politics further alienated Krishnamurti.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1990|p=57–60}}

====Death of Nitya====
Nitya's persistent health problems had periodically resurfaced throughout this time. On 13 November 1925, at age 27, he died in Ojai from complications of [[influenza]] and tuberculosis.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=219}} Despite Nitya's poor health, his death was unexpected, and it fundamentally shook Krishnamurti's belief in Theosophy and in the leaders of the Theosophical Society. He had received their assurances regarding Nitya's health, and had come to believe that "Nitya was essential for [his] life-mission and therefore he would not be allowed to die," a belief shared by Annie Besant and Krishnamurti's circle.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=219, 221}} Jayakar wrote that "his belief in the Masters and the hierarchy had undergone a total revolution."{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=69}} Moreover, Nitya had been the "last surviving link to his family and childhood. ... The only person to whom he could talk openly, his best friend and companion."{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=152}} According to eyewitness accounts, the news "broke him completely."{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=220, 313 (note to p. 220)}} but 12 days after Nitya's death he was "immensely quiet, radiant, and free of all sentiment and emotion";{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=69}} "there was not a shadow ... to show what he had been through."{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=221}}

===Break with the Theosophical Society===
Over the next few years, Krishnamurti's self-awareness and alienation from the Theosophical worldview continued to develop. He lost his faith in [[Ascended master|'The Masters']],<ref name=Algeo/> and new concepts appeared in his talks, discussions, and correspondence, together with an evolving vocabulary that was progressively free of Theosophical terminology.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983|p=234}} His new direction reached a climax in 1929, when he rebuffed attempts by Leadbeater and Besant to continue with the Order of the Star.

Krishnamurti dissolved the Order during the annual Star Camp at [[Ommen]], the [[Netherlands]], on 3 August 1929.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=272}} He stated that he had made his decision after "careful consideration" during the previous two years, and turned against the Theosophical Society's elaborate worldview of spiritual progress, stating that:
{{blockquote|text=I maintain that truth is a pathless land, and you cannot approach it by any path whatsoever, by any religion, by any sect. That is my point of view, and I adhere to that absolutely and unconditionally. Truth, being limitless, unconditioned, unapproachable by any path whatsoever, cannot be organized; nor should any organization be formed to lead or coerce people along a particular path. ... This is no magnificent deed, because I do not want followers, and I mean this. The moment you follow someone you cease to follow Truth. I am not concerned whether you pay attention to what I say or not. I want to do a certain thing in the world and I am going to do it with unwavering concentration. I am concerning myself with only one essential thing: to set man free. I desire to free him from all cages, from all fears, and not to found religions, new sects, nor to establish new theories and new philosophies.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|1929}}<ref name="v525">{{cite book | last=Lutyens | first=Mary | title=J. Krishnamurti: A Life | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-14-400006-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUmApIe_dbcC&pg=PA279 | access-date=7 July 2024 | page=279}}</ref>}}

[[File:Jiddu Krishnamurti by Witzel.jpg|thumb|Krishnamurti in the early 1920s]]
Following the dissolution, prominent Theosophists turned against Krishnamurti, including Leadbeater who is said to have stated, "the Coming had gone wrong."{{sfnp|Lutyens|1997|p=277–279}} Krishnamurti had denounced all organised belief, the notion of [[guru]]s, and the whole teacher-follower relationship, vowing instead to work on setting people "absolutely, unconditionally free."{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|1929}} There is no record of his explicitly denying he was the World Teacher;{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=166–167}} whenever he was asked to clarify his position he either asserted that the matter was irrelevant,{{efn|{{harvp|Krishnamurti|1972|p=9}}: "I think we shall have incessant wrangles over the corpse of Krishnamurti if we discuss this or that, wondering who is now speaking. Someone asked me: 'Do tell me if it is you speaking or someone else'. I said: 'I really do not know and it does not matter'." From the 1927 "Question and answer session" at Ommen. (Note: weblink in reference is ''not'' at official Krishnamurti-related or Theosophical Society website).}} or gave answers that, as he stated, were "purposely vague".{{efn-la|reference={{harvp|Krishnamurti|1928a|p=43}}: "I am going to be purposely vague, because although I could quite easily make it definite, it is not my intention to do so. Because once you define a thing it becomes dead." Krishnamurti on the World Teacher, from "Who brings the truth," an address delivered at Ommen 2 August 1927. (Note: weblink in reference is ''not'' at official Krishnamurti-related or Theosophical Society website. Link-specific content verified against original at [[New York Public Library Main Branch]], [http://catalog.nypl.org/record=b14583087 "YAM p.v. 519" [call no.].}}

In hind-sight it can be seen that the ongoing changes in his outlook had begun before the dissolution of the Order of the Star.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=262}} The subtlety of the new distinctions on the World Teacher issue was lost on many of his admirers, who were already bewildered or distraught because of the changes in Krishnamurti's outlook, vocabulary and pronouncements–among them Besant and Mary Lutyens' mother Emily, who had a very close relationship with him.{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=189}}{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|p=236}} He soon disassociated himself from the Theosophical Society and its teachings and practices,{{efn|
Lutyens considers the last remaining tie with Theosophy to have been severed in 1933, with the death of Besant. He had resigned from the Society in 1930.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1975|pp=276, 285}}
}} yet he remained on cordial terms with some of its members and ex-members throughout his life.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schüller |first=Govert |title=Krishnamurti and the world teacher project: Some Theosophical perceptions |url=https://www.theosophyforward.com/pdf/Krishnamurti_and_the_World_teacher.pdf |journal=Theosophical History |volume=V |series=Theosophical History Occasional Papers |quote=After Annie Besant died in 1933 relations between Krishnamurti and the Theosophical Society were severed, although he would still have private contacts with individual members. |via=theosophyforward.com }}</ref>

Krishnamurti resigned from the various trusts and other organisations that were affiliated with the defunct Order of the Star, including the Theosophical Society. He returned the money and properties donated to the Order, among them a castle in the Netherlands and {{convert|5000|acre|ha|0}} of land, to their donors.<ref>Lutyens (1975), pp. 276–284.</ref>

===Middle years – ''Arya Vihara'' and extra-marital affair===
From 1930 through 1944 Krishnamurti engaged in speaking tours and in the issue of publications under the auspice of the "''Star Publishing Trust''" (SPT), which he had founded with Desikacharya Rajagopal, a close associate and friend from the ''Order of the Star''.{{efn|Born in India in 1900 and of Brahmin descent, Rajagopal had moved in Krishnamurti's circle since early youth. Although regarded as an excellent editor and organizer, he was also known for his difficult personality and high-handed manner. Upon Nitya's death, he had promised Besant that he would look after Krishnamurti. See Henri Methorst, ''Krishnamurti A Spiritual Revolutionary'', Edwin Publishing House, 2003, ch 12.}} Ojai was the base of operations for the new enterprise, where Krishnamurti, Rajagopal, and Rosalind Williams (who had married Rajagopal in 1927) resided in the house known as ''Arya Vihara'' (meaning ''Realm of the Aryas'', i.e. those noble by righteousness in [[Sanskrit]]). The business and organizational aspects of the SPT were administered chiefly by D. Rajagopal, as Krishnamurti devoted his time to speaking and meditation.{{sfnp|Sloss|1991|p=ch. 12}}

The Rajagopals' marriage was not a happy one, and the two became physically estranged after the 1931 birth of their daughter, Radha.{{sfnp|Sloss|1991|p=ch. 12}} Krishnamurti's friendship with Rosalind became a love affair. According to Radha Rajagopal Sloss, the affair between Krishnamurti and Rosalind began in 1932 and it endured for about twenty-five years. Radha Sloss, daughter of Rajagopal, wrote about the affair in her book ''[[Lives in the Shadow with J. Krishnamurti]]''.{{efn|Radha's account of the relationship, ''Lives in the Shadow With J. Krishnamurti'', was first published in England by Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd. in 1991, and was soon followed by a rebuttal volume written by Mary Lutyens, ''Krishnamurti and the Rajagopals'', Krishnamurti Foundation of America, 1996, in which she acknowledges the relationship but was never confirmed by Krishnamurti himself. Mark Lee: "I heard it from Erna Lillifelt, who learned it from Krishnaji. Krishnaji has told Mary Zimbalist and Erna Lilliefelt that there was something that Rajagopal had against him. They asked him what it was. And he said 'I had sexual relations with that woman'." See {{harvp|Padmanabhan|2015|p=ch. 8}}.}} According to Radha Rajagopal Sloss, Krishnamurti was dependent on his followers to support his way of life, and needed to uphold his image of a celibate guru to continue this support and way of life.<ref name=Tworkov_1991>{{cite magazine |first=Helen |last=Tworkov |year=1991 |url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/the-shadow-side-krishnamurti/ |title=The shadow side of Krishnamurti |magazine=[[TriCycle Magazine]] }}</ref>{{efn|The two also shared an interest in education: Krishnamurti helped to raise Radha, and the need to provide her with a suitable educational environment led to the founding of the ''Happy Valley School'' in 1946. The school has since re-established itself as an independent institution operating as the {{cite web |title=Besant Hill School Of Happy Valley |url=http://www.besanthill.org/ }}. See {{harvp|Sloss|1991a|at=ch 19}}.
}}

During the 1930s Krishnamurti spoke in Europe, Latin America, India, Australia and the United States. He did not speak publicly for a period of about four years (between 1940 and 1944). During this time he lived and worked at ''Arya Vihara'', which during the war operated as a largely self-sustaining farm, with its surplus goods donated for relief efforts in Europe.{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=210}} Of the years spent in Ojai during the war he later said: : "I think it was a period of no challenge, no demand, no outgoing. I think it was a kind of everything held in; and when I left Ojai it all burst."{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=98}}

English author [[Aldous Huxley]] lived nearby; he met Krishnamurti in 1938,{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003|p=45-46}} and the two men became close friends.{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003|p=46, 47-48}}{{sfnp|Williams|2004|p=260-261}} They held common concerns about the imminent conflict in Europe which they viewed as the outcome of the pernicious influence of nationalism.<ref name="kfion">{{cite web | url = http://www.journal.kfionline.org/issue-1/aldous-huxley-and-krishnamurti | title = Journal of the Krishnamurti Schools | access-date = 4 June 2018}}</ref> Krishnamurti's stance on [[World War II]] was often construed as pacifism and even [[subversion]] during a time of patriotic fervor in the United States and for a time he came under the surveillance of the [[FBI]].{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=209}}

Huxley encouraged Krishnamurti to write,{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003|p=59}} and also introduced his work to [[Harper (publisher)|Harper]], Huxley's own publisher. This eventually led to the addition of Krishnamurti in the publisher's roster of authors;{{nnbsp}}{{sfnp|Sloss|2011|p=252}} Radha Rajagopal Sloss, daughter of D. Rajagopal, Krishnamurti's business manager at the time, states that Huxley introduced her father to the publisher. She adds that Krishnamurti had little interest in his manuscripts or other records of his work; this lack of interest by Krishnamurti is also remarked upon by his biographers.{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003|pp=87{{en dash}}88}} Until that time Krishnamurti works were published by [[Small press|small or specialist presses]], or in-house by a variety of Krishnamurti-related {{nobr|organizations.{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|pp=199, 224–225}}{{refn|name="sw1974&1998"|{{harvs|nb=yes|last=Weeraperuma|year1=1974|year2=1998|loc1={{pp.|3|53}}|loc2={{pp.|1|30}}}}. {{interp|In both titles the pages comprise "Part One: Works by Krishnamurti"}}.}}}}

Krishnamurti broke the hiatus from public speaking in May 1944 with a series of talks in [[Ojai, California|Ojai]]. These talks, and subsequent material, were published by "''Krishnamurti Writings Inc.''" (KWINC), the successor organisation to the "''Star Publishing Trust''". This was to be the new central Krishnamurti-related entity worldwide, whose sole purpose was the dissemination of the teaching.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983b|p=59-60}} Initially, Krishnamurti (along with Rajagopal and others) was a trustee of KWINC. Eventually he ceased being a trustee, leaving Rajagopal as President – a turn of events that according to Lutyens, constituted ''"... a circumstance that was to have most unhappy consequences."'' He had remained in contact with associates from India, and in the autumn of 1947 embarked on a speaking tour there, attracting a new following of young intellectuals.{{efn|These included former freedom campaigners from the Indian Independence Movement, See {{harvp|Vernon|2001|p=219}} }} On this trip he encountered the Mehta sisters, Pupul and Nandini, who became lifelong associates and confidants. The sisters also attended to Krishnamurti throughout a 1948 recurrence of the "''process''" in [[Ooty|Ootacamund]].<ref>See {{harvp|Jayakar|1986|p=ch. 11}} for Pupul Mehta's (later Jayakar) eyewitness account.</ref> In [[Poona]] in 1948, Krishnamurti met [[B. K. S. Iyengar|Iyengar]], who taught him [[Asana|Yoga practices]] every morning for the next three months, then on and off for twenty years.<ref>Elliot Goldberg, ''The Path of Modern Yoga'' (Rochester VT: Inner Traditions 2016), p. 380.</ref>

===Later years – wider recognition, legal battles, and final evaluation===
Krishnamurti continued speaking in public lectures, group discussions and with concerned individuals around the world. In 1954 ''[[The First and Last Freedom]]'' was published, which was instrumental in broadening Krishnamurti's audience and exposing his ideas. It was one of the first Krishnamurti titles in the world of mainstream, commercial publishing, where its success helped establish him as a viable author. It consists of edited excerpts from his public talks and discussions, and includes examinations of subjects that were, or became, recurrent themes in his exposition:{{nnbsp}}{{sfnm|1a1=Fausset|1y=1954|2a1=Weeraperuma|2y=1998|2pp=vii{{en dash}}viii}} the nature of the self{{spaced en dash}} and of belief, investigations into fear and desire, the relationship between thinker and thought, the concept of [[choiceless awareness]], the function of the mind, etc.

In the early 1960s, he made the acquaintance of physicist [[David Bohm]], whose philosophical and scientific concerns regarding the [[essence]] of the physical world, and the psychological and sociological state of mankind, found parallels in Krishnamurti's philosophy. The two men soon became close friends and started a common inquiry, in the form of personal dialogues–and occasionally in group discussions with other participants–that continued, periodically, over nearly two decades.{{efn|Bohm would eventually serve as a [[#External links|Krishnamurti Foundation]] trustee.}} Several of these discussions were published in the form of books or as parts of books, and introduced a wider audience (among scientists) to Krishnamurti's ideas. The long friendship with Bohm went through a rocky interval in later years, and although they overcame their differences and remained friends until Krishnamurti's death, the relationship did not regain its previous intensity.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}{{efn|Their falling out was partly due to questions about Krishnamurti's private behaviour, especially his long and secret love affair with Rosalind Williams-Rajagopal, then unknown to the general public. After their falling out, Bohm criticised certain aspects of the teaching on philosophical, [[Methodology|methodological]], and psychological grounds. He also criticised what he described as Krishnamurti's occasional "verbal manipulations" when deflecting challenges. Eventually, he questioned some of the reasoning about the nature of thought and self, although he never abandoned his belief that "Krishnamurti was onto something". See ''Infinite Potential: The Life and times of David Bohm'', by [[F. David Peat]], Addison Wesley, 1997.}}

Krishnamurti's once close relationship with the Rajagopals had deteriorated to the point where he took D. Rajagopal to court to recover donated property and funds as well as publication rights for his works, manuscripts, and personal correspondence, that were in Rajagopal's possession.{{efn|D. Rajagopal was the head or co-head of a number of successive corporations and trusts, set up after the dissolution of the ''Order of the Star'' and chartered to publish Krishnamurti's talks, discussions and other writings.}} The litigation and ensuing cross complaints, which formally began in 1971, continued for many years. Much property and materials were returned to Krishnamurti during his lifetime; the parties to this case finally settled all other matters in 1986, shortly after his death.{{efn|''Formation of the Krishnamurti Foundation of America and the Lawsuits Which Took Place Between 1968 and 1986 to Recover Assets for Krishnamurti's Work'', by Erna Lilliefelt, Krishnamurti Foundation of America, 1995. The complicated settlement dissolved the ''K & R Foundation'' (a previous entity), and transferred assets to the ''Krishnamurti Foundation of America'' (KFA). However certain disputed documents remained in the possession of Rajagopal, and he received partial repayment for his attorney's fees.}} Krishnamurti' stance raised doubts in long-time friends and devotees, some of whom got the impression that he was a divided personality unable to live according to his own teachings{{sfnp|Sloss|1991|p=297-298, 300-301}} – raising the question: "If he cannot live it, who can?"{{sfnp|Sloss|1991|p=301}}

In 1984 and 1985, Krishnamurti spoke to an invited audience at the United Nations in New York, under the auspices of the [[Pacem in terris|Pacem in Terris Society]] chapter at the United Nations.{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003a|p=84-85}}{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003|p=185}} In October 1985, he visited India for the last time, holding a number of what came to be known as "farewell" talks and discussions between then and January 1986. These last talks included the fundamental questions he had been asking through the years, as well as newer concerns about advances in science and technology, and their effect on humankind. Krishnamurti had commented to friends that he did not wish to invite death, but was not sure how long his body would last (he had already lost considerable weight), and once he could no longer talk, he would have "no further purpose". In his final talk, on 4 January 1986, in Madras, he again invited the audience to examine with him the nature of [[inquiry]], the effect of technology, the nature of life and meditation, and the nature of [[Creation myth|creation]].{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Krishnamurti was also concerned about his legacy, about being unwittingly turned into some personage whose teachings had been handed down to special individuals, rather than the world at large. He did not want anybody to pose as an interpreter of the teaching.<ref name=Lutyens-fulfilment>{{cite book |last=Lutyens |title=Fulfilment |publisher=Farrar, Straus |edition=hardcover |page=171, 233 }}—statement of Krishnamurti published in the Foundation Bulletin, 1970.</ref>{{rp|p=171}} He warned his associates on several occasions that they were not to present themselves as spokesmen on his behalf, or as his successors after his death.<ref name=Lutyens-fulfilment/>{{rp|p=233}}

A few days before his death, in a final statement, possibly in response to a question by Mary Cadogan, he stated an 'immense energy and intelligence went through this body." Nobody had understood what his body went through, and after his death, this consciousness would be gone, and no other body would support it "for many hundred years." He further added that "Perhaps they will somewhat if they live the teachings. But nobody has done it. Nobody. And so that's that."{{efn|name="nobody"}}

===Death===
Krishnamurti died of [[pancreatic cancer]] on 17 February 1986, at the age of 90. The announcement of KFT ([[Krishnamurti Foundation|Krishnamurti Foundation Trust]]) refers to the course of his health condition until the moment of death. The first signs came almost nine months before his death, when he felt very tired. In October 1985, he went from [[Bramdean]], England ([[Brockwood Park|Brockwood Park School]]) to India and after that, he suffered from exhaustion, fevers, and lost weight. Krishnamurti decided to go back to Ojai (10 January 1986) after his last talks in [[Madras, India|Madras]], which necessitated a 24-hour flight. Once he arrived at Ojai he underwent medical tests that revealed he was suffering from pancreatic cancer. The cancer was untreatable, either surgically or otherwise, so Krishnamurti decided to go back to his home at Ojai, where he spent his last days. Friends and professionals nursed him. His mind was clear until the last moment. Krishnamurti died on 17 February 1986, at 10 minutes past midnight, [[Pacific Time Zone|California time]]. In accordance with his wishes, no memorial service was conducted.<ref name=Saxon>{{Cite news |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=18 February 1986 |title=Jiddu Krishnamurti, 90, is dead; religious philosopher from India |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |type=obituary |lang=en-US |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/18/obituaries/jiddu-krishnamurti-90-is-dead-religious-philosopher-from-india.html |access-date=21 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jiddu Krishnamurti |date=17 February 2016 |website=meditativediaries.com |url-status=usurped |access-date=18 February 2016 |url=http://www.meditativediaries.com/jiddu-krishnamurti/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221032207/http://www.meditativediaries.com/jiddu-krishnamurti/ |archive-date=21 February 2016 }}</ref> His ashes were divided into three parts: For Ojai, India, and England. In India they were immersed in River Ganga in Varanasi, Gangotri, and in the ocean Adayar beach.{{sfnp|Jayakar|2000}}

==Schools==
[[File:Jiddu Krishnamurti 1987 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Krishnamurti on a 1987 Indian stamp]]

Krishnamurti founded five schools in India, the oldest being Rishi Valley School that he founded in 1928 in Andhra Pradesh, ten miles from Madanapalle, his birthplace.{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003|p=26}} He also founded one in England, [[Brockwood Park|Brockwood Park School]] in 1969,{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003|p=226}} and one in California, [[Oak Grove School (Ojai, California)|Oak Grove School]]. When asked, he enumerated the following as his educational aims:
# ''Global outlook'': A vision of the whole as distinct from the part; there should never be a [[Sectarianism|sectarian]] outlook, but always a holistic outlook free from all prejudice.
# ''Concern for man and the environment'': Humanity is part of nature, and if nature is not cared for, it will [[boomerang]] on man. Only the right education, and deep affection between people everywhere, will resolve many problems including the environmental challenges.
# ''Religious spirit, which includes the scientific temper'': The religious mind is alone, not lonely. It is in communion with people and nature.<ref>See ''As The River Joins The Ocean: Reflections about J. Krishnamurti'', by Giddu Narayan, Edwin House Publishing 1999, p 64.</ref>

The [[Krishnamurti Foundations]], established in India, USA, and England in the 1960s manage seven schools in India and abroad.

=='The teaching' – self-observation and 'vast emptiness'==
{{See also|Krishnamurti's Notebook#About the work|Choiceless awareness|Aphantasia|l1=The otherness|l2=Choiceless awareness|l3=Aphantasia}}

A keen observer of the beauty of nature, Krishnamurti had strong convictions about the brutality and self-destruction of humanity, urging for an [[Ethical intuitionism|immediate righteousness without conceptual deliberations and thought]].{{efn|name="immediatism"|
Krishnamurti, ''the flame of attention'', p.107:
:
"Goodness means a way of life which is righteousness, not in terms of religion, or morality or an ethical concept of righteousness, but in terms of one who sees that which is true and that which is false, and sustains that quality of sensitivity that sees it immediate and acts."
}}
In Krishnamurti's perception, such a [[righteousness]] was only possible through a radical transformation of the mind, wholeheartedly but with detachment observing its workings and limitations.{{sfnp|Vas|2004|p=26-29}} He was convinced that he was 'chosen' by an 'immense intelligence' which used his body to convey this message to mankind,{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=248-249}}{{efn-la|name="I_am_free"}}{{efn-la|name="locking_of_horns"}} but realised at his deathbed that nobody had experienced this 'intelligence' the way he had.{{efn|name="nobody"}}

===Self-perception: vast emptiness and saviour-role===
Peter Michel notes that "Mystical experiences determined Krishnamurti's entire life, and cannot be separated from his teachings."<ref name=Algeo/> According to Krishnamurti,
: an "immense energy and intelligence went through this body," a consciousness which he called "the otherness."{{efn|name="nobody"}}
It manifested in the absence of thought, and to Mary Lutyens, his biographer, he said
: "If I was writing the life, I would start with the vacant mind,"{{sfnp|Lutyens|1988|p=3}}{{efn|
Krishnamurti:
:
“No thought entered his mind. He was watching and listening and nothing else. Thought with its associations never arose. There was [[Aphantasia|no image-making]]. He often attempted to think but no thought would come.”
}}
while at his deathbed he referred to "that vast emptiness."{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003}} Krishnamurti saw himself as free and unconditioned,{{efn|name="no_ego"|
Krishnamurti:
:
"I have no ego!"{{sfnp|Sloss|1991}}
}}
imploring his audiences to understand his state of being and aiming for such like-minded spirits to transform the world;{{efn-la|name="I_am_free"|
Krishnamurti:
:
"Because I am free, unconditioned, whole, not the part, not the relative, but the whole Truth that is eternal, I desire those, who seek to understand me, to be free [...] those who really desire to understand, who are looking to find that which is eternal, without a beginning and without an end, will walk together with greater intensity, will be a danger to everything that is unessential, to unrealities, to shadows. And they will concentrate, they will become the flame, because they understand. Such a body we must create, and that is my purpose. Because of that true friendship – which you do not seem to know – there will be real co-operation on the part of each one. And this not because of authority, not because of salvation, but because you really understand, and hence are capable of living in the eternal. This is a greater thing than all pleasure, than all sacrifice."<ref>
{{cite web |title=Truth is a pathless land |website=thekrishnamurti.blogspot.com |url=https://thekrishnamurti.blogspot.com/p/this-speech-is-from-www.html?m=1
}}
</ref>
}}{{efn-la|name="locking_of_horns"}} and he often referred to the totality of his work as ''the'' teachings, and not as ''my'' teachings.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1990|p=210}} He once compared himself to [[Thomas Edison]], suggesting that he had blazed a trail for others to follow. Those who came after wouldn't need his special gifts: They would only need to turn the switch.{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983b|p=119}}{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=251}}

===Self-observation===
According to the Krishnamurti Foundations, the core of Krishnamurti's teachings is contained in his 1929 statement, in which he rejected the Theosophical Society and their elaborate system of spiritual progress guided by 'Masters'.<ref name=Core>
{{cite web
|first=J. |last=Krishnamurti
|year=1980
|title=The core of the teachings
|website=jkrishnamurti.org
|url=https://www.jkrishnamurti.org/about-core-teachings
}}
</ref> In this speech, Krishnamurti asserted that "truth is a pathless land" and advised against following any [[doctrine]], discipline, teacher, [[guru]], or authority, including himself.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Rodrigues |first=Hillary
|date=January 1996
|title=J. Krishnamurti's 'religious mind'
|journal=[[Religious Studies and Theology]]
|volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=40–55
}}
</ref>

Shai Tubali notes that Krishnamurti's teachings were essentially dialogical in nature, aiming at 'transformative dialogue'.<ref>
{{cite book
|first = Shai |last = Tubali
|date = 26 September 2023
|chapter = ‘We are inquiring together’: The dialogical nature of Jiddu Krishnamurti’s work
|title = The Transformative Philosophical Dialogue
|series = Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures |volume = 41
|pages = 99–122
|publisher = Springer, Cham
|isbn = 978-3-031-40073-5
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-031-40074-2_6
|chapter-url = https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40074-2_6
|access-date = 2025-08-18 }} Online ed. {{isbn|978-3-031-40074-2}}
</ref>
Yet, as summarized by John Algeo, Peter Michel observes that "real dialogue is conspicuously lacking; such apparent invitations [to look into this together] were rhetorical introductions to a monologue."<ref name=Algeo>
{{cite magazine
|first = John |last = Algeo
|date = Autumn 1995
|title = ''Krishnamurti – love and freedom: Approaching a mystery'' by Peter Michel (1995) 205 pages
|magazine = [[Quest (Theosophical magazine)|Quest Magazine]]
|type = book review
|url=https://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/krishnamurti-love-and-freedom-approaching-a-mystery
|via = theosophical.org
}}
</ref> According to Krishnamurti, a radical transformation was necessary,{{sfnp|Vas|2004|p=26}} a transformation which could be achieved by anyone, without the aid of a teacher or guru.{{sfnp|Vas|2004|p=29}}
: One has to live "psychologically alone [...] without depending on anything or anyone,"{{sfnp|Vas|2004|p=26}} living in complete attention to observe and let go of the contents of consciousness.{{sfnp|Vas|2004|p=26-27}}

Asked to summarize the teaching in one sentence, Krishnamurti answered "Attempt without effort to live with death in futureless silence, elaborating that
: "death is the end of all you are afraid to lose: Your attachments, your memory, your disappeared friends, your prestige [...] All that is the content of your consciousness. Can you get rid of it right now?"{{sfnp|Vas|2004|p=30}}

Krishnamurti also summarized his the teachings as stating that truth cannot be reached through organised religion or techniques, but through relationship, self-understanding and self-observation.<ref name="Core"/> The mental representations ("images") man has built shield him from fear, but also disturb his perception. Freedom is freedom from these conceptions, and is contained in pure observation, in "choiceless awareness of our daily existence and activity."<ref name=Core/> He dismissed the need for contrived [[meditation]] techniques, instead emphasizing the practice of [[choiceless awareness]] as the essence of "true meditation".{{efn|
The foundation for true meditation is that passive awareness which is the total freedom from authority and ambition, envy and fear. Meditation has no meaning, no significance whatsoever without this freedom [...] Thought is of knowledge and knowledge cannot free the mind of the fact. Meditation is the choiceless awareness of this complex, which empties the mind of the known.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|1976}}
}}

In his meetings with Nehru in 1947, Krishnamurti elaborated at length on the teachings, saying in one instance,
: "Understanding of the self only arises in relationship, in watching yourself in relationship to people, ideas, and things; to trees, the earth, and the world around you and within you. Relationship is the mirror in which the self is revealed. Without self-knowledge there is no basis for right thought and action."
Nehru asked, "How does one start?" to which Krishnamurti replied,
: "Begin where you are. Read every word, every phrase, every paragraph of the mind, as it operates through thought."{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=142}}

In ''Beyond Violence'', Krishnamurti stated "Observe the self in operation, learn about it, watch it, be aware of it. Do not try to destroy it, get rid of it or change it – just watch it, without any choice or distortion. Out of that watching and learning, the self disappears."

===Influence – 'nobody understood'===
While his personal charisma affected many,<ref name=Algeo/> both Krishnamurti himself and many commentators have noted that his teachings do not seem to have changed any person.{{sfnp|Vas|2004|p=5}}{{sfnp|Weeraperuma|1998a}}<ref name=Algeo/> At his deathbed he stated that
: "[p]erhaps they will somewhat [get into touch with that energy] if they live the teachings. But nobody has done it. Nobody. And so that's that."{{efn|name="nobody"}}
He also stated
: "if you all knew what you have missed – that vast emptiness."{{sfnp|Lutyens|2003}}

Krishnamurti tried to convey his experience of "the otherness" to others, but without a 'method', as this would be another "thought-control method."{{sfnp|Vas|2004|p=15}} In 1935, Rom Landau asked him "How do you expect to help others?" adding "you forget that we all, millions and millions of us, live in the vast plains at the foot of the mountain."{{sfnp|Landau|1939|p=286-287}} To this, Krishnamurti answered:
{{blockquote|How can you expect me to be concerned with what should be done or how it should be done? If you have once lived on a mountain top, you cannot return to the plains. You can only try to make other people feel the purity of the air and enjoy the infinite prospect, and become one with the beauty of life there.{{sfnp|Landau|1939|p=287}}{{efn|name="Sloss_1991_union_comment"}}}}

Emily Lutyens once wrote to him:
: "You seem surprised that people do not understand you but I should be far more surprised if they did! After all, you are upsetting everything in which they have ever believed – knocking out their foundations and putting in its place a nebulous abstraction."{{sfnp|Lutyens|1990|p=127-128}}

Mary Lutyens noted a quite utilitarian motive in Krishnamurti's audiences, stating that
: "the possibility he holds out of an almost instantaneous psychological transformation in each one of us which will end sorrow and solve all our problems is so irresistible"
that people kept coming to his talks,{{sfnp|Lutyens|1983}} a motive quite different from Krishnamurti's aim of radical righteousness.

Nevertheless, interest in Krishnamurti and his work has persisted in the years since his death. Many books, audio, video, and computer materials, remain in print and are carried by major online and traditional retailers. The four official Foundations continue to maintain archives, disseminate the teachings in an increasing number of languages, convert print to digital and other media, develop websites, sponsor television programs, and organise meetings and dialogues of interested persons around the world.<ref>See also {{cite web |title=The Complete Teachings Project |url=http://www.ereleases.com/pr/20040701001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202071949/http://ereleases.com/pr/20040701001.html |archive-date=2 February 2009}}—an ambitious effort to collect the entire body of Krishnamurti's work into a coherently edited master reference.</ref>

==Notable admirers and meetings==
[[File:KFI retreat at Rishi Valley.jpg|thumb|alt=KFI retreat at Rishi Valley |KFI retreat session at Rishi Valley on 17 November 2019, Padmanabhan Krishna addressing the gathering, with [[Radhika Herzberger]] presiding]]

Notable individuals influenced by Krishnamurti include [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[David Bohm]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]], [[Aldous Huxley]], [[Alan Watts]],<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Alan Watts talking about Jiddu Krishnamurti: He was an extraordinary mystic |website=[[YouTube]] |medium=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vjshtqhddg }}</ref> [[Henry Miller]], [[Bruce Lee]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Colet |first=Robert |date=August 1986 |title=Krishnamurti: The spiritual force behind Bruce Lee |journal=Inside Kung Fu |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=73–75 |url=https://www.jkrishnamurti.org/sites/default/files/Robert-Colet-Bruce-Lee.pdf |via=jkrishnamurti.org }}</ref> [[Terence Stamp]],<ref>{{cite AV media |title = Terence Stamp speaking at the Krishnamurti Centre |date=27 August 2018 |medium=video |website = [[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdB-OMnjaMc&list=PLnUHGKHE-_MFi1IC_7XMPUudeIz0GRIez&index=21 }}</ref> [[Jackson Pollock]],<ref>{{cite web |title= Jackson Pollock (by L. Proyect) |website=columbia.edu |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/culture/pollock.htm, |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928210718/http://www.columbia.edu/%7Elnp3/mydocs/culture/pollock.htm |archive-date=28 September 2020 }}</ref> [[Toni Packer]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering meditation teacher Toni Packer (1927–2013) |date=24 August 2013 |website=Lion's Roar (lionsroar.com) |url=https://www.lionsroar.com/remembering-meditation-teacher-toni-packer-1927-2013-2/ }}</ref> [[Achyut Patwardhan]],<ref name=independent>{{cite news |title=Achyut Patwardhan |date=23 October 2011 |type=obituary |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |place=London, UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-achyut-patwardhan-1541827.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-achyut-patwardhan-1541827.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 }}</ref> [[Dada Dharmadhikari]],<ref name="mkgandhi-sarvodaya">{{cite web |title=Dada Dharmadhikari biography |website=mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org |url=http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/dharma/dharmabio.htm |access-date=28 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109114350/http://mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/dharma/dharmabio.htm|archive-date=9 November 2011 }}</ref> [[Derek Trucks]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Scott |date=3 July 2018 |title=Derek Trucks talks new album, 2017 losses, & the new generation |department=Interview |website=L4LM (liveforlivemusic.com) |url=https://liveforlivemusic.com/news/interview-derek-trucks-2018-interview/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |lang=en-US }}</ref> [[U. G. Krishnamurti|U.G. Krishnamurti]] and [[Eckhart Tolle]].<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Through the eyes of Krishnamurti |medium=video |website=[[YouTube]] |date=13 February 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Y2yOZGgHuY }}</ref>

[[George Bernard Shaw]] in his later years was acquainted with Krishnamurti and declared Krishnamurti to be the "most beautiful human being" he had ever met.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moody |first=David Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lBbBgAAQBAJ&q=jiddu+krishnamurti+schools |title=The Unconditioned Mind: J. Krishnamurti and the Oak Grove School |date=2013-01-07 |publisher=Quest Books |isbn=978-0-8356-3034-4 |language=en}}</ref> In 1938 he met [[Aldous Huxley]].{{sfnp|Vernon|2001|p=205}} The two began a close friendship which endured for many years.<ref name="kfion"/>

When Krishnamurti was in India in 1947 many prominent personalities came to meet him, including Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=142}} In the 1970s, Krishnamurti met several times with then Indian prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]], with whom he had far-ranging, and in some cases, very serious conversations. Jayakar considers his message in meetings with Indira Gandhi as a possible influence in the lifting of certain emergency measures Gandhi had imposed during periods of political turmoil.{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=340–343}}

Krishnamurti was very highly regarded by several leading religious figures in India. [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]] described Krishnamurti as 'complete [[Brahman]]'.<ref>"I am Unborn (Talks with Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj)", page 100, Chapter 45.</ref> [[Anandamayi Ma]] addressed him as the 'Guru of gurus'.{{sfnp|Jayakar|1986|p=144}} When [[Ramana Maharshi]] was asked why Krishnamurti dissolved the Order of the Star in the East, he replied "The Order's purpose stood consummated in that the World Teacher had arrived; that is why it was dissolved."<ref>Blutkeim, Aham Sphurana: Scintillations of Jnana from Sri Ramana Maharishi, page 408.</ref> He engaged in discussions with several well known Hindu and Buddhist scholars and leaders, including the [[Dalai Lama]].{{efn|
The Dalai Lama characterised Krishnamurti as a ''"great soul"'' {{harv|Jayakar|1986|p=203}}. Krishnamurti very much enjoyed the Lama's company and by his own admission could not bring up his anti-guru views, mindful of the Lama's feelings.
}}
Several of these discussions were later published as chapters in various Krishnamurti books.

In his later years, he met with many prominent religious leaders and scholars including [[Swami Venkatesananda]], [[Anandamayi Ma]], [[Lakshman Joo]], [[Walpola Rahula]], and Eugene Schalert. In India he also met with many sanyasis and monks throughout his life.

Although Krishnamurti's philosophy delved into fields as diverse as religious studies, education, psychology, physics, and consciousness studies, he was not then, nor since, well known in academic circles. Nevertheless, Krishnamurti met and held discussions with physicists [[Fritjof Capra]] and [[E. C. George Sudarshan]], biologist [[Rupert Sheldrake]], psychiatrist David Shainberg, as well as psychotherapists representing various theoretical orientations.<ref>See ''On Krishnamurti'', by Raymond Martin, Wadsworth, 2003, for a discussion on Krishnamurti and the academic world.</ref>

In 1974 Krishnamurti was interviewed on [[PBS]] television in a series of 19 dialogues with Alan W. Anderson. The dialogues resulted in two books being published.<ref name="WDWL">{{cite book |last1=Krishnamurti |first1=J. |last2=Anderson |first2=Alan W. |title=A Wholly Different Way of Living |date=1991 |publisher=Krishnamurti Foundation Trust Ltd |location=Hampshire, England |isbn=978-81-87326-14-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa49OoLiyPMC |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="OKT">{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Alan W. |title=On Krishnamurti's Teachings |date=2012 |publisher=Karina Library Press |location=Ojai, California |isbn=978-1-937902-00-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6F2MAEACAAJ |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
A sample of Krishnamurti's 1980 talk "Why does the mind constantly seek pleasure?" appears in the [[Tube & Berger]] song "Imprint of Pleasure".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tube & Berger's "Imprint of Pleasure" – discover the sample source |website=Who Sampled? (whosampled.com) |id=sample 427748 |url=https://www.whosampled.com/sample/427748/Tube-%26-Berger-Imprint-of-Pleasure-Fifth-Public-Talk,-61580-Why-Does-the-Mind-Constantly-Seek-Pleasure/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |lang=en}}</ref>

Krishnamurti is one of the people who Indiana Jones meets in ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]''. Krishnamurti is shown as a young boy around 10–12 years old, this is around the time that he was first associated with the Theosophical Society. He meets and becomes friends with Indy in Season 2 episode 15 titled "Benares, January 1910" (later re-edited into the episode "Journey of Radiance"). Indy, his parents and his tutor Miss Seymour attend a meeting of the society.

Krishnamurti appears as an important character in [[James Harpur]]'s 2021 novel, ''The Pathless Country''.<ref name="The Pathless Country at cinnamonpress.com">{{cite web |title=The Pathless Country |website=cinnamonpress.com |url=https://cinnamonpress.com/the-pathless-country/ |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=




{{efn-la|name="locking_of_horns"|
U. G. Krishnamurti described one of their meetings as follows: "We really didn't get along well. Whenever we met we locked horns over some issue or other. For instance, I never shared his concern for the world, or his belief that his teaching would profoundly affect the thoughts and actions of mankind for the next five hundred years – a fantasy of the Theosophist [[occultists]]. In one of our meetings I told Krishnamurti, "I am not called upon to save the world." He asked, "The house is on fire – what will you do?" "Pour more gasoline on it and maybe something will rise from the ashes", I remarked. Krishnamurti said, "You are absolutely impossible". Then I said, "You are still a [[Theosophist]]. You have never freed yourself from the [[World Teacher]] role. There is a story in the [[Avadhuta Gita]] which talks of the [[Avadhuta|avadhut]] who stopped at a wayside inn and was asked by the innkeeper, 'What is your teaching?' He replied, 'There is no teacher, no teaching and no one taught.' And then he walked away. You too repeat these phrases and yet you are so concerned with preserving your teaching for posterity in its pristine purity."{{sfnp|Bhatt|1992}}
}}


{{efn|name="nobody"|
:''Quoting Krishnamurti from tape-recording made on {{nobr|7 February 1986:}}''
In the morning of {{nobr|7 May 1986,}} K. answered a question from Mary Cadogan.{{harvp|Lutyens|1990|p=159-160}}, {{harvp|Lutyens|2003|p=205-206}}:
"When Krishnaji dies what ''really'' happen with this extraordinary focus of understanding and energy that is K?"
:
K: "'It is gone. If someone goes wholly into the teachings perhaps they might touch that; but one cannot ''try'' to touch it.' Then, after a moment, he added: 'If you all knew what you have missed – that vast emptiness.'"
:
[...] ''Later that morning, a further response was recorded:''
:
"I was telling them this morning – for seventy years that super-energy – no – that immense energy, immense intelligence, has been using this body. I don’t think people realise what tremendous energy and intelligence went through this body – there’s twelve-cylinder engine. And for seventy years – was a pretty long time – and now the body can’t stand any more. Nobody, unless the body has been prepared, very carefully, protected and so on – nobody can understand what went through this body. Nobody. Don’t anybody pretend. Nobody. I repeat this: Nobody amongst us or the public, know what went on. I know they don’t.
:
And now after seventy years it has come to an end. Not that that intelligence and energy – it’s somewhat here, every day, and especially at night. And after seventy years the body can’t stand it – can’t stand any more. It can’t. The Indians have a lot of damned superstitions about this – that you will and the body goes – and all that kind of nonsense. You won’t find another body like this, or that supreme intelligence operating in a body for many hundred years. You won’t see it again. When he goes, it goes. There is no consciousness left behind of that consciousness, of that state. They’ll all pretend or try to imagine they can get into touch with that. Perhaps they will somewhat if they live the teachings. But nobody has done it. Nobody. And so that’s that."
}}


{{efn-la|name="process"|
Krishnamurti allowed information about ''the process'' and other details of his life to become public knowledge through Lutyens' biography, which included extensive descriptions of the first such occurrences {{harv|Lutyens|1975|loc={{nobr|chs. "18:}} The Turning Point", "21: Climax of the Process" {{pp.|152|188}} {{interp|cumulative}}
}}.
}}

{{efn-la|name="proces_explanation"|
A range of explanations have been given {{harvp|Vernon|2001|p=124-128}}. {{harvp|Jayakar|1986|p=46n}} and {{harvp|Lutyens|1975|p=166}} provide a frequently given explanation, that it represented the so-called ''awakening of [[kundalini]]'' – a process that according to Hindu mysticism culminates in [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent consciousness]]. Others view it in [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] terms. {{harvp|Aberbach|1993}} contends that the experiences were a projection of Krishnamurti's accumulated grief over the death of his mother. {{harvp|Sloss|1993|pp=58–61}} attributes the onset to Krishnamurti's meditation practice, but also considers the ''process'' to be a purely physical event caused by malaria, [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]] accompanied by [[hallucination]]s, or the need to receive motherly care, noting that
: "[i]n the future these symptoms would be witnessed usually by a woman for whom Krashna felt a special involvement or love."
She also suggests the possibility of [[temporal lobe epilepsy#Effects on society|epilepsy]]. ''See also'' [[Ecstatic seizures]], and {{cite web |title=Akasha, saga, temporal lobe epilepsy, and aphantasia |date=14 May 2024 |url=https://www.neuromythography.org/akasha-saga-and-aphantasia/ |via=neuromythography.org }}.
:
{{harvp|Lutyens|1990}} rejects this possibility: According to {{harvp|Lutyens|1990|pp=45–46}}, Krishnamurti believed the ''process'' was necessary for his spiritual development and not a medical matter or condition. As far as he was concerned, he had encountered Truth; he thought the ''process'' was in some way related to this encounter, and to later experiences.
}}

{{efn|name="Sloss_1991_union_comment"|
{{harvp|Sloss|1993|p=62}} comments:
:
:"Krishna's experience [...] can bestow no authority to ''lead'', only to ''share'', and by sharing to offer others the hope of the sense of reality imparted."
:
Krishnamurti himself said, in response to Rom Landau:
: "You are right. They live in the plains and I live, as you call it, on the mountaintop; but I hope that ever more and more human beings will be able to endure the clear air of the mountain top [...] How can you expect me to be concerned with what should be done or how it should be done? If you have once lived on a mountaintop, you cannot return to the plains. You can only try to make other people feel the purity of the air and enjoy the infinite prospect, and become one with the beauty of life there." {{harvp|Landau|1939|p=287}}
}}
}}

==Works==
{{main|Jiddu Krishnamurti bibliography}}
{{see also|List of works about Jiddu Krishnamurti}}

==See also==
* [[Mazu polishing a tile]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|25em|small=y}}

* {{cite journal
| last=Aberbach | first=David
| year = 1993
| title = Mystical union and grief: The Ba'al Shem Tov and Krishnamurti
| journal = [[Harvard Theological Review]]
| volume = 86 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–321
| issn = 0017-8160 | jstor = 1510013
| doi = 10.1017/s0017816000031254
| s2cid = 162399497
}}{{subscription required}}

* {{cite book
| last = Bhatt
| first = Mahesh
| year = 1992
| title = U.G. Krishnamurti: A life
| publisher = Viking
| url = https://ug-k.blogspot.com/2007/04/locking-of-horns-inspiration-is.html?m=1
| via = ug-k.blogspot.com
}}

* {{cite magazine
| last = Fausset | first = Hugh l'Anson
| date = 14 May 1954
| title = ''Bond and Free''
| type = book review
| magazine = [[The Times Literary Supplement]]
| location = London, UK

| page = 317
| issn = 0040-7895
| id = {{gale|EX1200099611}}
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Jayakar | first = Pupul | author-link = Pupul Jayakar
| year = 1986
| title = Krishnamurti: A biography
| edition = 1st
| location = San Francisco, CA
| publisher = [[HarperCollins|Harper & Row]]
| isbn =978-0-06-250401-2
}}
* {{Cite book
| last =Jayakar | first =Pupu
| year = 2000
| title = J. Krishnamurti: A biography | lang = en
| place = London, UK
| publisher = Penguin UK
| isbn = 978-93-5118-284-9
}}

* {{cite periodical
| last = Krishnamurti | first = Jiddu
| year = 1926
| title = Editorial notes
| periodical = [[Order of the Star in the East|The Herald of the Star]]
| volume = XV |issue = 1 | page = 3
| location = London, UK
| publisher = Theosophical Publishing House
| oclc = 225662044
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Krishnamurti
| first = Jiddu
| year = 1928a
| section = Who brings the truth?
| title = The Pool of Wisdom: Who brings the truth, by what authority, and three poems
| location = [[Eerde, Ommen]]
| publisher = Star Publishing Trust
| pages = 43–53
| oclc = 4894479
| section-url = http://jiddu-krishnamurti.net/en/1927-the-pool-of-wisdom/jiddu-krishnamurti-the-pool-of-wisdom-07
| via = jiddu-krishnamurti.net [web publisher] ([[Saaremaa]], [[Estonia]])
| url-status = usurped
| access-date = 7 October 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101219083736/http://jiddu-krishnamurti.net/en/1927-the-pool-of-wisdom/jiddu-krishnamurti-the-pool-of-wisdom-07
| archive-date = 19 December 2010
}}
*{{cite periodical
| last = Krishnamurti
| first = Jiddu
| year = 1929
| title = The dissolution of the Order of the Star: A statement by J. Krishnamurti
| periodical = [[International Star Bulletin]]
| volume = 3
| issue = 2
| pages = 28–34
| series = {{interp|issues renumbered starting August 1929}}
| location = [[Eerde, Ommen]]
| publisher = Star Publishing Trust
| oclc = 34693176
| url = http://www.jkrishnamurti.org/about-krishnamurti/dissolution-speech.php
| via = J.Krishnamurti Online (jkrishnamurti.org) [web publisher]
| access-date = 9 March 2010
| archive-date = 15 August 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150815003110/http://www.jkrishnamurti.org/about-krishnamurti/dissolution-speech.php
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite speech
| last = Krishnamurti
| first = Jiddu
| year = 1960
| title = Public talk 4, Madras, 23 December 1956
| event = Talks by Krishnamurti in India 1956–1957
| medium = official transcript
| location = [[Ojai, California]]
| publisher = Krishnamurti Writings
| oclc = 33232421
| url = https://www.jkrishnamurti.org/content/madras-4th-public-talk-23rd-december-1956
| via = [[#JKO|J. Krishnamurti Online]]
| access-date = 2023-01-25
}}
* {{cite speech
| last = Krishnamurti
| first = Jiddu
| year = 1963
| title = Public Talk 5, London, England, 14 June 1962
| event = Talks by Krishnamurti in Europe 1962
| medium = official transcript
| location = [[Ojai, California]]
| publisher = Krishnamurti Writings
| oclc = 24765752
| url = https://www.jkrishnamurti.org/content/public-talk-5-london-england-14-june-1962
| via = [[#JKO|J. Krishnamurti Online]]
| access-date = 2023-01-17
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Krishnamurti
| first = Jiddu
| year = 1972
| section = Eerde gathering, 1927: Questions and answers
| title = Early Writings of J. Krishnamurti
| volume = II [Offprints from Chetana 1970]
| pages = 6–14
| oclc = 312923125
| location = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], IN
| publisher = Chetana
| section-url = http://jiddu-krishnamurti.net/en/1927-1928-1929-early-writings/krishnamurti-early-writings-03-eerde-gathering-1927
| via = jiddu-krishnamurti.net [web publisher] ([[Saaremaa]], [[Estonia]])
| access-date = 21 December 2010
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Krishnamurti | first = Jiddu
| year = 2004 | orig-year = 1982
| title = Krishnamurti's Journal | title-link = Krishnamurti's Journal
| location = [[Bramdean]], UK
| publisher = Krishnamurti Foundation Trust
| isbn = 978-0-900506-23-9
}}—Originally published (1982) San Francisco, CA: [[HarperCollins|Harper & Row]]

* {{cite book
| last = Landau
| first = Rom
| year = 1939
| title = God is my Adventyre: A book on modern mystics, masters, and teachers
| publisher = Gaber and Faber
| location = London, UK
| url = https://archive.org/details/godismyadventure032951mbp/page/n6/mode/1up?q=dramatic+account
| via = [[Internet Archive]] (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lutyens | first = Mary | author-link = Mary Lutyens
| year = 1975
| title = Krishnamurti: The years of awakening
| edition = 1st U.S.
| location = New York, NY
| publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]
| isbn = 978-0-374-18222-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lutyens
| first = Mary
| author-link = Mary Lutyens
| year = 1983
| title = Krishnamurti: The years of awakening
| edition = 1st Avon Discus
| location = New York, NY
| publisher = Avon Discus Printing
| isbn = 0-380-00734-7
| url = https://archive.org/details/krishnamurtiyear00luty
| via = [[Internet Archive]] (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lutyens
| first = Mary
| author-link = Mary Lutyens
| year = 1983b
| title = Krishnamurti: The years of fulfilment
| edition = 1st U.S. [[hardback|hdbk]]
| location = New York, NY
| publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]
| isbn = 978-0-374-18224-3
| url = https://archive.org/details/krishnamurti00mary
| via = [[Internet Archive]] (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lutyens
| first = Mary
| author-link = Mary Lutyens
| year = 1988
| title = The Open Door
| publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]
| edition = 1st U.S.
| lang = en
| isbn = 978-0-7195-4534-4
| url = https://archive.org/details/krishnamurtiopen00luty/mode/1up
| via = [[Internet Archive]] (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lutyens | first = Mary | author-link = Mary Lutyens
| year = 1990
| title = The life and death of Krishnamurti
| edition = 1st U.K.
| location = London, UK
| publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]
| isbn = 978-0-7195-4749-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lutyens | first = Mary | author-link = Mary Lutyens
| year = 1995
| title = The Boy Krishna: The first fourteen years in the life of J. Krishnamurti
| type = [[pamphlet]]
| location = [[Bramdean]], UK
| publisher = Krishnamurti Foundation Trust
| isbn = 978-0-900506-13-0
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lutyens
| first = Mary
| author-link = Mary Lutyens
| year = 1997
| title = Krishnamurti: The years of awakening
| publisher = Shambhala
| isbn = 978-1-57062-288-5
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lhPFWXgxQCkC
| via = Google
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lutyens | first = Mary | author-link = Mary Lutyens
| year = 2003
| title = The life and death of Krishnamurti
| type = [[pamphlet]]
| location = [[Bramdean]], UK
| publisher = Krishnamurti Foundation Trust
| isbn = 0-900506-22-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lutyens
| first = Mary
| author-link = Mary Lutyens
| date = 2003a
| title = The Open Door
| lang = en
| location = [[Bramdean]], UK
| publisher = Krishnamurti Foundation Trust
| isbn = 978-0-900506-21-5
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iG2hHtxiXyoC&q=brahmin
| via = Google
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Padmanabhan | first = Krishna
| year = 2015
| title = A Jewel on a Silver Platter: Remembering Jiddu Krishnamurti
|location = [[Varanasi]]
| publisher = Pilgrims Publishing
| isbn = 978-93-5076-056-7
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Sloss | first = Radha Rajagopal
| year = 1991a
| title = Lives in the Shadow with J. Krishnamurti | title-link = Lives in the Shadow with J. Krishnamurti
| edition = 1st
| location = London, UK
| publisher = [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
| isbn = 978-0-7475-0720-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Sloss | first = Radha Rajagopal
| year = 1993 | orig-year = 1991
| title =Lives in the Shadow with J. Krishnamurti | title-link =Lives in the Shadow with J. Krishnamurti
| edition = reprint 1st
| location = London, UK
| publisher = [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
| isbn = 978-0-2016-3211-8}}
* {{cite book
| last = Sloss | first = Radha Rajagopal
| year = 2011 | orig-year = 1991
| title = Lives in the shadow with J. Krishnamurti |title-link =Lives in the Shadow with J. Krishnamurti
| edition = [[e-book]]
| location = Lincoln, NB
| publisher = [[iUniverse]]
| isbn = 978-14-6203131-3
}}

* {{cite news

| title = Jiddu Krishnamurti, philosophical and religious teacher
| date = 19 February 1986
| type = obituary
| page = 14
| newspaper = [[The Times]]
| location = London, UK
| issn = 0140-0460
| id = {{gale|A117898889}}
| ref = {{harvid|The Times|1986}}
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Vas | first = Luis S.R.
| year = 2004
| title = J. Krishnamurti: Great liberator or failed messiah?
| publisher = Motilall Banarsidass
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Vernon
| first = Roland
| author-link = Roland Vernon
| year = 2001
| title = Star in the East: Krishnamurti: The invention of a messiah
| location = New York, NY
| publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave]]
| isbn = 978-0-312-23825-4
| url = https://archive.org/details/starineastkrishn00vern
| via = [[Internet Archive]] (archive.org)
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Weeraperuma
| first = Susunaga
| year = 1974
| title = A Bibliography of the Life and Teachings of Jiddu Krishnamurti
| edition = 1st hardcover
| location = [[Leiden]]
| publisher = [[Brill Publishers | E. J. Brill]]
| isbn = 978-90-04-04007-6
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GeIUAAAAIAAJ
| via = Google
| url-access = limited
| access-date = 2019-04-25
| df = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Weeraperuma
|first = Susunaga
|year = 1998
|title = Jiddu Krishnamurti: A bibliographical guide
|orig-year = 1982
|edition = [[hardcover|hdcv]] reprint 2nd rev.
|location = Delhi, IN
|publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]]
|isbn = 978-81-208-1426-4
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=58o6zKOkOfQC
|url-access = limited
|via = Google
|access-date = 2019-04-25
}}—originally published 1982 as ''Supplement to a bibliography of the life and teachings of Jiddu Krishnamurti''. [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
* {{cite book
| last = Weeraperuma
| first = Susunaga
| year = 1998a
| orig-year = 1988
| title = Krishnamurti as I Knew Him
| location = Delhi, IN
| publisher = Motilall Banarsidass
| url = https://archive.org/details/jkrishnamurtiasi0000weer/page/n6/mode/1up
| via = [[Internet Archive]] (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Williams
|first = Christine V.
|year = 2004
|title = Jiddu Krishnamurti: World philosopher (1895–1986): His life and thoughts
|edition = 1st [[hardcover|hdcv]]
|location = Delhi, IN
|publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]]
|isbn = 978-81-208-2032-6
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NzDar6XfICEC
|url-access = limited
|via = Google
|access-date = 2019-04-25
|df = dmy-all
}}

* {{cite web
|last=Zimbalist
|first=Mary
|year=2014
|title=In the presence of Krishnamurti: The memoirs of Mary Zimbalist
|editor-last=Forbes
|editor-first=Scott H.
|website=In the presence of Krishnamurti (inthepresenceofk.org)
|place=[[Portland, Oregon]]
|publisher=Holistic Education
|url=http://inthepresenceofk.org
|access-date=2024-08-06
}}—Originally published in series, March 2013 – December 2014
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
;Serial biographies by Mary Lutyens
* {{cite book
|last=Lutyens |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Lutyens
|year=1995b
|title=The Boy Krishna: The first fourteen years in the life of J. Krishnamurti
|location=[[Bramdean]]
|publisher=Krishnamurti Foundation Trust
|type=[[pamphlet]]
|isbn=978-0-900506-13-0
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Lutyens |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Lutyens
|year=1975b
|title=Krishnamurti: The years of awakening
|location=New York, NY |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]
|edition=1st US
|isbn=978-0-374-18222-9
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Lutyens |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Lutyens
|year=1983c
|title=Krishnamurti: The years of fulfilment
|location=New York, NY |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]
|edition=1st US
|isbn=978-0-374-18224-3
|url=https://archive.org/details/krishnamurti00mary |via=[[Internet Archive]] (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Lutyens |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Lutyens
|year=1990b
|title=The Life and Death of Krishnamurti
|edition=1st U.K.
|location=London, UK
|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]
|isbn=978-0-7195-4749-2
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jiddu Krishnamurti}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=3946}}
* {{Librivox author |id=17554}}
* {{cite web
|title=J. Krishnamurti online
|type=official site
|website=jkrishnamurti.org
|url=http://www.jkrishnamurti.org/
}}
* {{cite web
|title=Krishnamurti Foundation Trust
|type=main page
|website=kfoundation.org
|url=http://www.kfoundation.org/
|quote=Established in 1968 as an educational charitable trust, the Foundation exists to preserve and make available the teachings of J. Krishnamurti.
}}
* {{cite web |url=http://ojaihistory.com/krishnamurti-and-the-ojai-valley/ |title=Krishnamurti and the Ojai Valley }}
* {{cite web
|title=The Bohm-Krishnamurti project
|type=main page
|website=bohmkrishnamurti.com
|url=http://bohmkrishnamurti.com/
|quote=Exploring the legacy of the David Bohm and Jiddu Krishnamurti relationship
}}
* {{cite web
|title=The Krishnamurti Study Centre
|place=[[Brockwood Park]], [[Bramdean]], [[Hampshire]], UK
|url=http://www.krishnamurticentre.org.uk/
}}—A retreat centre in southern England
* {{cite web
|title=J. Krishnamurti Study Centre
|website=jkrishnamurti.waldenspath.com
|place=Hyderabad, India
|url=http://jkrishnamurti.waldenspath.com/ |url-status=dead 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610144750/http://jkrishnamurti.waldenspath.com/
|archive-date=2016-06-10
}}
* {{cite AV media
|series=The Levin Interviews
|date=20 June 1981
|interviewer-last=Levin |interviewer-first=B. |interviewer-link=Bernard Levin
|title=Jiddu Krishnamurti (interviewed)
|medium=TV program |publisher=[[BBC Two]]
|quote=Bernard Levin meets philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti at his school in Brockwood Park, Hants, where they discuss religion and the significance of thought.
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00f7b1q |via=bbc.co.uk
}}
* {{cite web
|title=Krishnamurti, the lonely Hollywood star
|series=Age of Awareness |date=21 August 2020 |via=medium.com
|url=https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/krishnamurti-the-lonely-hollywood-star-413b29a76999
}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/010474}}

{{Jiddu Krishnamurti}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Theosophy series}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians|Krishnamurti, J.]]
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Ashta Nayika

2026-03-19T16:32:01Z

IrisClow72785038: minor fixed references per sources for accuracy

{{Short description|Eight types of heroines in Indian performing arts}}
{{redirect|Nayika|the personal name|Naika}}
[[File:Abhisarika-nayika-mola-ram.jpg|thumb|A painting by [[Mola Ram]]: ''Abhisarika nayika'', "the heroine going to meet her lover". She turns back to look at a golden anklet, which has just fallen off. There are also snakes below and lightning above.]]

The '''Ashta-Nayika''' is a collective name for eight types of ''nayika''s or heroines as classified by [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]] in his [[Sanskrit]] treatise on [[performing arts]] - ''[[Natya Shastra]]''. The eight nayikas represent eight different states (''avastha'') in relationship to her hero or ''nayaka''.<ref name="sahitya">{{cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature |volume=2|year=2005|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=81-260-1194-7|chapter=Erotic Literature (Sanskrit)}}</ref> As [[archetypal]] states of the [[Romance (love)|romantic]] heroine, it has been used as theme in [[Indian painting]], [[Indian literature|literature]], [[Indian sculpture|sculpture]] as well as [[Indian classical dance]] and [[Indian classical music|music]].

==Nayikas ==
As per Ashta Nayika, there are eight nayikas.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Name
! [[Sanskrit]] name
! Meaning
|-
| 1
| Vasakasajja Nayika
| वासकसज्जा नायिका
| One dressed up for union
|-
| 2
| Virahotkanthita Nayika
| विरहोत्कंठिता नायिका
| One distressed by separation
|-
| 3
| Svadhinabhartruka Nayika
| स्वाधीनभर्तृका नायिका
| One having her husband in subjection
|-
| 4
| Kalahantarita Nayika
| कलहांतरिता नायिका
| One separated by quarrel
|-
| 5
| Khandita Nayika
| खंडिता नायिका
| One enraged with her lover
|-
| 6
| Vipralabdha Nayika
| विप्रलब्धा नायिका
| One deceived by her lover
|-
| 7
| Proshitabhartrika Nayika
| प्रोषितभर्तृका नायिका
| One with a sojourning husband
|-
| 8
| Abhisarika Nayika
| अभिसारिका नायिका
| One going to meet her lover
|}

==History and cultural depictions==
[[File:Vipralabdha Nayika.jpg|thumb|Vipralabdha throwing away her jewellery. [[Chamba State|Chamba]], 18th-century. [[Salar Jung Museum]]]]
The Ashta-Nayika classification (''nayika-bheda'') first appears in ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' (24.210-11), a key [[Sanskrit]] treatise on Indian [[performing arts]], authored by [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]] (dated between 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD).<ref name="sahitya"/><ref name="music">{{cite book|last=Luiz Martinez|first= José |title=Semiosis in Hindustani music|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidas Publishers|isbn=81-208-1801-6|pages=288–95}}</ref> The classification is detailed in later works like the ''Dasarupaka'' (10th century), ''[[Sahityadarpana]]'' (14th century) and various other treatises on poetics as well as erotic ''[[Kamashastra]]'' texts like Kuttanimata (8th-9th century) based on courtesans, ''Panchasayaka'', ''Anangaranga'' and ''Smaradipika''. [[Keshavdas|Keshavadasa]]'s ''Rasikapriya'' (16th century) in [[Hindi]], also elaborates on the Ashta-nayika.<ref name="sodhi">{{cite book|last=Sodhi|first=Jiwan|title=A study of Bundi school of painting|year=1999|publisher=Abinav Publishers|isbn=81-7017-347-7|pages=52–3}}</ref>

The Ashta-Nayika have been illustrated in [[Indian painting]], literature, sculpture as well as [[Indian classical dance]], such as [[Kathak]].<ref name="Pratishtha)2014">{{cite book|last=Pratishtha)|first=Pratishtha saraswat (Acharya|title=Essential Elements of Kathak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sacHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|year=2014|publisher=[[Acharya Pratishtha]]|page=43|id=GGKEY:3KKQDB5P3C5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=Projesh |title=Dance in thumri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsuhSiITjU8C&dq=Ashta+Nayika&pg=RA1-PA13|year=1986|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-212-8|page=13}}</ref><ref name="sculpture">{{cite book|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman |title=Woman in Indian sculpture|year=2006|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-474-0|pages=93–106|chapter=Shringara nayika}}</ref> Notable medieval paintings that depict the Ashta nayika are the [[Ragamala paintings]], as those from the [[Bundi]] school of painting.<ref name="sodhi"/>

A famous example in Indian literature is [[Jayadeva]]'s ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' (12th century) as well as in the [[Vaishnava]] poet Banamali's compositions, [[Radha]] dons the roles of the various nayikas while with her nayaka is the god [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/14/stories/2007091450100200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212034900/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/14/stories/2007091450100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |title=Learn the lingo |date=Sep 14, 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The Ashta-Nayika is a central theme in ''Pahari embroidery'' used to decorate the ''Chamba [[Rumal]]'', especially produced in [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The Ashta Nayika are usually portrayed in eight panels on the Rumal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naik|first=Shailaja D. |title=Traditional embroideries of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNAwl-jS3gwC&dq=%22Ashta+Nayika%22&pg=PA40|year=1996|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=81-7024-731-4|page=40}}</ref>

In Indian (Hindustani) classical music, the eternal love between [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] is represented through the consciousness of [[Radha]] as the leitmotif that dominates the lyrics. Especially the semi-classical genre of [[Thumri]] imbibes the myriad moods of [[Radha]] as Ashta Nayika consumed by passionate love for [[Krishna]].

==The classification==
The ''Natya Shastra'' describes the nayikas in the following order: Vasakasajja, Virahotkanthita, Svadhinabhartruka, Kalahantarita, Khandita, Vipralabdha, Proshitabhartruka and Abhisarika. The nayikas are further classified in two varieties of the ''[[shringara]] rasa'', the ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]'' related to love: Sambhoga (love in meeting) and Vipralambha (love in separation). Vasakasajja, Svadhinabhartruka and Abhisarika are associated with Sambhoga; the others with Vipralabdha.<ref name="music"/>

In the ''Shringara Prakasha'', Bhoja relates the various nayakas and nayikas with musical ''[[raga]]''s and ''ragini''s (a female raga). Somanatha's ''Ragavibodha'' (1609) and Damodara's ''Sangitadarpana'' (c. 1625) continue this trend.<ref name="music"/>

===Vasakasajja===
{{multiple image
| width1 = 230
| image1 = Brooklyn Museum - Vasaka Sajja Nayika.jpg
| caption1 = Vasakasajja readying the bed for a night with her lover
| image2 =The Anxious or Expectant Heroine (Utka Nayika), Folio from a Rasikapriya (The Connoisseur's Delights) of Kesavadasa LACMA M.72.88.7.jpg
| caption2 = Virahotkanthita, waiting expecting her lover
| width2= 170
}}

Vasakasajja ("one dressed up for union")<ref name="music"/> or Vasakasajjika is waiting for her lover returning from a long journey. She is depicted in her bed-chamber filled with lotus leaves and garlands.<ref name="sodhi"/> She is dressing herself for the union with her lover and "eager with expectation of love's pleasure".<ref name="sculpture"/> Her beauty is compared by Kesavadasa to [[Rati]] - the Hindu love goddess, waiting for her husband, the love god [[Kamadeva]].<ref name="sodhi"/> A Vasakasajja sculpture is found in the Lakshmana Temple in [[Khajuraho]] and the National Museum, Delhi.<ref name="sculpture"/>

The ''Ragavibodha'' associates the raginis [[Bhupali]] and [[Todi]] with Vasakasajja.<ref name="music"/>

===Virahotkanthita===

Virahotkanthita ("One distressed by separation")<ref name="music"/> or Utka (as described by Keshavadasa) is the distressed heroine pining for her lover, who, due to his preoccupation, fails to return home. She is depicted waiting for him, sitting or standing on a bed or out in the pavilion.<ref name="sodhi"/>

The ''Ragavibodha'' identifies the raginis Mukhari, Pauravi and Turushkatodi with the Virahotkanthita, while the ''Sangitadarpana'' names Patamanjari in this category.<ref name="music"/>
{{clear}}

===Svadhinabhartruka===
{{multiple image
| width1 = 220
| image1 = Kalighat Krishna serving Radha.jpg
| caption1 = A [[Kalighat]] painting depicting Svadhinabhartruka with her lover applying ''mahawar'' to her feet
| image2 = Displeased Heroine (Kalahantarita), Nayika Painting Appended to a Ragamala (Garland of Melodies) LACMA M.73.2.3.jpg
| caption2 = Kalahantarita refusing advances of a lover
| width2= 200
}}

Svadhinabhartruka ("one having her husband in subjection")<ref name="music"/> or Svadhinapatika(as named by Keshavadasa) is the woman who is loved by her husband and controls him. He is subjugated by her intense love and pleasing qualities. He is devoted and faithful to her
<ref name="sodhi"/><ref name="sculpture"/> In paintings, this nayika is depicted with a nayaka, who applies ''[[Alta (dye)|mahawar]]'' on her feet or a vermilion [[tilak]] (mark) on her forehead.<ref name="sodhi"/> In [[Jayadeva]]'s [[Gita Govinda]] as well as in the poem ''Kuru Yadunandana'', [[Radha]] is portrayed as a Svadhinabhartruka. In the latter, Radha commands her lover, the god [[Krishna]], to rearrange her makeup which is in disarray.<ref name="sculpture"/>

Many raginis like Malashri, Travanika, Ramakriti, Jaitashri and Purvi are associated with Svadhinabhartruka.<ref name="music"/>

===Kalahantarita===

Kalahantarita ("one separated by quarrel")<ref name="music"/> or Abhisandhita (as named by Keshavadasa)<ref name="sodhi"/> is a heroine separated from her lover due to a fight or jealousy<ref name="sculpture"/> or her own arrogance.<ref name="sodhi"/> Her lover is usually depicted leaving her apartment disheartened, while she too becomes heartsick and repentant without him.<ref name="sodhi"/><ref name="sculpture"/> In other portrayals, she is depicted refusing the advances of her lover or refusing a wine cup from him. In Gita Govinda, Radha is also portrayed as Kalahantarita in an instance.<ref name="sculpture"/>
{{clear}}

===Khandita===
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Khandita Nayika.jpg|thumb|upright|Khandita rebuking her lover.]]

Khandita ("one enraged with her lover")<ref name="music"/> is an enraged heroine, whose lover had promised her to spend the night with her, but instead comes to her house the next morning after spending the night with another woman. She is depicted offended, rebuking her lover for his infidelity.<ref name="sodhi"/><ref name="sculpture"/>

In the ''Sangitadarpana'', the ragini Varati represents the Khandita Nayika.<ref name="music"/>

===Vipralabdha===

Vipralabdha ("one deceived by her lover"),<ref name="music"/> is a deceived heroine,<ref name="sculpture"/> who waited for her lover the whole night.<ref name="sodhi"/> She is depicted throwing away her jewellery as her lover did not keep his promise.<ref name="sodhi"/> This happens when a lover meets a Khandita and promises a tryst and breaks his promise.<ref name="sculpture"/>

The ''Sangitadarpana'' associates Vipralabdha with the ragini Bhupali. However, the ''Ragavibodha'' presents the raginis Varati and Velavati as Vipralabdhas.<ref name="music"/>

===Proshitabhartrika===
[[File:Proshita-patika Nayika.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Proshita-patika mourning.]]

Proshitabhartrika ("one with a sojourning husband")<ref name="music"/> or Proshitapatika (as named by Keshavadasa) is the woman whose husband has gone away from her for some business and does not return on the appointed day. She is depicted seated mourning, surrounded by her maids, but refusing to be consoled.<ref name="sodhi"/>

The ''Ragavibodha'' describes the raginis Dhanashri and Kamodi as Proshitabhartrukas.<ref name="music"/>

===Abhisarika===

Abhisarika ("one who moves")<ref name="music"/> is a heroine, who sets aside her modesty and moves out of her home to secretly meet her lover.<ref name="sculpture"/> She is depicted at the door of her house and on her way to the tryst, defying all kinds of difficulties like the storm, snakes and dangers of the forest.<ref name="sodhi"/><ref name="sculpture"/> In art, Abhisarika is portrayed often in hurry towards her destination.<ref name="sculpture"/>

The raginis Bahuli and Saurashtri are described having the traits of the daring Abhisarika.<ref name="music"/>

== In popular culture ==
[[File:"Chitralekha" by Vijay Kumar Singh Book Cover.jpg|alt="Chitralekha" Hindi Poetry Collection authored by Vijay Kumar Singh|thumb|Book Cover for "Chitralekha" authored by Vijay Kumar Singh]]
The Ashta-Nayika have been relevant in contemporary works of art, literature, and poetry in India as well.

=== Poetry ===
* Vijay Kumar Singh's 2022 [[Hindi]] poetry collection "Chitralekha" has an entire section of 8 poems dedicated to the Ashta-Nayika. The 8 poems each have different Ashta-Nayikas as their protagonist and the individual poems are named after the different Ashta-Nayikas they are about.

== See also ==
* [[Nayak (disambiguation)]]

{{clear}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Literary concepts]]
[[Category:Dance in India]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Concepts in Indian aesthetics]]

2010 Eastern Indian storm

2026-03-15T08:42:03Z

IrisClow72785038: adding the bio from scratch

{{Short description|Weather event in India and Bangladesh}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

{{Infobox news event
|image=2010 India Storm Map.png
|image_size=300px
|caption=Map of affected areas
|date={{start date|df=yes|2010|04|13}}
|time=11 pm IST
|place=[[Assam]], Bihar, and [[West Bengal]], India; Bangladesh
|reported injuries=several hundred
|reported death(s)=140+
}}
At approximately 11 pm local time, 13 April 2010, a '''severe storm''' struck parts of Bangladesh and '''eastern India'''.<ref name="Hindu69">{{cite news|title=69 killed in tropical thunderstorm in Bihar|author=Shoumojit Banerjee|date=14 April 2010|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/15/stories/2010041555512000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420011404/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/15/stories/2010041555512000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2010|accessdate=14 April 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> It lasted about 90 minutes, with the most intense portion spanning 30–40 minutes.<ref name="Hindustan96" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Storm rips before alarm rings|author=G.S. Mudur|date=14 April 2010|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100415/jsp/bengal/story_12341464.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527072529/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100415/jsp/bengal/story_12341464.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2012|accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> As of 16 April, more than 140 deaths have been reported. At least 91 people died in the Indian state of [[Bihar]],<ref name="Alert136" /> 44 in [[West Bengal]],<ref name="IndiaBloom125" /> and 4 in [[Assam]].<ref name="official" /> In Bangladesh, five deaths and two hundred injuries were reported.<ref name="DailyStar5">{{cite news|title=5 die as storms sweep 6 dists|work=The Daily Star|date=16 April 2010|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=134495|accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> Most of the deaths were women and children crushed when their huts were destroyed.<ref name="Hindustan96">{{cite news|title=Cyclonic storm kills 96 |date=14 April 2010 |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/patna/Cyclonic-storm-kills-96/Article1-531393.aspx |access-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418182125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/patna/Cyclonic-storm-kills-96/Article1-531393.aspx |archive-date=18 April 2010 }}</ref> Over 91,000 dwellings were destroyed in India and several thousand in Bangladesh;<ref name="DailyStar5" /><ref name="IANS120">{{cite news|title=Victims of cyclonic storm await relief|date=17 April 2010|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work=Nagaland Post|url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwMjQ3NjM%3D-jqRLc6ZHOKg%3D|access-date=17 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034337/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwMjQ3NjM=-jqRLc6ZHOKg=|archive-date=30 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> approximately 300,000 dwellings were at least partially damaged.<ref>{{cite news|title=Storm kills 122 in eastern India|author=Harmeet Shah Singh|publisher=CNN|date=15 April 2010|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/15/india.storm/|accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> Both mud and [[pucca housing]] was damaged by the storm.<ref name="Times77" /> Nearly 500,000 people were left homeless or otherwise affected by the storm.<ref name="Alert136" />

==The storm==
According to local officials the storm was an extreme [[nor'wester (Bangladesh)|nor'wester]] commonly formed over the [[Bay of Bengal]] during the hot months of the year.<ref name="BBC100">{{cite news|title=At least 100 killed in India-Bangladesh storm|date=14 April 2010|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8619222.stm|accessdate=14 April 2010}}</ref> [[Meteorologist]] S.I. Laskar said the storm was due to an unstable atmosphere caused by excessive heat and humidity. "It is quite normal in the pre-[[monsoon season]]," he added.<ref name="Hindustan96" /> The severity of the storm was likely due to wind pulling the moisture from the Bay of Bengal northward to north Bihar, where it converged with another cloud formation to form a 20 km tall cloud mass.<ref name="hallmarks">{{cite news|title=Hallmarks of tornado: Met|date=14 April 2010|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100415/jsp/bengal/story_12341466.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203211422/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100415/jsp/bengal/story_12341466.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=17 April 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> The cool air in the clouds was met by hot air rising from the ground, which caused the storm to start rotating.<ref name="hallmarks" /> Although thunderstorms had been predicted, the severity of the storm was unexpected.<ref name="Hindu69" />

Although not a [[tropical cyclone]], the storm brought back memories of [[Cyclone Aila]], which killed 155 people in the same area in May 2009.<ref name="BBC100" /> One eyewitness described the storm: "It was all dark. I thought it was the end of the world and we were going to die."<ref name="NY Times122">{{cite news|title=Deadly Cyclone Strikes Eastern India|author=Jim Yardley|date=15 April 2010|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/world/asia/16india.html|accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref> Locals received no warning of the impending storm, and were mostly sleeping when the storm hit, increasing the casualties.<ref name="AP119" /> Out-dated equipment with limited capabilities was blamed for the lack of warnings.<ref name="first twister" />

The storm spawned a large tornado,<ref name="ANN120" /> which lasted about 20 minutes.<ref name="hallmarks" /> It was the first tornado recorded in Bihar history.<ref name="first twister">{{cite news|title=In a first, twister hit Bihar on Tuesday: Weatherman|author=Dipak Mishra|date=17 April 2010|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-17/patna/28129265_1_tornadoes-cyclonic-storm-funnel-shaped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811060418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-17/patna/28129265_1_tornadoes-cyclonic-storm-funnel-shaped|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> Tornadoes are a very rare occurrence in India – the last one was in 1998.<ref name="first twister" /> Radar equipment which could have provided early warning had arrived in the area, but had not yet been installed because the building to house it was still under construction.<ref name="first twister" /> The storm occurred during a heat wave with temperatures greater than 40 °C (104 °F) reported.<ref name="BBC100" /> West Bengal regional weather office director Gokul Chandra Debnath said that the heatwave "could have been a catalyst ... that triggered the tornado".<ref name="ANN120" /> The amount of damage caused directly by the tornado is unknown.<ref name="first twister" />

==Damage==
The storm struck in northeastern parts of West Bengal and Bihar states, with winds estimated from 120 to 160 kilometres/hour (75–100 miles/hour), then moved into Bangladesh.<ref name="official">{{cite news|title=India storm death toll rises to 114: official|date=14 April 2010|work=Sify News|url=http://sify.com/news/India-storm-death-toll-rises-to-114-official-news-National-keow4bhhibd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418064451/http://sify.com/news/India-storm-death-toll-rises-to-114-official-news-National-keow4bhhibd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2010|accessdate=14 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="BBC100" /> The strong winds uprooted trees, displaced roof tops, and snapped telephone and electricity lines.<ref name="BBC100" /> The worst damage was reported in the towns of [[Hemtabad]], [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]], [[Kaliaganj]], [[Karandighi]], and [[Raiganj]].<ref name="BBC100" /> [[Purina (town)|Purina]] had the most reported casualties.<ref name="NY Times122" /> Power was lost throughout the area, and communication was difficult due to severed phone lines and damaged rail lines.<ref name="BBC100" /> Nepal, which relies on India for part of its power generation, was also affected by the outages.<ref name="NepalPower" />

In [[Araria district]], a jail was partially destroyed causing the transfer of 600+ inmates to another facility.<ref name="Hindu69" /> In [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], a police officer was killed and five other injured when a wall of the Rangpur Police Line building collapsed.<ref name="DailyStar5" /> The police barracks in [[Raiganj]], which houses 300 officers, were partially destroyed.<ref name="sleep" /> Several other police buildings had their roofs blown away.<ref name="Sify125">{{cite news|title=125 dead in storm in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam|date=15 April 2010|work=Sify News|url=http://sify.com/news/125-dead-in-storm-in-West-Bengal-Bihar-Assam-news-National-kepoJTfedhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418064749/http://sify.com/news/125-dead-in-storm-in-West-Bengal-Bihar-Assam-news-National-kepoJTfedhi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2010|accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref>

The initial strong winds were followed by heavy rains, causing further damage to weakened structures.<ref name="BBC100" /> Widespread damage to crops and livestock was also reported in both West Bengal and Bihar, as well as in Bangladesh.<ref name="DailyStar5" /><ref name="Times77">{{cite news|title=Storm in West Bengal, Bihar leaves 77 dead|date=14 April 2010|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-14/india/28143454_1_karandighi-purnia-araria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811060429/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-14/india/28143454_1_karandighi-purnia-araria|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref> More than 8,000 [[hectares]] of maize was destroyed in West Bengal.<ref name="Bloomberg123">{{cite news|title=Relief Work on in India After Storm Kills 123, Destroys Crops|author=Bibhudatta Pradhan|date=15 April 2010|work=Business Week|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-04-15/relief-work-continues-in-east-india-after-storm-kills-123-destroys-crops|access-date=15 April 2010}}</ref> More than 4,000 hectares of maize and [[rice|boro]] was destroyed in Bangladesh.<ref name="DailyStar5" /> In Assam, [[paddy field|paddy crops]], bananas, and other vegetation were damaged.<ref name="TimesAssam" /> Assam crops were already in poor shape due to earlier hail storms before 13 April storm, and were further damaged by another strong storm on 15 April.<ref name="Bihu spirit" />

==Aftermath and rescue efforts==
Rescue efforts have been inhibited as many roads, including National Highway 34, are blocked by downed trees and telephone poles.<ref name="Sify125" /> Medical personnel and supplies were quickly rushed to the affected areas, and aid packages were announced.<ref name="BBC100" /> Aid workers began to distribute rice, dried fruits, water, and temporary [[tarpaulin]] shelters on 15 April.<ref name="AP119">{{cite news|title=Aid arrives after cyclone kills 119 in India |author=Manik Banerjee |agency=Associated Press |date=15 April 2010 |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g8JY9em2AC3On6ftaYp5WPANVwpAD9F3E1K80 |access-date=15 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418083156/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g8JY9em2AC3On6ftaYp5WPANVwpAD9F3E1K80 |archive-date=18 April 2010 }}</ref> However, many remote regions remained inaccessible as of 16 April.<ref name="Alert136">{{cite news|title=Indian tornado deaths rise, survivors wait for aid |author=Nita Bhalla |date=16 April 2010 |work=AlertNet |agency=Reuters |url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/an_art/55867/2010/03/16-153544-1.htm |access-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419222842/http://www.alertnet.org/db/an_art/55867/2010/03/16-153544-1.htm |archive-date=19 April 2010 }}</ref> Aid workers said that hundreds of thousands of victims had not received any relief by 16 April.<ref name="Alert136" /> Another rainstorm on 15 April added to frustrations.<ref name="assault" />

On 16 April, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] announced an [[ex gratia]] payment Rs 100,000 to the next of kin to persons killed in the storm.<ref name="IndiaBloom125">{{cite news|title=Storm toll: 125; PM sanctions ex-gratia |agency=India Blooms News Service |url=http://www.indiablooms.com/NewsDetailsPage/newsDetails160410i.php |access-date=22 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418034147/http://www.indiablooms.com/NewsDetailsPage/newsDetails160410i.php |archive-date=18 April 2010 }}</ref> The money will come from the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund.<ref name="IndiaBloom125" /> In the [[Lok Sabha]], members have taken turns blaming each other's political parties for the delays. On 19 April, The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM) asked for central assistance of Rs 10 billion for Bihar and Rs 5 billion for West Bengal.<ref name="clash">{{cite news|title=Left Clashs With Trinamool, Cong Over Cyclone Relief |date=19 April 2010 |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=OutlookIndia.com |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?679747 |access-date=19 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090734/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?679747 |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> [[Prashanta Mazumdar]] additionally asked for government workers to assess the damage and distribute relief.<ref name="clash" /> [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) member [[Deepa Dasmunshi]] countered by saying the state administration had failed miserably.<ref name="clash" /> [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC) leader [[Sudip Bandopadhyay]] agreed and added that the CPM was "more involved in state terrorism" against political opponents than distribution of aid.<ref name="clash" /> The CPM responded that West Bengal had done its best to provide relief.<ref name="storm-hit" /> Dasmunshi strongly disagreed, claiming "not even one tarpaulin or piece of cloth has reached the victims. The state government has failed."<ref name="storm-hit" /> The CPM and other left parties accused Dasmunshi and Bandopadhyay of "playing politics at the cost of human lives".<ref name="storm-hit" /> [[Janata Dal (United)]] leader [[Sharad Yadav]] demanded that the House have a more thorough discussion on the matter.<ref name="clash" />

===In Bihar===
In Bihar, storm victims are being given rice, cash, and asbestos sheets to rebuild their houses.<ref name="Sify125" /> Families of the deceased are also receiving money to pay for [[last rites]] plus an ex gratia payment of Rs 150,000 from the Chief Minister's Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar villages lie in ruins, tornado toll reaches 82|author=Bhuvaneshwar Prasad|date=16 April 2010|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-16/patna/28143074_1_purnia-division-bihar-villages-cyclone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811060451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-16/patna/28143074_1_purnia-division-bihar-villages-cyclone|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> Phone service was restored to most of the region after 30 hours without service,<ref name="AP119" /> However, areas near the Nepal-India border remained without power on 17 April.<ref name="NepalPower">{{cite news |author=Akanshya Shah |date=17 April 2010 |title=Storm disrupts power supply from India |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=17551 |work=[[República (Nepalese newspaper)|República]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418025847/http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=17551 |archive-date=18 April 2010 |accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> On 20 April, the Bihar Electricity Board said that it would be at least a month to repair all damaged electrical transmission towers.<ref name="tower">{{cite news |author=Akanshya Shah |date=20 April 2010 |title=Tower repairs to take a month: India |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=17707 |work=[[República (Nepalese newspaper)|República]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423112521/http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=17707 |archive-date=23 April 2010 |accessdate=20 April 2010}}</ref> Rolling blackouts were conducted in Nepal to combat the decreased electricity availability.<ref name="tower" />

On 16 April, the [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]] called for the firing of Minister for Disaster Management Devesh Chandra Thakur, who was reportedly on vacation and had not visited the affected areas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar Congress Demands Sacking of Bihar Disaster Minister |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bihar-congress-demands-sacking-of-bihar-disaster-minister-1372164 |newspaper=dna |agency=Press Trust of India |date=16 April 2010 |accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref> On 22 April, the INC announced that it would distribute food and other relief to storm victims in the [[Purnia district|Purnia]], [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Katihar district|Katihar]], [[Araria district|Araria]], and [[Supaul district|Supaul]] districts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress to help tornado-hit people|date=22 April 2010|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-22/patna/28117331_1_relief-material-tornado-hit-people-natural-calamity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-22/patna/28117331_1_relief-material-tornado-hit-people-natural-calamity|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=22 April 2010}}</ref>

===In West Bengal===
In West Bengal, Civil Defense Minister [[Srikumar Mukherjee]] is personally overseeing rescue efforts.<ref name="BBC100" /> As of 15 April, all major roads and rail lines were cleared and power had been restored to 50% of the population.<ref name="Bloomberg123" /> However, some of the hardest hit towns had not yet received any government aid by 16 April, causing widespread anger.<ref name="rampage" /> Mukherjee admit state government was struggling to distribute food rations, blaming insufficient manpower for the delay.<ref name="ANN120">{{cite news|title=Quarter of a million homeless after Indian tornado |date=15 April 2010 |work=Australian Network News |url=http://australianetworknews.com/stories/201004/2874176.htm?desktop |access-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707191526/http://australianetworknews.com/stories/201004/2874176.htm?desktop |archive-date=7 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="strapped" /> He has since asked district officials to purchase supplies locally.<ref name="strapped" /> According to international aid agency [[ActionAid]], only 7,000 tarpaulins had been distributed by 17 April;<ref name="IANS120" /> Mukherjee claimed 57,000 had been distributed.<ref name="assault" /> The state has announced cash relief of Rs 10,000 for the homeless and a Rs 200,000 payment for relatives of the deceased.<ref name="sleep">{{cite news|title=Sleep under sky, eye on succour; Spotlight on police barracks construction|date=15 April 2010|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100416/jsp/siliguri/story_12344050.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203175241/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100416/jsp/siliguri/story_12344050.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=17 April 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> A total of Rs 500,000 has been released to rebuild housing, and a [[metric ton]] of rice and 30,000 tarpaulin sheets have been released for direct aid.<ref name="IndiaBloom125" />

Storm victims angry about the slow rate of aid distribution quickly turned to demonstrations and violence. In [[Karandighi]], hundreds of protesters squatted on the highway, closing it down for three hours on 15 April.<ref name="PTI129">{{cite news |title=More bodies found in Bihar, West Bengal, toll 129 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/more-bodies-found-in-bihar-west-bengal-toll-129/story-IBetHoPJ64YgG4BS2wq7LL.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> Protests were also held in [[Raniganj]].<ref name="PTI129" /> On 16 April, "Thousands of villagers staged angry protests in front of government offices [in Karandighi and [[Hemtabad]]] demanding more relief materials and assaulted officials when they came to open the offices," according to West Bengal relief minister Mortaza Hossain.<ref name="rampage">{{cite news|title=Indian storm victims on the rampage: minister |date=16 April 2010 |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g7D0dg_F1Xp1S5vAoPhR_1jP0gag |access-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301031551/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g7D0dg_F1Xp1S5vAoPhR_1jP0gag |archive-date=1 March 2014 }}</ref> Riot police had to be dispatched to both Karandighi and Hematabad.<ref name="rampage" /> In Hemtabad, angry villagers attacked the block development building and shut down the Raiganj-Balurghat state highway for 30 minutes.<ref name="assault" /> Raids on several rural offices were reported in the [[North Dinajpur]] district on 16 April.<ref name="assault">{{cite news|title=Assault and raids after fresh shower|date=16 April 2010|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100417/jsp/siliguri/story_12348287.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203160244/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100417/jsp/siliguri/story_12348287.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=17 April 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> Accusations of corruption were made in Karandighi and Raiganj, with some storm victims claiming they received only part of their promised relief payments.<ref name="strapped" />

In Karandighi, anger lead to looting and later violence. Shortly after 2pm IST on 15 April, a delivery of 500 tarpaulin sheets arrived.<ref name="strapped">{{cite news|title=Strapped for relief, villagers strike|work=The Telegraph|date=15 April 2010|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100416/jsp/bengal/story_12344545.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421163538/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100416/jsp/bengal/story_12344545.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2010|accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> Villagers seeing that the supply would not be enough for everyone in need decided to take matters into their own hands.<ref name="strapped" /> Some protesters jumped a wall, broke into the [[godown]], and looted the tarpaulins.<ref name="rampage" /> Police were called in, but were blocked from entering the facility by protesters.<ref name="strapped" /> One looter remarked "What else could I have done? The government is not helping us so we have to help ourselves."<ref name="strapped" /> Just after noon on 16 April, an angry mob attacked Panchayat Pradhan Badal Singh and began to beat him.<ref name="assault" /> One of the perpetrators said he couldn't control his anger when he saw that Singh "was distributing the [tarpaulin] sheets only to his party supporters."<ref name="assault" /> Throughout the North Dinajpur district, [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] leaders have fled their homes after being attacked by angry villagers.<ref name="storm-hit" />

On 19 April, protesters blocked National Highway 34 at [[Panisala, West Bengal|Panisala]] in the [[Raiganj subdivision]].<ref name="police fire">{{cite news|title=Police fire in air to remove protesters|date=19 April 2010|agency=Press Trust of India|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/616898_Police-fire-in-air-to-remove-protesters|accessdate=20 April 2010}}{{dead link|date=May 2016}}</ref> Others surrounding the panchayat office demanding more relief.<ref name="storm-hit" /> The police fired shots into the air to scare the crowd off the highway after it was shut down for about an hour.<ref name="police fire" /> According to one report, the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]] was responsible for organising the road block.<ref name="police fire" /> Later that evening, at 5:30pm IST, 1,500 people who had been dispersed earlier attacked the police at [[Sitgram]].<ref name="storm-hit">{{cite news|title=Storm-hit attack police|date=19 April 2010|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100420/jsp/bengal/story_12359178.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203152422/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100420/jsp/bengal/story_12359178.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=19 April 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> Three sub-inspectors were badly beaten and two police vehicles pushed into a ditch before the crowd was dispersed with [[tear gas]] and shots fired into the air.<ref name="storm-hit" /> District magistrate Ramanuj Chakrabarty claimed that "the distribution of relief has picked up" and that the attack "was politically motivated."<ref name="storm-hit" />

===In Assam===
In Assam, food and building supplies have been distributed to storm victims.<ref name="TimesAssam">{{cite news |date=15 April 2010 |title=Assam government to support storm-affected |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Assam-government-to-support-storm-affected-/articleshow/5813400.cms|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421014337/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Assam-government-to-support-storm-affected-/articleshow/5813400.cms |archive-date=21 April 2010 |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> "We have taken all possible measures to provide relief and other financial assistance to people hit by the storm," remarked Relief and Rehabilitation minister Bhumidhar Barman.<ref name="TimesAssam" /> An ex gratia payment of Rs 5,000 was announced for the next of kin of storm victims, plus Rs 300,000 to be released at a later date.<ref name="Bihu spirit">{{cite news|title=Storms leave trail of damage – Inclement weather fails to dampen Bihu spirit|date=16 April 2010|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100417/jsp/northeast/story_12346155.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203114417/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100417/jsp/northeast/story_12346155.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=16 April 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

===In Bangladesh===
In Bangladesh, power was restored to most areas by 16 April, although parts of Rangpur remained without power.<ref name="DailyStar5" /> In Dinajpur, locals frustrated about the lack of power attacked the Dinajpur Power Development office on 15 April. Police had to be called in to take control of the situation.<ref name="DailyStar5" />

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news|title=Battling the raging winds|date=14 April 2010|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100415/jsp/siliguri/story_12340589.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203172231/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100415/jsp/siliguri/story_12340589.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|location=Calcutta, India}}
*:One eyewitness, 55-year-old Khudiram Oraon, recounts his encounter with 13 April storm.

{{Natural disasters in India}}
{{Disasters in India in 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eastern Indian Storm, 2010}}
[[Category:2010 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2010 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in India]]
[[Category:2010 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:April 2010 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:April 2010 in India]]

Motu Patlu: King of Kings

2026-03-11T03:19:16Z

IrisClow72785038:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Motu Patlu King of Kings
| image = Motu_Patlu_-_King_Of_Kings.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Suhas D. Kadav
| producer = [[Ketan Mehta]]
| story =
| screenplay =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Motu Patlu]]''| Kripa Shankar Bhardwaj}}
| starring = [[Sourav Chakraborty (comedian)|Sourav Chakraborty]] 
[[Vinay Pathak]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-hindi-movie-news-bollywood-movies-news-updates/music/news/Gulzar-Vishal-Bhardwaj-create-a-peppy-number-for-Motu-Patlu/articleshow/54695925.cms |title=Vishal Bhardwaj: Gulzar-Vishal Bhardwaj create a peppy number for 'Motu Patlu' |publisher=Times of India |date=2016-10-06 |access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref>
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] Cosmos-Maya
| distributor = Viacom 18 Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2016|10|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 130.1667 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹4.25 Crore
| gross = {{INRconvert|4.27|c}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/filterbycountry/IND/2016/|title=Box Office Collection in India 2016 - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|publisher=|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731204740/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/filterbycountry/IND/2016/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Motu Patlu: King of Kings''''' is a 2016 Indian animated [[action thriller film]] directed by Suhas D. Kadav and produced by [[Ketan Mehta]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Motu-Patlu-King-of-Kings/movie-review/54833123.cms|title=Motu Patlu King of Kings Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Motu Patlu King of Kings by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/childrens-films-have-rarely-been-successful-says-motu-patlu-king-of-kings-producer-ketan-mehta-3078459/ |title=Children's films have rarely been successful, says Motu Patlu: King of Kings producer Ketan Mehta |publisher=The Indian Express |date= 12 October 2016|accessdate=2016-10-13 |archive-date=15 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015120004/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/childrens-films-have-rarely-been-successful-says-motu-patlu-king-of-kings-producer-ketan-mehta-3078459/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is based on the popular TV series ''[[Motu Patlu]]'', which itself was adapted from characters published by ''Lotpot'' magazine. It is the first feature-length film based on the characters. The film was released on 14 October 2016 and became a successful venture at the box office. It received mixed reviews from critics, who appreciated its voice performances, humor, and animation but criticized its plot, violence and editing.

==Plot==
The film opens in a circus where a vegetarian lion named Guddu Ghalib performs tricks like juggling vegetables and riding a unicycle. During one act, he accidentally causes a fire, leading to chaos. Guddu escapes in the trunk of a car and ends up in Furfuri Nagar, where his presence frightens the townspeople. Mistaking Guddu for a costumed performer, Motu and Patlu eventually discover he's a real lion with circus skills. Using an animal-translation device, they learn that Guddu wishes to return to the jungle.

Patlu suggests sending Guddu to a national park, as he lacks survival skills. Meanwhile, in the jungle, poachers led by Narasimha invade and capture King Singha, the lion ruler, to search for hidden gold. Though the animals fight back, Narasimha succeeds in imprisoning the king and begins exploiting the jungle.

Motu and friends, unaware of Narasimha's true intentions, are manipulated into believing that King Singha is a threat. After a misunderstanding, they confront the real king, who warns them about Narasimha. Motu realizes the truth too late, and King Singha is fatally injured while saving animals during an attack. Before dying, he asks Motu to protect the jungle.

Motu, Patlu, and friends attempt to rally the animals by having Guddu impersonate King Singha. Though reluctant, Guddu agrees. Narasimha, meanwhile, enlists a mad scientist to release genetically modified creatures called Donthers and later a powerful hybrid beast named Goratto. As Guddu leads the animals into battle, he panics and runs away, leaving Motu disheartened.

Motu tries to inspire the animals to resist without Guddu, but they are demoralized. Eventually, Guddu regains courage after a moment of introspection and rejoins the battle. His roar reinvigorates the animals, who fight back against Narasimha's forces. Guddu defeats Goratto in a final showdown, while Motu and Patlu subdue Narasimha and his men.

With peace restored, the animals accept Guddu as their new king. Narasimha and his allies are imprisoned, and the jungle is saved.

==Voice cast==
* [[Sourav Chakraborty (comedian)|Sourav Chakraborty]] as Motu / Patlu / Dr.Jhatka / Ghasitaram / Inspector Chingum
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as Guddu, the circus lion
* [[Uday Sabnis]] as Narsimha, he is the main antagonist and he's a hunter and Singha's rival
* [[Vinod Kulkarni]] as Avishkari Lal, a mad scientist who has the ability to create [[hybrid animals]] and keep the jungle animals and their king at bay

==Release==
The film was released theatrically on 14 October 2016, in 700 screens across India.<ref>{{cite web |author=Naman Ramachandran |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/viacom18-nickelodeon-for-motu-patlu-animation-1201861146/ |title=Viacom18 Teams with Nickelodeon for 'Motu Patlu' Animation |publisher=Variety |date=2016-09-15 |accessdate=2016-10-13 |archive-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224001050/http://variety.com/2016/film/asia/viacom18-nickelodeon-for-motu-patlu-animation-1201861146/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
''The Times of India'' gave the film 3 stars.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Motu-Patlu-King-of-Kings/movie-review/54833123.cms|title=Motu Patlu King of Kings Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Motu Patlu King of Kings by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref> DNA gave the film 2 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-motu-patlu-king-of-kings-review-the-film-tries-to-do-everything-but-ends-up-pleasing-nobody-2264225|title=Motu Patlu: King Of Kings Review- The film tries to do everything, but ends up pleasing nobody|date=15 October 2016|publisher=|access-date=16 October 2016|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017005635/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-motu-patlu-king-of-kings-review-the-film-tries-to-do-everything-but-ends-up-pleasing-nobody-2264225|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Economic Times'' gave the film 3 stars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/motu-patlu-king-of-kings-review-the-characters-will-leave-you-charmed/articleshow/54848131.cms|title='Motu Patlu- King of Kings' review: The characters will leave you charmed|first=Meena|last=Iyer|date=14 October 2016|publisher=|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=28 September 2018|archive-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923171854/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/motu-patlu-king-of-kings-review-the-characters-will-leave-you-charmed/articleshow/54848131.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian animation industry]]
* [[List of Indian animated films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt6278732|Motu Patlu: King of Kings}}

{{Viacom18 Studios}}

[[Category:2010s children's comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian animated films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:2016 3D films]]
[[Category:2016 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]
[[Category:2016 animated films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on animated series]]
[[Category:Animated films about lions]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Motu Patlu]]
[[Category:Animated films based on comics]]
[[Category:2010s children's animated films]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon animated films]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon India]]
[[Category:Indian computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian comics]]
[[Category:2016 comedy films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on animated television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian children's drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure drama films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 children's films]]

George M. Carmichael-Smyth

2026-03-06T05:21:12Z

IrisClow72785038: created a post

Major-General '''George Carmichael-Smyth''' (1803–1890), was a British commanding officer of the [[3rd Bengal Light Cavalry]]. In April 1857 he punished 85 of his men when they refused to use the cartridges of the Enfield rifle which had recently been issued. In response the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Native regiments rebelled]]. An account of the incident was written in an unsent letter by [[John Campbell Erskine MacNabb|John MacNabb]], a [[cornet (rank)|Cornet]] in the Cavalry.<ref name=Wagner2010>{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising |date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-906165-27-7 |page=117 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35sGgU8A4CEC&pg=PT117|language=en |chapter=6. Meerut}}</ref><ref name=Cadell1955>{{cite journal |last1=Cadell |first1=Patrick |title=The Outbreak of the Indian Mutiny |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |date=1955 |volume=33 |issue=135 |pages=118–122 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44226277 |issn=0037-9700|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Best2016>{{cite book |last1=Best |first1=Brian |title=The Victoria Crosses that Saved an Empire: The Story of the VCs of the Indian Mutiny |date=2016 |publisher=Frontline Books |isbn=978-1-4738-5707-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmZGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |language=en |chapter=The Siege of Delhi: May to September 1857|pages=10–14}}</ref><ref name=Pathak2010>{{cite book |last1=Pathak |first1=Amit |editor1-last=Verma |editor1-first=Bharat |title=Indian Defence Review: Jul-Sep 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=81-7062-179-8 |pages=133–136 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pu5KMhnLk4C&pg=PA133|language=en |chapter=The great upsurge of 1857: historical sites in Meerut cantonment}}</ref>

Carmichael-Smyth was born in 1803, the youngest of eight sons of the physician, [[James Carmichael Smyth (physician)|James Carmichael Smyth]]. His elder brothers included [[Sir James Carmichael-Smyth, 1st Baronet|Sir James Carmichael-Smyth]] and [[William Henry Carmichael-Smyth]].<ref name=Cadell1955/><ref name=Best2016/>

[[File:A history of the reigning family of Lahore - with some account of the Jumoo rajahs the Seik soliders and their Sirdars (IA dli.csl.6801).pdf|thumb|''A history of the reigning family of Lahore - with some account of the Jumoo rajahs the Seik soliders and their Sirdars'']]

==See also==
*[[20th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''[https://archive.org/details/historyofreignin00smyt/page/n5/mode/2up A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore with some account of the Jummoo Rajahs, the Seik soldiers and their Sirdars]''. Ed. by Carmichael Smyth. Calcutta 1847 (reprinted as Secret History of the Khalsa Durbar).

[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

{{UK-bio-stub}}

Pestonjee

2026-03-03T23:47:25Z

IrisClow72785038: made pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pestonjee
| image = Pestonjee poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vijaya Mehta]]
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| screenplay = [[B. K. Karanjia]] Vijaya Mehta
| story = B. K. Karanjia
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Anupam Kher]]|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]|[[Shabana Azmi]]|[[Kirron Kher]]}}
| music = [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|[[A. K. Bir]]|Rajan Kothari}}
| editing = [[Renu Saluja]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988|05|20|India}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pestonjee''''' is a 1988 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language drama film directed by [[Vijaya Mehta]], starring [[Anupam Kher]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Shabana Azmi]], based on a story by film journalist [[B. K. Karanjia]].

At the [[35th National Film Awards]], it won the award for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date= 6 March 2013}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film is an intimate look into the life and manners of the [[Parsi]] community, especially those living in the city of Bombay (now Mumbai) in the 1950s and 60s. Phiroj Shah ([[Naseeruddin Shah]]) and Pestonjee ([[Anupam Kher]]) are close friends. They like to do everything together (and even plan to get married on the same day), even though they are very different in temperament. Phiroj is quiet, thoughtful and indecisive, while Pestonjee (Pesi) is an extrovert. Phiroj is unable to make up his mind about marrying a girl, Jeroo ([[Shabana Azmi]]), selected for him by a matchmaker. It is Pesi who ends up marrying her. Phiroj has fallen in love with her, but does not begrudge Pesi his happiness. He decides not to marry, and moves to another city. They keep in touch by mail. Phiroj is extremely delighted to hear that Pesi and Jeroo are expecting a baby. He decides to travel to Bombay to visit them. During his visit, Phiroj learns that the married life of Pesi and Jeroo is not as he had imagined it. Phiroj is horrified to discover that Pesi has a mistress. Jeroo has had a miscarriage which Pesi later informs him, when confronted by Phiroj about his mistress, was actually an abortion due to Jeroo's fear of dying in childbirth as her mother had. He is saddened by how Jeroo has changed. She is no longer the pretty girl she was, but appears cantankerous and uncaring. Both she and Pesi are unhappy in their marriage. Phiroj resolves not to meet them, but mentally is unable to keep himself aloof. All three carry on with their unhappy lives until Pesi's sudden death. Finally, Phiroj discovers that he cannot help Jeroo. Soona ([[Kiron Kher]]), Pesi's mistress whom Phiroj had thought of as a loose woman, ends up paying for the funeral which Phiroj repays to her as he cannot abide the thought that in even his death, Pesi's mistress has a hold on him. In the end, Phiroj realizes that life was not what he imagined it would be and it is everybody's journey in life to find and determine what their own happiness is.

==Cast==
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Phirojshah Pithawala
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Pestonjee (Pissi)
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Jeroo
* [[Kiron Kher]] as Soona Mistry

==Reception==
Critically, the film was generally well appreciated, both for its meticulous depiction of Parsi life and for the performances by all the lead actors. Scholars Gokulsing and Dissanayake write: "... there is certainly a strain of sentimentality in the film. But it is counterbalanced by the comic observations of the director and the humour generated by the dialogue as well as the acting."<ref name=GokulDissa>{{cite book|last=Gokulsing and Dissanayake|title=Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change|year=2004|publisher=Trentham Books|isbn=1858563291|pages=161}}</ref>

Academic and activist [[Ruth Vanita]] has a different take on the film. She sees it as an interesting attempt by a woman director to study the male psyche. She notes: "The film is about ways of seeing. Thus, though Feroze's (played by Naseerudin Shah) is the central consciousness in the film, it is named for his dearest friend Pestonjee, known as Pesi (played by Anupam Kher). This titling after the one seen rather than the one seeing suggests how the imaginative life we live, which may be the life of another, can overshadow the life that is apparently our own." On Azmi's portrayal of Jeroo, she writes: "The portrait of Jeroo, as she develops from a naive, romantic but not very intelligent girl into a cantankerous, hysterical wife (and, later, widow) is a brilliant study of a woman destroyed by the compulsions of an unsuitable marriage. The way her gift for piano playing, and ultimately even her desire to play, are eroded by the stresses of domesticity and bondage to an uncaring husband, represents a drama enacted in the lives of many women."<ref name=ruth>{{cite web|last=Vanita|first=Ruth|title=A Conservative Rebel|url=http://manushi.in/docs/99Film%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2022}}

==Awards==
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]<ref name="35thawardPDF"/>
* [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]] - Ramilla Patel and Mani Rabadi <ref name=35thawardPDF />
* BFJA Award for Best Indian Film (with two others) <ref name=BFJA1989>{{cite web|title=BFJA Awards (1989)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/7/bfja-awards-1989|access-date=21 March 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102123/http://www.gomolo.com/7/bfja-awards-1989|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* BFJA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Anupam Kher <ref name=BFJA1989 />

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0095857}}
*{{cite web | title = Pestonjee, online | publisher = Cinemas of India, NFDC | url = http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/2105_Pestonjee | access-date = 26 April 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021191025/http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/2105_Pestonjee | archive-date = 21 October 2014 | url-status = dead }}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about Zoroastrianism]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]

My Brother...Nikhil

2026-03-03T11:56:42Z

IrisClow72785038: starting new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = My Brother… Nikhil
| image = My Brother… Nikhil 2005 film.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Onir]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Sanjay Suri]]|Vicky Tejwani|Onir|[[Raj Kaushal]]}}
| writer = Onir
| starring = {{ubl|Sanjay Suri|[[Juhi Chawla]]|[[Victor Banerjee]]|[[Purab Kohli]]}}
| narrator =
| music = Vivek Philip
| cinematography = Arvind Kannabiran
| editing = Onir
| studio = Four Front Films
| distributor = [[Yash Raj Films]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Distribution Company - Movie Distributors in Theaters|website=[[Yash Raj Films]]|access-date=15 April 2022|url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/divisions/yrf-distribution-india}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|df=y|2005|3|25}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR Convert|5|L}}
}}
'''''My Brother… Nikhil''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by [[Onir]], based on the life of [[Dominic d'Souza]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ferrão|first1=R. Benedito|title=My Friend... Dominic|url=http://pink-pages.co.in/features/my-friend-dominic/|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref> The movie portrays the life of Nikhil Kapoor (played by [[Sanjay Suri]]) from 1987 to 1994 when [[AIDS]] awareness in India was considerably low. [[Onir]], the film director, stated that the film is based on true historical facts, and the standard disclaimer about fictitious content was just a compromise with the Indian government to gain permission to make the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afterelton.com/archive/elton/movies/2005/8/mybrother2.html|title=New Music Videos, Reality TV Shows, Celebrity News, Pop Culture - LOGOtv|website=Logo TV}}</ref>

==Plot==
This film is set in [[Goa]] between 1986 and 1994. Nikhil Kapoor ([[Sanjay Suri]]) is the state all round swimming champion. His father Navin Kapoor ([[Victor Banerjee]]) has raised his son to be a sports man, a dream that he never achieved for himself. His elder sister Anamika ([[Juhi Chawla]]) teaches in a primary school and loves him dearly. His mother Anita Rosario Kapoor ([[Lillete Dubey]]) adores him and from her he inherited his artistic side to his personality.

After Nikhil is diagnosed with HIV his life falls apart. He is removed from the swimming team and his parents throw him out of their house. One day he is arrested because he is HIV positive. He is kept in forced isolation by law as the Goa Public Health Act allowed the government to isolate HIV positive people. His parents desert him and his friends move away. The only people who stand by him are his sister Anamika, her boyfriend Sam (Gautam Kapoor) and his friend Nigel ([[Purab Kohli]]). Despite facing threats from the community, Anamika and Nigel are able to secure his release with the help of a lawyer. Nikhil is unable to find a job at first, but then becomes a music teacher. Anamika and Nigel start an AIDS assistance organization called People Positive. As Nikhil develops AIDS he is reconciled with his mother and finally his father. After Nikhil's death, his parents begin to treat Nigel like a son.

==Cast==

* [[Sanjay Suri]] as Nikhil Kapoor
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Anamika
* [[Victor Banerjee]] as Navin Kapoor
* [[Lilette Dubey]] as Anita Rosario Kapoor
* [[Purab Kohli]] as Nigel D'Costa
* [[Dipannita Sharma]] as Leena Gomes
* [[Shayan Munshi]] as Kelly Menzes
* Gautam Kapoor as Sam Fernandes
* [[Peeya Rai Chowdhary]] as Catherine

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || ''Aa Bhi Ja Aa Bhi Ja'' || [[Lucky Ali]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 2 || ''I Miss My Little Boy '' ||
|-
| 3 || ''Kabhi'' || Josh
|-
| 4 || ''Le Chale 1'' || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
| 5 || ''Le Chale 2'' || [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]]
|-
| 6 || ''Le Chale 3'' || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 7 || ''Mahiya'' || Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
| 8 || ''Leaving Home'' ||
|-
| 9 || ''Mere Sapne'' || [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 10 || ''Till We Meet Again'' || Vivek Philip
|-
| 11 || ''Woh Kaun Hai'' || Sunidhi Chauhan
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0419992|My Brother... Nikhil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:My Brother...Nikhil}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS in Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1987]]
[[Category:Films set in 1994]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:2005 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2005 directorial debut films]]

Theerpugal Virkapadum

2026-03-03T03:37:17Z

IrisClow72785038: Made A Post

{{short description|Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Theerpugal Virkapadum
| image = Theerpugal Virkapadum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dheran
| producer = Sajeev Meerasahib Rawther, C R Saleem and Partners
| starring = [[Sathyaraj]] [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] [[Harish Uthaman]] [[Smruthi Venkat]]
| music = S. N. Prasad
| cinematography = [[Anji (cinematographer)|Anji]]
| editing = Noufal Abdullah
| studio = HoneyBee Creations in association with Infinity Frames & AL-Tari movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|12|31}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Theerpugal Virkapadum''''' ({{translation|Judgements for sale}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[thriller film]] directed by Dheran, starring [[Sathyaraj]], [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]], [[Smruthi Venkat]] and [[Harish Uthaman]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2019 |title=Sathyaraj and co set the ball rolling |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/05/08021856/1117268/Sathyaraj-and-co-set-the-ball-rolling-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030192317/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/05/08021856/1117268/Sathyaraj-and-co-set-the-ball-rolling-.vpf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |publisher=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=17 November 2018 |title=Sathyaraj's next film titled 'Theerpukal Virkapadum' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyarajs-next-film-titled-theerpukal-virkapadum/articleshow/66667047.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121135921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyarajs-next-film-titled-theerpukal-virkapadum/articleshow/66667047.cms |archive-date=21 November 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2018 |title=I had Sathyaraj in mind when I penned the script |url=http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/11/18135238/I-had-Sathyaraj-in-mind-when-I-penned-the-script.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030192316/http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/11/18135238/I-had-Sathyaraj-in-mind-when-I-penned-the-script.vpf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |publisher=i-Flicks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2019 |title=ഒറ്റ ഷെഡ്യൂളിൽ താര ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ തകർപ്പൻ ആക്ഷൻ; 'കട്ടപ്പ' വീണ്ടും |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-a-film-completes-complicated-action-sequences-in-just-15-days-91851.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030192318/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-a-film-completes-complicated-action-sequences-in-just-15-days-91851.html |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |publisher=[[News18 Kerala]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=25 July 2019 |title=Sathyaraj does stunts without a body double |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyaraj-does-stunts-without-a-body-double/articleshow/70362907.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810215125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyaraj-does-stunts-without-a-body-double/articleshow/70362907.cms |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film is completely shot in [[8K resolution]] and has cinematography by [[Anji (cinematographer)|Garudavega Anji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2019 |title=തീർപ്പുകൾ വിർക്കപ്പെടും ടീസർ പുറത്തിറക്കി |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/news-cinema-14-12-2019/840707 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214133341/https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/news-cinema-14-12-2019/840707 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=15 December 2019 |publisher=[[Deshabhimani]]}}</ref> It also has a dubbed Telugu version titled as ''Emergency''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2020 |title=Sathyaraj's action thriller titled 'Emergency' in Telugu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyarajs-action-thriller-titled-emergency/articleshow/73117276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424195006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyarajs-action-thriller-titled-emergency/articleshow/73117276.cms |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=7 January 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Summary ==
Dr. Nalan Kumar, who seems to be in his early 60s, kidnaps the son of an influential businessman Rudhravel and threatens to kill the youngster if he fails to perform certain tasks assigned to him. Later, Rudhravel gets to know who is behind his son's kidnap. He, along with his nephew Rajendran, decides to take on the sexagenarian after realizing why he is after them.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Dr. Nalan Kumar
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Rudhravel
*[[Harish Uthaman]] as Rajendran
*Yuvan Mayilsamy as Kishore
*[[Smruthi Venkat]] as Bharathi
*[[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Dr. Aruna Stephen Raj
*[[Charle]] as Dr. Parthiban
*[[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Kishore's mother
* Yas as Yogeshwaran (Yoga)
*[[George Maryan]] as Court Attender
*[[Jeeva Ravi]] as Aruna's husband
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Rudravel's staff
*Kalaiarasan as Rudhravel's staff
*[[Lizzie Antony]] as Doctor
*[[Pondy Ravi]] as Defense Lawyer
*Subramani as Public Prosecutor
*Gajaraj as DSP Ashok Krishna
*Faheem as Bullet Rider
}}

== Production ==
Debutant director Dheran who has directed several advertisements brought in actor Sathyaraj to play the solo lead in Theerpugal Virkapadum, produced by Sajeev Meerasahib Rawther under his banner HoneyBee Creations and his partners. Dheeran took three years to complete the script before approaching the producer. Actress [[Smruthi Venkat]] of ''[[Thadam]]'' fame was signed to play the daughter character of Sathyaraj with actors [[Harish Uthaman]], [[Lizzie Antony]] and [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2019 |title=Smruthi Venkat joins Sathyaraj starrer Theerpukal Virkapadum |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/apr/22/smruthi-venkat-joins-theerpukal-virkapadum-1967427.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031225120/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/apr/22/smruthi-venkat-joins-theerpukal-virkapadum-1967427.html |archive-date=31 October 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sathyaraj refused to opt for a body double in action sequences as per reports<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2019 |title=Sathyaraj did not opt for a body double in upcoming 'Theerpugal Virkkapadum' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sathyaraj-did-not-opt-body-double-upcoming-theerpugal-virkkapadum-106170 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030192314/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sathyaraj-did-not-opt-body-double-upcoming-theerpugal-virkkapadum-106170 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |publisher=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> and completed his dubbing in a single stretch of 12 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2019 |title=Sathyaraj completes dubbing for 'Theerpugal Virkapadum' in 12 hours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyaraj-completes-dubbing-for-theerpugal-virkapadum-in-12-hours/articleshow/72350383.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206111821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyaraj-completes-dubbing-for-theerpugal-virkapadum-in-12-hours/articleshow/72350383.cms |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was completed in three schedules and was primarily shot in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2020 |title=சூர்யா வீட்டில் சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWDkqLWW4Hg&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701122913/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWDkqLWW4Hg&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by S. N. Prasad.

{{Infobox album
| name = Theerpugal Virkapadum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = S. N. Prasad
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = S. N. Prasad
| prev_title = [[Irandam Kuththu]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = [[Kaatteri]]
| next_year = 2022
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaarum Ingu
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| title2 = Mavale Mavale
| extra2 = [[Sean Roldan]], S. N. Prasad
| length2 = 3:22
| lyrics2 = Srikanth Varadan
| title3 = Rudra
| extra3 = Ganesan Sekar
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
}}

==Critical reception==
Thinkal Menon gave the film 3 stars, complimenting the writing and several performances but felt the plot was repetitive and predictable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theerpugal Virkapadum movie review: Sathyaraj is the saving grace of this watchable revenge thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/theerpugal-virkapadum-movie-review-sathyaraj-is-the-saving-grace-of-this-watchable-revenge-thriller/88122d330b467 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201070415/https://www.ottplay.com/review/theerpugal-virkapadum-movie-review-sathyaraj-is-the-saving-grace-of-this-watchable-revenge-thriller/88122d330b467 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11148028}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Merlin (2018 film)

2026-03-03T03:22:10Z

IrisClow72785038: starting new entry

{{No plot|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Merlin 2018 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Keera (director)|Keera]]
| producer = J. S. B. Sathish Kumar
| starring = [[Vishnupriyan]] Ashwini Chandrashekar [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]]
| cinematography = Muthukumaran
| editing = Samuel
| music = [[Ganesh Raghavendra]]
| studio = JSB Film Studios
| released = {{Film date|2018|02|23|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Merlin''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror film]] written and directed by [[Keera (director)|Keera]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title=Merlin is not a run-of-the-mill ghost story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070916/merlin-is-not-a-run-of-the-mill-ghost-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813120734/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070916/merlin-is-not-a-run-of-the-mill-ghost-story.html |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film features [[Vishnupriyan]] and Ashwini Chandrashekar in the lead roles, while [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva|Jeeva]], [[Singampuli]] and [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] play other pivotal roles. Featuring music by [[Ganesh Raghavendra]], the venture began production in early 2016 and was released on 23 February 2018.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnupriyan]] as Vetri
*Ashwini Chandrasekhar as Merlin
* [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]]
* [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]]
* [[Singampuli]]
* [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]]
* [[Manobala]]
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]]
* [[Thangar Bachan]]
* [[Attakathi Dinesh|Dinesh]] as himself (guest appearance)
}}
; Special appearances in the song "Ain't No Sunshine" in order of appearance
{{cast listing|
*[[Chaams]]
*[[Guru Somasundaram]]
*[[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
*[[Shakthi Vasudevan]]
*[[Priyamani]]
*[[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]]
*[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]
*[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
*[[Aadukalam Naren]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music was composed by [[Ganesh Raghavendra]]. The soundtrack was released on 28 June 2017 through [[TrendMusic]]. A version of the English song "[[Ain't No Sunshine]]" by [[Bill Withers]] from his 1971 album ''[[Just as I Am (Bill Withers album)|Just As I Am]]'' was included in the soundtrack of ''Merlin'', with [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] rendering the version. The song was used as a promotional track for the film, with actors such as [[Chaams]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[Aadhi (actor)|Aadhi]], [[Vemal]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Shakthi Vasudevan|Shakthi Vasu]], [[Priyamani]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] appearing in the making video.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDBiEImOocI |title=Merlin – Ain't No Sunshine {{!}} Promo Song {{!}} Vishnu Priyan, Aswini {{!}} Keera {{!}} Trend Music |date=2017-02-16 |last=TrendMusic |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911005934/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDBiEImOocI |archive-date=11 September 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:05
| title1 = Onna Jaal
| extra1 = Guru
| lyrics1 = Keera
| length1 = 2:38
| title2 = Vandhanam Vandhanam
| extra2 = Marana Gana Viji
| lyrics2 = Ku. Karthick
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Aagaya Nilave
| extra3 = [[Saindhavi]]
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length3 = 4:14
| title4 = Neerum Neruppum
| extra4 = [[Ganesh Raghavendra]], Priyanka
| lyrics4 = Saavee
| length4 = 4:12
| title5 = Ain't No Sunshine
| extra5 = [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]]
| lyrics5 = [[Bill Withers]], Keera
| length5 = 3:23
}}

== Critical reception ==
Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' felt that film lacked realism and the editing is completely abrupt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=2018-02-23 |title=Merlin Review: Less horror and more fancy dress competition |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/Feb/23/merlin-review-a-fancy-dress-clad-ghost-4667.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528132252/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/feb/23/merlin-review-a-fancy-dress-clad-ghost-4667.html |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' reviewed the film more positively, praising the cinematography and music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-25 |title=மெர்லின் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/2018/02/25031649/Merlin-in-movie-cinema-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518021439/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/2018/02/25031649/Merlin-in-movie-cinema-review.vpf |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Praveena Charumathi Sampathkumar filed a case and sought to stop the film from being screened as she felt that film contains dialogue which degrades women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indira Banerjee: Ghosts possess sex-starved women? PIL wants film to be taken off screens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ghosts-possess-sex-starved-women-pil-wants-film-to-be-taken-off-screens/articleshow/63239189.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313134447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ghosts-possess-sex-starved-women-pil-wants-film-to-be-taken-off-screens/articleshow/63239189.cms |archive-date=13 March 2018 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=PIL filed against Tamil film 'Merlin' for dialogue denigrating women |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pil-filed-against-tamil-film-merlin-dialogue-denigrating-women-77801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211103143/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pil-filed-against-tamil-film-merlin-dialogue-denigrating-women-77801 |archive-date=11 February 2019 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 horror films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Keera (director)]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Imphal

2026-03-02T17:28:07Z

IrisClow72785038: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Capital city of the Indian state Manipur}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Imphal
| settlement_type = Capital city
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 230
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image6 =
| image7 =
| image8 = Imphal - St Josphes cathedral.JPG
| image9 =
| image3 = Uttra sanglen.jpg
| image4 = Kangla Fort Complex, Imphal (216).jpeg
| image5 =Langol Hills, Imphal, Manipur, India.jpg
| image1 = Imphal At Dusk.jpg
| image2 = Temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' Imphal city view, [[Nongshaba]], Langol Hills, [[Shree Govindajee Temple]], [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Imphal]], Kangla Fort Complex, Sanamahi Temple
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur #India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Imphal in Manipur
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8074|N|93.9384|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]], [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = Imphal Municipal Corporation
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Vacant
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_metro_km2 = 94
| area_rank = 1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 786
| population_total = 390000
| population_metro = 617584
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 4150
| population_rank = 1
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795001
| area_code = 3852
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MN-01
| website = {{URL|http://imc.mn.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = {{Unbulleted list|style=white-space:nowrap;
| [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] (Meitei)
| [[English language|English]]
}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Imphal''' ({{IPA|mni|im.pʰal|lang}};<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Imphal |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9C&searchhws=yes |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728135428/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9C&searchhws=yes |url-status=live }}</ref> {{IPAc-en|lang|UK|'|I|m|.|f|ɑː|l}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Imphal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516231351/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Imphal |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2021 |title=Imphal |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|'|ɪ|m|p|ˌ|h|ʌ|l}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of IMPHAL |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Imphal |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> is the [[capital city]] of the Indian state of [[Manipur]]. The metropolitan centre of the city contains the ruins of [[Kangla Palace]] (officially known as [[Kangla Fort]]), the royal seat of the former [[Kingdom of Manipur]], surrounded by a [[moat]]. Spread over parts of the districts of [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]] and [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]], the former contains the majority of the city's area and population.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=20 December 2016|title=Simply put: Seven new districts that set Manipur ablaze|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-violence-new-districts-okram-ibobi-united-naga-council-4436039/|access-date=15 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015191306/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-violence-new-districts-okram-ibobi-united-naga-council-4436039/|url-status=live}}</ref> Imphal is part of the [[Smart Cities Mission]] under the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imphal Smart City Limited|url=http://imphalsmartcitylimited.com/|access-date=16 October 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301160831/http://imphalsmartcitylimited.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Being a mega commercial hub, Imphal is known for its weaving, brass-ware, bronze-ware, and other cottage industries. [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]) is the most widely spoken language in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=Imphal {{!}} Manipur, Battle of Imphal, WWII {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Imphal |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

''[[INS Imphal]]'', the third ship of the [[Visakhapatnam-class destroyer|''Visakhapatnam''-class]] [[Stealth ship|stealth]] [[guided missile destroyer]] of the [[Indian Navy]], was named in recognition of the Indian soldiers who fought in [[Battle of Imphal]] during [[World War II]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/navy-s-gesture-to-the-battle-of-imphal-elates-northeast-729926.html |title=Navy's gesture to the Battle of Imphal elates Northeast |date=21 April 2019 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> and is the first [[List of ships of the Indian Navy|Indian Navy Ship]] (INS) named after a city in [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=In a First, Indian Navy Names Warship After Northeast City |url=https://thewire.in/government/indian-navy-warship-ins-imphal |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Imphal is derived from two words: ''"Yum"'' meaning house and ''"Phal"'' meaning "plenty" or "beautiful".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imphal is derived from 2 words |url=https://imphaleast.nic.in/history/}}</ref> In old Manipuri language, ''"yum"'' is also spelt as ''"im".'' Even today, Imphal is occasionally pronounced as ''"yum-phal."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Imphal East District {{!}} IMPHAL EAST DISTRICT, GOVERNMENT OF MANIPUR {{!}} India |url=https://imphaleast.nic.in/history/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Soldiers of the two wings of the 14th Army link-up at Milestone 109 during the Battle of Imphal-Kohima.jpg|thumb|left|Soldiers of the two wings of the 14th Army link-up at Milestone 109 during the Battle of Imphal-Kohima]]
{{see also|History of Manipur}}
Previously ruled by the kings of the [[Kha-Nganpa|Khaba]] clan, the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] started to rule the kingdom after the ascension of King [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]]. The Ningthouja clan quickly expanded and dominated the region in politics and war. [[Kangla Palace]] was built by King Khagemba and his son Khunjaoba. The palace was later destroyed by the British during the [[Anglo-Manipur War]]. During the reign of Maharaja Bhagyachandra, there were a number of [[Myanmar|Burmese]] invasions. However, the kingdom survived with the help of Maharaj [[Gambhir Singh]].

Imphal remained peaceful until 1891, when there were internal differences in the royal family. The British sent J.W. Quinton to help but the situation only grew worse and Senapati [[Tikendrajit Singh|Tikendrajit]] was hanged. The autocratic British behaviour made people angry. This resulted in the 1891 [[Anglo-Manipur War]], which the British won.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iloveindia.com/travel/imphal/history-of-imphal.html|title=History of Imphal - Imphal History|website=iloveindia.com|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111052/https://www.iloveindia.com/travel/imphal/history-of-imphal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Battle of Imphal]] took place between March and July 1944, during [[World War II]]. The Japanese had invaded Imphal to destroy Allied forces and then invade India, but they were defeated and forced to retreat. The attack made the British realise the militarily strategic position of Imphal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imphal and Kohima |url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles/imphal-kohima |work=Britain's Greatest Battles |publisher=[[National Army Museum]] |access-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207003427/http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles/imphal-kohima|archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>
{{clear right}}
== Geography and climate ==
{{climate chart
|Imphal
|4.3 |21.7|11.7
|7.2 |23.4|30.8
|11.6|26.9|91.6
|15.7|28.4|132.7
|18.4|28.9|158.6
|21.2|29.4|224.9
|21.5|29.0|222.8
|21.3|29.2|194.8
|20.1|29.0|147.3
|16.6|28.4|111.5
|11.0|25.4|46.0
|5.3 |22.4|15.1

|source= ''IMD''<ref name="IMD">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/imphal2.htm
| title = Imphal, India
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 16 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122728/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/imphal2.htm
| archive-date = 15 December 2018 | url-status = dead
}}</ref>

|float=right
|clear=right
}}

Imphal lies on the [[Imphal Valley]] surrounded by nine ranges of hills at {{Coord|24.8074|N|93.9384|E}} in extreme eastern India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/17/Imphal.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Imphal, India|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405133341/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/17/Imphal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with an average elevation of {{convert|786|m|abbr=out}}.

It has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system|Köppen]]: ''Cwa'')<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/47589/ |title=Climate: Imphal - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=31 October 2013 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210031729/https://en.climate-data.org/location/47589/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with cool, dry winters and a slightly hot [[monsoon]] season. Imphal enjoys a moderate climate tempered by its moderately high altitude and the surrounding hills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imphal climate: weather by month, temperature, precipitation, when to go |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/india/imphal |access-date=14 November 2022 |website=www.climatestotravel.com |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114172727/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/india/imphal |url-status=live }}</ref> Maximum temperatures in the hottest months average about {{convert|29|°C}}; January is the coldest month, with average lows near {{convert|4|°C}}, often drops to around 1 °C in the coldest nights and in some clear nights drops below freezing point. Frost is observable in the winter mornings few days of the year. The city receives about {{convert|1381|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain, with June and July being the wettest months. Imphal observes 42.2 days with [[thunder]] and 46.1 days with [[fog]], annually. Thunder is common in the pre monsoon and rainy season, whereas fog mostly occurs in the dry winter mornings which clears out in the noon.<ref name=NCEI>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/IMPHAL_42623.xlsx |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Imphal-42623 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration]] |access-date=22 March 2024|no-pp=y |type=Excel |format=XLSX }}</ref>

The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|36.1|C}}, on 29 April 1999, and the lowest temperature was {{convert|-2.7|C}} on 10 January 1970.<ref name=NCEI/><ref name="IMD"/><ref name=IMD2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|title=Ever Recorded Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall upto 2010
|publisher=India Meteorological Department
|access-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|archive-date=16 March 2014}}
</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Imphal (1991–2020, extremes 1953–present)
| collapsed =
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 29.1
| Feb record high C = 32.0
| Mar record high C = 35.0
| Apr record high C = 36.1
| May record high C = 35.6
| Jun record high C = 35.9
| Jul record high C = 35.7
| Aug record high C = 35.2
| Sep record high C = 34.6
| Oct record high C = 34.2
| Nov record high C = 31.4
| Dec record high C = 28.9
|year record high C = 36.1
| Jan avg record high C = 25.7
| Feb avg record high C = 28.4
| Mar avg record high C = 31.9
| Apr avg record high C = 33.0
| May avg record high C = 33.4
| Jun avg record high C = 33.0
| Jul avg record high C = 32.7
| Aug avg record high C = 33.0
| Sep avg record high C = 32.9
| Oct avg record high C = 32.2
| Nov avg record high C = 29.5
| Dec avg record high C = 25.9
| year avg record high C = 34.2
| Jan high C = 22.9
| Feb high C = 25.0
| Mar high C = 27.9
| Apr high C = 29.0
| May high C = 29.3
| Jun high C = 29.9
| Jul high C = 29.7
| Aug high C = 30.0
| Sep high C = 30.0
| Oct high C = 29.1
| Nov high C = 26.4
| Dec high C = 23.2
|year high C = 27.7
| Jan low C = 5.2
| Feb low C = 8.2
| Mar low C = 12.6
| Apr low C = 16.2
| May low C = 19.2
| Jun low C = 21.8
| Jul low C = 22.5
| Aug low C = 22.2
| Sep low C = 21.2
| Oct low C = 17.9
| Nov low C = 11.5
| Dec low C = 6.7
|year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = 1.6
| Feb avg record low C = 3.8
| Mar avg record low C = 7.6
| Apr avg record low C = 12.1
| May avg record low C = 15.4
| Jun avg record low C = 19.3
| Jul avg record low C = 20.9
| Aug avg record low C = 20.6
| Sep avg record low C = 18.8
| Oct avg record low C = 13.3
| Nov avg record low C = 6.4
| Dec avg record low C = 2.8
| year avg record low C = 1.7
| Jan record low C = -2.7
| Feb record low C = -1.4
| Mar record low C = 2.4
| Apr record low C = 6.2
| May record low C = 11.1
| Jun record low C = 14.7
| Jul record low C = 14.7
| Aug record low C = 14.6
| Sep record low C = 14.3
| Oct record low C = 7.8
| Nov record low C = 1.5
| Dec record low C = -1.7
|year record low C = -2.7
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 10.5
| Feb rain mm = 21.6
| Mar rain mm = 70.8
| Apr rain mm = 124.1
| May rain mm = 191.6
| Jun rain mm = 218.1
| Jul rain mm = 229.9
| Aug rain mm = 194.8
| Sep rain mm = 163.3
| Oct rain mm = 112.5
| Nov rain mm = 26.2
| Dec rain mm = 17.7
| year rain mm = 1381.0
| unit rain days = 2.5 mm
| Jan rain days = 1.0
| Feb rain days = 2.7
| Mar rain days = 5.0
| Apr rain days = 9.2
| May rain days = 12.4
| Jun rain days = 14.7
| Jul rain days = 16.1
| Aug rain days = 13.0
| Sep rain days = 9.7
| Oct rain days = 7.2
| Nov rain days = 1.8
| Dec rain days = 0.9
| year rain days = 93.8
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 54
| Mar humidity = 52
| Apr humidity = 62
| May humidity = 70
| Jun humidity = 77
| Jul humidity = 80
| Aug humidity = 80
| Sep humidity = 80
| Oct humidity = 79
| Nov humidity = 74
| Dec humidity = 71
|year humidity =
|source= [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="IMD"/>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Pie chart
| thumb =
| radius = 75
| caption= Religion in Imphal
| footer =
| label1 = [[Hinduism in Manipur|Hinduism]]
| value1 = 69.66
| color1 = orange
| label2 = [[Sanamahism]]
| value2 = 14.41
| color2 = chartreuse
| label3 = [[Christianity in Manipur|Christianity]]
| value3 = 10.33
| color3 = lightblue
| label4 = [[Pangal people|Islam]]
| value4 = 3.59
| color4 = green
| label5 = [[Buddhism]]
| value5 = 0.54
| color5 = yellow
| label6 = [[Jainism]]
| value6 = 0.45
| color6 = brown
| other =
| other-color =
}}
At the time of the 2011 census, Imphal Municipal Council had a population of 277,196, of which 135,059 were males and 142,137 females. Imphal had a sex ratio of 1052 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 90.8%: 95.1% for males and 86.77% for females. 29,216 (10.54%) were under 6 years of age, 14,997 being males and 14,219 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 1,274 (0.46%) and 29,778 (10.74%) of the population respectively.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Imphal West |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/850/download/36268/DH_2011_1406_PART_A_DCHB_IMPHAL_WEST.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209085722/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/850/download/36268/DH_2011_1406_PART_A_DCHB_IMPHAL_WEST.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Imphal East |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/848/download/36260/DH_2011_1407_PART_A_DCHB_IMPHAL_EAST.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209082718/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/848/download/36260/DH_2011_1407_PART_A_DCHB_IMPHAL_EAST.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hinduism is the majority religion in Imphal. Sanamahi followers are the second-largest group, and Imphal in particular contains a famous [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla|Pakhangba temple]] in [[Kangla fort|Kangla Fort]]. Christianity is the third-largest religion, practised mainly by the hill tribes in Imphal. Islam is a minority religion practised by the [[Meitei Pangals|Pangals]], while Buddhism is practised by the Gorkhas and Jainism by migrants from the mainland.

At the time of the 2011 census, 82.80% of the population spoke [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], 3.65% [[Rongmei language|Kabui]], 2.20% [[Hindi]], 1.39% [[Thadou language|Thadou]], 1.31% [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]], 1.18% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 1.11% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.10% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and 1.00% [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Manipur (Urban) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10240/download/13352/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209082752/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10240/download/13352/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
[[File:Imphal view.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Imphal city nightview]]
Imphal is the state capital as well as the headquarters of the Imphal district. The civic administration of the city is under Imphal Municipal Corporation.

=== Civic administration ===
{{See also|Imphal Municipal Corporation}}
According to Census 2011, Imphal constitutes 42.13% of the total urban population in Manipur. Hence, the history of urban local governance is longer in Imphal than in other parts of the state. The British established the Town Fund Board in Imphal in 1915, which was headed by the then [[Agencies of British India|Political Agent]] Lt. Col. H.W.G. Cole and other nominated members.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lairenlakpam|first=Bino Devi|date=22 April 2015|title=Development and working of the Imphal Municipal Board from 1956 to 1980|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/39465|access-date=9 September 2020|website=Shodhganga|hdl=10603/39465|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328225021/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/39465|url-status=live}}</ref> The Town Fund Board continued after Independence and merger with India in 1949 and it was not headed by the Chief Secretary of Manipur Administration. In 1956, the Assam Municipal Act, 1923 was extended to Manipur and the Imphal Municipal Board was formed with 12 elected members. The strength of the elected members of this Board was increased to 24 in 1961 and to 28 in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapter VIII, City Utility Services|url=http://14.139.13.47:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/67587/16/16_chapter%208.pdf|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Shodhganga}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Initially, the Municipal Board was established only to administer the areas in Imphal under the British Reserve, covering {{cvt|3.10|km2}} and 2,862 inhabitants. This was extended to {{cvt|17.48|km2}} in 1960, {{cvt|18.25|km2}} in 1970, and {{cvt|76.58|km2}} in 1972.<ref name=":0" />

In 1992, the Municipal Board was upgraded to a Municipal Council under the Manipur Municipality Act, 1994.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=State Annual Action Plan (SAAP) for Imphal, Manipur, FY 2015-16|url=http://amrut.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/8%20SAAPMANIPUR.pdf|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016092720/http://amrut.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/8%20SAAPMANIPUR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, the council was upgraded to the status of Municipal Corporation. There are 27 wards under the Municipal Corporation, each with its own elected councillor. There are eight committees and five sections at the corporation to govern the administration of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organisational Structure|url=http://imc.mn.gov.in/Organisational%20Structure.pdf|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Imphal Municipal Corporation|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215091344/http://imc.mn.gov.in/Organisational%20Structure.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are Ward Development Committees in each ward to look after developmental activities at the ward level. The local ward councillor is the chairperson of the committee, which includes two elected and two nominated members as well.<ref name=":1" /> The last election to the corporation was in 2016, with INC winning 12 seats, BJP winning 10 seats, and independent candidates winning 5 seats.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Indo-Asian News Service|date=7 June 2016|title=Congress wins 12 seats in 27-member Manipur local body|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/congress-wins-12-seats-in-27-member-manipur-local-body-116060701192_1.html|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315182200/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/congress-wins-12-seats-in-27-member-manipur-local-body-116060701192_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Manipur Municipality Act, 1994, the mayor is indirectly elected by the elected councillors from among themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur Municipalities Act, 1994|url=http://imc.mn.gov.in/MMAct009converted.pdf|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Imphal Municipal Corporation|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719212649/http://imc.mn.gov.in/MMAct009converted.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first mayor of the corporation was Soram Sunil and was elected in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=18 June 2016|title=Soram Sunil sworn in as first mayor of Imphal {{!}} Imphal News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/Soram-Sunil-sworn-in-as-first-mayor-of-Imphal/articleshow/52804065.cms|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922050155/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/Soram-Sunil-sworn-in-as-first-mayor-of-Imphal/articleshow/52804065.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IMC Mayor : 10th jun17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp3..100617.jun17|access-date=15 September 2020|website=e-pao.net|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328225009/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp3..100617.jun17|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Representation in parliament ====
Manipur is divided into two constituencies for the purpose of Lok Sabha - [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur Parliamentary Constituency]] and [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur Parliamentary Constituency]]. Imphal city is part of the Inner Manipur Parliamentary Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituencies {{!}} Imphal West District, Government of Manipur {{!}} India|url=https://imphalwest.nic.in/parliamentary-constituencies/|access-date=15 October 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020063927/https://imphalwest.nic.in/parliamentary-constituencies/|url-status=live}}</ref> The last elections took place during the [[2024 Indian general election]]s. [[Bimol Akoijam|Angomcha Bimol Akoijam]] from the [[Indian National Congress]] won the election with 374,017 votes.

== Civic amenities ==
[[File:City convention center.jpg|thumb|alt=Rectangular pink building with glass front|City Convention Centre]]
Manipur State Power Distribution Company Limited is responsible for electricity supply in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home |url=https://www.mspdcl.com/irj/go/km/docs/internet/MANIPUR/webpage/pages/Home.html|access-date=15 October 2020 |website=Manipur State Power Distribution Company Limited |archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018235908/https://www.mspdcl.com/irj/go/km/docs/internet/MANIPUR/webpage/pages/Home.html}}</ref> Public Health and Engineering Department of the [[Government of Manipur|Manipur Government]] looks after both water supply, and sewage and drainage in Imphal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.phedmanipur.gov.in/|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Public Health and Engineering Department|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029091256/https://www.phedmanipur.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> Roads in the city are developed and maintained by the state Public Works Department.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home |url=http://pwdmanipur.nic.in/|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Public Works Department, Government of Manipur|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225140232/http://pwdmanipur.nic.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> Imphal Municipal Corporation is responsible for Solid Waste Management.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imc.mn.gov.in/eNewsletter2.pdf |title=Model Action Plan of Municipal solid waste management for the State of Manipur |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926120029/https://imc.mn.gov.in/eNewsletter2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The state Department of Fire Services provides fire safety services in the city with one fire station, which is also the department headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIRE STATION LIST « Official Website Manipur Fire Service |url=http://www.manipurfireservice.gov.in/fire-station-list/|website=manipurfireservice.gov.in|access-date=15 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419183821/http://www.manipurfireservice.gov.in/fire-station-list/}}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
{{Main|Tourist attractions in Manipur}}Imphal offers sites of religious and historical importance within and around the city. [[Kangla Palace]] (also known as Kangla Fort) is on the banks of the [[Imphal River]]. ''Kangla'' means "dry land" in the [[Meitei language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Kangla Gate of Manipur being built at IGRMS |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/kangla-gate-of-manipur-being-built-at-igrms.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> It was the palace of King [[Pakhangba]], and has religious significance with multiple temples present within the complex.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's who 1891 of Manipur state archives |url=http://archivesmanipur.nic.in/whoswho.htm|access-date=19 October 2020|website=archivesmanipur.nic.in|url-status=live|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119094649/http://archivesmanipur.nic.in/whoswho.htm}}</ref> It is also significant in Manipur's history with the British.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's who 1891 of Manipur state archives |url=http://archivesmanipur.nic.in/whoswho.htm|access-date=19 October 2020|website=archivesmanipur.nic.in|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119094649/http://archivesmanipur.nic.in/whoswho.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bihu Loukon]] is an ancient star-shaped fort made of mud situated in Maklang, [[Imphal West District]]. It was discovered in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=Imphal Free|title=Ancient star shaped mud fort discovered at Maklang, Manipur – KanglaOnline|date=3 March 2013 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2013/03/ancient-star-shaped-mud-fort-discovered-at-maklang/|access-date=19 October 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925055356/http://kanglaonline.com/2013/03/ancient-star-shaped-mud-fort-discovered-at-maklang/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple]] is religious site important to both the local religion, [[Sanamahism]], and to Hinduism. The temple is noted for its annual Durga Puja festival.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jitendra |title=Thousands of devotees throng Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple on the day of Bor on second day of Durga Puja Festival - Impact TV - The Official Website|url=https://impacttv.in/breaking-news/item/821-thousands-of-devotees-throng-hiyangthang-lairembi-temple-on-the-day-of-bor-on-second-day-of-durga-puja-festival|access-date=19 October 2020|website=impacttv.in|language=en-gb|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024033749/https://impacttv.in/breaking-news/item/821-thousands-of-devotees-throng-hiyangthang-lairembi-temple-on-the-day-of-bor-on-second-day-of-durga-puja-festival|url-status=live}}</ref>

India Peace Memorial at the Red Hills is located {{cvt|12|km}} south of Imphal. The place was the scene of action and the theatre of the battle that took place between the British Army and the Japanese Forces<ref>{{Cite web|author=William|title=May 10, 1942: first bomb hit Imphal in World War 2|date=10 May 2017 |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/8456-may-10-1942-first-bomb-hit-imphal-in-world-war-2|access-date=6 January 2021|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517015011/http://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/8456-may-10-1942-first-bomb-hit-imphal-in-world-war-2|url-status=live}}</ref> fighting alongside the [[Indian National Army]] in [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Milaap|date=27 August 2019|title=Footprints of the Past: A Visit To India Peace Memorial |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/blog/india-peace-memorial-imphal-manipur/|access-date=19 October 2020|publisher=SheThePeople TV |language=en-US|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023170139/https://www.shethepeople.tv/blog/india-peace-memorial-imphal-manipur/|url-status=live}}</ref> Red Hill has now become a tourist attraction since the Japanese war veterans constructed a monument at the foot of this hill.<ref>{{Cite web|last=bureau|first=Odisha Diary|date=26 January 2018|title=The India Peace Memorial at Lokpaching, Imphal|url=https://orissadiary.com/india-peace-memorial-lokpaching-imphal/|access-date=19 October 2020|website=Odisha Diary|language=en-US|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020121641/https://orissadiary.com/india-peace-memorial-lokpaching-imphal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Imphal War Cemetery]] remembers Indian and British soldiers who fought and died in 1944 during World War II and is managed by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cemetery Details {{!}} CWGC |url=https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/2064600/imphal-war-cemetery/|access-date=19 October 2020|website=www.cwgc.org |url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021132518/https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/2064600/imphal-war-cemetery/}}</ref>

Imphal is also home to the largest all women run market in Asia, called the [[Ima Market|Ima Keithel]] (Mothers' Market).<ref>{{Cite web|title=3-storey market building coming up at Pureiromba Keithel in Imphal|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/3-storey-market-building-coming-up-at-pureiromba-keithel-in-imphal.html|access-date=19 October 2020|website=NORTHEAST NOW|date=30 December 2019 |language=en-US|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020112911/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/3-storey-market-building-coming-up-at-pureiromba-keithel-in-imphal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was established in the 16th century and hosts around 5,000–6,000 women [[vendor]]s who sell a variety of products.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Ima Keithel/ Ima Market/ Khwairamband Bazar|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/imphal/ima-keithel--ima-market--khwairamband-bazar.html|access-date=19 October 2020|website=www.incredibleindia.org|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802205300/https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/imphal/ima-keithel--ima-market--khwairamband-bazar.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarty|first=Ipsita|title=The earthquake has damaged a nerve centre of life in Manipur: the Ima Keithel or Mother's Market|url=http://scroll.in/article/801410/the-earthquake-has-damaged-a-nerve-centre-of-life-in-manipur-the-ima-keithel-or-mothers-market|access-date=19 October 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=6 January 2016 |language=en-US|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023005813/https://scroll.in/article/801410/the-earthquake-has-damaged-a-nerve-centre-of-life-in-manipur-the-ima-keithel-or-mothers-market|url-status=live}}</ref>

[https://manipurtourism.gov.in/imphal-city-surrounding-areas/ Nupi Lal Memorial Complex] is a tribute to the courageous Manipuri women, who sacrificed their lives fighting for justice against the British on 12 December 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nupi Lal Memorial Complex - tribute to the courageous Manipuri women, who sacrificed their lives fighting for justice against the British on 12 December 1939 |url=https://imphalwest.nic.in/tourist-place/nupi-lal-memorial-complex/}}</ref> The Nupi Lal is considered to be one of the most important events in Manipuri history, and it is a symbol of the strength and courage of Manipuri women.

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180">
File:Uttra sanglen.jpg|A pair of [[Kangla Sha]] dragons at [[Kangla Fort]]
File:Kangla Fort Complex, Imphal (135).jpeg|Bamboo huts in [[Kangla Fort]] complex
File:Kangla Fort Complex, Imphal (18).jpeg|Ruins of Kangla Fort
File:Kangla Fort Complex, Imphal (216).jpeg|Kangla Museum houses
File:Kangla 3.jpg|Kangla Fort Complex
File:Bihu_Loukon_-_Starfort.jpg|[[Bihu Loukon]] aerial view
File:Imphal War cemetery.jpg|alt=Cemetery with trees and monuments at ground level|Imphal War Cemetery
File:Imphal, Manipur (84).jpeg|alt=Market, seen from above, with colourful textiles|Women's Market (''Ima Keithel'')
</gallery>

==Transport==
===Air===
[[File:Imphal airport.jpg|thumb|alt=Green buildings with pyramid-shaped roofs| Bir Tikendrajit International Airport]]
[[Tulihal International Airport]] is {{convert|8|km}} south of the city and has direct flights to major Indian cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/imphal_gen.jsp|title=Imphal|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009062805/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/imphal_gen.jsp|archive-date=9 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Road===
[[File:Imphal, Manipur (55).jpeg|alt=Dark highway, with oncoming headlights|thumb|National Highway 150 in Imphal]]
Imphal is connected by the [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] to major cities like [[Guwahati]], [[Kohima]], [[Agartala]], [[Shillong]], [[Dimapur]], [[Aizawl]], and [[Silchar]].

==={{anchor|Railways}}Railway===
In October 2012, India's [[Cabinet of India|Cabinet]] Committee on Infrastructure approved an extension of the [[Jiribam]]–Silchar railway to Imphal. The extension was expected to reach the city by 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/govt-approves-rail-link-to-imphal/1022103|title=Govt approves rail link to Imphal|date=26 October 2012|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515015530/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/govt-approves-rail-link-to-imphal/1022103/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NFR – Jiribam-Imphal Rail Line – Manipur|url=https://www.construction-ic.com/HomePage/Projects?ReturnUrl=%2FProjects%2FOverview%2F151721|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235238/https://www.construction-ic.com/HomePage/Projects?ReturnUrl=%2FProjects%2FOverview%2F151721|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2018|publisher=Construction Intelligence Centre|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> The total length of the railway line is 110.62 km. The revised estimated cost of construction for the railway line sits at Rs 9658 crore, with Rs 4927.54 crore being spent as of 2019.

==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Manipur}}
[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]] is a multi-purpose stadium in Imphal. It is used mostly for [[association football|football]] and athletics. The stadium holds 30,000 people and was built in 1999. This stadium lies inside the Khuman Lampak Sports Complex. Imphal based professional football clubs [[NEROCA FC]] and [[TRAU FC]] of [[I-League]] play their home matches at this stadium.

[[Polo]] has its origins in [[Manipur]], India, where a traditional version called [[Sagol Kangjei]] was played centuries ago. British colonial officers in the 19th century adapted and popularised the game, leading to the modern version of polo that is played worldwide today.

==Education==
===Universities===
[[File:Manipur University main gate.jpg|thumb|alt=Yellow-and-green buildings forming a narrow archway|Manipur University main gate]]
* [[Manipur University|Manipur Central University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.manipuruniv.ac.in/|title=Manipur University|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601080759/http://en.manipuruniv.ac.in/|archive-date=1 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Manipur Technical University]]
* [[Central Agricultural University]]
* [[National Sports University, Manipur|National Sports University]]
* [[Manipur University of Culture]]

==={{anchor|Technical Colleges}}Technical colleges===
*[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Manipur]]
* [[Manipur Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Manipur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nitmanipur.ac.in/|title=Welcome To NIT Manipur|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-date=8 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208102810/http://www.nitmanipur.ac.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Manipur Technical University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mtu.ac.in/|title=MTU|website=mtu.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=25 February 2017|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116154908/http://mtu.ac.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Medical colleges===
* [[Regional Institute of Medical Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rims.edu.in/|title=Regional Institute of Medical Sciences|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=7 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207233155/http://rims.edu.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences|Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Science]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnims.edu.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122013632/http://jnims.edu.in/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2010|title=JNIMS|access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref>
* [[Shija Academy of Health Sciences]]

===Schools===
There are many schools in Imphal affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] Board, as well as state government schools.
*Human Resource Development Academy(HRD), Ghari
*Areca School, Ragailong
*Catholic School, Canchipur
*Comet School, Changangei
*Dav Public School, Chingmeirong
*[[Don Bosco High School (Imphal)|Don Bosco School Imphal, Chingmeirong]]
*Guru Nanak Public School
*Herbert School
*[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Khumbong]] (Imphal west), Imphal east, Bishnupur, CCpur, Ukhrul, Thoubal, Tamenglong and Senapati
*Johnstone Higher Secondary Public School
*Kids' Foundation School, Ghari
*Maria International Montessori School, Koirengei
*Meci Explorer Academy Changangei
*Kendriya Vidyalaya No 1 Imphal, Lamphelpat
*Kendriya Vidyalaya No 2 Imphal, Langjing
*Nirmalabas High School, Imphal
*Little Flower School
*Lodestar Public School
*Manipur Public School
*Sainik International School & College Imphal
*Savio English Higher Secondary Public School, Thangmeiband
*St. Anthony's English School & College Imphal
*St. John English High School, Nambol, Bishnupur District
*St. Joseph School
*St. Paul's English School
*Sanfort International School & College Imphal
*Sangai Higher Secondary Public School

==Healthcare==
Imphal has many private and government hospitals that are open 24 hours.
*[[Regional Institute of Medical Sciences]]
*Shija Hospitals & Research Institutes
*City Hospital
*Imphal Hospital
*Raj Medicity
*Sky Hospital and Research Institute
*Mother's Care Hospital and Research Centre
*Apex Hospital
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences]]
*Horizon Hospital and Research Institute
*Advanced Hospital
*Catholic Medical Centre
*Maipakpi Maternity and Child Hospital
*Iboyaima Hospital
*Asian Hospital
*Lamjingba Hospital
*Babina multi-speciality
*Babina oncology
*Rajamoni hospital
*Saina multi-speciality(SIMS)
*Rajmedicity multi-speciality(Underconstruction)

==Notable people==
{{Further|Category:People from Imphal}}

==See also==
* [[Churachandpur]]
* [[Dzüko Valley]]
* [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]]
* [[Loktak Lake]]
* [[Moirang]], [[Manipur]].
* [[Moreh, India|Moreh]]
* [[Ukhrul]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Imphal}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Imphal}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230217/http://imphalwest.nic.in/iwfront.html Imphal West] (archived 27 September 2011)
* [http://imphaleast.nic.in/ Imphal East]

{{North East India}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Manipur}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Imphal| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Manipur]]

Tallamraju Prabhakar

2026-02-24T08:36:32Z

IrisClow72785038: Made New Entry

{{BLP sources|date=January 2017}}
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| signature_size =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tallamraju Prabhakar''' or '''T. Prabhakar''' (born 20 July 1947) is a retired Deputy Director General of [[Indian Armed Forces]] Medical Services and a professor of [[Anaesthesia]]. He was first Vice-Chancellor of [[Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/t-prabhakar-first-became-chancellor-of-the-university-of-medical-sciences/articleshow/52977373.cms|title = आयुर्विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय के पहले कुलपति बने टी प्रभाकर}}</ref>

==Education and career==
In 1971, he obtained his MBBS from [[Andhra Medical College]] of the [[Andhra University]] and joined [[Indian Armed Forces]] medical services in 1972. He obtained a MD in [[Anaesthesia]] from [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)|AFMC]], [[Pune University]]. After that he did his super specialization(PDCC) in Neuro‐Anaesthesia from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi]].
In 2006, he retired as Deputy Director General of [[Indian Armed Forces]] Medical Services and served as Director of [[U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]] from 2006 to 2011. In 2011, he joined Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow as Principal, Dean, Chief Medical Superintendent & Professor of [[anaesthesia]]. He was also Professor of Anaesthesia in [[Pune University|Pune]], [[Delhi University|Delhi]] & [[Kanpur University|Kanpur Universities]]. In August 2014, he left Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow and again become Director of [[U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]]. In 2016 he became [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gaonconnection.com/postpage.php?ArticalID=4967 |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818001142/http://www.gaonconnection.com/postpage.php?ArticalID=4967 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He also had the privilege of treating and giving [[Anaesthesia]] to [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] when he was the [[President of India]].

==Honors==
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal|Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM)]] by the [[President of India]] in Year 2000 for his distinguished services for saving lives and limbs of [[Gaisal train disaster|Gaisal Train Accident]] victims.
*Rashtriya Saraswati Vidya Puraskar by the [[Governor of Kerala]].
*[[Yash Bharti Award]] by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in year 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/lucknow/yash-bharti-award-given-these-four-doctors-1248210/|title=हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर|date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.rimsnr.ac.in/StaticPages/Director.aspx

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakar, T.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Saifai]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian anaesthesiologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]

Neher water system

2026-02-24T07:49:08Z

IrisClow72785038: fixes

{{Short description|Water supply network in Aurangabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

'''Neher water system''' provided clean water for the people of [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and its [[Neighborhoods of Aurangabad City|suburbs]]. It was created by [[Malik Ambar]] who founded the town under the name Khadki and was later expanded by [[Aurangzeb]] to facilitate the military activity that became prevalent under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] during the 17th century.
[[File:Aurangabad city.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Kham river [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] 1860s]]

==History==
The first [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] in Aurangabad was designed in 1612 by [[Malik Ambar]] to address the shortage of water caused by the lack of reservoirs and natural water reserves in the area. Despite the surrounding landscape, which made it difficult to construct the aqueducts' supporting pillars, the construction went ahead.

The reason for the construction of the aqueduct was the discovery of a subterranean water supply in the mountainous valleys north of Aurangabad. The consequent construction of the [[waterway]] provided a stable water supply for a population of around seven [[lakhs]] (around seven hundred thousand people), with the city of Aurangabad receiving enough fresh water to prevent the shortages that had previously occurred. The aqueduct was named Khair-E-Jari. The construction of such aqueducts continued from 1612 until 1803 with two more aqueducts constructed by engineers such as Malik Ambar, Shah Mehmood of [[Panchakki]], and Shah Ali Nahri. <ref name="Medieval Water Management">[http://www.civilica.com/EnPaper-IHSID01-IHSID01_009.html Medieval Water Management of Aurangabad City]</ref>

Malik Ambar's design was not well received and it was described by [[Vizier|Vazir]] Mullah Mohammad as imaginary and preposterous. However, Malik Ambar managed to construct it within fifteen months, at half the estimated cost. <ref name= "Qureshi Dulari">{{cite book |last1= Qureshi |first1= Dulari |title=Tourism Potential in Aurangabad: With Ajanta Ellora and Daulatabad|date= 19 August 1999 |type= Hardcover |publisher= Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-86050-44-2 }}</ref>

==Mughal era water works==

The Aurangabad Gazetteer of 1884 states: "The supply of water is abundant. The Ganda or Kham river washes the western walls and the Bayan Khan nalla passes through the center of the town. Besides these streams, aqueducts convey water from the hills utilizing stone conduits, and the supply is distributed through innumerable pipes and fountains. In Aurangzeb's time, a large [[marsh]] or tank extended the whole length of the northern wall, but the dampness proved unhealthy and he ordered the portion immediately in front of his palace to be filled in and converted into fields. The remainder is known as the Khizri talao and is just beyond the [[Gates in Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Delhi gate]]. The Kanval or Loti talao was fed by a spring and was confined in the hollow between the palace of Aurangzeb and the [[Gates in Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Mecca gate]], but the band was purposely destroyed to save the town from being flooded."

The town of Aurangabad receives its [[water supply]] from springs or wells connected with small underground [[masonry]] pipes. The principal watercourses are fourteen in number, with the most important amongst them being the [[canal]] that drew its water from the river near Harsul.<ref name=" Aurangabad Gazette">
Gazetter of Aurangabad - H. H. The Nizam's Government 1884. (Chapter XI page 805 - 877)</ref>

==Nahr-e-Ambari water course==
The city of Aurangabad had several water sources that supplied the city. These were deemed necessary as the city had a large military population to support.

'''The courses that have been recorded are:'''

# A canal that branched at [[Gaumukh]]. One of these branches provided water to Shah Ganj and the surrounding area whilst the other branch passed the [[Gates in Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Barakul gate]] and provided water to the Naukonda palace, Juna [[bazaar]] and the suburbs of Chauk and Gul Mandi. One of the syphons has been damaged which is preventing water from flowing through it.
# The [[Panchakki]] waterpipe began at a well which was situated above a junction between the [[Harsul]] river and a tributary. It provided water to the Panchakki reservoir.
# The [[Begampura]] canal, the canal near the Mahomedan garden and the river in between the walls of Aurangabad and the Begampura suburb.
# The Palsi water pipe originated from a well near the village of Palsi. The water was carried through a 252-foot long dam to a cistern, where it was then directed to the Baijipura suburb and the Sadar Talukdar garden. At present, the pipe is blocked with silt, with the result being that only a small amount of water can flow through in the wet season.
# The Shah Ali Nahr commenced from a well near Devalgaon and supplies a cistern attached to the [[dargah|shrine]] of Shah Ali
# An open irrigation channel takes water from a dam near the [[Aurangabad cantonment]]
# A pipe from [[Suker]] supplied two areas with water.
# Latchman Doss Bairagi's pipe, to the north of Baijapura
# Lall Munkirar's pipe, which drew its water from a tank north of Baijipura
# Dul Badul's pipe, near the village of Garkala. There was also a pipe that led from the same village and supplied water to the cavalry lines.
# A small pipe which began at Chuasur gardens and also supplied the cavalry lines.
# Two pipes, one of which began in the village of Devlai whilst the other began in the Sattara hills. These two pipes united south of the cavalry lines. <ref name="Aurangabad Gazette" />

Of the watercourses listed above, four still supply water to the city of Aurangabad.

==Nizam era water works==
The construction of the first modern water supply system began in 1932 at the request of the [[Nizam]] and was completed in 1933, for Rs. 35,50,00. (350,000 rupees) A settling tank with a capacity of 4.64 lakh (464,000) gallons was installed near the Gaumukh service reservoir and the distributary system was expanded.

Due to the rapidly increasing population, another water supply system was constructed for Rs. 30,56,579 (a little over 300,000 rupees). The Harsul and Kham rivers were tapped, a reservoir constructed in the Osmanpura area, a filtration system was installed to purify the water and the distributary system was enlarged (although there was a proposal to overhaul the entire system rather than enlarge it). <ref name="Medieval Water Management"/>

==See also==
*[[Panchakki]]
*[[Neighborhoods of Aurangabad City]]
*[[Salim Ali Lake]]
*[[Himayat Bagh Aurangabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/gazFileShow.php?filePath=/data/gazetteer/2002/04/25/20020425102943_file35.htm&level=1&gazetteerSqlId=20020425102943&distId=19&gazId=20020422121541 Maharashtra Govt.Website]

{{Aurangabad district, Maharashtra topics}}
{{Godavari basin}}

[[Category:Economy of Aurangabad]]
[[Category: Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Islamic architecture]]
[[Category: Mughal architecture]]
[[Category: Water supply and sanitation in India]]

Jhudvadli

2026-02-23T19:01:36Z

IrisClow72785038: starting new entry first draft

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhudvadli
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.889838|N|70.992009|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gir Gadhada Taluka|Gir Gadhada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census_2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_ha = 649.97
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1801<ref name="census_2011"/>
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 896/905[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<ref name="census_2011"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 362560<ref name="wikivillage.in - Jhudvadli"/>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code =
| registration_plate = GJ
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code of Jhudvadli
| blank_info_sec1 = 515272<ref name="census_2011"/>
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gir Gadhada]], [[Una, Gujarat|Una]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| website = {{URL|girsomnathdp.gujarat.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jhudvadli''' is a village / [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]<ref name="Gujarat Land Revenue Code 1879"/> located in the [[Gir Gadhada Taluka]] of [[Gir Somnath district]] in [[Gujarat]], India. Earlier, until August 2013, Jhudvadli was part of [[Una, Gujarat|Una]] Taluka and [[Junagadh district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://girsomnath.gujarat.gov.in/about-gir-somnath |title=About Gir Somnath | About Us | Collectorate - District Gir Somnath |publisher=Girsomnath.gujarat.gov.in |date=2018-02-15 |access-date=2018-03-30 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165552/https://girsomnath.gujarat.gov.in/about-gir-somnath |url-status=dead }}</ref> The latitude 20.889838 and longitude 70.992009 are the geo-coordinate of the Village Jhudvadli. [[Gandhinagar]] is the state capital of Jhudvadli village which is located around 400 kilometres away from Jhudvadli.

According to Census 2011, with the 357 families, the population of this village is 1801. Out of this, 896 are males and 905 are females. Most residents are dependent on agriculture.<ref name="census_2011"/><ref name="wikivillage.in - Jhudvadli">{{cite news |url=https://www.wikivillage.in/village/gujarat/gir-somnath/una/Jhudvadli |title=wikivillage article of Jhudvadli |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Wikivillage.in |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182426/https://www.wikivillage.in/village/gujarat/gir-somnath/una/Jhudvadli |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Jhudvadli has 357 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 75.77% <ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2412_PART_B_DCHB_JUNAGADH.pdf |title=Page no. 250 to 255 - District Census Handbook - Junagadh |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Gujarat}}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1801 || 896 || 905
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 212 || 100 || 112
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 372 || 192 || 180
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || - || - || -
|-
| Literates || 1204 || 699 || 505
|-
| Illiterates || 597 || 197 || 400
|-
| Total Workers || 885 || 553 || 332
|-
| Main workers || 529 || 477 || 52
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 205 || 200 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 246 || 211 || 35
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || - || - || -
|-
| Main workers: Other || 78 || 66 || 12
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 356 || 76 || 280
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 48 || 3 || 45
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 292 || 66 || 226
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || - || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 15 || 7 || 8
|-
| Non-workers || 916 || 343 || 573
|}

==List of villages in Gir Gadhada Taluka==
Below is the Revenue records list of forty-three villages of [[Gir Gadhada Taluka]] including [[Gir Gadhada]] village.<ref name="Gujarat Land Revenue Code 1879">{{Cite news |title=Notification: Gujarat Land Revenue Code 1879: Schedule B Villages of Girgadhada Taluka |date=9 September 2013 |newspaper=The Gujarat Government Gazette |volume=54 |issue=Extra No. 282 |url=https://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/downloads/taluka_notification_IV_Ex_282.pdf |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125060207/https://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/downloads/taluka_notification_IV_Ex_282.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
#[[Ambavad]]
#[[Ankolali]]
#[[Babariya (Gir Gadhada)|Babariya]]
#[[Bediya]]
#[[Bhakha]]
#[[Bhiyal]]
#[[Bodidar]]
#[[Dhokadva]]
#[[Dhrabavad]]
#[[Dron (Gir Gadhada)|Dron]]
#[[Fareda]]
#[[Fatsar]]
#[[Fulka]]
#[[Gir Gadhada]]
#[[Harmadiya]]
#[[Itvaya]]
#[[Jamvala]]
#[[Jaragli]]
#[[Jhanjhariya]]
#Jhudvadli
#[[Juna Ugla]]
#[[Kanakiya]]
#[[Kaneri]]
#[[Kansariya]]
#[[Khilavad]]
#[[Kodiya (Gir Gadhada)|Kodiya]]
#[[Mahobatpara]]
#[[Motisar (Gir Gadhada)|Motisar]]
#[[Nagadiya]]
#[[Nava Ugla]]
#[[Nitli]]
#[[Panderi (Gir Gadhada)|Panderi]]
#[[Rasulpara]]
#[[Sanosri]]
#[[Sanvav]]
#[[Sonariya]]
#[[Sonpura]]
#[[Thordi]]
#[[Umedpara]]
#[[Undari]]
#[[Vadli]]
#[[Vadviyala]]
#[[Velakot]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gir Gadhada Taluka]]
{{Gujarat-geo-stub}}

Sikhism in Switzerland

2026-02-18T19:34:44Z

IrisClow72785038: refined citations also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Gurdwara-Langenthal.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Langenthal, Switzerland]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Swiss Sikhs''' are a small religious minority in [[Switzerland]]. It is estimated that there are 1,000 Sikhs in Switzerland. There are four [[Gurdwara]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandrasekhar |first=Anand |title=How the Sikhs integrated in Switzerland |work=SwissInfo |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/minority-report_how-the-sikhs-integrated-in-switzerland/45064178 |quote=Baumann estimates that about a thousand Sikhs now live in Switzerland. The numbers reached their peak of 3,000 in the 1990s but then over 2,000 of those eventually emigrated to Canada or other countries.}}</ref>

== Migration ==
The number of Sikhs had been higher in the mid-1980s, caused by the presence of some 3,000 Sikh asylum seekers.<ref name="Gurdwaras in Switzerland">[http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras/gurudwaras-in-switzerland.html Gurdwaras in Switzerland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118093000/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras/gurudwaras-in-switzerland.html |date=2008-01-18 }}</ref>

==Gurdwaras==
*Gurdwara Sahib, [[Langenthal]]. This gurdwara, first begun in 1996, was finished in 2006. It is the first Sikh shrine in Switzerland built in the traditional Sikh style
*Gurdwara Guru Nanak Sabha, Jean Antoine Gautier 11,1201 [[Geneva]]. http://www.sikhgurdwarageneva.ch/
[http://www.gurudwaraswitzerland.ch/ Gurudwara Sikh Gemeinde Schweiz Däniken]

*Gurdwara Sahib Zürich, Vorbuchenstrasse 13, 8303 Bassersdorf Switzerland

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism in Europe}}
{{Religion in Switzerland}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhism in Switzerland| ]]

{{sikhism-stub}}
{{Switzerland-stub}}

Janakpur Road railway station

2026-02-07T09:00:05Z

IrisClow72785038: added references

{{Short description|Railway station in Sitamarhi, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Janakpur Road railway station
| other_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| address = Station Road, [[Pupri]], [[Janakpur Road]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| elevation = {{convert|61|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central]]
| line = [[Muzaffarpur–Sitamarhi section]] [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur line (via Hajipur, Raxaul and Sitamarhi)]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3
| other =
| accessible =
| bicycle = No
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = No
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JNR
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| status = Construction – single-line electrification
| closed =
| former =
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = 
| image_caption =
}}
'''Janakpur Road railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Sitamarhi district]], [[Bihar]]. Its code is '''JNR'''. It serves [[Janakpur Road]] town. The station consists of 2 platforms. It's '''B''' category railway station of [[Samastipur railway division]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/janakpur-road-jnr/4591#st| title=JNR/Janakpur Road| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/scr-sounds-monsoon-alert/article19298190.ece SCR sounds monsoon alert]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Train-to-commemorate-Champaran-Satyagraha/articleshow/51800387.cms Train to commemorate Champaran Satyagraha]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Rs3171cr-for-new-railway-projects-in-Bihar-ECR-GM/articleshow/51145733.cms Rs3,171cr for new railway projects in Bihar: ECR GM]</ref>

The Janakpur Road is well connected to most of the major cities in India like [[Patna]], [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Lucknow]], [[Hyderabad|Hydrabad]] and other cities by the railway network.

==Trains==

* [[Hyderabad-Raxaul Express]]
* [[Kolkata–Sitamarhi Express]]
* [[Mithilanchal Express]]
* [[Raxaul–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express]]
* [[Howrah–Raxaul Express]]
* [[Darbhanga–Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express]]
* Patliputra - Darbhanga Intercity Express
* Darbhanga - Patliputra intercity express
* Gomti Nagar- Darbhanga Amrit Bharat express
* Darbhanga - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat express
* [[Samastipur–Muzaffarpur DEMU]]
* [[Samastipur–Raxaul DEMU]]
* [[Darbhanga–Raxaul MEMU]]
* [[Darbhanga–Patliputra MEMU]]
* [[Darbhanga–Raxaul DEMU]]
* Raxaul - Jaynagar DEMU
* Jaynagar - Raxaul DEMU

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Chathanath Achuthanunni

2026-02-06T03:11:08Z

IrisClow72785038: created pg - done

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam-language writer and translator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Chathanath Achuthanunni
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|03|10}}
| birth_place = [[Guruvayur]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], [[British India]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Academic, literary critic, poet and translator
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (2022)|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] (2011)| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1987)}}
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Chathanath Achuthanunni''' (born in 1939) is a polyglot, [[Malayalam language]] writer and translator from [[Kerala]], India. He received many awards including [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] (2011) [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1987) and Sahridayavedi Award (1988). In 2022 he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]], a literary honour in India, presented by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters. In 2024, he received the Kairali Global Lifetime Achievement Prize for Researchers Award, presented by the Kerala government.

== Biography ==
Chathanath Achuthanunni was born on March 10, 1939, Chathanath, [[Guruvayur]] in present-day [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]] to Menakaymal Vasudevanunnithan and Chathanath Madhavikuttyamma.<ref name="Sarva">{{Cite web |title=ചാത്തനാത്ത്, അച്യുതനുണ്ണി (1939 - ) - സര്‍വ്വവിജ്ഞാനകോശം |url=http://web-edition.sarvavijnanakosam.gov.in/index.php?title=%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D,_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF_(1939%C2%A0-%C2%A0) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814103454/http://web-edition.sarvavijnanakosam.gov.in/index.php?title=%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D,_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF_(1939%C2%A0-%C2%A0) |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=web-edition.sarvavijnanakosam.gov.in |publisher=[[Sarvavijnanakosam]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Keralaliterature">{{cite web |title=ചാത്തനാത്ത് അച്യുതനുണ്ണി |url=https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=22 July 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107071131/https://keralaliterature.com/maintenance.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=സംസ്കൃത ജ്ഞാനത്തിന്റെ വിശ്വമാനവ മുഖം |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-malappuramkerala-28-04-2019/796431 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-07-22 |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722051153/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-malappuramkerala-28-04-2019/796431 |url-status=live }}</ref> His father Menakaimal, who was a polyglot scholar and poet, knew Malayalam, English, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali languages.<ref name="SMV">{{Cite news |last=Mohanakrishnan |first=V. |date=17 May 2013 |title=യാത്രകൾ, കിഴക്കോട്ടും പടിഞ്ഞാട്ടും (Travels, East and West) |work=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]]}}</ref>

Achuthanunni holds degrees including Sahitya Visarada, M.A. Sanskrit, M.A. Malayalam and Ph.D.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> From 1957 to 1964 he was a teacher at the High School and from 1965 to 1971 at the Catholic College, [[Pathanamthitta]].<ref name="Keralaliterature"/><ref name="Deshabhimani"/> He then worked as a lecturer in the Malayalam department of the [[University of Calicut]] from 1971 and became a professor in 1983 and the head of the department from 1986.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> He later became Dean of the Faculty of Languages at the university.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> After his retirement in 2000, he also served as visiting professor at [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

Achuthanunni has also worked as the Founder Secretary of Vallathol Vidyapeeth (Shukapuram) and Vice Chairman of Tirur Thunchans Memorial.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>

==Literary contributions==
Publishing poems and essays in periodicals since 1955,<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> Achuthanunni made remarkable contributions in the fields of linguistics, poetics and literary criticism.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> When he was 15, his first poetry collection 'Muraliganam' was published by Shanta Bookstall, a small publishing house in his birthplace Guruvayur.<ref name="SMV"/> They also selected and published drama songs written by him during that time.<ref name="SMV"/> He has also said that he had written and published a detective novel named 'Prethadurgam' in his youth.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/><ref name="SMV"/>

Achuthanunni's major literary contribution is his critical study of Indian literary theories with a contemporary perspective. His profound studies on Malayalam literary theories such as ''Kavyalankaram'', ''Kavi Kandabharanam'', and ''Vakrokthijeevitham'' are later published as more than fifty research articles and in his book ''Neethi Darshana'' published in 1983.<ref name="Sarva"/> His book ''Alarkarasastram Malayalathil'' (1984) is notable as the first attempt to comprehensively evaluate literary texts in Malayalam.<ref name="Sarva"/>

Achuthanunni has also written many poems in Sanskrit and Malayalam. His major poetry collections are ''Thirunadayil'' and ''Layam''.<ref name="Sarva"/>

==Selected works==
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Bharatheeya Sahithya Darshanam |date=2015 |publisher=[[National Book Stall]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/knu.43966 |language=ml}} Literary criticism.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Sahithya Meemamsa |date=1999 |publisher=[[DC Books|Current Books]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/knu.18511 |language=ml}} Literary criticism.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Tharathamya sahithya parichayam |date=2014 |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.230042 |language=ml}} Literary study.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Thirunadayil sahithya parichayam |date=1973 |location= |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.203233 |language=ml}} Poems.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Thiranjedutha kavithakal |date=1999 |publisher=[[DC Books|Current Books]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.206013 |language=ml}} Poetry collection.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Alankara shasthram Malayalathil |date=2003 |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.210857 |language=ml |edition=Second}} Study.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Bhasha oru padanam |date=1971 |publisher=[[National Book Stall]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.212681 |language=ml}} Study.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Varthamana pusthakathinu oru avatharika |date=1967 |publisher=[[National Book Stall]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.212991 |language=ml}} [[Malayalam literature]] history and study.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Swapnavasavadhatha |date=1967 |publisher=MS Book Depot |location= |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.214365 |language=ml}} Poetry.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Devantam priya |date=1967 |publisher=[[National Book Stall]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.216506 |language=ml}}
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Layam |date=1974 |publisher=[[National Book Stall]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.217113 |language=ml}} Poetry.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Kavya chintha |date=2001 |publisher=Lipi publications |location=Kozhikode |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.227023 |language=ml}} Poetry study.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Reethi darshanam |date=1983 |publisher=Vallathol vidhyapeedam |location=Shukapuram |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.222694 |language=ml}} Poetry study.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Sahithya darshanam - Prabandha rachanayude thathwangal|date=1981 |publisher=Vallathol vidhyapeedam |location=Shukapuram |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.222695 |language=ml}} Malayalam literature research.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Vangmayam |date=1999 |publisher=PK Brothers |location=Kozhikode |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.201572 |language=ml}} Study.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Thatha paranja kathakal |date=1973 |publisher=Vidyarthimithram |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.224588 |language=ml}} Malayalam drama collection in the genre [[children's literature]].
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Edaaseri |date=2015 |publisher=Vallathol vidhyapeedam |location=Shukapuram |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.234337 |language=ml}} Literary criticism of poems of [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]].
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Rasadhwani- Vimarshathmaka sameepanam |date=2015 |publisher=Vallathol vidhyapeedam |location=Shukapuram |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.234372 |language=ml}} Sanskrit literature history and criticism.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Alankaram- Kalidasa kavithaye munnirthi oru saundaryavicharam |date=2016 |publisher=Vallathol vidhyapeedam |location=Shukapuram |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.235900 |language=ml}} Study on poem of [[Kalidasa]].
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Unnichirutheyi charitham |date=2017 |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]] |location=Kottayam |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.236849 |language=ml}} Poetry.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Manipravala rathnavali |date=1969 |publisher=MS Book Depot |location= |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.214260 |language=ml}} Poetry study.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Shailee vijnanam |date=1984 |publisher=Vallathol vidhyapeedam |location=Shukapuram |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.224071 |language=ml}} Applied linguistics.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Gaveshanam - Prabandha rachanayude thathwangal |date=2006 |publisher=Vallathol vidhyapeedam |location=Shukapuram |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.226397 |language=ml}} Malayalam literature research.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Kokasandesham |date=2007 |publisher=Vallathol vidhyapeedam |location=Shukapuram |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.229730 |language=ml}} Study on ancient poetry.
*{{cite book |last1=Achuthanunni |first1=Chathanath |title=Vamanacharyante Kavyalankara Sutra Vrithi |date=2007 |publisher= |location= |url= |language=ml}} Translated from Sanskrit (For this he received Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation).<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof M Thomas Mathew bags Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award; C Radhakrishnan becomes distinguished member |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/prof-m-thomas-mathew-to-get-central-sahitya-akademi-award-1.8156020 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=22 December 2022 |language=en |access-date=22 July 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722070831/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/prof-m-thomas-mathew-to-get-central-sahitya-akademi-award-1.8156020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=Anandha vardhante dhanyalokam |date=2021 |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=9780000138675 |language=ml}}
*{{cite book |title=Linguistics - General and Dravidian |date=1970 |publisher=Asian Book Stall |isbn= |language=en}}

==Awards and honors==
In 1986, Achuthanunni received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his work "Alankarashastram Malayalathil" and in 1980, he received the Prof. C.N. Antony Award for his work "Reethidarshanam".<ref name="Sarva"/> He received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] in 2011,<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> and the Certificate of Honor Award from the President of India in 2019.<ref name="Janam">{{cite news |last1=Kanjirathil |first1=Renjith |title=ബാലാമണിയമ്മ പുരസ്കാരം ഡോ. ചാത്തനാത്ത് അച്യുതനുണ്ണിയ്ക്ക് |url=https://janamtv.com/80938667/ |work=[[Janam TV]] |date=5 November 2024 |language=ml-IN}}</ref> In 2022 he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]], a literary honour in India, presented by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref name=":6A">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=2023-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601091230/https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, Chathanath Achuthanunni received the Kairali Global Lifetime Achievement Prize for Researchers Award, presented by the Kerala government to prominent scientists for their comprehensive contribution.<ref name="Ma">{{Cite web |last=Karattel |first=Himesh |date=2024-10-25 |title=അംഗീകാര നിറവിൽ ചാത്തനാത്ത് അച്യുതനുണ്ണി {{!}} Chathanath Achuthanunni {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/malappuram/edappal/chathanath-achuthanunni-1343095 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref> In the same year he received the Professor S. Guptan Nair Award instituted by the Prof. S. Guptan Nair Foundation for teachers who have made major contributions to the field of culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Janmabhumi |date=2024-01-05 |title=എസ്.ഗുപ്തന്‍നായര്‍ പുരസ്‌ക്കാരം ഡോ.ചാത്തനാത്ത് അച്യുതനുണ്ണിക്ക് |url=https://janmabhumi.in/2024/01/05/3151903/news/kerala/guptan-nair-award-to-dr-chathanath-achuthanunni/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Janmabhumi |language=en-US}}</ref> For his comprehensive contribution to Malayalam literature, he received the Balamaniyamma Award presented by the Kochi International Book Festival Committee, in 2025.<ref name="Janam"/>

==Controversies==
In 2019, Chathanath Achuthanunni was accused of plagiarism.<ref name="news18">{{cite news |title=ചാത്തനാത്ത് അച്യുതനുണ്ണിയ്‌ക്കെതിരെ ആശയ മോഷണാരോപണം: വിവാദത്തിനില്ലെന്ന് വിമർശകൻ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/college-teacher-accuses-dr-chathanath-achuthanunni-of-idea-theft-update-tv-jbs-rv-178761.html |work=[[News18 Malayalam]] |date=29 November 2019 |language=ml |access-date=22 July 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722053345/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/college-teacher-accuses-dr-chathanath-achuthanunni-of-idea-theft-update-tv-jbs-rv-178761.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The allegation was made by Dr. Shuba K. S., a college teacher. It was alleged that, An article by Achuthanunni in the November–December 2019 issue of ''Sahithya Vimarshanam'' magazine entitled 'Abhidhamuladhwani: Asangadhamaya oru sankalppam' have plagiarized ideas from the book 'Rasadhwani Siddhantam Upekshikkuka' published in 2013 by Shuba K.S.<ref name="news18"/> She also said that Chattannath Achuthanunni has imitated her sentence structure as well.<ref name="news18"/> However, Achuthanunni, who said that he had read Shuba's book only two days ago, clarified that nothing he says in his article is in Shuba's book and doubts that Shuba does not know Sanskrit properly, and added he was not interested in the controversy.<ref name="news18"/>

==Personal life==
Achuthanunni and his wife Aivi lives in his house at [[Edappal]], [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="SMV"/> The couple have two children, Ashis and Ashwathy.<ref name="SMV"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Achuthanunni, Chathanath}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Guruvayur]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]

Imran Sardhariya

2026-02-04T21:01:29Z

IrisClow72785038: starting some post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian choreographer and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Imran Sardhariya
| image = Imran Sardariya.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Imran Sardhariya during the recce of the Kannada film ''[[Endendigu]]''
| birth_name = Imran Sardhariya
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|12|28}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| occupation = [[Choreographer]], Film Director
| spouse =
| children = 2
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Imran Sardhariya''' (born 28 December 1979) is an [[Choreography|Indian choreographer]] and [[film director]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Suresh|first=Sunayana|title=Choreographer Imran Sardhariya turns director|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Choreographer-Imran-Sardhariya-turns-director/articleshow/14385090.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=2 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=Jun 25, 2012}}</ref> known for his works in the [[Kannada film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Imran-Sardhariya-makes-his-bollywood-move-with-machine/2016/06/08/article3471203.ece|title=Imran Sardhariya makes his bollywood move with machine|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807070717/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Imran-Sardhariya-makes-his-bollywood-move-with-machine/2016/06/08/article3471203.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Sardhariya is a choreographer in Kannada movies. His life in the Industry for the past ten years has a credit of success more than 250 songs and briefly 100 movies. In addition, he has worked on two Telugu Movies ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]'' and ''Chalaki''. He was trained for five years by Mr. Jai Borade who is a winner of the [[national film award for best choreography]] in [[Hum Aapke Hain Koun|''Hum Aapke Hain Koun'']]. He has a Dance School in [[Bangalore]] known as Dinky's Dance and Music Academy (DDMA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Dinky's Dance and MusicAcademy|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/26/stories/2002072600660200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505130814/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/26/stories/2002072600660200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-07-26|accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref>

Imran Sardhariya made his directorial debut with ''[[Endendigu]]'' in 2015 starring [[Ajay Rao]] and [[Radhika Pandit]] in lead roles.
He had been one of the judges of the reality show ''Dance Karnataka Dance'', which was telecasted on [[Zee Kannada]] in 2017.

==Awards==
He has won several awards for [[choreography]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
|-
| 2009-2013 || [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya film awards]]
|-
| 2009-2012 || [[Suvarna Film Awards|Suvarna film awards]]
|-
| 2013 & 2014 || [[South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Film Awards (SIIMA)]]
|-
| 2021 || [[South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Film Awards (SIIMA)]]
|}
In addition to his credentials he has garnered awards from ETV, ZTV Kannada, Kasturi Kannada channels for Best [[choreography]]{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

==Filmography==

===Director===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film !! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Endendigu]]'' || Nominated,[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards#Debut awards|SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Endendigu|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/endendigu.html|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=2 May 2014|archive-date=3 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503001736/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/movies/endendigu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Uppu Huli Khara]]'' ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - IMRAN UPPU HULI KHARA ON FLOOR - Chitratara.com|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Films,%20Kannada%20Film%20News,%20Kannada%20New%20Films&title=IMRAN%20UPPU%20HULI%20KHARA%20ON%20FLOOR&id=7831&ptype=News|access-date=2025-01-16|website=www.chitratara.com}}</ref>
|}

===Choreographer===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Amma Ninna Tholinalli]]'' || "Preetige Preetine Chappale" ||
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Bisi Bisi]]'' || "Hey Sexy Lady, Yelu Heje Itarre Marga" ||
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]'' || "Pade Pade" ||
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Amrithadhare]]'' || "Mane Katti Nodu" ||
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Neenello Naanalle]]'' || "Something Something" ||
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Sathyavan Savithri]]'' || "Crazy Frog, Dr.Satya" ||
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Hudugaata]]'' || "Stylo Stylo. Eno Onthara" ||
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Krishna (2007 film)|Krishna]]'' || "Satyabhama Baramma" ||
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Orata I Love You]]'' || "Adu Hyange Hellalli" ||
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]'' || "Kaddu Kaddu, Kiwi Mathondu" ||
|-
|2008
|[[Vamshi (film)|''Vamshi'']]
|All Songs
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Aramane]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Gaalipata]]'' || "Gaalipata" ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Sangama (film)|Sangama]]'' || "Yeh Dil Mange More" ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Nanda Loves Nanditha]]'' || "Jinkemarina" ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Bindaas (2008 film)|Bindaas]]'' || "Thara Thara Onthara" ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Gooli]]'' || "Chilli Chiken" ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Satya in Love]]'' || "Satya Is In Love (Sereyadanu)" ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ganesha Matthe Banda]]'' || "All Songs" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Maleyali Jotheyali|Maleyalli Jotheyalli]]'' || "Shuruvagide Sundara, Yenu Helabeku" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Devru]]'' || "Dura Swalpa Dura" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Junglee (2009 film)|Junglee]]'' || "Soap Hakkolo, Ee Majawada" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]''
|
| Telugu film
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Preethse Preethse]]'' || "Loose Madha" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Nanda (film)|Nanda]]'' || "All Songs" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Raam (2009 film)|Raam]]'' || "Neenandare Nannege, Hosa Gana Bajana, Nana Tutiyalli, Le Le Ammana" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Prem Kahani (2009 film)|Prem Kahani]]'' || "Rangu Rangu" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Vayuputra]]'' || "Ba Baare, Rock Your Body" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Gulama]]'' || "Taare Anu Thaare" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Parichaya]]'' || "Nadadaduva Kammanbillu" ||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Jolly Days (film)|Jolly Days]]'' || "Ee Hadige" ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2010
| ''[[Suryakaanti]]'' || "Swalpa Sound Jasti Madu" ||
|-
| ''[[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|Yogi]]'' || "Ae Maga, Neenomme Nakkare, Jogiyada Yogi" ||
|-
| ''[[Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu|Chaluve Ninna Nodalu]]'' || "Amma Thanks Appa, Seere Narige" ||
|-
| ''Chalaki'' || || Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' || "Andhar Bahar, Shivaantha Hogithide, Jackie Title song" ||
|-
| ''[[Super (2010 Indian film)|Super]]'' || "Sikkapate, Missammma" ||
|-
| ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' || "Simha" ||
|-
| ''[[Parole (2010 film)|Parole]]'' || "Jaadduaagi Manasalli" ||
|-
| ''[[Eno Onthara]]'' || "Boom Boom Pa" ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2011
| ''[[Kalla Malla Sulla|Kalla Malla sulla]]'' || "Tuppa Bekku Tuppa" ||
|-
| ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha|Sanju weds Geetha]]'' || "Gaganave Baagi, Sanju Mathu Geetha, Yelliruve, Ravana Seethena, Omme Baaro" ||
|-
| ''[[Hudugaru]]'' || "Pankaja, Neeralli Churu" ||
|-
| ''Sihi Muthu'' || "Mayavi Yaaro" ||
|-
| ''[[Gun (2011 film)|Gun]]'' || "Taja Taja Kansugalu, Yene Yaru, Bisi Bisi, Kusumada Banna" ||
|-
| ''[[Krishnan Marriage Story]]'' || "Ayyo Rama Rama" ||
|-
| ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' || "Yavanegothu" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Crazy Loka]]'' || "Naavu Aaramagidere" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[AK 56]]'' || "Pasandaiti" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Narasimha (2012 film)|Narasimha]]'' || "Dahana Dahana" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Anna Bond]]'' || "All Songs" || [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards#Choreography|SIIM Award for Best Choreographer]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Arakshaka]]'' || "Kalli Kalli, Kuch Kuch Anthu" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]'' || "Manethanka Baare" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Shiva (2012 film)|Shiva]]'' || "Kollegalldalli" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Ko Ko]]'' || "Kitti Bhava" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|God Father]]'' || "Allapane, Sanchari Manasu" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Addhuri]]'' || "Cinderalla" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Sidlingu]]'' || "Barabad Building" ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Kiladi Kitty]]'' || "Madhura Hucchu" ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Veera (2013 film)|Veera]]'' || "Title Track" ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Tony (2013 film)|Tony]]'' || "Andaja Sikkutilla, Paka Paapi Naanu, Tony Bandha" ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Andhar Bahar]]'' || "Andhar Bahar, Maleyalli Minda, Aase Garigedaride" ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]'' || "Akka Ninn Magalu, Onne Onne" || [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards#Choreography|SIIM Award for Best Choreographer]]
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Sweety Nanna Jodi]]'' || "I Wanna Sing A Songu, Hesarenu" ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' || "Bachchan Title" ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Rajani Kantha]]'' || "Yentani Sentu, Olavina" ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]'' || "Tasse Vothu" ||Bilingual film
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]'' || "Modala Male, Myna Myna, O Premada Poojari, Baa Illi Beesu" ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Director's Special (film)|Director's Special]]'' || "Kannale Yeshtothu" ||
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ragini IPS]]'' || "Ragini" ||
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Jai Bajarangabali]]'' || "Hrudayada Battery" ||
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Maanikya]]'' || "Jeena Jeena" || Nominated,[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards#Choreography|SIIM Award for Best Choreographer]]
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Super Ranga]]'' || "Dance Raja" ||
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]'' || "Tunta Tunta" ||
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Endendigu]]'' || "All Songs" ||
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
| ''[[Parapancha]]'' || "Baayi Basale Sopu" ||
|-
| ''[[Ricky (2016 film)|Ricky]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Dana Kayonu]]'' || "Nandu nindu yavaga, Halu kudida makkalu" ||
|-
| ''[[Kotigobba 2]]'' || " Title track, Introduction song", "Yessalama intro song" ||Bilingual film
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Machine (2017 film)|Machine]]'' || "Tera junnon, Itna tumhe chahana hai, Teri meri kahani, Tuhi toh mera mera" ||Hindi film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Raju Kannada Medium]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019
| ''[[Kavacha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Panchatantra (film)|Panchatantra]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|Kiss]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''|| ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Chengiz]]'' || ||Bengali film
|-
| TBA
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''[[Butterfly (upcoming film)|Butterfly]]'' {{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}} || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5664834|name=Imran Sardariya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardhariya, Imran}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Film people from Karnataka]]

S. Ballesh

2026-01-31T04:41:24Z

IrisClow72785038: quick updated section and updated info

{{Short description|Indian shehnai player}}
{{redirect|Balesh|the administrative subdivision of Iran|Balesh Rural District}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Padmashri]]
| name = Pandit S. Ballesh Bhajantri
| image = Shehnai Chakravarthy Pandit Dr. S.Ballesh Bhajantri.jpg
| caption = Pandit Ballesh playing shehnai, in a tribute concert for Ustad Bismillah Khan, [[Chennai]]
| image_size =
| birth_name = Ballappa Sanna Bharamappa Bhajantri
| alias = S. Ballesh, S. Balesh, Baalesh, Ballappa, Balu
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[M.K.Hubli]], [[Karnataka]], India
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], modern and [[film music]], [[gospel music|gospel]]
| years_active = 1970–present
}}
| occupation = [[Shehnai]] player, classical vocalist 
| instrument = Shehnai
| associated_acts = [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]]
| website = {{URL|shehnaiballesh.com}}
}}

[[Pandit]] '''S. Ballesh''' Bhajantri (born '''Ballappa Sanna Bharamappa Bhajantri''') is a popular<ref>{{Cite news |title= Pt. Ballesh Bhajantri To Perform At Chikkagadiyara Tomorrow- An Internationally celebrated Shehnai artiste and (Patiala Gharana) vocalist, ghazal singer, Pandit Dr. Ballesh hails from M.K. Hubli town of Belagavi district.| url= https://starofmysore.com/pt-ballesh-bhajantri-to-perform-at-chikkagadiyara-tomorrow/|work= [[Star of Mysore]]| date= 2022-09-28|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref> [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical Hindustani]] [[shehnai]] player.<ref name=lalithaa>{{cite news|author=Lalithaa Krishnan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Clear-and-sparkling/article16875823.ece |title=Clear and sparkling|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2009|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> He is a disciple of shehnai player [[Ustad]] [[Bismillah Khan]],<ref name=lalithaa/> he is benares gharana shehnai player and a [[patiala gharana]] [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani vocalist]], [[ghazal]] singer, Indian [[playback singer]] and musician,<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/classical-music-is-for-inner-peace-says-shehnai-maestro/175893.html |title= Classical music is for inner peace, says shehnai maestro|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=27 December 2015|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Pt. Ballesh Bhajantri To Perform At Chikkagadiyara Tomorrow- An Internationally celebrated Shehnai artiste and (Patiala Gharana) vocalist, ghazal singer, Pandit Dr. Ballesh hails from M.K. Hubli town of Belagavi district|url= https://starofmysore.com/pt-ballesh-bhajantri-to-perform-at-chikkagadiyara-tomorrow/|work= [[Star of Mysore]]| date= 2022-09-28|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref> Ballesh is credited with popularizing the shehnai, a [[reeded]] [[woodwind instrument]].<ref>{{cite web|title= "Kalaimamani" Pandit Dr. S. Ballesh |url= https://www.shehnaiballesh.com/profilepanditballesh|access-date=14 March 2022|website=shehnaiballesh.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= V.Balasubramanium|title= On a celebratory note - Pandit S.Ballesh disciple of Ustad Bismillah Khan -Ballesh elevated the status of shehnai, played only during festivities and brought it to the concert platform|url= https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170317/282660392233738|work=[[The Hindu]]|date= 2017-03-17|access-date= 2023-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author= URMIMALA MAZUMDER |url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/can-a-concerted-push-from-the-entertainment-industry-help-shehnai-regain-its-lost-glory/cid/1885510|title= Can shehnai regain its lost glory?-The shehnai saw a rise in popularity when the film, Rockstar, featured a piece of music played by the musician, S. Ballesh |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=9 September 2022|access-date= 2 January 2023}}</ref> He is also a [[Prasar Bharati]]'s [[All India Radio]] (AIR) and [[Doordarshan]] 'TOP' Grade shehnai artist and Hindustani vocalist.<ref name="riyaz">{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/riyaz-and-raags/article7085063.ece|author =Savitha Gautam|title= Riyaz and raags|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date= 9 April 2015|date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2022, he was awarded India's fourth-highest civilian honour, the [[Padma Shri]], in the field of Art. He is the second classical musician of India after [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]] to receive the award as a shehnai player.<ref>{{cite news|author= Ramesh Marulkar|title=Â Musical feast during Dr Vasantrao Deshpande Sangeet Samaroh Â by SCZCC from July 28 to 30-Dr Bhajantri is the second artiste after Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan to get Padma Shri in shehnai recital|url= https://thelivenagpur.com/2022/07/25/musical-feast-during-dr-vasantrao-deshpande-sangeet-samaroh-by-sczcc-from-july-28-to-30/|work=The Live Nagpur|date= 2022-07-25|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Dr Bhajantri is the second artiste after Bharat Ratna ustad Bismillah Khan to get Padma Shri in ˜Shehnai Vaadan". He is first recipient of Padma Award in Hindustani Sangeet from South India| url= https://www.nagpurtoday.in/grand-start-to-dr-vasantrao-deshpande-smruti-sangeet-samaroh-in-nagpur/07291623|work= Nagpur Today|date= 2022-07-29|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title= ministry of home affairs press note- Padmaawardees2022- Padma Shri (107)-37-Shri S Ballesh Bhajantri - Art -Tamil Nadu |url= https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf| access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{cite web|title= Ministry of Home Affairs-Padma Awards 2022 announced- Posted On: 25 JAN 2022 8:28PM by PIB Delhi- Padmaawardees2022-Padma Shri (107)-37-Shri S Ballesh Bhajantri -Art-Tamil Nadu|url= https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792640|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> He has also worked for [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Gokul M Nair|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/nov/11/melodious-melange-of-fine-folk-tunes-1537494.html|title= Pt Ballesh in turn has strived to take to the shehnai and its unique sound to the silverscreen as well, having performed with doyens like Ilaiyaraaja and AR Rahman|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 November 2016|access-date= 8 January 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Pt Ballesh receving Padmashri award.jpg|thumb|Pt Ballesh is conferred with [[Padmashri]] award by President of India, Shri. [[Ramnath Kovind]] ]]

==Early life and education==
Ballesh was born to Shehnai player Sanna Bharamanna and Yellamma in [[M.K.Hubli]], [[Kittur]], [[Belgaum district]], Karnataka.<ref name="riyaz"/> He started learning Shehnai from his father, and later continued from his (uncle) father's elder brother Dodda Bharamanna and with musicians such as D.P. Hiremath, and Pt. Puttaraj Gawai. he was also a Bismillah Khan's disciple, [[Bismillah Khan]] once remarked that Ballesh will be the "assurance for the future of Shehnai in Indian classical music".<ref name="hubli">{{cite news |date=27 January 2022 |title=Padma Shri Awardee Pandit S.Ballesh Bhajantri hails from MK Hubli |website=allaboutbelgaum.com |url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/padma-shri-awardee-pandit-s-ballesh-bhajantri-hails-from-mk-hubli/ |accessdate=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Ballesh with Guru Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan- "assurance for the future of Shehnai in Indian classical music"|url= https://www.shehnaiballesh.com/ustadbismillahkhan|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

==Musical career==
===Shehnai===
[[File:Shehnai Maestro Pandit S. Ballesh and Krishna Ballesh in Concert with Tabla Nawaz Ustad Nazim Hussain Son of Ustad Bismillah Khan Sahab.jpg|thumb|S. Ballesh and son in concert]]

Ballesh plays various styles on the shehnai: aalaapi and aakaar like [[khayal]] singing, [[jhala]] like [[sitar]] and [[sarod]], tatkar like [[kathak]] dancers, [[meend]] and harquatts like [[sarangi]] and [[violin]], and continuity tones like [[bansuri]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index.php?uid=1092/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127025929/https://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index.php?uid=1092%2F| url-status=usurped| archive-date=27 January 2023|title= Profile Of Classical Musicians-Pandit S.Ballesh ji can Play Shehnai in various style|date=23 May 2019 |website= profiles.lakshmansruthi.com |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> He has also performed [[jugalbandi]]s,<ref name="lalithaa" /> along with sitarist Ustad [[Shahid Parvez]],<ref name="evening">{{Cite news |author=Thushara Ann Mathew |date=21 November 2017 |title=An evening to honour legends of Hindustani tunes |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/nov/21/an-evening-to-honour-legends-of-hindustani-tunes-1707304.html |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> mohan veena player Pandit [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]] and accompanied by tablist [[Yogesh Samsi]], Subhankar Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Music season in Chennai gets an early start|work=The Times of India| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/music-season-in-city-gets-an-early-start/articleshow/66538648.cms|access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="dialogue">{{cite news|author= Lavanya Narayanan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-free-flowing-musical-dialogue-at-ras-barse-utsav/article25504958.ece|title= A free-flowing musical dialogue at Ras Barse Utsav|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 November 2018 |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>
Owing to his fame, he was selected to perform for the 'Nadalahari' ceremony at Chennai's [[Narada Gana Sabha]] for the historic honour, celebrating the [[UNESCO]]’s inclusion of [[Chennai]] city in the Creative Cities Network in world’s cultural map on 8 November 2017. His music was played (in Raag Maru Bihag) on television every [[UNESCO International Days]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/nadalahari-featured-instrumentalists-celebrating-chennai-for-unesco-honour/article20700437.ece|title='Nadalahari' features instrumentalists celebrating Chennai for UNESCO honour- Notable inclusions were the solo presentation of raag Maru Behag by Balesh on the shehnai|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 November 2017|access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/50-instrumentalists-in-a-rousing-concert-to-honour-chennai-unesco-tag/articleshow/61718310.cms|title= Chennai Unesco: 50 instrumentalists in a rousing concert to honour Chennai UNESCO tag-So far artists of shehnai, veena, clarinet, nadaswaram, thavil, thavil, violin, saxaphone, guitar, mandolin, flute, mridangam, ghatam, kanjira and chitra veena have confirmed participation|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 20 November 2017|access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

==== Performing for SPIC MACAY====
Pandit Ballesh and party have performed for many [[SPIC MACAY]] concerts throughout india in promoting shehnai playing art and its legacy, about [[Indian classical music]] and [[culture]] in schools, colleges and in universities.<ref>{{cite news| work=www.spicmacay.org|title= SPIC MACAY Rendezvous Series Presents : Hindustani Shehnai by Pandit Dr.S.Ballesh|url= https://spicmacay.org/news/spic-macay-rendezvous-series-presents-hindustani-shehnai-pandit-dr-s-ballesh|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

===Film music===
Ballesh has been a musician for many music directors in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]], [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]], [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], [[Cinema of Rajasthan|Rajasthani]], [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]], [[Oriya cinema|Oriya]], [[Sanskrit cinema|Sanskrit]], [[English cinema|English]], [[Tulu cinema|Tulu]], [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] and [[Bhojpuri cinema]], performing compositions by Naushad Ali, [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Satyam (music director)]], G.K. Venkatesh, Ravindra Jain, Ravendra master, Ilaiyaraaja, A. R. Rahman and [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{Cite news| author= V. Balasubramanium|title= On a celebratory note-Film projects-Ballesh has also worked with film music directors Sathyam, M.S. Viswanathan, Ilaiyaraaja and AR. Rahman are some of the top music directors|url= https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170317/282660392233738|work= [[The Hindu]]|date= 2017-03-17|access-date= 2023-01-12}}</ref><ref name=lalithaa/> He has sung and played shehnai for more than 12,000 movies background scores<ref name="padma">{{Cite web|title= पद्म- Padma shri - Pandit Dr. S. Ballesh Bhajantri - Shehnai artist and Hindustani vocalist|website=www.padmaawards.gov.in|url= https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2022/202236.pdf|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref> and 85,000 film songs<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=Bismillah Khan’s birth anniversary: At its peak in the hands of the Ustad, shehnai seeks lost glory-The 2022 Padma Shri awardee has played the shehnai for 85,000 film songs in different languages and for celebrated music directors like Ilaiyaraja, A R Rahman, and Keeravani|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/bismillah-khan-s-birth-anniversary-at-its-peak-in-the-hands-of-the-ustad-shehnai-seeks-lost-glory-101742540494933.html|access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> in several languages,<ref name="chosen">{{Cite news|title=Seven chosen for Padma Shri from T.N|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 January 2022 |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/seven-chosen-for-padma-shri-from-tn/article38331155.ece|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="hubli"/> more than 1,50,000 devotional songs for several religions and languages, he has played shehnai for more than 50,000 [[Ayyappan|Swami Ayyappan]] songs in several languages,<ref name="padma"/> he has sung Hindustani music Alaaps for films, and had also collaborated on shehnai with international musicians and composers in recordings.<ref name="padma"/> He has sung several songs along with the singers K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Ilaiyaraaja, M. M. Keeravani and A. R. Rahman.<ref name="hubli"/><ref name="chosen"/> Ballesh appeared playing shehnai for the Hindi film ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'', with music by A.R. Rahman.<ref name="officialtracklist">{{cite web|title=Official Tracklist "Album Credits" |url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=268 |publisher=arrahman.com |access-date=8 July 2013| date=January 2014}}</ref> He also played shehnai for the song "''The Dichotomy of Fame''" in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s 2011 Hindi film ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''<ref name="Track List">{{cite web |title= Album Credits|url= http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=5 |publisher=arrahman.com |access-date=14 September 2011| date=February 2014}}</ref> and also played for ''Yeh Jo Des Hai Tera'' song for Hindi film [[Swades]], with music and sung by A.R. Rahman,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|author=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|title=Bismillah Khan's birth anniversary: At its peak in the hands of the Ustad, shehnai seeks lost glory-Some of the most recognised shehnai tunes in Hindi cinema have come from Bhajantri's shehnai, including the iconic opening of “Yeh Jo Des Hai Tera” in “Swades” and the centrepiece in “The Dichotomy of Fame” in “Rockstar”|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bismillah-khans-birth-anniversary-at-its-peak-in-the-hands-of-the-ustad-shehnai-seeks-lost-glory-3456425#google_vignette|access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> and also in [[Bigil]] Tamil film with music by A.R. Rahman.<ref>{{cite news|author= Aakanksha N Bhardwaj, Jalandhar| url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/classical-treat-harivallabh-opens-with-shehnai-maestro-s-magic/story-2Yhg5XD3dJvG7ZpePF0NDM.html|title= Pandit S Ballesh has played for movies such as 'Raanjhana', 'Rockstar', 'Bahubali' and 'Swadesh' and worked with the noted music director AR Rehman|website= Allevents.in|date=15 December 2015|access-date= 1 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigil-Album Credits-Release date-2019- Credits:MUSIC-A R Rahman-Shenai:Balesh|url= https://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=313|access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref> He also composed music for [[Jawan (film)|Jawan]] with [[Anirudh Ravichander]]. He has played for singer and music director [[Kailash Kher]] in album Jashan-e-Sufi,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Amazon (company) ]]|title= Jashan-e-Sufi-Kailash Kher is an Indian pop-rock singer with a music style influenced by Indian folk music-Shehnai too has been used as an introductory piece in one of the songs and has been played by none other than Pandit Shree S. Ballesh from South. The album has a mix of various moods and makes the listener feel Kailash's heart|url=https://www.amazon.in/Jashan-Sufi-Kailash-Kher/dp/B01D18PZBG|access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>

===Music Education===
Ballesh founded Tansen Academy of Music,<ref>{{Cite news |author=V. Balasubramanium |date=2017-03-17 |title=On a celebratory note-Ballesh who hails from Hubli, established the Tansen Academy that conducts an annual festival 'Ras Barse' in memory of his revered guru |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170317/282660392233738 |access-date=2023-01-12}}</ref> a school of [[Hindustani Classical Music]], with his musical work continued by his three sons by Prakash, Krishna and Shivanand Ballesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Making Hindustani audible in the Carnatic heartland |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/making-hindustani-audible-in-the-carnatic-heartland/articleshow/55280189.cms |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tansen Academy of Music Institute-Pandit S. Ballesh during an interview with The Hindu |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=162194537&highlights=HINDUSTANI%2520MUSIC |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

== Charitable activities ==
Ballesh, along with his sons, friends and his music learning students, founded 'Tansen Academy of Music Trust' a non-profit organization established in 2011 in the memory of his gurus, which promotes Art & Culture in Chennai, Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title= Tansen Academy of Hindustani Music, as he talks about the academy's annual 'Ras Barse Utsav' concert, an initiative to preserve the legacy of the academy's gurus|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Nov/07/hindustani-tunes-in-the-land-of-carnatic-1895302.html|access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> The trust promotes Indian classical music, aid young artists with scholarships and provides financial help to artists in need. It also organizes various music concerts and festivals,<ref>{{cite news|work= give.do/discover|title=Tansen Academy Of Music is a non-profit organisation, established in 2011,that works primarily in the domain of Art & Culture.Its primary office is in Chennai,Tamil Nadu-Non-profit Trust-RegistrationID-DIT(E)No.2(608)/11-12-VO ID/DarpanID-TN/2016/0108210|url=https://give.do/discover/7UQ/tansen-academy-of-music/|access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> including an annual musical fest "Ras Barse Utsav".<ref>{{cite news|author=Thushara Ann Mathew|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title= This being the third consecutive year of the 'Ras Barse Utsav', the organisers are quite eager and enthusiastic about the event| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/Nov/21/an-evening-to-honour-legends-of-hindustani-tunes-1707304.html|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Harini Prabhakar|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title= It was the Ras Barse Utsav at the Music Academy in Chennai in the mid of November. The concert was held on the birth centenary of Shehnai Shahensha Ustad Bismillah Khan|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2016/Dec/03/familial-notes-of-magical-melodies-1544642.html|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref> in the memory of his father Pandit Sanna Bharamanna Bhajantri & his guru Ustad Bismillah Khan.<ref>{{cite news|author=Thushara Ann Mathew|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=To pay a tribute to legendary musicians like Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan and Shehnai Samrat Sanna Bharamanna, and also on the occasion of the 101st birth anniversary of Ustad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/Nov/21/an-evening-to-honour-legends-of-hindustani-tunes-1707304.html|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref> Ballesh acts as the managing trustee. He also volunteers in organizing medical help for classical musicians and cine musicians in need of help and facilitates artistes.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=This is the fourth edition of the musical utsav and is conceptualised to give a tribute to gurus Ustad Bismillah Khan Saheb and Shehnai Samrat Pandit Sanna Bharamanna Gawai|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Nov/07/hindustani-tunes-in-the-land-of-carnatic-1895302.html|access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
=== National Civilian awards ===
* 2022, [[Padma Shri]], by Government of India <ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto4" />

=== State Civilian awards ===
* 2024 Karnataka [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] by Government of Karnataka <ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hindu]] |title= Shehnai player gets Rajyotsava award-Balesh Bhajantri, who has played the Shehnai for a few A.R. Rehman's films, is among the Kannada Rajyotsava award winners|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shehnai-player-gets-rajyotsava-award/article67481261.ece| access-date= 2023-10-31}}</ref>
* 2021 Ustad Bismillah Khan Kala Ratna Samman (Joint Award) by India Tourism Varanasi, [[Government of India]] and by Ustad Bismillah Khans family members.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite news|title=चौप तिलक सब छिन मोसे नैन -उस्ताद बिस्मिल्लाह खान कला रत्न सम्मान-चेन्नई के प्रसिद्ध पंडित डॉ। एस। बल्लेश और डॉ। कृष्ण बालेश|url=https://ajhindidaily.com/wpcontent/plugins/epaper/assets/pdf/60578610e803c22%20Mar%20vns%20pg-2%202021.pdf|website=[[Aj (newspaper)|Aj]]|access-date=24 March 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="www.rashtriyasahara.com">{{Cite news|title= वाराणसी भारत रत्न उस्ताद बिस्मिल्लाह खान -उस्ताद बिस्मिल्लाह खान कला रत्न सम्मान-चेन्नई के प्रसिद्ध पंडित डॉ। एस बल्लेश और डॉ। कृष्ण बालेश |url=http://www.rashtriyasahara.com/imageview_8353_133984242_4_7_22-03-2021_6_i_1_sf.html|website=[[Sahara India Pariwar]]|access-date= 24 March 2021}}</ref>
* 2020 [[Kalaimamani]] (Joint Award) by Government of Tamil Nadu <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=Kalaimamani awards (List of Winners 2019-2020) |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kalaimamani-awards-list-sivakarthikeyan-aishwarya-rajesh-yogi-babu--tamil-news-280796 |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |title=கலைமாமணி விருதுகள் 2019 மற்றும் 2020 |website=www.dinamani.com |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2021/feb/20/tamil-nadu-cm-presented-the-kalaimamani-awards-for-2019-2020-3567091.html |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
* 2019 [[Karnataka Kalashri]] by Government of Karnataka<ref name="ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಕಲಾಶ್ರೀ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪ್ರಕಟ">{{Cite web|url=http://epapervijayavani.in/ArticlePage/APpage.php?edn=Bengaluru&articleid=VVAANINEW_BEN_20191221_4_9&artwidth=98px|title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಕಲಾಶ್ರೀ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪ್ರಕಟ|last=|first=|date=|website=ವಿಜಯವಾಣಿ - ದಿನಪತ್ರಿಕೆ|access-date=}}</ref>
* A "Top Grade" is the highest award given to Indian classical musicians by [[Prasar Bharati]], Government of India's public broadcaster, through its [[All India Radio]] (AIR) and [[Doordarshan]] (DD) platforms.<ref>{{cite web|title= Pandit Dr.S.Ballesh is a-A "Top Grade" from Prasar Bharati, through its All India Radio (AIR) and Doordarshan (DD) platforms, Government of India|url= https://www.shehnaiballesh.com/air-top-grade-on-shehnai-ballesh|access-date= 26 May 2025|website= www.shehnaiballesh.com}}</ref>

=== Other awards ===
* Vishwa Kala Puraskar, 2022, by Vishwa Kala Sangama, chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://allevents.in/mobile/amp-event.php?event_id=200023815211038|title= AWARD FUNCTION:Viswa Kala Puraskar 2022-Pandit S.Ballesh Bhajantri "Padma Sri Awardee"|website= Allevents.in|date=23 December 2022|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[Kittur Chennamma]] Memorial Award 2022, Karnataka State Government Award by Department of Kannada and Culture Belagavi <ref>{{cite web |title= Padmashri Pandit Dr.S.Ballesh Bhajantri was honored in Kittur Utsav 2022 by Karnataka Government| url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNhB1vIzIYs&feature=share&si=ELPmzJkDCLju2KnD5oyZMQ | work= [[YouTube]] |publisher= Padmashri Awardee Pandit Dr.S.Ballesh - Shehnai|date= 27 October 2022|access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref>
* [[Belawadi Mallamma]] Memorial Award 2022, Karnataka State Government Award under Department of Kannada and Culture Belagavi <ref>{{Cite web|title= ವೀರರಾಣಿ ಬೆಳವಡಿ ಮಲ್ಲಮ್ಮನ ಉತ್ಸವ 2022ಕ್ಕೆ ಚಾಲನೆ; ದೇಶದ ಮಹಿಳಾ ಸೈನ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳವಡಿ ಮಲ್ಲಮ್ಮಜಿ ಹೆಸರಿಡಬೇಕು-ಸಚಿವೆ ಶಶಿಕಲಾ ಜೊಲ್ಲೆ- ಪದ್ಮಶ್ರೀ ಪುರಸ್ಕೃತರಾದ ಬಾಲೇಶ ಎಚ್|website= AIN Live News|date= March 2022|url= https://ainlivenews.com/veerarani-belavadi-mallammana-festival-running-for-2022-to-the-womens/|access-date= 25 August 2022|archive-date= 25 August 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220825160501/https://ainlivenews.com/veerarani-belavadi-mallammana-festival-running-for-2022-to-the-womens/|url-status= dead}}</ref>
* [[Zee Tamil]] TV Excellence in Music Award 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title= Shehnai Maestro -Pandit Dr. S. Ballesh -Excellence in Music Award -Zee Tamil Interview| url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2kk4gXZFxo | work= [[YouTube]] |publisher= Tansen Academy & Shehnai Ballesh|date= 22 October 2019|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref>
* Bhimsen Samman International Award, Gadag 2017 joint award with Krishna Ballesh <ref>{{cite news|work= [[The Hindu]] |title= Music festival in memory of Pt. Bhimsen Joshi from today|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Music-festival-in-memory-ofPt-Bhimsen-Joshi-from-today/article17129457.ece|access-date= 2020-02-25}}</ref>
* [[Mirchi Music Awards]], 2016, Jury Award for Outstanding contribution [[Telugu language|Telugu]] Industry <ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu 2016 Archives - Mirchi Music Awards-Shehnai Baalesh|website= [[Mirchi Music Awards]]|url= https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/category/telugu-2016/|access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Sanaadi Appanna]] Kalashree Puraskar, 2016<ref name="Shehnai Chakravarthy">{{cite web|title="Shehnai Chakravarthy" Pandit|url=http://sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com/%E2%80%9Cshehnai-chakravarthy%E2%80%9D-pandit-sballesh/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213173110/http://sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com/“shehnai-chakravarthy”-pandit-sballesh/|archive-date=13 February 2020|publisher= sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com |work= [[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival]]|date=7 December 2016 |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
* Excellence Vocational Award 2011 by Dr. M.G.R. University, during 150th birth anniversary of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/annual-literary-symposium-organised/article2377658.ece |title=Annual literary symposium organized |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 August 2011 |access-date=13 January 2014|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* [[Mirchi Music Awards]], 2009, Jury Award for Outstanding contribution [[Kannada]] Industry <ref>{{Cite web|title= Kannada 2009 -JJURY AWARD FOR OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO KANNADA FILM MUSIC-MR. BAALESH (SHEHNAI PLAYER)|website= radiomirchi.com|url= https://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/kannada/winners.html|access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref>

=== Recognition ===
* Honorary [[Doctorate]] from [[Rani Channamma University, Belagavi]], [[Belagavi, Karnataka|Belagavi]] 2024.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hindu]] |title=The 12th convocation of Rani Channamma University held in Belagavi-honorary doctorate degrees were conferred to Pundit S Balesh Bhajantri in the field of performing arts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/rani-channamma-universitys-12th-annual-convocation-a-milestone-in-higher-education/articleshow/115943655.cms|access-date= 2024-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Rani Channamma University to hold 12th annual convocation today-This year,Pandit S Balesh Bhajantri, a renowned Indian classical Hindustani shehnai player-have been selected to receive honorary doctorate awards from the university for their contributions to performing arts|website=[[The Hindu]]|date= 2024-12-03|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/rani-channamma-university-hosts-12th-annual-convocation-celebrating-academic-excellence/articleshow/115907913.cms|access-date= 2024-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= ಬೆಳಗಾವಿ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ ರಾಣಿ ಚನ್ನಮ್ಮ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯದ ಘಟಿಕೋತ್ಸವದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂವರು ಸಾಧಕರಿಗೆ ಗೌರವ ಡಾಕ್ಟರೇಟ್|work=[[Prajavani]]|url= https://www.prajavani.net/district/belagavi/belagavi-rani-channamma-university-convocation-honorary-doctorates-to-three-achievers-3070829|date= 2024-12-02|access-date= 2024-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= ರಾಣಿ ಚನ್ನಮ್ಮ ವಿಶ್ವ ವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯದ 12ನೇ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಘಟಿಕೋತ್ಸವದಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂದು 11 ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳಿಗೆ 3 ಚಿನ್ನದ ಪದಕ ನೀಡಿ ಕುಲಪತಿ ಪ್ರೊ.ಸಿ.ಎಂ.ತಿಯ್ಯರಾಜ ಗೌರವ ಡಾಕ್ಟರೇಟ್ ಪ್ರದಾನ |website=Janajeevala|url= https://janajeevala.com/rani-channamma-vishwa-vidyalaya-12th-annual-convocation-today-honorary-doctorates-to-3-gold-medals-to-11-students-chancellor-prof-c-m-tya/#google_vignette| date= 2024-12-02|access-date= 2024-12-05}}</ref>
* Honorary [[Doctorate]] from [[Bengaluru North University]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title= Honorary Doctorate for Ananth Nag, two others-Padmashree awardee and shehnai player of international repute, Pt. S.Ballesh Bhajantri |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 July 2022 |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/honorary-doctorate-for-ananth-nag-two-others/article65640612.ece|access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= BNU to confer honorary doctorates to actor anant nag and two others |website=[[Udayavani ]]|url= https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/bnu-to-confer-honorary-doctorates-to-actor-anant-nag-two-others|access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref>

== Performances ==
* 2025 Performed at the 73rd [[Dover Lane Music Conference]] that held at Nazrul Mancha, Rabindra Sarobar, Kolkata <ref>{{cite news|author=Priyanka Dasgupta |work= [[The Times of India]]| title= Dover Lane tribute for Zakir Hussain,3 others-Kolkata News-S Ballesh Bhajantru(shehnai)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/dover-lane-tribute-for-zakir-hussain-3-others/articleshow/116479008.cms|access-date= 2025-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=www.webindia123.com|title= The Dover Lane Music Conference-Schedule 2025-22.01.2025-Wednesday 7.30 PM onwards,Night Long-Dr.S.Ballesh Bhajantri-Shehnai|url= https://www.webindia123.com/festival/events/doverlanemusicconference-schedule2025.htm#google_vignette|access-date= 2025-04-08}}</ref>
* 2024 Performed at the 70th [[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Mahotsav]] that held at the Maharashtra Mandal Krida Sankul, Mukund Nagar, Pune,<ref>{{cite news|author=ETV Bharat Marathi Team|work=www.etvbharat.com|title=पुण्यात ७०व्या सवाई गंधर्व संगीत महोत्सवाच्या स्वरयज्ञाला आजपासून सुरुवात-SAWAI GANDHARVA MAHOTSAV 2024-वादनाला सुरूवात:एस.बालेश आणि डॉ.कृष्णा बालेश भ्रजंत्री यांनी शहनाईवादनाने सवाई गंधर्व भीमसेन संगीत महोत्सवाचा सुरेल प्रारंभ केला|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/mr/!state/70-th-sawai-gandharva-mahotsav-2024-started-in-pune-maharashtra-news-mhs24121807441|access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Mahotsav:A world of music under one roof-The festival will open with shehnai recital by S Ballesh, a disciple of Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan, accompanied by his son Krishna Ballesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/sawai-gandharva-bhimsen-mahotsav-a-world-of-music-under-one-roof-101732908162482.html|access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=www.punekarnews.in|title=Pune:Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Mahotsav begins on soulful note-The festival began with a soulful shehnai performance by Dr S Ballesh, a disciple of Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan, accompanied by his son Dr.Krishna Ballesh|url= https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-sawai-gandharva-bhimsen-mahotsav-begins-on-soulful-note/|access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Pune Mirror]]|title=70th Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Mahotsav to Celebrate Seven Decades of Indian Classical Music-Day1–18th December (3:00 PM to 10:00 PM)-The festival opens with a soulful shehnai recital by Dr.S.Ballesh, a disciple of Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan, accompanied by his son Dr.Krishna Ballesh|url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/70th-sawai-gandharva-bhimsen-mahotsav-to-celebrate-seven-decades-of-indian-classical-music/cid1732885974.htm#google_vignette|access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref>
* 2022 Performed for [[Mysore Dasara]] Utsava<ref>{{cite news|author=Nirmala Matapathi|work=[[Star of Mysore]]|title=Pandit Dr. S.Ballesh Bhajantri To Perform Amidst Cacophony-Shehnai Chakravarthy' PadmaShri awardee Pandit Dr.S.Ballesh Bhajantri will perform in Mysuru on Sept.29 at 8pm|url=https://starofmysore.com/pandit-dr-s-ballesh-bhajantri-to-perform-amidst-cacophony/|access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref> that held at the Mysore Palace premises, Karnataka<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Star of Mysore]]|title=Dr.Krishna Ballesh Bhajantri's Shehnai Spellbinds Audience-Performance shifted from market-place to serene Mysore Palace-'Shehnai Chakravarthy'Padma Shri awardee Pandit Dr.S.Ballesh Bhajantri to perform last evening from 8pm to 9.30pm,shifted the venue to Palace|url=https://starofmysore.com/dr-krishna-ballesh-bhajantris-shehnai-spellbinds-audience/|access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>
* 2016 Performed for 100th birthday anniversary of Ustad Bismillah Khan<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/sixty-fourth-sawai-gandharva-bhimsen-mahotsav-line-up-announced-for-sawai-fest-4379504/|title=Sixty Fourth Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Mahotsav: Line-up announced for Sawai fest |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 November 2016 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>
* 2016 Performed for 64th anniversary of the “[[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Mahotsav]]” <ref name="pune_2016-12-08">{{cite news|url=https://pune365.com/capturing-audience-emotion-sawai-gandharva-festival/|title=Capturing audience emotion @ The Sawai Gandharva festival |website=pune365.com|date=8 December 2016 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.esakal.com/image-story-19261 |title= जेव्हा व्यापला अवघा "सवाई आसमंत'... |work=eSakal |date=8 December 2016|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= Savitha Gautam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sawai-gandharva-music-festival-begins-in-pune-660046-2016-12-08 |title=Sawai Gandharva music festival begins in Pune |work=India Today |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>
* 2015 Performed at the 140th Baba [[Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan]] that commenced at Shri Devi Talab Mandir, Jalandhar.<ref>{{cite news|author= Rachna Khaira| url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/classical-music-is-for-inner-peace-says-shehnai-maestro-175893 |title=Classical music is for inner peace, says shehnai maestro|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|date=26 December 2015 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>
* 2006 Played a musical tribute to Krishna Hangal, daughter of [[Gangubai Hangal]], at the presentation award ceremony for the first Krishna Hangal Memorial Award of the Hangal Music Foundation at the [[Sawai Gandharva]] Hall in Hubli.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/honour-for-musician/article3206137.ece|title= Honour for musician|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]| date=13 December 2006 |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

==External links==
*{{commons-inline}}
* {{Official website|http://shehnaiballesh.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ballesh, S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Shehnai players]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Film music]]

Ummachu

2026-01-16T06:37:56Z

IrisClow72785038: fixed issues

{{short description|Book by Uroob}}
{{About|the Malayalam novel|the 1971 film adaptation|Ummachu (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Umachu
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Ummachu.jpg
| caption = The cover of ''Ummachu''
| author = [[Uroob]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| genre =
| publisher = [[DC Books]]
| release_date = 1954
| english_release_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 264 (first edition) 199 (current edition)
| isbn = 81-7130-230-0
}}
'''''Ummachu''''' (''Beloved'') is a [[Malayalam]] [[novel]] written by [[Uroob]] in 1954. ''Ummachu'' along with ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]'' are considered the best works by Uroob and are ranked among the finest novels in Malayalam.<ref name="Novel">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/04/15/stories/2005041502510300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121111053505/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/04/15/stories/2005041502510300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 November 2012|title='Ummachu' turns 50 |author=Sreevarahom Balakrishnan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 April 2005}}</ref> In ''Ummachu'', Uroob explores the ramifications of human relationships in a village.<ref>{{cite book
|last=
|title=Modern Indian literature, an anthology, Volume 2
|publisher=
|year=1992
|page=249
|isbn=81-7201-324-8}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
Ummachu is in love with Mayan, her childhood friend. But much to her dislike, she is married to a rich, but timid Beeran making her marriage unhappy. Mayan manhandles the old man, the ‘village historian,’ who is supposed to have been instrumental in conducting Ummachu’s marriage with Beeran. The old man becomes unconscious and Mayan leaves the village believing that he is dead. Mayan goes to Wayanad and becomes a rich spice merchant. He returns to the village when he learns that the old man was not dead, but had later died of illness.

Ummachu lived an unhappy life with her husband and son. Mayan murders Beeran and the police arrest an innocent man for the crime. Mayan marries Ummachu. Years roll by. Abdu, Ummachu’s son is in love with their Manager’s daughter Chinnammu, a Hindu. Abdu learns that his stepfather Mayan is the murderer of his father and dislikes Ummachu because she was aware of his father's murder by Mayan. Mayan commits suicide. Ummachu divides her property between Abdu and her two sons by Mayan.

In the elections, Abdu contests as the Congress candidate against Hydros, the younger son of Ummachu by Mayan, a candidate of the ‘League’ and Hydros wins. Ignoring the strong protests from the communities, Abdu marries Chinnammu.

==Film adaptation==
{{Main|Ummachu (film)}}
In 1971, a film adaptation of the novel was released, starring [[Sheela]] as Ummachu, [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Mayan, [[Nellikode Bhaskaran]] as Beeran, and directed by [[P. Bhaskaran]]. [[Uroob]] himself scripted the film.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen
|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|year=1999
|page=411
|isbn=0-85170-455-7}}</ref> Its music is scored by Raghunath with lyrics by P. Bhaskaran.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q7881691|id=tt0156150|title=Ummachu}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:Novels by Uroob]]
[[Category:DC Books books]]
[[Category:1954 Indian novels]]

Ramji Bhangare

2026-01-05T13:00:03Z

IrisClow72785038: made a info

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

The '''Ramji Bhangare''', or '''Ramji Bhangria'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Sashi Bhusan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9h4dAAAAMAAJ |title=Civil Disturbances During the British Rule in India, 1765-1857 |publisher=[[World Press]] |year=1955 |isbn=978-0-598-57785-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=229 |language=en}}</ref> was a revolutionary from [[Maharashtra]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Frederick Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9dmbS_n9UEC |title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |year=1978 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=282 |language=en}}</ref> [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of [[Devgaon]], [[Jemadar]] in [[British Indian Army]]{{sfn|Robinson|1978|p=234}} and was father of the revolutionaries [[Raghoji Bhangare]] and [[Bapuji Bhangare]].{{sfn|Robinson|1978|p=261}} He challenged and breakdown the [[British Raj|British]] authorities in [[Konkan]] from 1798 to 1814.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis |publisher=Shubhada Saraswat |year=1976 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> but before this, during the [[reign]] of [[Baji Rao I|Bajirao]] [[Peshwa]], he along with his uncle Valoji Bhangare, revolted against Peshwa government because of land rights of locals and plundered the several territorial places of Peshwa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nand |first=Brahma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T-6AAAAIAAJ |title=Fields and Farmers in Western India, 1850-1950 |publisher=[[Bibliomatrix]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-901964-0-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=745 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Jemadar]] of [[British Indian Army]]
| name = Ramjirao Manajirao Bhangare
| honorific_suffix = [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of [[Devgaon]]
| native_name = रामजीराव माणाजीराव भांगरे
| native_name_lang = Hi
| other_names = Ramji Patil
| birth_name = Ramjirao Manajirao Bhangare
| birth_place = Devgaon, [[Maratha Empire]]
| occupation = Military personnel
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| criminal_charges = Murders
| criminal_penalty = Death
| children = *[[Raghoji Bhangare]]
*[[Bapuji Bhangare]]
| parents = Manaji Bhangare (father)
}}

During revolt of [[Ramoshi]]s, Ramji Bhangare leaves the [[Jemadar]] post in British army and revolted against British rule. He joined another revolutionary [[Govind Rao Khare|Govindrao Khare]] from Konkan and plundered the several villages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Jai Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hARuAAAAMAAJ |title=Aspects of Indian History: Professor Ram Mohan Sinha Commemoration Volume |last2=Sinha |first2=Ram Mohan |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |year=1991 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=89–90 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
The Ramji Bhangare was born in a [[List of Koli people|Koli]] family to Manaji Bhangare who was [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of [[Devgaon]] and chief of Mahadev Kolis of Bhangare [[List of Koli states and clans|clan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=मिश्र |first=सुरेश |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzv4fiGCeygC |title=उन्नीसवीं सदी में भारत में आदिवासी विद्रोह |publisher=स्वराज संस्थान सञ्चालनालय, संस्कृति विभाग, मध्यप्रदेश शासन |year=2008 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=149 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Rebellions ==
In 1798, a fresh disturbance took place among the Kolis. The leader of this outbreak was Ramji Naik Bhangria, he was an abler and more daring man than his predecessors, and succeeded in baffling all the efforts of the [[Peshwa]] Government officers to seize him. As force seemed hopeless, the Peshwa offered Ramji to be pardon and gave him an important [[Subedar]] post, in which he did excellent service.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

Even after the establishment of the [[British Raj|British]] rule in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], nearly twenty years passed before the warlike Kolis were brought to order. In 1822, Ramji along with his close aide Rama Kirwa who was Subedar of [[Ratangad]]h fort, planned to attack the British troops in Ahmednagar but it was controlled by government and [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] [[Princely state|State]] army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Divekar |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZNuAAAAMAAJ |title=South India in 1857 War of Independence |publisher=Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust |year=1993 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref> But later in 1828, he infested the [[Thane district|Thane]] and [[Pune district|Pune]] [[List of districts of Maharashtra|districts]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDluAAAAMAAJ |title=Heritage of Tansa Valley |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-8090-029-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref> In 1829, Kolis were again troublesome and, under their leaders Ramji Bhangria and Rama Kirwa, ravaged the country far and wide. In 1830, he was joined by the [[Bhil people|Bhils]] and their conjoint raids became most daring and systematic. British Troops were despatched against him under the command of [[Captain]] Luykin and [[Lieutenant]]s Lloyd and [[Forbes]] and, with the help of the [[Brahmin]]s, the revolt was put down and the leaders were taken and executed.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhangare, Ramji}}

== External links ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=SM9jDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rama+Bhangre&pg=PT128 Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934-47]

[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People executed for murdering police officers]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Executed assassins]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:19th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian independence armed struggle activists]]

Sutkagan Dor

2026-01-04T05:40:33Z

IrisClow72785038: Made Article

{{Short description|Indus River Valley civilization archaeological site}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Sutkagen Dor
| native_name =
| alternate_name = Sutkagen Dor
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = West Asia
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|25|29|59.72|N|61|57|3.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]]
| region = [[Makran]]
| type = Settlement
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|4.5|ha|abbr=on}}
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built =
| abandoned =
| epochs = 
| cultures = [[Indus Valley civilization]]
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations =
| archaeologists =
| condition =
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website = 
| notes =
|map={{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|{{Coord||}}|text=|zoom=SWITCH:4,7,10|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}}}}

'''Sutkagan Dor''' (or '''Sutkagen Dor''') is the westernmost<ref name=gregory>{{cite book|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L.|title=The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary perspective|year=2003|publisher=Vistaar Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=8178292912|pages=79–80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&q=Sutkagan|edition=[3rd printing].}}</ref> known archaeological site of the [[Indus Valley civilization]]. It is located about 480 km west of [[Karachi]] on the [[Makran]] coast near [[Gwadar]], close to the [[Iran]]ian border, in [[Pakistan]]'s [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]] Province. The site is within the Union Council of [[Suntsar]]<ref>{{cite news
|title=A hidden past, a haunting future
|website=Dawn
|publisher=Herald Publications
|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1244530
|date=7 March 2016
|language=en
|access-date=4 January 2026
}}</ref> and is near the western bank of the [[Dasht River]] and its confluence with a smaller stream, known as the Gajo Kaur. It was a smaller settlement with substantial stone walls and gateways.<ref name=jane>{{cite book|last=McIntosh|first=Jane R.|title=The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=9781576079072|pages=169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=Sutkagan+Dor+}}</ref>

==Discovery==
Sutkagan Dor was discovered in 1876 by Major Edward Mockler, who conducted small-scale excavation.<ref>{{cite web
|title=A Search for Ancient Seaports
|website=Expedition Magazine
|publisher=Penn Museum
|url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/a-search-for-ancient-seaports/
|language=en
|access-date=4 January 2026
}}</ref> Mockler was the Assistant Political Agent for the Makran Coast who also studied the Balochi language.<ref>{{cite book
|title=A Grammar of the Baloochee Language, As It Is Spoken in Makran
|author=Trumpp, Ernest
|publisher=Printed for the Government of India
|year=1872
|url=https://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/590687633.pdf
|language=en
|access-date=4 January 2026
}}</ref>

In year 1928, [[Aurel Stein]] visited the area as part of his [[Gedrosia]] tour, and carried out further digs.{{cn|date=March 2020}} In October 1960, Sutkagan Dor was more extensively excavated by [[George F. Dales]] as part of his Makran Survey,<ref name=gregory/> uncovering structures made from stone and mud bricks without straw.

==Architecture==
This site measures approximately 4.5 hectares (300 m × 150 m).<ref name=gregory/> Along with the typical "citadel" and "lower town",<ref>{{cite book|last=Shendge|first=Malathi J.|title=The Civilized Demons: The Harappans in Rigveda|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=8170170648|pages=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tf-ThAPjqZAC&dq=Sutkagen+Dor&pg=PA209}}</ref> there is a massive fortification wall of semi-dressed stones. This citadel wall varies in height and thickness due to the irregular contours of the natural rock foundation, but at one point about midway along the eastern wall, it is approximately 7.5 m thick at the base. The inner face of the wall is slightly [[Batter (walls)|battered]], whereas the outer face has a decided slope, varying from 23° to 40°.

==Coastal route==
Though inland at present, the site may have been near navigable water in ancient times, on a trade route between other centers. A coastal route existed linking sites such as [[Lothal]] and [[Dholavira]] to Sutkagan Dor on the Makran coast.<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131711200|pages=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=Sutkagan+Dor+}}</ref> It has been suggested that the site may well have been an important trading post, connecting seaborne trade from the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the hinterland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarva Daman|title=Ancient Indian Warfare With Special Reference To The Vedic Period|year=1968|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dc0UAAAAIAAJ&dq=Sutkagen+Dor&pg=PA122}}</ref>

==Findings==
Stein recovered 127 flint blades without cores measuring up to 27.5 cm.<ref name=gregory/> Stone vessels, stone arrowheads, copper arrowheads, shell beads, pottery, and various other items were found. A copper-bronze disc probably associated with the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]] (BMAC) was also discovered there.<ref name=gregory/>

==See also==
* [[Indus Valley civilization]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[Manda, Jammu]], northernmost IVC site (excluding [[Shortugai]])
* [[Alamgirpur]], easternmost IVC site
* Sutkagan Dor, westernmost IVC site
* [[Daimabad]], southernmost IVC site
* [[Sokhta Koh]]
* [[Malwan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130630184453/http://www.harappa.com/har/harsites5.html Indus Valley sites]

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Pakistan]]

Guwahati Theatre Festival

2025-12-28T22:33:17Z

IrisClow72785038: starting some info initial version

{{Short description|Theatre festival in Guwahati, Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox recurring event
|name = Guwahati Theatre Festival
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|logo =
|logo_alt =
|logo_caption =
|logo_size =
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|status = Active
|genre = [[Theatre festival]]
|date = 
|begins = 
|ends = 
|frequency = Annual
|venue = Pragjyoti ITA Cultural Complex
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
|coordinates = 
|country = [[India]]
|years_active =
|first = {{start date|df=yes|2016}}
|founder_name = Sunit Jain
|last = 
|prev = 2017
|next = 2018
|participants =
|attendance =
|capacity =
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|website = {{URL|http://guwahatitheatrefestival.com/}}
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'''Guwahati Theatre Festival''' is an annual [[theatre festival]] held in [[Guwahati]] city of [[Assam]] state, [[India]].<ref name="ABP"/> The festival is organized by G Plus, an [[English-language]] weekly [[tabloid newspaper]] in [[Guwahati]].<ref name="tnt"/> The festival aims to provide a platform to performing groups to showcase their productions before a new audience in the [[Guwahati]] city and [[Northeast India|North East]] region.

{{coord|26.178509|N|91.7350864|E|display=title|source:dewiki}}

== History ==
The festival was started in 2016 by G Plus.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Deka|first1=Prantik|title=Shabana Azmi Enthralls Crowds at G Plus Guwahati Theatre Festival|url=http://www.kothasobi.com/theatre/shabana-azmi-enthralls-crowds-g-plus-guwahati-theatre-festival/|publisher=Kothasobi.com|date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="tnt">{{cite news|title=Assam: 1st Guwahati Theatre Festival to start|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/assam-1st-guwahati-theatre-festival-to-start-from-sept-14/|publisher=The Northeast Today|date=7 September 2016}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
The inaugural festival began on 23 September 2016, and featured [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Neil Bhoopalam]], [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Jim Sarbh]], [[Sadiya Siddiqui]], [[Shernaz Patel]], [[Dolly Thakore]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Big theatre groups from Mumbai to perform at Guwahati|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/big-theatre-groups-from-mumbai-to-perform-at-guwahati-716796-2016-09-14|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=14 September 2016}}</ref> and [[Achint Kaur]].<ref name="ABP">{{cite news|last1=Rakshit|first1=Rajibika|title=জোকারদের হ্যামলেটে মন-ধাঁধানো সূচনা গুয়াহাটি নাট্যোৎসবের|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/hamlet-the-crown-prince-the-inaugural-play-at-guwahati-theatre-festival-1.478507|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=15 September 2016|language=Bengali}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chaliha|first1=Akankshya|title=Starburst at theatre festival|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160914/jsp/northeast/story_108037.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915180004/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160914/jsp/northeast/story_108037.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2016|newspaper=[[The Telegraph India]]|date=13 September 2016}}</ref> The maiden festival also featured globally acclaimed play ''Hamlet - The Clown Prince'', directed by [[Rajat Kapoor]] and ''[[The Vagina Monologues]]'' written by [[Eve Ensler]].<ref name="sify">{{cite news|title=First edition of Guwahati Theatre Festival brings a smile to people of northeast|url=http://www.sify.com/news/first-edition-of-guwahati-theatre-festival-brings-a-smile-to-people-of-northeast-news-national-qjxjaPhajeffb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924155448/http://www.sify.com/news/first-edition-of-guwahati-theatre-festival-brings-a-smile-to-people-of-northeast-news-national-qjxjaPhajeffb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2016|website=[[Sify]]|date=23 September 2016}}</ref>

Other plays staged during the festival was ''The Living Room'', ''2 to Tango 3 to Jive'', ''[[The Vagina Monologues]]'', ''The Truth of Womanhood'', and ''One on One''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Saurav|title=First edition of Guwahati Theatre Festival brings a smile to people of northeast|url=https://www.topnews.in/law/node/204531|publisher=topnews.in|date=2016-09-23}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
The second edition of Guwahati Theatre Festival commenced on 1 November 2017,<ref>{{cite news|title=Guwahati Theatre Festival to begin from Nov 1|url=http://www.thehillstimes.in/guwahati-theatre-festival-to-begin-from-nov-1/|publisher=[[The Hills Times (Diphu)]]|date=13 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="BSN">{{cite news|title=Guwahati Theatre Festival to begin from November 1|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/guwahati-theatre-festival-to-begin-from-november-1-117101300492_1.html|agency=[[Press Trust Of India]]|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=13 October 2017|location=[[Guwahati]]}}</ref> featured [[Bollywood]] actors [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Ranvir Shorey]], and [[Arundhati Nag]].<ref name="tg" >{{cite news|last1=Fauz Hasan|first1=Ali|title=Top Bollywood actors for Guwahati theatre festival|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/top-bollywood-actors-for-guwahati-theatre-festival-179703|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204734/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/top-bollywood-actors-for-guwahati-theatre-festival-179703|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Telegraph India]]|date=21 October 2017}}</ref> The festival featured plays like [[Quasar Padamsee]]'s ''[[Mother Courage and Her Children]]'', [[Alyque Padamsee]]'s ''Broken Images'', ''The Gentlemen’s Club'' aka ''Tape''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Gentlemen's Club aka Tape performed at the Guwahati Theatre Festival 2017|url=http://www.northeastindia24.com/the-gentlemens-club-aka-tape-performed-at-the-guwahati-theatre-festival-2017/|publisher=northeastindia24.com|date=3 November 2017}}</ref> by Sheena Khalid, Vikram Phukan, Puja Sarup, Rachel D'souza. The event also presented two plays based on [[William Shakespeare]]'s works, ''[[What's done is done]]'', and ''Piya Behrupia (Twelfth Night)'' by [[Mumbai]] based two theatre production houses.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guwahati Theatre Festival 2017 Concludes With Atul Kumar's Piya Behrupiya|url=http://www.mediainfoline.com/artnculture/guwahati-theatre-festival-2017-concludes-atul-kumars-piya-behrupiya|publisher=mediainfoline.com|date=7 November 2017}}</ref>

The Guwahati Theatre Festival also conducts workshops for school and college students in various areas of theatrics in collaboration with Brahmaputra Foundation and supported by [[North Eastern Council]], [[Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region]].<ref name="morung" >{{cite news|title=Guwahati Theatre Festival 2017 concludes|url=http://morungexpress.com/guwahati-theatre-festival-2017-concludes/|publisher=[[The Morung Express]]|date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

=== 2018 ===
The third season of Guwahati Theatre Festival was held from 16 November to 18 November 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guwahati Theatre Festival All Set To Begin From Nov 16 |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/guwahati-theatre-festival-all-set-to-begin-from-nov-16/ |publisher=[[Pratidin Time]] |date=3 November 2018}}</ref>

The festival featured plays like ''Laughter Therapy'', played by [[Bollywood]] actors like [[Mona Singh]], Siddharth Merchant, Danesh Khambata, [[Boman Irani|Danesh Irani]] and Sajeel Parakh and Hindi escape drama, ''Detective 9-2-11'', directed by Atul Kumar, featured actors like [[Neil Bhoopalam]] and Sukant Goyel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guwahati Theatre Festival concludes |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2018/11/20/guwahati-theatre-fest-concludes/ |publisher=[[The Shillong Times]] |date=19 November 2018}}</ref>

It also featured a solo show, ''Foreign Body'', by artist Imogen Butler-Cole from [[London]] about hope, healing and forgiveness after sexual assault and Stories in a Song, which was directed by [[Sunil Shanbag]].<ref name=sentinelassam>{{cite news |title=3rd season of Guwahati Theatre Festival ends |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/3rd-season-of-guwahati-theatre-festival-ends/ |publisher=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=19 November 2018}}</ref>

The festival organised a theatre workshop, conducted by [[Namit Das]]<ref name=sentinelassam/> and Atul Kumar Khamakar, which was attended by more than 60 school students.<ref name=assamtribune>{{cite news |title=Laughter Therapy marks start of Guwahati theatre fest |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov1818/city050 |publisher=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=17 November 2018}}</ref>

==Life in a Theatre Award==
The festival also constitutes the ''Life in a Theatre Award'' that was given out to [[Kulada Kumar Bhattacharjee]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran Actor Kulada Bhattacharjee Awarded 'Life In A Theatre' Award|url=https://thenewsmill.com/veteran-actor-kulada-bhattacharjee-awarded-life-theatre-award/|publisher=The News Mill|date=21 September 2016}}</ref> in 2016 and posthumously to [[Padma Shri]] awardee [[Arun Sarma]] in 2017.<ref name="morung" /><ref name="tg" />

The ''Life in a Theatre Award'', 2018 was posthumously presented to Sukracharjya Rabha for his contribution in the field of theatre direction.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Life in the Theatre 2018 posthumously awarded to Sukracharjya Rabha |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2018/11/19/the-life-in-the-theatre-2018-posthumously-awarded-to-sukracharjya-rabha/ |publisher=[[The Shillong Times]] |date=19 November 2018}}</ref>

== Patrons ==
[[Audi]], [[Ballantine's]], [[State Bank of India]] were the main sponsors of The Guwahati Theatre Festival 2016.<ref name="sify"/>
The second edition in 2017 was sponsored by [[Apollo Hospitals]], [[Airtel]], [[Indian Oil]], [[Ballantine's]] and [[Hastakshar]].<ref name="BSN"/>

The third edition in 2018 was supported by [[Apollo Hospitals]], North East Small Finance Bank, [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] and [[Indian Oil]].<ref name=assamtribune/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Theatre|Art|India}}
* [[Metropolis Asia]]
* [[Alcheringa (festival)]]
* [[Cinema of Assam]]
* [[List of theatre festivals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links==
* [http://guwahatitheatrefestival.com/ Official website]

[[Category:2016 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2016]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2016]]
[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:Theatre festivals in India]]

2018 Kerala floods

2025-12-23T16:55:32Z

IrisClow72785038: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Flooding that occurred in Kerala}}
{{about|the 2018 Kerala floods|2019 Kerala floods|2019 Kerala floods|2020 Kerala floods|2020 Kerala floods}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox flood
| image = IN-KL.svg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Disaster of Kerala
| cause = [[Monsoon|Heavy rain]] [[Discharge (hydrology)|Discharges]] [[Landslide]]
| duration = {{start date|2018|07|df=y}} – August 2018
| damages = {{INRConvert|40000|c|lk=r}} (estimated)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajiv G |date=13 September 2018 |title=Flood damages in Kerala pegged at Rs 4,000,000,000 crore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-lost-rs-4000000000-cr-due-to-floods-will-be-submitted-to-centre/articleshow/65783705.cms |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919222132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-lost-rs-4000000000-cr-due-to-floods-will-be-submitted-to-centre/articleshow/65783705.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| fatalities = 500
| affected = [[Kerala]], India
| website =
}}

On 16 August 2018, severe [[flood]]s affected the [[south India]]n state [[Kerala]], due to unusually heavy rainfall during the [[monsoon season]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=Kerala Floods 2018 Video |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/videos/video-featured.kerala-floods.5827677602001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113113/https://www.manoramaonline.com/videos/video-featured.kerala-floods.5827677602001.html |archive-date=1 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Kieran M. R. |last2=Menon |first2=Arathy |date=1 February 2020 |title=The 2018 Kerala floods: a climate change perspective |journal=Climate Dynamics |language=en |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=2433–2446 |bibcode=2020ClDy...54.2433H |doi=10.1007/s00382-020-05123-7 |issn=1432-0894 |s2cid=210715907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was the worst flood in Kerala in nearly a century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baynes |first=Chris |date=15 August 2018 |title=Worst floods in nearly a century kill 44 in India's Kerala state amid torrential monsoon rains.New report suggests thet this will continue every year the rest 100 years |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-worst-floods-flooding-death-monsoon-rain-dead-kerala-kochi-a8493011.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815204029/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-worst-floods-flooding-death-monsoon-rain-dead-kerala-kochi-a8493011.html |archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Over 483 people died,<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=500 dead in Kerala floods and landslides, losses more than annual plan outlay: Pinarayi Vijayan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/483-dead-in-kerala-floods-and-landslides-losses-more-than-annual-plan-outlay-pinarayi-vijayan-5332306/ |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916065101/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/483-dead-in-kerala-floods-and-landslides-losses-more-than-annual-plan-outlay-pinarayi-vijayan-5332306/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and about one million<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=National Disaster Management Authority on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/ndmaindia/status/1031796290219257857 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043039/https://twitter.com/ndmaindia/status/1031796290219257857 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Babu |first=Gireesh |date=17 August 2018 |title=Monsoon havoc in Kerala: 324 lives lost since May 29, says CM Vijayan |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/monsoon-havoc-in-kerala-324-lives-lost-since-may-29-says-cm-vijayan-118081701276_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817202209/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/monsoon-havoc-in-kerala-324-lives-lost-since-may-29-says-cm-vijayan-118081701276_1.html |archive-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> people were evacuated, mainly from [[Chengannur]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flood hit over Chengannur |date=19 August 2018 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/aug/18/kerala-floods-horror-and-heartache-at-chengannur-1859525.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823024513/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/aug/18/kerala-floods-horror-and-heartache-at-chengannur-1859525.html |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> [[Pandanad]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attempts to rescue people in Pandanad, continue |url=https://tv.mathrubhumi.com/en/news/kerala/attempts-to-rescue-people-in-pandanad-chengannur-continue-1.1203 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821095433/https://tv.mathrubhumi.com/en/news/kerala/attempts-to-rescue-people-in-pandanad-chengannur-continue-1.1203 |archive-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> [[Edanad]], [[Aranmula]], [[Kozhencherry]], [[Ayiroor, Pathanamthitta|Ayiroor]], [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Pandalam]], [[Kuttanad]], [[Malappuram]], [[Aluva]], [[Chalakudy]], [[Thrissur]], [[Thiruvalla]], [[Eraviperoor]], [[Vallamkulam]], [[North Paravur]], [[Chendamangalam]], [[Chellanam]], [[Vypin Island]], and [[Palakkad]]. All 14 [[List of districts in Kerala|districts]] of the state were placed on red alert.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Kerala floods live updates: Death toll rises to 79; Kochi airport to remain closed till August 26 |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-live-updates-more-ndrf-teams-rushed-to-kerala-as-flood-situation-worsens/liveblog/65403405.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816054252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-live-updates-more-ndrf-teams-rushed-to-kerala-as-flood-situation-worsens/liveblog/65403405.cms |archive-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2018 |title=Death toll soars in India monsoon floods |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45216671 |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816235049/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45216671 |archive-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> According to the Kerala government, one-sixth of the total population of Kerala was directly affected by the floods and related incidents.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Sudden water release by Tamil Nadu from Mullaperiyar a reason for deluge: Kerala to SC |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sudden-water-release-by-tamil-nadu-from-mullaperiyar-a-reason-for-deluge-kerala-to-sc/articleshow/65519730.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823220553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sudden-water-release-by-tamil-nadu-from-mullaperiyar-a-reason-for-deluge-kerala-to-sc/articleshow/65519730.cms |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> The [[Government of India|Indian government]] declared it a Level 3 Calamity, or "calamity of a severe nature".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=T. c a Sharad |date=20 August 2018 |title=Calamity of a severe nature |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-calamity-of-a-severe-nature/article24739342.ece |access-date=24 August 2018 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911041050/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-calamity-of-a-severe-nature/article24739342.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=Centre declares Kerala floods 'Level-3' calamity; demand to call it 'national disaster' either ignorance or mischief – Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/centre-declares-kerala-floods-level-3-calamity-demand-to-call-it-national-disaster-amounts-to-ignorance-or-mischief-5011141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825085316/https://www.firstpost.com/india/centre-declares-kerala-floods-level-3-calamity-demand-to-call-it-national-disaster-amounts-to-ignorance-or-mischief-5011141.html |archive-date=25 August 2018 |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref> It is the worst flood in Kerala after the [[great flood of 99|great flood of '99]] that took place in 1924.

Thirty-five<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |title=Kerala floods live updates: 35 dams opened, death toll rises to 67 |language=en |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/live-updates-33-dams-opened-kerala-floods-wreak-havoc-86598 |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911034324/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/live-updates-33-dams-opened-kerala-floods-wreak-havoc-86598 |url-status=live }}</ref> out of the fifty-four<ref name="spb">{{Cite web |title=Water Resources |url=http://spb.kerala.gov.in/ER2017/web_e/ch26.php?id=2&ch=26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000147/http://spb.kerala.gov.in/ER2017/web_e/ch26.php?id=2&ch=26 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=28 August 2018 |website=ECONOMIC REVIEW 2017 |publisher=State Planning Board, Kerala}}</ref> [[List of dams and reservoirs in Kerala|dams within the state]] were opened for the first time in history. All five overflow gates of the [[Idukki Dam]] were opened at the same time, and for the first time in 26 years, five gates of the [[Malampuzha Dam|Malampuzha dam]] of Palakkad were opened.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All 5 Idukki Dam gates opened for the 1st time in history as Kerala battles unending rains |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-rains-all-5-gates-idukki-dam-open-1310804-2018-08-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810105624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-rains-all-5-gates-idukki-dam-open-1310804-2018-08-10 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018 |website=India Today|date=10 August 2018 }}</ref> Heavy rains in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] and [[Idukki district|Idukki]] caused severe landslides and left the hilly districts isolated.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Landslides hit several places in Malabar; Munnar, Wayanad isolated |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/landslides-hit-several-places-in-malabar-munnar-wayanad-isolated-1.3060948 |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201250/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/landslides-hit-several-places-in-malabar-munnar-wayanad-isolated-1.3060948 |archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India" /> The [[National Crisis Management Committee]] coordinated the rescue and relief operations. The dam openings disrupted the lives of many of those living nearby.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{Cite news |date=23 August 2018 |title=Kerala floods: Centre to give more funds to state, says Rs 600 crore was only advance assistance |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-floods-centre-to-give-more-funds-to-state-says-rs-600-crore-was-only-advance-assistance-5321879/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034105/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-floods-centre-to-give-more-funds-to-state-says-rs-600-crore-was-only-advance-assistance-5321879/ |archive-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>

With the recurrence of flood events in the state in the subsequent years, several studies have attempted to explain the behavior.

== Causes ==
Rainfall from the [[southwest monsoon]] was 23% higher than normal in Kerala in 2018, with August seeing rainfall 96% above normal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=REGIONAL REPORT ON SOUTHWEST MONSOON – 2018 OVER THE SOUTHERN PENINSULAR INDIA |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/chennai/mcdata/sw_monsoon_2018.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605161605/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/chennai/mcdata/sw_monsoon_2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On the evening of 8 August, Kerala received heavy rainfall which was 116% more than usual{{Clarify|reason=More than usual for what period of time?|date=August 2024}}, resulting in [[dam]]s filling to their maximum capacities. In the proceeding 48 hours, the state received {{cvt|310|mm}} of rain. Almost all dams had been opened since the water had risen close to overflow levels due to heavy rainfall, which flooded local low-lying areas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Swati |date=16 August 2018 |title=Kerala floods: Red alert issued as death toll rises in Indian state |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/16/asia/india-kerala-floods-intl/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816111701/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/16/asia/india-kerala-floods-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lal |first1=Preet |last2=Prakash |first2=Aniket |last3=Kumar |first3=Amit |last4=Srivastava |first4=Prashant K. |last5=Saikia |first5=Purabi |last6=Pandey |first6=A.C. |last7=Srivastava |first7=Parul |last8=Khan |first8=M.L. |date=21 February 2020 |title=Evaluating the 2018 extreme flood hazard events in Kerala, India |journal=Remote Sensing Letters |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=436–445 |doi=10.1080/2150704X.2020.1730468 |bibcode=2020RSL....11..436L |s2cid=214347890}}</ref> For the first time in the state's history, 35<ref name=":15" /> of its 54<ref name="spb" /> dams had been opened. The deluge is considered an impact of [[global warming]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala floods: global warming in action {{!}} Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/kerala-floods-global-warming-688894.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822224053/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/kerala-floods-global-warming-688894.html |archive-date=22 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="KiranSSRN">{{Cite conference |last=Kiran |first=S. R. |date=3 July 2021 |ssrn=3975112 |contribution=Convectively-Coupled High-Frequency Atmospheric Waves Triggered Kerala Floods in 2018 and 2019 |book-title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering |editor=Yukthi}}</ref>

Independent scientific studies conducted by hydrology experts from [[IIT Madras]], [[Purdue University]], and [[IIT Gandhinagar]] concluded that heavy downpour and dam management resulted in the floods.<ref name="toidam">{{Cite news |date=26 November 2018 |title=Flood caused by excessive rainfall: IIT-Madras |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/flood-caused-by-excessive-rainfall-iit-madras/articleshow/66808949.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808043711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/flood-caused-by-excessive-rainfall-iit-madras/articleshow/66808949.cms |archive-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="hindudam">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=22 November 2018 |title=Water release from dams didn't lead to Kerala floods: IIT-M-Purdue University study |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/water-release-from-dams-didnt-lead-to-kerala-floods-iit-m-purdue-university-study/article25570143.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808044007/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/water-release-from-dams-didnt-lead-to-kerala-floods-iit-m-purdue-university-study/article25570143.ece |archive-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="hindudam1">{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=R |date=22 November 2018 |title=Kerala floods: IIT professor identifies four major factors |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-floods-iit-professor-four-major-factors-for-disaster/article25021967.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808044328/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-floods-iit-professor-four-major-factors-for-disaster/article25021967.ece |archive-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> Based on a computer simulation of flood storage and flow patterns by a team of researchers from IIT Madras and Purdue University, it was found that the devastation wrought by the floods cannot be attributed to the release of water from dams. Further, the scientists added that the odds of such floods were 0.06% and no reservoir management could have considered such scenarios.<ref name="hindudam" /> A hydrology expert, researcher from [[IIT Gandhinagar]], [[Vimal Mishra]], identified four major factors for the floods: unexpected above-normal downpour, extreme rainfall events occurring almost across Kerala during the season, over 90% reservoir storage even before the onset of extreme rainfall events, and the unprecedented extreme rainfall in the catchment areas of major reservoirs in the state.<ref name="hindudam1" />

The prime reason for the anomalous rainfall in 2018 is the high-frequency mixed [[Rossby-gravity waves]] in the mid-troposphere triggered by the synoptic disturbances of the tropical Pacific.<ref name="KiranJEE">{{Cite journal |last=Kiran |first=S. R. |date=3 July 2021 |title=High-Frequency Mixed Rossby-Gravity Waves in the Mid-Troposphere Triggered Kerala Floods of 2018 |journal=Journal of Extreme Events |volume=08 |doi=10.1142/S2345737621500147 |s2cid=237753304}}</ref><ref name="KiranSSRN" /> These high-frequency waves manifested as cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations and dilated the wind field to establish zones of convection in the tropics, as they propagated across the Indian Ocean basin. Although the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] phase with 20-to-40-day period has favored convection in the tropics, the high-frequency mode correlates better with the anomalous precipitation during the intervals of extreme events.<ref name="KiranJEE" /><ref name="KiranSSRN" />

[[File:Rainfall anomalies.png|thumb|IMD daily rainfall anomalies (in millimetres) of 2018 over North, Central, and South Kerala, measured with respect to the seven-year mean precipitation.<ref name="KiranSSRN" />{{Clarify|reason=Overly-technical. What does this mean, and how is this notable?|date=August 2024}}]]

[[File:Rainfall bpfiltered.png|thumb|5-8 day, 12-20 day and 20-60 day bandpass-filtered IMD rainfall anomalies of 2018 averaged over the state of Kerala.<ref name="KiranSSRN" />{{Clarify|reason=Overly-technical. What does this mean, and how is this notable?|date=August 2024}}]]

[[File:Rainfall propagation.png|thumb|5-8 days bandpass-filtered ERA5 Meridional velocities of August 2018 meridionally averaged over the state of Kerala at the pressure level 700hPa.<ref name="KiranSSRN" />{{Clarify|reason=Overly-technical. What does this mean, and how is this notable?|date=August 2024}}]]

[[File:Rainfall sphumidity.png|thumb|5-8 days bandpass-filtered specific humidity vertically integrated from surface (1000 hPa) to 600 hPa overlaid with 5-8days bandpass-filtered ERA5 winds at 700 hPa from 14 to 17 August 2018.<ref name="KiranSSRN" />{{Clarify|reason=Overly-technical. What does this mean, and how is this notable?|date=August 2024}}]]

Expert bodies like the [[Central Water Commission]] have corroborated the findings by scientists from IIT Madras, Purdue University and IIT Gandhinagar.<ref name="scrolldam">{{Cite news |date=10 September 2018 |title=Kerala: Floods not caused by release of extra water from dams, says central commission report |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/latest/893810/kerala-floods-were-not-caused-by-release-of-extra-water-from-dams-says-cwc-report |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808045253/https://scroll.in/latest/893810/kerala-floods-were-not-caused-by-release-of-extra-water-from-dams-says-cwc-report |archive-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="tniedam">{{Cite news |date=6 September 2018 |title=Unprecedented rains, not dams caused Kerala floods: Central Water Commission |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/sep/06/unprecedented-rains-not-dams-caused-kerala-floods-central-water-commission-1868530.html |url-status=dead |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808045530/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/sep/06/unprecedented-rains-not-dams-caused-kerala-floods-central-water-commission-1868530.html |archive-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="hindudamcwc">{{Cite news |date=10 September 2018 |title=Severe storm occurrences caused Kerala floods: CWC |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/severe-storm-occurrences-caused-floods-cwc-report/article24917702.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808045911/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/severe-storm-occurrences-caused-floods-cwc-report/article24917702.ece |archive-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

A report by Adv. Jacob P. Alex, an advisor appointed by the Kerala high court, alleged that the devastating floods of 2018 were the result of bad dam management by the state government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-govt-failed-in-using-dams-for-flood-control-amicus-curiae-tells-kerala-hc/articleshow/68704424.cms |title=Kerala govt failed in using dams for flood control, amicus curiae tells HC {{!}} Kochi News – Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 April 2019 |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404163712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-govt-failed-in-using-dams-for-flood-control-amicus-curiae-tells-kerala-hc/articleshow/68704424.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/poor-dam-management-blamed-for-kerala-flood-1554318884703.html |title=Poor dam management blamed for Kerala flood |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604090536/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/poor-dam-management-blamed-for-kerala-flood-1554318884703.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/amicus-curiae-for-panel-to-identify-flood-causes/article26726699.ece |title=Poor dam management blamed for Kerala floods – The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 April 2019 |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128142259/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/amicus-curiae-for-panel-to-identify-flood-causes/article26726699.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/lapses-in-dam-management-worsened-kerala-floods-amicus-curiae-report_in_5ca4adeee4b079824025445f |title=Lapses In Dam Management Worsened Kerala Floods: Amicus Curiae Report {{!}} HuffPost India |date=3 April 2019 |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604090534/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/lapses-in-dam-management-worsened-kerala-floods-amicus-curiae-report_in_5ca4adeee4b079824025445f |url-status=live }}</ref> All 79 dams in the state were maintained with the objective to generate hydroelectricity or irrigation and controlling flooding wasn't their purpose. "The major concern of the dam operators was to maximise reservoir levels, which conflicted with the flood control purpose for which the dams could be utilised. The 'flood cushion' of reservoirs – the storage space earmarked in dams to absorb unanticipated high flows – needed review as per the latest guidelines," Alex wrote in his report. "Sudden release of water simultaneously from different reservoirs, during extreme rainfall aggravated the damage," it said, adding that various alerts—blue, orange and red—had been issued not in accordance with the EAP guideline. "No proper follow-up action and effective precautionary steps (especially for evacuating people and accommodating them in safe location) were taken after issuance of Red Alert," it said. {{As of|2024|August}}, the high court of Kerala had not accepted the report.<ref name="toihcrejected">{{Cite news |date=20 August 2019 |title=Kerala floods 2018: Amicus report not accepted yet, says HC |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-2018-amicus-report-not-accepted-yet-says-hc/articleshow/70759167.cms |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128023415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-2018-amicus-report-not-accepted-yet-says-hc/articleshow/70759167.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The government of Kerala argued in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] that the sudden release of water from the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] by the Tamil Nadu government was one of the reasons for the devastating flood in Kerala.<ref name="The Times of India" /> The Tamil Nadu government rejected the argument, saying that Kerala suffered the deluge due to the discharge of excess water from 80 reservoirs across Kerala, spurred by heavy rains from within the state; It also argued that the flood surplus from the [[Idukki Dam]] was due mainly to the flows generated from its own independent catchment due to unprecedented heavy rainfall, while the discharge from the Mullaperiyar dam was significantly less.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's devastating rains match climate change forecasts |language=en |work=AFP.com |url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/826/indias-devastating-rains-match-climate-change-forecasts-doc-18k5yg1 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113449/https://www.afp.com/en/news/826/indias-devastating-rains-match-climate-change-forecasts-doc-18k5yg1 |archive-date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rajeevan |first1=M. |last2=Terray |first2=Pascal |last3=Murtugudde |first3=Raghu |last4=Milind Mujumdar |last5=Athulya |first5=R. |last6=Pathak |first6=Amey |last7=Ghosh |first7=Subimal |last8=Roxy |first8=M. K. |date=3 October 2017 |title=A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=708 |bibcode=2017NatCo...8..708R |doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5626780 |pmid=28974680}}</ref>

== Impact==
[[File:Kerala Flood 2018 Cherumkavala, Angamaly.webm|thumb|right|The flooded Mullassery Canal, [[Angamaly]]]]

Over 489 people died, 15 are missing and 140 were hospitalized,<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> while ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that 33,000 people were rescued.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2018 |title=Kerala Floods LIVE: Death toll rises to 114, rescue operations underway |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-floods-live-rescue-operations-underway-as-death-toll-nears-80/articleshow/65418310.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816203104/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-floods-live-rescue-operations-underway-as-death-toll-nears-80/articleshow/65418310.cms |archive-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> The Kerala State Disaster Management Authority had placed the state on red alert as a result of the intense flooding.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=15 August 2018 |title=India: Death toll in devastating Kerala floods rises to 77 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/india-death-toll-devastating-kerala-floods-jumps-67-180815200907993.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815225342/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/india-death-toll-devastating-kerala-floods-jumps-67-180815200907993.html |archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> A number of water treatment plants were forced to cease pumping water, resulting in poor access to clean water, especially in northern districts of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Surya |first=Jisha |date=16 August 2018 |title=Kerala floods: Drinking water supply hit in major places |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-floods-drinking-water-supply-hit-in-major-places/articleshow/65423151.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817075714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-floods-drinking-water-supply-hit-in-major-places/articleshow/65423151.cms |archive-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> Over 3,274 relief camps<ref name=":5" /> were opened at various locations to accommodate the flood victims. It is estimated by the National Disaster Management Authority that 1,247,496 people<ref name=":5" /> found shelter in such camps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradha |first=Bibhudatta |title=Over 8 Lakh People in Nearly 4,000 Relief Camps Across Flood-Hit Kerala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-floods-over-8-lakh-people-in-nearly-4-000-relief-camps-across-flood-hit-kerala-1903031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820063848/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-floods-over-8-lakh-people-in-nearly-4-000-relief-camps-across-flood-hit-kerala-1903031 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2018 |title=Kerala floods kill dozens with 36,000 evacuated |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/12/kerala-floods-kill-dozens-with-36000-evacuated |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815162802/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/12/kerala-floods-kill-dozens-with-36000-evacuated |archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> The flooding affected hundreds of villages, destroyed an estimated {{cvt|10000|km}} of roads, and thousands of homes have were damaged or destroyed.<ref name=":2" /> The government cancelled [[Onam]] celebrations and reallocated the funds to relief efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2018 |title=Kerala floods: Govt puts off Onam celebrations |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-floods-govt-puts-off-onam-celebrations/articleshow/65402195.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815070604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-floods-govt-puts-off-onam-celebrations/articleshow/65402195.cms |archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

On 12 August, [[Cochin International Airport]], India's fourth busiest in terms of international traffic and the busiest in the state, suspended all operations until 29 August, following runway flooding.<ref name=":0" /> All schools throughout the state were closed, and tourists were dissuaded or prohibited from some districts due to safety concerns.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Padanna |first=Ashraf |date=16 August 2018 |title=India monsoon floods kill 73 in Kerala |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-45205516 |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817093018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-45205516 |archive-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> [[Kochi Metro|The Kochi Metro]] closed briefly on 16 August, and later offered free services to aid those affected by the flooding.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2018 |title=Kerala floods LIVE updates: Death toll touches 75, Cochin airport to remain closed till August 26 afternoon |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-rains-live-updates-tamil-nadu-weather-kochi-airport-idukki-dam-mullaperiyar-5307286/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031753/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-rains-live-updates-tamil-nadu-weather-kochi-airport-idukki-dam-mullaperiyar-5307286/ |archive-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> Due to heavy rain and rising water levels the southern railway suspended train services on the Thiruvananthapuram-Kottayam-Ernakulam and Ernakulam-Shoranur-Palakkad sections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala floods live updates: Death toll rises to 79; Kochi airport to remain closed till August 26 – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-live-updates-more-ndrf-teams-rushed-to-kerala-as-flood-situation-worsens/liveblog/65403405.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816131615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-live-updates-more-ndrf-teams-rushed-to-kerala-as-flood-situation-worsens/liveblog/65403405.cms |archive-date=16 August 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Flooded-home-companypady-2018-kerala-floods.jpg|A flooded home at Companypady
File:Flooded-nh544-companypady-2018-kerala-floods.jpg|View of NH544 near Companypady metro station
File:Kerala Flood 2018 - Angamaly- IMG 20180816 163946.jpg|A flooded home on 16 August 2018
File:Kerala Floods 2018 at Angamaly.jpg|A street flooded in Kerala
File:SNC Initiates Operation Madad in Kerala-opmadad70.jpg|An aerial view as seen on 16 August 2018
</gallery>

== Rescue Operations ==
[[File:SNC Initiates Operation Madad in Kerala-opmadad76.jpg|thumb|[[Southern Naval Command]] initiates [[Operation Madad (Indian Navy)|Operation Madad]] in [[Kerala]] on 16 August 2018]]
[[File:Padivattom disaster relief camp, Aug 2018.jpg|thumb|alt=|Padivattom disaster relief camp on 17 August 2018]]
[[File:Odisha fire personnel for rescue 01.jpg|thumb|Odisha fire personnel leaving from [[Bhubaneswar]] for rescue operations in Kerala]]

=== Government ===
The central government launched a large search and rescue operation that included aircraft, boats, rescue and medical teams, and police. The government provided supplies to those who needed help and conducted many rescue operations.<ref name="The Indian Express" /><ref name="ndrf">{{Cite web |title=NDRF saved 535 lives and evacuated more than 24,600 marooned people in flood-hit Kerala |url=http://ndrf.gov.in/pressrelease/ndrf-saved-535-lives-and-evacuated-more-24600-marooned-people-flood-hit-kerala |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174233/http://ndrf.gov.in/pressrelease/ndrf-saved-535-lives-and-evacuated-more-24600-marooned-people-flood-hit-kerala |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018 |website=National Disaster Response Force |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref name="pib">{{Cite web |title=SNC Terminates 'OP Madad' |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808151106/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref><ref name="pib2">{{Cite web |title=HADR Operations by IAF in Kerala |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808151106/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=33 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref><ref name="pib3">{{Cite web |title=Flood Relief Operation by Indian Army in Kerala |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181944 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174157/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181944 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref>

=== Public ===
WhatsApp groups sprung up as control centers that coordinated help and support across various areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United we stand |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/150819/united-we-stand.html |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003350/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/in-other-news/150819/united-we-stand.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Many people volunteered to deliver supplies and materials, or donated money.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Kerala floods showed humanity still rocks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-floods-inspiring-relief-and-rescue-effort-1320089-2018-08-21 |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=India Today |date=21 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003351/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/kerala-floods-inspiring-relief-and-rescue-effort-1320089-2018-08-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Rescue operation by fishermen ====
According to the government, a total of 4,537 fishermen communities from Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts participated in the rescue operation with 669 fishing boats. They managed to rescue more than 65,000 people from various districts. Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] honoured the fishermen. Fisheries Minister [[J. Mercykutty Amma]] said that the government would provide financial aid to repair the fishing boats which were damaged in the rescue operations while new ones will be provided for those boats which were completely destroyed. According to estimates, seven boats were completely destroyed, while 452 were partially destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Kerala Floods 2018: Fishermen of Kerala – Supermen without capes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/kerala-floods-2018-fishermen-of-kerala-supermen-without-capes/272890 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala floods: Fishermen set a new model in rescue mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/65434376.cms?utm_source |access-date=17 August 2018 |website=Times of India |date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907140253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/65434376.cms?utm_source |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Fishermen who saved flood-hit people in Kerala have a name – Coastal Warriors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/coastal-warriors-brave-kerala-fishermen-lauded-for-rescuing-flood-hit-people-in-chengannur/articleshow/65464569.cms |access-date=19 August 2018 |website=Times of India |date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906123855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/coastal-warriors-brave-kerala-fishermen-lauded-for-rescuing-flood-hit-people-in-chengannur/articleshow/65464569.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala's 'big salute' to fishermen who rescued flood-hit people |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/keralas-big-salute-to-fishermen-who-rescued-flood-hit-people/articleshow/65595691.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831014831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/keralas-big-salute-to-fishermen-who-rescued-flood-hit-people/articleshow/65595691.cms |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018 |website=Times of India|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2018 |title=Fishermen's rescue efforts commended |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fishermens-rescue-efforts-commended/article24812907.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830113339/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fishermens-rescue-efforts-commended/article24812907.ece |archive-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>

== Relief and monetary aid ==
=== Government, NGOs and NPOs ===
* The [[Government of Kerala]] started a donation website for flood victims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund |url=https://kerala.gov.in/cmsdistressrelieffund |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223172455/http://kerala.gov.in/cmsdistressrelieffund |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref> {{as of|2020|January|07}}, approximately {{INRConvert|4740|c|year=2020|mode=historical}} was collected from the public including organisations, corporate firms and famous personalities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Amount Received as of 07-01-2020 2018-08-23 |url=https://donation.cmdrf.kerala.gov.in/index.php/Dashboard/allType_transaction |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=Government of Kerala – Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund |archive-date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824214102/https://donation.cmdrf.kerala.gov.in/index.php/Dashboard/allType_transaction |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced a sum of {{INRConvert|500|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} as interim relief for Kerala on 18 August 2018. This is in addition to {{INRConvert|562.45|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} already made available in SDRF of the State and {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} announced on 12 August 2018 by the Home Minister.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2018 |title=PMO India's Official Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/PMOIndia/status/1030712725972901888 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521074921/https://twitter.com/PMOIndia/status/1030712725972901888 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central assistance to flood affected Kerala |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=182031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145540/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=182031 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |access-date=1 September 2018 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> The central government also said in its press release that this {{INRConvert|600|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} is only the advance assistance and that additional funds will be released by the [[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]] when an inter-ministerial team visits again and assesses the damage.<ref name="The Indian Express" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=MoHA, India – Central assistance to flood affected Kerala |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1543750 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824223900/http://www.pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1543750 |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> The central government, in one of the largest rescue operations, deployed 40 helicopters, 31 aircraft, 500 boats, 182 rescue teams and 18 medical teams of defence forces, 58 teams of NDRF and 7 companies of [[Central Armed Police Forces]]. Together they saved over 60,000 human lives.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Will release more funds to Kerala after fresh assessment of damages: Center |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/will-release-more-funds-to-kerala-after-fresh-assessment-of-damages-centre/articleshow/65519397.cms |access-date=23 August 2018 |website=Times of India |date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012205114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/will-release-more-funds-to-kerala-after-fresh-assessment-of-damages-centre/articleshow/65519397.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The European Union announced an assistance of {{INRConvert|1.53|c|to=EUR}} in aid<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Gives 190,000 Euros To Indian Red Cross For Kerala Flood Relief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/eu-gives-190-000-euros-to-indian-red-cross-for-kerala-flood-relief-1904966 |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910131638/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/eu-gives-190-000-euros-to-indian-red-cross-for-kerala-flood-relief-1904966 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=25 August 2018 |title=European Union to help in Kerala flood relief through Red Cross |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/european-union-to-help-in-kerala-flood-relief-through-red-cross/articleshow/65538493.cms |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910131640/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/european-union-to-help-in-kerala-flood-relief-through-red-cross/articleshow/65538493.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> funding to the [[Indian Red Cross Society]] for providing relief to flood-affected people in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2018 |title=EU announces Euro 1.9 lakh to Indian Red Cross Society for Kerala flood relief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/eu-announces-aid-indian-red-cross-society-kerala-flood-relief-5321472/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825084044/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/eu-announces-aid-indian-red-cross-society-kerala-flood-relief-5321472/ |archive-date=25 August 2018 |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=Indian Express}}</ref>
* The Governments of [[Maldives]], Pakistan, Thailand and [[Qatar]] extended condolences and offered humanitarian assistance and monetary aid.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM of Qatar tweets for support |url=https://twitter.com/ANK_AlThani/status/1030924529751576576 |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003416/https://twitter.com/ank_althani/status/1030924529751576576 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=PM of Pakistan tweets for support |url=https://twitter.com/ImranKhanPTI/status/1032637468531666945 |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109152121/https://twitter.com/ImranKhanPTI/status/1032637468531666945 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2018 |title=Maldives to contribute towards Kerala flood relief |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/maldives-to-contribute-towards-kerala-flood-relief/article24737902.ece |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911031440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/maldives-to-contribute-towards-kerala-flood-relief/article24737902.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In a gesture of solidarity with the State government's flood relief efforts, the [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]] (KCBC) donated {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} to the Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund. KCBC President and Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Thiruvananthapuram Latin Archdiocese]], [[Soosa Pakiam|Bishop Dr. Soosa Pakiam]], presented the contribution to the Chief Minister's office. The Archbishop also mentioned that [[Caritas India]], the social service wing of [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|CBCI]], along with the Catholic Churches of Kerala is undertaking special relief projects like housing to aid the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sathyadeepam |date=2018-08-24 |title="Kerala floods: KCBC donated Rs 1 crore" |url=https://www.sathyadeepam.org/news/national/kcbc-donation-kerala-flood |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240619112235/https://www.sathyadeepam.org/news/national/kcbc-donation-kerala-flood |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Sathyadeepam Weekly |language=ml}}</ref>
* The KCBC in its Winter Session reviewed that as of December 2018 the Catholic Churches of Kerala has spent {{INRConvert|164|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} for flood reliefs and that 36.5 acres of land was mobilized for the landless with the cooperation of various dioceses and its religious congregations. The Winter session reviewed rehabilitation progress the Church is carrying out for the flood victims.<ref name=":4" />
* [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]] donated {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} to the Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund, in addition to providing relief materials and helping in rescue operations.<ref name="mata">{{Cite news |date=30 August 2018 |title=Mata Amritanandamayi Math donates Rs 10 crore to CM's Relief Fund |publisher=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/aug/30/mata-amritanandamayi-math-donates-rs-10-crore-to-cms-relief-fund-1864769.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831072027/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/aug/30/mata-amritanandamayi-math-donates-rs-10-crore-to-cms-relief-fund-1864769.html |archive-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
* The [[Guruvayur Devaswom Board]] donated {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} to the Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund (CMDRF). However, on a case filed by its devotee, the Kerala High Court, in December 2020, ruled that the {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} the state government received from the board (including donations from 2018 and 2019 floods) should be returned. The court argued that temple funds should prioritize the development of the shrine and its allied services. The Guruvayur Devaswom Board challenged this decision in the Supreme Court, which has ordered a status quo on the matter until further review.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala HC asks Govt to return its 10 crore it got from Guruvayur temple for flood relief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-hc-asks-govt-to-return-rs-10-crore-it-got-from-guruvayur-temple-for-flood-relief/story-QOrerPuVJ07i05tSfajhnI_amp.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240622140249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-hc-asks-govt-to-return-rs-10-crore-it-got-from-guruvayur-temple-for-flood-relief/story-QOrerPuVJ07i05tSfajhnI_amp.html |archive-date=2024-06-22 |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2022-09-19 |title=Kerala 2018 floods {{!}} ₹5 crore donated by Guruvayur Devaswom to CMDRF may be an "essentially philanthropic" act, observes Supreme Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala-2018-floods-5-crore-donated-by-guruvayur-devaswom-to-cmdrf-may-be-an-essentially-philanthropic-act-observes-supreme-court/article65909269.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240622141229/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala-2018-floods-5-crore-donated-by-guruvayur-devaswom-to-cmdrf-may-be-an-essentially-philanthropic-act-observes-supreme-court/article65909269.ece |archive-date=2024-06-22 |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 37,000 volunteers from the People's Foundation, an NGO based in Calicut, with the support of Ideal Relief Wing Kerala cleaned 11,139 houses and conducted 494 relief camps for flood victims.<ref>{{Cite news |title=People's foundation serviced with 37000 volunteer & builds 500 houses, having the cost of 30Cr. |url=https://peoplesfoundation.org/ |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171841/https://peoplesfoundation.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A fundraising campaign started via the Federation of Malayalee Associations of Americas (FOMAA) 2018–2020 leadership, later migrating to Facebook procured over 260 donors from across the world and was able to raise enough money to build more than forty homes and dedicate various villages across districts of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biggest Malayalee Non Profit Organization −501C (3) from North America |url=https://www.facebook.com/donate/669590646744203/ |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഈ വീടുകൾ ഇനിയൊരു പ്രളയത്തിൽ തകരില്ല... {{!}} FOMAA Village Project |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kmI-wZs-ps1 |website=[[YouTube]] | date=30 May 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006163507/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kmI-wZs-ps1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A fundraising campaign started on Facebook by charitable organisations Knanaya Catholic Yuvajanavedhi of Chicago and Care and Share along with a person named Arun Simon Nellamattom and others raised and donated US$1.6 million to Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Flood Relief Fund from USA through Facebook Campaign |url=https://www.facebook.com/donate/237896263727840 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Handing over check to CM |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10217868669897641 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>
* [[IsraAid]], an Israeli NGO sent relief workers to distribute supplies and assess needs for clean water, sanitation, and psychological care.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=IsraAID sends team to help flood victims in southern India |url=https://www.israel21c.org/israaid-sends-team-to-help-flood-victims-in-southern-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214541/https://www.israel21c.org/israaid-sends-team-to-help-flood-victims-in-southern-india/ |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IsraAid comes to the rescue after horrific floods strike Kerala, India |date=23 August 2018 |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/IsraAid-comes-to-the-rescue-after-horrific-floods-strike-Kerala-India-565675 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827152158/https://www.jpost.com//Opinion/IsraAid-comes-to-the-rescue-after-horrific-floods-strike-Kerala-India-565675 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref>
* Many Members of Parliament, Members of State Legislative Assemblies and Councils, civil servants and Government employees across the country have also donated their one month's salary and/or allowances towards Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund.<ref>{{Cite news |title=DMK MLAs and MPs will donated their salary to Kerala flood relief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kerala-floods-dmk-mlas-mps-to-donate-one-months-salary-for-relief-work/articleshow/65486864.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822152421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kerala-floods-dmk-mlas-mps-to-donate-one-months-salary-for-relief-work/articleshow/65486864.cms |archive-date=22 August 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vice President Donates one month salary to Kerala flood relief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vice-president-donates-a-months-salary-to-kerala-relief-fund/articleshow/65470221.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915030535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vice-president-donates-a-months-salary-to-kerala-relief-fund/articleshow/65470221.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2018 |title=AAP MLAs and MPs donate their one month salary to Kerala flood relief fund. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kerala-floods-aap-mlas-mps-and-ministers-donating-one-month-salary-says-kejriwal-2651351 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823181145/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kerala-floods-aap-mlas-mps-and-ministers-donating-one-month-salary-says-kejriwal-2651351 |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>
* Chief Ministers of all the states (and Delhi) pledged monetary aid from their respective state funds in addition to dispatch of various relief materials such as potable water, blankets, packed food, rice, water-purifying machines, daily-use and healthcare products. Monetary contributions are listed below:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="overflow:auto; border:2px solid; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
|-
!State/union territory
! data-sort-type="number" |Amount
!Refs
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrababu Naidu, CM-AP on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/ncbn/status/1030507313629544448 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043110/https://twitter.com/ncbn/status/1030507313629544448 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]||{{sort|3|{{INRConvert|3|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pema Khandu, CM-AR on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/PemaKhanduBJP/status/1030849784540798977 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043023/https://twitter.com/PemaKhanduBJP/status/1030849784540798977 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Assam]]||{{sort|3|{{INRConvert|3|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Assam on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CMOfficeAssam/status/1031161471365832712 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043058/https://twitter.com/CMOfficeAssam/status/1031161471365832712 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Bihar]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitish Kumar, CM-BR on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/NitishKumar/status/1030744559784022016 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043100/https://twitter.com/NitishKumar/status/1030744559784022016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]||{{sort|3|{{INRConvert|3|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raman Singh, CM-CG on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/drramansingh/status/1030856540318662656 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043038/https://twitter.com/drramansingh/status/1030856540318662656 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Delhi]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Kejriwal, CM-DL on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/ArvindKejriwal/status/1030455612721844224 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043036/https://twitter.com/ArvindKejriwal/status/1030455612721844224 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Goa]]||{{sort|5|{{INRConvert|5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Goa on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/goacm/status/1032518522084229121 |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043029/https://twitter.com/goacm/status/1032518522084229121 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Gujarat]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Gujarat on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CMOGuj/status/1030762135570112512 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043040/https://twitter.com/CMOGuj/status/1030762135570112512 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Haryana]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=M. L. Khattar, CM-HR on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/mlkhattar/status/1030746077409042433 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043012/https://twitter.com/mlkhattar/status/1030746077409042433 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]||{{sort|5|{{INRConvert|5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Himachal Pradesh on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CMOFFICEHP/status/1031172217076207617 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043054/https://twitter.com/CMOFFICEHP/status/1031172217076207617 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]||{{sort|5|{{INRConvert|5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghubar Das, CM-JH on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/dasraghubar/status/1030749093923053568 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043056/https://twitter.com/dasraghubar/status/1030749093923053568 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2018 |title=Karnataka gives Rs 10 crore aid, to send doctors to rain-ravaged Kerala |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/aug/11/karnataka-gives-rs-10-crore-aid-to-send-doctors-to-rain-ravaged-kerala-1856303.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830110432/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/aug/11/karnataka-gives-rs-10-crore-aid-to-send-doctors-to-rain-ravaged-kerala-1856303.html |archive-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Madhya Pradhesh on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CMMadhyaPradesh/status/1030779478715260929 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043041/https://twitter.com/CMMadhyaPradesh/status/1030779478715260929 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]||{{sort|20|{{INRConvert|20|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Maharashtra on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CMOMaharashtra/status/1031108495146270721 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043013/https://twitter.com/CMOMaharashtra/status/1031108495146270721 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Manipur]]||{{sort|2|{{INRConvert|2|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=N. Biren Singh, CM-MN on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/NBirenSingh/status/1031018622980968448 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043015/https://twitter.com/NBirenSingh/status/1031018622980968448 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]||{{sort|1|{{INRConvert|1|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Meghalaya set to donate Rs 1 crore for Kerala Flood Relief |url=http://shillongnews.in/meghalaya-set-to-donate-rs-1-crore-for-kerala-flood-relief |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902011827/http://shillongnews.in/meghalaya-set-to-donate-rs-1-crore-for-kerala-flood-relief/ |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018 |website=shillongnews.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mizoram]]||{{sort|2|{{INRConvert|2|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Mizoram on Twitter, Retweeted by INCMizoram's Verified Twitter account |url=https://twitter.com/CmMizoram/status/1031898260334497793 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043019/https://twitter.com/CmMizoram/status/1031898260334497793 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Nagaland]]||{{sort|1|{{INRConvert|1|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Madhav, Spokesperson BJP on Twitter, Retweeted by CM Neiphiu Rio's Verified Twitter account |url=https://twitter.com/rammadhavbjp/status/1031010165640847361 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043025/https://twitter.com/rammadhavbjp/status/1031010165640847361 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Odisha]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Odisha on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CMO_Odisha/status/1031187542991720449 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043027/https://twitter.com/CMO_Odisha/status/1031187542991720449 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]||{{sort|1|{{INRConvert|1|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Puducherry on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CMPuducherry/status/1028193463815135232 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043103/https://twitter.com/CMPuducherry/status/1028193463815135232 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Punjab]]||{{sort|5|{{INRConvert|5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capt. Amarinder Singh, CM-PB on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/capt_amarinder/status/1030436480865460225 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043109/https://twitter.com/capt_amarinder/status/1030436480865460225 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Rajasthan on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/RajCMO/status/1030848205251010561}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=E. Palaniswami, CM-TN on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/EPSTamilNadu/status/1030724843153514497 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043024/https://twitter.com/EPSTamilNadu/status/1030724843153514497 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Telangana]]||{{sort|25|{{INRConvert|25|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Telangana on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/TelanganaCMO/status/1031502966077833216 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043059/https://twitter.com/TelanganaCMO/status/1031502966077833216 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Tripura]]||{{sort|1|{{INRConvert|1|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biplab Kr. Deb, CM-TR on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/BjpBiplab/status/1031573727077588992 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043026/https://twitter.com/BjpBiplab/status/1031573727077588992 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]||{{sort|15|{{INRConvert|15|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Uttar Pradesh on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CMOfficeUP/status/1032222521917988864 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043030/https://twitter.com/CMOfficeUP/status/1032222521917988864 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]||{{sort|5|{{INRConvert|5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=T. S. Rawat, CM-UK on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/tsrawatbjp/status/1030829988365393921 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043021/https://twitter.com/tsrawatbjp/status/1030829988365393921 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[West Bengal]]||{{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamata Banerjee, CM-WB on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/MamataOfficial/status/1031059742184026112 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043010/https://twitter.com/MamataOfficial/status/1031059742184026112 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!Total|| colspan="2" |{{INRConvert|212|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}
|}

=== Housing projects for flood survivors ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="overflow:auto; border:2px solid; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
|-
!Organization
! data-sort-type="number" |Details of no. of houses and allied services
!Amount
!Refs
|-
|Act On||300 houses
|{{INRConvert|6|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}||<ref name="പ്രളയബാധിത പ്രദേശങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് റിപ്പോര്‍ട്ട് തയ്യാറാക്കും; ജില്ലാ കളക്ടര്‍">{{Cite web |title=പ്രളയബാധിത പ്രദേശങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് റിപ്പോര്‍ട്ട് തയ്യാറാക്കും; ജില്ലാ കളക്ടര്‍ |url=http://prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/23294 |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=Information and Public Relations Department, Govt. of Kerala |language=ml |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171740/http://prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/23294 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Changanassery Social Service Society (CHASS){{smaller|social service wing of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Archeparchy of Changanassery]]}}
|Renovation of 1000 houses, constructing 1000 rainwater storage facilities, 100 water purification plants, 1000 flood-resilient toilets and waste treatment plants for households of flood hit [[Kuttanad]] region
|{{INRConvert|100|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-05 |title=Kerala floods: Changanassery diocese moots Rs 100-crore project for Kuttanad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-changanassery-diocese-moots-rs-100-crore-project-for-kuttanad/articleshow/65689253.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619192453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-changanassery-diocese-moots-rs-100-crore-project-for-kuttanad/articleshow/65689253.cms |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Federation of Malayalee Associations of Americas – FOMAA||250 houses
| ||<ref name="FOMAA constructed over 40 homes in three different districts of Kerala – Manorama Online">{{Cite web |title=FOMAA Village Project |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/videos/video-featured.music-shots.6043005968001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902202057/https://www.manoramaonline.com/videos/video-featured.music-shots.6043005968001.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=Manorama Online}}</ref>
|-ji
|[[Joy Alukkas]]||250 newly built houses each with 600sq.feet
| {{INRConvert|15|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}||<ref name="Joyalukkas group to construct 250 houses for Kerala flood victims">{{Cite news |date=18 September 2018 |title=Joyalukkas group to construct 250 houses for Kerala flood victims |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/joyalukkas-group-extends-support-to-rebuild-kerala/articleshow/65852909.cms |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922214458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/joyalukkas-group-extends-support-to-rebuild-kerala/articleshow/65852909.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|KCARE (Kerala Cooperative Alliance to Rebuild Kerala)||Renovation /building of 1500 houses
|{{INRConvert|75|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}||<ref name="പ്രളയത്തിൽ വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 1500 കുടുംബങ്ങൾക്ക് സഹകരണ വകുപ്പ് വീടുവച്ച് നൽകുമെന്ന് മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി">{{Cite web |title=പ്രളയത്തിൽ വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 1500 കുടുംബങ്ങൾക്ക് സഹകരണ വകുപ്പ് വീടുവച്ച് നൽകുമെന്ന് മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/kerala-news-in-malayalam/pinarayi-vijayan-118090100033_1.html |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=Malayalam Web Dunia |language=ml |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211142/http://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/kerala-news-in-malayalam/pinarayi-vijayan-118090100033_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1,500 houses are being constructed at a cost of Rs 75 crore |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/09/01/cooperative-societies-to-build-1500-houses.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240619134623/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/09/01/cooperative-societies-to-build-1500-houses.html |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]](KCBC) in association with [[Caritas India]]
|Construction of 2620 new houses and its land allocation renovation of 6630 partially destroyed houses, 4226 latrines and 4744 wells
| {{INRConvert|250|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Flood Rehabilitation: KCBC will construct 2620 houses |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/12/07/rebuild-kerala-kcbc-to-build-houses.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240619172921/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/12/07/rebuild-kerala-kcbc-to-build-houses.html |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-07 |title=KCBC to spend 250 crore on rehabilitating flood victims |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Dec/07/iccs-at-nunneries-impractical-1908235.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240619194606/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Dec/07/iccs-at-nunneries-impractical-1908235.html |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Muslim Jamaat]]h||Rebuilding 1000 damaged houses via Chief Minister's distress relief fund
| {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2018|mode=historical}}||<ref name="Jamaath plans 1,000 houses for flood victims">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2018 |title=Jamaath plans 1,000 houses for flood victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/jamaath-plans-1000-houses-for-flood-victims/article24897130.ece |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911031902/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/jamaath-plans-1000-houses-for-flood-victims/article24897130.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Muthoot Group]]||200 newly built houses each with 550sq.feet
| {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}||<ref name="പ്രളയത്തില്‍ വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 200 കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് മുത്തൂറ്റ് ഗ്രൂപ്പിന്റെ വീട്">{{Cite web |title=പ്രളയത്തില്‍ വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 200 കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് മുത്തൂറ്റ് ഗ്രൂപ്പിന്റെ വീട് |url=https://www.newstimenetwork.com/the-muthoot-group.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171811/https://www.newstimenetwork.com/the-muthoot-group.html |archive-date=19 September 2018 |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=News Time Network |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|Peoples Foundation||Construction of 305 houses, renovation of 888 houses, and 34 drinking water projects
| {{INRConvert|25|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}||<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-06-13 |title=Kerala NGO People's Foundation Constructed 305 Houses, Repaired 888 Houses For 2018 Flood Victims |url=https://thecompanion.in/kerala-ngo-peoples-foundation-constructed-305-houses-repaired-888-houses-for-2018-flood-victims |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240619170834/https://thecompanion.in/kerala-ngo-peoples-foundation-constructed-305-houses-repaired-888-houses-for-2018-flood-victims |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The Companion |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!Total|| colspan="3" |__
|}

=== Corporate and individual ===
* Dr. [[Azad Moopen]], chairman and managing director of Aster DM Healthcare donated {{INRConvert|2.5|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} to the Kerala Chief Minister's relief fund and another {{INRConvert|12.5|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} for rebuilding houses in flood affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aster Disaster Support Team mobilized to help Kerala flood victims {{pipe}} Medgate Today |url=https://medgatetoday.com/aster-disaster-support-team-mobilized-to-help-kerala-flood-victims/ |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011857/https://medgatetoday.com/aster-disaster-support-team-mobilized-to-help-kerala-flood-victims/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aster DM Healthcare promises INR 15 crores Aster Homes Fund to Rebuild Kerala |url=http://asterdmhealthcare.com/news/aster-dm-healthcare-promises-inr-15-crores-aster-homes-fund-to-rebuild-kerala/ |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011457/http://asterdmhealthcare.com/news/aster-dm-healthcare-promises-inr-15-crores-aster-homes-fund-to-rebuild-kerala/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aster DM promises Dh7.7M fund to rebuild Kerala |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/aster-dm-promises-dh77m-fund-to-rebuild-kerala-1.2284774 |website=gulfnews.com |date=October 2018 |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070518/https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/aster-dm-promises-dh77m-fund-to-rebuild-kerala-1.2284774 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Azad Moopen |url=https://www.facebook.com/DrMoopen/posts/1088864387928150 |website=www.facebook.com |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328224305/https://www.facebook.com/DrMoopen/posts/1088864387928150 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aster DM Healthcare : to rebuild houses in flood-hit areas {{pipe}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/ASTER-DM-HEALTHCARE-LTD-41613140/news/Aster-DM-Healthcare-to-rebuild-houses-in-flood-hit-areas-27346741/ |website=www.marketscreener.com |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011934/https://www.marketscreener.com/ASTER-DM-HEALTHCARE-LTD-41613140/news/Aster-DM-Healthcare-to-rebuild-houses-in-flood-hit-areas-27346741/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Major oil companies of India such as [[Bharat Petroleum|BPCL]], [[Hindustan Petroleum|HPCL]], [[Indian Oil Corporation|IOCL]], and others collectively donated {{INRConvert|25|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} to the Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund, in addition to providing relief materials and helping in rescue operations.Oil and Natural Gas Corporation [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|(ONGC)]] donated US$1million to Prime Ministers Relief Fund and sent relief teams with medical professionals and three helicopters for rescue and logistics support.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HPCL's status on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/HPCL/status/1031884989573414912 |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903084435/https://twitter.com/HPCL/status/1031884989573414912 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IOCL's status on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/IndianOilcl/status/1031812990549614599 |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003410/https://twitter.com/indianoilcl/status/1031812990549614599 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BPCL's status on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/BPCLimited/status/1032276523133353985 |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003417/https://twitter.com/bpclimited/status/1032276523133353985 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Reliance Foundation]] chairperson [[Nita Ambani]] has announced a donation of {{INRConvert|21|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} to the Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund, and relief materials worth around {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Reliance Foundation, Bajaj donate for Kerala floods |agency=freepressjournal.in |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/india/reliance-foundation-bajaj-donate-for-kerala-floods/1340196 |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822213855/http://www.freepressjournal.in/india/reliance-foundation-bajaj-donate-for-kerala-floods/1340196 |archive-date=22 August 2018}}</ref>
* Adani Foundation, the CSR, sustainability and community outreach arm of the [[Adani Group]], has committed to provide {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} for immediate relief and another {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} is earmarked for rehabilitation and resettlement.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adani Group's announcement on Twitter |agency=Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/AdaniOnline/status/1032617546133004289 |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003407/https://twitter.com/adanionline/status/1032617546133004289 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Adani Foundation commits INR 50 crore to Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund |agency=Adani's Website |url=https://www.adani.com/media/media-release/Adani_Foundation_commits_INR_50_crore_to_Kerala_Chief_Ministers_Distress_Relief_Fund |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825073955/https://www.adani.com/media/media-release/Adani_Foundation_commits_INR_50_crore_to_Kerala_Chief_Ministers_Distress_Relief_Fund |archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
* [[Star India]], its parent company [[21st Century Fox]] and their employees have collectively donated {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Star India increases donation to Rs 5 cr |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kerala-floods-star-india-increases-donation-to-rs-5-cr-118082100755_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821135331/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kerala-floods-star-india-increases-donation-to-rs-5-cr-118082100755_1.html |archive-date=21 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Star India ups its contribution to Rs 5 crores donation for the Kerala Flood Relief efforts |publisher=Star India's Website |url=http://www.startv.com/newsroom/star-india-ups-its-contribution-to-rs-5-crores-donation-for-the-kerala-floods |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825073946/http://www.startv.com/newsroom/star-india-ups-its-contribution-to-rs-5-crores-donation-for-the-kerala-floods |archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Star India's announcement on Twitter |publisher=Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/starindia/status/1031825006253105153 |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003401/https://twitter.com/starindia/status/1031825006253105153 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Canara Bank]], a leading nationalised public sector bank, donated {{INRConvert|5.01|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} towards Kerala Chief Minister's Disaster Relief Fund. Besides this, 10 tonnes of rice packets were also donated under [[Corporate social responsibility|CSR]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Canara Bank, donates ₹5.01 Cr towards Kerala Chief Minister's Disaster Relief Fund |agency=24x7newsworld.com |url=http://24x7newsworld.com/canara-bank-donates-rs-5-01-cr-towards-kerala-chief-ministers-disaster-relief-fund/ |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911032800/http://24x7newsworld.com/canara-bank-donates-rs-5-01-cr-towards-kerala-chief-ministers-disaster-relief-fund/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bollywood]] actor [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] had donated {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} to the Kerala Chief Minister's relief fund on behalf of an Instagram fan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Floods: Sushant Singh Rajput Donates Rs 1 Crore on Behalf of a Fan. Details Here |work=NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kerala-floods-sushant-singh-rajput-donates-rs-1-crore-on-behalf-of-a-fan-details-here-1904178 |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823120147/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kerala-floods-sushant-singh-rajput-donates-rs-1-crore-on-behalf-of-a-fan-details-here-1904178 |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2018 |title=Sushant Singh Rajput donates Rs 1 crore as aid for Kerala on behalf of a fan. Read details |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sushant-singh-rajput-donates-rs-1-crore-as-aid-for-kerala-on-behalf-of-a-fan-read-details/story-Ob90iQ8ttXj7GBLrBLuckI.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823050537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sushant-singh-rajput-donates-rs-1-crore-as-aid-for-kerala-on-behalf-of-a-fan-read-details/story-Ob90iQ8ttXj7GBLrBLuckI.html |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2018 |title=Sushant Singh Rajput does his bit for Kerala, contributes Rs 1 cr after fan's Instagram request |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sushant-singh-rajput-does-his-bit-for-kerala-contributes-rs-1-cr-after-fans-instagram-request/articleshow/65488763.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823181648/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sushant-singh-rajput-does-his-bit-for-kerala-contributes-rs-1-cr-after-fans-instagram-request/articleshow/65488763.cms |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala floods: On behalf of a fan, MS Dhoni actor Sushant Singh Rajput donates Rs 1 crore to flood victims |language=en-GB |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/kerala-floods-on-behalf-of-a-fan-sushant-singh-rajput-donates-rs-1-crore-to-flood-victims/273090 |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823141831/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/kerala-floods-on-behalf-of-a-fan-sushant-singh-rajput-donates-rs-1-crore-to-flood-victims/273090 |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=केरल बाढ़ पीड़ितों के लिए इस एक्टर ने दिए 1 करोड़, इस वजह से लिया फैसला |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-kerala-flood-sushant-singh-rajput-donates-rs-1-crore-for-victims-behalf-of-his-fan-2134411.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174034/https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-kerala-flood-sushant-singh-rajput-donates-rs-1-crore-for-victims-behalf-of-his-fan-2134411.html |archive-date=23 August 2018 |access-date=23 August 2018 |website=livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> He also sent his team for relief activity in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=23 August 2018 |title=After donating ₹1 crore for Kerala Flood Relief, Sushant Singh Rajput sends a team of volunteers to ground zero! – Bollywood Hungama |language=en-US |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/donating-rs-1-crore-kerala-flood-relief-sushant-singh-rajput-sends-team-volunteers-ground-zero/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823171739/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/donating-rs-1-crore-kerala-flood-relief-sushant-singh-rajput-sends-team-volunteers-ground-zero/ |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> [[Vidya Balan]], [[Siddharth Roy Kapoor]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth Suryanarayan]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Suriya]] and [[Resul Pookutty]] are others from film industry to have contributed to Kerala Chief Minister's relief fund.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Kerala thanks Bollywood on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CMOKerala/status/1032921274043883520 |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712181310/https://twitter.com/CMOKerala/status/1032921274043883520 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Siddharth donates to Kerala CMDRF |url=https://twitter.com/Actor_Siddharth/status/1030163702475943936 |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427084423/https://twitter.com/Actor_Siddharth/status/1030163702475943936 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* KP Hussain, chairman of Fathima Healthcare Group, has donated {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} to the Kerala Chief Minister's relief fund, and another {{INRConvert|4|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} for medical relief aid.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UAE-based Indian-origin tycoons pledge {{INRConvert|125|m}} for Kerala flood victims |work=timesofindia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uae-based-indian-origin-tycoons-pledge-rs-12-5-crore-for-kerala-flood-victims/articleshow/65461500.cms |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008151640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uae-based-indian-origin-tycoons-pledge-rs-12-5-crore-for-kerala-flood-victims/articleshow/65461500.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Doctor, entrepreneur, and philanthropist [[Shamsheer Vayalil]] donated {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} for the relief of flood victims by setting up a project to fight housing, education and healthcare issues.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UAE Offers RS 700 Crore in Aid, NRI Billionaire To Donate Rs 50 Crore |agency=Headlines Today |url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/1782/uae-offers-rs-700-crore-in-aid-nri-billionaire-to-donate-rs-50-crore/ |url-status=dead |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160501/https://headlinestoday.org/national/1782/uae-offers-rs-700-crore-in-aid-nri-billionaire-to-donate-rs-50-crore/ |archive-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>
* UAE-based Indian businesses have donated {{INRConvert|18.85|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} so far to Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Foundation's relief fund. Among those to donate were Indian businessmen [[Yusuff Ali M.A.]], chairman and managing director of LuLu Group International, and Dr. [[B. R. Shetty]], founder and chairman of [[NMC Health]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=UAE-based Indian businessmen donate $2.7m for Kerala flood victims |agency=arabianbusiness.com |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/south-asia/402952-uae-based-indian-businessmen-donate-27m-for-kerala-flood-victims |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819102439/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/south-asia/402952-uae-based-indian-businessmen-donate-27m-for-kerala-flood-victims |archive-date=19 August 2018}}</ref>
* [[Bombay High Court]] directed Galpha Laboratories to deposit a sum of {{INRConvert|1.5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} towards the Kerala Chief Minister's Fund after losing trademark infringement case filed by [[Glenmark Pharmaceuticals]]. The court initially said that Galpha Laboratories would have to pay the sum to [[Glenmark Pharmaceuticals]]. However, [[Glenmark Pharmaceuticals]] requested the court to direct Galpha Laboratories to deposit the sum in an NGO. Following this, the court directed that the money is to be deposited in the Kerala Chief Minister's Fund.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bombay HC orders errant firm to give ₹1.5 cr. to Kerala flood relief |agency=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/firm-asked-to-give-rs-15-cr-to-kerala/article24838547.ece |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808111629/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/firm-asked-to-give-rs-15-cr-to-kerala/article24838547.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Indian cricket team captain, [[Virat Kohli]], dedicated his team's test win over England at Trent Bridge to the flood victims of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Virat Kohli dedicates test win over England to Kerala flood victims. |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/45272634 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823143437/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/45272634 |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> The Indian team has donated match fees for Kerala flood victims.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2018 |title=Indian cricket team planning to give match fee to Kerala flood relief fund. |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-team-planning-to-donate-match-fees-for-kerala-flood-victims/articleshow/65506707.cms |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009113110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-team-planning-to-donate-match-fees-for-kerala-flood-victims/articleshow/65506707.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Response ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi being received by the Governor of Kerala, Justice (Retd.) P. Sathasivam and the Chief Minister of Kerala, Shri Pinarayi Vijayan H2018081852325.JPG|thumb|India's Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] being received by the [[Governor of Kerala]] [[P. Sathasivam]] and the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], on his arrival, in [[Kochi]], to survey the flood-affected areas, on 18 August 2018.]]

At a press conference on 11 August, [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] Tom Jose said, "Things are well under control. The government is on top of the situation."<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2018 |title=Heavy flooding puts Kerala in crisis |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/heavy-flooding-puts-kerala-in-crisis/article24659765.ece |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211180213/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/heavy-flooding-puts-kerala-in-crisis/article24659765.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Prime Minister Narendra Modi conducted an aerial survey and offered federal support to Keralites. Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] described the floods as "something that has never happened before in the history of Kerala."<ref name=":1" />

=== International ===
The [[US embassy|United States embassy]] urged its citizens to avoid traveling to the affected areas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2018 |title=Flood toll in India's tourist hotspot Kerala jumps to 67 |work=[[Channel NewsAsia]] |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/flood-toll-in-india-s-tourist-hotspot-kerala-jumps-to-67-10619530 |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815212254/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/flood-toll-in-india-s-tourist-hotspot-kerala-jumps-to-67-10619530 |archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> The UAE embassy in India issues warning for its citizens regarding the flood. The embassy also said that the weather agencies in India had given warnings regarding heavy rainfall in the southern state of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Web |title=Kerala floods: UAE embassy in India issues warning |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/kerala-floods-uae-embassy-in-india-issues-warning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816125521/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/kerala-floods-uae-embassy-in-india-issues-warning |archive-date=16 August 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018 |website=www.khaleejtimes.com}}</ref> UAE's President [[Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] ordered the formation of a national emergency committee to provide relief assistance to people affected by flash floods in the Indian state of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2018 |title=UAE leaders order formation of emergency committee to provide aid to Kerala |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/government/uae-leaders-/order-emergency-committee-to-provide-relief-to-kerala |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821031640/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/government/uae-leaders-/order-emergency-committee-to-provide-relief-to-kerala |archive-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>

A controversy arose from an offer of US$100 million in aid from the UAE.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-23 |title=Kerala floods: Centre to give more funds to state, says Rs 600 crore was only advance assistance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-floods-centre-to-give-more-funds-to-state-says-rs-600-crore-was-only-advance-assistance-5321879/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Kerala Chief Minister's office wrote "CM Pinarayi Vijayan informed that the United Arab Emirates will provide Kerala an assistance of ₹700 Crore. Kerala has a special relationship with UAE, which is a home away from home for Malayalees. We express our gratitude to UAE for their support. #KeralaFloodRelief". The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] of India clarified that they received no such offer for financial help from any country, and the UAE Ambassador to India declared that no official announcement had been made.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Centre May Not Accept UAE's Rs 700-Crore Offer For Kerala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-centre-might-not-accept-uaes-rs-700-crore-offer-for-kerala-1904062 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-24 |title=Kerala floods: UAE says nothing official yet, no amount of financial aid announced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-floods-uae-says-nothing-official-yet-no-amount-of-financial-aid-announced-5322132/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Rainfall data ==
=== Rainfall departures ===
Week by week departures from normal:
{{Chart|definition=Week by week rain departures from normal during the 2018 Kerala floods.chart|data=Week by week rain departures from normal during the 2018 Kerala floods.tab|Width=400}}

=== Cumulative rainfall by district ===
[[File:Kerala - Cumulative rainfall by district 2018.png|482x482px|right|thumb|1 June 2018 – 22 August 2018<ref name="CRIS" />]]
Percentage increase in rainfall compared to normal.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+(1 June 2018 – 17 August 2018)<ref name="CRIS">{{Cite web |title=Customized Rainfall Information System (CRIS) |url=http://hydro.imd.gov.in/hydrometweb/(S(cll2ze45xlexku45zgaeqt45))/PdfPageImage.aspx?imgUrl=PRODUCTS/Rainfall_Maps/State_Wise_Rainfall_Maps/DISTRICT_RAINFALL_MAP_state_code_KERALA_c.JPG&landingpage=other |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109223105/http://hydro.imd.gov.in/hydrometweb/(S(rt50wxnksyhv3t453gtwas55))/PdfPageImage.aspx?imgUrl=PRODUCTS%2FRainfall_Maps%2FState_Wise_Rainfall_Maps%2FDISTRICT_RAINFALL_MAP_state_code_KERALA_c.JPG&landingpage=other |archive-date=9 January 2019 |access-date=2018-08-17 |website=hydro.imd.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Customized Rainfall Information System (CRIS) |url=http://hydro.imd.gov.in/hydrometweb/(S(kpohxx3fbgcnwj55uihhcl55))/PdfReportPage.aspx?ImgUrl=PRODUCTS\Rainfall_Statistics\Cumulative\District_RF_Distribution\DISTRICT_RAINFALL_DISTRIBUTION_COUNTRY_INDIA_cd.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822223339/http://hydro.imd.gov.in/hydrometweb/(S(ajugmfyagulsrv55awteyp45))/PdfReportPage.aspx?ImgUrl=PRODUCTS%5CRainfall_Statistics%5CCumulative%5CDistrict_RF_Distribution%5CDISTRICT_RAINFALL_DISTRIBUTION_COUNTRY_INDIA_cd.PDF |archive-date=22 August 2018 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=Hydromet Division, India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences}}</ref>
!District!!Rainfall (mm)!!Normal (mm)!!% increase
|-
|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]||1648.1||1309.5|| style="color:Orange;" |20.54%
|-
|[[Ernakulam]]||2305.9||1606.0|| style="color:Orange;" |43.58%
|-
|[[Idukki district|Idukki]]||3211.1||1749.1|| style="color:Red;" |83.58%
|-
|[[Kannur district|Kannur]]||2450.9||2234.9|| style="color:Green;" |9.66%
|-
|[[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]||2549.94||2489.1|| style="color:green;" |-2.44%
|-
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]||1427.3||985.4|| style="color:Orange;" |44.84%
|-
|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]||2137.6||1452.6|| style="color:Orange;" |32.04%
|-
|[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]||2796.4||2156.5|| style="color:Orange;" |22.80%
|-
|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]||2529.8||1687.3|| style="color:Orange;" |49.93%
|-
|[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]||2135.0||1254.2|| style="color:Red;" |70.22%
|-
|[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]||1762.7||1287.5|| style="color:Orange;" |36.90%
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]||920.8||643.0|| style="color:Orange;" |43.07%
|-
|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]||1894.5||1738.2|| style="color:Green;" |8.99%
|-
|[[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]||2676.8||2167.2|| style="color:Orange;" |23.51%
|-
!Kerala!!2226.4!!1620.0!! 37.43%
|}

== Analysis by Central Water Commission ==
=== Kerala as a whole ===
According to a study by the Central Water Commission, the average cumulative rainfall of 3 days from 15 to 17 August 2018 was about 414 mm. This was almost of the same order as that of rainfall of Devikulam which occurred during 16–18 July 1924. Assuming a runoff coefficient of 0.75, the runoff generated by 3 days of intense rainfall was estimated to be 12057 MCM for the entire state of Kerala. This huge runoff was beyond the carrying capacity of most of the rivers in Kerala, resulting in bank overflows from most of the rivers.<ref name="CWC">{{Cite web |title=Study Report Kerala Floods of 2018 |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Rev-0.pdf |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=reliefweb.int |publisher=Central Water Commission Hydrological Studies Organisation |pages=33–34 |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723130318/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Rev-0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The total catchment area tapped by dams in Kerala, excluding barrages is about {{convert|6610|km2|abbr=on|0}}. The runoff generated from the catchment tapped by these dams during the period 15–17 August 2018 was estimated at 2.19 BCM, out of a total runoff of 12 BCM for the whole of Kerala. As per the study, with a total live storage in the state of 5.8 BCM and assuming a live storage availability of 20% on 14 August 2018, the extent of available flood moderation would have only been 1.16 BCM against an estimated inflow of 2.19 BCM. It was therefore essential to make releases from the reservoirs.<ref name="CWC1">{{Cite web |title=Study Report Kerala Floods of 2018 |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Rev-0.pdf |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=reliefweb.int |publisher=Central Water Commission Hydrological Studies Organisation |pages=35 |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723130318/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Rev-0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The study stated that the dams in Kerala neither added to the flood nor helped in reduction of flood, as most of the dams were already at or very close to FRL on 14 August 2018. Even if the reservoirs had been a few feet below FL, the flooding conditions would not have changed much as the heavy rainfall continued for 3–4 days. It would have been necessary to release water from the reservoirs after the first day of heavy rainfall.<ref name="CWC" />

The study concluded it would be necessary to review the rule curves of all reservoirs in Kerala, especially those with a live storage capacity of more than 200 MCM. This would help to create a dynamic flood cushion for moderating floods.<ref name="CWC" />

=== Periyar Basin ===
{{Context|section|date=August 2024}}
From 15 to 17 August 2018, the rainfall depth realized in the Periyar basin was 588 mm. The maximum discharge passing through the Periyar at Neeleeswaram was 8800 m3/sec, recorded at 16 August 15:00 hrs, according to the CWC's Neeleeswaram G&D site. The major storage reservoirs in the Periyar basin are the Idukki reservoir (1.4 BCM) and the Idamalayar reservoir (1.1 BCM). The peak release on 16 August 2018 from the Idukki reservoir was 1500 m3/sec against an inflow of 2532 m3/sec, thus achieving a flood moderation of 1032 m3/sec. The release from Idamalayar on 16 August 2018 was 963 m3/sec against an inflow of 1164 m3/sec.<ref name="CWC" />

The discharge at Neeleshwaram on 17 August 2018 was 8600 m3/sec. The release from Idukki and Idamalayar reservoirs were 1500 m3/sec (with an inflow of 1610 m3/sec) and 1272 m3/sec (inflow of 1007 m3/sec). CWC's analysis found that the releases of water were controlled releases as the discharge capacity of Idukki and Idamalayar dams are 5013 m3/sec and 3012 m3/sec, respectively.<ref name="CWC" />

== Immediate drought after the flood ==
A few days after receiving one of the highest rainfalls in century, Kerala was caught under the threat of severe drought. Water level in wells, ponds and rivers recorded lowest levels and some wells even collapsed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devasia |first=TK |date=12 September 2018 |title=Kerala, After The Flood: Rivers dry up, mercury rises and earthworms die as state gears up for drought after deluge |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kerala-after-the-flood-rivers-dry-up-mercury-rises-and-earthworms-die-with-state-set-for-drought-after-deluge-5166821.html |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]] |archive-date=7 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707231247/https://www.firstpost.com/india/kerala-after-the-flood-rivers-dry-up-mercury-rises-and-earthworms-die-with-state-set-for-drought-after-deluge-5166821.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kurian |first1=Vinson |last2=Kumar |first2=V Sajeev |date=8 October 2018 |title=Where has all the water gone? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/where-has-all-the-water-gone/article25159724.ece |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[Business Line]] |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911030217/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/where-has-all-the-water-gone/article25159724.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan directed the state council for Science, Technology & Environment to carry out studies on the phenomenon after floods across the state, and suggest possible solutions to the problem.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2018 |title=Rivers, wells dry up in flood-hit Kerala, govt orders study |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/rivers-wells-dry-up-in-flood-hit-kerala-govt-orders-study/articleshow/65782626.cms |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915061502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/rivers-wells-dry-up-in-flood-hit-kerala-govt-orders-study/articleshow/65782626.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2018 |title=After massive floods, Kerala now faces the possibility of a partial drought |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/after-massive-floods-kerala-now-faces-the-possibility-of-a-partial-drought/articleshow/65779424.cms |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105149/https://www.businessinsider.in/after-massive-floods-kerala-now-faces-the-possibility-of-a-partial-drought/articleshow/65779424.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

A.B. Anita, executive director of the Centre for Water Resource Development Management (CWRDM), an autonomous research institution under the State government, said heavy run-off of the top soil in the upland areas and the siltation in the rivers were the reasons for the falling water level.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Govind |first1=Biju |last2=Basheer |first2=K. p m |date=8 September 2018 |title=After devastating floods, water level in Kerala rivers fall |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/after-devastating-floods-water-level-in-rivers-fall/article24905434.ece |access-date=5 September 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911032758/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/after-devastating-floods-water-level-in-rivers-fall/article24905434.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The top soil in the hills and upland areas were removed in the flash floods to a depth of up to two metres in many places. As the top soil was shaved off, it ruined the hills' capacity to sponge in rainwater, she said. Ms. Anita cited ecological destruction caused by deforestation, harmful land use in the upland areas and [[sand mining]] in the streams and rivers as having contributed to the top soil run-off and [[siltation]]. This was exacerbated by the [[effects of climate change|impact of climate change]] at the macro level.

Echoing her views, experts at the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|National Institute of Technology, Calicut]], (NIT-C) said it was usual for the water level in the rivers and domestic wells to fall after fluvial floods. "Normally, a river flows through the sand of its own bearing till the mouth. However, this time the discharge has been full, taking the sand and the rocks in the youth-stage along with the floods. So the water level in the rivers comes down. And when the river water level is reduced, the groundwater table also does not get replenished since the rivers and groundwater table are connected," said K. Saseendran a geologist and professor at the NIT-C.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2018 |title=After devastating floods, water level in Kerala rivers fall |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/after-devastating-floods-water-level-in-rivers-fall/article24905434.ece |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911032758/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/after-devastating-floods-water-level-in-rivers-fall/article24905434.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In April 2023, the Malayalam-language survival thriller film [[2018 (film)|''2018: Everyone is a hero'']], which is based on the 2018 Kerala floods was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=2018 – Everyone Is A Hero movie review: The Kerala story fanatics and their bot squads don't want you to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/2018-everyone-is-a-hero-movie-review-kerala-flood-tovino-thomas-jude-anthany-joseph-8593531/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514031823/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/2018-everyone-is-a-hero-movie-review-kerala-flood-tovino-thomas-jude-anthany-joseph-8593531/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kerala floods (disambiguation)|Kerala floods]]
* [[1341 Floods in Kerala]]
* [[2019 Kerala floods]]
* [[2020 Kerala floods]]
* [[2018 in Kerala]]
* [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.keralarescue.in/ Official Rescue and Information Website]
* {{Facebook|KeralaRescueOperation}}
* [https://donation.cmdrf.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala CMDRF Donation Portal]
* {{Twitter|Kerala_Rescue}}

{{Disasters in India in 2018}}

[[Category:2018 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2018 floods in Asia|Kerala floods]]
[[Category:August 2018 in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]
[[Category:Floods in Kerala]]

Tannery Road metro station

2025-12-12T20:48:00Z

IrisClow72785038: Made Article

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Pink Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tannery Road
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Tannery Road metro station (Jan '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] as of January 2025
| address = 601, Nagawara Main Rd, Muslim Colony, Doddama Layout, Venkateshpuram, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560045
| coordinates = {{coord|13.00899|77.613491|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} ''Platform numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| connections =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible =
| status = Under construction
| code =
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = ITD Cementation India Ltd.
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=Venkateshpura|to-left1=Nagawara|note-mid1=''(operational around December 2026)''|right1=Pottery Town|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Tannery Road''' is an upcoming underground metro station on the north-south corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. This metro station will consist of the main Richards Town suburban area followed by other prime neighbourhood suburban areas like [[Lingarajapuram]], St. Thomas Town, Cooke Town and Williams Town.

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the second phase, covering the total distance of 13.8 km stretch ([[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] - [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]) is expected to be operational around ''December 2026.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-09-27 |title=Good News! Pink Line of Bengaluru Metro to be 90% Ready by Second-half of 2024 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/good-news-pink-line-of-bengaluru-metro-to-be-90-ready-by-second-half-of-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
In June 2017, Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for constructing the Tannery Road metro station along the 4.59 km Shadi Mahal Ramp - North Ramp stretch of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. In November 2019, ITD Cementation India emerged as the lowest bidder for this stretch which aligned closely with the original estimate, thus leading to successful award for this company. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=ITD Cem Begins Work on Bangalore Metro's Underground Stations |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/09/02/itd-cem-begins-work-on-bangalore-metros-underground-stations/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
'''''Station layout'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Tannery Road track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Venkateshpura}} **
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Pottery Town}} **
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one island platform ** '''Under construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} '''Next station:''' [[Pottery Town metro station|Pottery Town]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} '''Next station:''' [[Venkateshpura metro station|Venkateshpura]]
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|}
==See also==
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in BMRCL English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707154740/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=7 July 2018 }} - BMRCL official website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net UrbanRail.Net] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

Folk sects in Bengal

2025-11-28T03:01:20Z

IrisClow72785038: created new post - done

{{orphan|date=April 2021}}

Some of the folk sects, like Balarami, [[Baul]], Sahedhani, [[Kartabhaja|Karta bhaja]], Matuya, Jagomohani, and Nyadar, are still found in different places in both Bengals.<ref name="Cakrabarti2002">{{Cite book |last=Cakrabartī |first=Sudhīra |title=Gabhīra nirjana pathe |year=2002 |publisher=Ānanda |isbn=81-7756-266-5 |edition=2. saṃskaraṇa |location=Kalakātā |oclc=54047438}}</ref>

== Balarami ==
The Balarami Sect was established by [[Balaram Hari]] in [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]] district of [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[Meherpur District]] of [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MUKHERJEE |first=SUJATA |title=Popular Sects and Elite Culture in Nineteenth Century Bengal : Some Aspects of Interraction and Assimilation |year=1996 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133366 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=612–623 |jstor=44133366 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> This sect believes that life is pure and simple above greed and sensuality. In this sect, preachers, gurus, and avatars are not present. The followers have no peculiar sect marks or uniform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Jogendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlpLAAAAMAAJ |title=Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems |date=1896 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref> The Muslim disciples call their deity Hari-Allah, while the Hindu disciples use the term Hari rama. The Balaramis are still to be found at some places like Meherpur in Bangladesh and Nischintapur, Shabenagar, Palishipara, Natna, Hawlia, Arshinagor, goribpur in [[Nadia]], Daikiari in [[Purulia district|Purulia]], Shalunigram in [[Bankura district|Bankura]] of India, etc.

== Baul ==
The [[Baul]] is the most well known folk sect in Bengal. The Baul is a group of mixed elements of the Sahaja and Sufism. The Bauls have a tradition that constitutes both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Folk Sects |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Folk_Sects#:~:text=Religious%20sub-communities,%20like%20the,to%20as%20%27folk%20communities%27.&text=Baul%20The%20Baul%20form%20the,sect%20or%20community%20in%20Bengal. |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

== Sahebdhani ==
The Sahebdhani sect does not believe in either creed or caste. This sect believes in praying together. The disciples belong to both Muslim and Hindu religions. The spiritual guides are called Dinadayal, Dinabandhu by the followers of this sect.<ref name=":1" /> The Sahebdhani originated in the village of Brittihuda in the district of Nadia. [[Kubir Sarkar]] and Jadubindu are two famous and celebrated Sahebdhani saints.<ref name="Cakrabarti2002"/>

== Matuya ==
The Matuya Sect originated in [[Bangladesh]] around 1860 AD by [[Harichand Thakur]]. The followers of this sect are mainly [[Namasudra]]s, a Scheduled caste group in Bengal. They believe in Vaisnavite Hinduism and self-realization ("Swayam-Dikshiti"). Nowadays, a considerable number of Matuyas are to be found in [[West Bengal]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Biśvāsa |first=Ratana |title=Namasudra movements in Bengal (1872-1947) : a case study of the transition from caste struggle to political identity |date=December 2010 |isbn=978-81-88006-19-9 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata |publisher=Progressive Book Forum |oclc=932407935}}</ref>

== Other sects ==
Other important folk sects in Bengal include:<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Cakrabarti2002"/>
* [[Kartabhaja|Karta bhaja]]
* Jagomohani
* Nyadar

==See also==
* [[Matua Mahasangha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Religion in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Religion in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali folklore]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]

Siddharth Mohan

2025-11-16T08:58:16Z

IrisClow72785038: Made Details

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| background = person
| name = Siddharth Mohan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=y|1984|11|20}}
| spouse = Suhani Anand Mohan
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| genre = [[Bhajan]], [[playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer, composer
| instrument = [[Flute]], [[guitar]]
| label = [[Saregama]], [[The Art of Living International Center|The Art of Living]], Dharam Seva Records, Vandekrsna, [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Tips Industries|Tips]]
}}

'''Siddharth Mohan''' (20 November 1984) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] devotional singer and composer. He devoted most of his career to singing [[Bhajan|devotional songs]]. As a Bhajan singer, he recorded albums such as SHUKRANA, NITHYA, SHIVANSH.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/siddharth-mohan-talks-about-giving-a-musical-twist-to-wedding-pheras-101649657895273.html|title=Siddharth Mohan talks about giving a musical twist to wedding pheras|date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/from-engineer-to-singer-siddharths-journey-of-passion-279794|title=From engineer to singer: Siddharth's journey of passion|date=15 January 2018}}</ref> He works closely with prolific music composers Bawa-Gulzar for all his tracks.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Siddharth started singing at the age of 11, and his talent was nurtured by [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/siddharth-mohan-bhakti-sangeet-like-classical-music-is-deeply-rooted-in-the-heritage-of-india/articleshow/77703238.cms|title=Siddharth Mohan: Bhakti sangeet, like classical music, is deeply rooted in the heritage of India|date=23 August 2020}}</ref> he has also composed various Punjabi numbers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pninews.com/singer-siddharth-mohan-launches-new-devotion-to-krishan-lalla|title=Singer Siddharth Mohan launches new devotion to Krishan lalla|date=12 August 2020}}</ref> and Tamil thriller [[Charles Shafiq Karthiga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-brand-new-innings/articleshow/17779745.cms|title=A brand new innings|date=15 January 2017}}</ref> He is married to Suhani Mohan and has a son.

==Selected works==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Bhajan
! Album
! Year
|-
|-
|SAANWAREY
| –
|2013
|-
| Shukrana Tera
| Shukrana
| 2017
|-
| Rang Ishq Da
| Shukrana
| 2017
|-
| Sabka Mangal
| –
| 2018
|-
| ARDAAS KARAAN
| –
| 2018
|-
| Mere Satguru Ji Tussi Mehar Karo
| –
|2018
|-
| Achyutam Keshavam
| –
|2018
|-
|Shiv Taandav
| Shiv Taandav
|2018
|-
| Tera Shukriya Hai
| Tera Shukriya Hai
| 2019
|-
| Darbar Bada Sona Ae
| -
| 2019
|-
| Rang Ho Toh Tera Rang Ho
| -
|2019
|-
|Bas Eho Ardas
| -
|2019
|-
|Tere Sahare Ik Tere Sahare
| -
|2020
|-
|Shridharam Madhavam <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/siddharth-mohan-latest-single-shridharammadhavam-crosses-over-2-million-views-on-youtube-23142205|title=Siddharth Mohan's 'ShridharamMadhavam' crosses 2.9 million views|date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
| -
|2020
|-
|Tereya Charana Ch
| -
|2021
|-
|Tarr Jaavan
|
|2022
|-
|Mere Guraan Da Baikunth
| -
|2022
|-
|Welcome Band Guruji
| -
|2022
|-
|Namah Shivaya
| -
| 2023
|-
|Shiv Kailasho Ke Vashi <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/devotional/hindi/listen-to-the-latest-hindi-devotional-video-song-shiv-kailasho-ke-vashi-sung-by-siddharth-mohan/videoshow/98271342.cms|title=Listen To The Latest Hindi Devotional Video Song 'Shiv Kailasho Ke Vashi' Sung By Siddharth Mohan|date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| -
|2023
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Siddharth}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election

2025-10-20T05:10:09Z

IrisClow72785038: typo fix

{{Short description|Election in Indian state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1962
| next_election = 1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1972
| election_date = ''21 February 1967''
| seats_for_election = All 184 seats in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 93
| registered = {{formatnum:10002447}}
| turnout = 51.80%

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mohan Lal Sukhadia 1988 stamp of India.jpg|bSize=145|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=23|oTop=12}}
| leader1 = [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Udaipur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipur]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| seats_before1 = 88
| popular_vote1= 41.42%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 1
| seats1 = 89
| swing1 =

| image2 = {{eppt|Swatantra Party|height=120|width=100}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Swatantra Party
| seats_before2 = 36
| popular_vote2= 22.10%
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 12
| seats2 = 48
| swing2 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]]
}}

Elections to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] were held in February 1967, to elect members of the 184 constituencies in [[Rajasthan]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the most seats as well as the popular vote, and its leader, [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]] was reappointed as the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] for his fourth term.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/CMFormer.aspx |title=Former Chief Ministers of Rajasthan |access-date= 22 December 2021}}</ref>

After the passing of ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1966'', Rajasthan's Legislative Assembly was assigned 184 constituencies.<ref name=delimitation1966>{{cite book | title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1966 | year=1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS9YAAAAMAAJ | access-date=26 August 2025 | page=419}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Rajasthan Legislative Assembly 1967.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=2798411|seats1=89|sc1={{increase}}1
|party2=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes2=1493018|seats2=48|sc2={{increase}}12
|party3=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3=789609|seats3=22|sc3={{increase}}7
|party4=Samyukta Socialist Party|votes4=321574|seats4=8|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]]|votes5=79826|seats5=0|sc5=0
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=65531|seats6=1|sc6={{decrease}}4
|party7=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes7=54618|seats7=0|sc7={{decrease}}2
|party8=[[Jai Telangana Party]]|votes8=45576|seats8=0|sc8=New
|party9=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes9=8932|seats9=0|sc9=New
|party21=Independents|votes21=1099169|seats21=16|sc21={{decrease}}6
|total_sc={{increase}}8
|invalid=1759342
|electorate=10002447
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-rajasthan-1967/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[Bhadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhadra]] || None || H. Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nohar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nohar]] || None || R. Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Sangaria (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sangaria]] || SC || Birbal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Hanumangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hanumangarh]] || None || B. Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ganganagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ganganagar]] || None || K. Nath || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kesarisinghpur || SC || M. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Karanpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Karanpur]] || None || G. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raisingnagar || SC || M. Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Suratgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Suratgarh]] || None || M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lunkaransar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lunkaransar]] || None || Bhimsen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bikaner || None || G. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kolayat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kolayat]] || None || K. Kanta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nokha (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nokha]] || SC || C. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chhaper || SC || R. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sujangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sujangarh]] || None || L. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Dungargarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungargarh]] || None || D. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sardarshahar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarshahar]] || None || R. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Churu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Churu]] || None || M. Raj || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sadulpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sadulpur]] || None || S. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pilani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pilani]] || None || M.c. Katewa || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Surajgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Surajgarh]] || SC || Surajmal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Khetri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khetri]] || None || R. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Gudha || None || S. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nawal Garh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nawal Garh]] || None || S. Basotia || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhunjhunu]] || None || Sumitra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mandawa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandawa]] || None || R. Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Fatehpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Fatehpur]] || None || A. Ali || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Lachhmangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lachhmangarh]] || SC || Nathmal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Sikar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sikar]] || None || R. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Danta Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Danta Ramgarh]] || None || M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Khandela (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khandela]] || None || R. Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sri Madhopur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sri Madhopur]] || None || H. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Neem Ka Thana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Neem Ka Thana]] || None || M. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ghomu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ghomu]] || None || R. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Amber (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Amber]] || None || Sahdeo || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Hawa Mahal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hawa Mahal]] || None || D. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Johri Bazar || None || S.c. Agrawal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Kishanpole (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishanpole]] || None || [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Gandhinagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gandhinagar]] || None || M.s. Powar || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Phulera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phulera]] || None || P.k. Choudhry || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dudu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dudu]] || None || S. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Phagi || SC || L.r. Sulania || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Lalsot (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lalsot]] || ST || S. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Sikrai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sikrai]] || ST || K. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bandikul || None || B.n. Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dausa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dausa]] || SC || Doongaram || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Bassi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bassi]] || SC || K. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Jamuwa Ramgarh || None || N. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Bairath || None || D. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kotputli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kotputli]] || None || S. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Bansur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bansur]] || None || B. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Behror (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Behror]] || None || A. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mandawar || None || H. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tijara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tijara]] || None || Amimddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khairthal || SC || G. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ramgarh]] || None || S. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Alwar Urban (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Alwar]] || None ||[[Rama Nand]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Thanagazi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Thanagazi]] || None || J. Krishna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Rajgarh]] || ST || S. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Kathumar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kathumar]] || SC || G. Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Kaman (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kaman]] || None || Majlis || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deeg || None || Aditendra || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kumher || None || M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Bharatpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bharatpur]] || None || N. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Nadbai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nadbai]] || SC || Nathilal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Weir (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Weir]] || None || R. Kishan || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Bayana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bayana]] || None || M.b. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Rajakhera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajakhera]] || None || P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dholpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dholpur]] || None || Banwarilal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bari (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bari]] || SC || Balwant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Karauli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Karauli]] || None || B. Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sapotra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sapotra]] || ST || Ramkumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Khandar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khandar]] || SC || C. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Sawai Madhopur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sawai Madhopur]] || None || H. Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Bamanwas (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bamanwas]] || ST || P. Bamanwas || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Gangapur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Gangapur]] || None || R. Palliwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Hindaun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hindaun]] || SC || S. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Mahuwa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mahuwa]] || None || S. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Todabhim (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Todabhim]] || ST || C. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Niwai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Niwai]] || SC || J. Narain || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Tonk (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tonk]] || None || D. Vyas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Uniara || None || D. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Todaraisingh || None || Jagannath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Malpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Malpura]] || None || D. Vyas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kishangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishangarh]] || None || S. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Ajmer East || None || Ambalal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Ajmer West || None || Bhagwandas || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Pushkar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pushkar]] || None || [[Prabha Misra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nasirabad (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nasirabad]] || None || V. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Beawar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Beawar]] || None || F. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Masuda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Masuda]] || None || N. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhinai || SC || Jasraj || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Kekri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kekri]] || SC || Devilal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Hindoli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hindoli]] || None || K. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Patan || SC || N. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bundi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bundi]] || None || B. Sundar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kota || None || K. Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Digod || None || Brujballabh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Pipalda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pipalda]] || None || M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Baran || None || D. Dutt || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Kishanganj (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishanganj]] || ST || N. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Chhabra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chhabra]] || None || P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Atru || SC || R. Charan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Ramganj Mandi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ramganj Mandi]] || None || J. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Khanpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]] || None || H. Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Aklera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Aklera]] || None || B. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Jhalrapatan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhalrapatan]] || None || R. P. Bohra || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Pirawa || None || K. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Dag (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dag]] || SC || Lachhman || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Begun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Begun]] || None || H. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gangrar || SC || D. G. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kapasan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kapasan]] || None || S. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Chittorgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chittorgarh]] || None || R. Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nibahera || None || Shriniwas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Badi Sadri || None || L. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pratapgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pratapgarh]] || ST || Harlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kushalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kushalgarh]] || ST || Heera || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| Pipalkhunt || ST || Vithal || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Banswara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Banswara]] || None || H. Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bagidora (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bagidora]] || ST || Nathuram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sagwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sagwara]] || ST || Bheekhabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Chorasi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chorasi]] || ST || Ratanlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Padwa || ST || M. Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dungarpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungarpur]] || None || Laxmansingh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Lasadia || ST || J. Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Vallabhnagar]] || None || G. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mavli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mavli]] || None || N. N. Acharya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rajsamand (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajsamand]] || SC || Amritlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nathdwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nathdwara]] || None || Kishanlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Udaipur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipur]] || None || [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Salumber (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Salumber]] || None || R. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarada || ST || Devilal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kherwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kherwara]] || ST || Vidyasagar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Phalasia || ST || Nathudas || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Gogunda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gogunda]] || ST || D. Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kumbhalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kumbhalgarh]] || None || Heeralal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhim (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhim]] || None || L. Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mandal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandal]] || None || S. Charan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sahada || None || J. Mal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhilwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhilwara]] || None || R. P. Lacha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mandalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandalgarh]] || None || M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Jahazpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jahazpur]] || ST || K. Mal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahpura || SC || Bhura || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Banera || None || Y. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Asind (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Asind]] || None || Girdharilal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jaitaran (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaitaran]] || None || S. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sojat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sojat]] || None || P. Raj || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Kharchi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kharchi]] || None || S. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Pali (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pali]] || None || M. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Desuri || SC || Daulatram || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Sumerpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sumerpur]] || None || P. Bafna || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Bali (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bali]] || None || Prathvisingh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Sirohi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sirohi]] || None || M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Abu || ST || Gama || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Reodar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Reodar]] || SC || M. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Sanchore (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sanchore]] || None || Raghunathji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Raniwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Raniwara]] || None || D. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Bhinmal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhinmal]] || None || A. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Jalore (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jalore]] || SC || J. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Ahore (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ahore]] || None || M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Siwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Siwana]] || None || Kaloo || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Pachpadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pachpadra]] || None || M. Kor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Barmer]] || None || B. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gudha Malani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gudha Malani]] || None || G. R. Chowdhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Chohtan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chohtan]] || None || A. Badi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sheo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sheo]] || None || H. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jaisalmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaisalmer]] || None || B. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Shergarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shergarh]] || None || K. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jodhpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jodhpur]] || None || B. Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sardarpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarpura]] || None || D. Dutt || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Luni (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Luni]] || None || P. C. Bishnoi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bilara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bilara]] || SC || K. R. Arya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhopalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhopalgarh]] || None || M. P. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Osian (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Osian]] || None || R. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Phalodi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phalodi]] || None || D. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Nagaur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nagaur]] || None || M. Usman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jayal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jayal]] || None || R. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Ladnun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ladnun]] || None || H. R. Burdak || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Deedwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Deedwana]] || None || M. D. Mathur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nawan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nawan]] || None || K. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Makrana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Makrana]] || None || V. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Parbatsar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Parbatsar]] || SC || P. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Degana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Degana]] || None || G. Punia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Merta (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Merta]] || None || Gordhan || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|}

==Bypolls==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Constituency
!Reason for by-poll
!Winning candidate
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1967
|[[Khanpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]]
|Death
|S. Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1970
|[[Tonk (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tonk]]
|Resignation of D. Vyas
|S. Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|NCJ}}
|-
|[[Nasirabad (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nasirabad]]
|Death of V. Singh
|S. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|NCJ}}
|-class="sortbottom"
|colspan=6|Source:ECI<ref name=byelections>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[1967 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajasthan elections}}

[[Category:1967 State Assembly elections in India|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Rajasthan|1967]]
[[Category:1960s in Rajasthan|1967]]

Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji

2025-09-26T19:42:43Z

IrisClow72785038: refine layout for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|Last ruling Maharaja of Bhavnagar from 1919–1948}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
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| name = Krishnakumarsinh Gohil
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| spouse = Maharani Vijayabakunverba Sahiba
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}}
}}
[[Colonel]] [[Maharaja]] Raol [[Sir]] '''Krishna Kumarsinhji Gohil''' [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (19 May 1912 – 2 April 1965) was an Indian politician and the last ruling Maharaja of the [[Gohil dynasty]], who ruled [[Bhavnagar State]] from 1919 to 1948 and also served as the first Indian [[List of Governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Madras]] from 1948 to 1952.

==Early life==
Krishna Kumarsinhji was born in [[Bhavnagar]] on 19 May 1912, the eldest son and heir of Maharaja [[Bhavsinhji II]] of Bhavnagar (1875–1919, r. 1896–1919). Kumarsinhji succeeded his father upon his death in 1919; only seven years old, he ascended the [[Bhavnagar]] throne under a regency until 1931. He was educated at [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]] like his father and grandfather, who was the first student in 1870.

==Reign==
Kumarsinhji continued the progressive reforms of his father and grandfather, reforming the method of tax-collection in his state, introducing village councils and Bhavnagar's first legislature, the ''Dharasabha''. Owing to his progressive reign, Kumarsinhji was knighted with the KCSI in 1938; however, he remained quietly committed to the cause of [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]. Therefore, upon Independence in 1947, Kumarsinhji became among the first of the Indian monarchs to accede to the Dominion of India in 1947. He merged Bhavnagar into the state of [[Kathiawad]] in 1948.

Maharaja Shri Bhavsinhji Polytechnic Institute was established by him in commemoration of his father Late Sir Bhavsinhji II in 1932, which commenced functioning in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sirbpti.org.in/ |title=Sir Bhavsinhji Polytechnic Institute - History |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608003713/https://sirbpti.org.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1931, Kumarsinhji married Rajkumari Vijayaba Jadeja (19 June 1910 – 6 October 1990), the daughter of Thakur Sahib Bhojirajsinhji of Gondal and granddaughter of Maharaja Bhagvatsinh of Gondal. The couple had two sons and three daughters:
#Rajkumar Virbhadra Sinh Gohil (14 March 1932 – 26 July 1994) who succeeded as Maharaja of Bhavnagar. His son, Vijayrajsinh Gohil, is the present Titular Maharaja of Bhavnagar
#Rajkumar Shivbhadra Sinh Gohil (23 December 1933 – 31 May 2024)
#Rajkumari Hansaba (b. 25 July 1941) (now the Titular Rajmata of [[Ajaygarh]])
#Rajkumari Dilharba (b. 19 November 1942) (now the Titular Maharani of [[Panna, India|Panna]])
#Rajkumari Rohiniba (b. 8 October 1945) (now the Titular Maharani of [[Kutch]])

==Later years==
In 1948, he worked as acting [[Rajpramukh]] of [[United State of Kathiawar]] for a brief period. Later, in 1948, Kumarsinhji became the first Indian [[Governor of Madras|Governor of Madras state]], which included the area then partitioned to Tamil Nadu, Kerala and parts of neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka serving until 1952. Also, in that year Kumarsinhji was made an honorary [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] in the [[Royal Indian Navy]]. From 1948 until 1952, Kumarsinhji also served as the President of the Shree Nandkunverba Kshatriya Kanya Vidhyalaya and as Vice-Patron of the United Service Institution of India. Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji died at Bhavnagar on 2 April 1965, aged 52 after a reign of 46 years. He was succeeded as Maharaja of Bhavnagar by his eldest son, Virbhadrasinhji Krishna Kumarsinhji.

==Titles==
*1912-1919: [[Maharajkumar]] [[Shri]] Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Sahib Gohil, [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]] [[Sahib]] of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]]
*1919-1937: [[His Highness]] [[Maharaja]] Raol Shri Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Sahib, [[Maharaja]] of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]]
*1937-1938: [[Lieutenant]] His Highness Maharaja Raol Shri Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Sahib, Maharaja of Bhavnagar
*1938-1943: Lieutenant His Highness Maharaja Raol Shri [[Sir]] Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Sahib, Maharaja of Bhavnagar, [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
*1943-1945: [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] His Highness Maharaja Raol Shri Sir Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Sahib, Maharaja of Bhavnagar, KCSI
*1945-1946: [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] His Highness Maharaja Raol Shri Sir Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Sahib, Maharaja of Bhavnagar, KCSI
*1946-1948: [[Colonel]] His Highness Maharaja Raol Shri Sir Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Sahib, Maharaja of Bhavnagar, KCSI
*1948-1965: [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] His Highness Maharaja Raol Shri Sir Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Sahib, Maharaja of Bhavnagar, KCSI
*1948-1952: Commodore [[Excellency|His Excellency]] Shri Sir Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Gohil, Governor of [[Madras State]], KCSI

==Honours==

<div class="center">
(ribbon bar, as it would look today)

[[File:1000px ribbon bar of the Order of Maria Anna.svg|100px]]
[[File:India Service Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:GeorgeVSilverJubileum-ribbon.png|100px]]
[[File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|100px]]
[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|100px]]
</div>

===Decorations and medals===
*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937
*[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI)-1938
*[[War Medal 1939-1945]]-1945
*[[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]]-1945
*[[India Service Medal]] - 1945
*[[Indian Independence Medal]]-1947

===Hon. military ranks===
*Hon. Colonel, Indian Army - 18 January 1951<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=20 |date=27 January 1951 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
*Hon. Commodore, Indian Navy - 18 January 1951<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=21 |date=27 January 1951 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

=== University ===
Bhavnagar University is now known as [https://www.mkbhavuni.edu.in/mkbhavuniweb/index.php the Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University]

Bhavnagar Marketing yard also given the name of Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji.

==Political office==

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Gohil dynasty]]||19 May 1912||2 April 1965}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bhavsinhji II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bhavnagar State|Maharaja of Bhavnagar]]|years=1919-1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Dominion of India|Monarchy abolished (Merge within the Dominion of India)]]}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-bef|before=none}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Bhavnagar State|Maharaja of Bhavnagar]]|years=1948-65}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Virbhadrasinhji Krishna Kumarsinhji|Virbhadrasinhji]]}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Governors of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna Kumarasingh, Bhavasingh}}
[[Category:Governors of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Bhavnagar]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Rajpramukhs]]
[[Category:Saurashtra (state)]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]

2007 elections in India

2025-09-16T13:57:52Z

IrisClow72785038: fixed citations additionally and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2006 elections in India
| previous_year = 2006
| election_date = 2007
| next_election = 2008 elections in India
| next_year = 2008
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''State Assembly elections in India, 2007''' took place between 8 February 2007 and 23 February 2007 for [[States and union territories of India|Indian States]] of [Himachal Pradesh, [[Manipur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Uttarakhand and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Elections for [[Gujarat]] were held in December 2007. Elections for Goa were held June 2, 2007 to June 5, 2007.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan="2" | 30 January 2007
| rowspan="2" |[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Amarinder Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|28 January 2012
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
|[[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 21 February 2007
| rowspan="2" |[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |[[N. D. Tiwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[B. C. Khanduri]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-UT.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|-
| 7 April 2007 – 8 May 2007
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Mayawati]]
| [[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2 June 2007
| rowspan="3" |[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Pratapsingh Rane]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Digambar Kamat]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:IN-GA.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
| 14 November and 19 December 2007
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
|[[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
| 11 and 16 December 2007
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Narendra Modi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Narendra Modi]]
|[[File:IN-GJ.svg|50px]]
|}
Counting of votes was done on 27 February 2007 and the results were announced on the same date.

The [[Indian National Congress]], who were the incumbents in Punjab and Uttarakhand lost their majorities in both states.

=== Goa ===
{{Main|2007 Goa state assembly elections}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||32||'''16'''
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
|3||align="left"|'''[[Nationalist Congress Party]]'''||6||'''3'''
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
|4||align="left"|'''Save Goa Front'''||17||'''2'''
|-
|2||align="left"|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''||33||'''14'''
|-
|4||align="left"|'''[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak]]'''||26||'''2'''
|-
|5||align="left"|'''[[United Goans Democratic Party]]'''||11||'''1'''
|-
|4||align="left"|'''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''||49||'''2'''
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''40'''
|}

Congress emerge as single largest party after results. 
Congress formed government in alliance with NCP and SGF. 
SGF later merged in Congress to raise its tally to 18.

===Gujarat===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Ranks
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
! align="center" | % Votes
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''||182||'''117'''||'''49.12'''
|-
|2||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||173||'''59'''||'''38.00'''
|-
|3||align="left"|'''[[Nationalist Congress Party]]'''||10||'''3'''||'''1.05'''
|-
|4||align="left"|'''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''||182||'''2'''||'''6.61'''
|-
|5||align="left"|'''[[Janata Dal (United)]]'''||35||'''1'''||'''0.66'''
|-
|6||align="left"|'''[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'''||166||'''0'''||'''2.62'''
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''182'''||''' '''
|}

=== Himachal Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats won
! align="center" | % votes
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''||68||'''41'''||'''43.78'''
|-
|2||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||67||'''23'''||'''38.9'''
|-
|3||align="left"|'''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''||60||'''3'''||'''7.97'''
|-
|4||align="left"|'''[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'''||67||'''1'''||'''7.26'''
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''68'''||''' '''
|}

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/07to08/ac/bye_87jk.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Bye – Election – December, 2007 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref> |

! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]||68.51%||[[Jahangir Hussain Mir]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,697||31.14%||Yash Paul Sharma||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||16,299||24.52%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,398'''
|-
|}

=== Manipur ===
Elections in Manipur were held in three phases on 8 February 14 and 23 February.

{{Election results
|image=
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=507518|seats1=30|sc1=+10
|party2=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes2=228670|seats2=5|sc2=+3
|party3=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes3=127005|seats3=5|sc3=+2
|party4=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes4=98694|seats4=3|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=85643|seats5=4|sc5=–1
|party6=[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]|votes6=51192|seats6=3|sc6=New
|party7=[[Manipur State Congress Party]]|votes7=27505|seats7=0|sc7=–7
|party8=[[Lok Jan Shakti Party]]|votes8=22233|seats8=0|sc8=–2
|party9=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes9=13373|seats9=0|sc9=New
|party10=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes10=12536|seats10=0|sc10=-4
|party11=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes11=7144|seats11=0|sc11=New
|party12=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes12=4333|seats12=0|sc12=0
|party13=[[People's Democratic Alliance (Manipur)|People's Democratic Alliance]]|votes13=1508|seats13=0|sc13=New
|party14=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes14=1232|seats14=0|sc14=0
|party15=[[Samata Party]]|votes15=861|seats15=0|sc15=–3
|party16=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes16=808|seats16=0|sc16=New
|party17=[[Naga National Party]]|votes17=562|seats17=0|sc17=0
|party18=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes18=109|seats18=0|sc18=New
|party21=Independents|votes21=288661|seats21=10|sc21=+10
|total_sc=0
|invalid=373
|electorate=1707204
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3711-manipur-2007/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
}}
The [[Indian National Congress]] won by a [[majority|simple majority]]. A Congress-led coalition government was sworn in on 1 March 2007 with [[Okram Ibobi Singh]] as the [[Chief Minister of Manipur|Chief Minister]].

=== Punjab ===
{{main|2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
Elections in Punjab was held on 13 February 2007.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
! align="center" | % Votes
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]'''||93||'''48'''||'''37.09'''
|-
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|3||align="left"|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''||23||'''19'''||'''8.28'''
|-
|2||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||116||'''44'''||'''40.90'''
|-
|4||align="left"|'''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''||431||'''5'''||'''6.82'''
|-
|5||align="left"|'''[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'''||115||'''0'''||'''4.13'''
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''117'''||''' '''
|}

A [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]-[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] coalition government sworn on 2 March 2007 with [[Parkash Singh Badal]] as the [[Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]].

=== Uttarakhand ===
{{main|2007 Uttarakhand state assembly elections}}
Elections in Uttarakhand was held on 21 February 2007.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
! align="center" | % Votes
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''||70||'''35'''||'''31.90'''
|-
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
|4||align="left"|'''[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]'''||61||'''3'''||'''5.49'''
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
|4||align="left"|'''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''||240||'''3'''||'''10.81'''
|-
|2||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||70||'''21'''||'''29.59'''
|-
|3||align="left"|'''[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'''||70||'''8'''||'''11.76'''
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''70/70'''||''' '''
|}

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerged as the largest party with 35 seats in a house of 70. They were still one short of the majority to form a government. After much wrangling it was announced that the [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] and the three independents would be supporting the government. Elections to Bajpur are still to take place. The incumbent [[Indian National Congress]] Government lost as they had only 21 seats out of 70 seats.

After protracted discussions it was announced the [[B. C. Khanduri]] would be Chief Minister and [[B. S. Koshyari]] was to manage party work.

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
{{Main|2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
! align="center" | % Votes
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'''||403||'''206'''||'''30.43'''
|-
|2||align="left"|'''[[Samajwadi Party]]'''||393||'''97'''||'''25.43'''
|-
|3||align="left"|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''||350||'''51'''||'''16.97'''
|-
|4||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||393||'''22'''||'''8.61'''
|-
|5||align="left"|'''[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]'''||254||'''10'''||'''3.70'''
|-
|6||align="left"|'''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''|| 258||'''9'''||'''6.97'''
|-
|7||align="left"|'''[[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal]]'''||14||'''2'''||'''0.20'''
|-
|8||align="left"|'''[[Janata Dal (United)]]'''||16||'''1'''||'''0.42'''
|-
|8||align="left"|'''Uttar Pradesh United Democratic Front'''||54||'''1'''||'''0.35'''
|-
|8||align="left"|'''[[Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party]]'''||122||'''1'''||'''0.26'''
|-
|8||align="left"|'''[[Jan Morcha]]'''||118||'''1'''||'''0.60'''
|-
|8||align="left"|'''Bharatiya Jan Shakti'''||66||'''1'''||'''0.24'''
|-
|8||align="left"|''' Akhil Bhartiya Loktantrik Congress'''||2||'''1'''||'''0.18'''
|-
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''403'''||''' '''
|}

Elections in [[Uttar Pradesh]] were held in seven phases during April and May 2007. In the end, [[Mayawati]]'s B.S.P won this election.

==See also==
*[[N. Gopalaswami]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ElectionStatistics.aspx Election Commission of India – State Elections, 2007]
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2007 elections in India]]
[[Category:2007 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2007 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election

2025-08-31T15:23:11Z

IrisClow72785038: General improvements and edits

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1972
| next_election = 1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|
| next_year = 1983
| election_date = 25 February 1978
| seats_for_election = All 126 seats in the [[Legislature of Assam]]
| majority_seats = 64
| image_size = 100px
| party1 = [[Janata Party]]
| image1 = Golap Borbora (denoised).jpg
| leader1 = [[Golap Borbora]]
| leader_since1 = 1978
| leaders_seat1 = [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
| last_election1 = ''New''
| alliance1 =
| seats_before1 =
| seats_needed1 =
| seats1 = 53
| seat_change1 = ''New''
| percentage1 = 27.55%
| swing1 = ''New''
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Assam|CM]]
| before_election = [[Sarat Chandra Singha]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Golap Borbora]]
| after_party = Janata Party
| image2 = {{eppt|Indian National Congress|height=100|width=80}}
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| last_election2 = 95
| seats2 = 34
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 61
| leader2 = -
| leader_since2 = -
| leaders_seat2 = -
| percentage2 = 32.4%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 20.8[[percentage point|pp]]
}}

The '''1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election ''' was held to elect members for 126 assembly seats to constitute the seventh [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] on February 25 1978.<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Janata upswing in Assam and Arunachal |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/594712550 |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=24 February 1978|id={{ProQuest|594712550}} }}</ref> The [[Janata Party]] formed the first non-Congress government led by [[Golap Borbora]] with 53 seats on March 12, 1978. He resigned as chief minister on September 4, 1979 after losing the support of a majority of MLAs. [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]] was sworn in as chief minister on 9 November 1978. But he held the CM’s chair for only 94 days, as central government imposed [[President's rule]] in Assam.<ref name="eci1978">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ | title=STATISTICAL REPORTS OF GENERAL ELECTION TO STATE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHANSABHA) 1978 | publisher=Election Commission of india | accessdate=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="assam">{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1978-83 | publisher=Govt. of Assam | accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Navnirman Andolan]], which erupted in December 1973 started on the issue of hike in fees for an engineering college in [[Gujarat]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]'s movement against corruption, a three week long [[Bihar]] rail strike led by socialist leader [[George Fernandes]], had destabilized the political atmosphere of India.<ref name="express">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/four-reasons-why-indira-gandhi-declared-the-emergency-5232397/ | title=Four reasons why India Gandhi declared emergency | publisher=[[Indian Express]] | date=25 June 2018 | accessdate=1 December 2020}}</ref> The sterilization program, which was tried to be implemented forcefully by [[Sanjay Gandhi]], son of the then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] also created a lot of public outrage .<ref name="abp">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DJsaujUs3w | title=Pradhanmantri - Episode 12: Emergency in India, ABP News | publisher=ABP News}}</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 1978.svg]]
|-
!S. No
!colspan="2"|Party
!Party-type!!Contested!! Won!!Votes polled %!! Vote % in seats contested
|-
| 1|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||National || 35 ||5 || 4.09 ||14.39
|-
| 2|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}|| National || 27 || 11 ||5.62 ||25.87
|-
| 3|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| National || 126 || 26 ||23.62||23.62
|-
| 4|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || National || 115 ||8||8.78||9.84
|-
| 5|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}} ||National ||117||53||27.55||29.95
|-
| 6|| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||State||3 ||0||0.09 ||4.28
|-
| 7|| {{Full party name with color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}|| State ||9||4||2.60 ||32.54
|-
| 8|| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}|| State ||6||0 || 0.44||8.85
|-
| 9|| {{Full party name with color|All India Gorkha League}}||Registered||1||0 ||0.04 ||6.08
|-
| 10|| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}|| Registered ||10||4||1.40 ||17.68
|-
| 11|| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) }}|| Registered ||4||0||0.07 ||2.29
|-
| 12||{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}|| || ||15|| 25.67||26.50
|-
| colspan="5 style="text-align:center;"|'''Total''' ||'''126'''|| ||
|-
|align=left colspan=8|Source: ECI<ref name="eci1978"/>
|}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Ratabari || SC || Lilamoy Das || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Patharkandi || None || Fakrul Islam || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Karimganj North || None || Nishith Ranjan Das || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Karimganj South || None || Abdul Muqtadir Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Badarpur || None || Ramendra De || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Hailakandi || None || Dipak Bhattacharjee || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Katlicherra || None || Gouri Sankar Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Algapur || None || Nepal Chandra Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Silchar || None || Noorul Kuda || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Sonai || None || Altaf Hossain Mazumdar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Dholai || SC || Sisir Ranjan Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Udharbond || None || Jagannath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Lakhipur || None || Kazi Kutub Uddin Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Barkhola || None || A.f.golam Osmani || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Katigora || None || Abdul Kiyum Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haflong || ST || Sona Ram Thaosen || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bokajan || ST || Bilton G.momin || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Howraghat || ST || Barelong Terang || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Diphu || ST || Gandhi Ram Timung || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Baithalangso || ST || Dhani Ram Rongpi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mankachar || None || Zahirul Islam || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Salmara South || None || Dewan Joynal Abedin || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Dhubri || None || Mohammad Umaruddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gauripur || None || Mohammad Azad Ali || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Golakganj || None || Aluddin Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Bilasipara West || None || Gaisuddin Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bilasipara East || None || Surat Chanddra Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gossaigaon || None || Mathias Tudu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kokrajhar West || ST || Ranendra Narayan Basumatari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kokrajhar East || ST || Samar Brahma Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}
|-
| Sidli || ST || Panchanan Brahma || {{Full party name with color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}
|-
| Bongaigaon || None || Mathura Mohan Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bijni || None || Padmalochan Boro || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Abhayapuri North || None || Pani Medhi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Abhayapuri South || SC || Rabindra Nath Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Dudhnai || ST || Jagat Chandra Patgiri || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Goalpara East || None || Birendra Nath Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Goalpara West || None || Nazmul Haque || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jaleswar || None || Afzalur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sorbhog || None || Hemen Das || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Bhabanipur || None || Tarini Charan Das || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Patacharkuchi || None || Bhubaneswar Barman || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Barpeta || None || A. Latif || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jania || None || Abdus Sobhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Baghbar || None || Ibrahim Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarukhetri || None || Sirajul Haque || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chenga || None || Danes Ali Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Boko || SC || Umesh Chandra Das || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Chaygaon || None || A. N. Akram Hussain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Palasbari || None || Harendra Goswami || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Jalukbari || None || Lakhyadhar Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Dispur || None || Tarini Mohan Barua || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Gauhati East || None || Ajoy Kumar Dutta || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Gauhati West || None || Kiran Chandra Bezbarua || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Hajo || None || Rabindra Nath Malakar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kamalpur || None || Daibasakti Deka || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Rangiya || None || Purna Boro || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Tamulpur || None || Padam Bahadur Chouhan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Nalbari || None || Narendra Nath Dutta || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Barkhetry || None || Seikh Chand Mahammad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Dharmapur || None || Ramani Barman || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Barama || ST || Baikuntha Nath Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chapaguri || ST || Manik Chandra Das || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Panery || None || Ramesh Chandra Saharia || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kalaigaon || None || Nagen Sarma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sipajhar || None || Madhab Rajbanshi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Mangaldoi || SC || Anil Das || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Dalgaon || None || Syeda Anwara Taimur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Udalguri || ST || Binoy Kumar Basumatary || {{Full party name with color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}
|-
| Majbat || None || Silvius Condpan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Dhekiajuli || None || Pratap Kalita || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barchalla || None || Kamal Chandra Basumatari || {{Full party name with color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}
|-
| Tezpur || None || Jiban Bora || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Rangapara || None || Golok Rajbanshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sootea || None || Golok Kakati || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Biswanath || None || Kosheswar Bora || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Behali || None || Bishnulal Upadhaya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gohpur || None || Ram Chandra Sarmah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Jagiroad || SC || Prasad Chandra Doloi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Marigaon || None || Kaliram Dekta Raja || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Laharighat || None || Abul Kashem || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raha || SC || Baliram Das || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Dhing || None || Md. Samsul Huda || {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Batadroba || None || Baneswar Saikia || {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Rupohihat || None || Mohammad Idris || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nowgong || None || Mukut Sarma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barhampur || None || Lakeshwar Gohain || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Samaguri || None || Bhabendra Kumar Saikia || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kaliabor || None || Atil Chandra Goswami || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jamunamukh || None || Mujamil Ali Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Hojai || None || Santi Ranjan Das Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Lumding || None || Biresh Misra || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Bokakhat || None || Chatra Gopal Karmakar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarupathar || None || Aklius Tirkey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Golaghat || None || Soneswar Bora || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Khumtai || None || Nogen Borua || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Dergaon || SC || Ramesh Das || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Jorhat || None || Dulal Chandra Baruah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Majuli || ST || Chakbhal Kagyang || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Titabar || None || Giridhar Thengal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Mariani || None || Gajen Tanti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Teok || None || Devananda Boara || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Amguri || None || Khagen Borbarua || {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Nazira || None || Hiteswar Saikia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahmara || None || Budha Barua || {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Sonari || None || Satya Tati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Thowra || None || Jogen Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Sibsagar || None || Promode Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Bihpuria || None || Premadhar Bora || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Naoboicha || None || Afazuddin Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Lakhimpur || None || Sulo Bora || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Dhakuakhana || ST || Lakhya Nath Doley || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhemaji || ST || Purna Chandra Bora || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jonai || ST || Romesh Mohan Kouli || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Moran || None || Joy Chandra Nagbanshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Dibrugarh || None || Keshab Chandra Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Lahowal || None || Dipak Moormoo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Duliajan || None || Jogen Hazarika || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Tingkhong || None || Bhadreswar Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Naharkatia || None || Sasha Kamal Handique || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Chabua || None || Jnan Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Tinsukia || None || Golap Borborah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Digboi || None || Rameswar Dhanowar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Margherita || None || Kul Bahadur Chetri || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Doom Dooma || None || Dileswar Tanti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sadiya || None || Bipin Hazarika || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assam elections}}

[[Category:1978 State Assembly elections in India|Assam]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Assam]]
[[Category:1970s in Assam]]
[[Category:February 1978 in Asia]]

Vijay Vasanth

2025-08-21T06:59:45Z

IrisClow72785038:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Indian name|Vijay|Vasanth}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Vasanth
| image = File:Vijay Vasanth at the Velaikkaran Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Vijay Vasanth at the Velaikkaran Audio Launch in 2017
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 19 July 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[H. Vasanthakumar]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Kanniyakumari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanniyakumari]]
| office1 = General Secretary of the [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]]
| term_start1 = 2 January 2021
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|5|20}}
| birth_place = [[Nagercoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman|Actor|Politician}}
| residence =
| spouse = Nithya (m. 2010) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Wedding-bells-for-Vijay-Vasanth/articleshow/5934779.cms|title=Wedding bells for Vijay Vasanth|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| website =
}}

'''Vijay Vasanth''' (born Vijayakumar Vasanthakumar on 20 May 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]] who is a Member of Parliament from [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanyakumari Loksabha constituency]]. He contested and won the by-election in the Kanyakumari Loksabha constituency in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/03/congress-vijay-vasanth-wins-kanniyakumari-byelection-2297741.html|title = Congress' Vijay Vasanth wins Kanniyakumari byelection| date=3 May 2021 }}</ref> He is an actor who has worked in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. He is the son of the late politician and entrepreneur [[H. Vasanthakumar]] and the managing director of [[Vasanth & Co]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jointscene.com/artists/Kollywood/Vijay_Vasanth/2626 |title=Vijay Vasanth |work=Jointscene |access-date=9 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107005053/http://www.jointscene.com/artists/Kollywood/Vijay_Vasanth/2626 |archive-date=7 January 2010 }}</ref>

He entered politics in 2021 after the death of his father, taking up the mantle of General secretary of the [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]].

==Political career==
Vijay Vasanth entered active politics after the death of his father and sitting MP of Kanyakumari Loksabha constituency in 2020 due to Covid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/28/tamil-nadu-congress-mp-vasantha-kumar-dies-of-covid-19.html|title = Tamil Nadu Congress MP Vasantha Kumar dies of COVID-19| website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref> Prior to that he was assisting his father in constituency related works and also played a major role during his father's election to Parliament. He was appointed General secretary of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-congress-fills-450-party-posts-with-eye-on-polls/articleshow/80079160.cms|title = Tamil Nadu: Congress fills 450 party posts with eye on polls | newspaper=The Times of India | date=3 January 2021 }}</ref> Later when bypolls for Kanyakumari were announced in May 2021 he was given ticket by Congress party to contest. His electoral rival was veteran [[Pon. Radhakrishnan]] of [[BJP]], who had been a Union minister. Vijay Vasanth won the polls by a majority of 1.34 lakh votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/congress-retains-kanyakumari-lok-sabha-seat/article34470578.ece|title = Congress retains Kanyakumari Lok Sabha seat|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 3 May 2021}}</ref>

Vijay Vasanth in an interview to News7Tamil in February 2024 said that BJP is dividing India in the name of religion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.news7tamil.live/article/congress-government-in-2024-for-sure-vijay-vasanth-mp-exclusive-interview-with-news7-tamil/546914 | title=மதத்தின் பெயரால் பாஜக இந்தியாவை பிரித்து வருகிறது - விஜய் வசந்த் எம்.பி. நியூஸ்7 தமிழுக்கு பிரத்யேக பேட்டி! }}</ref>

==Business==
Established by his father [[H. Vasanthakumar]] in 1978, [[Vasanth & Co]] has over 96 stores across Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Bengaluru. With a turnover of above Rs 4,000 crore in 2018, the chain of consumer electronics and home appliances is a household name across [[Tamil Nadu]]. Vijay Vasanth currently serves as the company's managing director.<ref name="tnie"/>

==Film career==
Vijay Vasanth made his debut in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s cult sports film, ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007), playing a supporting role as a member of the Sharks cricket team. Vasanth was introduced to Venkat Prabhu by his close friend [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], who first introduced him to music composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], before he later became acquainted with Prabhu.<ref name="tnie">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/sep/07/vijay-vasanth-hit-by-cricket-cinema-and-gizmo-fever-1653365.html|title=Vijay Vasanth: Hit by cricket, cinema and gizmo fever|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 September 2017 }}</ref>

The success of that film prompted him to star alongside several of the same co-stars in ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/12thozha.htm|title=Avoid Thozha|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> and he acted in [[S. Shankar]]'s movie [[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]] with stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], and his close friend [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] he debut in the part as Paneer Selvam: '''a student with a passion for machines'''. After Virus tells him that he will not graduate, he commits suicide.<ref name="Title credits">''Nanban'' (DVD): Title credits from 7.11 to 7.42</ref> before making a guest appearance in Venkat Prabhu's next project ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''. Vijay Vasanth then went on to portray a leading role in [[Samudrakani]]'s ''[[Naadodigal]]'' alongside [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] and Bharani, with the film becoming a commercial and critical success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Etcetera-Minimum-takes-maximum-impact/article12291391.ece|title=Etcetera: Minimum takes, maximum impact|first=Nikhil|last=Raghavan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 January 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He followed it up in 2010 with another supporting role as Gowshik in romantic film, ''[[Kanimozhi (film)|Kanimozhi]]'', where he appeared alongside [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] and [[Shazahn Padamsee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kanimozhi-Dull-dose-of-realism/article15718347.ece|title=Kanimozhi - Dull dose of realism|first=Karthik|last=Subramanian|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 November 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Vijay Vasanth made a cameo appearance in the film ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' (2017).<ref name="tnie"/>

==Personal life==
He is the son of [[H. Vasanthakumar]], founder of Vasanth & Co and former Member of Parliament. He studied in Loyola College Chennai.He was married in the year 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100522100653/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/57081.html "Vijay Vasanth ties the knot"]</ref> His paternal cousin is [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]], the Former governor of [[Telangana]] & [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] states.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamilisai-resigns-as-telangana-governor-and-puducherry-lg-to-contest-ls-polls-101710744161837.html | title=Tamilisai resigns as Telangana governor and Puducherry LG, to contest LS polls | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | first=Srinivasa | last=Rao Apparasu | date=2024-03-18}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' || Gajani ||
|-
| ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Nadodigal]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kanimozhi (film)|Kanimozhi]]'' || Gowshik ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mankatha]]'' || Wine shop owner || Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2012 || ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' || Panneerselvam || Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''[[Mathil Mel Poonai]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
| ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' ||Vasanth || Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Ennamo Nadakkudhu]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
| ''[[Theriyama Unna Kadhalichitten]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Masss]]'' || Drinker || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Vanna Jigina]]'' || Pavadai ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2016 || ''[[Vetrivel]]'' || Chandran || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Achamindri]]'' || Sakthi ||<ref name="Vijay Vasanth is a pickpocket in Achamindri">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |title=Vijay Vasanth is a pickpocket in Achamindri |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120516/vijay-vasanth-is-a-pickpocket-in-achamindri.html |accessdate=10 September 2022 |date=12 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165724/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120516/vijay-vasanth-is-a-pickpocket-in-achamindri.html |archivedate=10 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || Bhagya ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[My Dear Lisa]]'' || Kennedy ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjan directs Vijay Vasanth in horror film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/131017/ranjan-directs-vijay-vasanth-in-horror-film.html|accessdate=18 December 2023 |date=13 October 2017|website=The Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3586481}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasanth, Vijay}}
[[Category:Politicians from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Makhan Nagar

2025-04-23T05:56:36Z

IrisClow72785038:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Makhan Nagar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7|N|77.93|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hoshangabad district|Hoshangabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]]
| government_type = Nagar Panchayat
| governing_body = Makhan Nagar Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 300
| population_total = 14,587
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 461661
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Makhan Nagar (Babai)''' is a city and a [[nagar panchayat]] in Narmadapuram [[Hoshangabad district|(Hoshangabad) district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.

It is also famous for babri wale balaji.

==Geography==
Makhan Nagar is located at {{coord|22.7|N|77.93|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Babai.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Makhan Nagar]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|300|m}}.

==Demographics==
As per [[Census of India]] 2011 Babai Town has population of 16,741 of which 8,665 are males while 8,076 are females.
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Makhan Nagar
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 93.29
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 4.12
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Jainism]]
|value3 = 2.59
|color3 = Pink
}}
Babai Work Profile -
Out of total population, 5,038 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 4,335 were males while 703 were females.<ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/madhyapradesh/hoshangabad/2343704000__babai/</ref>

==Attractions==
It is also famous for its shrine of [[Hanuman]], whose idol is said to have come from a Baodi [[stepwell]] beside the shrine.

Other places include the Ram Janki temple which is a [[Hindu temple]] of [[Rama]] in [[Dravidian architecture]], and the Babai Farm, a farm of [[Mangoes]], [[Jackfruit]], etc. and is also famous for the [[Tridevi]] temple.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-hoshangabad-babai-name-changed-to-narmadapuram-and-makhan-nagar-tweets-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2022-02-03-757917 | title = Rename | date = 3 February 2022 }}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]], Hindi Poet

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Narmadapuram Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hoshangabad district]]

Uttara Phalguni

2025-03-15T04:28:17Z

IrisClow72785038:

#REDIRECT [[Nakshatra#List_of_Nakshatras]]

[[Category:Nakshatra]]

Theni Assembly constituency

2024-12-15T11:27:51Z

IrisClow72785038: general fixed citations for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Theni
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1957
| district = [[Theni district|Theni]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]]
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
}}
'''Theni''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Theni district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> The constituency was in existence from the 1957 election until 2008.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[N. M. Velappan]] and [[N. R. Thiagarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[S. S. Rajendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 1967
| [[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[V. R. Jayaraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| V. R. Jeyaraman
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| V. R. Jeyaraman
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[G. Ponnu Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[N. R. Alagaraja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[D. Ganesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| D. Ganesan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Theni<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. R. Thiagarajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,185 |percentage=26.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Rajendran]] |party=Independent politician |votes=31,404 |percentage=21.90% |change= }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Velappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,673 |percentage=18.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arunachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=15,308 |percentage=10.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ayyanar (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=13,163 |percentage=9.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Suruliammal (SC) |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=10,731 |percentage=7.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Selvaraj (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=7,960 |percentage=5.55% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,781 |percentage=4.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,424 |percentage=90.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,58,034 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Theni district}}
{{Coord|10.01|77.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Theni district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Theni-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}