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Maktha Mahaboobpet

2026-05-07T13:05:50Z

Iringlz:

{{Short description|Municipal ward in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maktha Mahabubpet
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = Maktha Mahabubpet lake Pedda Kudi Cheruvu full.jpg
| image_alt = Maktha Mahaboobpet lake, Serilingampally mandal , Miyapur
| image_caption = Pedda Kudi Cheruvu
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.516017|N|78.348768|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]] 
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Telangana|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy District|Ranga Reddy]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Revenue Division]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendranagar]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Revenue Mandal]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Serilingampally]] ([[Mandal]] Code #6)
| subdivision_type6 = [https://www.ghmc.gov.in/quicklinks/Notification%20on%20delimitation%20300%20wards%20in%20GHMC.pdf GHMC Circle Wise Delimitation Election Ward]
| subdivision_name6 = [https://www.ghmc.gov.in/quicklinks/Notification%20on%20delimitation%20300%20wards%20in%20GHMC.pdf West Zone, Serilingampally (North), Circle-48, Miyapur, Ward-241]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500049
| registration_plate = TG-07
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type = [[Municipal governance in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Cyberabad Municipal Corporation|CMC]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chevella (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Serilingampally (Vidan Sabha constituency)]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
| website = {{URL|https://cmc.telangana.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Maktha Mahabubpet''' (also spelled '''Maktha Mahaboobpet''', '''Maqta Mahboobpet''' or '''Mahaboobpet Maktha''') is a residential and commercial locality in the northwestern suburbs of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is a [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|municipal ward]], situated in the [[Miyapur]] area,<ref name="primegovtland">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Dec/09/rs-600-crore-govt-land-reclaimed-in-miyapur|title=Rs 600 crore govt land reclaimed in Miyapur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hyderabad-family-of-five-including-2-year-old-found-dead-suicide-suspected-9128846|title=Hyderabad Family Of Five, Including 2-Year-Old, Found Dead, Suicide Suspected}}</ref> within the [[Serilingampally]] mandal of [[Ranga Reddy district]], and forms part of the [[Cyberabad Municipal Corporation|Cyberabad Municipal Corporation (CMC) Ward 241]] . The locality is known for its proximity to major IT hubs like Gachibowli and features a mix of urban residential colonies, small-scale commercial establishments, and natural landmarks such as [[Lakes in Hyderabad|lakes]] and temples. It is accessible via [[National Highway 65 (India)|National Highway 65]] (NH65), connecting Hyderabad to Pune and Machilipatnam.

The name "Maktha" likely derives from Telugu words referring to a "maqta" or granted land estate, while "Mahaboobpet" may trace back to historical Muslim settlements in the region, common in Hyderabad's nomenclature during the Nizam era. The area has grown rapidly due to Hyderabad's metropolitan expansion, transitioning from a rural village to an integrated urban suburb.

==History==
Maktha Mahabubpet has historical roots tied to the broader history of Hyderabad, which was ruled by dynasties including the Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Bahmanis, Qutb Shahis, Mughals, and the Asaf Jahi Nizams. As a village on the outskirts, it was part of the agrarian extensions of nearby settlements like Miyapur and Bachupally. Prior to the 2016 district reorganization in Telangana, it fell under the erstwhile Ranga Reddy district (previously Hyderabad Rural District, formed in 1978). The area was listed in early census records, such as the 1971 District Census Handbook for Hyderabad, as "Mahaboobpet (Maktha)," indicating its status as a small revenue village with agricultural significance.
[[File:Satyanarayana enclave maktha mahboobpet.jpg|thumb|Satyanarayana enclave maktha mahboobpet,miyapur]]
Urbanization accelerated in the late 20th century with the development of industrial and IT corridors, leading to residential growth. The locality is now administered by CMC and the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA), contributing to Greater Hyderabad's expansion.

In December 2025, [[Government of Telangana]] made Maktha Mahabubpet a municipal ward within Miyapur Circle under Serilingampally Zone, as part of restructuring of GHMC.

==Geography==
Maktha Mahabubpet is located at approximately 17.516017°N 78.348768°E, at an elevation of about 536 meters on the [[Deccan Plateau]]. It covers a small geographical area, classified as a [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] in administrative records, and is bordered by neighborhoods such as Miyapur to the north, Hafeezpet to the west, and Chandanagar to the southwest. The terrain is typical of Hyderabad's savanna climate (tropical wet and dry), with average annual rainfall of around 800 mm and temperatures ranging from 15 to 40°C.The locality features several water bodies, including the prominent [https://www.mappls.com/place-maktha+mahaboobpet+lake-hmt+swarnapuri+colony-miyapur-hyderabad-telangana-500049-4OZ9CK@zdata=MTcuNTE2ODc3Kzc4LjM1MDM3NSsxNys0T1o5Q0srKw==ed Maktha Mahaboobpet Lake]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmda.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/11th-Phase-Inside-ORR.pdf|title=Notification of FTL Boundaries}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/May/20/driving-in-hyderabads-miyapur-is-a-tightrope-walk-1816967.html|title=Driving in Hyderabad's Miyapur is a tightrope walk}}</ref>, which serves as a local reservoir and recreational spot. Nearby lakes in the Miyapur cluster include Miyapur Cheruvu (Gurunatham Cheruvu) and Patel Cheruvu. Mineral resources in the broader Serilingampally mandal include quartz, feldspar, and limestone, with limited sand quarrying activities.

==Demographics==
As per the 2011 Census of India, Maktha Mahabubpet is recorded as a village in Serilingampally tehsil, Ranga Reddy district, but specific population figures are not separately enumerated in available public data, likely due to its small size and integration into urban Miyapur. The broader Miyapur neighborhood had a population of 39,561 as of a 2009 estimate, with Maktha Mahabubpet contributing to this as a sub-locality. The primary languages spoken are Telugu and Urdu, with Hindi also common due to migration.The area has a diverse demographic, including working professionals from nearby IT parks, with major political parties active locally being TDP, TRS (now BRS), and INC. Vehicle registration is under TG-07, and it falls under the [[Chevella (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and [[Serilingampally (Vidan Sabha constituency)]].

==Landmarks==
[[File:Maktha Mahabubpet full chowk view.jpg|thumb|Maktha Mahabubpet full chowk view]]
Maktha Mahabubpet hosts several religious and natural landmarks, reflecting its cultural diversity:
*[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pedda+Kudi+Cheruvu/@17.516903,78.3481531,666m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bcb8d0032561cd3:0x77c3f3d5a79acd49!8m2!3d17.5168994!4d78.3499738!16s%2Fg%2F11n56vsr5f?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDMwNC4xIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Maktha Mahaboobpet Lake] (Pedda Kudi Cheruvu): A key water body in Maktha Mahabubpet area, used for local recreation and supporting biodiversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mayor-takes-stock-of-sanitation-civic-issues-in-serilingampally/article69073039.ece|title=Mayor takes stock of sanitation, civic issues in Serilingampally}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Jan/08/hyderabad-mayor-unhappy-with-sanitation-management|title=Hyderabad Mayor unhappy with sanitation management}}</ref> There is plan to have walking/running track around the lake. The Full Tank Level (FTL) area is recorded at 17.20 acres, making it a moderately sized lake within the Serilingampally region.
*Pochamma Temple: A local Hindu temple dedicated to Goddess Pochamma, village (Gramadevata) and mother goddess .
*Venkateshwara Temple: Site for Hindu worship, especially during festivals.
*Maktha Masjid (Masjid-e-Ali Murtuza) and Masjid-e-Habeeb Unnisa: Mosque serving the Muslim community.

Other nearby attractions include :

*Sri SeetaRamanjaneya Swamy Devastanamu (Ramalayam) in the broader Miyapur region, known for its annual festivals.
*Vishwanaadha Gardens: A versatile and elegantly designed event venue offering both air-conditioned banquet hall and a spacious outdoor lawn.
*Lohia Convention & Garden: A premier event venue.
*Sri Katta Maisamma Temple: A local Hindu temple dedicated to Goddess Katya Massiamma, located in HMT Swarnapuri Colony, Swarnapuri Colony II, Miyapur.

==Educational institutions==
[[File:Nsk platina maktha mahabubpet 2 blocks hyd.jpg|thumb|NSK Platina Gated Maqta Mahboobpet Miyapur hyderabad]]
Some prominent institutions in and around the area are:
* Sentia The Global School, beside B K Enclave, BK Enclave, Miyapur, Hyderabad (CBSE)
* Janapriya School West City, Maktha Mahaboobpet, Miyapur (CBSE)
* MNR (Indo-European) Scottsdale Schools, HMT Swarnapuri Colony (CBSE)
* The Creek Planet School - Sr Seeds - Primary Campus (CBSE)
* Kleos International School in Jaya Prakash Narayan Nagar, Miyapur (CBSE)
* Surya Global School, Bachupally
* Genesis International School, Chandanagar
* [[Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Nizampet Rd, Bachupally
* Gokaraju Lailavathi Women's Engineering College, Nizampet Rd, Bachupally

==Hospitals==
[[File:Apollo pharmacy maktha mahaboobpet lab test miyapur.jpg|thumb|Apollo pharmacy maktha mahaboobpet]]
Some prominent hospitals in and around the area are:
* Pranaam Hospitals (Maternity), Mythri Nagar, Miyapur, Madeenaguda
* Lotus Hospitals for Women & Children, Jaya Prakash Narayan Nagar, Miyapur, Hyderabad, Telangana 500049
* Mirra Multispeciality Hospital, Alluri Seeta Rama Raju Colony, Jaya Prakash Narayan Nagar, Miyapur
* First Health Labs, beside BK Enclave
* Vishu children clinic and Vaccination centre

==Transportation==
[[File:Cyberabad Municipal corporation ward map.jpg|thumb|Miyapur Circle Map]]
The locality is well-connected via road and rail. It lies along NH65, with intermediate ring roads linking to Gachibowli and Kompally. TSRTC operates bus services from Maktha Mahaboobpet to key destinations like Koti, Kondapur, Secunderabad (ISCIEL), Patancheru, and Uppal. The nearest MMTS (Multi-Modal Transport System) stations are Chandanagar and Hafeezpet, providing commuter rail links to Hyderabad's Secunderabad and Falaknuma junctions. The [[Miyapur metro station]] ([[Red Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Red Line]]) is approximately 4.8 - 5 km away, facilitating access to the city center. Future expansions under the Unified Metropolitan Transportation Authority (UMTA) are expected to enhance connectivity.

==Notable Events==
In May 2024, GHMC demolished the boundary wall of Masjid-e-Habeeb Unnisa in Sai Jyothi Nagar, Maqta Mahboobpet, claiming it to be built on FTL of Pedda Kudi Cheruvu.

In August 2025, a tragic incident occurred where five members of a family were found deceased in a residence in Maktha Mahaboobpet Colony, prompting a police investigation by Miyapur authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/hyderabad/story/hyderabad-miyapur-family-five-dead-police-investigation-2774540-2025-08-21|title=Five members of family found dead at home in Hyderabad, police launch probe}}</ref> The case, involving Uppari Lakshmaiah (60), his wife Uppari Venkatamma (55), and three others, highlighted community concerns over safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-shocker-5-of-family-found-dead-at-home-in-mahaboobpet-probe-on/articleshow/123423144.cms|title=Hyderabad shocker: 5 of family found dead at home in Mahaboobpet; suicide suspected over financial woes}}</ref>

In December 2025, [[HYDRAA]] cleared illegal encroachments and reclaimed five acres (worth Rs 600 crore) of prime government land in Maktha Mahabubpet Survey No. 44.<ref name="primegovtland"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/hydraa-reclaims-rs-3000-cr-govt-land-1929662|title=HYDRAA Reclaims Rs 3000 Cr Govt Land Telangana}}</ref> The land is part of a long-standing dispute between the state government and private parties, including developers like Janapriya Engineers Syndicate, concerning 51 acres alleged to be fraudulently transferred.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-hc-slaps-rs-10000-fine-on-revenue-secretary/articleshow/93039902.cms|title=Telangana HC slaps Rs 10,000 fine on revenue secretary}}</ref> Many properties in this survey have faced issues with registration due to 2013 collector notifications declaring it government land, leading to numerous court petitions seeking to register documents.

In January 2026, [[HYDRAA]] cleared illegal encroachments and reclaimed 15 acres (worth Rs 3000 crore) of prime government land in Maktha Mahabubpet Survey No. 44.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hydraa-reclaims-15-acres-govt-land-worth-3k-cr-in-miyapur/articleshow/126460244.cms|title=HYDRAA reclaims 15 acres govt land worth 3k cr in Miyapur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hydraa-removes-encroachments-from-19-acres-of-government-land/article70495105.ece|title=HYDRAA removes encroachments from 15 acres of govt land in Miyapur worth around ₹3000 crore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/homes-safe-hydraa-tells-miyapur-residents-1930091|title=Homes Safe, HYDRAA Tells Miyapur Residents}}</ref>

In April 2026, a 26-year-old software engineer from Bihar, Ishika Singh allegedly died by suicide at her E-11 apartment in Jasmine Block, NSK Platina in Maktha Mahabubpet, Miyapur after being allegedly harassed by her husband, Neeraj Bansal for additional dowry and investing money in his start-up company, BeSpoke AI Stylist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/newly-married-hyderabad-techie-dies-by-suicide-over-husbands-dowry-torture-11302896|title=Newly Married Hyderabad Techie Dies By Suicide Over Husband's Dowry Torture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/husband-booked-for-dowry-harassment-after-woman-ends-life/article70814394.ece|title=Husband booked for dowry harassment after woman ends life}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-techie-dies-by-suicide-over-dowry-harassment/articleshow/129992190.cms|title=Hyderabad techie dies by suicide over 'dowry harassment'- Hyderabad News - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/hyderabad-newlywed-software-engineer-dies-by-suicide-following-dowry-harassment|title=Hyderabad: Newlywed software engineer dies by suicide following dowry harassment}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Municipal wards of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranga Reddy district]]

Delhi Crime

2026-05-05T17:40:08Z

Iringlz: put up data

{{short description|2019 Indian drama anthology series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Title screen for the Netflix series, Delhi Crime.png
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Crime drama]]
* [[Police procedural]]
}}
| runtime = 36–64 minutes
| creator = [[Richie Mehta]]
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Richie Mehta
*[[Tanuj Chopra]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shefali Shah]]
* [[Rasika Dugal]]
* [[Adil Hussain]]
* [[Rajesh Tailang]]
}}
| writer =
| theme_music_composer =
| developer =
| composer = [[Andrew Lockington]] – series 1 Ceiri Torjussen – series 2 and 3
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| location = India
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Johan Heurlin Aidt
* [[David Bolen (cinematographer)|David Bolen]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/delhi-crime/season-2/seasonreview/93635625.cms|title=Delhi Crime Season 2 Review: A gritty and immersive police procedural that views crime from a wider lens|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref>
}}
| editor = Beverly Mills
| network = [[Netflix]]
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| company = Golden Karavan [[Sidney Kimmel Entertainment|Ivanhoe Productions]] FilmKaravan Poor Man's Productions
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Aaron Kaplan|Jeff Sagansky|Florence Sloan|Apoorva Bakshi|Pooja Kohli|Sanjay Bachani|[[John Penotti]]|Kilian Kerwin|Michael Hogan}}
| producer =
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 18
| related =
}}

'''''Delhi Crime''''' is an Indian [[police procedural]] [[Crime film|crime drama]] television series written and directed by [[Richie Mehta]].<ref name="AnthologySeries">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=19 March 2019 |title=Delhi Crime Season 2 in the pipeline |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-netflix-season-2-5634231/ |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/-delhi-crime-to-premiere-on-netflix-in-march-1548751479882.html|title='Delhi Crime' to premiere on Netflix in March|work=Mint|date=29 January 2019|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> With creative manager [[Casting director|Chirag Shah]] and produced by Golden Karaven, Ivanhoe Productions, Film Karavan and Poor Man's Productions, the series stars [[Shefali Shah]], [[Rasika Dugal]], [[Adil Hussain]] and [[Rajesh Tailang]]. The first season is set in the aftermath of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/upcoming-new-netflix-india-originals-movies-shows-2019-you-can-look-forward-to-binge-watching-this-year/|title=10 Netflix India Original shows coming to your screens in 2019|last=Manghnani|first=Devika|work=Vogue India|date=14 February 2019|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> The second season focuses on the [[Chaddi Baniyan gang|Chaddi Baniyan Gang]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Everything You Need to Know About Delhi Crime Season 2 |url=https://gadgets360.com/entertainment/features/delhi-crime-season-2-release-date-time-download-cast-based-on-review-story-episodes-web-series-netflix-3282475 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Gadgets 360 |date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The third season focuses on [[human trafficking]] and is inspired by the [[Death of Baby Falak|2012 Baby Falak case]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Delhi Crime Season 3: Real-life 2012 case that inspired Shefali Shah's show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/delhi-crime-season-3-real-life-2012-case-that-inspired-shefali-shahs-show-2818652-2025-11-13 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Filming for the first season began in Delhi in January 2018, and was completed within 62 days. The series covers the period from the incident happening to the final arrest of the suspects.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-24|title=Shefali Shah Gives A Glimpse Into The Making Of 'Delhi Crime', The Docu-Drama On Nirbhaya Case|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/shefali-shah-gives-a-glimpse-into-the-making-of-delhi-crime-the-docu-drama-on-nirbhaya-case-364007.html|access-date=2021-03-21|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref>

''Delhi Crime''<nowiki/>'s first two episodes premiered at the [[2019 Sundance Film Festival]] in the Indie Episodic category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/netflix-indian-drama-series-delhi-crime-richie-mehta-golden-karavan-ivanhoe-pictures-1202542940/|title=Netflix Picks Up Indian Drama Series 'Delhi Crime' From Richie Mehta, Golden Karavan & Ivanhoe Pictures|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|date=29 January 2019|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> The series was released on [[Netflix]] on 22 March 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/netflix-announces-new-indian-series-based-on-2012-delhi-gang-rape-case-starring-shefali-shah-rasika-dugal/story-IjiuyItzO2qj5TN8JHcbVO.html|title=Netflix announces new Indian series, based on 2012 Delhi gang rape case, starring Shefali Shah, Rasika Dugal|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2019|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> It received critical acclaim, with praise for its performances, writing, and depiction of the real-life case that inspired it. At the [[International Emmy Awards]] held in [[48th International Emmy Awards|November 2020]], ''Delhi Crime'' became the first Indian series to receive the award for [[International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series|Best Drama Series]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-24|title=International Emmy Awards 2020: Delhi Crime bags Best Drama Series award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/international-emmy-awards-2020-delhi-crime-wins-drama-series-award-7062940/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The show was renewed for a second season with the main cast returning.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1104407/Delhi-Crime-season-2-Netflix-release-date-renewed-anthology-series-India | title= Delhi Crime season 2 Netflix release date: Will there be another series? | date=26 March 2019 | newspaper=Express | first=Emma | last=Nolan | access-date=19 August 2019 }}</ref> The second season premiered on 26 August 2022. It earned Shah a nomination for the [[International Emmy Award for Best Actress]].<ref name=":5" /> The third season premiered on 13 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Netflix this week: Delhi Crime Season 3, Jolly LLB 3, and more |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/netflix-this-week-releases-delhi-crime-season-3-jolly-llb-3-and-more-2818814-2025-11-13 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Season 1 of ''Delhi Crime''<ref>{{Citation|title=Delhi Crime|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt9398466/|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/7-yrs-after-nirbhaya-incident-delhi-crime-director-shares-perils-of-filming-the-series/articleshow/72765954.cms?from=mdr|title=7 yrs after Nirbhaya incident, 'Delhi Crime' director shares perils of filming the series|date=2019-12-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> is based on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] case that occurred in the neighbourhood of [[Munirka]], [[South Delhi]]. The season depicts the events following the incident, in which [[Superintendent of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (DCP) Vartika Chaturvedi leads the investigation to identify and apprehend those responsible for the assault and the victim's subsequent death.

The second season focuses on crimes committed by the [[Chaddi Baniyan gang|Chaddi Baniyan Gang]].

The third season follows Vartika Chaturvedi and her team as they investigate multiple interconnected cases involving international sex trafficking and organised crime.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
*[[Shefali Shah]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police#India|DCP]]/[[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|DIG]] Vartika Chaturvedi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (initially based on former DCP of Delhi, Chhaya Sharma; season 1)
*[[Rajesh Tailang]] as [[Inspector of Police#Delhi|Inspector]] Bhupendra Singh
*[[Rasika Dugal]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Neeti Singh [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (season 2 and 3)
*[[Adil Hussain]] as Kumar Vijay (CP)(season 1 and 2)
*[[Denzil Smith]] as [[Additional Commissioner of Police#India|ADDL. CP]] Vishal Chaturvedi, Vartika's husband
*Yashaswini Dayama as Chandni "Chandu" Chaturvedi, Vartika and Vishal's daughter
*[[Tillotama Shome]] as Lata Solanki/Karishma (season 2)
*[[Huma Qureshi]] as Meena Choudhary /Badi Didi (season 3)
*[[Sayani Gupta]] (Season 3) as Kusum
*Anurag Arora as Sub-Inspector Jairaj Singh
*[[Gopal Datt]] as Sudhir Kumar
*Sidharth Bhardwaj as [[Station House Officer#Delhi|SHO]] Shubhash Gupta
*[[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Sub-Inspector Vimla Bharadwaj
*Suman Patel as Shabnam (season 3)
*Aakash Dahiya as Devinder, Neeti's ex-husband
*[[Yukti Thareja ]] as ASI Simran Masih (season 3)
*[[Anshumaan Pushkar]] as Rahul/Amjad (season 3)
*[[Mita Vashisht]] as Kalyani Devi (season 3)
*[[Kelly Dorji]] as John Gupta (season 3)

=== Recurring ===
*Abhilasha Singh as Deepika, the victim of a brutal gang rape and murder (based on Jyoti Singh/Nirbhaya; season 1)
*Sanjay Bishnoi as Akash Kumar, Deepika's friend who was also a victim of the attack (based on Awindra Pratap Pandey; season 1)
*Vinod Sharawat as [[Station House Officer#Delhi|SHO]] Vinod Tiwari
*[[Avijit Dutt]] as Home Minister Gururaj Dixit
*Kuldeep Sareen as Inspector Viren Chaddha (season 2)
*Swati Bhatia as Ira
*Mridul Sharma as Jai Singh (partially based on Ram Singh, Mukesh Singh and Mohammed Afroz)
*Ayush Sehgal as Arunesh
*Rhea Bedi as Smriti
*Gaurav Rana as [[Station House Officer#Delhi|SHO]] Rakesh Verma
*Govind Singh as Amar Singh
*Vipin Katyal as Arif
*Ashok Mehta as Lead Protester
*[[Danish Husain]] as Advocate Vineet Singh (Season 2)
*Jatin Goswami (Season 2)
*Vyom Yadav (Season 2)
*Ankit Sharma (Season 2)
*Aditi Subedi (Season 3) as Khushi
*[[Mehul Kajaria]] as Manik Bhimani

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #000000
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 7
| released1 = {{Start date|2019|03|22}}
| color2 = #C3BCB5
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 5
| released2 = {{Start date|2022|08|26}}
| color3 = #69B626
| link3 = #Season 3
| episodes3 = 6
| released3 = {{Start date|2025|11|13}}
}}

===Season 1===
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref name="TFC"/> |country=India |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Episode 1
|DirectedBy = [[Richie Mehta]]
|WrittenBy = Richie Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Two victims of a brutal crime are found naked in a ditch near the overpass, having been attacked on a city bus in [[Munirka]]. The man, Akash Kumar, was beaten, while his friend, Deepika, was raped and tortured with an iron rod, reportedly by six men including the driver and conductor. Delhi DCP Vartika Chaturvedi takes the crime personally and decides to handle the case herself. She enlists her most trusted officers within the otherwise bureaucratic and inefficient department, including Neeti Singh, a young and ambitious trainee. Vartika has her men sweep the city for white metro buses matching the description from the scene; Akash additionally describes there being a [[Shiva]] statue on the driver's dashboard. Two officers let one bus driver go after realising he drives a school bus, failing to notice the Shiva statue on his dashboard.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Episode 2
|DirectedBy = Richie Mehta
|WrittenBy = Richie Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As the leads come in, the investigating team focuses on the bus in which the crime was committed. When they find the bus they have their first perpetrator of the crime. Media leaks trigger backlash against police.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Episode 3
|DirectedBy = Richie Mehta
|WrittenBy = Richie Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The team finds blood in the bus. The bus driver Jai Singh confesses to the crime and gives gory details of the assault. Another team goes to [[Mehrauli]] to find Jai Singh's brother. They catch Vikas and Brajesh through the suspects' neighbour and Amar from [[Rajasthan]] through his other brother.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Episode 4
|DirectedBy = Richie Mehta
|WrittenBy = Richie Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The team now knows the possible whereabouts of Alok, the fifth perpetrator, in [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]], Bihar. Meanwhile, the high court takes up the public interest litigation on the crime as public protests continue. The sixth suspect is still elusive and hunt for his capture intensifies.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Episode 5
|DirectedBy = Richie Mehta
|WrittenBy = Richie Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The condition of the victim is not good. The DCP is facing public and media wrath as well as political fall out. A team sent to [[Naxalite]]-infested area reaches the home of Alok. The state's CM demands the resignation of [[Commissioner of Police, Delhi|Police Commissioner]] Vijay. The sixth suspect Sonu is still absconding.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Episode 6
|DirectedBy = Richie Mehta
|WrittenBy = Richie Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The police safeguard culprits from public anger. Two suspects attempt suicide inside their prison cell. The team gone to Bihar travels to [[Jharkhand]] to the home of Alok's in-laws. The search for Sonu escalates. Male victim Akash is planning to appear on TV. Vartika advises him to avoid media at that stage of investigation. Meanwhile, Sonu is spotted in a bus going to Gurgaon.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Episode 7
|DirectedBy = Richie Mehta
|WrittenBy = Richie Mehta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sonu is caught at the bus stand. He turns out to be a minor. As the public protest turns violent, the PC orders lathi charge. The victim records her official statement in presence of a magistrate. Alok is apprehended from his home in [[Bihar]]. The government orders a judicial enquiry into the conduct of police. Vartika is informed that Jai Singh has committed suicide in jail.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

===Season 2===
{{Episode table |background=#C3BCB5 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{cite web |title=Delhi Crime – Episodes |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/delhi-crime/listings/ |website=[[The Futon Critic]] |access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref> |country=India |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Episode 1
|DirectedBy = [[Tanuj Chopra]]
|WrittenBy = Mayank Tewari, Shubhra Swarup and Ensia Mirza
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When everything seems fine, Neena and DCP South district are left shocked when a new case about senior citizens enters the climax.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Episode 2
|DirectedBy = Tanuj Chopra
|WrittenBy = Vidit Tripathi and Ensia Mirza
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The Commissioner suggests Vartika call inspector Viren Chaddha after another murder shocks Delhi Police. Someone leaks the details to the press and Vartika, suspecting an insider's job, orders to probe the issue.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Episode 3
|DirectedBy = Tanuj Chopra
|WrittenBy = Shubhra Swarup and Ensia Mirza⁣
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The team's investigation of two suspects leads to eye-opening findings. Amid pressure to appease the media and the public, Vartika faces a moral dilemma. She lets go of the two suspects as they are not guilty. The true killers are preparing for a new set of murders but call off the plan after observing a kid in the mix.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Episode 4
|DirectedBy = Tanuj Chopra
|WrittenBy = Mayank Tewari and Ensia Mirza
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Against a ticking clock, Vartika takes the case in a new direction. Neeti finds a common link among the murders. Another tip-off leads to a suspect.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Episode 5
|DirectedBy = Tanuj Chopra
|WrittenBy = Shubhra Swarup and Mayank Tewari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The team finds the suspects' hideout. But with Lata still missing, Vartika must determine if she's running or hiding - and finally uncover her story.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

=== Season 3 ===
{{Episode table |background=#69B626 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Crime Season 3 released on OTT |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/delhi-crime-season-3-released-on-ott-where-to-watch-shefali-shah-huma-qureshis-gripping-series-online-plot-episodes-and-more-details/articleshow/125295569.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> |country=India |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Episode 1
|DirectedBy = [[Tanuj Chopra]]
|WrittenBy = Apoorva Bakshi, Tanuj Chopra, Anu Singh Choudhary, Michael Hogan, Shubhra Swarup, Mayank Tewari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vartika Chaturvedi has been transferred to [[Assam]] after her previous case. While attempting to intercept an [[Arms trafficking|arms shipment]] in [[Silchar]], she and her team stop a truck full of women who are being [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] to [[New Delhi]] from [[Mizoram]]. After a shootout, the driver is captured and interrogated. He reveals that another truck full of women is already en route to Delhi. Even though her superiors disapprove, Vartika travels to New Delhi and works with Bhupendra Singh and her old team, but the women have already been moved from [[Azadpur|Azadpur Market]] by a van belonging to Swift Wings Travels. "Badi Didi" tells her subordinate Vijay to take an unwilling bride away from an arranged marriage to a "hostel". Neeti Singh is getting divorced, and Vimla calls her into the case of Noor, a severely injured 2 year old child who was abandoned at [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] by Khushi. Rahul, the driver for the trafficking operation, attempts to restrain Khushi, but he flees from the police while she is apprehended. Kalyani and Kusum train women to be escorts, instructing them in dressing, makeup, and conversation. Badi Didi takes 3 women to John Gupta in [[Thailand]], who chooses 2 of them.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Episode 2
|DirectedBy = Tanuj Chopra
|WrittenBy = Apoorva Bakshi, Tanuj Chopra, Anu Singh Choudhary, Michael Hogan, Shubhra Swarup, Mayank Tewari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vartika flashes back to her first ever brothel raid while talking to her daughter. Neeti's divorce is finalised. Noor is in the [[Intensive care unit|ICU]] after brain surgery, and Khushi is uncooperative during interrogation by Vimla. Badi Didi agrees to supply Gupta with 40 more women within a week. The travel agency's records show that the van was rented by Rahul under an alias. He tries to flee to [[Kathmandu]] after seeing Neeti's press conference, but is foiled by police roadblocks. Badi Didi moves the women to [[Rohtak]], where Kalyani talks about bribing the police to ignore their operation. Khushi tells Vartika that Noor was given to her husband Rahul by Kalyani, her former pimp. She accepts responsibility for injuring Noor, and reveals Kalyani's location in [[Uttam Nagar]]. Neeti arrests Kalyani, and Rahul is arrested from the home of Safia after she gave him up to the police. Both of their interrogations are unproductive, and Badi Didi provides Awasthi, a lawyer, to represent Kalyani. She is remanded to custody for 3 days after Vartika details the cases and the trafficking ring to a judge, but she is killed by men on a motorcycle outside the Sessions Court.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Episode 3
|DirectedBy = Tanuj Chopra
|WrittenBy = Apoorva Bakshi, Tanuj Chopra, Anu Singh Choudhary, Michael Hogan, Shubhra Swarup, Mayank Tewari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Badi Didi is Meena Choudhary, a former child bride who uses her abusive late husband's farmhouse in Rohtak to run her operation, which is fronted by a marriage bureau. Rahul reveals that Khushi is 14 years old, and was sold by her own family. He took Shabnam Bano, Noor's mother, to the farmhouse. Neeti and ASI Simran raid it and find records of trafficked women. Noor declines and Khushi is taken to an NGO. Meena has to procure 10 women from Khanna, but has to repay a loan taken from "Bhai Ji". The hitman who killed Kalyani demands more money from Vijay. A tip from Simran's informant Sukhdev helps Neeti find Aradhana who was trafficked from [[Jharkhand]]. She identifies Meena, Kusum, and Vijay, reveals the location of a brothel, and declines to be rescued. Vartika's informant "London" locates the shooters, but they are killed by Vijay just before the police apprehend them. He escapes Bhupendra and moves the remaining women to a safehouse in [[Surat]]. Neeti and Simran raid the brothel and capture Kusum, who reveals that Shabnam was sent to [[Jhunjhunu]] and married to Tejpal Singh. One of the women sent to Gupta is dead.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Episode 4
|DirectedBy = Tanuj Chopra
|WrittenBy = Apoorva Bakshi, Tanuj Chopra, Anu Singh Choudhary, Michael Hogan, Shubhra Swarup, Mayank Tewari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Vijay crosses into [[Gujarat]] at [[Banswara]], and transfers the women to a bus. Meena and Awasthi bail out Kusum, who follows Vijay to Surat. Vartika and Neeti converge in Jhunjhunu, but Shabnam has already fled. Meena is followed on her way back to Delhi. Vartika finds Shabnam on a bus and takes her into custody. She says that Kalyani lured her from [[Madhepura]] to Delhi, gave away her 3 children, including Sana (Noor), and married her off through Meena even though she had been sterilised. She is harassed by the press when she goes to see Sana. Neeti parts with her ex-husband on good terms. Vartika's superiors are pressing her for updates, and her husband Vishal says that she needs to trust and delegate tasks to others. Khushi is not fitting in at the remand home. Simran tracks a vehicle seen at the brothel to Meena's house, where she is subdued by the valet. London cannot find Vijay in any military records, but says that Mithul Khanna, an elite trafficker from [[Kolkata]], has arrived at the Connaught Crown hotel in Delhi. Bhupendra searches his room while Vartika finds Meena collapsed at the hotel's restaurant due to low blood sugar.

|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Episode 5
|DirectedBy = Tanuj Chopra
|WrittenBy = Apoorva Bakshi, Tanuj Chopra, Anu Singh Choudhary, Michael Hogan, Shubhra Swarup, Mayank Tewari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Khanna has fled the hotel after being tipped off about the police. Meena pulls the fire alarm and escapes in the chaos before Vartika realizes who she is, and travels to Surat where Kusum is training the women. Neeti returns to Rohtak to find Simran, who has been captured by Meena's goons. Vimla and Jairaj find Sania, Shabnam's older daughter, at the [[Muzzafarpur]] railway station in the hands of the beggar gang that purchased her from Deepa, Kalyani's daughter. Subhash and Sudhir track down Shabnam's son Sameer at the home of Babbu, and both children are reunited with their mother. Gupta is pressing for delivery within 72 hours, and selects Sonam for himself. Meena and Vijay go to Jahangirpura to drop off a part of Bhai Ji's payment with Bhimani, but kill him when he threatens them for the rest. This allows Vartika and Bhupendra to pick up their trail in Surat. Neeti finds Simran at Meena's house and apprehends a goon whose phone is used to track Vijay to [[Surat district|Palsana Village]]. Meena and Kusum escape with the women while Vijay engages Vartika's team in a shootout. He is shot by Bhupendra and drops his phone before escaping on foot.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Episode 6
|DirectedBy = Tanuj Chopra
|WrittenBy = Apoorva Bakshi, Tanuj Chopra, Anu Singh Choudhary, Michael Hogan, Shubhra Swarup, Mayank Tewari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Meena and Kusum move the women to the Panvel Container Yard outside [[Mumbai]] while Vijay follows them on a truck. Sana passes away after a third [[cardiac arrest]]. Vartika defends Shabnam and Khushi before the press, and comforts Neeti, who was considering adoption. Sonam stops Meena from choking a sick woman. Vartika convinces her superiors against handing the case to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. Meena is tracked by Ashutosh when she calls Vijay, and Vartika's team goes to Mumbai. The women are drugged and loaded into a shipping container. Sonam has not swallowed her pill, and escapes. Kusum is drugged and put in the container in her place. Vijay arrives at the yard as the police cordon it off. Vartika and Neeti find Sonam, who describes the container. Jairaj and Neeti find the container, rescue the women, and apprehend Kusum. Vimla kills two goons and forces Meena to retreat into the yard, where Vartika captures her. Meena recounts her life story and justifies her actions before Vijay shoots Vartika. Bhupendra kills Vijay before Vartika recovers and kills Meena. Two months later, Khushi is remanded to a rehabilitation center.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Mehta decided to write a script based on the events during the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gang rape and murder incident]]. He then conceived the idea of ''Delhi Crime'' during a conversation with Neeraj Kumar, the former [[Commissioner of Police, Delhi|Commissioner of the Delhi Police]], who introduced him to the investigating team and provided access to several legal documents that were prepared as part of the investigation.<ref name="tie">{{cite news|date=29 January 2019|title=Delhi Crime to premiere on Netflix in March|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-netflix-shefali-shah-adil-hussain-5558903/|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> Later on, Kumar asked Mehta if he would consider making a film on the case to which he denied. He then started reading the documents and was "amazed at the precision with which this case was solved, and so quickly." He also met the officers involved in the case and was "blown away by them."<ref name="firstpost">{{cite news|last=Deodhar|first=Neerja|date=20 March 2019|title=Delhi Crime: Director Richie Mehta on his vision to create a project that gives viewers a sense of catharsis|publisher=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/delhi-crime-director-richie-mehta-on-his-vision-to-create-a-project-that-gives-viewers-a-sense-of-catharsis-6287441.html|access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> Mehta also sought permission from the victim's family.<ref name=firstpost /> He said that films like ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'' (1971) and ''[[Zodiac (film)|Zodiac]]'' (2007) influenced his approach.<ref name=firstpost />

He modeled several portrayals of the cops based on his own observations.<ref name=firstpost /> Mehta said that the making of the series was a "personally transformative journey" for him.<ref name=tie /> He spoke to several police personnel involved in the case and tried "retracing the paths that the police took during the course of the investigation."<ref name=tie /> It took Mehta six years to finish his research, adding that the writing part of the film which began in 2014 took place for more than four years, since he had to meet the cops and had to return to Canada to put his research work altogether, which took him more time.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-01|title=Delhi Crime writer-director Richie Mehta on what it took to put together the International Emmy winning show |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/delhi-crime-writer-director-richie-mehta-on-what-it-took-to-put-together-the-international-emmy-winning-show-9066341.html|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Mehta initially wanted to make it as a feature film, but as he continued the research, he realised that he could not fit the content in that length.<ref name="AV">{{cite AV media|title=Indie Episodic: Delhi Crime Story|date=8 January 2019|publisher=Sundance Institute|location=United States|work=YouTube|medium=Motion picture}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The casting director of the series is [[Mukesh Chhabra]]. Mehta decided to focus on actors from theatre background, without being influenced by the need to have recognised faces from [[Hindi Film Industry|Hindi film industry]]. [[Shefali Shah]], [[Rajesh Tailang]], [[Adil Hussain]] and [[Rasika Dugal]] were a part of the prominent cast members in the series, with whom Mehta worked in their first feature film ''[[Amal (2007 film)|Amal]]'' (2007). When Mehta spoke to Chhabra he stated that he had a little time to process the completion, so Mehta did not agree to cast star actors in the series, which unleashed Chhabra's imagination. He also added that the rise of streaming platforms had given much recognition to "some of the best acting talent in the world that comes from India".<ref name=":3" />

The character of Vartika Chaturvedi (Shefali Shah) was based on Chhaya Sharma, the former deputy commissioner of police in Delhi.<ref name="AV" /> Mehta met Sharma, who was in the team who caught the perpetrators. They spoke for months as Mehta wanted her point of view in the crime.<ref name="scroll">{{cite news|last=Raman|first=Sruthi Ganapathy|date=26 January 2019|title=Police efforts in 2012 gangrape get a hat tip in Richie Mehta's Sundance pick 'Delhi Crime Story'|website=[[Scroll.in]]|url=https://scroll.in/reel/910571/police-efforts-in-2012-gangrape-get-a-hat-tip-in-richie-mehtas-sundance-pick-delhi-crime-story|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref> Shefali Shah agreed to don the character after Mehta's narration spanned for five minutes and also met Sharma for the preparation of the role.<ref name="rao">{{cite web|last=Rao|first=Soumya|date=18 March 2019|title='Going beyond pain and anger': Netflix series 'Delhi Crime' digs into the 2012 gangrape and murder|url=https://scroll.in/reel/916903/going-beyond-pain-and-anger-netflix-series-delhi-crime-digs-into-the-2012-gangrape-and-murder|access-date=19 March 2019|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Tailang's character was an amalgamation of different investigating officers, but he spoke to one police officer and used him as reference point.<ref name="rao" />

=== Filming ===
The series spans six days, covering the period between 16 December and 21 December 2012, from the incident to the final arrest.<ref name="scroll" /> The film went on floors in Delhi in January 2018 after taking permission from the Delhi police and the victim's family,<ref name="scroll" /> and was shot over the course of 62 days.<ref name="tie" /> Mehta decided not to show the rape on screen as he wanted "not to cross that line into exploitation."<ref name="scroll" /> To make the experience more cathartic for the audience, director Richie Mehta revealed that they used handheld cameras on purpose. He says, "We wanted the audience like they are a part of our narrative and all that was happening on the sets. To make them feel more inclusive, we have shot those scenes with a handheld camera."<ref name=":2" />

The shooting commenced in Delhi, mostly on the roads and no sets were used. Neeraj Kumar, for whom Mehta conceived the idea of the script stated that he advised the producers not to involve my successors who would neither approve of the project nor would they give any support, since the case was their predecessor's — a common failing observed in the police. Thus, the entire shoot was done almost without formal permissions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Neeraj|date=2020-11-27|title=Why I told Richie Mehta to make 'Delhi Crime', but didn't visit the sets|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/neeraj-kumar-told-richie-mehta-to-make-delhi-crime-but-didnt-visit-the-sets/552355/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

Before the shoot, Kumar called the entire cast including Shefali Shah, to brief them about police hierarchy, the rank structure, body language of the police and the works so as to find the series to be an authentic depiction of the police on account of these briefings. Kumar has not visited the shooting spot, with the exception of one scene at the [[India Gate]] because his visits to the locales would have spread the word that he was getting ''Delhi Crime'' being made for his glorification.<ref name=":4" />

== Release ==
The first two episodes of the series was premiered at the [[2019 Sundance Film Festival]] at the Indie Episodic Category, held on 23 January to 3 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-17|title=Shefali Shah, Adil Hussain's Delhi Crime Story to be screened at Sundance Film Festival|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-story-at-sundance-film-festival-shefali-shah-adil-hussain-5543525/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-18|title=Firstpost at Sundance: Netflix's Delhi Crime reconstructs 2012 gang-rape case with sensitivity, not sensationalism |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/firstpost-at-sundance-delhi-crime-review-reconstructs-2012-gangrape-case-with-sensitivity-not-sensationalism-5992981.html|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Netflix]] acquired the streaming rights of the show later,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=2019-01-29|title=Sundance: Netflix Nabs Richie Mehta's 'Delhi Crime'|url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/asia/sundance-netflix-richie-mehta-delhi-crime-1203121948/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> and on 14 February,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=2019-02-14|title=Netflix to release 9 original series in India this year. Here's the list|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/netflix-india-movies-shows-series-1550055361950.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-21|website=mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004003755/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/netflix-india-movies-shows-series-1550055361950.html |archive-date=4 October 2019 }}</ref> with the official announcement of their new original contents (including series and films) for their 2019 original slate,<ref name=":1" /> the makers confirmed their scheduled release of 22 March 2019.<ref name=":0" /> The official trailer of this series was unveiled on 11 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title='Delhi Crime' trailer: Police swing into action in Netflix series based on 2012 gangrape-murder|url=https://scroll.in/reel/916147/delhi-crime-trailer-police-swing-into-action-in-netflix-series-based-on-2012-gangrape-murder|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Scroll.in|date=11 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> The show was released on Netflix on 22 March.

''Delhi Crime'' season 2's official trailer was released on 8 August 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Crime season 2 trailer: Shefali Shah and her men are back to nab the kaccha-baniyaan gang this time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-season-2-trailer-shefali-shah-returns-as-dcp-vartika-chaturvedi-watch-101659938498112.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Delhi Crime Season 2 premiered on 26 August 2022 on [[Netflix]]. The entire season, consisting of 5 episodes, was released simultaneously worldwide. It is available in multiple languages, including Hindi, English, Telugu, and Tamil, with subtitles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Crime Season 2 Release Date, Cast, Plot, Trailer & More |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/delhi-crime-season-2-release-date-cast-plot-trailer-more-1991696-2022-08-28 |website=India Today |date=28 August 2022 |access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Crime Season 2 Web Series |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/tv/reviews/delhi-crime-season-2-review-netflix-web-series-3185126 |website=Gadgets 360 |date=2022 |access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Season 1===
The first season received universal acclaim upon its release. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the series has an approval rating of 92% based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 7.25/10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Crime: Season 1 (2019)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/delhi_crime/s01|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>

Daniel Fienberg of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' called it "consistently different enough to be interesting." He also felt the police-procedural conventions felt "reasonably fresh and consistently engaging."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/delhi-crime-story-1182847|title='Delhi Crime Story': TV Review :Sundance 2019|last=Fienberg|first=Daniel|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=5 February 2019|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> Ben Travers of ''[[IndieWire]]'' wrote: "An expertly told, hard-to-watch true crime series, ''Delhi Crime Story'' won't be for everyone — but it won't let go of anyone who watches."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/01/delhi-crime-story-review-netflix-sundance-1202039734/|title='Delhi Crime Story' Review: One of India's Most Heinous Attacks Is Netflix's Next Addictive Thriller|last=Travers|first=Ben|work=IndieWire|date=30 January 2019|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote: "Where ''Delhi Crime'' scores is in the portrayal of a beleaguered police force, which is easy to point fingers at."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-story-review-shefali-shah-rasika-dugal-5628043/|title=Delhi Crime review: Crime and Punishment|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|work=The Indian Express|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] called the series "grim, gritty and grounded in the everyday." He further wrote: "''Delhi Crime'' is a knockout punch of a series: unsettling and enthralling by turns."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/delhi-crime-review-netflix-show-based-on-nirbhaya-gangrape-is-a-knockout-punch-4-stars-out-5-2009247|title=Delhi Crime Review: Netflix Show Based On Nirbhaya Gangrape Is A Knockout Punch|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|publisher=NDTV|date=18 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> Piyasree Dasgupta of ''[[HuffPost]]'' noted that the series "comes across as such an elaborate exercise to valorise the Delhi Police that it actually seems deeply insensitive." She also said that the "only people the show humanises are the police."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/netflixs-delhi-crime-is-a-skewed-take-on-the-delhi-gangrape-case_in_5c8fa9c5e4b0db7da9f60c44|title=Netflix's 'Delhi Crime' Is A Skewed Take On The Delhi Gangrape Case|last=Dasgupta|first=Piyasree|work=HuffPost|date=19 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> Rahul Desai of [[Film Companion]] wrote: "It's the tiny infusions of well-informed opinion into what is essentially dramatic long-read reportage that make ''Delhi Crime'' one hell of a ride."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/delhi-crime-review-a-riveting-cocktail-of-unknown-triumph-and-widely-known-tragedy/|title=Delhi Crime Review: A Riveting Cocktail Of Unknown Triumph And Widely-Known Tragedy|last=Desai|first=Rahul|publisher=Film Companion|date=20 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605150550/https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/delhi-crime-review-a-riveting-cocktail-of-unknown-triumph-and-widely-known-tragedy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rohan Naahar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called it: " gut-wrenching, stylishly directed, passionately performed, and most important, not at all exploitative."<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Crime review: Gut-wrenching, shocking; the best Indian Netflix show since Sacred Games |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/delhi-crime-review-gut-wrenching-shocking-the-best-indian-netflix-show-since-sacred-games/story-hCSo6OjOsqXuJaIwrLOZ3I.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=22 March 2019}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The New Indian Express]] – [[Cinema Express]]'' in his review wrote: "Delhi Crime might be a glorification of the police force, but it is also a mirror to our society. It might absolve the Delhi police of its alleged dereliction of duties, but it is also a reminder that we vouched, and hoped, for a similar incident to never happen again."<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Crime Review: A gritty retelling of the Nirbhaya incident that both humanises and glorifies the Delhi Police |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/hindi/2019/mar/22/delhi-crime-review-10675.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=22 March 2019 }}</ref>

Along with the story telling and the premise of the series, the cast also received widespread appreciation for their performances in the series. Priyanka Roy of ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' said: "And while the rest of it is worth a watch, Shefali Shah is reason number one why you shouldn't give Delhi Crime a miss." Nandini Ramnath from ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]'' wrote: " Rajesh Tailang, Anurag Arora, Adil Hussain, Jaya Bhattacharya, Gopal Dutt and Vinod Sharawat are among the numerous actors who display the same dedication to their craft as did their fictionalised selves to the investigation."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title='Delhi Crime' review: Tautly staged and superbly performed, but questions linger |url=https://scroll.in/reel/917452/delhi-crime-review-tautly-staged-and-superbly-performed-but-questions-linger |website=Scroll.in|date=22 March 2019 }}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' said: "Tailang's control, poise and measured way plays out beautifully against Shah's dynamism to give us arguably the best on-screen buddy-cop team seen yet in India."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |title=Netflix's 'Delhi Crime': Delving into the 2012 Delhi gang rape |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/delhi-crime-the-festering-wound/article26613111.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=22 March 2019}}</ref>
===Season 2===
The second season of ''Delhi Crime'' has an 82% rating based on 11 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, and has an average audience rating of 7.6/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Crime: Season 2 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/delhi_crime/s02 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> It received widespread critical acclaim and, though some reviews noted uneven execution and pacing issues. Reviewers praised its exploration of socio-economic divides, performances (particularly [[Shefali Shah]]'s), and taut pacing, while critiques included graphic violence and formulaic storytelling.{{sfn|The Hindu|2022}}{{sfn|Scroll.in|2022}}.[[Anuj Kumar]] of [[The Hindu]] called it a "worthwhile experience" that balances "heartfelt performances" with a critique of systemic biases against marginalized communities. He highlighted the series' ability to weave "moral dilemmas" into its narrative without becoming didactic.{{sfn|The Hindu|2022}}.Abhimanyu Mathur of [[Hindustan Times]] described it as "more brutal and graphic" than the first season but praised its emotional depth, stating it "retains enough sensitivity and finesse to be one of the best shows around." He singled out [[Tillotama Shome]]'s "scene-stealing" performance and the show's focus on the investigators' personal lives.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2022}}.Neela Debnath of [[Daily Express|Express UK]] clarified that while inspired by the historical "Kachcha-Baniyan gangs" of 1990s North India, the season fictionalizes events rather than depicting a specific case. She detailed the gang's real-life tactics, including oil-covered bodies and posing as laborers, and noted director [[Tanuj Chopra]]'s research into case files and community perspectives.{{sfn|Express UK|2022}}.[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] awarded the season 4/5 stars, applauding its "perceptive and powerful portrait of a city at war with itself." He noted its "near-documentary realism" and the layered portrayal of female characters, particularly Shah, [[Rasika Dugal]], and Shome.{{sfn|NDTV|2022}}.Namrata Joshi of [[National Herald (India)|National Herald]] emphasized the series' examination of class conflict and police corruption, calling it "sharp and smart" while critiquing its occasional inauthenticity in dialogue delivery.{{sfn|National Herald|2022}}.Shweta Keshri of [[India Today]] noted that the season "lacks the depth of the first season" but provides a "peek into the lives of the cops." She praised Shah's "author-backed role" and Shome's "intense act," while critiquing the "grim and dark tale" as potentially challenging for some viewers.{{sfn|India Today|2022}}.Udita Jhunjhunwala of [[Livemint]] praised the "rock-solid cast" but observed that the season "starts slow," with English-language dialogues feeling incongruous in a Delhi police setting. She commended its depiction of aspirational economics driving crime.{{sfn|Livemint|2022}}.Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] offered a mixed assessment, calling the season a "clumsy exploration of systemic bias in policing." She compared it unfavorably to films like ''[[Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!]]'' and ''Titli'', which she felt better portrayed Delhi's aspirational crime. Ramnath criticized the "formulaic approach," uneven pacing, and incongruous English dialogue, adding that the show avoids addressing the [[Delhi Police]]'s real-life controversies post-[[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|2019 protests]].{{sfn|Scroll.in|2022}}.[[News18]] highlighted the show's critique of caste and class structures, stating it "perfectly depicts" societal inequities through its "talented cast."{{sfn|News18|2022}}.Sunny Mahat of [[The Annapurna Express]] lauded the series' intensity and Shome's performance, though cautioned viewers about its "gruesome" violence.{{sfn|The Annapurna Express|2022}}.[[Zee News]] highlighted positive social media reactions to the season, with netizens praising [[Shefali Shah]]'s "brilliant" performance. Users lauded the series' gritty realism and called it a "worthy successor" to the first season.{{sfn|Zee News|2022}} Many reviewers mentioned the excellent cinematography by David Bolen and music score by Ceiri Torjussen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=August 26, 2022 |title='Delhi Crime' Season 2 series review: Chasing the moon's shadow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/delhi-crime-season-2-series-review-chasing-the-moons-shadow/article65813809.ece |access-date=August 26, 2022 |website=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Binged Bureau |date=August 26, 2022 |title=binged -Delhi Crime Season 2 Review |url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/delhi-crime-season-2-web-series-review/# |website=binged.com}}</ref>

=== Season 3 ===
The third season received widespread acclaim from critics, with an 80% approval rating based on 5 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Crime: Season 3 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/delhi_crime/s03 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[The Times of India|Times of India]] rated it 4.5/5, calling it "social commentary disguised as a police drama".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/delhi-crime/delhi-crime-season-3/seasonreview/125222967.cms |title=Delhi Crime Season 3 Review: A deeply felt police procedural that blends grit with grace |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=November 13, 2025 |access-date=2025-11-18 |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> [[Firstpost|FirstPost]] called it "relevant, impactful, and immersive."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb Roy |first=Lachmi |date=November 14, 2025 |title=Netflix's 'Delhi Crime Season 3' Review: Shefali Shah-Huma Qureshi's show is relevant, impactful and immersive |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhurandhar-trailer-ranveer-singh-sanjay-dutt-akshaye-khanna-r-madhavan-and-arjun-rampal-starrer-action-thriller-is-a-visual-spectacle-13951724.html |access-date=November 18, 2025 |website=FirstPost}}</ref> [[Gulf News]] said that the show derived power from the fact that it is not easy to watch and refuses sensationalism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=2025-11-17 |title=Delhi Crime Season 3 review: Shefali Shah and Rasika Dugal shines in Netflix hit |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/delhi-crime-season-3-review-shefali-shahrasika-dugal-duo-anchors-a-hard-hitting-take-on-human-trafficking-in-netflix-hit-1.500348885 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref> [[The Indian Express]] praised the acting, and expressed enthusiasm for the next season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Delhi Crime 3 review: Shefali Shah series returns, as gripping and taut as ever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-3-review-shefali-shah-show-returns-as-gripping-and-taut-as-ever-10363032/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]] said that the third season matched the quality of the previous ones.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Delhi Crime S3 review: Shefali Shah, Huma Qureshi outdo each other in taut thriller that mixes formula with substance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-s3-review-shefali-shah-huma-qureshi-outdo-each-other-in-taut-thriller-netflix-101763040668641.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Network18 Group|News18]] called the season emotionally impactful aside from the slightly predictable conclusion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Delhi Crime S3 review: Shefali Shah, Huma Qureshi outdo each other in taut thriller that mixes formula with substance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-s3-review-shefali-shah-huma-qureshi-outdo-each-other-in-taut-thriller-netflix-101763040668641.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A more balanced review came from [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]], which praised the show while saying that it was starting to fall into formulaic cliches. [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] praised the performances, but felt that they were bogged down by a complicated script.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Delhi Crime Season 3 Review {{!}} A Fine Cast Caught In An Overcrowded Script |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/movie-review/delhi-crime-season-3-review-a-fine-cast-caught-in-an-overcrowded-script |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> [[The Hollywood Reporter]] accused it of being too apolitical.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Delhi Crime Season 3' Series Review: Third Time's Not A Charm |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/delhi-crime-season-3-series-review-third-times-not-a-charm-for-netflix-crime-thriller |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> Audience reactions, while positive, were weaker than in previous seasons, with an average rating of 6.75/10.

== Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
| rowspan="6" |[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
| Best Drama Series
| ''Delhi Crime''
|{{Won}}
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianacademycreativeawards.com/2019-final-winners-list/|title = 2019 Final Winners List|date = 7 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
| [[Shefali Shah]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| Best Original Programme by a Streamer/OTT
| ''Delhi Crime''
|{{Won}}
|-
| Best Direction (Fiction)
| rowspan="2"|[[Richie Mehta]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| Best Original Screenplay
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Best Editing
|Beverley Mills
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
| rowspan="4" |[[iReel Awards]]
|Best Drama Series
|''Delhi Crime''
|{{won}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/ireel-awards-2019-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-2320007.html|title=iReel Awards 2019: Check Out The Complete List Of Winners|date=2019-09-23|website=News18|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress -Drama
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Rajesh Tailang]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Writing -Drama
|[[Richie Mehta]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[48th International Emmy Awards|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |[[International Emmy Awards]]
|[[International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series|Best Drama Series]]
|''Delhi Crime''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 International Emmy Awards nominations: Arjun Mathur, 'Four More Shots Please', 'Delhi Crime' make it to the list|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-2020-international-emmy-awards-nominations-arjun-mathur-four-more-shots-please-delhi-crime-make-it-to-the-list-2845100/amp|access-date=2020-09-25|website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[51st International Emmy Awards|2023]]
|[[International Emmy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=International Emmy Awards 2023: Shefali Shah, Jim Sarbh And Vir Das Nominated|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/international-emmy-awards-2023-shefali-shah-jim-sarbh-and-vir-das-nominated-4427272|access-date=27 September 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en-us}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt9398466}}
* {{Netflix title|81076756}}

{{InternationalEmmyAward DramaSeries}}
{{Netflix original ended series (2019–present)}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:Fiction about law enforcement]]
[[Category:True crime television series]]
[[Category:Police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Fiction about gang rape]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]

Priti Sengupta

2026-05-01T04:22:22Z

Iringlz: made data

{{Short description|Gujarati language author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Priti Sengupta
| image = Shri Preeti Sengupta.jpg
| caption = Priti Sengupta at [[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust]]; February 2020
| pseudonym = Ashakya, Namumakin
| birth_name = Priti Sengupta
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1944|5|17}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| occupation = Poet, Writer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| period =
| genre = [[Travelogue (literature)|Travelogue]], [[Geet (song)|Geet]], [[Free verse]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = * ''Juinu Jhumkhu'' (1982)
* ''Khandit Aakash''(1985)
| spouse = Chandan Sengupta
| children =
| awards = [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (2006)
| signature = Priti Sengupta Autograph.jpg
| years_active =
}}

'''Priti Sengupta''' is a Gujarati poet and writer from [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. She received [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] in 2006. She has written several travelogues.<ref>{{cite book |last = Sharma |first=Radheshyam |title=Sakshar No Sakshatkar : 4 ( Question-based Interview with biographical literary sketches) |year=1999 |publisher=Rannade Prakashan}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Priti Sengupta, Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|Sengupta in 2007]]
Sengupta was born on 17 May 1944 in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat to Ramnalal and Kantagauri. She completed her S.S.C. from [[Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya]], Ahmedabad in 1961. She completed [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1965 from [[Gujarat College]], Ahmedabad and [[Master of Arts]] in 1967 from School of Languages, [[Gujarat University]] with [[English literature]]. She started her career as a lecturer of English literature at H. K. Arts College. She moved to New York, US where she became acquainted with Chandan Sengupta and married him.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Moole |first=Balkrishna Madhavrao |title= Sengupta Priti |encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |editor1-last=Thakar |editor1-first=Dhirubhai |publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust |pages= 820–821}}</ref><ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=288–291|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref>

== Works ==
She wrote under pseudonyms 'Ashakya' and 'Namumakin'.<ref name= "ps">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sengupta Priti |encyclopedia=Gujarati Sahitya Kosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature) |year=1999 |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |location=Ahmedabad |page=267 }}</ref>

''Poorva'', her first travelogue, was published in 1986, followed by ''Dikdigant'' (1987), ''Sooraj Sange, Dakshin Panthe'', ''Gharthi Doorna Ghar'', ''Kinare Kinare'', ''Uttarottar'', ''Man To Champanu Phool'', ''Dhaval Aalok, Dhaval Andhar'', ''Antim Kshitijo'', ''Doorno Aave Saad'', ''Desh-deshavar'', ''Namni Vahe Chhe Nadi'', ''Ek Pankhi Na Pinchha Saat'', ''Noorna Kafala'', ''Devo Sada Samipe'', ''Khilya Mara Pagla'', ''Sootar Snehna''. Her travelogues, written in English, include ''My Journey to the Magnetic North Pole'', ''White Days White Nights'' and ''Joy of Traveling Alone''.<ref name= "ps"/><ref name=AGSI/>

Her first anthology of poems ''Juinu Jhumkhu'' (Collection of songs and [[Ghazal]]s) was published in 1982, followed by ''Khandit Aakash'' (1985; Collection of free verse) and ''O Juliet''. ''Ek Swapnano Rang'' is her collection of stories.<ref name=AGSI/>

''Our India'' is her book of photography. She has shared her experiences in ''Women, who dared'' series published by [[National Book Trust]].<ref name=AGSI/>

== Recognition ==
She won [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] in 2006. She is honoured with Vishwagurjari Award.<ref name=AGSI/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Priti}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

P. Andivel

2026-04-29T19:59:48Z

Iringlz: made a details!

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Andivel
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1957|4|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nagaiyakottai
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[S. V. Krishnan]]
| successor1 = [[M. Dhandapani]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''P. Andivel''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from Nagaiyakottai village in the [[Dindigul district]]. Having completed his school education, Andivel is a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in the 2001 elections, representing the [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 447-449.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Andivel |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,415 |percentage=49.01% |change=+20.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kavitha Parthipan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,289 |percentage=34.68% |change=-9.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,381 |percentage=6.28% |change=-18.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rethinam |party=Thaayaga Makkal Katchi |votes=6,984 |percentage=5.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sivasubramani Alias Dalit Siva |party=Independent politician |votes=2,296 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Andavan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,966 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karuppanan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,221 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugesan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=923 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,126 |percentage=14.33% |change= -0.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=133,475 |percentage=61.67% |change= -4.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,457 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Rooh Afza

2026-04-26T09:52:47Z

Iringlz: made pg!

{{Short description|Fruit drink in the Indian sub-continent}}
{{about|the drink|the 2021 Hindi film|Roohi Afza}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox product
| title = Rooh Afza
| image = Rooh-afza-logo.jpg
| caption = Rooh Afza logo
| type = Concentrated herbal, [[Squash (drink)]]
| inventor = Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed
| inception =
| launch year = {{start date and age|df=yes|1906
}}
| company = Hamdard (Wakf) Laboratories
| slogan = ''Drink of the East''
| manufacturer = [[Hamdard India]], [[Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan]], [[Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Bangladesh]]
| available = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| current supplier =
| last production =
| url =
| notes =
}}

'''Rooh Afza''' ({{langx|ur| {{Nastaliq|روح افزا}}}}; {{langx|hi|रूह अफ़ज़ा}}; {{langx|bn|রূহ আফজা}}; {{lit|Soul Refresher}}) is a drink which is a [[concentrate]]d [[Squash (drink)|squash]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raza |first1=Syed Qasim |title=Rooh Afza: the eternal elixir of the east |url=https://aurora.dawn.com/news/1143000/rooh-afza-the-eternal-elixir-of-the-east |work=Aurora |date=19 May 2018 |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417183827/https://aurora.dawn.com/news/1143000/rooh-afza-the-eternal-elixir-of-the-east |url-status=live }}</ref> It was formulated and introduced in 1906 in the Indian city of [[Ghaziabad]] by Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed.<ref name="Qrius2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-11 |title=In India, Rooh Afza lovers rejoice as the drink returns to shelves in time for Ramadan |url=https://qrius.com/in-india-rooh-afza-lovers-rejoice-as-the-drink-returns-to-shelves-in-time-for-ramadan/amp/ |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=Qrius |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807111836/https://qrius.com/in-india-rooh-afza-lovers-rejoice-as-the-drink-returns-to-shelves-in-time-for-ramadan/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=News18/><ref name="Ham">[https://www.hamdard.com.pk/consumer_brand/detail/16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107093752/http://hamdard.com.pk/consumer_brand/detail/16|date=7 November 2018}}[https://www.hamdard.com.pk/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526185854/https://www.hamdard.com.pk/|date=26 May 2018}} Introduction-history Hamdard Rooh Afza</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/181415/hamdards-rooh-afza-iconic-drink-india-history-partition/|title=How Hamdard's Ruby-Hued Refresher Became an Indian Summer Staple|date=2019-05-08|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928193404/https://www.thebetterindia.com/181415/hamdards-rooh-afza-iconic-drink-india-history-partition/|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, Rooh Afza is manufactured by the companies founded by him and his sons, including [[Hamdard India]] (the parent company), as well as [[Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan]] and [[Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Bangladesh]].<ref name="Experss2022"/> Since 1948, the company has been manufacturing the product in [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=News18>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/family-rift-behind-disappearance-of-favourite-summer-drink-rooh-afza-but-company-denies-2133949.html Family Rift Behind Disappearance of Favourite Summer Drink Rooh Afza, But Company Denies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233303/https://www.news18.com/news/india/family-rift-behind-disappearance-of-favourite-summer-drink-rooh-afza-but-company-denies-2133949.html |date=7 November 2020 }} NEWS 18 INDIA website, Published 9 May 2019, Retrieved 4 May 2020</ref>

Other companies formulate the same un-patented recipe in these countries as well, and similar drinks are consumed in the Indian subcontinent during the summer, such as Khas Sharbat.<ref name="Tyagi2023">{{cite web |last1=Tyagi |first1=Tashika |title=Did You Know Your Beloved Rooh Afza Actually Originated A Century Back In Old Delhi? |url=https://www.whatshot.in/delhi-ncr/did-you-know-your-beloved-rooh-afza-actually-originated-a-century-back-in-old-delhi-c-41942 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |access-date=16 April 2026 |language=en |date=4 July 2023 |quote=The recipe of Rooh Afza remains un-patented and that’s why you can find many similar drinks in the market.}}</ref> The name and brand of '''Rooh Afza''' is a trademark of Hamdard, by court decision in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaddha |first=Shreya |date=2023-01-09 |title='Rooh Afza' has Immense Goodwill: Delhi HC Rules in Trademark Infringement Case |url=https://foxmandal.in/rooh-afza-has-immense-goodwill-delhi-hc-rules-in-trademark-infringement-case/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Fox Mandal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained {{!}} What is the Delhi HC verdict on ‘Rooh Afza’ trademark? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/specials/text-and-context/explained-what-is-the-delhi-hc-verdict-on-rooh-afza-trademark/article66308463.ece |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Rooh Afza v. Dil Afza: A Classic Case of Deceptive Similarity – NLIU Cell for Studies in Intellectual Property Rights |url=https://csipr.nliu.ac.in/trademark/rooh-afza-v-dil-afza-a-classic-case-of-deceptive-similarity/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |language=en}}</ref> The specific [[Unani medicine#Unani medicine|Unani]] recipe of Rooh Afza combines several ingredients (including thirteen herbs) popularly thought to be cooling agents,<ref name="Schwartz2021">{{cite web |last1=Schwartz |first1=Ralph |title=What Is Rooh Afza And What Does It Taste Like? |url=https://www.mashed.com/379179/what-is-rooh-afza-and-what-does-it-taste-like/ |publisher=Mashed |access-date=15 April 2026 |date=10 April 2021|quote=Rooh Afza is a concoction of 13 herbs invented in India in 1906, and it became a staple in Pakistan and Bangladesh, too, as the Indian subcontinent experienced one political division after another.}}</ref> such as rose, which is used as a remedy for [[Loo (wind)|loo]] (the hot summer winds of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]).<ref name="Experss2022">{{cite web |title=Hamdard India head on why Rooh Afza is an Indian drink: ‘It is older than Pakistan and Bangladesh’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/rooh-afza-hamdard-india-head-rooh-afza-drink-indian-drink-pakistan-bangladesh-cooling-properties-history-partition-8151095/ |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=15 April 2026 |language=en |date=14 September 2022|quote=Rooh Afza has been a much-loved cooling drink consumed by people across the length and breadth of the country for generations — especially during the unforgiving summer months and at the time of Ramzan, when there is both fasting as well as feasting. Its consumption, however, is not limited to India. People of Pakistan are big Rooh Afza drinkers, too, as are those living in Bangladesh, both of which are neighbours to India and were carved out of it during the Partition of 1947.}}</ref><ref name="Saraswat2026">{{cite web |last1=Saraswat |first1=Aditi |title=Rose Day 2026: How Roses Have Always Been Part Of The Indian Diet |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/rose-day-2026-how-roses-have-always-been-part-of-the-indian-diet-1770038612006 |publisher=Slurrp |access-date=15 April 2026 |language=en |date=6 February 2026}}</ref> The drink is also associated with the month of [[Ramadan]], in which it is usually consumed during [[iftar]].<ref name="Experss2022"/> It is sold commercially as a syrup to flavour [[Sharbat (beverage)|sherbets]], cold milk drinks, ices, and cold desserts such as the popular [[falooda]].<ref name="panda2004">{{Citation | title=Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes and Their Uses | author=H. Panda | year=2004 | publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research | isbn=81-86623-63-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64s1LkjmPmQC | quote=''... When we keep in mind the many qualities Rooh Afza's ingredients described above, it is easy to understand why it has been found to be an exceptionally appropriate summer drink ...'' }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] name ''Rooh Afza'' is sometimes translated as "refresher of the soul".<ref>{{cite web |title=Rooh Afza GO & design — 2184405 |url=https://ised-isde.canada.ca/cipo/trademark-search/2184405?wbdisable=true |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |access-date=15 April 2026 |language=The translation provided by the applicant of the HINDI word(s) ROOH AFZA is SOUL REFRESHER. |date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is said that this name was made up by the original formulator of the drink, with possible cultural influences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roohafzabd.com/rooh-afza-history/english-version.html|title=Rooh Afza History English|website=www.roohafzabd.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=14 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514083235/http://www.roohafzabd.com/rooh-afza-history/english-version.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=News18/>

==History==
[[File:Eine Flasche Rooh Afza.JPG|thumb|200px|A bottle of Rooh Afza.]]
[[File:Afza Syrup (Lal sharbat).JPG|thumb|200px|A [[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]] drink made from Rooh Afza syrup.]]
Rooh Afza was founded by Hamdard's founder Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed in [[Ghaziabad]], [[British Raj|British India]], and launched from the nearby city of [[Old Delhi]].<ref name="Qrius2019"/> In 1906, he wanted to create a [[Herbal medicine|herbal mix]] that would help Delhi's people stay cool in the summer. He selected herbs and syrups from traditional [[Unani medicine]] and created a drink that would help counter heat strokes and prevent dehydration in people. An artist, Mirza Noor Ahmad, designed the labels of Rooh Afza in many colours in 1910. Progress in development and refining the original recipe continued all along until the final drink emerged.<ref name=News18/><ref name="Tyagi2023"/>

After Majeed's death 15 years later, his wife Rabea Begum established a charitable trust in the name of herself and her two sons.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|title=Across Borders and Divides, One Heavenly Refresher Cools Summer Heat|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/business/india-drink-rooh-afza.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 July 2021|accessdate=7 July 2021|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707090616/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/business/india-drink-rooh-afza.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[partition of India]] in 1947, while the elder son, [[Hakim Abdul Hameed]], stayed in independent [[India]] – the younger son, [[Hakim Mohammad Saeed]], migrated to the newly created state of [[Pakistan]] on 9 January 1948 and started a separate Hamdard Company from two rooms in the [[Aram Bagh, Karachi|Arambagh area]] of [[Karachi]].<ref name=News18/><ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's summers|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/rooh-afza-the-syrup-that-sweetens-the-subcontinent-s-summers-1.462271/|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]] (newspaper)|date=27 April 2012|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629142249/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/rooh-afza-the-syrup-that-sweetens-the-subcontinents-summers|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hamdard Pakistan]] finally became profitable in 1953. Hakim Mohammad Said had opened a branch of Hamdard in the former [[East Pakistan]]. According to [[Hakim Mohammad Said]]'s daughter, [[Sadia Rashid]], chairperson of [[Hamdard Pakistan]] in 2019, her father gifted the business to the people of [[Bangladesh]] after their [[Independence of Bangladesh|independence]] from Pakistan in 1971.<ref name=News18/>

In 2010, Indian chef [[Nita Mehta]] and Indian film actress [[Juhi Chawla]] were hired for promotional activities by [[Hamdard (Wakf) Laboratories|Hamdard Laboratories]] to create new mocktail and dessert recipes for Rooh Afza, their all-season summer drink, which was used in a new marketing campaign.<ref name=HT>{{cite news|title=Hamdard gives century-old Rooh Afza a facelift|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/hamdard-gives-century-old-rooh-afza-a-facelift/story-glWF6VDU3oe14qPHT9zb8J.html|accessdate=26 April 2020|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 June 2010|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423154300/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/hamdard-gives-century-old-rooh-afza-a-facelift/story-glWF6VDU3oe14qPHT9zb8J.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Indian company [[Dabur]] produces Rooh Afza under the brand 'Sherbat-i-Azam'.<ref>{{cite book | last=Baisya | first=Rajat K. | title=Changing Face of Processed Food Industry in India | publisher=Ane Books India | date=2008 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWrtAAAAMAAJ | page=12|quote=Rooh Afza is about 50% of the market. To get chunk of this market Dabur launched its Sherbat-i-Azam.}}</ref>

==Ingredients==
Its original formulation included:<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080921183143/http://www.roohafzabd.com/ Rooh Afzalː The unique composition of Rooh Afza]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200428183053/https://www.roohafzabd.com/ (Archive)]}}</ref>

*Herbs:
** Deepak ("''khurfa'' seeds", ''[[Portulaca oleracea]]'')
** [[Chicory]]
** Wine-grape raisins (''[[Vitis vinifera]]'')
** European white lily (''[[Nymphaea alba]]'')
** Blue star water lily (''[[Nymphaea nouchali]]'')
** Lotus (''[[nelumbo]]'')
** [[Borage]]
** [[coriander]]
** [[Rosemary]]
*Fruits:
** Orange
** Citron
** Pineapple
** Apple
** Berries
** Strawberry
** Raspberry
** [[Loganberry]]
** Blackberry
** Cherry
** [[Concord grape]]s
** [[Blackcurrant]]
** Watermelon
*Vegetables:
** Spinach
** Carrot
** Mint
** Sponge gourd (''[[Luffa aegyptiaca]]'')
*Flowers:
** Rose
** [[Kewra]] (''[[Pandanus fascicularis]]'')
** Lemon
** Orange
*Roots:
** Vetiver (''[[Chrysopogon zizanioides]]'')

==Preparation==
Rooh Afza syrup is generally served mixed with cold milk or water and ice. Rooh Afza is often prepared as part of [[Iftar]] (the evening meal for breaking the fast or ''[[Roza (fasting)|roza]]''), during [[Ramadan]].<ref name=zee>[http://zeenews.india.com/home/roohafza-reigns-supreme-in-pakistan-during-ramzan_400630.html Roohafza reigns supreme in Pakistan during Ramzan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201138/http://zeenews.india.com/home/roohafza-reigns-supreme-in-pakistan-during-ramzan_400630.html |date=16 December 2017 }} ZEE TV News website, Published 12 October 2007, Retrieved 26 April 2020</ref> The concentrate can also be mixed with water, which is a common preparation in the hot South Asian summers. When mixed with water, the final drink is a type of [[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]]. Rooh Afza syrup is often mixed with [[Kulfi]] ice cream and [[vermicelli]] to make a similar version of the popular Iranian dessert [[Faloodeh]].

== Variants ==
Hamdard Laboratories India has launched two ready to drink variants in India namely RoohAfza Fusion and RoohAfza Milkshake.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamdard Laboratories India launches 'ready to drink' RoohAfza Fusion and RoohAfza Milkshake|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/news/hamdard-laboratories-india-launches-ready-to-drink-roohafza-fusion-and-roohafza-milkshake/articleshow/76400705.cms|access-date=2020-06-17|website=Business Insider|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617080932/https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/news/hamdard-laboratories-india-launches-ready-to-drink-roohafza-fusion-and-roohafza-milkshake/articleshow/76400705.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 17, 2020|title=Hamdard Laboratories India forays into 'ready-to-drink' segment with RoohAfza Fusion and RoohAfza Milkshake|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/06/hamdard-laboratories-india-forays-into-ready-to-drink-segment-with-roohafza-fusion-and-roohafza-milkshake/|access-date=2020-06-17|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617112835/https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/06/hamdard-laboratories-india-forays-into-ready-to-drink-segment-with-roohafza-fusion-and-roohafza-milkshake/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FNB News - Hamdard forays into 'ready to drink' with RoohAfza Fusion and Milkshake {{!}} FNB News|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/hamdard-forays-into-ready-to-drink-with-roohafza-fusion-and-milkshake-59166|access-date=2020-06-17|website=www.fnbnews.com|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617115352/http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/hamdard-forays-into-ready-to-drink-with-roohafza-fusion-and-milkshake-59166|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RoohAfza Fusion: Hamdard Laboratories India enters ready-to-drink segment|url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/personal-care-pet-supplies-liquor/roohafza-fusion-hamdard-laboratories-india-enters-ready-to-drink-segment/76403366|access-date=2020-06-17|website=ETRetail.com|language=en|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618084706/https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/personal-care-pet-supplies-liquor/roohafza-fusion-hamdard-laboratories-india-enters-ready-to-drink-segment/76403366|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Pakistan, one of the ready-to-drink variants, called the Rooh Afza Go,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rooh Afza Go|url=https://pk.hamdardglobal.com/rooh-afza-go-250-ml.html|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107083624/https://pk.hamdardglobal.com/rooh-afza-go-250-ml.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is available in a can form. In addition a drink commonly prepared by parents for kids in Pakistan, is now available as a product from Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan, called the Doodh (milk) Rooh Afza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doodh Rooh Afza|url=https://pk.hamdardglobal.com/doodh-rooh-afza-225-ml.html|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107083625/https://pk.hamdardglobal.com/doodh-rooh-afza-225-ml.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is essentially Rooh Afza flavored milk, packaged in a 225ml milk carton.

==See also==

*[[List of Indian drinks]]
*[[List of soft drinks by country]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200428183053/https://www.roohafzabd.com/ Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories (WAQF), Bangladesh (Archive)]}}
* [http://www.hamdard.com/ Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories, India]
* [https://www.hamdard.com.pk/ Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rooh Afza}}
[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]
[[Category:Indian drink brands]]
[[Category:Pakistani drinks]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi drinks]]
[[Category:Pakistani drink brands]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1906]]
[[Category:Iftar foods]]

Cyclone Phailin

2026-04-17T06:40:51Z

Iringlz:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone in 2013}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin
| image = Phailin 2013-10-11 2010Z.jpg
| caption = Phailin at peak intensity near the coast of Odisha on October 11
| formed = October 4, 2013
| dissipated = October 14, 2013
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 115
| pressure = 940
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 140
| pressure = 918
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2013
| fatalities = 46 total
| damages = 4260000000
| areas = [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[India]] (especially [[Odisha]]), [[Nepal]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone]] and [[2013 Pacific typhoon season|Pacific typhoon]] seasons
}}
'''Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin'''{{efn|The name ''Phailin'' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: ไพลิน, [[Help:IPA/Thai|[pʰaj˧ lin˧]]]) was contributed by [[Thailand]] and means "sapphire" in [[Thai language|Thai]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131011100909/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/why-cyclone-phailin-is-named-so/427800-3.html Why cyclone Phailin is named so] IBNLive.com (CNN–IBN), 2013-10-11.</ref>}} was one of the most intense [[tropical cyclone]]s to make landfall in India since the [[1999 Odisha cyclone]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMD|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/phailin.pdf|title=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, PHAILIN over the Bay of Bengal (08-14 October 2013) : A Report|accessdate=October 20, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106043811/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/phailin.pdf|archivedate=6 November 2013}}</ref> The system was first noted as a tropical depression on October 4, 2013, within the [[Gulf of Thailand]], to the west of [[Phnom Penh]] in [[Cambodia]]. Over the next few days, it moved westwards within an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear, before as it passed over the Malay Peninsula, it moved out of the Western Pacific Basin on October 6. It emerged into the [[Andaman Sea]] during the next day and moved west-northwest into an improving environment for further development before the system was named Phailin on October 9, after it had developed into a cyclonic storm and passed over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands into the [[Bay of Bengal]].

During the next day, Phailin intensified rapidly and became a very severe cyclonic storm on October 10, equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] (SSHWS). On October 11, the system became equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the SSHWS, before it started to weaken during the next day, as it approached the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It made landfall later that day, near [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]] in Odisha coast, at around 22:30 IST (17:00 UTC) on October 12. Phailin subsequently weakened over land (becoming a Category 1 tropical cyclone) as a result of frictional forces, before it was last noted on October 14, as it degenerated into a well-marked area of low pressure.

Officials from Odisha's state government said that around 12 million people may be affected. The cyclone prompted India's biggest evacuation in 23 years with more than 550,000 people moved up from the coastline in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh to safer places.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/cyclone-phailin-triggers-india-s-biggest-evacuation-operation-in-23-years-431466| title=Cyclone Phailin triggers India's biggest evacuation operation in 23 years |publisher = [[NDTV]] | date = 12 October 2013|accessdate = 13 October 2013}}</ref> Total losses were estimated at [[Indian rupee|₹]]260 billion (US$4.26 billion) from the storm.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Phailin 2013 track.png}}
On October 4, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] started to monitor a [[tropical depression]] that had developed in the [[Gulf of Thailand]], about {{convert|400|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} west of [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/g3/ |title=JMA WWJP25 Warning and Summary October 4, 2013 18z |date=October 4, 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522054315/https://www.webcitation.org/6KA6d1UhW?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WWJP25-RJTD_201310041800.htm |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/what-is-cyclonic-storm-phailin/ |title=What is Cyclonic Storm Phailin? |date=October 10, 2013 |agency=Bihar Prabha |accessdate=October 11, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012045142/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/what-is-cyclonic-storm-phailin/ |archivedate=October 12, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the next couple of days, the system moved westward within an area of low to moderate vertical [[wind shear]], before it passed over the Malay Peninsula and moved out of the [[Tropical cyclone basins#Western Pacific Ocean|Western Pacific Basin]] on October 6.<ref>{{cite web |title=Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Ocean October 5, 2013 13z |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abpwweb.txt |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |date=October 5, 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522054352/https://www.webcitation.org/6KA6wvMQ4?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201310051300.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Ocean, October 6, 2013 06z |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abpwweb.txt |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |date=October 6, 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522055039/https://www.webcitation.org/6KGyZwq8d?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201310060600.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Indian Ocean October 7, 2013 06z |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abpwweb.txt |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air force |date=October 6, 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522054954/https://www.webcitation.org/6KGyi7AMR?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201310070600.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The system then subsequently emerged into the [[Andaman Sea]] during the next day, before the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) started to monitor the system as Depression BOB 04, early on October 8.<ref>{{cite web |title=Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Indian Ocean October 7, 2013 18z |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=October 7, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abpwweb.txt |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522054433/https://www.webcitation.org/6KD3Vedyi?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201310071800.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BOB 04/2013/01">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Warning For Indian Coast, BOB 04/2013/01|publisher=India Meteorological Department|accessdate=October 10, 2013|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf|date=October 8, 2013|author=Regional Specialized Meteorological Center New Delhi, India|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KEbVisw6?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201310080700.pdf|archivedate=October 9, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Phalin TCR">{{cite report |title=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phalin over the Bay of Bengal (October 08-14 2013) |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/phailin.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 30, 2013 |type=A Report |accessdate=November 10, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106043811/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/phailin.pdf |archivedate=November 6, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During that day, the system moved towards the west-northwest into an environment favorable for more development, before the IMD reported that the system had become a deep depression early on October 9, as it intensified and consolidated further.<ref name="Phalin TCR"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert October 8, 2013 10z |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |date=October 8, 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522054954/https://www.webcitation.org/6KGyi7AMR?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201310070600.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The United States [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) subsequently initiated advisories on the depression and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 02B, before the system slightly weakened, as it passed near [[Mayabunder]] in the [[Andaman Islands]] and moved into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B Warning 1 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522054555/https://www.webcitation.org/6KEc8ZPaq?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201310090300.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |date=October 8, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclone Warning For Indian Coast, BOB 04/2013/08 |author=Regional Specialized Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf |date=October 9, 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KGMTHkaj?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201310091100.pdf |archivedate=October 10, 2013 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="JTWC Ad 3">{{cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B Warning 3 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522054915/https://www.webcitation.org/6KGN9E7VQ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201310091500.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |date=October 9, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> After moving into the Bay of Bengal, the system quickly reorganized as it moved along the southern edge of a subtropical ridge of [[high pressure]]. The IMD reported that the system had intensified into a [[cyclonic storm]] and named it ''Phailin''.<ref name="JTWC Ad 3"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclone Warning For Indian Coast, BOB 04/2013/09 |author=Regional Specialized Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KGMSwCr8?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201310091500.pdf |archivedate=October 10, 2013 |date=October 9, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Phailin landfall RGB Animation 12 Oct 2013.gif|thumb|right|Satellite loop of Phailin making landfall on the coast of Odisha, on October 12]]
After it was named, Phailin rapidly intensified further, and became the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] (SSHWS) early on October 10. After bands of atmospheric convection had wrapped into the systems low level circulation center and formed an eye feature.<ref name="JTWC Ad 6">{{cite web |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning 6 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522054834/https://www.webcitation.org/6KGN8XtmV?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201310100900.htm |accessdate=October 11, 2013 |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |date=October 10, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="JTWC Ad 7">{{cite web |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning 7 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522055239/https://www.webcitation.org/6KJcuTJN2?url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0213web.txt |accessdate=October 11, 2013 |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |date=October 10, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later that day, the IMD reported that the system had become a very severe cyclonic storm, before the JTWC reported that Phailin had become equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the SSHWS, after it had [[Rapid intensification|rapidly intensified]] throughout that day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclone Warning For Indian Coast, BOB 04/2013/15 |author=Regional Specialized Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |date=October 10, 2013 |accessdate=October 10, 2013 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KGMOffqQ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201310100900.pdf |archivedate=October 10, 2013 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="JTWC Ad 8">{{cite web |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning 8 October 10, 2013 21z |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522055239/https://www.webcitation.org/6KJcuTJN2?url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0213web.txt |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |accessdate=October 11, 2013 |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |date=October 10, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Early the next day the system underwent an eyewall replacement cycle and formed a new eyewall which subsequently consolidated.<ref name="JTWC Ad 10">{{cite web |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning 10 October 11, 2013 09z |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522055157/https://www.webcitation.org/6KITRxj4o?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201310110900.htm |accessdate=October 11, 2013 |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |date=October 11, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the new eyewall had consolidated the system slightly intensified further, with the JTWC reporting that the system had reached its peak intensity, with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of {{Convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} which made it equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the SSHWS.<ref name="JTWC Ad 11">{{cite web |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning 11 October 11, 2013 15z |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522055239/https://www.webcitation.org/6KJcuTJN2?url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0213web.txt |accessdate=October 11, 2013 |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |date=October 11, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/10/11/category-5-phailin-likely-a-disaster-for-india-catastrophic-storm-surge-a-certainty/|title=Category 5 Phailin likely a disaster for India, catastrophic storm surge "a certainty"|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=October 11, 2013|date=October 11, 2013|author=Samenow, Jason}}</ref> Early on October 12, the system started to weaken as it underwent a second eyewall replacement cycle, before Phailin's eye started to rapidly deteriorate as it moved towards the Indian coast.<ref name="JTWC Ad 14">{{cite web |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning 14 October 12, 2013 03z |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522055239/https://www.webcitation.org/6KJcuTJN2?url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0213web.txt |accessdate=October 12, 2013 |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |date=October 12, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="JTWC Ad 15">{{cite web |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning 15 October 12, 2013 15z |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522055239/https://www.webcitation.org/6KJcuTJN2?url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0213web.txt |accessdate=October 12, 2013 |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |date=October 12, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |url-status=dead }}</ref> The system subsequently made landfall later that day near [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]] in [[Odisha]], at around 22:30 IST (17:00 UTC), near peak intensity.<ref name="Phalin TCR"/> After the system made landfall, the JTWC issued their final advisory on Phailin; on the next day, the IMD reported that the system had weakened into a cyclonic storm. On October 14, Phailin weakened into a well-marked low-pressure area, and the IMD issued their final advisory on the storm.<ref name="JTWC Ad 16">{{cite web |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning 16 October 12, 2013 21z |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522055316/https://www.webcitation.org/6KKi3oVoN?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201310122100.htm |accessdate=October 13, 2013 |archivedate=May 22, 2024 |date=October 12, 2013 |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/ |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclone Warning For Indian Coast, BOB 04/2013/39 |author=Regional Specialized Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |date=October 13, 2013 |accessdate=October 13, 2013 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KL7uS4Y8?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201310130900.pdf |archivedate=October 13, 2013 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Phailin 2013-10-12 0705Z.jpg|left|thumb|Phailin in its second [[eyewall replacement cycle]] while nearing landfall on 12 October 2013.]]

===India===
In all, 46 people were killed in India, and the economic losses reached [[Indian rupee|₹]]260 billion (US$4.26 billion).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/in-focus/bearing-the-brunt/778990.html|title=Bearing the brunt|work=The Tribune|date=May 27, 2019|accessdate=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527062328/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/in-focus/bearing-the-brunt/778990.html|archive-date=May 27, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Andaman and Nicobar Islands====
On 8 October, the [[India Meteorological Department|IMD]] warned the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] that squally to gale-force wind speeds would be recorded over the islands and surrounding sea areas during the next two days.<ref name="BOB 04/2013/01"/> They also warned that heavy to very heavy rainfall would occur over the islands while some damage to thatched huts, power and communication lines was expected.<ref name="BOB 04/2013/01"/> These warnings were continued until 11 October, when the IMD noted that no further adverse weather, would occur over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclone Warning For Indian Coast, BOB 04/2013/22 |author=[[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] New Delhi, India |accessdate=October 12, 2013 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf |date=October 11, 2013 |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KHcwSo95?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201310110600.pdf |archivedate=October 11, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within the islands the Directorate of Health Services opened a Medical Camp in [[Rangat]], while the Deputy Commissioner, Police and Fire Services all ensured there were no casualties.<ref name="Flood">{{cite news|author=Giles, Denis|url=http://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3586:flood-following-heavy-rains-and-cyclonic-weather-badly-affects-andamans&catid=37:top-news&Itemid=142|title=Flood Following Heavy Rains and Cyclonic Weather Badly Affects Andamans|newspaper=Andaman Chronicle|date=October 9, 2013|accessdate=October 11, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013024904/http://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3586:flood-following-heavy-rains-and-cyclonic-weather-badly-affects-andamans&catid=37:top-news&Itemid=142|archivedate=October 13, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Between October 8–10, rainfall totals of {{convert|734|mm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|434|mm|in|abbr=on}} were recorded in [[Mayabunder]] and on the [[Long Island, Andaman|Long Island]].<ref name="Flood"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://210.212.167.212/weather_forecasting/Images/d-4r.pdf |title=All India Weather Summary October 8, 2013 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 8, 2013 |accessdate=October 13, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208180919/http://210.212.167.212/weather_forecasting/Images/d-4r.pdf |archivedate=December 8, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://210.212.167.212/weather_forecasting/Images/d-4r.pdf |title=All India Weather Summary October 9, 2013 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 9, 2013 |accessdate=October 13, 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KKTwe8yw?url=http://210.212.167.212/weather_forecasting/Images/d-3r.pdf |archivedate=October 13, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://210.212.167.212/weather_forecasting/Images/d-4r.pdf |title=All India Weather Summary October 10, 2013 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 10, 2013 |accessdate=October 13, 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KKTz2rAa?url=http://210.212.167.212/weather_forecasting/Images/d-2r.pdf |archivedate=October 13, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Andhra Pradesh====
The Andhra Pradesh government and the Chief Minister met representatives of the Army and Navy seeking their assistance if required.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/live-odisha-andhra-on-alert-as-cyclone-phailin-upgraded-to-super-storm-1165983.html|title=Live: Odisha, Andhra on alert as cyclone Phailin upgraded to super storm|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=11 October 2013|publisher = Firstpost}}</ref> Utility workers striking against the division of Andhra Pradesh called off their strike partly in view of the cyclone threat to the coastal districts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Relief-for-Seemandhra-after-power-staff-call-off-strike/articleshow/23942405.cms|title=Relief for Seemandhra after power staff call off strike|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=11 October 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The state government ordered the evacuation of 64,000 people living in low-lying areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/cyclone-brings-respite-from-agitation/article5224181.ece |title=Cyclone brings respite from agitation |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-10-10 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref>

The coastal districts of the state escaped the force of the cyclone. However, [[Srikakulam district]] experienced heavy rains and gale-force winds which uprooted tall trees and electric poles, shutting down power to areas.<ref name=phailinberhampur>{{cite news|last=Patnaik|first=Santosh|title=Phailin batters Berhampur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/phailin-batters-berhampur/article5229263.ece|accessdate=13 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 October 2013}}</ref> Throughout the state, one person was killed and damage amounted to ₹500 million (US$8.2 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Phailin-claims-one-life-in-Andhra-Pradesh-inflicts-Rs-50cr-damages/articleshow/24110071.cms |title=Phailin claims one life in Andhra Pradesh, inflicts Rs 50cr damages |work=Times of India |date=2013-10-14 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> A total of 134,426 people were evacuated in the wake of the storm.<ref name=imdprelim />

====Odisha====
[[File:Phailin 12-Oct-2013 24hr.GIF|thumb|Twenty-four-hour rainfall forecast for Phailin.]]
Government of Odisha and its agency [[Odisha State Disaster Management Authority|OSDMA]] evacuated close to a million people to cyclone shelters.<ref name="World Bank 2013">{{cite web | title=Cyclone Devastation Averted: India Weathers Phailin | website=World Bank | date=2013-10-17 | url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/10/17/india-cyclone-phailin-destruction-preparation | access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> Distant storm warning signal was raised to two at the ports of Paradip and Gopalpur of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Odisha-Andhra-Pradesh-brace-for-Cyclone-Phailin/articleshow/23875665.cms|title=Odisha, Andhra Pradesh brace for Cyclone Phailin|date=10 October 2013|accessdate=10 October 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Odisha wrote to the Union Defence Minister seeking support from defence personnel, particularly the Air Force and Navy, for rescue and relief operations.<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/phailin-intensifies-into-severe-cyclonic-storm/article5221740.ece |title=Phailin intensifies into severe cyclonic storm |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-10-10 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref> The Odisha government had made arrangements for over 1,000,560 food packets for relief.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/phailin-live-not-yet-a-super-cyclone-says-imd_882538.html|title=Cyclone Phailin Live: Odisha fears a repeat of 1999 super-cyclone|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=11 October 2013|publisher=Zee News}}</ref> Indian Air Force helicopters were kept on standby in West Bengal to move in for help at short notice. A total of 1,154,725 people were evacuated in the wake of the storm and the following floods in the state.<ref name=imdprelim>{{cite web|last=India Meteorological Department|title=Very Severe Cyclonic Strom Phailin – Preliminary Report|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/phailin.pdf|publisher=India Meteorological Department|accessdate=2 November 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106043811/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/phailin.pdf|archivedate=6 November 2013}}</ref>

Heavy rainfall resulted in the death of a woman in Bhubaneswar after a tall tree fell on her.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karan|first=Jajati|title=Cyclone Phailin: One dead in Bhubaneswar as heavy rains lash Odisha|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-phailin-one-dead-in-bhubaneswar-as-heavy-rains-lash-odisha/427940-3-234.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015022129/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-phailin-one-dead-in-bhubaneswar-as-heavy-rains-lash-odisha/427940-3-234.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2013|accessdate=27 October 2013|newspaper=IBN Live|date=12 October 2013}}</ref> Gusty winds resulted in downing of trees and powerlines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyclone Phailin live: 1 dead in Odisha during rain as storm approaches|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-phailin-live-1-dead-in-odisha-during-rain-as-storm-approaches/427919-62-127.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012050905/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-phailin-live-1-dead-in-odisha-during-rain-as-storm-approaches/427919-62-127.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2013|work=CNN-IBN|publisher=IBN Live|date=October 12, 2013|accessdate=October 12, 2013}}</ref> It was also reported that due to high winds, seven other people were killed in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Storm 60 km away from coast, 5 lakh people moved out|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-phailin-live-storm-60-kms-away-from-coast-5-lakh-people-moved-out/427919-62-127.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012130146/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-phailin-live-storm-60-kms-away-from-coast-5-lakh-people-moved-out/427919-62-127.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2013|publisher=ibnlive.in.com|accessdate=12 October 2013}}</ref>
In a period of 24 hours ending on 13 October, Banki and Balimundali in Odisha received heavy rainfall of 381 mm and 305 mm respectively.<ref>{{Cite web | title=WebCite query result | url=https://www.webcitation.org/6KMGLk6CD?url=http://210.212.167.212/weather_forecasting/Images/aiws.pdf | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref>

As the storm moved inland, wind speeds picked up from {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}} to {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}} within 30 minutes. [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]], the closest city to the point of landfall suffered devastation triggered by gale winds, with fallen trees, uprooted electric poles and broken walls in various places of the city. However, there were no reports of damage to property or life according to the city police.<ref name=phailinberhampur /> As of 18 October, 44 people have been reported dead from Odisha.<ref>{{cite news|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-focuses-on-relief-as-phailin-toll-rises-to-44/article5247992.ece |title=Odisha's death toll after cyclone, floods climbs to 44 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-10-18 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>

Phailin severely impacted [[Chilika Lake]], a large brackish [[coastal lagoon]] that hosts a large number of endangered animal and plant species. Storm surge uprooted mangrove trees and contaminated large areas of land with saltwater; a forest department official also warned that seawater brought in by the surge could acidify the lake.<ref name=Hindustan>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/phailineyeofthestorm/odisha-phailin-hit-chilika-may-take-years-to-recover/article1-1136094.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017024414/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/PhailinEyeOfTheStorm/Odisha-Phailin-hit-Chilika-may-take-years-to-recover/Article1-1136094.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 17, 2013|accessdate=12 September 2014|title=Hindustan Times – Archive News}}</ref>

Losses across Odisha amounted to ₹42.42 billion (US$696 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/cyclone-phailin-odisha-seeks-rs-4242-crore-assistance-from-centre-1184195.html|title=Cyclone Phailin: Odisha seeks Rs 4,242 crore assistance from Centre|author=|publisher=Firstpost|date=21 October 2012|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> Phailin damaged crops over 500,000 hectares of agricultural land throughout the state.<ref name=Mint13>{{cite web|title=Recovery challenge looms in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zqBu8p6YrcpRXHIkWuWtQI/Cyclone-Phailin-hits-Odisha-rescue-workers-start-to-assess.html|date=13 October 2013|accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref>

====Jharkhand====
During October 13, heavy rain from the outer bands of Phailin lashed [[Jharkhand]]. A rainfall total of {{convert|74.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} was recorded at [[Ranchi]], while [[Jamshedpur]] recorded {{convert|52.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}, and [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] recorded {{convert|58.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IBN">{{cite news|title=Cyclone Phailin: Heavy rains lash Jharkhand today|date=October 13, 2013|accessdate=October 13, 2013|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-phailin-heavy-rains-lash-jharkhand-today/428117-3-233.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131013145346/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-phailin-heavy-rains-lash-jharkhand-today/428117-3-233.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 13, 2013|publisher=IBN News}}</ref>

Barring an early morning lightning strike at Simdradhao village in [[Giridih district]] in which a person was killed, according to police, there were no reports of rain-related casualty anywhere in the state. The Disaster Management Department and the district administrations were monitoring the situation.<ref name="IBN"/>

At least 400 huts were destroyed following heavy rains accompanied by gales in [[Pakur district]] of Jharkhand. Triggered by heavy rains, a couple of pillars of the Irga river bridge were damaged in Giridih District.<ref name=Niti>{{cite web|url=http://www.niticentral.com/2013/10/14/phailin-effect-400-hutments-destroyed-in-jharkhand-145680.html|accessdate=12 September 2014|title=Phailin effect: 400 hutments destroyed in Jharkhand | India News Analysis, Op-Eds and Podcasts on Niti Central|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915174848/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/10/14/phailin-effect-400-hutments-destroyed-in-jharkhand-145680.html|archive-date=15 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Other Indian states====
The areas of [[West Bengal]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Bihar]] and eastern parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] are likely to experience heavy rainfall and strong winds. There is risk of trees falling and disruption of light or electricity poles. However, the effect here will not be as severe as that in [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].

A Merchant Ship MV Bingo was feared to have sunk in rough seas off the coast of [[West Bengal]] due to Cyclone Phailin. The crew of 20 were spotted in lifeboats by the Coast Guard and were rescued.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crew of MV Bingo rescued|url=http://sinoshipnews.com/news_content.php?fid=3w3c1919|newspaper=Sino Ship News|date=October 15, 2013|access-date=October 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044625/http://sinoshipnews.com/news_content.php?fid=3w3c1919|archive-date=December 3, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Fish driven from the ocean by the Cyclone Phailin were caught in [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borah |first=Amarjyoti |date=15 December 2014 |title=Cyclone with a catch: Indian fishermen enjoy bountiful haul |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20141215163744-gg75u/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=news.trust.org (Reuters)}}</ref>

===Nepal===
[[File:October rain 2013 03.jpg|thumb|October rain caused by Cyclone Phailin in [[Panchkhal]] Valley]]
The eastern region of [[Nepal]] experienced heavy rainfall and winds while it was lighter in the central and western part of the country. Rainfall began in the eastern and mid-western region since early morning on 13 October and began in the central regional too in the afternoon . The impact of the cyclone continued until 15 October.<ref name=Himal>{{cite news|title=Rainfall across Nepal' Phailin impact to continue tomorrow also|url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Rainfall+across+Nepal%E2%80%9A+Phailin+impact+to+continue+tomorrow+also&NewsID=393805|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131021075318/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Rainfall+across+Nepal%E2%80%9A+Phailin+impact+to+continue+tomorrow+also&NewsID=393805|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 21, 2013|accessdate=21 October 2013|newspaper=The Himalayan|date=2013-10-13}}</ref> Nepalese great festival [[Dashain]] was affected by the October rain. It caused flood in [[Kosi River|Kosi]] and [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] rivers in Nepal.<ref name=IEXP>{{cite news|title=Heavy rains lash Bihar post Cyclone Phailin, one killed|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/one-killed-in-heavy-rains-in-bihar-post-cyclone-phailin/1182445/0|accessdate=21 October 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=Oct 14, 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]
* [[Typhoon Gay (1989)]]
* [[1999 Odisha cyclone]]
* [[Cyclone Hudhud]]
* [[Cyclone Fani]]
* [[Cyclone Amphan]]
* [[Cyclone Michaung]]
*[[Cyclone Yaas]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Cyclone Phailin |b=no |n=Wikinews interviews meteorological experts on Cyclone Phalin |q=no |s=no |v=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150517005046/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm India Meteorological Department]
* [http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809201922/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ |date=2015-08-09 }}
* [http://www.rapidresponse.org.in Rapid Response, India]
{{2013 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}
{{2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Disasters in India in 2013}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phailin}}
[[Category:2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:2013 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Extremely severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:2010s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Typhoons in Thailand]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:2013 in Myanmar]]
[[Category:2013 in Thailand]]
[[Category:October 2013 in Asia]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2013]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Nepal]]
[[Category:2013 disasters in Asia]]

Charlapalli railway station

2026-04-16T00:13:29Z

Iringlz: put up pg...

{{Short description|Railway station in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Charlapalli railway station
| name_lang = en
| native_name = <hr/> Charlapalli, Hyderabad
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Hyderabad MMTS]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = CHZ8.jpg
| photo2a = CHZAir1 (1).jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 300
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_caption = Charlapalli railway station.
| address = [[Cherlapally]], [[Telangana]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| elevation = 525 m
| line = [[Secunderabad–Nagpur section]]
[[Kazipet–Vijayawada section|Wadi–Vijayawada section]] (Main Line)
[[Secunderabad–Guntur section]]
| other = Auto stand, Taxi stand, [[TSRTC|TGSRTC]], [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 9
| tracks = 19
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|2024}}
| electrified = {{start date and age|1993}}
| accessible = Available{{access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CHZ
| zone = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Secunderabad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Central Railways]]
| status = Functional
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
}}
'''Charlapalli railway station''' (station code: '''CHZ''') is the fifth major Railway Terminal developed in [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad City]] after [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Nampally]], [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Jn]], [[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda]] and [[Lingampally railway station|Lingampally]]. It is the third biggest railway station in terms of platforms after [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Jn]] and [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Jn]] in the entire [[South Central Railways]] zone. It has been redeveloped to facilitate future needs and to create wider connectivity to other cities and parts of the country. It is currently operated by the South Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. The station was mainly developed to reduce the load on the other three major terminals, which are saturated with heavy movement of trains and passengers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cherlapally railway station to be ready by year-end|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cherlapally-rly-stn-to-be-ready-by-year-end/articleshow/103318372.cms}}</ref><ref name="Cherlapalli Railway terminal: All aboard the hype, but mind the gaps">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Cherlapalli Railway terminal: All aboard the hype, but mind the gaps |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cherlapalli-terminal-all-aboard-the-hype-but-mind-the-gaps/article69873988.ece |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=1 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802051500/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cherlapalli-terminal-all-aboard-the-hype-but-mind-the-gaps/article69873988.ece |archive-date=2 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Development==
The foundation stone for the development of Charlapalli Satellite Terminal was laid on 18 February 2020 at a cost of ₹430 crores. [[Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] inaugurated [[Charlapalli railway station]] on 6 January 2025. The station has VIP lounges, food courts, escalators and air conditioning waiting rooms. According to railway officials, it is the second air-conditioned railway terminal in South India. It is also one of the greenfield projects for Indian Railways to construct a world-class terminal. This is the first railway station in the [[South Central Railway zone]] developed as a world-class futuristic railway station and the second in South India after [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]], Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cherlapally rail terminal to be ready by Mar '24|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cherlapally-rail-terminal-to-be-ready-by-mar-24-hyderabad/articleshow/105740259.cms}}</ref>

==Incidents==
On 3 May 2025 the roof of the railway station collapsed. The reasons for collapsed of the roofs of the terminal which was inaugurated only four months ago in January 2025 is currently being investigated. It is reported that prior to the collapse of the roof, 2.5 cm of rain with wind speeds of 15 kmph were reported. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/hyderabads-new-charlapalli-railway-terminal-roof-collapses-sparks-row-on-build-quality|title=Hyderabad's new Charlapalli railway terminal roof collapses, sparks row on build quality|newspaper=The News Minute|first=|last=|date=2025-05-04|access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.siasat.com/light-rain-damages-rs-450-cr-cherlapally-railway-terminal-3216284/|title=Light rain damages Rs 450 cr Cherlapally Railway Terminal|newspaper=Siasat Daily|first=|last=|date=2025-05-04|access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/scr-orders-probe-after-ceiling-collapse-at-charlapalli-station-1876930|title=SCR Orders Probe After Ceiling Collapse at Charlapalli Station|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|first=Nabinder|last=Bommala|date=2025-05-04|access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>

==Connectivity==
This railway station will be connected to nearby neighborhoods in the city through the [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System]] (MMTS) and [[TSRTC|TGSRTC]] city buses. Ride-hailing services for car taxis, bike taxis and autorickshaws, such as [[Ola Cabs|Ola]], [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]], and [[Uber]], are also available.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Originating express trains ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Train No.
!Train Name
!Destination
!Departure
!Running
!Route
|-
|12604/03
|Charlapalli-MGR Chennai Central SF Express
|MGR Chennai Central
|17:25
|Runs Daily
|Miryalaguda, Guntur Jn, Ongole, Nellore, MGR Chennai Central.
|-
|18046/45
|Charlapalli-Shalimar East Coast Express
|Shalimar
|08:40
|Runs Daily
| Kazipet Jn, Khammam, Vijayawada Jn, Visakhapatnam Jn, Bhubaneswar, Kharagapur Jn.
|-
|12590/89
|Charlapalli-Gorakhpur SF Express
|Gorakhpur Jn
|21:45
|Fri
|Kazipet Jn, Balharshah, Nagpur Jn, Bhopal Jn, VGL Jhansi Jn, Kanpur Central
|-
|17007/08
|Charlapalli-Darbhanga Express
|Darbhanga
|22:50
|Tue, Sat
|Kazipet Jn, Balharshah, Raipur Jn, Rourkela Jn, Barauni Jn.
|-
|12735/36
|Charlapalli-Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express
|Yesvantpur Jn
|19:45
|Sun, Wed, Fri
|Secunderabad Jn, Lingampalli, Raichur Jn, Dharmavaram Jn, Hindupur.
|-
|17041/42
|Charlapalli-Tiruvananthapuram North Amrit Bharat Express
|Tiruvananthapuram North
|07:45
|Tue
|Guntur Jn, Gudur Jn, Tiruttani, Coimbatore Jn, Kottayam, Kollam Jn
|-
|15293/94
|Charlapalli- Muzaffarpur Amrit Bharat Express
|Muzaffarpur
|04:05
|Thu
|Kazipet Jn, Nagpur Jn, Jabalpur, Prayagraj Chhoeki Jn, PT DD Upadhyay Jn, Danapur Jn
|-
|16358/57
|Charlapalli-Nagarcoil Amrit Bharat Express
|Nargarcoil
|08:15
|Sat
|Guntur Jn, Chennai Egmore, Mayiladuthurai Jn, Tanjavur Jn, Madurai Jn, Tirunelveli Jn.
|-
|17065/66
|Charlapalli-Shalimar Amrit Bharat Express
|Shalimar
|06:55
|Tue
|Kazipet Jn, Khammam, Eluru, Duvvada, Bhubaneswar, Kharagpur Jn.
|-
|15673/74
|Charlapalli-Kamakhya Amrit Bharat Express
|Kamakhya
|19:40
|Wed
|Guntur Jn, Bhimavaram Town, Duvvada, Bhubaneswar, Dumkuni Jn, Malda Town.
|-
|15645/46
|Charlapalli-Silchar Weekly Express
|Silchar
|16:50
|Sat
|Guntur Jn, Visakhapatnam Jn, Khurda Road Jn, Bhubaneswar, Kharagpur Jn, New Jalpaiguri Jn, Guwahati.
|-
|17045/46
|Charlapalli-Anakapalle Weekly Express
|Anakapalle
|20:05
|Sat
|Kazipet Jn, Khammam, Rayanapadu, Eluru, Samalkot Jn, Annavaram, Tuni.
|-
|17053/54
|Charlapalli-Anakapalle Weekly Express
|Anakapalle
|22:10
|Thu
|Nalgonda, Guntur Jn, Vijayawada Jn, Eluru, Samalkot Jn, Annavaram, Tuni.
|-
|17441/42; 17443/44
|Charlapalli-Tirupati Express
|Tirupati
|21:20
|Tue(17441/42); Thu(17443/44)
|Nalgonda, Markapur Road, Cumbum, Nandyal Jn, Prodduturu, Kadapa, Renigunta Jn.
|-
|17061/62
|Charlapalli-Narsapur Weekly Express
|Narsapur
|19:50
|Sat
|Nalgonda, Guntur Jn, Vijayawada Jn, Gudivada Jn, Bhimavaram Town, Palakollu.
|-
|17067/78
|Charlapalli-Bhubaneswar North weekly Express
|Bhubaneswar North
|18:10
|Mon
|Guntur Jn, Vijayawada Jn Bhimavaram Town, Duvvada, Vizianagaram Jn, Khurdha Road, Bhubaneswar.
|-
|17047/48
|Charlapalli-Tiruchanur weekly Express(Via- Vijayawada)
|Tiruchanur
|18:55
|Wed
|Warangal, Khammam, Vijayawada Jn, Ongole, Nellore, Gudur Jn, Renigunta.
|-
|17059/60
|Charlapalli-Tiruchanur Weekly Express(Via- Kurnool)
|Tiruchanur
|21:15
|Sun
|Malkajgiri Jn, Kacheguda, Mahbubnagar, Kurnool City, Gooty Jn, Kadapa Jn, Renigunta Jn.
|-
|17075/76
|Charlapalli-Belagavi Weekly Express
|Belagavi
|16:00
|Sat
|Secunderabad Jn, Vikarabad Jn, Raichur Jn, Guntakal Jn, Ballari Jn, S.S.S.Hubli Jn.
|-
|20915/16
|Charlapalli-Indore Weekly Humsafar Express
|Indore Junction
|20:45
|Sun
|Secunderabad, Lingampalli, Vikarabad Jn, Kalaburagi Jn, Pune Jn, Vadodara Jn, Ujjain Jn.
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|17.4577|78.6062|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Telangana]]
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]

Suruhoto Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:33:04Z

Iringlz: Article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Suruhoto Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Suruhoto
| type = SLA
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| district = [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 33
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[S. Toiho Yeptho]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:16057}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Suruhoto''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Zünheboto district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Nihovi Avemi || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || rowspan=2 | Nihovi Sema || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Kanito || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Kiyozhe || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Kiyezhe Sema || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Khukivi Awomi || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Kiyezhe Aye || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Kiyezhe Sema
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Khutovi || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | Shetoyi
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || H. Khehovi<ref name=election2018/> || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[S. Toiho Yeptho]]|| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Toiho Yeptho]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,919 |percentage=50.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. Khehovi|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,850|percentage=49.68%|change=-32.51%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=18|percentage=0.13%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69 |percentage=0.50% |change=-64.28% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,787|percentage=85.86%|change=-2.35%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,057 |change =7.21% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -32.01% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Khehovi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,860 |percentage=82.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kaito Jakhalu |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,301 |percentage=17.42% |change=-33.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=51 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,559 |percentage=64.78% |change=61.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,212 |percentage=88.22% |change= -6.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,977 |change =5.02% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 30.90% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shetoyi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,952 |percentage=51.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyezhe Aye |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,547 |percentage=48.31% |change=0.29% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=405 |percentage=2.99% |change=-3.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,551 |percentage=95.02% |change= 6.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,261 |change =-2.68% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Independent politician |swing= -2.83% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shetoyi |party=Independent politician |votes=7,053 |percentage=54.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khutovi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,257 |percentage=48.02% |change=20.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hokheto |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=40 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=796 |percentage=6.11% |change=-12.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,029 |percentage=91.11% |change= -2.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,653 |change =43.42% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= 8.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khutovi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,209 |percentage=45.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyezhe Aye |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,516 |percentage=27.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khukivi Awomi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,468 |percentage=15.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Shikikhe |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=1,074 |percentage=11.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,693 |percentage=18.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,296 |percentage=90.99% |change= 90.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,217 |change =11.36% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -16.89% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Kiyezhe Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,175 |change =-3.93% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyezhe Aye |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,608 |percentage=62.17% |change=17.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vihoshe |party=Independent politician |votes=2,661 |percentage=29.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holuto |party=Naga People's Front |votes=752 |percentage=8.34% |change=-47.15% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,947 |percentage=32.67% |change=21.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,021 |percentage=95.09% |change= 1.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,550 |change =47.58% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 6.68% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khukivi Awomi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,328 |percentage=55.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyezhe Aye |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,670 |percentage=44.51% |change=1.15% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=658 |percentage=10.97% |change=10.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,998 |percentage=93.12% |change= -2.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,471 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.12% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyezhe Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,677 |percentage=43.37% |change=24.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khukivi Awomi |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,671 |percentage=43.27% |change=29.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khekiye |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=825 |percentage=13.36% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6 |percentage=0.10% |change=-2.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,173 |percentage=96.11% |change= 11.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,471 |change =-24.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 20.62% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyozhe |party=Independent politician |votes=1,608 |percentage=22.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khukivi Awomi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,415 |percentage=20.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanito |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,299 |percentage=18.37% |change=-23.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhato |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=991 |percentage=14.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nobevi |party=Independent politician |votes=979 |percentage=13.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Jadipu |party=Independent politician |votes=778 |percentage=11.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=193 |percentage=2.73% |change=-4.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,070 |percentage=84.13% |change= -3.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,542 |change =18.43% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -19.12% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanito |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,584 |percentage=41.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhahe |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,126 |percentage=34.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyekhu |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=1,462 |percentage=23.69% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=458 |percentage=7.42% |change=-11.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,172 |percentage=87.18% |change= 8.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,213 |change =-1.82% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -6.73% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihovi Sema |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,757 |percentage=48.60% |change=-1.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choito Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,679 |percentage=29.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Yekhuyi Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,237 |percentage=21.81% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,078 |percentage=19.00% |change=4.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,673 |percentage=78.44% |change= 5.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,347 |change =42.38% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -1.45% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihovi Sema |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,881 |percentage=50.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. I. Pukhahe Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,318 |percentage=35.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Vitoi Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=559 |percentage=14.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=563 |percentage=14.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,758 |percentage=72.93% |change= 72.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,160 |change =108.48% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Suruhoto}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Nihovi Avemi |party=Independent politician |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,475 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Zunheboto district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.15|94.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Zünheboto district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Devendra Pratap Singh (UP politician, born 1954)

2026-04-15T02:04:36Z

Iringlz: put up a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Devendra Pratap Singh (UP politician, born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shri Devendra Pratap Singh
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 17 Nov 2010
| constituency = ''Gorakhpur-Faizabaad Graduates''
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]],[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]{{small|(2015-)}}
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]]{{small|(1998-2015)}}
| children = 1(son)
| profession = Agriculture & Politician
| parents = Shri Harihar Singh {{small|(father)}}
Late Smt. Kavala Devi {{small|(mother)}}
| term_start1 = 17 Nov 1998
| term_end1 = 16 Nov 2004
| constituency1 = ''Gorakhpur-Faizabaad Graduates''
}}
'''Shri Devendra Pratap Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] from the Gorakhpur Faizabaad Division Graduates Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/up-mlc-election-2017-bjp-makes-big-gains-wins-in-kanpur-gorakhpur-and-bareilly-3278436.html|title=UP MLC Election 2017: BJP makes big gains, wins in Kanpur, Gorakhpur and Bareilly|date=11 February 2017|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

==Political career==
Previously, he was a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sp-mla-devendra-pratap-singh-joins-bjp-507001-2015-11-04|title=SP MLC Devendra Pratap Singh joins BJP|website=India Today|date=4 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/upmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=56|title=Shri Devendra Pratap Singh (Samajwadi Party(SP)):(ELECTED FROM GRADUATES CONSTITUENCY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is elected for a fourth time. He was also the leader of opposition in the house of legislative council.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Devendra Pratap}}
[[Category:Politicians from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Syed Asif Ibrahim

2026-04-12T14:14:19Z

Iringlz: Post

{{Short description|Indian intelligence officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Asif Ibrahim
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| office = [[Director of Intelligence Bureau (India)|Director of Intelligence Bureau]]
| preceded = Nehchal Sandhu
| succeeded = [[Dineshwar Sharma]]
| prime_minister = [[Manmohan Singh]] [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 1 January 2013
| term_end = 31 December 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|09|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Intelligence officer]] / [[Indian Police Service|Civil Servant]]
}}
'''Syed Asif Ibrahim''' (born 28 September 1953) is an Indian diplomat and a former director of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], the main internal [[intelligence agency]] of India. He held the position of director from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asif Ibrahim takes over as Intelligence Bureau chief|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/asif-ibrahim-takes-over-as-intelligence-bureau-chief/article1-983705.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101194918/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Asif-Ibrahim-takes-over-as-Intelligence-Bureau-chief/Article1-983705.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2013|accessdate=13 June 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IB, RAW get new chiefs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ib-raw-get-new-chiefs/article4135336.ece|accessdate=13 June 2014|publisher=The Hindu newspaper}}</ref> He was the first Muslim in [[India]] to hold this important position.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syed Ibrahim set to be first Muslim chief of IB|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Syed-Ibrahim-set-to-be-first-Muslim-chief-of-IB/articleshow/17366073.cms|accessdate=13 June 2014|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> He is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of Madhya Pradesh cadre and belongs to its 1977 batch.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

In June 2015, he was appointed as Indian Prime Minister's [[Diplomatic rank|special envoy]] on "Countering Terrorism and Extremism" with a charter to liaise with governments of West Asian countries, and [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Haidar, Suhasini|title=Ex-IB chief is Prime Minister's special envoy on counter-terror|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/exib-chief-is-prime-ministers-special-envoy-on-counterterror/article7279494.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 June 2015|accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Syed Akbaruddin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[N. Sandhu]]|title = [[Director of Intelligence Bureau (India)|Director of the Intelligence Bureau]] | years = (1 January 2013–31 December 2014 | after = [[Dineshwar Sharma]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibrahim, Syed Asif}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Directors of Intelligence Bureau (India)]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Diplomats for India]]

{{India-diplomat-stub}}

Zambar (restaurant)

2026-04-10T10:20:02Z

Iringlz: Stub - done

{{Short description|Restaurant in Gurgaon, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
'''''Zambar''''' is a restaurant in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], northern [[India]], which serves [[South Indian cuisine]]. ''Zambar'' is situated on the third floor of Ambience Mall in Gurgaon, in a restaurant which is shaped like a long boathouse.

== Cuisine ==
''Zambar'' restaurant serves [[South Indian cuisine]], specifically the cuisines of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambar |url=http://www.zomato.com/ncr/restaurants/gurgaon/ambience-mall/zambar-3431 |access-date=13 May 2012 |website=Zomato.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambar restaurant in Gurgaon |url=http://www.gurgaonsite.com/zambar-restaurant-in-gurgaon.html |access-date=13 May 2012 |website=Gurgaonsite.com}}</ref> particularly coastal dishes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2014 |title=Hyderabad on a platter at Zambar restaurant |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/bt-more/whats-in/hyderabad-on-a-platter-at-zambar-restaurant/story/204058.html |access-date=2 July 2020 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> The restaurant serves Chettinad, Kuttanad, Malabar, Coorgi, Mangalorean and Madras curries and vegetables.<ref name="NIE 14">{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Tanu |date=25 January 2014 |title=There's More to Feast than Zambar and Rice |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/There%E2%80%99s-More-to-Feast-than-Zambar-and-Rice/2014/01/25/article2017414.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126012846/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/There%E2%80%99s-More-to-Feast-than-Zambar-and-Rice/2014/01/25/article2017414.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2014 |access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> The restaurant is designed like a long boathouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/eating-out/the-best-restaurants-in-gurgaon/Zambar/ps32349018.cms |access-date=2 July 2020 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Marathwada cuisine is also served, ranging from "Bharli Wangi (peanut stuffed aubergines) to the Patal Bhaji (spinach and chana dal curry) to the Sabudana Wada and Shrikhand Poori".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=Zambar introduces diners to the complex, rich flavours of Marathwada cuisine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/zambar-marathwada-cuisine-missal-pao-5625243/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> On Christmas Eve a special menu is served at the restaurant, with dishes such as Sutta Kozhi Biryani, which charcoal chicken biryani served with steamed coconut vegetables and gravy and Idicha Mutton Vadai, which is mutton cutlet with ghee rice and vegetables.
<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2019 |title=This Christmas, there's a ''Clause'' for celebration!(Lead) |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/this-christmas-theres-a-clause-for-celebrationlead/1692429 |access-date=2 July 2020 |work=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>

== Onam Festival ==
The restaurant participates in [[Onam]], a major Kerala festival, usually held in September. To celebrate the 2019 festival in September 2019, the Head Chef Vetrimurugan Natesan cooked a feast composed of 26 elements, including pickles, chutneys, chips and finishing with desserts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onam 2019: Zambar In Gurugram Is Hosting The Ultimate Traditional Onam Sadya Feast |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/onam-2019-zambar-in-gurugram-is-hosting-the-ultimate-traditional-onam-sadya-feast-2098696 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=food.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''GQ India'' cites ''Zambar'' among the best [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] restaurants in the Delhi area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here’s where to go for the best dosas in Delhi |url=https://www.gqindia.com/live-well/content/looking-for-the-best-dosa-in-the-capital-city-check-out-this-list-of-restaurants-in-delhi-that-serve-the-best-dosas |access-date=2 July 2020 |work=[[GQ India]]}}</ref> ''Delhi Food Tours'' noted the "typically south Indian spices which can be traced to the [[open kitchen]] within seconds. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambar |url=http://delhifoodtours.com/reviews/zambar/ |access-date=13 May 2012 |website=Delhi Food Tours |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510110720/http://delhifoodtours.com/reviews/zambar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' said "Zambar showcases the food of the four southern states, with a preponderance of dishes from Tamil Nadu. The entire staff – kitchen and service – appears to be from the south, so authenticity is spot on. And intriguingly enough, they have three sections of the menu: vegetarian, non-vegetarian and coastal... The Vegetable Avial was the finest version I've eaten in a long time."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2010 |title=Straight from the South |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Straight-from-the-south/articleshow/5921284.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707015828/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-02/food-reviews/28287316_1_dish-south-indian-ponni-rice |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite news |last=Bhanot |first=Saurav |date=16 March 2014 |title=Hyderabad on a platter at Zambar restaurant |work=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/hyderabad-on-a-platter-at-zambar-restaurant/1/204058.html |access-date=2 March 2015}}
*{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Sourish |date=13 March 2014 |title=Proud to be Indian but refusing to be stodgy, says Sourish Bhattacharyya |newspaper=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/sourish-bhattacharya/story/delhi-indian-restaurants-ncrs-indian-restaurants-hauz-khas-village-zambar-macaroon-vs-macron-belvedere-polish-vodka-184708-2014-03-13 |access-date=2 March 2015}}
*{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |date=16 November 2013 |title=Are Delhi restaurants successful only because of their chefs? |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/are-delhi-restaurants-successful-only-because-of-their-chefs/article1-1151602.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120081506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/are-delhi-restaurants-successful-only-because-of-their-chefs/article1-1151602.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2013 |access-date=2 March 2015}}
{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Restaurants in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gurgaon]]

Roha taluka

2026-04-06T10:23:36Z

Iringlz: made a pg

{{Short description|Taluka in Raigad district, Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}'''Roha taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Raigad district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या.|date=2014-11-27|work=Prahar|access-date=2015-08-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|archive-date=22 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815">{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|title=Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district |publisher=Raigad District Collectorate |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>

==Raigad district==
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]], [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]], [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]], [[Mangaon taluka|Mangaon]], [[Mhasala taluka|Mhasala]], [[Murud taluka|Murud]], [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]], [[Pen taluka|Pen]], [[Poladpur taluka|Poladpur]], Roha, [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]], [[Sudhagad - Pali taluka|Sudhagad Pali]], [[Tala taluka|Tala]] and [[Uran taluka|Uran]].<ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815" />

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Roha taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.49}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|6.99}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|3.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.75}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.58}}
}}

Roha taluka has a population of 167,110 according to the 2011 census. Roha had a literacy rate of 81.52% and a sex ratio of 951 females per 1000 males. 17,763 (10.63%) are under 7 years of age. 47,335 (28.33%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.08% and 13.12% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Raigad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Roha taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 85.23 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 5.41 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 4.55 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 4.89 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 85.23% of the population in the taluka spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 5.41% [[Urdu]] and 4.55% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Raigad district]]

{{Raigad-geo-stub}}

Dharmpal Gurjar

2026-04-04T20:25:16Z

Iringlz: put up stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|Indian historian|Dharampal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dharmpal Gurjar
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Khetri Assembly constituency|Khetri]]
| country =
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1946)|Jitendra Singh]]
| successor =
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Dharmpal Gurjar''' is an Indian politician. He is serving as member of [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Khetri Assembly constituency|Khetri constituency]] since 2023. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Chunav Result Winner List: खेतड़ी में बीजेपी के धर्मपाल गुर्जर 8846 वोटों से जीते |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/assembly-elections/khetri-chunav-result-2023-check-ramgarh-vidhan-sabha-election-result-congress-vs-bjp-winners-and-losers-list/1989407 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan/dharmpal-assembly-candidate-s20aed2008a031e2023c001/|title=Khetri Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights|publisher=news18.com|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> he was elected as an MLA from the [[Khetri Assembly constituency]], defeating Manoj Ghumaria, the candidate from the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), by a margin of 70,597 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/khetri-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470640-2023-12-03|title=Khetri Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Dharmpal wins Khetri with 70597 votes|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=indiatoday.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Dharmpal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Panoor

2026-04-01T20:55:26Z

Iringlz: made details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panoor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Panoor Municipality
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.7518700|N|75.595860|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thalassery]]
| established_title = Municipality Established
| established_date = 2015
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = V.Nasar master
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 28.53
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 27
| population_total = 55216
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670692
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91490
| registration_plate = KL58
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Vadakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vadakara]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Panoor''' is a [[municipality]] in the district of [[Kannur district|Kannur]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|title=New Municipalities of Kerala : Election Results|publisher=Trend Kerala – Democracy|access-date=2016-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312151855/http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The town is the main marketplace for the farmer communities in the surrounding regions. Panoor was granted municipal status in 2015 when the [[Government of Kerala]] merged the Panoor, [[Peringalam]] and [[Kariyad]] Grama Panchayats to form the Panoor Municipality.

==History==
The [[Kolathunadu]] emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., [[Kadathanadu]] ([[Vadakara]]), [[Dharmadom|Randathara]] or Poyanad ([[Dharmadom]]), [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam]] ([[Thalassery]]), [[Nileshwaram]], Iruvazhinadu (Panoor), [[Kurumbranad]] etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> The [[Nileshwaram]] dynasty on the northernmost part of [[Kolathiri]] dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]], in the early medieval period.<ref name="Neeleswaram fete">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/neeleswaram-fete-to-showcase-its-heritage/article2645520.ece | title=Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage | author=The Hindu staff reporter | website=The Hindu | date=21 November 2011 | access-date=24 November 2016 }}</ref> Panoor was under Iruvazhinadu.

== Location ==
Panoor is about 11 km from [[Thalassery]], 33 km from [[Kannur]], 174 km from [[Mangalore]], 11 km from [[New Mahe]] 9 km from [[Peringathur]], and about 10 km from [[Kuthuparamba]].
[[File:Wiki panoor12.JPG|thumbnail|Science and Literature meet at Panoor]]

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Panoor has a population of 17,438. Males constitute 46% of the population and females 54%. Panoor has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 81%. In Panoor, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Civic Administration==
The town is administered by the Panoor Municipality, headed by a chairman. For administrative purposes, the town is divided into 41 wards, from which the members of the municipal council are elected for five years. The municipality is currently administered by [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] with Naushath Kudathil as the municipal chairperson.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ldf-retains-power-in-iritty-municipality/article33440962.ece
| title = LDF retains power in Iritty Municipality
| date = 29 December 2020
| work = [[The Hindu]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://panoor.openmalayalam.com/2025/12/naushath-kudathil-selected-as-panoor-municipal-chairperson.html?m=1 |title=naushath-kudathil-selected-as-panoor-municipal-chairperson}}</ref>

===[[2025 Kerala local elections|Panoor Municipality]] Election 2025===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://trend.sec.kerala.gov.in/ |title=Panoor Municipality election results 2025}}</ref> !! Party name !! Party symbol !! Number of Councillors
|-
| 01 || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] || 23
|-
| 02 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] ||[[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] || 14
|-
| 03 || [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] ||[[File:National Democratic Alliance.svg|50px]] || 03
|-
| 04|| Others || || 01
|}

==Politics==
The major political parties in Panoor area are [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]], [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. Panoor municipality is politically a part of [[Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency]] which is a part of [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency]]. Prior to 2008, Panoor was a part of [[Peringalam Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Niyamasabha constituencies of Kannur |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

===Political violence===
This area is an epicenter of political violence between RSS and Communists. Members-led [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) and the Members-led [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) have been fighting in this area for supremacy for the last 50 years. Clashes in 2008 left seven people killed and many have been injured. The [[High Court of Kerala]] called this manslaughter a "compelling sport" and suggested permanent deployment of Central forces in the affected areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/12/stories/2008031250410100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315053323/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/12/stories/2008031250410100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2008 |title=Only Centre can end Kannur violence: High Court | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 March 2008}}</ref>

==Law and Order==
Panoor police station, set up in 1889, covers panchayats like [[Mokeri]], [[Panniyannur]], parts of [[Kunnothuparamba]] panchayat and Panoor municipality. It's part of Panoor circle, established on 06-06-1994 in Kuthuparamba subdivision under Kannur city police.<ref>{{ cite web |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/panoor-ps/about |title=About - Panoor police station}}</ref>

Panoor has a Grama Nyayalaya or village court situated at [[Chokli]] for easy access to the judicial system in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kannur.dcourts.gov.in/contact-us/ |title=Courts in Thalassery district}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[State Highway 38 (Kerala)|State Highway 38]] passes through Panoor town connects the cities of [[Kannur]] (Chovva) and [[Kozhikode]] (Puthiyangadi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|title=Kerala State Highways|publisher=Kerala PWD Department|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201055331/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|archive-date=1 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The roads in Panoor are well laid out, although the condition of the roads is generally affected during the monsoon season. The nearest entry point to the [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] is [[Kunhippalli]] which is 11 km from Panoor. The nearest airport [[Kannur International Airport]] is about 20 km away. The nearest railway station is at [[Thalassery railway station|Thalassery]] about 11 km from Panoor.

== Educational Institutes==
* MECF College of Teacher Education, Peringathur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://highereducation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/academic/institutions/self-financing?showall=&start=3 |title=Higher Education Institutes in Kannur University |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821091528/http://highereducation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/academic/institutions/self-financing?showall=&start=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Arts and Science College, Chendayad]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vidyatime.com/degree-colleges/4/kerala/kannur/ |title=List of degree colleges in Kannur-Kerala |website=vidyatime.com}}</ref>
* PR MEMORIAL HSS, Panoor<ref><nowiki>{{cite web url=</nowiki>https://schools.org.in/kannur/32020600329/prm-hss-panoor.html}<nowiki/>}[https://schools.org.in/kannur/32020600329/prm-hss-panoor.html]</ref>
* KKV MEMORIAL HSS, Panoor
* NAM MEMORIAL HSS, Peringathur
* [[Rajeev Gandhi Memorial HSS]]
* Zahra Public School
* Kannamvelli L.P School<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=13|title=Schoolist|website=www.dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Famous people==
* [[P. R. Kurup|Puthanpurayil Ramunni Kurup]] - commonly known as P. R. Kurup was an Indian socialist leader and former minister of Kerala state.
* [[K. Panoor]] - Indian civil rights activist and writer
* [[V.P. Sathyan]] - Indian professional footballer

==See also==
* [[Peringathur]]
* [[Kariyad]]
* [[Mokeri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]

Humble Politiciann Nograj (TV series)

2026-03-25T08:07:36Z

Iringlz: adding the pg basic info

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Humble Politiciann Series.jpg
| caption = Official Release Poster
| creator = [[Danish Sait]]
| starring = [[Danish Sait]]
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| genre = [[comedy film|Comedy]] [[Political drama]]
| story =
| director = [[Saad Khan]]
| writer = {{ubl|Saad Khan|Danish Sait}}
| screenplay = Saad Khan
| num_seasons = 1 
| num_episodes = 10 
| list_episodes =
| music = Nakul Abhyankar [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Sameer Nair]]|Maaz Khan|Danish Sait|Saad Khan}}
| executive_producer = Ranjib Mazumder Prasoon Garg
| runtime = 30 minutes
| company = [[Applause Entertainment]] Danish Sait & Firstaction Studios
| network = [[Voot|Voot Select]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired ={{End date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]''
}}
| cinematography = Arkodeb Mukherjee
| composer = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| location = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]]
| editor = Bharath MC
}}

'''''Humble Politician Nograj''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[political satire]] comedy series created and produced by [[Danish Sait]] and [[Saad Khan]] that premiered on [[Voot]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/humble-politician-nograj-danish-sait-on-making-a-web-series-based-on-popular-kannada-film-exclusive-4622492.html|title=Humble Politician Nograj: Danish Sait on Making a Web Series Based on Popular Kannada Film|date=4 January 2022
|work=News18 |author=Sowmya|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> It is a sequel to the 2018 film ''[[Humble Politiciann Nograj]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/oct/14/humble-politician-nograj-sequel-to-be-a-10-episode-web-series-2047092.html|title='Humble Politician Nograj' sequel to be a 10-episode web series|date=14 October 2019|work=New Indian Express|first=A.|last= Sharadhaa}}</ref> Danish Sait reprises the role of Nograj, a narcissistic politician who aspires to become [[Chief minister]] and make money through [[corruption]]. The series is a joint venture of [[Applause Entertainment]], Danish Sait and Firstaction Studios. The first season was inspired by true events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/humble-politiciann-nograj/season-1/seasonreview/88539513.cms|title=Humble Politiciann Nograj Season 1 Review: Nograj 'resorts' to power play, Karnataka style|date=5 January 2022|work=The Times of India|author =Sunayana Suresh|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jan/08/humble-politician-nograj-review-nograj-is-back-and-chutzpah-is-intact-2404292.html|title=Humble Politician Nograj' Review: Nograj is back and chutzpah is intact|author= A Sharadhaa|date=8 January 2022 |work=New Indian Express|access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
After [[Humble Politician Nograj|becoming an MLA]], Nograj made a lot of money through corruption and became the state president of One Big Party (OBP) and his goal is to become the Chief Minister of Karnataka. In the General Assembly Election, no party got majority seats to form government. One Big Party has won 36 seats. Krishna Gundu Bala (KGB) State president of Most Secular Party (MSP) is three seats short of getting the majority. Nograj decides to form a [[coalition government]] by joining hands with Family Run Party, which is headed by a clueless son and his firangi mom. Horse-trading of MLAs happen, so does resort politics. Who will become the Chief Minister of Karnataka when some mafia enters in play?<ref name="ITR1">{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/humble-politiciann-nograj-review-danish-sait-web-series-is-too-long-to-be-entertaining-1896580-2022-01-06|title=Humble Politiciann Nograj Review: Danish Sait's web series is too long to be entertaining |website=India Today|date=6 January 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

==Cast ==
* [[Danish Sait]] as Humble Politiciann Nograj,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/may/03/nograj-humbled-by-love-1600312.html|title=Nograj humbled by love|website=newindianexpress.com|date=3 May 2017 |access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref> state president of One Big Party("OBP") who aspires to become [[Chief minister|CM]]
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Krishna Gundu "KGB" Bala, state president of Most Secular Party("MSP")
* [[Vijay Chendoor]] as Monjunath, Nograj's personal assistant<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/monjunath-is-caught-between-the-devil-and-the-deep-sea-vijay-chendoor/articleshow/62082426.cms|title=Monjunath is caught between the devil and the deep sea: Vijay Chendoor|work=The Times of India|date=16 December 2017|first=Mohammed|last=Waseem}}</ref>
* [[Disha Madan]] as Simi Naveen, Paid News TV reports and anchor
* [[Sal Yusuf]] as Dimitri, Russian mafia
* Shalini Narayan as Gowri, KGB wife
* Raghu Ramankoppa as Gurudas Bhat, the secretary of OBP<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/meet-the-ensemble-cast-that-completes-humble-politician-nograj/articleshow/62365600.cms|title=Meet the ensemble cast that completes Humble Politician Nograj|date=5 January 2018|work=The Times of India|first=Prathibha|last=Joy}}</ref>
* Shiv Manju as Nanjundaiah, MLA of OBP and friend of Nograj<ref name="B"/>
* Mohammed Ashraf as Azam Khan, a Muslim MLA from OBP and Nograj's friend<ref name="B"/>
* Varun Thakur as Karan Kapoor, National president of Family Run Party("FRP")
* [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]] as Mrs. Dalal, National secretary of MSP
* Anantha Velu as Governor Govardhan
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as PM Sahab
* Shivakumar Aradhya as Pushpesh, state President of FRP
* Sathish Chandra as MLA Shashidhar
* Mahantesh Hiremath as MLA Manjay
* Andrea Ravera as Vladimir, brother of Dimitri
* Srivatsa as Ram Rehman, KGB son

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Namaskara Dear Friends
|DirectedBy = [[Saad Khan]]
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, [[Danish Sait]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = The Resort Politics
|DirectedBy = Saad Khan
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, Danish Sait
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Big Saar House
|DirectedBy = Saad Khan
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, Danish Sait
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Horse Trading
|DirectedBy = Saad Khan
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, Danish Sait
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Nograj vs KGB
|DirectedBy = Saad Khan
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, Danish Sait
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Authority without Majority
|DirectedBy = Saad Khan
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, Danish Sait
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Hello from the left side
|DirectedBy = Saad Khan
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, Danish Sait
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Eyes Spies
|DirectedBy = Saad Khan
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, Danish Sait
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Operation MSD
|DirectedBy = Saad Khan
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, Danish Sait
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = From Russia With Love
|DirectedBy = Saad Khan
|WrittenBy = Saad Khan, Danish Sait
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #053ba1
}}
}}

==Productions==
Initially Nogaraj was a character created by [[Danish Sait]] for his radio program and it gain popularity among the city folks. He decided to make a full-length feature film with his friend [[Saad Khan]]. After the success of the film [[Humble Politiciann Nograj]], [[Danish Sait]] gained interest in making a web-series with the same name. [[Sameer Nair]] of [[Applause Entertainment]] financed this venture.<ref name="teaser">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/danish-sait-announces-humble-politiciann-nograj-web-series-on-voot-select-shares-teaser-1889303-2021-12-18|title=Danish Sait announces Humble Politiciann Nograj web series on Voot Select, shares teaser|website=India Today|date=18 December 2021 |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref>

Saad Khan wanted a spin-off film and web series based on Nograj film character. Script writing started in July 2019 with Danish and team, after progressing the script decided to make web series due to length of the story and writing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/amphtml/kannada/news/2019/director-saad-khan-opens-up-about-the-upcoming-humble-politician-nograj-series-292995.html|title=Director Saad Khan Opens Up About The Upcoming Humble Politician Nograj Series|website=filmibest|date= 18 December 2019|access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>

Shooting began 10 January 2020 onwards and Saad Khan directed the all 10 episodes. Most of the shooting was done in the outskirts of Mysuru. Shooting stopped for some time due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youzstory.com/weekender/humble-politician-nograj-amazon-prime-saad-khan/amp|title=How Saad Khan's Humble Politician Nograj became a hit and will launch as a web series|website=Your Story|date=11 January 2020|access-date=23 March 2022}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Music==
===Track list===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Opening Credits
| extra1 = Danish Sait
| music1 = Nakul Abhyankar
| length1 = 1:00
| lyrics1 =
| title2 = Scam Raja
| extra2 = Anurag Kulkarni, Aditya Parashar, Yamini, Ambika
| music2 = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| length2 = 3:14
| lyrics2 =[[Danish Sait]], Aditya Parashar
| title3 =
| extra3 =
| music3 =
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
|}}

==Release==
The teaser of the series was released on 17 December 2021. The ten episode first season premiered on 6 January 2022 on [[Voot]].

==Reception==
Critics praised the satirical slapstick comedy, dialogue, characterisation and acting but criticized the length of the episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/humble-politiciann-nograj-review-danish-sait-web-series-is-too-long-to-be-entertaining-1896580-2022-01-06|title=Humble Politiciann Nograj Review: Danish Sait's web series is too long to be entertaining|website=India Today|date=6 January 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>

India Today wrote "Saad Khan and Danish Sait, who penned the story, made fun of every topic. From homophobia to body shaming to racism, you'll find a joke on everything. The series does not shy away from showing how the politicians exploit the system and the audience. More importantly, it cleverly takes a jibe at current politicians without using their names. No points for guessing who’s who".<ref name="ITR1"/>

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !!Ref
|-
|Indian Telly Streaming Awards 2022
|Best Actor in Regional Series
|[[Danish Sait]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/specials/event-coverage/occasions/winners-of-indian-telly-streaming-awards-2022-announced-221001|title=Winners of Indian Telly Streaming Awards 2022 announced|website=Indian Television. com|access-date= 4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|SCREENXX Awards 2022
|Best Actor in Comic Role in Regional Series
|Danish Sait
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.adgully.com/screenxx-awards-2022-ottplay-ajay-devgn-raghubir-yadav-neena-gupta-steal-the-show-125226.html|title=SCREENXX Awards 2022: OTTPlay, Ajay Devgn, Raghubir Yadav, Neena Gupta steal the show|website=Adgully.com|access-date= 4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Digital Reinvent's Awards 2022
|Best Digital Brand Campaign of the Year
|Humble Politician Nograj
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mediabrief.com/digital-reinvent-awards-ott-digital-marketing-innovation-2022/ |title=Winners of Digital Reinvent's awards for OTT & Digital Marketing Innovations 2022 announced; Netflix bags 11 metals, Zee Group secures 14|date=11 November 2022 |access-date= 4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Comedy Series
|Applause Entertainment Danish Sait & Firstaction Studios
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/vote#70|title=Nominations for Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 vote|access-date= 4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in Comedy Series
|Danish Sait
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt16744046}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Krishna Arjun (TV series)

2026-03-24T06:37:55Z

Iringlz: adding some data first draft - done

{{About-distinguish-text|the TV series|the 1997 movie [[Krishna Arjun]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Police Procedural]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| network = [[STAR Plus]]
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]
| image = Krishnaarjun.jpeg
| num_episodes =
| alt_name = Krishna Sharma C.A.
| num_seasons =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2002|3|18}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Television war enters new phase|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/4099_television-war-enters-new-phase|access-date=|website=Afaqs}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{end date|2004}}
| company = [[Cinevistaas Limited]] [[Contiloe Entertainment]]
| director = Vijay Krishna Acharya
}}

'''''Krishna Arjun''''' is a detective show produced by [[Cinevistaas Limited]] and [[Contiloe Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=All K-letter words for StarPlus - The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/all-k-letter-words-for-starplus/articleshow/4798224.cms|access-date=|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> The show aired on [[StarPlus]] and starred [[Shraddha Nigam]] and [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shraddha-Nigam-Mayank-Anand-in-love/articleshow/9883846.cms?|title = Shraddha Nigam, Mayank Anand in love - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=7 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/49313510.cms|title=Happy Birthday Hussain Kuwajerwala|date=11 October 2015|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

A pair of young detectives based in Mumbai take on cases that range from murder mysteries, kidnappings, thefts, and missing cases to fraud.

==Plot==
Krishna and Arjun, a pair of detectives based in Mumbai take on cases that range from murder mysteries, kidnappings, thefts, and missing cases to fraud. In their early twenties, this trendy duo has had many successful cases solved to their credit. Though they are based in Mumbai, their reputation has taken them to different parts of the country and even abroad. This dynamic duo, complements each other in solving unsolvable crimes.

Krishna is a modern young girl based in Mumbai. She is a busybee. She always has an unfulfilled 'To-Do' list and never has the time or the inclination to look at any guy. She always looks forward to challenges and has an analytical bent of mind. Charged with the desire to put a wrong right, she is a young dynamic girl with a vision. Krishna is the brain behind the outfit. She collects little pieces of the puzzle in her photographic memory and deduces the answer of the entire puzzle in the end. She is not vain about her looks and though does not spend hours in front of the mirror, it is hard to ignore Krishna with her vivacious and bubbly looks coupled with a razor sharp brain. Arjun Complementing Krishna's sharp analytical skills is Arjun with practical skills that can get them out of any sticky situation. Ironically though, one word that would describe his disposition, is lazy. He is not interested in doing any work at all, his dream is to laze on the beach for hours together, gawking at gorgeous girls. He is a harmless flirt, who actually steps back if any girl reciprocates to his harmless advances. Unknown to him, the only girl he is most comfortable with is Krishna. He loves to play practical jokes on everybody around him especially Krishna. Arjun is fashion conscious experimenting with new clothes and accessories.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Shraddha Nigam]] as Krishna
* [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] as Arjun

===Recurring===
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Krishna's father<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 May 2010|title=Theatre is my life|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/lsquoTheatre-is-my-lifersquo/article16298753.ece|access-date=|website=The Hindu|last1=Mishra|first1=Neehar}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Baswani]]
* [[Neelu Kohli]]
* Sandeep Mehta
* [[Ronit Roy]]
* [[Shweta Kawatra]]

==Production==
Initially it was titled as ''Krishna Sharma C.A.'', and premiered on StarPlus on 18 March 2002 which followed is the story of Krishna Sharma played by [[Shraddha Nigam]] who is a cartoon artist which started as a comedy and then changed as kids series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 March 2002|title=Star Plus Lightens the Mood as Soap Opera Fatigue Sets In|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/mar/mar35.htm|access-date=|website=Indian Television dot com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=From the girl-next-door to a crusader|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020324/spectrum/tv.htm|access-date=|website=The Tribune|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811153058/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020324/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, when it did not get good response, the series undergone many changes including the script as a detective drama with the series being retitled ''Krishna Arjun'' with Nigam reprising her role with a new addition of [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] as Arjun during July 2002, which was based on American drama [[Remington Steele]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Krishna meets Arjun|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020707/spectrum/tv.htm|access-date=|website=The Tribune|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404170342/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020707/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 October 2003|title=I don't believe half-baked shows are accepted by viewers ": Aditya Singh Kantilo Films|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/producer/aditya_singh.htm|access-date=|website=Indian Television dot com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 January 2006|title=Look who sets foot on Pak boulevard|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/look-who-sets-foot-on-pak-boulevard/story-iwZ4eovC8eT9kb6IKvL3FK.html|access-date=|website=Hindustan Times}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Reception==
[[The Tribune]] quoted the series as fast-paced and stylised.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Viewer amnesia|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020929/spectrum/tv.htm|access-date=|website=The Tribune}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7964022}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]

Satish Dhawan

2026-03-22T17:36:50Z

Iringlz: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian mathematician and engineer (1920–2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satish Dhawan
| image = S Dhawan official Portrait ISRO.webp
| image_size =
| caption = Official Portrait
| title = 3rd [[Chairperson of ISRO|Chairman of ISRO]]
| predecessor = [[M. G. K. Menon]]
| successor = [[Udupi Ramachandra Rao]]
| term_start = 1972
| term_end = 1984
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|9|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British India]] {{small|(Present-day [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|01|03|1920|9|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Punjab]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])
* [[Punjab Engineering College]] ([[B.E.|BE]])
* [[University of Minnesota]] ([[M.S.|MS]])
* [[California Institute of Technology]] ([[PhD]]) }}
| known_for = [[Indian space programme]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]](1971)
[[Padma Vibhushan]](1981)
| module =
{{Infobox scientist
| embed = yes
| field = [[Mechanical Engineering|Mechanical]] and [[aerospace Engineering]]
| work_institution = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] [[Indian Institute of Science]] [[California Institute of Technology]] [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]
| thesis_title = Direct Measurements of Skin Friction
| thesis_year = 1951
| doctoral_advisor = [[Hans W. Liepmann]]
| doctoral_students =
| signature = [[File:Satish Dhawan Signature.png|200px]]
}}
}}

'''Satish Dhawan''' (25 September 1920 – 3 January 2002) was an Indian [[mathematician]] and [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]]. He served as the chairman of [[ISRO]] from 1972 to 1984 and is often regarded as the father of experimental [[fluid dynamics]] research in India.

Born in [[Srinagar]], Dhawan was educated in India and further on in United States. Dhawan was one of the most eminent researchers in the field of [[turbulence]] and [[boundary layers]], leading the successful and indigenous development of the Indian space programme.The [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|second launch pad]] of ISRO, [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] is named after him. He is greatly regarded as the man behind [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

== Early life ==
Dhawan was born on 25 September 1920 in [[Srinagar]] in the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (present-day [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]). His father, Devi Dayal Dhawan, had migrated from [[Dera Ismail Khan]] to Srinagar.<ref>{{cite web |title=My Father, Satish Dhawan |url=https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2017/08/father-satish-dhawan/ |website=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref>

Satish Dhawan grew up in Srinagar and Lahore. His father, [[Rao Bahadur|Rai Bahadur]] Devi Dayal, was an MSc and LLB who joined the Punjab Civil Service and later became a sessions and district judge.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rajesh Kochhar |last2=Arun Grover |date=4 November 2020 |title=How Punjab did its bit for space programme |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/how-punjab-did-its-bit-for-space-programme-165696 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ytuAAAAMAAJ&q=Satish+Dhawan |title=The Khatris, a Socio-cultural Study |date=1988 |publisher=M.N. Publishers and Distributors |pages=129 |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Dhawan was a graduate of what is now called [[Punjab Engineering College]] in the city of Chandigarh in India, the [[Mughalpura Technical College]] in [[Lahore, Pakistan]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]], where he completed a [[Bachelor of Science]] in physics and mathematics, a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and a [[Master of Arts]] in English literature. In 1947, he completed a [[Master of Science]] degree in [[aerospace engineering]] from the [[University of Minnesota, Minneapolis]], and an aeronautical engineering degree from the [[California Institute of Technology]] followed by a double PhD in mathematics and aerospace engineering under the supervision of his advisor [[Hans W. Liepmann]] in 1951.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

== Leadership in space research ==
{{main|Indian Space Research Organisation}}
In 1972, Dhawan became chairman of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretary to the]] [[Government of India]] at the [[Department of Space]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2019 |title=Satish Dhawan: Pioneer of India’s space journey |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/satish-dhawan-pioneer-of-india-s-space-journey/story-0aW9z1b4TzYmW3wLL09XtL.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=4 January 2002 |title=Satish Dhawan, Former Indian Space Research Organisation Chairman, has died |url=https://spacenews.com/satish-dhawan-former-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-has-died/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=SpaceNews}}</ref>

[[APJ Abdul Kalam]] explained that in 1979 when he was the director of a [[Satellite Launch Vehicle]], the mission failed to launch the satellite in the orbit. Instead, it was put into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Abdul Kalam's team knew that there was a leakage in the fuel of the system, but they hoped that the leakage was negligible, and thus they thought there was enough fuel in the system. This miscalculation led to the mission's failure. Satish Dhawan, being the chairman at the time, called Abdul Kalam and conveyed to the press; "We failed! But I have very strong trust in my team and I believe that next time we will definitely succeed". This surprised Abdul Kalam, as the blame of the failure was taken by the chairman of ISRO. The next mission was prepared and launched successfully in 1980. When this succeeded, Satish Dhawan told Abdul Kalam to attend the press meet without his presence. It was observed that when the team failed, he took the blame. But when the team succeeded, he attributed the success to his team, thus portraying the picture of an ideal leader.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Satish Dhawan was chairman of ISRO until 1984.<ref name=":0" />

== Director, IISc (1962–1981) ==
In 1951, Dhawan joined as faculty at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Bangalore]] and became its director in 1962. Although he was the head of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian space programme]], he devoted substantial efforts towards boundary layer research. His most important contributions are presented in the seminal book ''Boundary Layer Theory'' by [[Hermann Schlichting]]. He set up the country's first [[supersonic wind tunnel]] at IISc. He also pioneered research on relaminarization of separated boundary layer flows, three-dimensional boundary layers and [[trisonic]] flows.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satish Dhawan : Legends of GALCIT |url=http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/about/dhawan |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref>

== Support of space research ==
Dhawan carried out pioneering experiments in rural education, [[remote sensing]] and [[satellite]] communications. His work resulted in operational systems including [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]], a telecommunications satellite; [[Indian Remote Sensing satellite|IRS]], an Indian Remote Sensing satellite; and the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV), which established India as a space-faring country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2017 |title=Remembering Satish Dhawan, the man responsible for revolutionising India's space program |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/satish-dhawan-1051808-2017-09-25 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== Honours ==
Dhawan died on 3 January 2002 in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Satish Dhawan passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/01/05/stories/2002010501711300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160611031656/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/01/05/stories/2002010501711300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-01-05|access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref> In honor of his contributions, the satellite launch center in [[Sriharikota|Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh]], was renamed the Satish Dhawan Space Centre following his death. [[Satish Chander Dhawan Government College For Boys]] in [[Ludhiana]] is named after him.The Department of Mechanical Engineering Building at the [[IIT Ropar|Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar]] is also named in his honor as the Satish Dhawan Block. In 2019, the [[Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute]] in Kanpur named its computer center the Prof. Satish Dhawan Computer Centre.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Career ==
*[[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]]
:*Senior scientific officer, 1951
:*Professor and head of the Department of [[Aeronautical Engineering]], 1955
:*Director, 1962–1981<ref>{{cite web|title=About IISc Heritage|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/about-iisc/heritage.php|publisher=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815174415/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/about-iisc/heritage.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[California Institute of Technology]], US
:*Visiting Professor, 1971–72
*[[National Aerospace Laboratories]], [[Bangalore]]
:*Chairman, Research council, 1984–93
*[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]
:*President, 1977–1979
*[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
:*Chairman, 1972–1984
*Indian Space Commission
:*Chairman, 1972–2002

== Awards ==
*[[Padma Vibhushan]] (India's second highest civilian honour), 1981<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | archive-date=15 October 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Padma Bhushan]] (India's third highest civilian honour), 1971<ref name="Padma Awards" />
*Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration, 1999
*Distinguished Alumnus Award, [[Indian Institute of Science]]
*Distinguished Alumnus Award, California Institute of Technology, 1969

== Personal life ==
He was married to Nalini Dhawan, a cytogeneticist, and his daughter [[Jyotsna Dhawan]] is serving as senior principal scientist in the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]].

== Works ==
* 1953: "Direct measurements of skin friction", Technical Report 1121, [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]], Washington DC.
* 1958; "Some properties of boundary layer flow during the transition from laminar to turbulent motion", [[Journal of Fluid Mechanics]] 3(4): 418 – 36 {{doi|10.1017/S0022112058000094}}
* 1967: "Aeronautical Research in India", (22nd British Commonwealth Lecture), Journal of the [[Royal Aeronautical Society]] 71: 149-184.
* 1982: "A glimpse of fluid mechanics research in Bangalore 25 years ago", in ''India: Surveys in fluid mechanics'', [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (Eds. R Narasimha, S M Deshpande) 1-15.
* 1988: ''Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology'', (Eds. R Narasimha, APJ Abdul Kalam) Indian Academy of Sciences.
* 1991: "Bird flight", ''Sadhana Proceedings in Engineering Sciences'', Indian Academy of Sciences.
* 2000: Special Section on Instabilities, transitions and turbulence, (Ed. R Narasimha) [[Current Science]] 79: 725-883.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* P.A. Davidson, Y. Kaneda, K. Moffatt, and [[K.R. Sreenivasan]] (eds, 2011). ''A Voyage Through Turbulence'', chapter 11, pp 373–92, [[Cambridge University Press]] {{ISBN|978-0-521-19868-4}}

== External links ==
* {{MathGenealogy|id=119247}}
* [https://www.ias.ac.in/Publications/e-Books/Bird_Flight Bird Flight by Satish Dhawan] (2nd edition, 2020)

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|title=[[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO Chairman]]|before=[[Mambillikalathil Govind Kumar Menon|M. G. K. Menon]]|after=[[Udipi Ramachandra Rao|U. R. Rao]]|years=1972–1984}}
{{end}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Indian space programme}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhawan, Satish}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Indian fluid dynamicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:Directors of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi

2026-03-15T22:27:49Z

Iringlz: cleanup references based on references per sources

{{Short description|2008 Hindi film by Kaushik Ghatak}}
{{for|the television series|Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi
| image = EkVivaahAisaBhi.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Kaushik Ghatak]]
| producer = Ajit Kumar Barjatya Kamal Kumar Barjatya Rajkumar Barjatya
| writer = [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]] [[Ashapurna Devi]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Isha Koppikar]] [[Sonu Sood]] [[Alok Nath]] [[Vallabh Vyas]]
| music = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cinematography = Harish Joshi
| editing = V. N. Mayekar
| distributor = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|11|07}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}35 million<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=214|title=Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703204546/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=214|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}23.55 million<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi''''' (English: ''A Marriage Like This, Too'') is a 2008 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Kaushik Ghatak]] and produced by [[Rajshri Productions]], based on a story by [[Ashapurna Devi]]. The film stars [[Isha Koppikar]] and [[Sonu Sood]]. It was released on 7 November 2008 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi-not-a-sequel-to-vivah/story-eSVdq2vV8FGIbO6UfpTChP.html|title='Ek Vivaah...Aisa Bhi not a sequel to Vivah'|accessdate=21 November 2008|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095358/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi-not-a-sequel-to-vivah/story-eSVdq2vV8FGIbO6UfpTChP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi'' is the story of Chandni, who belongs to a middle-class family living in [[Bhopal]], and Prem, who is an unconventional [[ghazal]] singer and hails from an upper-middle-class family. Chandni's mother died when she was 15 and she has two very young siblings. Chandni and Prem meet to practice for a Ghazal competition and fall in love. Families meet and agree on their marriage. On the day of their engagement, Chandni's father dies, leaving her younger brother and younger sister dependent on Chandni herself. Initially, Chandni decides to leave the house and her siblings under the care of her paternal uncle; however, when she realizes that her unscrupulous uncle and aunt want only the house and care two hoots about her siblings, she decides to bring them up herself. Prem promises to wait for her and assists her in her troubles, while at the same time having become a famous ghazal singer.

Chandni sacrifices her dream of becoming a singer and starts giving music lessons at home. She also sings at parties and weddings to earn a livelihood. Years pass by; her siblings have grown up now. Her brother graduates with flying colours and lands up with a good job. He insists Chandni to leave all the responsibilities on him. She insists that he marry his longtime girlfriend, Natasha. Since Natasha is from an affluent family, he believes that she won't understand their culture and lifestyle. But he marries her anyway.

Believing that now Anuj and Natasha will take care of the ancestral house, Chandni and Prem decide to get married. But Chandni's problems never seem to end. Chandni's brother's wife, Natasha, refused to keep up with traditions and demanded a separate life with her husband.

Prem's mother, who had grown old and wanted to see her son married, requested Chandni to marry him or leave him for good. Chandni, who has already sent her brother with his wife to lead a separate life, cannot leave her sister alone. She wants to send her sister abroad for further studies. She asks Prem to forget her and get married for his mother's sake.

Chandni's student, who is settled with his family abroad, agrees to help arrange Chandni's sister's studies. His mother then gets a thought of getting them married. Chandni agrees and plans to go on a pilgrimage after this. On the other hand, Anuj feels helpless being separated from his sisters. Natasha's father makes her realise her mistake and understand the importance of family.

In the end, Natasha and Anuj return home from their younger sister's marriage. Chandni is now free from her responsibilities. Prem returns with his mother to finally take Chandni to his home. Chandni and Prem's marriage is arranged, and they are shown singing in a show together, signifying that they lived happily ever after.

==Cast==
* [[Isha Koppikar]] as Chandni Shrivastava Ajmera
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Prem Ajmera
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as Anuj B. Shrivastava, Chandni's brother
** Amey Pandya as Young Anuj B. Shrivastava
* [[Amrita Prakash]] as Sandhya B. Shrivastava, Chandni's sister
** Ishita Panchal as Young Sandhya B. Shrivastava
* [[Alok Nath]] as Bhushan Shrivastava, Chandni's father
* [[Smita Jaykar]] Mrs Ajmera, Prem's mother
* [[Chhavi Mittal]] as Natasha A. Shrivastava, Anuj's wife
* Ritu Vashisht as Firdaus, Chandni's friend
* Daman Baggan as Happy Singh, Prem's friend
* [[Anand Abhyankar]] as Chandni's uncle
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya|Jaya bhattacharya]] as Chandni's aunt
* [[Vallabh Vyas]] as Dr. Prabhat
* [[Anang Desai]] as Natasha's father
* Prashant Gupta as Rajeev (Sandhya's husband)
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Whistler in bus
* [[Gargi patel]] as Gayatri ji (Rajeev's mother)

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cover = EkVivaahAisaBhiCDCover.jpg
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2008|11|07}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Rajshri Entertainment
| genre = Bollywood Music
| length =
| label = [[Big Music (record label)|Big Music]] & [[T-Series (company)|T Series]]
| producer = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| prev_title = ''[[Vivah]]''
| prev_year = 2006
| year = 2008
}}
[[Ravindra Jain]] was the music director and lyricist of this album.

{{Music ratings
| rev1 = BollywoodHungama
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080220062148/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/13752/index.html link]
| noprose = yes
}}

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Song !! Artist !! Duration (mm:ss)
|-
|"Mujhme Zinda Hai Woh" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 06:03
|-
|"Mujhme Zinda Hai Woh" (Part II) || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 01:16
|-
|"Dekhe Akele Humne Solah Mele" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 03:50
|-
|"Mandir Hai Ghar Ye Hamara" || [[Suresh Wadkar]] || 02:39
|-
|"Dono Nibhayein Apna Dharam" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Suresh Wadkar]] || 03:01
|-
|"Banna Banni" || Chorus || 03:00
|-
|"Kya Soch Ke Aaye The" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] || 03:37
|-
|"Lo Ji Hum Aa Gaye"|| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Pamela Jain, Farid Sabri, Satish Dehra || 05:14
|-
|"Jhirmir Jhirmir Meha Barse" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 06:27
|-
|"Jhirmir Jhirmir Meha Barse" (Part II) || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 03:10
|-
|"Sang Sang Rahenge Janam Janam" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Suresh Wadkar]] || 04:41
|-
|"Neend Mein Hai" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] || 03:35
|}

==Critical reception==
Manish Gajjar of ''[[BBC.com]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5, writing "Eesha Koppikhar gives a sincere and tear-jerking performance as the courageous Chandni, who rises above her own needs to look after her family in the hour of need. Sonu Sood acts well as the respectful son and lover, who patiently wait for 12 long years to be with Chandni. On the whole, ''Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi'' is a family entertainer appealing to audiences who like sentimental love stories and crave for traditional Hindi movies."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/11/14/bollywood_reviews_ek_vivaah_feature.shtml|title=Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5, writing "On the whole, EK VIVAAH... AISA BHI is akin to a delicious Indian [[thali]] in times of Pastas and Pizzas. You may opt for international cuisine at times, but Indian food, for an Indian at heart, would never go out of vogue. At the box-office, expectedly, the film may start slow, but it has the merits to climb the ladder with each passing show. The strategy of releasing the film at single screens and that too at limited centres makes wise business sense, since EK VIVAAH... AISA BHI is not the multiplex kind of movie. Business at single screens of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar should be the best."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi/critic-review/ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi-movie-review/|title=Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi Review 3.5/5 | Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi Movie Review | Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi 2008 Public Review | Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|date=7 November 2008|access-date=23 May 2023|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523044906/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi/critic-review/ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5, writing "I’m going with two out of five and at best an average rating for director Kaushik Ghatak’s ''Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi''. Watch it if you must for Isha Koppikar’s confident performance, she’s in very good form even though the film isn’t."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/uncategorized/masands-verdict-ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi-is-old-fashioned/|title=Masand's Verdict: Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi is old-fashioned « Rajeev Masand – movies that matter : from bollywood, hollywood and everywhere else|access-date=23 May 2023|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523044153/https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/uncategorized/masands-verdict-ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi-is-old-fashioned/|url-status=live}}</ref> Patcy N of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5, writing "The first half is kind of slow (must be all those songs) though the pace picks up in the second half. Music here is not as catchy as in the previous Rashree outings. Performance-wise, the entire cast has done a decent job. Not quite Vivah but romantics can still go for this one."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/07not-quite-vivah.htm|title=Review: Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://ekvivaahaisabhi.erosentertainment.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|1194608|Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vivaah Aisa Bhi}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Ashapurna Devi]]
[[Category:Films set in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Naina Singh

2026-03-14T05:27:21Z

Iringlz: biography

{{Short description|Indian model and actress (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Naina Singh
| image = Naina Singh graces the launch of Jhatka club.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1994|03|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 October 2020|title=Meet Bigg Boss 14 contestant Naina Singh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-contestant-naina-singh-photos-videos-6821428/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
| nationality =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Model (person)|Model]]|[[actress]]}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[MTV Splitsvilla|Splitsvilla 10]]''|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''}}
}}
'''Naina Singh''' (born 4 March 1994)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Kumkum Bhagya's Naina Singh celebrates her birthday; co-stars join the celebration|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kumkum-bhagyas-naina-singh-aka-rhea-celebrates-her-birthday-co-stars-join-the-celebration/articleshow/74476670.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian model and television actress known for winning ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|Splitsvilla 10]]'' and playing Rhea Mehra in ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''. In 2020, she participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''.

==Early life==
Singh is a state level table tennis champion.{{Cn|date=November 2021}} Since her school days, she has played all kinds of sports including [[cricket]], football, basketball and volleyball.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=From being a casting director to playing table tennis at state level, a look at some unknown facts about Kumkum Bhagya fame Naina Singh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-being-a-casting-director-to-playing-table-tennis-for-state-level-a-look-at-some-unknown-facts-about-kumkum-bhagya-fame-naina-singh/articleshow/76882838.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She was an assistant casting director before participating in ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|Splitsvilla 10]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bigg Boss 14 contestant: Know all about wild card entrant Naina Singh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-14-contestant-know-all-about-wild-card-entrant-naina-singh/articleshow/78873472.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2013, Singh was crowned [[Femina Miss India|Femina's]] Most Stylish Diva.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Splitsvilla 10 winner Naina Singh to debut in Kumkum Bhagya, here's a look at her pictures|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-10-winner-naina-singh-is-a-fashionista-take-a-look-at-her-stylish-pictures/photostory/68395482.cms|website=The Times of India|date=13 March 2019|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, she participated in [[MTV (India)|MTV India]]'s dating reality show ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|Splitsvilla 10]]'' where she finished as the winner with [[Baseer Ali]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/baseer-ali-naina-singh-win-splitsvilla-x-check-out-their-best-instagram-posts/story-MazNFsBLayPEFOoJjJXxoO.html|title=Baseer Ali, Naina Singh win Splitsvilla X|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Next, she starred in her first music video titled ''Sundowner'', sung by Avi J and [[Jyotica Tangri]].

In 2018, she participated in [[Star Plus]]'s talent reality show ''[[India's Next Superstars]]'' and emerged as a finalist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/behind-the-scenes/indias-next-superstars-on-the-sets/ashish-malhotra-naina-singh-natasha-bharadwaj-aman-gandotra-shruti-sharma-and-harshvardhan-deo/articleshow/63694649.cms|title=Ashish Malhotra, Naina Singh, Natasha Bharadwaj, Aman Gandotra, Shruti Sharma and Harshvardhan Deo|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2019, she portrayed Rhea Mehra in [[Zee TV]]'s drama series ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/naina-singh-mughda-chapekar-enter-kumkum-bhagya-all-about-abhi-pragya-s-grown-up-daughters-1478621-2019-03-15|title=Naina Singh, Mughda Chapekar enter Kumkum Bhagya. All about Abhi-Pragya's grown-up daughters|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In February 2020, Singh quit the show stating she could not relate to the character at all, the kind of emotions she was portraying were not justified and she could not play the part of such a negative character anymore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naina Singh on quitting Kumkum Bhagya: Couldn't relate to my character anymore|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naina-singh-quits-kumkum-bhagya-rhea-6450742/|website=The Indian Express|date=9 June 2020|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2020, she participated as a wild card in [[Colors TV]]'s [[reality competition]] show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Kumkum Bhagya actress Naina Singh to be Bigg Boss 14 contestant|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/exclusive-kumkum-bhagya-actress-naina-singh-to-be-a-part-of-bigg-boss-14-1713211-2020-08-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 November 2020|title=EXCLUSIVE: Bigg Boss 14 contestant Naina Singh says, "The makers did not show half the things that I did in the house"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-bigg-boss-14s-ex-contestant-naina-singh-says-makers-not-show-half-things-house/|access-date=|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In 2021, she starred in the music video ''Wajah'', sung by Ashwani Sharma. Next, she starred in the music video ''Melody'', sung by [[Prince Narula]].

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref.
|-
| 2023
| ''Mussoriie Boyz''
| Mandira
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSR Production House creates buzz with their most awaited project 'Mussoriie Boyz' and here is all you need to know |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/jsr-production-house-creates-buzz-with-their-most-awaited-project-mussoriie-boyz-and-here-is-all-you-need-to-know20220322143849 |access-date= |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206153306/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/jsr-production-house-creates-buzz-with-their-most-awaited-project-mussoriie-boyz-and-here-is-all-you-need-to-know20220322143849/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes!! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 10|MTV Splitsvilla 10]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|Winner
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/here-are-the-final-winners-of-splitsvilla-x/articleshow/61052776.cms|title=Here are the final winners of Splitsvilla X|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2021|title=Aly Goni to Naina Singh: These TV celebs started their career with dating reality show Splitsvilla|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aly-goni-to-naina-singh-these-tv-celebs-started-their-career-with-dating-reality-show-splitsvilla/photostory/81332324.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[India's Next Superstars]]''
|Runner-up
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/splitsvilla-x-winner-naina-singh-to-participate-in-rohit-shetty-karan-johar-india-next-superstar-5010171/|title=Splitsvilla X winner Naina Singh to participate in Rohit Shetty-Karan Johar's India's Next Superstar|work=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Rhea Mehra
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Naina Singh on her chemistry with Kumkum Bhagya co-star Krishna Kaul: It is weird but he is an amazing guy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-naina-singh-on-her-chemistry-with-kumkum-bhagya-co-star-krishna-kaul-it-is-weird-but-he-is-an-amazing-guy/articleshow/76448970.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| Contestant
|19th place
| <ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bigg Boss 14: Wild Card Contestants Kavita Kaushik and Naina Singh to enter tonight|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-14-wild-card-contestants-kavita-kaushik-and-naina-singh-to-enter-tonight-1734676-2020-10-24|access-date=|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=|title=Bigg Boss 14: Netizens trend 'Bring back Naina Singh', call her eviction unfair|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-14-netizens-trend-bring-back-naina-singh-call-her-eviction-unfair/articleshow/79127180.cms|access-date=|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''Sundowner''
| Avi J, [[Jyotica Tangri]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Sundowner {{!}} T-Series|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZuzf05e4zA|work=Youtube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''Wajah''
| Ashwani Sharma
|
|-
| ''Melody''
| [[Prince Narula]], Jaymeet
|
|-
|2023
|''KHAYALUN MA''
|Meedhya
|
|-
|2025
|''Dil Tod Diya Na''
|[[Javed Ali]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|3917074}}
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Naina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:MTV Splitsvilla winners]]

Thumhani River

2026-03-13T23:03:48Z

Iringlz: Made - done

{{Short description|River in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Thumhani River
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| district = [[Madhubani district]]
| source1 = [[Kamla River]]
| mouth = [[Dhouns River]]
| parent = Adhwara
| landmark = [[Uchhaith]]
| other_name = थुम्हानी नदी
| source1_coordinates = {{Coord|26.4188003|N|85.8528918|E}}
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|26.5102907|N|85.8992327|E}}
| image = File:Thumhani River.jpg
| image_caption = View of Thumhani River from Kalidas Vidyapati Science College at Uchchaith village
}}
'''Thumhani River''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: थुम्हानी नदी) is a river that flows on the plains of the western part in the [[Madhubani district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in [[Bihar]] state of [[India]]. It is the part of the ''Adhwara'' group of rivers in the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=सिद्धपीठ उच्चैठ : कालिदास को यहीं देवी दुर्गा ने दिया था ज्ञान - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-uchchaith-bhagwati-sthan-where-durga-bestowed-her-blessing-to-kalidas-14841809.html#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=बेतौना-करहरा सड़क पर चढ़ा पानी, रास्ता अवरुद्ध |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-water-climbed-on-betauna-karhara-road-blocked-the-way-4185495.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Description ==
Thumhani River is the part of ''Adhwara'' group of rivers flowing on the plains of land in the territory of India. It flows on the plains of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] between the rivers [[Kamala River|Kamala]] and [[Dhouns River|Dhouns]]. It is the connecting river that gives link to the two rivers Kamala and Dhouns. One end of the river is at the ''Sauli Gath'' also known as ''Sauli Chowk'' that connects it with the Kamala river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मधुबनी में सोइली चौक पर पुल के ऊपर से बह रहा थुम्हानी नदी का पानी - Thumhani river water flowing over the bridge at Soili Chowk in Madhubani - Bihar Madhubani Common Man Issues News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-thumhani-river-water-flowing-over-the-bridge-at-soili-chowk-in-madhubani-21802829.html |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Historical and religious significance ==
Thumhani River is associated with the history and legends of the [[Sanskrit]] poet and scholar [[Kalidasa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=महाकवि कालिदास से जुड़ा है उच्चैठ दुर्गा देवी का मंदिर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-the-temple-of-uchchaith-durga-devi-is-associated-with-the-great-poet-kalidas-8823797.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> On the eastern bank of the river, there is a historical mud mound known as [[Kalidas Dih]] in the village of [[Uchhaith|Uchchaith]]. The ''Kalidas Dih'' is believed to be residence place of the Sanskrit scholar Kalidasa.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार के मधुबनी में महाकवि कालिदास को मां भगवती से मिला था ज्ञान का वरदान - Mahakavi Kalidas got the gift of knowledge from mother Bhagwati in Madhubani of Bihar |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-mahakavi-kalidas-got-the-gift-of-knowledge-from-mother-bhagwati-in-madhubani-of-bihar-21384782.html |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

On the western bank of the Thumhani River, there is a famous Hindu temple of Goddess Durga and [[Kali]] called as ''[[Uchhaith|Uchchaith Bhagwati Mandir]]'' also locally known as ''Durga Sthan''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=दुर्गापूजा विशेष:उच्चैठ भगवती की प्रतिमा पर 'मूर्ख' कालिदास ने पोती थी कालिख, मिला विद्धान बनने का वरदान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/madhubani-durga-pooja-special-murkh-kalidas-put-soot-on-statue-of-mata-uchait-bhagwati-became-scholar-brvj-3784192.html |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Madhubani district]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Najafgarh drain

2026-03-13T11:03:06Z

Iringlz:

{{short description|Northernmost end of River Sahibi}}
{{About|the drain|bird sanctuary and wetland ecosystem|Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary|lake or jheel|Najafgarh lake}}
{{cleanup|date=September 2011}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Najafgarh Drain
| image = File:Delhi aerial photo 03-2016 img2.jpg
| image_caption = Aerial view
| alt = 
| other_name = River Sahibi (Northernmost end)
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Delhi]]
| length = 
| source1 = 
| source1_location = 
| mouth = [[Yamuna River]]
| mouth_location = [[Delhi]], India
| basin_size = 
| basin_landmarks = Najafgarh lake, Najafgarh Drain Bird Sanctuary
| river_system = [[Yamuna River]]
| tributaries_left = 
| tributaries_right = 
| custom_label = Pollution status
| custom_data = Highly polluted due to sewage inflow
| extra =
}}

[[File:Delhi aerial photo 03-2016 img2.jpg|thumb|Aerial view]]
[[File:Najafgarh Drain at Kakrola Bridge.jpg|thumb|Najafgarh Drain flowing through Kakrola Bridge near [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka Sector 16.]]]]

The '''Najafgarh drain''' or '''Najafgarh nalah''', which also acts as [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary]], is another name for the northernmost end of [[River Sahibi]], which continues its flow through [[Delhi]], where it is channelized, and then flows into the [[Yamuna]]. Within Delhi, due to its channelization for [[flood control]] purposes, it is now erroneously called "Najafgarh drain", and gets this name from the once famous and huge [[Najafgarh lake|Najafgarh Jheel (lake)]] near the town of [[Najafgarh]] in southwest Delhi and within urbanized Delhi.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=138509 Blot across the Capital: Najafgarh most polluted]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Sunday, 10 July 2005, [[The Indian Express]]</ref><ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=118627 Environment minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 22 February 2005, The Indian Express</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/najafgarh-basin-delhis-most-polluted-area/558870/ Najafgarh basin Delhi’s most polluted area], 25 December 2009, The Indian Express</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912184105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-25/pollution/28101026_1_industrial-clusters-industrial-hubs-najafgarh-drain Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters], 25 December 2009, The [[Times of India]]</ref><ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191225 Najafgarh drain causes less pollution in Yamuna now] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711203254/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191225 |date=11 July 2006 }}, 4 July 2006, The Indian Express</ref>

==Background==

===Etymology===

Within the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] (NCT), this channelized waterway misclassified and misnamed as the Najafgarh drain or nullah (nalah in Hindi means rivulet or storm water drain) is the continuation of the Sahibi River and an elongation of the Najafgarh Lake.<ref name=hiset1/>

===History===

During the 1960s and before, the rain-fed Sahibi River, which originates in the [[Jaipur]] District of [[Rajasthan]], passing through [[Alwar]] District in Rajasthan and [[Gurgaon]] District in [[Haryana]], entered Delhi near [[Dhansa (New Delhi)|Dhansa]] and spilled its overflow in the [[Najafgarh Lake]] basin. This overflow created a seasonal lake; an area of more than {{convert|300|km2|mi2}} was submerged in some seasons. This water then continued to flow on the other side, forming a [[tributary]] of the [[River Yamuna]]. In the following decades, this Sahibi River flow reaching the Dhansa regulators was channelized by digging out a wide drain and connecting it directly to the River Yamuna. This channelization also drained off the seasonal Najafgarh Jheel that had formed there previously. The channelized drain from Dhansa regulators to Keshopur Bus Depot on Outer Ring Road is wide with thick and high embankments. A vast amount of water is retained in this widened drain by closing the Kakrola regulators under Najafgarh Road to recharge the local ground watertable; hence it acts like an elongated lake as well.<ref name=hiset1>[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River], Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India. Website Last Updated : 3 May 2010, [http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/88045/ A sewage drain is now called the Yamuna], By Sonu Jain, 27 March 1999, Indian Express, [http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Cr081906Killing_Delhi.asp CRUSADE: Killing Delhi’s Lifeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130104232039/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Cr081906Killing_Delhi.asp |date=4 January 2013 }}, Charu Soni, 19 August 2006, New Delhi. [[Tehelka]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140107031207/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-05/pollution/32055139_1_najafgarh-drain-stormwater-drain-river Riversutra gone all wrong], By [[Sunita Narain]], 5 June 2012, Times of India, [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/236685/better-management-haryana-may-solve.html ‘Better management in Haryana may solve Delhi’s water problems’], New Delhi, 22 March 2012, DHNS, Deccan herald, [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sunita-narain-bats-for-sustainable-development/917565/ Sunita Narain bats for sustainable development], Express News Service : Pune, Tue 28 February 2012, The Indian Express</ref> The drain has been much widened over the years to drain all the water which in earlier decades used to collect in the Nagafgarh Jheel basin; this was supposedly done to remove the threat of flooding in Delhi.<ref>[http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.]</ref><ref>[http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%20-%2036.pdf URBAN FLOODING AND ITS MANAGEMENT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104132/http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%20-%2036.pdf|date=28 July 2011}}, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:6RCf6feT6L8J:nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%2520-%252036.pdf+najafgarh+drain+bird+sanctuary&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShRph2jGl_G0dFzbS5a_OUkGEiqpZhbLqNGfwGXmlP69E8PNiOOdFM15qU-yV2k6Nle6a8XAY6ZOJiVnhNugqHSGk4_DxILmA2iVz0TuqOTg-Mn6LNzoSu_6yTVdUoRJlAz9PUT&sig=AHIEtbTNNyw4ZsXcvAUiFQ9nxaogGDulHg]</ref> Before the draining of this lake in the 1960s by widening of the Najafgarh drain by the Flood control and irrigation department of Delhi the lake in many years filled up a depression more than {{convert|300|km2|mi2}} in rural Delhi, It had an extremely rich wetland ecosystem forming a refuge for vast quantities of waterbirds and local wildlife. The lake was one of the last habitats of the famed and endangered Siberian Crane which has all but vanished from the Indian subcontinent now. Till before independence many British colonial Officers and dignitaries came in large parties for waterfowl hunting every season.<ref>Najafgarh marsh: "The (Najafgarh) marsh was a favored duck-shoot ground of the British, but was eventually drained out into the Najafgarh Nallah." [http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28802/60250107.pdf?sequence=1 Strategy Framework for Delhi beyond the Commonwealth Games 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029222016/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28802/60250107.pdf?sequence=1 |date=29 October 2013 }}, BY DANNY CHERIAN, 2004</ref><ref>[A Guide to the Birds of the Delhi Area (1975) by Usha Ganguli, a member of the Delhi Birdwatching Society.]</ref><ref>[Birdwatching Articles from 1961-70 from Najafgarh lake by Usha Ganguli in "''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]''" edited by Zafar Futehally]</ref>

==Hydrology==

===Course===

The 51 km-long Najafgarh drain starts at Dhansa and joins the Yamuna river near Wazirabad.<ref name=bds1/><ref name=bds2/><ref name=bds3/> Najafgarh Drain is canalized after Bharat Nagar up to confluence to River Yamuna at Downstream [[Wazirabad Barrage]].<ref>[http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/birdsanctury/ch30703.htm Bio-Monitoring of Wetlands in Wild Life Habitats of Birds Sanctuaries in India – Case Studies Ands, Part-1 Bird sanctuaries, `PARIVESH', July 2003, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests of India] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410071428/http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/birdsanctury/ch30703.htm|date=10 April 2009}}, [http://www.cpcb.nic.in/oldwebsite/News%20Letters/Archives/Bio-monitoring/ch3-bio.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725234134/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/oldwebsite/News%20Letters/Archives/Bio-monitoring/ch3-bio.html|date=25 July 2011}}, {{cite web |title=Bird Sanctuaries |url=http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/birdsanctury/ch40703.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410071347/http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/birdsanctury/ch40703.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=2011-04-22}}, [http://www.cpcb.nic.in/upload/AnnualReports/AnnualReport_7_annualreport2002-03.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725234257/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/upload/AnnualReports/AnnualReport_7_annualreport2002-03.pdf|date=25 July 2011}}, [http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/highlights/Highlights05/ch-6.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814011602/http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/highlights/Highlights05/ch-6.htm|date=14 August 2011}}. Retrieved 3 May 2011</ref>

===Wetland bird sanctuary===
{{see also|Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary|Najafgarh lake}}

The wide and deep drain acts as an elongated lake maintaining water-level even during the summer months, leading to recharging of ground [[water table]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313143310/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=225921 Groundwater to be recharged at Najafgarh, Mungeshwar drains], by Teena Thacker, New Delhi, 9 March 2007. Archived copy Internet Archive accessed on 4 October 2012</ref><ref>[Delhi tightens belt to cope with drought], PTI, 2 August 2002, ''The Times of India''</ref> and the drain's elongated water body with trees planted on both its embankments acts as a wildlife and bird sanctuary which attracts vast numbers of migratory birds during the winter months and supports local wildlife year-round.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40725 DTTDC to develop bird sanctuary near Najafgarh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415033834/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40725 |date=15 April 2013 }}, 12 January 2003, The Indian Express</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article81562.ece Migratory birds are giving Delhi the go-by], 17 January 2010, [[The Hindu]]</ref><ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=197471 Najafgarh jheel may chirp again]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 20 August 2006, The Indian Express</ref>

==Infrastructure==

===Forested embankments===

The Najafgarh drain has been much widened over the past decades and now has thick mud embankments on both its sides to channel the waters and protect Delhi from floods. These embankments have been planted with thick forest cover which serve as a much needed habitat for remnant local wildlife occurring in nearby and surrounding farmlands including common foxes, jackals, hares, wild cats, nilgai, porcupines and various reptiles and snakes including the dreaded cobras. Many local birds including waterfowl roost and nest in these trees.

Sections of the forested embankments of Najafgarh drain are currently classified as and are featured in [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|Protected Forests]] and Recorded Forests (Notified Forest Areas in Delhi) as "M. P. Green area Najafgarh Drain (Tagore garden)", "Afforestation M.P.Green Area Najafgarh Drain (DDA)" and "[[Chhawla or Najafgarh drain city forest]] (29.64 Acre)".<ref>[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements/ Plantation/Greening of Delhi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126100652/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements |date=26 November 2011 }}, Department of Environment, Government of NCT of Delhi, India website, {{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e5d6a2804e0153e1b13cb53cf97f2eae/1-21.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|title=Archived copy|access-date=8 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180249/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e5d6a2804e0153e1b13cb53cf97f2eae/1-21.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|archive-date=6 October 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Home/Forests+of+Delhi/Recorded+Forest RECORDED FORESTS (NOTIFIED FOREST AREAS IN DELHI)], Forest Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:V48EOp-4YnsJ:www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e5d6a2804e0153e1b13cb53cf97f2eae/1-21.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES+delhi+airport+najafgarh+drain+birds&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgHf_kltmUAtbU59pAAd8gfGPh7wODG1CCLfjl10mvyx13jvqOPqupfaw7B_HFEgH_tBhpnmMkzZBR9MpQGK_CaKS-qA4gZ46MeDbzgyqhJT8t5nGtHTL34-jFb_650_OYmk7wP&sig=AHIEtbTcy0YSNcsWBtQ0OENviJMP0lIoIA]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Search+Results/|title=Search for Najafgarh drain on Forest Department, Government of NCT of Delhi, India website|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317094505/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Search%2BResults/|archive-date=17 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/paupdates/update39october2002.htm "Bird sanctuary proposed in Najafgarh" – PROTECTED AREA UPDATE, No. 39 October 2002, Kalpavriksh] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120805234949/http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/paupdates/update39october2002.htm |date=5 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080922143809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/29/stories/2008062960760300.htm Another city forest opened – Delhi will soon have 32 of them, says Sheila, New Delhi, 29 Jun 2008, The Hindu Newspaper]</ref>

===Embankment highway===
{{anchor | Rd | Road | Highway }}

In May 2025, Delhi government announced construction of a 60.77 km long 2-lane major highway along the left bank of Najafgarh drain, including 5.94 km long Jhatikra-Chhawla in south and 54.83 km long Chhawla-Basai Dara Pur Bridge in north, connecting [[Dwarka Expressway]], [[Urban Extension Road-II]], [[Outer Ring Road, Delhi|Outer Ring Road]], [[Inner_Ring_Road,_Delhi|Inner Ring Road]], Pankha Road, etc.<ref name=najdrd1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/60km-road-along-najafgarh-drain-to-boost-connectivity/articleshow/121253395.cms 60 km long road along Najafgarh drain], TOI, 19 May 2025.</ref> The existing drivable minor inspection road maintained by Irrigation and Flood Control Department of Delhi on drain's embankment, from Dhansa regulators at the southwest border of Delhi with the state of Haryana to where the drain crosses under the Outer Ring Road, will be upgraded to 2-lane highway.

==Conservation==

Irrigation and Flood Control Department of the Delhi Government, de-silted the drain to increase its storage capacity. Regulators at [[Kakraula]] and Dhansa retain the water. Presently the brackish water is improving with dilution. By retaining the water in the drain, the [[aquifer]]s and [[groundwater]] table have been recharged and there is more water now for irrigation, enabling farmers 6 kilometres away from the drain to grow crops. Tube wells in the area have been discharging water copiously and in two years the water table is up by a meter.<ref name=bds1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040103175112/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/12/22/stories/2002122200300200.htm Don't cloud the issue – USHA RAI looks at some success stories in rainwater harvesting that should convince those of us who are still sceptical], 22 Dec 2002, ''The Hindu''</ref><ref name="bds2">[http://www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%20NCR%20Planning%20board%20proposal.pdf Proposal for Ground Water Recharge in National Capital Region (NCR) Dr S.K. Sharma Ground Water Expert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110051227/http://www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%20NCR%20Planning%20board%20proposal.pdf|date=10 November 2011}}, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-El8dIOzqkwJ:www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%2520NCR%2520Planning%2520board%2520proposal.pdf+Birds+are+back+at+Najafgarh+Jheel&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjhbihuGSYs5_rSivXrLO2N2CjqgXEXNVHeteUMUPkv-B3szQww1FL5CFYQveUkenriZow93Jf2W8yFsvlm3noD2YhFeFT0LF3GPr58B1KOBS3nZjH4Cnklte2B4nLtul4jl9QE&sig=AHIEtbTVQ9fz0aJ6DAFHGsICDNPxVF0cyQ]</ref><ref name=bds3>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=225921 Groundwater to be recharged at Najafgarh, Mungeshwar drains] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313143310/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=225921 |date=13 March 2007 }}, 10 March 2007, The Indian Express</ref>

In January 2026, the Irrigation and Flood Control Department commissioned a [[Finland|Finnish]]-sourced [[Amphibious excavator|amphibious multipurpose dredger]], the Watermaster, along with three self-propelled [[Hopper barge|hopper barges]] to desilt the drain and remove sludge, silt and aquatic weeds, with the drain estimated to account for nearly 70% of the total pollution load entering the Yamuna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-17 |title=Imported Rs 8-crore dredger begins work to clean Yamuna |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/imported-rs-8-crore-dredger-begins-work-to-clean-yamuna-10478749/ |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Anup |date=2026-01-17 |title=Yamuna gets GPS-based dredger for sludge and weed clearance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2026/Jan/17/yamuna-gets-gps-based-dredger-for-sludge-and-weed-clearance |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Officials described the deployment as part of a broader shift toward technology-driven, large-scale, sustained action intended to improve water flow, enhance Delhi’s flood resilience and reduce pollution before it reaches the Yamuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland-made advanced dredger deployed to clean Najafgarh Drain |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/finland-made-advanced-dredger-deployed-to-clean-najafgarh-drain/ |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi Uses Rs 8-Crore High-Tech Finnish Machine To Tackle Yamuna Pollution |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-uses-rs-8-crore-high-tech-finnish-machine-to-tackle-yamuna-pollution-10765023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260117015113/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-uses-rs-8-crore-high-tech-finnish-machine-to-tackle-yamuna-pollution-10765023 |archive-date=2026-01-17 |access-date=2026-02-02 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary]]
* [[Najafgarh lake]] (Najafgarh jheel), nearby lake
* [[Najafgarh]], town in Delhi
* [[National Zoological Park Delhi]]
* [[Sultanpur National Park]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Gurgaon District]], [[Haryana]]
* [[Okhla Sanctuary]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bhalswa horseshoe lake]], Northwest, Delhi

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.ddalandpoolingprojects.com/l-zone/ DRAFT MAP ZONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PLANNING ZONE- 'L'.]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=75252 SEWAGE PROJECTS to Prevent Untreated Sewage], 29 August 2011, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Press Information Bureau, India
* [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.]
* [http://www.green-ensys.org/site/publications/Wastewater%20management%20in%20Najafgarh%20drainage%20basin.pdf WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN NAJAFGARH DRAINAGE BASIN – KEY TO WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN RIVER YAMUNA], by Asit Nema of Foundation for Greentech Environmental Systems1 and Dr. Lalit Agrawal of Tokyo Engineering Consultants, Japan2
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814120836/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/PD/2008-09/Writeup/26-42%20%5BFlood%20Control%5D.pdf FLOOD CONTROL – The National Capital Territory of Delhi]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article19406.ece ‘Part of Najafgarh drain to be covered’], 12 September 2009, The Hindu
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053619/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/how_sultanpur_happened.htm How Sultanpur happened: Sultanpur and Najafgarh Jheels – by Peter Jackson]}}, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053542/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/peter_jackson.htm]}}
* [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=59995 ‘Reviving old ponds way out of water woes’]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 9 August 2003, The Indian Express
* [http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/action-plans-polluted-areas-delhi-soon Action plans on polluted areas in Delhi soon], GN BUREAU, NEW DELHI, 17 March 2010, Governance Now
* [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-El8dIOzqkwJ:www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%2520NCR%2520Planning%2520board%2520proposal.pdf+delhi+airport+najafgarh+drain+birds&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjhbihuGSYs5_rSivXrLO2N2CjqgXEXNVHeteUMUPkv-B3szQww1FL5CFYQveUkenriZow93Jf2W8yFsvlm3noD2YhFeFT0LF3GPr58B1KOBS3nZjH4Cnklte2B4nLtul4jl9QE&sig=AHIEtbR8FogSquJ5O7cDN-fVCq-spjNzZg Proposal for ground water recharge in National Capital Region (NCR) by Dr. S. K. Sharma, Ground water expert], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111110051227/http://www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%20NCR%20Planning%20board%20proposal.pdf], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410050916/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/taxonomy/term/2891]
* [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RabaBQDqo68J:www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf+bird+count+najafgarh+drain&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjlgc68wrZgBbj0hEmWVk7HauQdWLh_BVFYvxYGw32kvR4U2mGAyaRPANgdq0RzGq6dzdIsioYliM4z5dvO5ZDY_I6_v1aFeTkZfywGTFbM3pRISW75Q2F_5Jf8aBgwHsZaOXra&sig=AHIEtbQHJIrk1sity8tW--Nbc_11UUCAQg], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928022355/http://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf Delhi's Watery Woes] by Arun Kumar Singh
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820100406/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=19082010&page=755_003&mdl= Birds are back at Najafgarh Jheel], 19 August 2010, Delhi Edition, Hindustan Times
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article66609.ece No more water-logging at airport with new drain in place], New Delhi, 17 December 2009, The Hindu
* [https://archive.today/20130103075233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Walls-to-be-constructed-around-Najafgarh-drain/Article1-196591.aspx Walls to be constructed around Najafgarh drain], New Delhi, 29 December 2006, Hindustan Times
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313143310/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=225921 Groundwater to be recharged at Najafgarh, Mungeshwar drains], 10 March 2007, The Indian Express
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/235442 Gurgaon polluting Najafgarh drain, draws Minister's ire], by Rajesh Kumar, New Delhi, 27 July 2006, [[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051921/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=03112011&page=751_007&mdl= Winged visitors are back at Najafgarh Lake], New Delhi, 3 November 2011, Hindustan Times. Also see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051943/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=29102011&page=751_006&mdl=]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120403121445/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Delhi%20Gazeetter%201912.pdf CHAPTER J.- DESCRIPTIVE· pages from the Gazeteers, Delhi, 1912]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104132/http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%20-%2036.pdf URBAN FLOODING AND ITS MANAGEMENT], 2006. India Disaster Management Congress.IIPA Campus, IP Estate, Near ITO Road, New Delhi. National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Delhi.pdf ACTION PLAN, ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION IN CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREA OF NAJAFGARH DRAN BASIN INCLUDING OKHLA, NARAINA, ANAND PARBAT AND WAZIRPUR INDL AREAS, DELHI POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE, 4th Floor, ISBT Building, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-6, March, 2011]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240117023812/http://force.org.in/BLUE_DELHI_DECLARATION_WHITE_PAPER.pdf BLUE DELHI DECLARATION, White Paper on: Aiming for Sustainability and Self Sufficiency in Delhi Water Management – Evaluating Delhi’s Current Water Assets vis a vis their Utilisation]
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45314818/Urban-Flooding URBAN FLOODING DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANIZATION by Shashikant Nishant Sharma] snsharma.phd[at]gmail[dot]com 11 January 2010, SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, Delhi
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12674375 Biodegradation of wastewater of Najafgarh drain, Delhi using autochthonous microbial consortia : a laboratory study.] by Sharma G, Mehra NK, Kumar R. Source Limnology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-1 10 007, India.
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/search/site/najafgarh%20drain A search for archived News Articles on Najafgarh Drain on the India Envirinmental Portal website]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/news/city-get-its-1st-bird-sanctuary City to get its 1st bird sanctuary], 15 February 2005, [[Asian Age]] (New Delhi)
* [http://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon New camp to jazz up tourism in city soon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515123838/https://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon |date=15 May 2023 }}, 19 April 2010, Asian Age (New Delhi)
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071001/delhi.htm#10 Delhiites to cool off with aqua sports], New Delhi, 30 September 2007, Tribune News Service, The Tiribune, Chandigarh
* [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 Proposal for groundwater recharge in National Capital Region – A report by SK Sharma and Green Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124433/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 |date=18 July 2012 }}, Submitted by samir Nazareth on 22 April 2011, India waterportal – Safe, sustainable water for all

==External links==
* [http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Home/Forests+of+Delhi/Recorded+Forest RECORDED FORESTS (NOTIFIED FOREST AREAS IN DELHI)], Forest Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India
* [http://delhi.gov.in:/wps/wcm/connect/doit_tourism/Tourism/Home/Infrastructure/Tourism+Infrastructure Tourism Infrastructure], Tourism department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India
* [http://delhi.gov.in:/wps/wcm/connect/doit_irrigation/Irrigation+and+Flood+Control/Home/About+Us Irrigation & Flood Control Department], Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111126100652/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements Plantation/Greening of Delhi], Department of Environment, Government of NCT of Delhi, India
* [http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=5448197410&topic=7219 facebook Topic: Delhi – Najafgarh Drain Birdwatching Report]
* [http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=121103404605452&topic=35 facebook: Checklist of the Birds of the Najafgarh Jheel Region – Including adjoining areas of Dhansa Barrage and the Najafgarh Drain in Delhi], by Sajit P. Mohanan
* [http://groups.google.com/group/delhibirdpix/search?group=delhibirdpix&q=najafgarh+drain&qt_g=Search+this+group A Search for: Najafgarh drain on the Google group "delhibirdpix"]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/u-turn-haryana-will-identify-najafgarh-lake-as-wetland/articleshow/56382251.cms U-turn: Haryana will identify Najafgarh lake as wetland, TNN, Times of India, Jan 7, 2017]

{{Clear}}

{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Hydrography of Haryana}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}

{{coord|28|31|N|76|36|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Drainage canals]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rivers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Delhi]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Canals in India]]

White

2026-03-12T19:21:34Z

Iringlz:

{{short description|Lightest color}}
{{About|the color|other uses}}
{{for|different varieties of white and their names|Shades of white}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox color
|title=White
|hex=FFFFFF
|image=
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Delphinapterus leucas 2.jpg
| image2 = Canonization 2014-The Canonization of Saint John XXIII and Saint John Paul II (14037015405).jpg
| image3 = Bride at meiji shrine.jpg
| image4 = 858MilanoDuomo.JPG
| image5 = Al-Haram mosque - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg
| image6 = White Cliffs of Dover 02.JPG
| width = 180
| perrow = 2/2/2/2
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
}}
|source = [[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]<ref name="css3-color">{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4|title=CSS Color Module Level 3|date=19 June 2018|access-date=4 April 2007|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129235005/http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4|url-status=live}}</ref>
|cmyk=(0, 0, 0, 0)
|caption=Clockwise, from top left: a [[Beluga whale]]; [[Pope Francis]]; a bride at a [[Shinto wedding]]; the façade of [[Milan Cathedral]]; [[Masjid al-Haram]], Saudi Arabia; [[White Cliffs of Dover]]}}


'''White''' is the [[lightness|lightest]] [[color]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Are Black and White Colors? {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/story/are-black-and-white-colors |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and is achromatic (having no [[colorfulness|chroma]]). It is the color of objects such as [[snow]], [[chalk]], and [[milk]], and is the opposite of [[black]]. White objects fully (or almost fully) [[diffuse reflection|reflect]] and [[scattering|scatter]] all the [[visible spectrum|visible wavelengths]] of [[light]]. White on [[television]] and [[computer screen]]s is created by a mixture of [[red]], [[blue]], and [[green]] light. The color white can be given with white [[pigment]]s, especially [[titanium dioxide]].<ref>{{Ullmann |doi=10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2 |title=Pigments, Inorganic |last1=Völz |first1=Hans G. |last2=Kischkewitz |first2=Jürgen |last3=Woditsch |first3=Peter |last4=Westerhaus |first4=Axel |last5=Griebler |first5=Wolf-Dieter |last6=De Liedekerke |first6=Marcel |last7=Buxbaum |first7=Gunter |last8=Printzen |first8=Helmut |last9=Mansmann |first9=Manfred |last10=Räde |first10=Dieter |last11=Trenczek |first11=Gerhard |last12=Wilhelm |first12=Volker |last13=Schwarz |first13=Stefanie |last14=Wienand |first14=Henning |last15=Adel |first15=Jörg |last16=Adrian |first16=Gerhard |last17=Brandt |first17=Karl |last18=Cork |first18=William B. |last19=Winkeler |first19=Heinrich |last20=Mayer |first20=Wielfried |last21=Schneider |first21=Klaus |last22=Leitner |first22=Lutz |last23=Kathrein |first23=Hendrik |last24=Schwab |first24=Ekkehard |last25=Jakusch |first25=Helmut |last26=Ohlinger |first26=Manfred |last27=Veitch |first27=Ronald |last28=Etzrodt |first28=Günter |last29=Pfaff |first29=Gerhard |last30=Franz |first30=Klaus-Dieter |isbn=3527306730}}</ref>

In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore white togas as symbols of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white [[unicorn]] symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity. It was the royal color of the kings of France as well as the flag of [[Bourbon Restoration in France|monarchist France]] from 1815 to [[July Revolution|1830]], and of the [[White movement|monarchist movement]] that opposed the [[Bolsheviks]] during the [[Russian Civil War]] (1917–1922). [[Greek temples]] and [[Roman temples]] were faced with white marble, and beginning in the 18th century, with the advent of [[neoclassical architecture]], white became the most common color of new churches, capitols, and other government buildings, especially in the United States. It was also widely used in 20th century [[modern architecture]] as a symbol of modernity and simplicity.

According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude.<ref>Heller (2000), pp. 130–46.</ref> White is an important color for almost all world religions. The [[pope]], the head of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], has worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice. In [[Islam]], and in the [[Shinto]] religion of Japan, it is worn by pilgrims. In Western cultures and in Japan, white is the most common color for [[wedding dress]]es, symbolizing purity and virginity. In many Asian cultures, white is also the color of mourning.<ref name="Heller 2000, p. 137">Heller (2000), p. 137.</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''[[:wikt:white|white]]'' continues [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|hwīt}}, ultimately from a [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] {{lang|gem-x-proto|hʷītaz}} also reflected in [[Old High German]] {{lang|goh|(h)wîz}}, [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|hvítr}}, and [[Gothic language|Gothic]] {{lang|got|𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃}} ({{transliteration|got|ƕeits}}). The root is ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European language]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|kʷid-}}, surviving also in [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|śveta}}'' "to be white or bright"<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=jpg Sanskrit-Lexicon.uni-koeln.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213080141/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=jpg |date=13 February 2010 }} (''Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', p. 1106).</ref> and Slavonic {{lang|sla-Latn|světŭ}} "light".<ref>Max Vasmer, ''Этимологический словарь русского языка'', т.III, Москва 1971, 575–76.</ref><ref>[[OED]]; {{cite web| last = Harper| first = Douglas
| title = Online Etymology Dictionary| date = November 2001| url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=white&searchmode=none| access-date = 26 March 2008| archive-date = 10 July 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090710051942/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=white&searchmode=none| url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] word for white, {{lang|is|hvítur}}, is directly derived from the [[Old Norse]] form of the word {{lang|non|hvítr}}. Proto-Germanic also had the word {{lang|gem-x-proto|blankaz}} ("white, bright, blinding"), borrowed into [[Late Latin]] as {{lang|la|blancus|proto=yes}}, which provided the source for [[Romance languages|Romance]] words for "white" (Catalan, Occitan and French {{lang|fr|blanc}}, Spanish {{lang|es|blanco}}, Italian {{lang|it|bianco}}, Galician-Portuguese {{lang|pt|branco}}, etc.). The antonym of white is black.

Some non-European languages have a wide variety of terms for white. The [[Inuit]] language has seven different words for seven different nuances of white. [[Sanskrit]] has specific words for bright white, the white of teeth, the white of [[sandalwood]], the white of the autumn moon, the white of silver, the white of cow's milk, the white of pearls, the white of a ray of sunlight, and the white of stars. Japanese has six different words, depending upon brilliance or dullness, or if the color is inert or dynamic.{{sfn|Varichon|2005|pages=11–12}}

== History and art ==
=== Prehistoric and ancient history ===
White was one of the first colors used in art. The [[Lascaux Cave]] in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by [[paleolithic]] artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. [[Paleolithic]] artists used [[calcite]] or [[chalk]], sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red and yellow ochre in their vivid cave paintings.<ref>Pastoureau, Michel (2005). ''Le petit livre des couleurs'', p. 47.</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/early.html
| title = Pigments through the Ages – Prehistory
| access-date = 30 December 2016
| archive-date = 3 October 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003161517/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/early.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In [[ancient Egypt]], white was connected with the goddess [[Isis]]. The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, and it was used to wrap [[mummies]].<ref name="Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 16">Varichon, Anne (2000). ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 16.</ref>

In Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mother's milk. In [[Greek mythology]], the chief god [[Zeus]] was nourished at the breast of the nymph Amalthea.<ref>Varichon, Anne (2000). ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 21.</ref>

The ancient Greeks saw the world in terms of darkness and light, so white was considered a fundamental color. According to [[Pliny the Elder]] in his ''Natural History'', [[Apelles]] (4th century BC) and the other famous painters of ancient Greece used only four colors in their paintings; white, red, yellow and black.<ref>Gage, John (1993). ''Color and Culture'', p. 29.</ref> For painting, the Greeks used the highly toxic pigment [[lead white]], made by a long and laborious process.<ref>St. Clair, Kassia (2016). ''The Secret Lives of Color'', pp. 43-44.</ref>

A plain white [[toga]], known as a ''toga virilis'', was worn for ceremonial occasions by all Roman citizens over the age of 14–18. Magistrates and certain priests wore a ''toga praetexta'', with a broad purple stripe.
In the time of the Emperor [[Augustus]], no Roman man was allowed to appear in the Roman forum without a toga.

The ancient Romans had two words for white; ''albus'', a plain white, (the source of the word ''albino''); and ''candidus,'' a brighter white. A man who wanted public office in Rome wore a white toga brightened with chalk, called a ''toga candida'', the origin of the word ''candidate''. The Latin word ''candere'' meant to shine, to be bright. It was the origin of the words ''candle'' and ''candid''.<ref>''Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language'', 1964.</ref>

In [[ancient Rome]], the priestesses of the goddess [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]] dressed in white linen robes, a white [[palla (garment)|palla]] or shawl, and a white veil. They protected the sacred fire and the [[penates]] of Rome. White symbolized their purity, loyalty, and chastity.<ref name="Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 16" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Paintings from the Chauvet cave (museum replica).jpg|Prehistoric paintings in [[Chauvet Cave]], France (30,000 to 32,000 BC)
File:Ägyptischer Maler um 1360 v. Chr. 001.jpg|Painting of the goddess [[Isis]] (1380–1385 BC). The priests of her cult wore white linen.
File:Maler der Grabkammer des Thot 001.jpg|Paintings of women in white from a tomb (1448–1422 BC).
File:Chief Vestal.jpg|Statue of the chief [[Vestal Virgin]], wearing a white [[palla (garment)|palla]] and a white veil.
</gallery>

=== Postclassical history ===
The early Christian church adopted the Roman symbolism of white as the color of purity, sacrifice and virtue. It became the color worn by priests during Mass, the color worn by monks of the [[Cistercian Order]], and, under [[Pope Pius V]], a former monk of the [[Dominican Order]], it became the official color worn by the pope himself. Monks of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]] dressed in the white or gray of natural undyed wool, but later changed to black, the color of humility and penitence.

Postclassical history art, the white lamb became the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ on behalf of mankind. John the Baptist described [[Christ]] as the [[lamb of God]], who took the sins of the world upon himself. The white lamb was the center of one of the most famous paintings of the Medieval period, the ''[[Ghent Altarpiece]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]].<ref>Zuffi, Stefano (2012). ''Color in Art'', pp. 224–25.</ref>

White was also the symbolic color of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|transfiguration]]. The [[Gospel of Saint Mark]] describes Jesus' clothing in this event as "shining, exceeding white as snow." Artists such as Fra Angelico used their skill to capture the whiteness of his garments. In his painting of the transfiguration at the Convent of Saint Mark in [[Florence]], Fra Angelico emphasized the white garment by using a light [[gold ground|gold background]], placed in an almond-shaped halo.<ref>Zuffi, Stefano (2012). ''Color in Art'', pp. 226–27.</ref>

The white [[unicorn]] was a common subject of Postclassical history manuscripts, paintings and tapestries. It was a symbol of purity, chastity and grace, which could only be captured by a virgin. It was often portrayed in the lap of the Virgin Mary.<ref>Zuffi, Stefano. ''Color in Art'', pp. 232–33.</ref>

During the Postclassical history, painters rarely ever mixed colors; but in the Renaissance, the influential humanist and scholar [[Leon Battista Alberti]] encouraged artists to add white to their colors to make them lighter, brighter, and to add ''hilaritas'', or gaiety. Many painters followed his advice, and the palette of the Renaissance was considerably brighter.<ref>John Gage, (1993), ''Color and Culture'', pp. 117–19.</ref>

=== Modern history ===
Until the 16th century, white was commonly worn by widows as a color of mourning. The widows of the kings of France wore white until [[Anne of Brittany]] in the 16th century. A white tunic was also worn by many knights, along with a red cloak, which showed the knights were willing to give their blood for the king or Church.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Sodoma - Life of St Benedict, Scene 31 - Benedict Feeds the Monk - WGA21581.jpg|The monks of the [[order of Saint Benedict]] ({{circa|480}}–542) first dressed in undyed white or gray wool robes, here shown in painting by [[Sodoma]] on the life of Saint Benedict (1504). They later changed to black robes, the color of humility and penitence.
File:Bartolomeo Passarotti Pope Pius V.jpg|Under Pope Pius V (1504–1572), a former monk of the [[Dominican Order]], white became the official color worn by the Pope.
File:Ghent Altarpiece D - Adoration of the Lamb 2.jpg|The white lamb in the ''[[Ghent Altarpiece]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]]. (1432)
File:Transfiguration by fra Angelico (San Marco Cell 6).jpg|The ''[[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]]'' by [[Fra Angelico]] (1440–1442)
File:Mary Queen of Scots in mourning.jpg|[[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary Stuart]] wore white in mourning for her husband, King [[Francis II of France]], who died in 1560.
</gallery>

==== 18th and 19th centuries ====
White was the dominant color of architectural interiors in the [[Baroque]] period and especially the [[Rococo]] style that followed it in the 18th century. Church interiors were designed to show the power, glory and wealth of the church. They seemed to be alive, filled with curves, asymmetry, mirrors, gilding, statuary and reliefs, unified by white.

White was also a fashionable color for both men and women in the 18th century. Men in the aristocracy and upper classes wore powdered white wigs and white [[stockings]], and women wore elaborate embroidered white and pastel gowns.

After the [[French Revolution]], a more austere white (''blanc cassé'') became the most fashionable color in women's costumes which were modeled after the outfits of Ancient Greece and Republican Rome. Because of the rather revealing design of these dresses, the women wearing them were called ''les merveilleuses'' (the marvellous) by French men of that era.<ref>Chronique des métropoles:Paris, p. 83, publ. Dargaud 2003</ref> The [[Empire style]] under Emperor Napoléon I was modeled after the more conservative outfits of Ancient Imperial Rome. The dresses were high in fashion but low in warmth considering the more severe weather conditions of northern France; in 1814 the former wife of Napoleon, [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], caught [[pneumonia]] and died after taking a walk in the cold night air with Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]].<ref>Roberts, Andrew (2014). ''[[iarchive:napoleonlife0000robe/page/723/mode/2up|Napoleon – A Life]]''. Viking Press, {{ISBN|978-0-670-02532-9}}, pp. 723–24</ref>

White was the universal color of both men and women's underwear and of sheets in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was unthinkable to have sheets or underwear of any other color. The reason was simple; the manner of washing linen in boiling water caused colors to fade. When linen was worn out, it was collected and turned into high-quality paper.<ref>Michel Pastoureau (2005), ''Le petit livre des couleurs'', pp. 50–51.</ref>

The 19th-century American painter [[James McNeill Whistler]] (1834–1903), working at the same time as the French impressionists, created a series of paintings with musical titles where he used color to create moods, the way composers used music. His painting ''Symphony in White No. 1 – The White Girl'', which used his mistress Joanna Hiffernan as a model, used delicate colors to portray innocence and fragility, and a moment of uncertainty.<ref>Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', p. 260.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:BasilikaOttobeurenHauptschiff02.JPG|A highly theatrical white [[Rococo]] interior from the 18th century, at the [[Ottobeuren Abbey|Basilica at Ottobeuren]], in [[Bavaria]].
File:Marie-Antoinette par Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun - 1783.jpg|White gown of [[Marie Antoinette]], painted by [[Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun]] in 1783.
File:Gilbert Stuart - George Washington (Lansdowne Portrait) - Google Art Project.jpg|President [[George Washington]] in a white powdered wig. The first five Presidents of the United States wore dark suits with powdered wigs for formal occasions.
File:Portrait of Josephine de Beauharnais-Gerard.jpg|Portrait of [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]] in a classic Empire gown, modeled after the clothing of ancient Rome. (1801), by [[François Gérard]]. (The State ''Hermitage Museum'').
File:Imperatriz D. Leopoldina por Luís Schlappriz (cropped).jpg|Empress [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria|Maria Leopoldina of Brazil]] wearing a white gown and a white pearls necklace, by Luís Schlappriz
File:Whistler James Symphony in White no 1 (The White Girl) 1862.jpg|''Symphony in White No. 1 – The White Girl'', by [[James McNeill Whistler]] (1862).
File:Queen Natalia Obrenovic of Serbia in Paris by Uros Predic.jpg|Queen [[Natalie of Serbia]] (1890)
</gallery>

==== 20th and 21st centuries ====
The [[White movement]] was the opposition that formed against the [[Bolsheviks]] during the [[Russian Civil War]], which followed the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917. It was finally defeated by the Bolsheviks in 1921–22, and many of its members emigrated to Europe.

At the end of the 19th century, lead white was still the most popular pigment; but between 1916 and 1918, chemical companies in [[Norway]] and the United States began to produce [[titanium white]], made from [[titanium oxide]]. It had first been identified in the 18th century by the German chemist [[Martin Klaproth]], who also discovered [[uranium]]. It had twice the covering power of lead white, and was the brightest white pigment known. By 1945, 80 percent of the white pigments sold were titanium white.<ref>Ball, Philip (2001). ''Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour'', pp. 484–85.</ref>

The absoluteness of white appealed to modernist painters. It was used in its simplest form by the Russian suprematist painter [[Kazimir Malevich]] in his 1917 painting 'the white square,' the companion to his earlier 'black square.' It was also used by the Dutch modernist painter [[Piet Mondrian]]. His most famous paintings consisted of a pure white canvas with grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of primary colors.

Black and white also appealed to modernist architects, such as [[Le Corbusier]] (1887–1965). He said a house was "a machine for living in" and called for a "calm and powerful architecture" built of reinforced concrete and steel, without any ornament or frills.<ref>Le Corbusier. ''Toward an Architecture''. Translated by John Goodman. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2007</ref> Almost all the buildings of contemporary architect [[Richard Meier]], such as his museum in [[Rome]] to house the ancient Roman [[Ara Pacis]], or Altar of Peace, are stark white, in the tradition of Le Corbusier.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:За единую Россію.jpg|Poster for the [[White Army]] during the Russian Civil War (1917–22). The poster says: "for a United Russia."
File:VillaSavoye.jpg|The [[Villa Savoye]] (1928–31) by Le Corbusier; Le Corbusier called for a "calm and powerful" architecture built of steel and reinforced concrete, without color or ornament.
</gallery>

== Scientific understanding (color science) ==


Light is perceived by the human visual system as white when the incoming light to the eye stimulates all three types of color sensitive [[cone cell]]s in the eye in roughly equal amounts.<ref>{{cite book
| author = Wyszecki & Stiles
| title = Color Science
| edition = Second
| page = 506
}}</ref> Materials that do not emit light themselves appear white if their surfaces reflect back most of the light that strikes them in a [[Diffuse reflection|diffuse way]].

=== White light ===
{{Redirect|White light}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Synthese+.svg|In the [[RGB color model]], used to create colors on TV and computer screens, white is made by mixing red, blue and green light at full intensity.
File:Dispersion prism.jpg|[[Electromagnetic spectrum#Visible radiation (light)|White light]] [[refract]]ed in a [[Prism (optics)|prism]] revealing the color components.
</gallery>
In 1666, [[Isaac Newton]] demonstrated that [[Electromagnetic spectrum#Visible radiation (light)|white light]] was composed of multiple colors by passing it through a [[Prism (optics)|prism]] to break it up into components then using a second prism to reassemble them. Before Newton, most scientists believed that white was the fundamental color of [[light]].<ref>Kassia St. Clair (2016) ''The Secret Lives of Color'', p. 17</ref>

White light can be generated by the sun, by stars, or by earthbound sources such as [[Fluorescent lamp|fluorescent]] lamps, [[Light-emitting diode#White|white LEDs]] and [[Incandescent lamps|incandescent bulbs]]. On the screen of a color television or computer, white is produced by mixing the [[primary color]]s of light: red, green and blue ([[RGB]]) at full intensity, a process called [[additive mixing]] (see image above). White light can be fabricated using light with only two wavelengths, for instance by mixing light from a red and cyan laser or yellow and blue lasers. This light will however have very few practical applications since color rendering of objects will be greatly distorted.

The fact that light sources with vastly different [[spectral power distribution]]s can result in a similar sensory experience is due to the way the light is processed by the visual system. One color that arises from two different spectral power distributions is called a [[metamerism (color)|metamerism]].

Many of the light sources that emit white light emit light at almost all visible wavelengths (sun light, incandescent lamps of various [[Color temperature]]s). This has led to the notion that white light can be defined as a mixture of "all colors" or "all visible wavelengths".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Light-and-Sight/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/Colours-of-light
| title = Colours of light
| publisher = Science Learning Hub
| access-date = 4 April 2015
| archive-date = 20 November 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161120064339/http://sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Light-and-Sight/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/Colours-of-light
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://study.com/academy/lesson/color-white-light-reflection-absorption.html
| title = Color: White Light, Reflection & Absorption
| publisher = study.com
| access-date = 4 April 2015
| archive-date = 10 April 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150410070207/http://study.com/academy/lesson/color-white-light-reflection-absorption.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

A range of spectral distributions of light sources can be perceived as white—there is no single, unique specification of "white light". For example, when buying a "white" light bulb, one might buy one labeled 2700K, 6000K, etc., which produce light having very different spectral distributions, and yet this will not prevent the user from identifying the color of objects that those light bulbs illuminate.<ref name=illuminantIndep />

=== White objects ===
Color vision allows us to distinguish different [[Color#Color of objects|''objects'' by their color]]. In order to do so, [[color constancy]] can keep the perceived color of an object relatively unchanged when the illumination changes among various broad (whitish) spectral distributions of light.<ref name=illuminantIndep>Finlayson, G. D. and G. Schaefer (2001). "Convex and non-convex illuminant constraints for dichromatic colour constancy". IN: ''Proceedings of the 2001 ee.EE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001'' {{doi|10.1109/CVPR.2001.990528}} "the perceived colour of an object is more or less independent of the illuminant; a white paper appears white both outdoors under bluish daylight and indoors under yellow tungsten light, though the responses of the eyes' colour receptors ... will be quite different for the two cases."</ref>

The same principle is used in photography and cinematography where the choice of [[white point]] determines a transformation of all other color stimuli. Changes in or manipulation of the white point can be used to explain some optical illusions such as [[The dress (viral phenomenon)|The dress]].

While there is no single, unique specification of "white light", there is indeed a unique specification of "white object", or, more specifically, "white surface".
A perfectly white surface [[diffuse reflection|diffusely reflects]] ([[light scattering|scatters]]) all visible light that strikes it, without [[light absorption|absorbing]] any, irrespective of the light's wavelength or spectral distribution.<ref name="mirror1">Program of Color Science / Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, ''Complete Color FAQ''. "A perfect mirror reflects all of the light that strikes it... A perfect white also reflects all the light incident on it, but reflects that light diffusely. In other words, the white scatters the incident light in all directions."</ref><ref>Harold, Richard W. "An Introduction to Appearance Analysis". IN: ''GATFWorld, the magazine of the Graphic Arts Technical Foundation'', SS Number 84. "The typical reference is a white standard that has been calibrated relative to the perfect white reflecting diffuser (100% reflectance at all wavelengths)."</ref>
Since it does not absorb any of the incident light, white is the lightest possible color.
If the reflection is not diffuse but rather [[specular reflection|specular]], this describes a mirror rather than a white surface.<ref>{{cite book
| author = Wyszecki & Stiles
| title = Color Science
| edition = Second
| quote = Regular reflection (or specular, or mirror reflection) follows the laws of optical reflection without diffusion (scattering), as exemplified by mirrors.
}}</ref><ref name="mirror1" />

Reflection of 100% of incident light at all wavelengths is a form of uniform reflectance, so white is an achromatic color, meaning a color without [[Colorfulness#Chroma|chroma]].<ref>"Does hue affect the perception of grayness?", R Shamey, W Sawatwarakul, Sha Fu, 13 May 2014, {{doi|10.1002/col.21894}},
''Color Research & Application'', Volume '''40''', Issue 4, p. 374. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.21894/pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231827/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.21894/pdf |date=8 October 2017 }} "The usual definition of achromatic color is 'a perceived color without hue.' The colorimetric definition is that of an object with a flat reflectance function at a given level of reflectance, or one of its metamers."</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/11
|title = 17-11 achromatic color
|publisher = International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
|year = 2014
|access-date = 8 October 2017
|quote = in the perceptual sense: perceived colour devoid of hue
|archive-date = 4 February 2020
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200204014640/http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/11
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> The color stimulus produced by the perfect diffuser is usually considered to be an achromatic stimulus for all illuminants, except for those whose light sources appear to be highly chromatic.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/12
|title = 17-12 achromatic stimulus
|publisher = International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
|year = 2014
|access-date = 8 October 2017
|archive-date = 3 February 2020
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200203153456/http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/12
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Color constancy is achieved by [[chromatic adaptation]]. The [[International Commission on Illumination]] defines ''white (adapted)'' as "a color stimulus that an observer who is [chromatically] adapted to the viewing environment would judge to be perfectly achromatic and to have a luminance factor of unity. The color stimulus that is considered to be the adapted white may be different at different locations within a scene.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/1427
|title = 17-1427 white, adapted
|publisher = International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
|year = 2014
|access-date = 4 April 2015
|archive-date = 17 July 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070900/http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/1427
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

=== White features in nature ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Snow-covered fir trees.jpg|Snow is composed of ice and air; it scatters or reflects sunlight without absorbing other colors of the spectrum.
File:Cumulus clouds in fair weather.jpeg|[[Cumulus cloud]]s look white because the water droplets reflect and scatter the sunlight without absorbing other colors.
File:White Cliffs of Dover 02.JPG|The [[White Cliffs of Dover]], made of [[limestone]]
File:Hyams Beach 002.jpg|[[Hyams Beach]], [[New South Wales]] appears white because the sunlight is reflected or scattered by the quartz or limestone sand
</gallery>
Beaches with [[sand]] containing high amounts of [[quartz]] or eroded [[limestone]] also appear white, since quartz and limestone reflect or scatter sunlight, rather than absorbing it. Tropical white sand beaches may also have a high quantity of white [[calcium carbonate]] from tiny bits of seashells ground to fine sand by the action of the waves.<ref name="livescience.com">[http://www.livescience.com/38163-where-beach-sand-comes-from.html "Science of summer – where does beach sand come from?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527172752/http://www.livescience.com/38163-where-beach-sand-comes-from.html |date=27 May 2017 }} ''Livescience.com''</ref>

The [[White Cliffs of Dover]] take their white color from the large amount of [[chalk]], made of [[limestone]], which they contain, which reflects the sunlight.

[[Snow]] is a mixture of air and tiny [[ice]] crystals. When white [[sunlight]] enters snow, very little of the spectrum is absorbed; almost all of the light is reflected or scattered by the air and water molecules, so the snow appears to be the color of sunlight, white. Sometimes the light bounces around inside the ice crystals before being scattered, making the snow seem to sparkle.<ref name="weather.about.com">{{cite web
| url = http://weather.about.com/od/winterweather/a/snow_white.htm
| title = Why Snow is White (Even Though Water is Clear)
| access-date = 30 December 2016
| archive-date = 17 October 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161017214007/http://weather.about.com/od/winterweather/a/snow_white.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

In the case of [[glacier]]s, the ice is more tightly pressed together and contains little air. As sunlight enters the ice, more light of the red spectrum is absorbed, so the light scattered will be bluish.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://ak.water.usgs.gov/glaciology/FAQ.htm
| title = USGS Glacier Studies
| first = U.S. Geological
| last = Survey
| access-date = 30 December 2016
| archive-date = 24 November 2005
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051124174456/http://ak.water.usgs.gov/glaciology/FAQ.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

[[Cloud]]s are white for the same reason as ice. They are composed of water droplets or ice crystals mixed with air, very little light that strikes them is absorbed, and most of the light is scattered, appearing to the eye as white. Shadows of other clouds above can make clouds look gray, and some clouds have their own shadow on the bottom of the cloud.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.com/news/science/why-are-clouds-white-20131013
| title = Why Are Clouds White?
| access-date = 30 December 2016
| archive-date = 6 September 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140906125636/http://www.weather.com/news/science/why-are-clouds-white-20131013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Many mountains with winter or year-round snow cover are named accordingly: [[Mauna Kea]] means ''white mountain'' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Mont Blanc]] means ''white mountain'' in French. [[Changbai Mountains]] literally meaning ''perpetually white mountains'', marks the border between China and Korea.

==== White materials ====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Titanium(IV) oxide.jpg|Titanium white, made with [[titanium dioxide]], is the brightest white paint available. It also colors most toothpaste and sunscreen.
File:Zinc oxide.jpg|[[Zinc white]] is made from [[zinc oxide]]. Zinc oxide is used in paints, suntan lotion, and some foods.
</gallery>
[[Chalk]] is a type of [[limestone]], made of the mineral [[calcite]], or [[calcium carbonate]]. It was originally deposited under the sea as the scales or plates of tiny micro-organisms called [[Coccolithophore]]. It was the first white pigment used by prehistoric artists in cave paintings. The chalk used on blackboards today is usually made of [[gypsum]] or calcium sulphate, a powder pressed into sticks.

''Bianco di San Giovanni'' is a pigment used in the Renaissance, which was described by the painter [[Cennino Cennini]] in the 15th century. It is similar to chalk, made of calcium carbonate with [[calcium hydroxide]]. It was made of dried lime which was made into a powder, then soaked in water for eight days, with the water changed each day. It was then made into cakes and dried in the sun.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/limewhite.html
| title = Pigments through the Ages – Overview – Lime white
| access-date = 30 December 2016
| archive-date = 2 August 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180802181014/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/limewhite.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

[[Lead white]] was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described is [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Vitruvius]] and the ancient Greek author [[Theophrastus]]. Pieces of lead were put into clay pots which had a separate compartment filled with [[vinegar]]. The pots in turn were piled on shelves close to cow dung. The combined fumes of the vinegar and the cow dung caused the lead to corrode into [[lead carbonate]]. It was a slow process which could take a month or more. It made an excellent white and was used by artists for centuries, but it was also toxic. It was replaced in the 19th century by [[zinc white]] and [[titanium white]].<ref>Ball, Philip (2000). ''Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour'', p. 99.</ref>

[[Titanium white]] is the most popular white for artists today; it is the brightest available white pigment, and has twice the coverage of lead white. It first became commercially available in 1921. It is made out of [[titanium dioxide]], from the minerals [[brookite]], [[anatase]], [[rutile]], or [[ilmenite]], currently the major source. Because of its brilliant whiteness, it is used as a colorant for most [[toothpaste]] and [[sunscreen]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/titaniumwhite.html
| title = Pigments through the Ages – Overview – Titanium white
| access-date = 30 December 2016
| archive-date = 14 October 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181014210747/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/titaniumwhite.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

[[Zinc white]] is made from [[zinc oxide]]. It is similar to but not as opaque as titanium white. It is added to some foods to [[Food fortification|enrich]] them with zinc, an important [[nutrient]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtaR9i3hYCYC&q=%22zinc+white%22+food&pg=PA2991|title=Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives|last=Burdock|first=George A.|date=1997|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780849394140|pages=2991|language=en|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=17 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317174149/https://books.google.com/books?id=NtaR9i3hYCYC&q=%22zinc+white%22+food&pg=PA2991#v=snippet&q=%22zinc%20white%22%20food&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chinese white]] is a variety of zinc white made for artists.<ref>Kassia St. Clair (2016) ''The Secret Lives of Color'', p. 40</ref>

Some materials can be made to look "whiter than white", this is achieved using [[optical brightener]] agents (OBA). These are chemical compounds that absorb light in the [[ultraviolet]] and violet region (usually 340–370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420–470 nm). OBAs are often used in paper and clothing to create an impression of very bright white. This is due to the fact that the materials actually send out more visible light than they receive.

==== Bleach and bleaching ====
[[Bleaching]] is a process for whitening fabrics which has been practiced for thousands of years. Sometimes it was simply a matter of leaving the fabric in the sun, to be faded by the bright light. In the 18th century several scientists developed varieties of [[chlorine bleach]], including [[sodium hypochlorite]] and [[calcium hypochlorite]] (bleaching powder).<ref name=encyc>{{cite encyclopedia
|encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
|title = Bleaching
|url = http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BLE/bleaching.html
|access-date = 2 May 2012
|edition = 9th Edition (1875) and 10th Edition (1902)
|archive-date = 24 May 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120524111017/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BLE/bleaching.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref> Bleaching agents that do not contain chlorine most often are based on [[peroxide]]s, such as [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[sodium percarbonate]] and [[sodium perborate]]. While most bleaches are oxidizing agents, a fewer number are [[reducing agents]] such as [[sodium dithionite]].

Bleaches attack the [[chromophore]]s, the part of a molecule which absorbs light and causes fabrics to have different colors. An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the [[chemical bond]]s that make up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not absorb [[visible light]]. A reducing bleach works by converting [[double bond]]s in the chromophore into [[single bond]]s. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/bleach.html
|title = Ingredients – Bleach
|work = Science Toys
|year = 2006
|access-date = 2 March 2006
|author = Field, Simon Q
|archive-date = 3 March 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120303021331/http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/bleach.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

Sunlight acts as a bleach through a similar process. High energy [[photon]]s of light, often in the [[violet (color)|violet]] or [[ultraviolet]] range, can disrupt the bonds in the chromophore, rendering the resulting substance colorless.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.howeverythingworks.org/pages_fm.php?topic=all&page=150
|title = Sunlight
|work = How Things Work
|year = 2006
|access-date = 23 February 2012
|author = Bloomfield, Louis A.
|archive-date = 11 May 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511065317/http://www.howeverythingworks.org/pages_fm.php?topic=all&page=150
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Some detergents go one step further; they contain [[fluorescent]] chemicals which glow, making the fabric look literally whiter than white.<ref>Heller (2000), p. 144.</ref>

== In the natural world ==
=== Astronomy ===
[[File:Sirius A and B Hubble photo.jpg|thumb|200px|Image of [[Sirius]] A and Sirius B taken by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]. Sirius B, a white dwarf, is the faint pinprick of light to the lower left of the much brighter Sirius A.]]
A [[white dwarf]] is a [[Compact star|stellar remnant]] composed mostly of [[electron-degenerate matter]]. They are very [[density|dense]]; a white dwarf's mass is comparable to that of the Sun and its volume is comparable to that of the Earth. Its faint [[luminosity]] comes from the [[Thermal radiation|emission]] of stored [[heat|thermal energy]]. A white dwarf is very hot when it is formed, but since it has no source of energy, it will gradually radiate away its energy and cool down. This means that its radiation, which initially has a high [[color temperature]], will lessen and redden with time. Over a very long time, a white dwarf will cool to temperatures at which it will no longer emit significant heat or light, and it will become a cold [[black dwarf]].<ref name="rln">{{cite web
|last1 = Richmond
|first1 = M.
|title = Late stages of evolution for low-mass stars
|url = http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/planneb/planneb.html
|work = Lecture notes, Physics 230
|publisher = [[Rochester Institute of Technology]]
|access-date = 3 May 2007
|archive-date = 4 September 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904224040/http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/planneb/planneb.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref> However, since no white dwarf can be older than the [[Age of the universe]] (approximately 13.8 billion years),<ref>{{cite web
|title = Cosmic Detectives
|url = http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cosmic_detectives
|publisher = The European Space Agency (ESA)
|date = 2 April 2013
|access-date = 26 April 2013
|archive-date = 11 February 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190211204726/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cosmic_detectives
|url-status = live
}}</ref> even the oldest white dwarfs still radiate at temperatures of a few thousand [[kelvin]]s, and no black dwarfs are thought to exist yet.

An [[A-type main-sequence star]] (A V) or A dwarf star is a [[main sequence|main-sequence]] ([[hydrogen]]-burning) [[star]] of [[spectral classification|spectral type]] A and [[luminosity class]] V. These stars have [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectra]] which are defined by strong [[Balmer series|hydrogen Balmer absorption lines]].<ref>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/starlog/staspe.html Stellar Spectral Types] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102042431/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/starlog/staspe.html |date=2 January 2009 }}, entry at hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, accessed on line 19 June 2007.</ref><ref>"An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics" by B.W Caroll and D.A Ostlie 1996 edition, chapter 8</ref> They have [[mass]]es from 1.4 to 2.1 times the [[solar mass|mass]] of the [[Sun]] and [[effective temperature|surface temperatures]] between 7600 and 11 500  [[Kelvin|K]].<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981A&AS...46..193H Empirical bolometric corrections for the main-sequence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109220215/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981A%26AS...46..193H |date=9 November 2017}}, Habets, G. M. H. J. and J. R. W. Heintze, ''Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement'' '''46''' (November 1981), pp. 193–237, Tables VII and VIII.</ref>

=== Biology ===
White animals use their color as a form of camouflage in winter. Animals such as [[penguin]]s are [[countershaded]] with white bellies, again as camouflage.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Dove 001.JPG|The [[dove]] is an international symbol of peace.
File:Mustela erminea winter cropped.jpg|The [[Stoat|ermine]], or [[stoat]]. Once considered the most noble of animals because it would rather die than dirty its fur.
File:Delphinapterus leucas 2.jpg|The [[beluga whale]] lives in Arctic and sub-arctic waters, where its color is an effective camouflage
File:Polar Bear - Alaska (cropped).jpg|A [[Polar bear|Polar Bear]] in Alaska. Its color is a form of camouflage
</gallery>

== Religion and culture ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Astarte with horns.jpg|Statuette of the goddess [[Astarte]].
File:Al-Haram mosque - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Thousands of pilgrims in white gather in [[Mecca]] for the beginning of their pilgrimage, or [[Hajj]].
File:Canonization 2014-The Canonization of Saint John XXIII and Saint John Paul II (14036966125).jpg|[[Pope Francis]] at the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. Popes have traditionally worn white since 1566.
File:Iwamotoji PilgrimGirl.JPG|A pilgrim in Japan.
File:Bride at meiji shrine.jpg|In the [[Shinto]] religion of [[Japan]] brides traditionally wear a white wedding [[kimono]].
File:Weisse tara mongolian art.jpg|The Buddhist deity [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] is often depicted with white skin.
</gallery>

White is an important symbolic color in most religions and cultures, usually because of its association with purity.

In [[Christianity]], white symbolizes purity, wisdom, holiness or devotion to [[God in Christianity|God]]. According to the Bible, Jesus is described wearing white cloths after resurrection, symbolizing life, and also describes the hair of God as whiter than snow, symbolizing purity. In Christianity, White also symbolizes light. White is mentioned 70 times in the [[King James Version|KJV]] Bible

In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], white is associated with [[Jesus Christ]], innocence and sacrifice. Since the [[Middle Ages]], priests wear a white [[cassock]] in many of the most important ceremonies and religious services connected with events in the life of Christ. White is worn by priests at [[Christmas]], during [[Easter]], and during celebrations connected with the other events of the life of Christ, such as Corpus Christi Sunday, and [[Trinity Sunday]]. It is also worn at the services dedicated to the [[Virgin Mary]], and to those [[List of Catholic saints|Saints]] who were not [[Christian martyr|martyred]], as well as other special occasions, such as the ordination of priests and the installation of new bishops. Within the hierarchy of the church, lighter colors indicated higher rank; ordinary [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priests]] wore black; [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishops]] wore violet, [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] wore red, and outside a church, only the [[pope]] would wear white.<ref>Heller (2000), p. 132.</ref> (Popes occasionally wore white in the Middle Ages, but usually wore red. Popes have worn white regularly since 1566, when [[Pope Pius V]], a member of the [[Dominican Order]], began the practice.) White is the color of the [[Dominican Order]].

In [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] the color white is used as a symbol of purity, innocence, and cleanliness, particularly in [[Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)|religious ceremonies]] such as baptism<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 15: The Covenant of Baptism |url=https://abn.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/doctrines-of-the-gospel/chapter-15?lang=eng |website=Doctrines of the Gospel Teacher Manual |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216211222/https://abn.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/doctrines-of-the-gospel/chapter-15?lang=eng |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Temple (LDS Church)|temple]] ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preparing to Enter the Holy Temple |url=https://abn.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/preparing-to-enter-the-holy-temple/preparing-to-enter-the-holy-temple?lang=eng |website=Preparing to Enter the Holy Temple |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216211107/https://abn.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/preparing-to-enter-the-holy-temple/preparing-to-enter-the-holy-temple?lang=eng |url-status=dead }}</ref> In temple ceremonies, white clothing is also worn by all participants, both men and women, to also symbolize unity and equality before God.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesson 5: Learning from the Lord through Symbols |url=https://abn.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/endowed-from-on-high/lesson-5?lang=eng |website=Endowed from on High: Temple Preparation Seminar Teacher's Manual |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216211123/https://abn.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/endowed-from-on-high/lesson-5?lang=eng |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why Symbols? |url=https://abn.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2007/02/why-symbols?lang=eng |website=Ensign |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |access-date=16 December 2021 |date=February 2007 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216211159/https://abn.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2007/02/why-symbols?lang=eng |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Islam]], white clothing is worn during required pilgrimage to Mecca, or ''[[Ihram]]'' [[pilgrimage]] (''[[Hajj]]''). Called [[Ihram clothing]], men's garments often consist of two white un-hemmed sheets (usually towelling material). The top (the ''riḍā'') is draped over the torso and the bottom (the ''izār'') is secured by a belt; plus a pair of sandals. Women's clothing varies considerably and reflects regional as well as religious influences. Ihram is typically worn during [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], the last month in the [[Islamic calendar]].

White also has a long history of use as a religious and political symbol in Islam, beginning with the white banner that tradition ascribes to the [[Quraysh]], the tribe to which [[Muhammad]] belonged. The [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad dynasty]] also used white as its dynastic color, following the personal banner of its founder, [[Mu'awiya I]], while the [[Shi'ite]] [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] also chose white to highlight their opposition to the [[Sunni]] [[Abbasid Caliphate]], whose color was black.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Hathaway
| first = Jane
| title = A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen
| publisher = SUNY Press
| year = 2012
| isbn = 978-0-7914-8610-8
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L-lPC7DgepEC
| pages = 96–97
| access-date = 2 April 2018
| archive-date = 17 March 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240317174144/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-lPC7DgepEC
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In Judaism, during the rituals of [[Yom Kippur]], the ceremony of [[Atonement in Judaism|atonement]], the [[rabbi]] dresses in white, as do the members of the congregation, to restore the bonds between God and his followers.

In the traditional Japanese religion of [[Shinto]], an area of white gravel or stones marks a sacred place, called a ''niwa''. These places were dedicated to the ''kami'', spirits which had descended from the heavens or had come across the sea. Later, temples of [[Zen Buddhism]] in Japan often featured a [[Zen garden]], where white sand or gravel was carefully raked to resemble rivers or streams, designed as objects of meditation.<ref>Young, David and Michigo (2005). ''The Art of the Japanese Garden'', p. 64.</ref>

Many religions symbolize heaven by using a sky with white clouds. This phenomenon is not limited to western culture; in [[Yoruba religion]], the orisha [[Obatala]] in the [[Ifá]] tradition is represented by white. Obatala is associated with calmness, morality, old age, and purity.

In [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]] and similar religions, the [[deity|deities]] called the [[Great White Brotherhood]] are said to have white [[aura (paranormal)|auras]].<ref>Prophet, Elizabeth Clare ''The Great White Brotherhood in the Culture, History and Religion of America'' Summit University Press, 1975</ref>

In some Asian and Slavic cultures, white is considered to be a color that represents death.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Symbol Sourcebook: An Authoritative Guide to International Graphic Symbols
| first = Henry
| last = Dreyfuss
| date = 1984
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| isbn = 978-0-471-28872-5
| url = http://www.librarything.com/work/232578
| access-date = 27 May 2010
| archive-date = 8 December 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191208064051/http://www.librarything.com/work/232578
| url-status = live
}}</ref> White also represented death in [[ancient Egypt]], representing the lifeless desert that covered much of the country; black was held to be the color of life, representing the mud-covered fertile lands created by the flooding of the [[Nile]] and giving the country its name (''Kemet'', or "black land").

In China, Korea, and some other Asian countries, white, or more precisely, the whitish color of undyed linen, is the color of mourning and funerals.<ref>Heller (2000), pp. 136–37.</ref>

In traditional China, undyed linen clothing is worn at funerals. As time passes, the bereaved can gradually wear clothing dyed with colors, then with darker colors. Small sacks of [[quicklime]], one for each year of the life of the deceased are placed around the body to protect it against impurity in the next world, and white paper flowers are placed around the body.<ref>Varichon, Anne (2000). ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 33.</ref>

In China and other Asian countries, white is the color of reincarnation, showing that death is not a permanent separation from the world.<ref>Heller (2000), p. 136.</ref>

In China, white is associated with the masculine (the ''yang'' of the ''yin'' and ''yang''); with the [[unicorn]] and [[tiger]]; with the fur of an animal; with the direction of west; with the element metal; and with the [[autumn]] season.<ref>Heller (2000), p. 84.</ref>

In Japan, undyed linen white robes are worn by pilgrims for rituals of purification, and bathing in sacred rivers. In the mountains, pilgrims wear costumes of undyed [[jute]] to symbolize purity. A white kimono is often placed in the casket with the deceased for the journey to the other world, as white represents death sometimes.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.funerals-and-flowers.com/japanese-funeral.html
| title = Japanese Funeral
| access-date = 30 December 2016
| archive-date = 14 October 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181014063828/http://www.funerals-and-flowers.com/japanese-funeral.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Condolence gifts, or ''kooden'', are tied with black and white ribbons and wrapped in white paper, protecting the contents from the impurities of the other world.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://tanutech.com/japan/jfunerals.html
| title = Japanese Funeral Customs
| access-date = 30 December 2016
| archive-date = 29 July 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180729055214/http://tanutech.com/japan/jfunerals.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In India, it is the color of purity, divinity, detachment and serenity. In Hindi, the name Sweta means white.

In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], white robes were reserved for the lama of a monastery.

In the [[Bedouin]] and some other pastoral cultures, there is a strong connection between milk and white, which is considered the color of gratitude, esteem, joy, good fortune and fertility.<ref>Varichon, Anne (2000). ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 16–35.</ref>

In [[Paganism]], it is used for peace, innocence, illumination, and purity. It can also be used to stand for any color.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magical Properties of Colors|url=https://wiccaliving.com/magical-properties-colors/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Wicca Living|language=en-US|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122023531/https://wiccaliving.com/magical-properties-colors/|url-status=live}}</ref> White is also associated with cleansing, a Pagan practice that cleans something using the elements. In [[Wicca]], a white-handled knife called the [[boline]] is used in rituals.<ref>Waite, Arthur Edward (1911). ''The Book of Ceremonial Magic''. London: William Rider, p. 154.</ref>

=== Political movements ===
{{See also|White (political adjective)}}
[[File:Klan-in-gainesville.jpg|thumb|A [[cross burning]] by the [[white supremacist]] hate group [[Ku Klux Klan]] in Florida in 1922.]]
White is often associated with [[monarchism]]. The association originally came from the white flag of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] dynasty of France. White became the banner of the royalist rebellions against the [[French Revolution]] (see [[Revolt in the Vendée]]).

During the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] which followed the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917, the White Army, a coalition of monarchists, nationalists and liberals, fought unsuccessfully against the [[Red Army]] of the [[Bolsheviks]]. A similar battle between reds and whites took place during the [[Civil War in Finland]] in the same period.

The Ku Klux Klan is a [[racist]] and [[anti-immigrant]] organization which flourished in the [[Southern United States]] after the [[American Civil War]]. They wore white robes and hoods, burned crosses and violently attacked and murdered black Americans.

In Iran, the [[White Revolution]] was a series of social and political reforms launched in 1963 by the last [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah]] of [[Iran]] before his downfall.

White is also associated with peace and passive resistance. The [[white ribbon]] is worn by movements denouncing [[violence against women]] and the [[White Rose]] was a non-violent [[German resistance to Nazism|resistance]] group in [[Nazi Germany]].

=== Selected national flags featuring white ===
White is a common color in national flags, though its symbolism varies widely. The white in the [[flag of the United States]] and [[flag of the United Kingdom]] comes from traditional red [[St George's Cross]] on a white background of the historic [[flag of England]]. The white in the [[flag of France]] represents either the monarchy or "white, the ancient French color" according to the [[Marquis de Lafayette]].

Many flags in the Arab world use the colors of the [[flag of the Arab Revolt]] of 1916; red, white, green and black. These include the flags of [[Egypt]], [[Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Iraq]].

The [[Philippines]] also use white as their symbol for unity in [[Flag of the Philippines|their flag]].
<gallery>
File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|Flag of the [[Bourbons]], royal family of France until the [[French Revolution]] and during the restoration of the monarchy afterwards.
File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|The [[Flag of Vatican City]] (1929). The white and gold colors symbolize the colors of the keys to heaven given by [[Jesus Christ]] to [[Saint Peter]]: the gold of spiritual power, the white of worldly power. The keys have been the Papal symbol since the 13th century.
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|The [[flag of the Netherlands]] (1572) was the first red, white and blue national flag. [[Peter the Great]] adopted the colors for the [[flag of Russia]].
File:Flag of India.svg|alt=The flag of India (1947). White represents "light, the path of truth".|The [[flag of India]] (1947). White represents "light, the path of truth".<ref>{{cite web|title= Flag Code of India |publisher= Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |url= http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf |access-date= 22 March 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130121163043/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf |archive-date= 21 January 2013 }}</ref>
File:Flag of Ireland.svg|The [[flag of Ireland]]. According to the Irish government press office, citing [[Thomas Francis Meagher]], "The green represents the older Gaelic tradition while the orange represents the supporters of William of Orange. The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green".<ref>{{cite web |title=The National Flag |url=https://www.gov.ie/pdf/?file=https://assets.gov.ie/283710/6dcf4d37-c716-478d-bc60-b47a5067de7c.pdf#page=null |website=Government of Ireland |date=1 November 2018 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317173957/https://www.gov.ie/pdf/?file=https://assets.gov.ie/283710/6dcf4d37-c716-478d-bc60-b47a5067de7c.pdf#page=null |url-status=live }}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Idioms and expressions ===
* To ''whitewash'' something is to conceal an unpleasant reality.
* A ''white lie'' is an innocent lie told out of politeness.
* ''[[White noise]]'' is the noise of all the frequencies of sound combined. It is used to cover up unwanted noise.
* A ''white knight'' in finance is a friendly investor who steps in to rescue a company from a hostile takeover.
* ''[[White-collar worker]]s'' are those who work in offices, as opposed to [[blue-collar worker]]s, who work with their hands in factories or workshops.
* A ''[[white paper]]'' is an authoritative report on a major issue by a team of experts; a government report outlining policy; or a short treatise whose purpose is to educate industry customers. Associating a paper with white may signify clean facts and unbiased information.
* The ''[[white feather]]'' is a symbol of cowardice, particularly in Britain.<ref name="Etym">{{cite web
| url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=white+feather&searchmode=none
| title = White Feather
| publisher = Etymonline.com
| access-date = 6 June 2012
| archive-date = 3 July 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170703015109/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=white+feather&searchmode=none
| url-status = live
}}</ref> It supposedly comes from [[cockfighting]] and the belief that a [[rooster|cockerel]] sporting a white feather in its tail is likely to be a poor fighter. At the beginning of the First World War, women in England were encouraged to give white feathers to men who had not enlisted in the British Armed Forces.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/first-world-war-white-feather-cowardice Guardian review] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170106070719/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/first-world-war-white-feather-cowardice |date= 6 January 2017}} of ''We Will Not Fight...: The Untold Story of World War One's Conscientious Objectors'' by Will Ellsworth-Jones</ref>
* In the US, a ''[[white shoe firm]]'' is an older, conservative firm, usually in a field such as banking or law. The phrase derives from the "white bucks", laced suede or buckskin shoes with red soles, long popular in the [[Ivy League]] colleges.<ref name=safire>{{cite news
| author-link = William Safire
| first = William
| last = Safire
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/09/magazine/on-language-gimme-the-ol-white-shoe.html
| title = On Language; Gimme the Ol' White Shoe
| work = The New York Times
| date = 9 November 1997
| access-date = 23 February 2017
| archive-date = 27 May 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220527080456/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/09/magazine/on-language-gimme-the-ol-white-shoe.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
* In Russia, the nobility are sometimes described as ''white bone'' (белая кость, bélaya kost'), commoners as ''black bone''.<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Smith
| first1 = Douglas
| title = Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy
| date = 2 October 2012
| publisher = Macmillan
| isbn = 978-1-4668-2775-2
}}</ref>

== Associations and symbolism ==
=== Innocence and sacrifice ===
In Western culture, white is the color most often associated with innocence, or purity.<ref>Heller (2000).</ref> In the [[Bible]] and in Temple Judaism, white animals such as lambs were [[Tamid|sacrificed to expiate sins]]. The white [[lily]] is considered the flower of purity and innocence, and is often associated with the [[Virgin Mary]].

=== Beginnings ===
White is the color in Western culture most often associated with beginnings. In Christianity, children are baptized and first take [[Eucharist|communion]] wearing white. Christ after [[Resurrection of Jesus|the Resurrection]] is traditionally portrayed dressed in white.

Queen [[Elizabeth II]] wore white when she opened each session of British Parliament. In high society, [[debutantes]] traditionally wear white for their first ball.

=== Weddings ===
White has long been the traditional color worn by brides at royal weddings, but the white wedding gown for ordinary people appeared in the 19th century. Before that time, most brides wore their best Sunday clothing, of whatever color.<ref>Heller (2000), pp. 144–48.</ref> The white lace wedding gown of [[Queen Victoria]] in 1840 had a large impact on the color and fashion of wedding dresses in both Europe and America down to the present day.
<gallery>
File:Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.jpg|The wedding dress of [[Queen Victoria]] (1840) set the fashion for wedding dresses of the Victorian era and for the 20th century.
File:Barong Tagalog.jpg|The [[barong tagalog]] is a traditional [[folk costume]] of the [[Philippines]]; this attire is worn on formal gatherings and weddings.
File:Wedding kimono.jpg|Japanese formal wedding dress still used today.
</gallery>

=== Cleanliness ===
White is the color most associated with cleanliness. Objects which are expected to be clean, such as refrigerators and dishes, toilets and sinks, bed linen and towels, are traditionally white. White was the traditional color of the coats of doctors, nurses, scientists and laboratory technicians, though nowadays a pale blue or green is often used. White is also the color most often worn by chefs, bakers, and butchers, and the color of the aprons of waiters in French restaurants.<ref>Heller (2000), pp. 135–36.</ref>

=== Ghosts, phantoms and two of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse ===
[[File:Apparition DB.JPG|thumb|The woman in white, a familiar figure in European ghost stories]]
[[File:Apocalypse vasnetsov.jpg|thumb|The biblical ''Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse''. Conquest, with a bow, rides a white horse. Death rides a pale or light green horse (painting by [[Viktor Vasnetsov]], 1887).]]
White is the color associated with [[ghost]]s and phantoms. In the past the dead were traditionally buried in a white shroud. Ghosts are said to be the spirits of the dead who, for various reasons, are unable to rest or enter heaven, and so walk the earth in their white shrouds. White is also connected with the paleness of death. A common expression in English is "pale as a ghost."<ref name="Heller 2000, p. 137"/>

The [[White Lady]], Weiße Frau, or ''dame blanche'' is a familiar figure in English, German and French ghost stories. She is a spectral apparition of a female clad in white, in most cases the ghost of an ancestor, sometimes giving warning about death and disaster. The most notable Weiße Frau is the legendary ghost of the German [[Hohenzollern]] dynasty.

Seeing a white horse in a dream is said to be presentiment of death.<ref>Zuffi, Stefano (2012). ''Color in Art'', p. 254.</ref> In the [[Book of Revelation]], the last book in the [[New Testament]] of the Bible, the [[Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]] are supposed to announce the [[Apocalypse]] before the [[Last Judgement]]. The man on a [[White horse (mythology)|white horse]] with a bow and arrow, according to different interpretations, represents either War and Conquest, the [[Antichrist]], or Christ himself, cleansing the world of sin. Death rides a horse whose color is described in ancient Greek as ''khlōros'' ([[wikt:χλωρός|χλωρός]]) in the original [[Koine Greek]],<ref>[http://www.codex-sinaiticus.net/en/manuscript.aspx?book=59&chapter=6&lid=en&side=r&verse=8&zoomSlider=0 Codex Sinaiticus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011038/http://www.codex-sinaiticus.net/en/manuscript.aspx?book=59&chapter=6&lid=en&side=r&verse=8&zoomslider=0 |date=30 October 2013 }}, Rev 6:8.</ref> which can mean either green/greenish-yellow or pale/pallid.<ref>Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dxlwro%2Fs A Greek-English Lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406225630/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dxlwro%2Fs |date=6 April 2014 }}'': χλωρός.</ref>

=== Opposite of black ===
{{Further|Black-and-white dualism}}
[[File:Yin and Yang.svg|thumb|In [[Taoism]], white represents the ''yang'' or male energy, one of the two complementary natures of the universe.]]
Black and white often represent the contrast between light and darkness, day and night, male and female, good and evil.

In [[taoism]], the two complementary natures of the universe, [[yin and yang]], are often symbolized in black and white, Ancient games of strategy, such as [[Go (game)|go]] and [[chess]], use black and white to represent the two sides.

In the French monarchy, white symbolized the King and his power ''par la grâce de Dieu'' ("by the grace of God") and in contrast black was the color of the queen who according to the Salic Law which excluded women from the throne (and thus from power) could never become the ruling monarch.

Black and white also often represent formality and seriousness, as in the costumes of judges and priests, business suits, of formal evening dress. Monks of the [[Dominican Order]] wear a black cloak over a white habit. Until 1972, agents of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] were informally required by FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] to wear white shirts with their suits, to project the correct image of the FBI.<ref>Lydon, Christopher, "J. Edgar Hoover Made the FBI Formidable With Politics, Publicity and Results", ''The New York Times'' obituary, 3 May 1972</ref>

=== Names taken from white ===
White is the source of more names for women in western countries than any other color.<ref>Heller (2000), p. 133.</ref> Names taken from white include Alba, Albine (Latin). Blandine, Blanche and Blanchette (French); Bianca (Italian); Jennifer (Celt); Genevieve, Candice (from Latin Candida); Fenela, Fiona and Finola (Irish); Gwendoline, Gwenael, Nol(g)wen (''white woman'') (Celt), Nives (Spanish) and Zuria (Basque).{{Sfn|Heller|2000|pages=133–34}}

In addition many names come from white flowers: Camille, Daisy, Lily, Lili, Magnolie, Jasmine, Yasemine, Leila, Marguerite, Rosalba, and others.

Other names come from the white [[pearl]]; Pearl, Margarita (Latin), Margaret, Margarethe, Marga, Grete, Rita, Gitta, Marjorie, Margot.

=== Temples, churches and government buildings ===
Since ancient times, temples, churches, and many government buildings in many countries have traditionally been white, the color associated with religious and civic virtue. The [[Parthenon]] and other ancient temples of Greece, and the buildings of the [[Roman Forum]] were mostly made of or clad in white marble, though it is now known that some of these ancient buildings were actually brightly painted.<ref>John Gage (1993), ''Couleur et Culture'', pp. 11–29.</ref> The Roman tradition of using white stone for government buildings and churches was revived in the Renaissance and especially in the [[neoclassic style]] of the 18th and 19th centuries. White stone became the material of choice for government buildings in Washington, D.C., and other American cities. European cathedrals were also usually built of white or light-colored stone, though many darkened over the centuries from smoke and soot.

The Renaissance architect and scholar [[Leon Battista Alberti]] wrote in 1452 that churches should be plastered white on the inside, since white was the only appropriate color for reflection and meditation.<ref>Stefano Zuffi, ''Color in Art'' (2012), p. 244.</ref> Traditional [[Cistercian architecture]] also places a high emphasis on white for similar reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0257.xml|title=Cistercian Architecture|first=Maximillian|last=Sternberg|date=28 August 2018|accessdate=15 June 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423142443/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0257.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> After the Reformation, [[Calvinist]] churches in the [[Netherlands]] were whitewashed and sober inside, a tradition that was also followed in the [[Protestant]] churches of New England, such as [[Old North Church]] in [[Boston]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Parthenon.jpg|Although the [[Parthenon]] in Athens (5th century BC) is white today, it was originally painted with many colors
File:858MilanoDuomo.JPG|The [[Cathedral of Milan]] (1386–1965)
File:Delft interieur Waalse Kerk.jpg|[[Dutch Reformed Church]] interior in [[Delft]], the Netherlands (16th century)
File:2006Boston007.jpg|Interior of [[Old North Church]], Boston (1723)
File:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|The [[White House]] (1801), Washington, D.C.
</gallery>

=== Ethnography ===
People of the [[Caucasian race]] are often referred to simply as white. The [[United States Census Bureau]] defines [[white people]] as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported "white" or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish."<ref name=Census>{{cite web
|url = https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf
|title = The White Population: 2000
|publisher = United States Census Bureau
|date = August 2001
|access-date = 10 March 2011
|archive-date = 25 June 2005
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050625025215/https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf
|url-status = live
}}</ref> White people constitute the majority of the U.S. population, with a total of 204,277,273 or 61.6% of the population in the [[2020 United States Census]].

=== White flag ===
A [[white flag]] has long been used to represent either surrender or a request for a truce. It is believed to have originated in the 15th century, during the [[Hundred Years' War]] between France and England, when multicolored flags, as well as firearms, came into common use by European armies. The white flag was officially recognized as a request to cease hostilities by the [[Geneva Convention]] of 1949.<ref>Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', p. 256.</ref>

=== Vexillology and heraldry ===
In English [[heraldry]], white or [[silver (color)|silver]] signified brightness, purity, virtue, and innocence.<ref>''American Girls Handy Book: How to Amuse Yourself and Others'', by Adelia Beard. {{ISBN|978-0-87923-666-3}}, p. 369.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Color realism (art style)|Color realism]]
* [[List of colors]]
* [[Variations of white]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| last = Ball
| first = Philip
| title = Bright Earth – Art and the Invention of Colour
| year = 2001
| publisher = Penguin Group
| isbn = 978-2-7541-0503-3
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gage
| first = John
| title = La Couleur dans l'art
| year = 2009
| publisher = Thames & Hudson
| isbn = 978-2-87811-325-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Heller
| first = Eva
| title = Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques
| year = 2000
| publisher = Pyramyd (French translation)
| isbn = 978-2-35017-156-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Pastoureau
| first = Michel
| title = Le petit livre des couleurs
| year = 2005
| publisher = Editions du Panama
| isbn = 978-2-7578-0310-3
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = St. Clair
| first = Kassia
| title = The Secret Lives of Colour
| year = 2016
| publisher = John Murray
| isbn = 9781473630819
| location = London
| oclc = 936144129
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Varichon
| first = Anne
| title = Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples
| year = 2005
| language = fr
| publisher = Editions de Seuil
| isbn = 978-2-02-084697-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Zuffi
| first = Stefano
| title = Color in Art
| year = 2012
| publisher = Abrams
| isbn = 978-1-4197-0111-5
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wiktionary|white}}
{{web colors}}
{{Shades of white|*}}
{{Shades of gray|White}}
{{Color topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Color]]
[[Category:Shades of white| ]]
[[Category:White| ]]

Jaee, India

2026-03-06T16:16:10Z

Iringlz: adding new details added tags

{{refimprove|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Jaee
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = Jaee Nagla
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|59|N|77|56|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12,000
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 250406
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jaee''' is a village and a [[Gram Panchayat]] in [[Meerut district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] "[[Uttar Pradesh]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/118965-jai-uttar-pradesh.html |title = Jai Population - Meerut, Uttar Pradesh | access-date = March 2, 2026 | website = census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Meerut district]]

{{Meerut-geo-stub}}

Daku Aur Mahatma

2026-03-03T23:29:27Z

Iringlz: fix formatting for clarity and updated info per standard format

{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daku Aur Mahatma
| image = Daku Aur Mahatma.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Ravikant Nagaich]]
| producer = Pari A V Mohan
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1977}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Daku Aur Mahatma''''' is a 1977 [[Bollywood]] [[action film]] directed by Ravigant Nagaich.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daku Aur Mahatma (1977) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/daku-aur-mahatma-4729/cast-crew|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film was released under the banner of Radha Mohan Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daku Aur Mahatma (1977) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date – BookMyShow|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/daku-aur-mahatma/IEMV007472|access-date=2021-03-02|website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

{{No plot|date=December 2023}}

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Kumar]] as Laxman Singh / Dilawar Singh
*[[Reena Roy]] as Kiran
*[[Kabir Bedi]] as Sangram Singh
*[[Yogeeta Bali]] as Vandana
*[[Raza Murad]] as Inspector Kailash Mathur
*[[Mushtaq Merchant]] as Truck Cleaner
*[[Mehmood Jr]] as Hamid
*[[Leena Das]] as Singer/Courtesan
*[[Narendra Nath]]
*[[Kamal Kapoor]]

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Ravindra Jain]].

{|class="wikitable"
! # !! Song !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Angoothi Angoothi"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 2
| "Suno Suno Re Mera Sandesh"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 3
| "Kajarwa Ne Maare Kayi Naujawan"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 4
| "Jaat Na Poochho Saddu Ki"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| 5
| "Ho Meri Pyaari Jalebi Rashbhari"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
|-
| 6
| "Hansti Aankhon Ko Jisne Aansoo Diye"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]], Hemlata, [[Jaspal Singh (singer)|Jaspal Singh]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0245854|title=Daku Aur Mahatma}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravindra Jain]]
[[Category:1970s crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravikant Nagaich]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-action-film-stub}}

Rakshakan

2026-03-03T21:33:50Z

Iringlz: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|2007 Malayalam movie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakshakan
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Thulasidas]]
| producer = G.K. Pilla (Saami)
| writer = A. K. Santhosh
| screenplay = A. K. Santhosh
| starring = [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| music = Sanjeev Lal Rajeev Alunkal (lyrics)
| cinematography = Utpal V. Nayanar
| editing = P. C Mohanan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2007|08|24|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Rakshakan''''' is a [[Malayalam films of 2007|2007]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] language [[action thriller]] [[film]], directed by Thulasidas, written by A. K. Santhosh, starring [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] and [[Harisree Ashokan]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rakshakan-review-malayalam-movie-8921 | title=Rakshakan review. Rakshakan Malayalam movie review, story, rating | access-date=11 May 2022 | archive-date=11 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511084612/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rakshakan-review-malayalam-movie-8921 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_rakshakan.php |title=Rakshakan Review |website=movies.bizhat.com |access-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013192255/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_rakshakan.php |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2023|reason=Uncertain if bizhat.com is reliable. There is no byline on this review, so we do not know who wrote it and what, if any, editorial oversight it has had.}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kalabhavan-mani-is-rakshakan-tamil-news-21573 | title=Kalabhavan Mani is Rakshakan - Tamil News | date=5 April 2006 | access-date=11 May 2022 | archive-date=11 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511084611/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kalabhavan-mani-is-rakshakan-tamil-news-21573 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rakshakan-completed-telugu-news-25458 | title=Rakshakan completed - Telugu News | date=20 September 2006 | access-date=11 May 2022 | archive-date=11 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511084612/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rakshakan-completed-telugu-news-25458 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot synopsis==
Mukundan faces many challenges when he has to solve all his financial liabilities just with the income he gets by running a garage.

==Cast==
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as [[Mechanic]] Mukundan
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Sugathan
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Professor Narendran
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Karvaran/Krishnankutty
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Podimon
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Kusumakumar
*[[Manya (actress)|Manya]] as Aswathy Bhaskar
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Lathika
*[[Suja Karthika]] as Indu
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Dr. Arundhati Narendran
*[[Geetha Salam]] as Lopez
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Varghese
*Manuraj as Manoj
*[[Jayakrishnan Kichu]] as Sreekuttan
*Jisna Ali as Heera Vishwanath
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Vedimaram Zakeer
*[[Kalasala Babu]] as Bhaskaran
*Poornima Anand
*[[M. B. Padmakumar]] as Vijayan

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1102313}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thulasidas]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Jebi Mather Hisham

2026-03-01T19:31:35Z

Iringlz: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Jebi Mather]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R from long name}}

Arumuka Navalar

2026-02-22T14:28:08Z

Iringlz: created a article

{{short description|Sri Lankan Shaivism and Tamil language scholar, reformer, revivalist}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arumuga Navalar
| image = Arumuka Navalar.jpg
| caption =
| native_name = {{Lang|ta|ஆறுமுக நாவலர்}}
| birth_name = Kandharpillai Arumukapillai
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|18 December 1822}}
| birth_place = [[Nallur (Jaffna)|Nallur]], [[Jaffna District]], [[British Ceylon]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1879|12|5|1822|12|18}}
| death_place = [[Jaffna]], British Ceylon
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names = {{Hlist | Srila Sri Arumuka Navalar | Sri Arumuka [[Swami]]gal}}
| known_for = [[Hindu]] [[Hindu reform movements|reformer]]
| education = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Pandit]]har
| employer =
| occupation = Hindu missionary
| title = Navalar
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Arumuka Navalar''' ({{Langx|ta|ஆறுமுக நாவலர்|lit=Arumuka the [[Orator]]|translit=Āṟumuka Nāvalar}}; 18 December 1822 – 5 December 1879) was a [[Sri Lankan people|Sri Lankan]] [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] [[Tamil language]] scholar and a religious reformer who was central in reviving [[Shaiva Siddhanta|native Hindu Tamil]] traditions in [[Sri Lanka]] and India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj_aWm4DeFEC&q=navalar&pg=PA460|title=The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics|last=Holt|first=John|date=2011-04-13|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822349822|pages=460|language=en}}</ref>

Navalar's birth name was Nallur Arumuka Pillai.<ref name="Williams1996p23"/> He was born in a Tamil literary family, and became one of the Jaffna Tamils notable for reviving, reforming and reasserting the Hindu [[Shaivism]] tradition during the colonial era. As an assistant working for [[Peter Percival]] – a Methodist Christian missionary, he helped translate the [[King James Bible]] into the Tamil language. He established Hindu schools and published a press in order to publish reading materials for Hindu children to educate them on Hindu religion and also practice and rituals of Hindu religion.<ref name="Williams1996p23">{{cite book|author=Dennis Hudson|editor=Raymond Brady Williams|title=A Sacred Thread: Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VV0VntTpvMC |year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10779-2|pages=23–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC|year=1974|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0|pages=235–236 with footnotes}}</ref> With his knowledge of Christian theological premises, Navalar became influential in creating a period of intense religious rivalry with [[Christian mission]]aries, defending Tamils and their historic religious culture in India and Sri Lanka, preventing large-scale conversions to [[Christianity]].<ref name="Williams1996p23"/>{{sfn|Sugirtharajah|2005}}{{sfn|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=27–35}}

He was one of the first natives to use the modern printing press to preserve the Tamil literary tradition. He defended Hindu Shaivism, calling it ''samaya'' (Observance, Religion) of "True Being" (''sat'', soul), and he used the same techniques to counter Christianity that Christian missionaries used against Hinduism.<ref name="Williams1996p23"/> As part of his religious revivalism, in a manner similar to Christian mission schools, he built schools that taught secular and [[Hindu]] religious subjects.<ref name="Williams1996p23"/> He is credited with finding and publishing original [[palm leaf manuscripts]]. He also attempted to reform Hindu Shaivism and customary practices in Sri Lanka,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12JDAAAAYAAJ |title=A Social History of the Tamils|last=Pillay|first=Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi|date=1969|publisher=University of Madras|language=en}}</ref> such as by showing Shaiva Agamas (scriptures) prohibit animal sacrifice and violence of any form.<ref name="Williams1996p23"/>

==Biography==
{{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}
Navalar was born in 1822 as Nallur Arumuga Pillai to a Hindu family in Sri Lanka.<ref name="Williams1996p23"/> His family belonged to the [[Vellalar (Sri Lankan Tamil)|Vellalar]] caste,<ref>{{cite book |last1= Hudson|first1= Dennis D.|year= 1992 |editor1-last= Jones |editor1-first= Kenneth W |title= Religious controversy in British India: dialogues in South Asian languages |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=whMLdd8F_xAC&q=%22Arumuga+Navalar+and+the+Hindu+Renaissance+Among+the+Tamils%22&pg=PA27 |publisher= SUNY |page= 29 |isbn= 0-7914-0828-0 |access-date= 14 May 2020 }}</ref> which constitutes about 50% of the Tamil Hindus on the island nation.<ref name="Bush2003p51"/> The Vellalars were related to farming.<ref name="GuptaBasu2010p165">{{cite book|author1=Suman Gupta|author2=Tapan Basu|title=Globalization in India: Contents and Discontents|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=08dc_ASn6dIC |year=2010|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1988-6|pages=165–166}}</ref><ref name="Williams1996p40">{{cite book|author=Denns Hudson|editor=Raymond Brady Williams|title=A Sacred Thread: Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3VV0VntTpvMC|year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10779-2|pages=40–41}}, Quote: "Arumuga Navalar and Jnanaprakasha Muni belonged to the Karkatta Velala class" (p. 40). (For the legend on how Navalar's ancestor learnt Hindu texts and became accepted as learned in the Hindu community, and a part of Shaiva monastery tradition, see pp. 41–43)</ref> Historically, the Vellalars had been a part of the elites who owned lands, were literati, patrons of temples and monasteries. At the time of Navalar's birth, they were a part of the socio-political leadership in [[Jaffna peninsula]], a strip of land (40 by 15 miles) separated from South India by the [[Palk Strait]].<ref name="Bush2003p51">{{cite book|author=Kenneth Bush|title=The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Learning to Read Between the Lines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBqHDAAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-59782-2|pages=51–53}}</ref> Navalar grew up in a literati Tamil [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] family.<ref name="Williams1996p23"/><ref name="K97" />

Navalar's home was in the town of [[Nallur (Jaffna)|Nallur]] on the Jaffna peninsula. The principal town [[Jaffna]] and the peninsula (as well as the West Coast and Eastern regions of Sri Lanka) were predominantly Tamil Saiva in culture distinct from that of the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] Buddhists elsewhere. It was closely linked to the Saiva culture of South India.<ref name="Hudson29">{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=29}}</ref><ref name="K97">{{Harvnb|Kaplan|Hudson|1994|pages=97}}</ref> It was also home to the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] that had patronised this culture before it was defeated by the Portuguese [[colonialism|colonials]] in 1621 CE. Nallur was also the capital of the defeated kingdom.<ref name="S9">{{Harvnb|Sabaratnam|2010|chapter=9}}</ref>

Arumugam's father Kandharpillai was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet and provided a foundation in [[Tamil literature]] to Arumuga Navalar.<ref name="K97" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjEsAAAAIAAJ&q=Kandapillai|title=Social Science Review|date=1979|publisher=Social Scientists Association.|pages=61|language=en}}</ref> His mother Sivakami was known for her devotion to supreme Saiva deity Lord Siva. Arumugam studied the Indian classical language, [[Sanskrit]] as well as [[Tamil grammar]]. Arumugam studied English in a Christian mission run school as a day student. After his studies, he was asked to stay on at the [[Jaffna Central College]] to teach English and Tamil.<ref name="K97" /> The missionary school principal, [[Peter Percival]] employed him to assist in the translation of the King James Bible and other Christian literature into Tamil to further their missionary reach and objectives.<ref name="K97" />

Navalar immersed himself in the study of the Bible as well as the Vedas, Agamas and [[Purana]]s. When he started his studies, he wondered whether Shaiva Hinduism or Christianity was the right path.{{sfn|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=33–38}} After his studies, he became convinced that the Shaiva religious tradition in the Vedas and Agamas was the right path, and that the Christian path wasn't. Arumugam Navalar felt that Hindu Saivites needed a clearer understanding of their own ancient literature and religion.{{sfn|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=27–38}} He continued to help the Christian missionaries but resolved to challenge the theological ideas of these missionaries, as well as launch reforms and spread the original ideas of Shaivism. Navalar left his job under Peter Percival that he had with the Wesleyan Mission, although Percival offered him a higher salary to stay on. He decided not to marry and relinquished his patrimony and did not get any money from his four employed brothers. From then until the end of his life, he and his projects were supported by those who believed in his cause.<ref name="J36-38">{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=36–38}}</ref>

Through his weekly sermons at Hindu temples, he also attempted to reform local Tamils of all practices that did not find sanction in the Hindu Vedas and Agamas. The lecture series and its circuit continued regularly for several years and produced a ''Saiva revival,'' helping informed piety grow among many Jaffna Saivas. This was a direct tactical response to confront what he called the "mockery" of the Hindus by Christian missionaries.<ref name="Hudson36"/> During this period, he continued to assist Percival to complete the translation of the Bible, as well as his study of the primary texts of both Christianity and Hinduism. When there was a conflict as to Percival's version and another competing translation, Arumugam traveled to Madras to defend Percival's version. In 1848 he founded his own school and finally parted company with Percival. Navalar believed that the Christian missionaries should be viewed as a gift from Shiva to help awaken his community to discover their own ''dharma'' path (''puram'') from "which they had departed" and away from the path of the "barbaric Europeans" (''purappuram''), states Hudson.<ref name="Hudson36">{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=33–37}}</ref><ref name="G">{{Harvnb|Gupta|Basu|Chatterjee|2010|pages=164–165}}</ref>

==Background information==
{{Further|Religion in ancient Tamil country}}
[[Tamil people]] are natives in [[Tamil Nadu]] and in [[Sri Lanka]]. [[Tamilakam]] (ancient Tamil country) had followers of [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. The [[Hinduism]], [[Tamils|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] has been spread by priests, traders to Southeast Asia. By the 12th century CE, the Tamils had an extensive network of temples, religious literature and pilgrimage sites dedicated to [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]<ref name="Hudson27">{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=27}}.</ref> Of these, the Shaiva ''samayam'' (religious tradition) was most influential in the Jaffna region. They held the [[Veda]]s and [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] to be the bedrock of their beliefs. Navalar was born and raised in this background.<ref name="Hudson28"/>

The 18th and 19th century Tamils in India and Sri Lanka found themselves in the midst of intrusive Christian missionary activity and their polemics against Hinduism. According to D. Dennis Hudson, Tamil Saivas opposed Christian missions from the earliest days, based on indirect literary evidence. Printing press was not available to the Hindus in colonial era South Asia, and the Shaiva community used their oral tradition and handwritten notes for anti-missionary literature. Once Hindus gained access to printing presses, they mass-produced religious literature to condemn Christian propaganda in Jaffna and Chennai (then Madras) in the same way that Christian missionaries had used mass-produced literature to attack Hinduism. Arumuga Navalar was one of the first Tamils who became adept at this information war, and to undertake as his life's career the intellectual and institutional response of Saivism to Christianity in Sri Lanka and India.<ref name="Hudson28">{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=27–29}}</ref>

The 19th century Protestant missionaries from England and America in Jaffna believed that Hindu Shaivism was "evil" and in the struggle God and the Devil, they began to use publications such as ''The Morning Star'' to reveal the "falsity" of Hindu Shaivism and highlight texts such as the Skanda Purana in their schools for children. This angered the Shaiva community, who began their own efforts to counter the methods of the Christians.<ref name=Hudson28/><ref name="Hudson30">{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="G" />

===Response to Protestant propaganda===
{{Further|Hinduism in Sri Lanka}}
In September 1842 two hundred Hindu men gathered at a Siva temple monastery. The group decided to open up a school to study [[Vedas]] and [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamas]]. The group also decided to start a press with the help of resident Eurasian [[Burgher people|Burghers]]. Arumugam Navalar who was part of the organisation wrote about the meeting in The Morning Star in a sympathetic tone.<ref name=Hudson33>{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=33}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = When I heard the teachings by the gurus of the Christian path, my mind was very sympathetic and changed and I thought for a time that the Tamil sect might be false and the Christian true, and so I studied the Vedagama called the Bible.
|source = —Arumuka Navalar, Quoted by D. Dennis Hudson{{sfn|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=33–35}}
|bgcolor = #FFE0BB
|width = 33%
|align = right
}}
While Arumugam Navalar was still working under Peter Percival and translating the Bible, he published a seminal letter in ''The Morning Star'' under a pseudonym in September 1841. It was a comparative study of Christianity and Hindu Saivism and targeted the weakness in the argument Christian missionaries had used against local Hindu Saiva practices. The missionaries had attacked the [[Idolatry|idol worship]] and temple rituals of the local Hindu Saivas as "devilish" and of "no value". Navalar, an avid reader of the Bible as he worked to translate it into Tamil, stated that Christianity and Jesus himself were rooted in the temple rituals of the ancient [[Israelites]] and that the reverence to the icons of Christianity such as the [[Christian cross|cross]] was akin to Shaiva's reverence for the icons of Hinduism such as the [[lingam]]. If Christians find their churches, rites and symbols as pedagogically useful, why shouldn't Shaiva Hindus have the same human rights and religious choices, argued Navalar.{{sfn|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=33–35}}<ref name=G56>{{Harvnb|Goodman|Hudson|1994|pages=56}}</ref><ref name=Sugi6>{{Harvnb|Sugirtharajah|2005|pages=6}}</ref> His letter admonished the missionaries for misrepresenting their own religion and concluded that in effect there was no difference between Christianity and Hindu Saivism as far as idol worship and temple rituals were concerned.<ref name="Hudson33-35">{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=33–35}}</ref>

===Circuit preaching===
[[File:Nallur Kandasamy front entrance.jpg|thumb|right|The popular [[Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil]] in Jaffna, destroyed in the late 15th century by the Portuguese and rebuilt in 1750 was targeted by Navalar as built not according to [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] requirements]]
Using the preaching methods popularised by the [[Methodist]] preachers, he became a circuit preacher. His first secession was on 31 December 1847 at [[Vaitheeswaran Temple, Vannarpannai|Vaitheeswaran Temple]] in [[Vannarpannai]]. It was a weekly event known as ''Prasangams'' on every Friday evening. In these secession he read from sacred texts and then preached in a manner that lay people understood. He was helped by his friend Karttikeya Aiyar of Nallur and his students from his school. The sermon topics were mostly ethical, liturgical, and theological and included the evils of adultery, drunkenness, the value of [[Ahimsa|non-killing]], the conduct of women, the worship of the [[linga]], the four initiations, the importance of giving alms, of protecting cows, and the unity of God.

===Emphasis on Agamas===
In his weekly sermons, he attacked Christians and criticized the benighted practices of local Hindus. He specifically reprimanded the trustees and priests of the [[Nallur Kandaswami Temple]] in his home town because they had built the temple not according to the Agamas a century ago as well as used priests who were not initiated in the Agamas. He also opposed their worship of [[Vel]] or the weapon representing the main deity as it did not have Agamic sanction.<ref name=K100>{{Harvnb|Kaplan|Hudson|1994|pages=100}}</ref>

===Reformed school system===
The school he founded was called ''Saivaprakasa Vidyasala'' or School of Lord Siva's splendor. The school did not follow the [[traditional Tamil teaching system]], in which each student worked on his own pace and the teacher pupil ratio was extremely low. Although this system produced stellar experts in subject matter but took too much labour and was inefficient compared to the western system used by the Missionaries.<ref name=Hudson48/> He developed his teaching methods based on the exposure he had with the Missionaries. He developed the curriculum to be able to teach 20 students at a time and included secular subject matters and English. He also wrote the basic instruction materials for different grades in Saivism.<ref name=Hudson48/> Most of his teachers were friends and acquaintances who were volunteers. This school system was duplicated later in [[Chidambaram]] in India in 1865 and it still exits. But the school system he founded in Sri Lanka was replicated and over 100 primary and secondary schools were built based on his teaching methods. This school system produced numerous students who had clearer understanding of their religion, textual foundations, rituals and theology.<ref name="Z155">{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1991|pages=155–157}}</ref><ref name=Hudson48/>

===Navalar title===
As an owner of a pioneering new school with the a need for original publications in Tamil prose to teach subjects for all grades, Arumugar Navalar felt a need for a printing press. He and his colleague Sadasiva Pillai went to [[Madras]], India in 1849 to purchase a printing press. On the way they stopped at [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]] in [[Tanjavur]], India, an important Saiva monastery. He was asked by the head of the monastery to preach. After listening to his preaching and understanding his unusual mastery of the knowledge of Agamas, the head of the monastery conferred on him the title ''Navalar'' (learned). This honorary degree from a prestigious Saiva monastery enhanced his position amongst Saivas and he was known as the Navalar since then.<ref name=Z155/>

===Literary contributions===
[[File:Murugan by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb|left|[[Murugan]] with his two wives. Arumuka Navalar published the ''[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai|Tirumurukarrupatai]]'', a devotional poem dedicated to Murugan.]]

While in India he published two texts, one was an educational tool (teachers guide) ''Cüdãmani Nikantu'', a sixteenth-century lexicon of simple verses and ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]'', a Sanskrit poem in praise of the [[Parvati|Primeval Mother Goddess Parvati]], geared towards devotion. These were the first effort at editing and printing Tamil works for Hindu Saiva students and devotees.<ref name=Hudson41>{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=41}}</ref> His press was set up in a building that was donated by a merchant of Vannarpannai. It was named the ''Vidyaanubalana yantra sala'' (Preservation of Knowledge Press).<ref name=Hudson41/> The initial publications included ''Bala Patam'' (Lessons for Children) in 1850 and 1851. They were graded readers, simple in style, similar in organisation to those used in the [[Protestant]] schools. This was followed up by a third volume in 1860 and 1865. It consisted of thirty-nine advanced essays in clear prose, discussing subjects such as God, Saul, The Worship of God, Crimes against the Lord, Grace, Killing, Eating meat, Drinking liquor, Stealing, Adultery, Lying, Envy, Anger, and Gambling. These editions were in use in 2007.<ref name=Hudson42>{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=42}}</ref>

Other notable texts published included ''The Prohibition of Killing'', ''Manual of worship of Shiva temple'' and ''The Essence of the Saiva Religion''. His first major literary publication appeared in 1851, the 272-page prose version of [[Sekkizhar|Sekkilar]]'s [[Periya Puranam]], a retelling of the 12th-century hagiography of the [[Nayanars]] or Saivite saints.<ref name=Hudson42/> In 1853 he published [[Nakkirar II|Nakkirar]]'s ''[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai|Tirumurukarrupatai]]'', with its own commentary. It was a devotional poem to [[Murugan|Sri Murugan]].<ref name=Z156>{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1991|pages=156}}</ref> This was followed by local missionaries attacking Sri Murugan as an "immoral deity" for marrying two women. As a response Navalar published ''Radiant Wisdom'' explaining how the chronicles embody differing levels of meaning and that numerous characters in the Christian Bible, like [[King David]], who were being claimed as examples of good conduct by the missionaries, were being depicted as having multiple wives and sexual partners themselves.<ref name="K105-106">{{Harvnb|Kaplan|Hudson|1994|pages=105–106}}</ref> He also published literature of controversial nature, in a manner similar to how Christian missionaries were, in what Navalar called as "mocking" the Hindus. He along with Centinatha Aiyar, published examples of indecent language from the Bible and published it as ''Disgusting Things in the Bible'' (Bibiliya Kutsita). In 1852, he along with Ci. Vinayakamurtti Cettiyar of Nallur, printed the ''Kummi Song on Wisdom'' of [[Muttukumara Kavirajar]]. The local Christians called for the one-sided censorship of such criticism and to shut down these printing presses.<ref name="K105-106"/><ref name=Hudson44>{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=33–44}}</ref>

The seminal work that was geared towards stemming the tide of conversions was printed in 1854. It was a training manual for the use of Saivas in their opposition to the missionaries, titled "Saiva Dhoosana Pariharam".<ref name="K105-106"/>

A Methodist missionary, who had worked in Jaffna, described the manual thirteen years after it had appeared as:

{{blockquote|"Displaying an intimate and astonishing acquaintance with the Holy Bible. (the author) labors cleverly to show that the opinions and ceremonies of [[Jehovah]]'s ancient people closely resembled those of Shaivism, and were neither more nor less Divine in their origin and profitable in their entertainment and pursuit. The notion of merit held by the Hindus, their practices of penance, pilgrimage, and lingam-worship, their ablutions, invocations, and other observances and rites, are cunningly defended on the authority of our sacred writings! That a great effect was thus produced in favour of Sivaism and against Christianity cannot be denied".}}

This manual was widely used in Sri Lanka and India; it was reprinted at least twice in the 19th century, and eight times by 1956.<ref name="K105-106"/>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Arumuga Navalar Memorial-Jaffna.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Arumuka Navalar Memorial hall near [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple]], Jaffna]]
According to D. Dennis Hudson – a World Religions scholar,<ref>Prof. D. Dennis Hudson (1939–2007) was a Professor of World Religions at the Department of Religion, Smith College at [[State University of New York|SUNY]].</ref> Navalar's legacy began in Jaffna, but spread more broadly to Sri Lanka as well as Southern India. Navalar active efforts to set up two centres of reform made him influential in the Tamil community. He started two schools, two printing presses and campaigned against Christian missionary activity in colonial-era Jaffna and Madras Presidency.{{sfn|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=27–48}} He produced approximately ninety-seven Tamil publications, twenty-three were his own creations, eleven were commentaries, and forty were his editions of those works of grammar, literature, liturgy, and theology that were not previously available in print. With this recovery, editing, and publishing of ancient works, Navalar laid the foundations for the recovery of lost [[Tamil classics]] that other Tamil scholars such as [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]] and [[C.W. Thamotharampillai]] continued.{{sfn|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=27–48}}<ref name=Z155/> He was the first person to deploy the prose style in the Tamil language and according to Tamil scholar [[Kamil Zvelebil]] in style it bridged the medieval to the modern.<ref name="Z153-157">{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1991|pages=153–157}}</ref>

Navalar established the world's first Hindu school adapted to the modern needs that succeeded and flourished. While the school he established in Chidamharam in 1865 has survived to this day, similar schools seem to have spread only to two nearby towns. In Sri Lanka, eventually more than one hundred and fifty primary and secondary schools emerged from his work.<ref name=Hudson48>{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=48}}</ref> Many of the students of these schools were successful in defending the Hindu Saiva culture not only against Christian missionary activities but also against [[Hindu revivalism|neo-Hindu]] sects.<ref name=Hudson48/> His reforms and contributions were added to by scholars such as [[V. Kalyanasundaram]] (1883–1953), and [[Maraimalai Adigal]] (1876–1950), who developed their own schools of theology within the Hindu Saiva heritage.<ref name=Hudson48/> Although it is difficult to quantify as to how many Hindus may have converted to Protestant Christianity without his intervention but according to Bishop [[Sabapathy Kulendran]], the low rate of conversion compared to the initial promise was due to Navalar's activities.<ref name=Hudson49>{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=49}}</ref>

Arumuka Navalar who identified himself with an idealised past, worked within the traditions of Hindu Saiva culture and adhered to the Hindu Saiva doctrine.<ref name=Hudson27/><ref name=Schalk116>{{Harvnb|Schalk|2010|pages=116}}</ref> He was an unapologetic defender of Hindu Shaivism. Although he never cared much for his caste identity, as he considered all living beings as equal, his efforts led to the consolidation of traditional privileges of Hindu Saiva Vellala (farmers, landlords) and [[Karaiyar]] (warriors).<ref name=Schalk120>{{Harvnb|Schalk|2010|pages=120}}</ref><ref name=W20>{{Harvnb|Wilson|1999|pages=20}}</ref> Although Navalar did not show much interest in Tamil politics and kept his focus on defending the Hindu Shaiva faith in Sri Lanka and South India, his aggressive preaching of a Hindu Saiva cultural heritage contributed to the growth [[Tamil nationalism]].<ref name=Schalk121>{{Harvnb|Schalk|2010|pages=121}}</ref><ref name="PKB">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/06/24/fea03.asp |title=Cutting edge of Hindu revivalism in Jaffna |last=Balachandran |first=P.K. |date=24 June 2006 |work=Daily News |publisher=Lake House Publishing |access-date=20 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021094347/http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/06/24/fea03.asp |archive-date=21 October 2012 }}</ref> The Tamil nationalist movement had an element that "[[Hindu]] [[Saiva Siddhanta]] preceded all others as the original Tamil religion", states Dennis Hudson.<ref name="Hudson49"/> Navalar's insistence on the [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] as the criteria of Hindu Saiva worship, moreover, gave momentum to the tendency among Tamils everywhere to attempt to subsume [[Village deities (Sri Lankan Tamil)|local deities]] under the Agamic pantheon and to abandon animal sacrifice altogether.<ref name=H>{{Harvnb|Hellmann-Rajanayagam|1989|pages=235–254}}</ref>

Navalar and his followers have been accused by some such as Sivathamby of focusing on the religious literature "in their anxiety", and "openly keeping away" from the secular Tamil literature, as they opposed the Christian missionaries.<ref name=G/><ref name=W83>{{Harvnb|Wikremasinghe|2006|pages=83}}</ref> According to David Shulman, however, Navalar was among the pioneers who first located and printed the predominantly non-religious Tamil [[Sangam literature]] in 1851 (''Thirumurukaattuppadai'', one of the [[Ten Idylls]]) and the earliest paper editions of a palm-leaf manuscript on the ancient Tamil grammar text, ''Tolkappiyam''.<ref name=Shulman301>{{cite book|author=David Shulman|title=Tamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fG8NDQAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97465-4|pages=301–303}}</ref> According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]] – a Tamil literature scholar, Navalar was one of the key persons who identified, edited and published the secular and religious classical Tamil literature before 1879. He also inspired his fellow Tamils to publish Hindu texts and their translations.<ref name=Z155/><ref name=Shulman301/>

His critics state that Navalar was an example of a "hegemonic caste" and his hidden agenda was to promote his own caste. Arumuga Navalar found support from the Brahmins and his own literati caste of Vellalas in the Tamil community, according to Wilson, because he accepted and recognized their caste-based status.<ref name=W53>{{Harvnb|Wilson|1999|pages=53–54}}</ref><ref name=Schalk119/> His supporters state that Navalar had no such hidden agenda, and his active efforts to reform attest to Navalar's commitment to end social vices such as alcoholism, violence against animals and others.<ref name=Schalk119>{{Harvnb|Schalk|2010|pages=119}}</ref> According to Peter Schalk, Navalar has also been accused of despising the Vaishnava and Jaina community.<ref name=Schalk119/>

Navalar's legacy has provoked negative reactions and criticism from the political left of South Asia. Navalar, states Schalk, was a theologian who used indirect "metonymic language" with "coded words" that metaphorically supported the traditional caste system privileges within the colonial era administration. His supporters, in contrast, interpret the same "coded words" differently and view him as an "organic intellectual" committed to religious growth through reforms and one committed to the human rights and freedom struggle of the Tamil people.<ref name="Schalk119-120">{{Harvnb|Schalk|2010|pages=119–121}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited literature==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Goodman|first1=Hananya|last2=Hudson|first2=D. Dennis|title=Between Jerusalem and Benares:Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0b8ju_GFP0C&pg=PA289 |year=1994|publisher=[[SUNY]]|isbn=0-7914-1716-6}}
*{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Suman|last2=Basu|first2=Tapan|last3=Chatterjee|first3=Subarno|title=Globalization in India: Contents and Discontents|year=2010|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn= 978-81-317-1988-6}}
*{{cite journal|last= Hellmann-Rajanayagam |first = Dagmar|title = Arumuka Navalar: Religious reformer or national leader of Eelam |journal = Indian Economic and Social History Review |year = 1989 |volume = 26 |issue = 2|pages = 235–257|doi=10.1177/001946468902600204|s2cid = 144692614}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Kenneth W.|last2=Hudson|first2=D. Dennis|title=Religious controversy in British India: dialogues in South Asian languages|year=1992|publisher=[[SUNY]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmY9fsUTjwYC&q=Religious+controversy+in+British+India:+dialogues+in+South+Asian+languages.|isbn= 0-7914-0828-0 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Kaplan|first1=Stephen|last2=Hudson|first2=D. Dennis|title=Indigenous Responses to Western Christianity|year=1994|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=0-8147-4649-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Sabaratnam|first=T|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Struggle|url=http://www.sangam.org/2010/07/Tamil_Struggle_Intro.php|year=2010|publisher=The Sangam}}
*{{cite book|last=Schalk|first=Peter |editor=Michael Bergunder, Heiko Frese and Ulrike Schroder |title=Ritual, Caste and religion on Colonial South India -Sustaining the pre-colonial paste:Saiva defiance against Christian rule in the 19th century Jaffna |year=2010|publisher=Franckesche Stifungen zu Halle, Halle |isbn=978-3-447-06377-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Sugirtharajah|first=Rasiah|author-link=R. S. Sugirtharajah|title=The Bible and empire: postcolonial explorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IywvYc3KvkC&pg=PA6 |year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-82493-1 }}
*{{cite book|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature|year=1991|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=90-04-09365-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Wikremasinghe|first=Nira|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Identities|year=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0-8248-3016-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=A.J.|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3aAB9IFVdkC&pg=PA53 |year=1999|publisher=UBC|isbn=0-7748-0759-8}}

{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=http://gradworks.umi.com/32/45/3245218.html|title=Arumuga Navalar and the construction of a Caiva public in colonial Jaffna (Sri Lanka, India)|last=Ambalavanar|first=Devadarshan Niranjan|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=20 September 2011}}
*{{Citation|last1=Pfaffenberger|first1=Bryan|title= Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-wt2QgAACAAJ&q=Caste+in+Tamil+culture:The+Religious+foundations+of+Sudra+domination+in+Tamil+Sri+Lanka|publisher= [[Syracuse University]]|year=1982|isbn= 0-915984-84-9 }}
*{{cite web|last=Rajesh |title=Research Theme: Mapping the processes of transmission, recovery and reception of classical Tamil literature in late 19th and early 20th century colonial Madras Presidency |publisher=Institut français de Pondichéry (Department of Indology) |year=2003 |url=http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/abstracts/rajesh.pdf |format=.pdf |access-date=18 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717031232/http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/abstracts/rajesh.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2007 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Jebanesan|first2=S|title=The Bible trembled : the Hindu-Christian controversies of nineteenth-century Ceylon|year=1995|publisher=Vienna Inst. für Indologie|isbn=3-900271-27-5|oclc=243818092}}

==External links==
*[http://www.baldaeus.com/html/0065.html Arumuka Navalar, a contemporary Christian Missionary perspective]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111026162447/http://haindavakeralam.com/hkpage.aspx?PageID=11134&SKIN=W Arumuka Navalar, a Hindu perspective]

{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navalar, Arumuka}}
[[Category:1822 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jaffna Central College]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil revivalists]]
[[Category:Shaivite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu missionaries]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan missionaries]]
[[Category:19th-century translators]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan translators]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu apologists]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:19th-century biblical scholars]]

Kerala State Road Transport Corporation

2026-02-19T07:14:41Z

Iringlz:

{{Short description|Transport corporation of Kerala}}
{{distinguish|Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
| logo = Kerala State Road Transport Corporation logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| trading_name = KSRTC
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| areas_served = [[Kerala]] [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Karnataka]] [[Mahé district|Mahe District]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| former_name = Travancore State Transport Department (TSTD) (1938 - 1965)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| industry = [[Public transport bus service]]
| predecessor = Travancore State Transport Department
| founded = * {{Start date and age|1938|02|20|df=y}} as Travancore State Transport Department (TSTD)
* {{Start date and age|1965|04|01|df=y}} as Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)
| founder = [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] [[Government of Kerala]]
| location = S-301, 3rd Floor, South Block, [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Government Secretariat]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| key_people = * [[K.B. Ganesh Kumar]] (Minister for Transport)
* P.B. Nooh [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Transport Secretary)
* P.S.Pramoj Sanker [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|IOFS]], ([[Chief executive officer|Chairman & Managing Director]])
| products =
| brands = {{Hlist
| Garuda Maharaja
| Garuda King Class
| Gajaraj
| Minnal
| Super Deluxe Air Bus
| Sabari Air Bus
| Super Express Air Bus
| Super Fast Passenger
| Limited Stop Super Fast
| Fast Passenger
| A/C Premium Super Fast
|}}
| services = * Bus transport
* Courier service
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|2165.156|c}}<ref>{{cite news |title=How poor operational efficiency bleeds India's public bus transport undertakings |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-poor-operational-efficiency-bleeds-public-bus-transport-undertakings-in-india/story-3qi4Dm8f6BHKRzcoHMTwYK.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=27 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Key Financial Ratios of SRTUs during March 2015 and March 2016 |url=https://data.gov.in/node/4239081 |website=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |language=en |date=19 January 2018}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2015–16
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|-738.768|c}}
| net_income_year = 2015–16
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| num_employees =
| divisions = {{collapsible list|title=Zonal divisions|South|Central|North|}}
District Offices:
*14<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web | title=Kerala State Road Transport Corporation - keralartc.com | url=https://www.keralartc.com/directory/depot-heads | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614072409/https://keralartc.com/directory/depot-heads | access-date=2025-11-21 | archive-date=2025-06-14}}</ref>
| subsid = * [[Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation|Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation (KURTC)]]
* [[KSRTC SWIFT]]
| footnotes = KSRTC
| hq_location_city =
| location_country =
| num_locations = * 93 Bus Depots (2025)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
| homepage = {{URL|keralartc.com}}
}}

{{anchor|Trivia}}
'''Kerala State Road Transport Corporation''' ('''KSRTC''')<ref>KSRTC is a registered trademark</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-05 |title=Two states, one brand: how Kerala won battle against Karnataka for KSRTC trademark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-kerala-won-battle-for-ksrtc-trademark-7344760/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> is a state-owned road transport corporation in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is one of the country's oldest state-run public bus transport services.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite news|last=PRADEEP|first=K.|date=2014-02-19|title=When the buses drove in|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/when-the-buses-drove-in/article5706345.ece|access-date=2021-07-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The corporation is divided into three zones (South, Central and North), and its headquarters is in the state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Daily scheduled service has increased from {{convert|1500000|km}} to {{convert|1700000|km}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralartc.com/html/aboutus.html |title=All about KSRTC |publisher=Keralartc.com |access-date=2018-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625184242/http://www.keralartc.com/html/aboutus.html |archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=dead }}</ref> using 5400 buses on 4500 routes.<ref>At present the corporation has 5400 buses running on 4500 schedules. http://www.keralartc.com/html/aboutus.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625184242/http://www.keralartc.com/html/aboutus.html |date=25 June 2018 }}</ref> The corporation transports an average of 3.545 million commuters per day.

The [[Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation]] (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=422}} It was inaugurated on 12 April 2015 at [[Thevara]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=423}} On 9 November 2021, a legally independent company called [[KSRTC SWIFT]] was formed to operate the long-distance buses of the Kerala Road Transport Corporation for a period of 10 years with an aim overcome the financial crisis faced by the corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K-SWIFT will save ailing KSRTC, says MD Biju Prabhakar |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/k-swift-will-save-ailing-ksrtc-says-md-biju-prabhakar-1.5365164 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=English.Mathrubhumi|date=17 January 2021 }}</ref>

In June 2021, Kerala SRTC was awarded the acronym '''KSRTC''' by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trade Marks, which is part of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India when Kerala filed a case against Karnataka SRTC in response to a legal notice by the Karnataka SRTC to stop using the acronym KSRTC.<ref>{{cite news
| last1 = Devaiah BP | first1 = Darshan
| last2 = Philip | first2 = Shaju
| title = Two states, one brand: how Kerala won battle against Karnataka for KSRTC trademark
| work = The Indian Express
| date = 5 June 2021
| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-kerala-won-battle-for-ksrtc-trademark-7344760/
| access-date = 18 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/the-ksrtc-conflict-who-gets-the-trademark/
|title=The KSRTC conflict : who gets the trademark
|last=Ch
|first=Leela Madhuri
|date=15 November 2021
|website=iPleaders
|access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>
[[File:KSRTC Bus through Vagamon.jpg|alt=Small bus on a narrow road|thumb|KSRTC Bus at [[Vagamon]]]]

==History==

=== Travancore State Transport Department ===
The corporation's history dates back to years before the formation of [[Kerala]] state, which makes it one of the oldest state-operated public road transport services in India. The [[Travancore]] government, headed by [[List of Maharajas of Travancore|King]] [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], decided to establish the Travancore State Transport Department (TSTD) the predecessor of KSRTC, to improve the existing public-transport system.<ref>[http://www.natgeotraveller.in/web-exclusive/web-exclusive-month/kerala-bus-journey/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414040442/http://www.natgeotraveller.in/web-exclusive/web-exclusive-month/kerala-bus-journey/|date=14 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K |date=2014-02-19 |title=When the buses drove in |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/when-the-buses-drove-in/article5706345.ece |access-date=2023-02-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=[[Travancore State Manual]]|last=Nagam Aiya|first=V|publisher=Nabu Press|year=2011|volume=1|orig-year=1901}}</ref>

Initially, the department imported 60 [[Commer|Commer PNF3]] chassis from England. Under the supervision of E.G Salter, the then Assistant Operating Superintendent of [[London Passenger Transport Board]], the imported chassis were fitted with [[Perkins Engines|Perkins]] Lynx diesel engines. The bus bodies were built by department staff, and Travancore [[Dewan]] [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] insisted on using local wood. The body shop (supervised by Salter) was originally in Chakai, and was later moved to [[Pappanamcode]]. Salter's experimental body design became standard on the rest of the buses.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/when-the-buses-drove-in/article5706345.ece|title=When the buses drove in|last=PRADEEP|first=K.|date=2014-02-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/21st-January-1938/9/british-oilers-inaugurate-state-owned-service-in-i|title=British Oilers inaugurate State-owned Service in India {{!}} 21st January 1938 {{!}} The Commercial Motor Archive|website=archive.commercialmotor.com|access-date=2018-07-31|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183528/http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/21st-january-1938/9/british-oilers-inaugurate-state-owned-service-in-i|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Most of the private operators on the [[Thiruvananthapuram]]-[[Kanyakumari]] route had to close when the roads were nationalized, and many experienced drivers, conductors, and inspectors lost their jobs. TSTD recruited them, and Salter selected 60 people out of 81 applicants. Nearly one hundred applicants with bachelor's degrees were employed as inspectors and conductors.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralartc.com/html/history.html|title=KeralaSRTC::History|website=www.keralartc.com|access-date=2018-07-31|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726121159/http://www.keralartc.com/html/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The state road-transport service was inaugurated on 20 February 1938 by [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Maharaja Sree Chithira Thirunal]], who (with his family, [[G. V. Raja|Col. Goda Varma Raja]], and other dignitaries) rode the first bus on the Main Road to [[Kowdiar|Kowdiar Square]]; Salter drove the bus. A fleet of 33 buses and a large crowd joined in the celebration. On 21 February 1938, the first bus operated from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/public-road-transport-service-in-kerala-turns-77-741029?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|title=Public Road Transport Service in Kerala Turns 77|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150220/nation-current-affairs/article/public-road-transport-service-kerala-turns-77|title=Public road transport service in Kerala turns 77|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=21 February 2015 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>

The early buses had 23 leather seats. Entry was through the rear, and the buses had a centre aisle. Ten first-class seats were in the front. Schedules, fares and stops were published, and a parcel service began in which goods could be delivered by designated agents. Conductors wore [[khaki]] with a white [[Kufi|topi]], and inspectors wore khaki. Conductors had machines to issue tickets. Later buses were manufactured by [[Dodge]], [[Fargo Trucks|Fargo]], [[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]], and [[Chevrolet]].<ref name=":3" />

The TSTD operated on three routes: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]-[[Nagercoil]], [[Nagercoil]]-[[Kanyakumari]], and [[Nagercoil]]-[[Colachel|Colachal]]. Regular service began on 21 February 1938 with 39 buses. The minimum fare for one mile was one-half [[Travancore Rupee#Inscriptions|chakram]] The next fare was one chakram, and first-class tickets were 50 percent more. Children under age three travelled free, and those between three and 14 paid half the fare. Luggage under {{convert|28|lb}} was free; {{convert|28|-|56|lb}} was four chakrams, and {{convert|56|-|112|lb}} was six chakrams.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

The Motor Vehicle Act was passed in 1939. Bus service was extended to [[Kochi]] in 1949, and to the [[Malabar region]] in 1956.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="auto">{{cite news |title='KSRTC' is officially Kerala's! Karnataka loses 7-year battle to use acronym for road transport corp |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/kerala/article/ksrtc-is-officially-keralas-karnataka-loses-7-year-battle-to-use-acronym-for-road-transport-corp/765657 |work=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|The Kerala State Transport Corporation}}Kerala State Road Transport Corporation ===
[[File:Old photo of KSRTC Bus Station.jpg|alt=Line of old buses|thumb|[[Thrissur]] KSRTC bus station during the 1950s]]
The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) was established by the Kerala government on 15 March 1965 after the Road Transport Corporation Act, which came into force in 1950. The Transport Department became an autonomous corporation on 1 April 1965.
<ref name=":4" />

At the time, there were 661 bus routes and 36 lorry routes. The corporation's fleet consisted of 901 buses, 51 lorries, and 29 other vehicles; thirty buses and eight lorries were new. Ten old buses, seven lorries, and one tractor-trailer were converted to other uses.<ref name=":4" /> The KLX registration series was reserved for the KSRTC. On 1 July 1989, KSRTC buses began registration at a dedicated [[Regional Transport Office|RTO]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] with the KL-15 registration series.<ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=Kerala State Road Transport Corporation buses get new registration series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kerala-State-Road-Transport-Corporation-buses-get-new-registration-series/articleshow/20611019.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2001 [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] became transport minister, and his brief tenure brought beneficial changes to the corporation. KSRTC was the first state-run transport corporation to introduce Volvo buses into its fleet. Body work was outsourced, and the buses' contemporary design was publicized as high-tech. Kumar commissioned [[Sabu Cyril]] to redesign the bus [[livery]]. Low-entry, [[air suspension]] buses were introduced in Thiruvananthapuram, and minibus service began. The changes attracted passengers, making the corporation profitable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/forced-facelift-brings-fortune-to-keralas-public-transport/58716/|title=Forced Facelift Brings Fortune To Kerala's Public Transport|date=2002-09-30|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref>

The Kerala government issued a notification in 2012 suspending new permits for inter-district buses, exempting the KSRTC. Although it was assumed that the corporation would assume those routes, it created a shortage of service from Kochi to several northern districts. CPPR research and projects director Madhu Sivaraman conducted a study of KSRTC-private bus options.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Concern-over-decline-in-number-of-inter-district-buses/article16786016.ece|title=Concern over decline in number of inter-district buses|last=Paul|first=John L.|date=2016-12-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation]] (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=422}} It was inaugurated on 12 April 2015 at [[Thevara]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=423}}

On 2 June 2021, the rights to use the acronym KSRTC, logo and the name 'AanaVandi' were fully given to Kerala State Road Transport Corporation according to the trademarks act 1999, after a seven-year battle with the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]], who issued a notice in 2014, stating that Kerala should stop using KSRTC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nirmal|date=2021-06-02|title=Karnataka loses 'KSRTC' to Kerala, Trade Marks Registry pronounces verdict|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/karnataka-loses-ksrtc-kerala-trade-marks-registry-pronounces-verdict-837078|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> After the long drawn-out battle over intellectual property rights, the Kerala Road Transport Corporation has got the legal right to its trademarks acronym 'KSRTC' associated with the state-run transport corporation. Trade Marks registry certified that the emblem, the abbreviation KSRTC, logo and the name Aanavandi<ref name="auto"/> shall belong to Kerala Road Transport corporation. Kerala's claim was approved on 3 June 2021 by the Controller General of Patents Design and Trade Marks under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The registration made Kerala RTC the lone custodian of the trademarks.

On 21 June 2021, KSRTC launched its first [[Liquefied natural gas|LNG]] bus service from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to [[Kochi]] for regular passengers. The first commercial LNG bus service had been launched exclusively for [[Petronet LNG|Petronet]] employees in Kochi earlier.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishan|first=S. Anil|date=2021-06-20|title=LNG powered KSRTC bus service from Monday|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lng-powered-ksrtc-bus-service-from-monday/article34864480.ece|access-date=2021-06-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 9 November 2021, [[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC-SWIFT]] was formed as an independent company to operate the long-distance buses of KSRTC efficiently for a period of 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=20 February 2021 |title=KSRTC-SWIFT comes into force {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ksrtc-swift-comes-into-force/articleshow/81116673.cms |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Organizational Structure==
The management of the KSRTC is overseen by a Board of Directors, which includes the Chairman-cum-Managing Director (CMD) and other directors appointed by the [[Government of Kerala]]. The CMD, serving as the organization's Chief Executive, is responsible for managing day-to-day operations.

===Board of Directors===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Board of Directors – KSRTC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Road Transport Corporation - keralartc.com |url=https://www.keralartc.com/directory/key-people |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Kerala State Road Transport Corporation - keralartc.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
! Name !! Designation
|-
| [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar|K.B. Ganesh Kumar]]|| Minister for Transport, [[Government of Kerala]]
|-
| P.B. Nooh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|| Secretary to Government, Transport Department
|-
| P.S. Pramoj Sanker, [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|IOFS]]|| [[Chair (officer)#Public corporations|Chairman]] & [[Director (business)#Managing director|Managing Director]]
|-
| Ch. Nagaraju, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]|| Director
{{Small|(Transport Commissioner)}}
|-
| Nelson J || Director
{{Small|(Additional Secretary, Finance Department)}}
|-
| K.S. Vijayasree || Director
{{Small|(Additional Secretary, Transport Department)}}
|-
| Dr. Samson Mathew || Director
{{Small|([[National Transportation Planning and Research Centre]] (NATPAC))}}
|-
| N. Jeevan || Director
{{Small|(Additional Law Secretary, Law Department)}}
|}

==Fleet==
[[File:Electric bus KSRTC.jpg|thumb|Electric bus]]
The corporation has a fleet of 4,717 buses consisting of buses from [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]], [[Scania AB|Scania]], [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Eicher Motors]], [[BharatBenz]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-16 |title=KSRTC reports 1261 buses are over 15 years old; employees say real number exceeds 2,000 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ksrtc-old-bus-count-dispute-employees-challenge-1261-claim-1.10347499 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The vehicles owned by KSRTC are registered under a dedicated RTO at Thiruvananthapuram with a registration series KL-15.

=== {{anchor|Fleet Numbering System}}Fleet numbering system ===
Although KSRTC has a dedicated [[RTO code|RTO]] ([[Regional Transport Office]]r) to register its fleet, all its buses have bonnet numbers (for internal identification) adjacent to the depot mark at the front of the vehicle.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/|title=Kerala Motor Vehicle Department}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.platform7.in/2009/11/ksrtcs-fleet-number-demystified.html?m=1|title=KSRTC's fleet number: Demystified|website=www.platform7.in|date=8 November 2009 |access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aanavandi.com/blog/specials/stories-with-ksrtc/serial-numbers-given-for-ksrtc-buses|title=Serial Numbers Given For KSRTC Buses|last=Bhakthan|first=Sujith|date=2015-07-31|work=Aanavandi Travel Blog|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en-US|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812151811/https://www.aanavandi.com/blog/specials/stories-with-ksrtc/serial-numbers-given-for-ksrtc-buses|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''RPE981'', a typical fleet number, can be split into three parts: ''RP'', ''E'' and ''981''. ''RP'' indicates the vehicle series, derived from the word ''transport''; each series contains 1,000 vehicles. During the 1960s, KSRTC began assigning the serial number ''T'' to its buses; ''R'' followed the first 1,000 buses, followed by ''A'' and so on until the ''P'' series. Repetitive letters and the letter ''O'' were exempted. Later, two-letter combinations were used to identify bus series. The 1,000th bus in each series is numbered with a multiple of 1,000, indicating the total number of buses introduced by the corporation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralartc.com/html/vehicle.php|title=KeralaSRTC::Vehicle search|website=www.keralartc.com|access-date=2018-08-12|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826052241/http://www.keralartc.com/html/vehicle.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
||'''T'''
||1962 - 1966
|-
||'''R'''
||1966 - 1971
|-
||'''A'''
||1973 - 1978
|-
||'''N'''
||1979 - 1983
|-
||'''S'''
||1983 - 1986
|-
||'''P'''
||1986 - 1989
|-
||'''TR'''
||1989 – 1993
|-
||'''TA'''
||1993 – 1995
|-
||'''TN'''
||1995 – 1997
|-
||'''TS'''
||1997 – 2000
|-
||'''TP'''
||2000 – 2004
|-
||'''RT'''
||2004 – 2006
|-
||'''RR'''
||2006 – 2008
|-
||'''RA'''
||2008 – 2010
|-
||'''RN'''
||2010 – 2012
|-
||'''RS'''
||2012 – 2015
|-
||'''RP'''
||2015 - 2016
|-
||'''AT'''
||2016 -
|}

The second part (''E'' in the example) denotes the KSRTC workshop where the body work was done, and is absent on buses purchased fully built and outsourced bodywork. KSRTC owns five workshops: one central and four regional:<ref name=":7" />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:lite blue;" | Code
! scope="col" style="background:lite blue;" | Workshop
|-
||''C''
||Central Workshop, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram
|-
||''M''
||Regional Workshop, Mavelikkara
|-
||''A''
||Regional Workshop, Aluva
|-
||''E''
||Regional Workshop, Edappal
|-
||''K''
||Regional Workshop, Kozhikode
|-
|}

The third part is the vehicle number of the series. In addition to this system, a ''TE'' was assigned to 144 buses built in Edappal from 1997 to 2003. Their depot vehicles are numbered in a ''D'' series, and the oil tankers are numbered in a ''TT'' series. The corporation has several ambulances, numbered ''AV''. Buses procured as part of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] are numbered ''JN''. KSRTC Swift's buses are numbered in a ''KS'' series.<ref name=":7" />

== 2025 Fleet Modernisation ==
KSRTC inducted 143 new buses in 2025 as part of a major fleet modernisation. Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan flagged off the vehicles at a function in Anayara on 21 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-08-19 |title=KSRTC to launch 143 buses on Aug. 21 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ksrtc-to-launch-143-buses-on-aug-21/article69952253.ece |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> These buses were divided into seven categories:

* Ordinary
* Link Bus
* Fast Passenger
* Super fast Premium
* AC Seater cum Sleeper
* AC Sleeper
* AC Seater

=== Details of New Buses ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Bus Type
!Vehicle Manufacturer
!Length
!Seating/Berth Capacity
!Engine
!Suspension
!Body Builder
|-
!Ordinary
|[[Eicher Motors|Eicher]]
|8.235 m
|28 + 1 + 1 (2x2 layout)
|4 Cylinder Front Diesel Engine, 120 HP
|Semi Elliptical
|Audi Automobiles, Pithampur (Dhar)
|-
!Link Bus
|[[Ashok Leyland]]
|10.5 m
|38 + 1 (2x2 layout)
|4 Cylinder Front Diesel Engine, 147 HP
|Front & Rear Parabolic
|SM Kannappa Automobiles Pvt Ltd, Bangalore (PRAKASH)
|-
!Fast Passenger
|[[Tata Motors|TATA]]
|11.250 m
|49 + D (3x2 layout)
|6 Cylinder Front Diesel Engine, 180 HP
|Front & Rear Leaf Spring
|Automobile Corporation of Goa Ltd. (ACGL)
|-
!Premium Superfast
|[[Tata Motors|TATA]]
|11.250 m
|49 + D (3x2 layout)
|6 Cylinder Front Diesel Engine, 180 HP
|Front Weveller and Rear Air Suspension
|Automobile Corporation of Goa Ltd. (ACGL)
|-
!AC Seater–Cum–Sleeper
|[[Ashok Leyland]]
|13.5 m
|18 Berth, 36 Seat (2x1 layout)
|4 Cylinder Front Diesel Engine, 250 HP
|Front & Rear Air Suspension
|SM Kannappa Automobiles Pvt Ltd, Bangalore (PRAKASH)
|-
!AC Sleeper
|[[Ashok Leyland]]
|13.5 m
|36 berth (2x1 layout)
|4 Cylinder Front Diesel Engine, 250 HP
|Front & Rear Air Suspension
|SM Kannappa Automobiles Pvt Ltd, Bangalore (PRAKASH)
|-
!AC Seater
|VE Commercial Vehicles
|15 m
|51 + 1+1 (2X2 layout), Reclining seat with calf support
|6 Cylinder Rear Diesel Engine, 360 HP
|Front and Rear Air Suspension with electronic control
|Volvo Buses India, Bangalore
|}

== Services ==

=== Long Distance Services ===
'''Gajaraj'''

Introduced in 2022, Gajaraj is KSRTC Swift's flagship service and is operated using eight Volvo 9400 B11R 15M AC sleeper buses. These buses are operated on routes between [[Kerala]] and [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-06 |title=Kerala Road Transport Corporation Launches Kerala Swift Buses Garuda and Gajaraj Premium AC Sleeper Seater Bus Services |url=https://mytnstc.com/kerala-road-transport-corporation-launches-kerala-swift-buses-garuda-and-gajaraj-premium-ac-sleeper-seater-bus-services/ |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=My TNSTC Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-03-11 |title=Poor patronage forces KSRTC to shift Thiruvananthapuram-Bengaluru Gajaraja service to Ernakulam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Mar/11/poor-patronage-forces-ksrtc-to-shift-thiruvananthapuram-bengaluru-gajaraja-service-to-ernakulam |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:KSRTC Scania Maharaja RP 666.jpg|thumb|alt=front of a modern bus|Garuda Maharaja service, operated with Scania Metrolink HD buses]]

'''Garuda Maharaja'''

Introduced in 2016, the Garuda Maharaja service uses [[Scania AB|Scania Metrolink HD]] {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}} coaches. The buses have reclining seats with footrests and calf support, and radio and television in the front and centre. Water bottles and blankets are optional. Garuda Maharaja service is available on long-distance interstate routes, and most run on the [[Thiruvananthapuram]]–[[Bangalore]] route.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=KSRTC all set to roll out 18 Scania buses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ksrtc-all-set-to-roll-out-18-scania-buses/article8501876.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/27-new-KSRTC-buses-yet-to-hit-the-road/articleshow/52138874.cms|title=27 new KSRTC buses yet to hit the road |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KSRTC not take in more Scania buses |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/250318/ksrtc-not-take-in-more-scania-buses.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 March 2018 }}</ref>

'''Garuda King Class'''

Premium service, introduced in 2014, on air-conditioned [[Euro III]] [[Volvo B9R|Volvo 9400 XL B9R]] multi-axle buses with amenities similar to Garuda Maharaja.<ref name=":0b">{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=KSRTC to buy 10 Volvo multi-axle buses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ksrtc-to-buy-10-volvo-multiaxle-buses/article5218130.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 October 2013 }}</ref>

'''Garuda A/C Seater'''

Introduced in 2022, these are premium [[Air conditioning|air-conditioned]] interstate services operated by [[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC Swift]]. BS6 [[Ashok Leyland]] semi-sleeper buses with bodies built by Prakash are used for this service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Vanakkam Chennai, SWIFT fulfills passengers' long-standing demand, that too at low cost |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=815961&u= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

'''Minnal'''

Long-distance, limited-stop deluxe night buses which use bypass roads to avoid traffic and save time. The maximum number of stops for Minnal service (''minnal'' means "lightning" in Malayalam) is eight. The 41-seat, red-and-white buses (with lightning bolts) have 2+2 reclining seats and rear-axle air suspension.<ref>{{cite news |title='Minnal' not to make unscheduled stops |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jan/16/minnal-not-to-make-unscheduled-stops-1754911.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The service was introduced in June 2017, under managing director M. G. Rajamanikyam. Its color scheme was chosen to enhance nighttime visibility.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Minnal fleet to flaunt white and red colours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/minnal-fleet-to-flaunt-white-and-red-colours/articleshow/58899434.cms |access-date=2018-07-30 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The buses are built in-house on [[Ashok Leyland]] [[Ashok Leyland Viking|160 hp Viking 222’]]’ ([[Ashok Leyland Viking|ALPSV 4/186]]) [[BS III]] and [[Tata 1510/1512|Tata LPO 1512c EX/58]] BS III air suspension chassis.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 June 2017 |title=In a race against time, KSRTC launches 'Minnal' buses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/in-a-race-against-time-ksrtc-launches-minnal-buses/article19166143.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KSRTC 'Minnal' services from today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jun/28/ksrtc-minnal-services-from-today-1621734.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

'''Super Deluxe Air Bus'''

The non-air conditioned, white buses with streaks of tri-color on the sides can charge mobile phones and laptops, and have rear-axle air suspension. They are built on [[Ashok Leyland]] and [[Tata Motors|Tata]] chassis. All passengers are guaranteed a seat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Thirty-new-buses-in-KSRTC-fleet/article15291714.ece|title=Thirty new buses in KSRTC fleet|date=2008-08-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Special |title=Super Deluxe buses to ply inter-State in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/super-deluxe-buses-to-ply-interstate-in-kerala/article5220416.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 October 2013 }}</ref> The KSRTC's oldest deluxe service operates between [[Kannur]] and Thiruvananthapuram. Started in 1967, it was part of the 1969 film ''[[Kannur Deluxe]]'' (the service's nickname). Large parts of the film were shot inside a bus.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140929/nation-current-affairs/article/47-yrs-%E2%80%98kannur-deluxe%E2%80%99-still-ksrtc%E2%80%99s-ambassador|title=47yrs Kannur deluxe still ksrtcs ambassador|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=കണ്ണൂര്‍ ഡീലക്‌സിന് 47 വയസ് |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore1/10809/47-years-on-kannur-deluxe-is-still-on-the-running/E |work=www.mathrubhumi.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=സിനിമയിലെ സൂപ്പർതാരങ്ങളെ വരെ മോഹിപ്പിച്ച താരത്തിന് 51ന്റെ നിറയൗവനം |url=https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/kannur/local-news/2018/02/19/all-local-knr-kannur-deluxe.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vijayakumar |first1=B. |title=Kannur Deluxe: 1969 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kannur-deluxe-1969/article7386672.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 July 2015 }}</ref>

Newer Deluxe buses, called '''Swift Deluxe Air Bus''', are operated by [[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC Swift]] and feature an orange livery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Swift Bus rams into people picking mangoes, three injured, one critical |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1504825&u=swift-bus-rams-into-people-picking-mangoes-three-injured-one-critical-1504825 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

'''Sabari Air Bus'''

Introduced in 2016 as a service for [[Sabarimala]] pilgrims. The buses have a forest-themed livery to increase awareness of the environmentally-sensitive [[Periyar National Park]]. The buses (with facilities and fares similar to deluxe buses) also run throughout Kerala and interstate, and are built on Ashok Leyland BS III [[Ashok Leyland Viking|Viking 160 hp]] (ALPSV 4/186) and Tata LPO 1512c EX/58 BS III air-suspension chassis.<ref>{{cite news |title=KSRTC launches Sabari Express for Sabari Mala – CV news |url=https://www.cvnews.in/ksrtc-launches-Sabari-express-for-Sabari-mala/ |work=www.cvnews.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ksrtc-introduces-sabari-express-ayyappa-devotees-this-sabarimala-season-703430|title=KSRTC introduces Sabari Express for Ayyappa devotees this Sabarimala season|last=James|first=Anu|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>

'''Super Express Air Bus'''

Green-and-yellow buses, with paint inspired by [[chundan vallam|Chundan Vallam]], have deluxe features at a lower fare. Super Express buses have more stops than deluxe buses, and standees are permitted.<ref name="english.mathrubhumi.com">{{cite news |title=KSRTC allows standing passengers on Super Class buses{{!}} Ksrtc standing passengers amendment {{!}} Mathrubhumi Online |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ksrtc-standing-passengers-1.2872494 |work=english.mathrubhumi.com }}</ref> The fleet includes buses built in-house on Ashok Leyland 160 hp Viking 222 BS III (ALPSV 4/186) and [[Tata 1510/1512|Tata LPO 1512c EX/58]] BS III air-suspension chassis.

'''A/C Premium Super Fast'''

[[File:New sleeper bus of KSRTC.jpeg|thumb|New [[Volvo 9600]] seater bus of KSRTC]]

Introduced in 2024, this service is operated using 40 seat [[Tata Marcopolo]] A/C buses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KSRTC Swift superfast out with new design: System in place to detect driver's sleepiness |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2024/10/16/ksrtc-swift-superfast-detect-sleepiness.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

'''Super Fast Passenger (SFP)'''[[File:KSRTC Super Fast heading to Calicut.jpg|alt=Red-and-yellow bus|thumb|SFP bus, built by the Edappal Regional Workshop, running towards [[Kozhikode]]]]
Non-air-conditioned buses with a 3+2 seat configuration which operate on long, intercity routes. Super Fast buses, with fewer stops than Fast Passenger buses but more than Super Express, are built on [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]] and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] chassis.<ref name="english.mathrubhumi.com" /> The service began in early 1992 as an improvement of the Fast Passenger service.

'''Limited Stop Super Fast services''' are services which do not enter all depots along their routes, unlike regular Super Fast services. These services were modeled after the successful Bypass Rider services, designed to offer faster travel by limiting number of stops'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=KSRTC Launches Limited Stop Superfast Buses for Enhanced Travel Convenience |url=https://www.abhibus.com/blog/ksrtc-launches-limited-stop-superfast-buses-for-enhanced-travel-convenience/#:~:text=New%20Limited%20Stop%20Superfast%20Bus%20Service,-Route%20and%20Coverage&text=Service%20Model:%20The%20service%20is,all%20depots%20along%20their%20routes. |access-date=2025-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>'''

In April 2025, a Super Fast bus, KS376, was retrofitted with an [[Air conditioning|air-conditioning]] system on an experimental basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=E |first=Krishna Kumar K. |date=2025-04-25 |title=It's cool, say passengers to KSRTC's converted superfast AC bus service in Kochi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Apr/25/its-cool-say-passengers-to-ksrtcs-converted-superfast-ac-bus-service-in-kochi |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

'''Fast Passenger'''[[File:Bus - ബസ് - 1.JPG|alt=Red-and-yellow bus|thumb|Fast Passenger bus]]
Non-air-conditioned, 3+2 service on intercity routes. FP routes have fewer stops than ordinary service. The buses are built on Tata, Ashok Leyland and Eicher chassis.

'''Limited Stop Fast Passenger (LSFP)''' services are Fast Passenger services which stop only at Super Fast stops.

=== Short Distance Services ===
'''Rajadhani Point-to-Point'''[[File:Rajadhani Point-to-Point.jpg|alt=Yellow bus|thumb|Rajadhani bus]]
Nonstop FP service in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], Palakkad [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thiruvananthapuram/2018/May/09/right-on-track-1812529.html|title=right on track|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=9 May 2018 |access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref> Introduced in Thiruvananthapuram district as [[ring road]] service in 2012, it was introduced in the Malabar region (connecting Calicut to Wayanad and Palakkad districts) the following year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/CM-flags-off-Rajadhani-bus-service/articleshow/12628372.cms|title=CM flags off Rajadhani bus service |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/rajadhani-services-flagged-off-by-cm |title='Rajadhani' Services Flagged Off By CM |website=www.yentha.com |language=en |access-date=2018-07-30 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730235107/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/rajadhani-services-flagged-off-by-cm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sirajlive.com/2013/03/29/12703.html |title=വയനാട്-കോഴിക്കോട് റൂട്ടില്‍ കെ എസ് ആര്‍ ടി സി രാജധാനി നിരത്തിലിറങ്ങി |language=ml |trans-title=KSRTC Rajadhani service in Wayanad - Kozhikode Sector |website=www.sirajlive.com |date=29 March 2013 |access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>

'''Ordinary'''

KSRTC's most basic service, the red-and-yellow buses have bench 3+2 or 2+2 seats. Older Super Class buses are usually converted and used for ordinary service.

'''Town-to-Town (TT)'''

TT service, charging ordinary fares with fewer stops,<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala State Road Transport Corporation to start more services linking Malappuram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Kerala-State-Road-Transport-Corporation-to-start-more-services-linking-Malappuram/articleshow/12435336.cms |work=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Town-to-Town: The revolution that changed KSRTC, forever... |url=http://www.platform7.in/2009/06/town-to-town-revolution-that-changed.html |website=www.platform7.in|date=25 June 2009 }}</ref> was introduced during the mid-1990s.

'''Limited Stop Ordinary'''[[File:KSRTC Ordinary Service Bus.jpg|thumb|An old ordinary service bus]] Ordinary buses with fewer stops, introduced during the mid-1990s.
[[File:K.S.R.T.C.Bus.jpg|thumb|alt=White-and-blue bus|Venad bus, built on an Ashok Leyland chassis, heading towards [[Kumily]]]]'''AC Low Floor Bus'''[[File:Kerala State Road Transport Volvo 8400 operating Route 610.jpg|alt=Orange bus|thumb|[[Volvo 8700|Volvo 8400]] [[BS IV]] bus at [[Kochi]]]]
KSRTC operates air-conditioned, low-floor buses on city and intercity routes. These [[Volvo B7RLE|Volvo 8400 B7RLE]] buses were acquired under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JNNURM).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Govind |first1=Biju |title=Low-floor bus services begin today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/lowfloor-bus-services-begin-today/article7136573.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Non-AC JNNURM buses 'vanishing' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2013/sep/20/non-ac-jnnurm-buses-vanishing-518456.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JnNURM |url=http://bestpedia.in/tag/jnnurm/ |work=BESTpedia }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='JNNURM buses for urban transport' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/sep/24/jnnurm-buses-for-urban-transport-521118.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

'''Non-AC Low-Floor/Semi-Low-Floor Bus'''

KSRTC operates non-air-conditioned buses (purchased under the JNNURM Phase 2) on short routes. The low-floor Ashok Leyland RESLF BS III, [[Ashok Leyland 12M|Ashok Leyland 225 hp 12M FESLF]] and [[Tata Starbus|Tata Starbus Urban 9/12]] BS III built on 1618 SLF by [[Tata Marcopolo|Marcopolo]] and ACGL buses stop at all Fast Passenger stops.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=Low-floor AC buses under JNNURM launched |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Low-floor-AC-buses-under-JNNURM-launched/article16892668.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KSRTC adds 10 more tata marcopolo buses to its fleet. |url=http://www.motorindiaonline.in/buses/ksrtc-adds-10-more-tata-marcopolo-buses-to-its-fleet/ |work=www.motorindiaonline.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Bharadwaj |title=Ashok Leyland Bags Orders for 4,000 Buses worth ₹1, 500 crore, Shares Soar |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ashok-leyland-bags-orders-4000-buses-worth-1-500-crore-shares-soar-608654 |work=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=The first batch of JNNURM buses for 12 districts arrives |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/the-first-batch-of-jnnurm-buses-for-12-districts-arrives/article6820336.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 January 2015 }}</ref>

'''Anantapuri/Thiru Kochi/Malabar/Venad'''

Blue-and-white City Fast buses in Thiruvananthapuram, [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], Kollam and the Malabar region.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 January 2009 |title=50 more Ananthapuri Fast bus services |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/50-more-Ananthapuri-Fast-bus-services/article16362978.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> These are limited-stop ordinary/ordinary services. These buses have two doors, a one-piece windshield, an all-steel body, a [[seating capacity]] of 53, and a low footboard. The bodies were built in-house.

=== Double-Decker Services ===
[[File:Double Decker Bus Angamaly BUS STAND.JPG|alt=Red-and-yellow double-decker bus|thumb|Double-decker bus at the [[Angamaly]] bus station]]
KSRTC operates two Ashok Leyland Titan (BS III 123 kW) [[double-decker bus]]es with bonnet numbers RN766 and RN765.<ref>{{cite news |title=Angamaly's own PM, a KSRTC double decker bus, rules the road |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/good-news/kerala-transport-1.2780891 |access-date=29 July 2018 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Double-decker service for techies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/double-decker-service-for-techies/articleshow/61937042.cms |access-date=29 July 2018 |work=The Times of India }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=Double-decker bus service brings loss to KSRTC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Double-decker-bus-service-brings-loss-to-KSRTC/articleshow/14537372.cms |work=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=KSRTC to begin double decker service in Kochi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/KSRTC-to-begin-double-decker-service-in-Kochi/article15444890.ece |work=The Hindu |date=15 February 2011 }}</ref> One of these buses is used for the Royal View service in [[Munnar]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=KSRTC Munnar Royal View double-decker bus is a hit: How to book, spots covered, fares, timings|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2025/02/13/ksrtc-munnar-royal-view-double-decker-bus-booking-fare-details.html |work=The Hindu |date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

Apart from these, KSRTC also operates two open top Switch EiV22 electric double decker buses in Thiruvananthapuram for the City tour service.<ref>{{cite news |title=SWITCH EiV 22 open-roof Double Decker Electric Buses added to KSRTC SWIFT fleet – CV |url=https://commercialvehicle.in/switch-eiv-22-double-decker-electric-buses-added-to-ksrtc-swift-fleet/ |work=www.commercialvehicle.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's first electric double – decker bus to be used for city tours in TVM – ON Manorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2024/04/21/india-first-electric-double-decker-bus-facilities.html |work=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

Travancore State Transport Department superintendent E. G. Salter imported double-decker buses in 1937. KSRTC also used one of the original [[AEC Routemaster]]s in [[Kochi]] on a route from [[Palarivattom]] to [[Willingdon Island]] from the 1960s to the late 1970s. A court, faced with non-payment by the KSRTC, ordered the seizure of the Kochi double-decker until the debt was paid.<ref>{{cite news |title=The last running "Leyland Comet DD" will now be history. Will Ash Ley save him? – CV news |url=https://www.cvnews.in/the-last-running-Leyland-comet-dd-will-now-be-a-history-will-ash-ley-save-him/ |work=www.cvnews.in}}</ref>

Thiruvananthapuram originally had 15 [[British Leyland]] double-decker buses, serially numbered from DD1 to DD15, with bodies built at KSRTC Central Workshop in Thiruvananthapuram. The buses had a [[semi-automatic transmission]], with no clutch. The last five buses were moved to Eranakulam district. KSRTC launched two double-decker buses (serial numbers TR555 and TR666) during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Historic Ride on India's First Double-Decker Buses |url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/a-historic-ride-on-indias-first-double-decker-buses/ |work=Nat Geo Traveller}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=THIRUVANANTHAPURAM Updates- Central World Mall, Pattoor opens in August 2018 - Page 41 |url=http://www.forumkeralam.in/forum/showthread.php/35826-THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-Updates/page41 |work=www.forumkeralam.in }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=75 years on the 'Double' - Feature - Autocar India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/75-years-on-the-8216double8217-348587 |work=www.autocarindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=History on wheels - pride of the roads |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/history-on-wheels-pride-of-the-roads/article3226360.ece |work=The Hindu |date=27 January 2006 }}</ref>

=== City Services ===
'''Thiruvananthapuram City Circular'''

Launched in 2021, the '''[[Thiruvananthapuram City Circular]]''' is a bus service operated by KSRTC in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The service operates on circular routes covering all the major parts of the city. The buses ply every 15 minutes during peak hours and every 30 minutes during off-peak hours. The fare is INR 10 per trip and INR 30 for a whole day trip.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-15 |title=City circular service gets 10 more electric buses, taking total to 35 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/city-circular-service-gets-10-more-electric-buses-taking-total-to-35/articleshow/95520221.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Initially, the service was operated using old JNNURM [[Ashok Leyland]] and [[Tata Motors|Tata]] [[Low-floor bus|low-floor]] buses. Later, electric PMI Regio and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] Skyline Pro E buses were also introduced.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

'''Thiruvananthapuram City Shuttle'''

Launched in 2022, as a service for commuters from the peripheral centers of the city to the center. The city shuttle service run round the clock from 7am to 7pm.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2022-01-13 |title=KSRTC launches city shuttle services in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ksrtc-launches-city-shuttle-services-in-thiruvananthapuram/article38267412.ece |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is integrated with the circular services, to help commuters travel to other parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-14 |title=Kerala State Road Transport Corporation launches city shuttle service |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ksrtc-launches-city-shuttle-service/articleshow/88884677.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> City Shuttle Routes are between Thampanoor to Neyyatinkara, Nemom, Pallichal, Pravachambalam. Plans exist for new routes from the city to Mudavanmugal, Malayinkeezhu, Karakulam, Vattappara, Kazhakuttam, Sreekaryam, Kaniyapuram, Pothencode, Akkulam, Anayara, Veli, Kulathoor, Kovalam and Poovar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Shainu |date=2022-02-03 |title=KSRTC to extend city shuttle services to more routes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2022/Feb/03/ksrtc-to-extend-city-shuttle-services-to-more-routes-2414540.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other Services ===

; <dfn>Sandeshavahini</dfn>

Super Fast buses with water-conservation messages (''sandeshavahini'' means "messenger" in Malayalam), pamphlets, posters, and other publicity materials for distribution KSRTC introduced the service in March 2017 with 15 buses, one for each district (except Thiruvananthapuram, which has two). The bus bodies were fabricated at KSRTC's Edappal regional workshop on Eicher 20.15 N LPO BS III and Ashok Leyland BS III 160 hp Viking 222 (ALPSV 4/186) chassis.

'''LNG buses'''

KSRTC launched its first LNG bus service on 21 June 2021 in order to reduce the operational losses and to promote an energy source considered to be far less damaging to the environment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala rolls out its first LNG-powered bus service |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-first-lng-powered-bus-service-ksrtc-7368963/}}</ref>

=== Discontinued services ===
{{Glossary}}
{{term|1=Terraplane}}
{{defn|1=KSRTC's flagship luxury service during the 1970s operated nonstop between Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi. Introduced by transport minister [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]], buses had onboard toilets and a reservation system. Two [[Ashok Leyland]] buses with bonnet numbers A555, A666 and a super-deluxe bus (numbered 4000) were used for the service, which was discontinued due to a high accident rate.}}
{{term|1=Lightning Express}}
{{defn|1=Long distance, limited-stop service during the 1990s. The silver buses were later converted to Volvos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/speed-governors-can-save-rs8754-crore-for-ksrtc/article3055376.ece|title=Speed governors can save Rs.87.54 crore for KSRTC|date=2006-10-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.archive.asianetnews.tv/mobile/Automotive/article/29903_KSRTC-to-start-lightning-express-model-bus-services|title=KSRTC to start lightning express model bus services|work=www.archive.asianetnews.tv|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031318/http://www.archive.asianetnews.tv/mobile/Automotive/article/29903_KSRTC-to-start-lightning-express-model-bus-services|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150627/nation-current-affairs/article/ksrtc-plans-add-scania-its-luxury-fleet|title=KSRTC plans add scania its luxury fleet|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>}}
{{term|1=White Express}}
{{defn|1=Red-and-white buses which operated during the 1990s}}
{{term|1=Silver Line Jet}}
{{defn|1=Introduced in 2015 as a successor to the Lighting Express, the limited-stop intrastate service had reclining seats, a CCTV camera, Wi-Fi, and charging facilities for laptops and mobile phones. It was discontinued due to low ridership, reportedlu caused by lack of air suspension and high fares. The 41-seat buses were fabricated in-house on Ashok Leyland BS III [[Ashok Leyland Viking|160 hp Viking 222"]] ([[Ashok Leyland Viking|ALPSV 4/186]]) and Eicher 20.15 N LPO BS III chassis.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala SRTC taking a big leap |url=http://www.motorindiaonline.in/buses/kerala-srtc-taking-a-big-leap/ |work=www.motorindiaonline.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/ksrtc-stops-silver-line-jet-services-13799.html|title=ksrtc stops silver line jet services– News18 Malayalam|website=malayalam.news18.com|date=2 May 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/news/ksrtc-ends-silver-jet-line-services|title=കെ.എസ്.ആർ.ടി.സി സിൽവർ ലൈന്‍ ജെറ്റ് സർവീസ് അവസാനിപ്പിച്ചു|work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>}}
{{term|1=Pink Bus}}
{{defn|1=KSRTC launched the women-only city fast service in Thiruvananthapuram district in 2017. The buses had women conductors. Two old Ashok Leyland 160 hp Viking BS III 222" (ALPSV 4/186) pink super-fast buses were used for the service. However, the buses failed to attract passengers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/Jan/05/ksrtc-to-roll-out-pink-buses-for-women-1556318.html|title=KSRTC to roll out pink buses for women|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=11 January 2017 |access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Pink-Bus-RTC%E2%80%99s-gift-to-women/article17091970.ece|title=Pink Bus, RTC's gift to women|author= Reporter|date=2017-01-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>}}
{{term|1=Minibus}}
{{defn|1=KSRTC's minibus service, introduced in 2003, was the first of its kind in India. With a capacity of 25 to 30 seats, the buses were ideal for some routes and stopped at passenger request. The service was discontinued due to bus-durability concerns.<ref name="The Hindu : In top gear" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/251117/kerala-plans-to-start-mini-buses-fail.html|title=Kerala plans to start mini buses fail|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>}}
{{term|1=Ananthapuri Air Bus}}
{{defn|1=Introduced in 2005 in Thiruvananthapuram, the service was a predecessor of low-floor buses. With two doors and a long body, the buses could carry almost twice as many passengers as other buses. Intended for tourists, the semi-low floor (635mm), rear engine, non-air-conditioned bus by [[Ashok Leyland Panther]] chassis (ALPS 3/22) had a body built by Irizar – TVS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindujagroup.com/global-investments/automotive/irizar-tvs.html|title=Irizar for manufacturing International class bus bodies in India - the Hindujas|website=www.hindujagroup.com|access-date=2018-07-31|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730235026/http://www.hindujagroup.com/global-investments/automotive/irizar-tvs.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> With H-series turbocharged engines conforming to BS-II emission standards the 42 seater buses also had front and rear air suspension. KSRTC had a total 4 of them with serial numbers RT599, RT600, RT601, and RT602. These buses had dark blue lines on white background paintjob.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala State Road Transport Corporation - Government of Kerala, India |url=https://kerala.gov.in/kerala-state-road-transport-corporation |work=kerala.gov.in |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223210010/http://kerala.gov.in/kerala-state-road-transport-corporation |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu : In top gear"/>}}
{{term|1=Garuda Sanchari}}
{{defn|1=KSRTC operated bi-axle Volvo buses in its Garuda Sanchari service (''sanchari'' means "passenger" in [[Malayalam]]). The service was introduced by [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] in 2002. The first vehicles, two Volvo Euro III [[Volvo B7R|B7R Mark1]] (TP620 and TP621) were the first Volvo buses introduced by a road transport corporation in India. One bus operated on the Thiruvananthapuram –[[Palakkad]] route and the other operated on the Thiruvananthapuram-[[Kozhikode|Kozhikkode]] route until 2008. In 2008, KSRTC acquired three [[Volvo 9700|Volvo 9400 B7R Mark III]] buses.<ref name="The Hindu : In top gear">{{cite news |title=In top gear |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/06/stories/2003030601300200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630065149/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/06/stories/2003030601300200.htm |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2003-06-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Hindu Business Line : KSRTC plans to ply luxury buses |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/10/02/stories/2002100200521700.htm |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Forced Facelift Brings Fortune To Kerala's Public Transport |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/forced-facelift-brings-fortune-to-keralas-public-transport/58716/ |work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=John L. |title=KSRTC misses the bus as Karnataka rakes in money |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ksrtc-misses-the-bus-as-karnataka-rakes-in-money/article4383083.ece |work=The Hindu |date=6 February 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KSRTC plans online reservation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/KSRTC-plans-online-reservation/article15363362.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 December 2008 }}</ref>}}
{{term|1=AC Air Deluxe}}
{{defn|1=[[File: Ksrtc ac bus ernakulam.JPG|alt=White bus with a tricolor swoosh|thumb|RT962, a Tata AC Air Bus owned by KSRTC]]
A short-lived air-conditioned service was launched in 2005 after the first Volvo buses. There were 10 buses: five Tata (built by Popular) and five Ashok Leyland, built by Irizar TVS. The Tata buses were built on LPO 1616/62 BS-II chassis with engine-driven (direct-drive) air-conditioning, and the AL chassis were 177  hp 12M BS-II (ALPSV 4/86) with air-conditioning driven by a slave engine.

At the end of 2007, KSRTC added 20 [[Tata Globus|Tata Globus 45]] buses to its fleet. The buses with tri-colour streaks on a white background, had reclining seats and recharging facilities for mobile phones.<ref>{{cite news |title=KSRTC to vie for 'model' tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/KSRTC-to-vie-for-lsquomodelrsquo-tag/article14895833.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 December 2007 }}</ref>}}
{{glossary end}}'''Articulated buses'''

KSRTC owned an Ashok Leyland Vestibule (BS III 123 kW) bus, which operated in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] and [[Kollam district]]. Passengers paid ordinary fares.<ref>{{cite news |title=കെഎസ്ആര്‍ടിസിയിലെ ഏക വെസ്സ്റ്റിബ്യൂള്‍ ബസ് തിരുവനന്തപുരം ജില്ലയ്ക്ക് സ്വന്തം; വൈറലായി ചിത്രങ്ങൾ; ആറ്റിങ്ങൽ - കിഴക്കേക്കോട്ട റൂട്ടിൽ ബസ് സർവീസ് |url=http://trivandrum.metromalayali.in/news/details/keralas-only-one-vestibule-bus-by-ksrtc |work=metromalayali.in }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This bus was gutted in a fire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-23 |title=Miraculous escape for 44 people as KSRTC bus catches fire at Kayamkulam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/miraculous-escape-for-42-people-as-ksrtc-bus-catches-fire-at-kayamkulam/article67878238.ece |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Trailer bus]]es had [[Ashok Leyland]] tractor units and [[Hyderabad Allwyn|Allwyn]] trailers.<ref name="The Times of India" />

==Subsidiaries==
===Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation===
In November 2014, [[Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation]] (KURTC) was formed to operate low-floor buses procured with financial assistance from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JNNURM).<ref name="kurtc">{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/all-jnnurm-buses-to-be-brought-under-kurtc/article6534522.ece|title = All JNNURM buses to be brought under KURTC|date = 26 October 2014|work = The Hindu |access-date = 20 Jan 2015}}</ref>

===KSRTC SWIFT===
[[KSRTC SWIFT]] (K-SWIFT) is a company formed on 9 November 2021 by KSRTC with an aim to overcome the financial crisis faced by the corporation. K-SWIFT function independently within the KSRTC and operates the long-distance buses of the corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KSRTC's new SWIFT services netted Rs 35.38 lakh during inaugural week |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/04/20/ksrtc-s-new-swift-services-netted-rs-35-38-lakh-during-inaugural.html |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

==Zones==
[[File:Kollam KSRTC Bus Station.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kollam KSRTC bus station|KSRTC Bus Station]] in [[Kollam]]]]
There were 5 KSRTC zones until 2018: Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Thrissur and Kozhikode.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/record-collection-for-state-utility/article22407119.ece|title=Record collection for State utility|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 January 2018|access-date=2020-06-23|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=S. Anil}}</ref> But was reduced to three in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Jul/26/ksrtc-opts-for-course-correction-to-now-drive-its-way-in-three-zones-1848666.html|title=KSRTC opts for course correction to now drive its way in three zones|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=10 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-zones-in-ksrtc-from-today/article24505272.ece|title=KSRTC to work in three zones from today|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=2018-07-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/new-zones-to-boost-ksrtc-operations/articleshow/65145071.cms|title='New zones to boost KSRTC operations' |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:Gold;"| Name
! scope="col" style="background:Gold;"| Districts
! scope="col" style="background:Gold;"| Headquarters
|-
|| South
||[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
|| Central
||[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|| [[Kochi]]
|-
|| North
||[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]]
|| [[Kozhikode]]
|}
The Thiruvananthapuram (south) zone, which includes three districts, has more buses. The north zone (which includes six districts) has 945 buses, mostly long-distance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-1.3004897|title=Now, KSRTC turns into 3 independent zones{{!}} KSRTC divided into three zones {{!}} Mathrubhumi Online|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|date=26 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>

==Depots and workshops==
KSRTC has 28 depots, 45 sub-depots, 19 operating centres, 28 stationmaster offices, five workshops and three staff-training colleges throughout the state.<ref name="keralartc.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.keralartc.com/html/depots.html |title=KeralaSRTC :: Offices |publisher=Keralartc.com |access-date=2018-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314023608/http://www.keralartc.com/html/depots.html |archive-date=14 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1995, the corporation established the [[Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering]] in [[Pappanamcode]] at its central workshop.

KSRTC has 28 station master (SM) offices in [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalapuzha]], [[Ayoor]], Eenchakkal, Ernakulam Jetty, [[Ettumanoor]], [[Iritty]], Kadakkal, Kaliyakkavila, [[Kuthiathode|Kuthiyathode]], [[Malayinkeezhu|Malayilkeezh]], [[Mundakayam|Mundakkayam]], [[Nagercoil|Nagarcoil]], Ochira, [[Pattambi]], Pothencode, Puthenkurishu, [[Tirur]], [[Valanchery]], [[Varkala]], [[Vyttila Mobility Hub|Vytila Hub]], and staff-training colleges in Trivandrum, Ernakulam and Edappal.<ref name="keralartc.com"/>

=={{anchor|Historical Fares}}Fares==
[[File:KSRTC - Kerala Road Transport Corporation - Bus Tickets.jpg|alt=A handful of bus tickets|thumb|Stack of traditional old bus tickets. Today, electronic ticketing machines are used.]]
KSRTC uses a fare-stage system to calculate fares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fare |url=https://www.keralartc.com/about-us/fare |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Kerala State Road Transport Corporation - keralartc.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ksrtc-asked-to-comply-with-fare-stage-rules/article8266369.ece|title=KSRTC asked to comply with fare stage rules|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=2016-02-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Fare table
|-
!Service class
!Minimum fare
!Rate per km for travel above minimum fare
|-
|City/Ordinary
|{{INR}}10
|100 paise
|-
|City Fast
|{{INR}}12
|103 paise
|-
|Fast Passenger/LSFP
|{{INR}}15
|105 paise
|-
|Super Fast Passenger
|{{INR}}22
|108 paise
|-
|Super Express
|{{INR}}28
|110 paise
|-
|Super Deluxe
|{{INR}}40
|120 paise
|-
|Luxury/Hi-tech and AC
|{{INR}}60
|150 paise
|-
|Garuda Sanchari/Biaxle Premium
|{{INR}}60
|181 paise
|-
|Garuda Maharaja/ Garuda King Class/ Multi-axle Premium
|{{INR}}100
|225 paise
|-
|A/C Low Floor
|{{INR}}26
|175 paise
|-
|Non A/C Low Floor
|{{INR}}10
|100 paise
|}

24 Hour Passenger support system is available and the Contact number for the same is 0471 - 2463799 or 9447071021.
Passengers can also submit the suggestions and complaints through the official face book page of KSRTC

==Cultural impact and in media==
KSRTC buses have a wide fan following across the entire state of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ഡെസ്ക്|first=അഴിമുഖം|title=വീട്ടുമുറ്റത്തെ ആനവണ്ടി; 'ഒരു കെഎസ്ആര്‍ടിസി പ്രേമം'|url=https://www.azhimukham.com/film-videos/ksrtc-miniature-making-artist-arun-in-wayanad-833353|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Azhimukham|date=September 2020|language=en}}</ref> Fondly called as Aanavandi, it has close to 100 dedicated fan pages on [[Instagram]]. Many people see KSRTC buses as a callback to their childhood nostalgia, while some others enjoy frequently travelling in these buses.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|date=2021-03-15|title=Kerala State Road Transport Corporation buses have a dedicated fan following on Instagram|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kerala-state-road-transport-corporation-buses-with-their-distinct-logo-featuring-two-two-elephants-have-inspired-almost-100-fan-pages/article34075872.ece|access-date=2021-03-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There have even been incidents where passengers requested the authority to bring back their favourite buses, which were taken to other depots from their existing depots or even requested to stop transferring their favorite routes to KSRTC Swift for operation like the prestigious [[Changanassery]]–[[Velankanni]] Super Express<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finally, the hardcore KSRTC fan of Erattupetta reveals her identity|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/good-news/finally-the-hardcore-ksrtc-fan-of-erattupetta-reveals-her-identity-kerala-1.2765837|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Mathrubhumi|date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rosmy's 'katta' love for KSRTC bus brings it back to her - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Apr/25/kerala-a-katta-ksrtc-bus-love-that-went-viral-1805986.html|access-date=2021-03-20|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=11 April 2018 }}</ref>

KSRTC buses have been featured in many [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movies]]. The 2012 film [[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'s main plot revolves around some incidents happening in a KSRTC bus. Since then, film fraternity started associating KSRTC buses to the culture of Keralites.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Film shoots bring revenue to KSRTC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/film-shoots-bring-revenue-to-ksrtc/articleshow/57157443.cms|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> There is a famous quote from the movie [[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]] about KSRTC buses where the hero states that "''Every'' [[Malayali]] (Keralite) has to travel in a KSRTC bus to be qualified as a Malayali".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Film shoots, a money spinner for debt-ridden KSRTC|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/film-shoots-revenue-ksrtc|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref> The 2021 movie [[Yuvam]] is completely based on KSRTC. It shows the journey of three young advocates, who tries to save KSRTC from getting privatised due to debts which happened due the inlawful actions by some politicians.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|date=2021-02-13|title=Malayalam film 'Yuvam' is a dream come true for director Pinku Peter|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kottayam-based-pharmacist-pinku-peter-turns-director-with-malayalam-film-yuvam/article33830329.ece|access-date=2021-03-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

"The history of KSRTC in Kerala is intertwined with the lives of the people. It's not just a vehicle service. This public transport system has left its mark on our cultural life, including in cinema and literature and it cannot be erased so quickly"; said the then transport minister [[Antony Raju]] following the legal battle Kerala won over Karnataka to use the brand KSRTC.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jun 3, 2021|title=Brand KSRTC is Kerala's own {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/brand-ksrtc-is-keralas-own/articleshow/83186148.cms|access-date=2021-06-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Kerala has won the trademark battle against Karnataka. The acronym '''KSRTC''', which was being used by the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation and the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]], will now be used only in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title='KSRTC' now belongs to Kerala after 7 years of legal battle with Karnataka |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ksrtc-elephant-cart-emblem-kerala-years-legal-battle-karnataka-1810727-2021-06-04 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=India Today |date=4 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation]]
* [[KSRTC SWIFT]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.keralartc.com/ KSRTC Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105161733/https://keralartc.com/ |date=5 November 2023 }}
*https://www.facebook.com/KeralaStateRoadTransportCorporation/

{{State agencies of Kerala}}
{{State owned road transport companies in India}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bus companies of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:State road transport corporations of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Companies based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1938]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1938]]

VPS Kaushik

2026-02-14T05:24:05Z

Iringlz: Done

{{Short description|Indian Army officer}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| honorific_suffix = [[UYSM]]&ensp;[[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]&ensp;[[Sena Medal|SM]]
| name = V. P. S. Kaushik
| image = VPS_Kaushik.jpg
| image_size = 230
| caption =
| allegiance = [[India]]
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = June 1988–present
| rank = Lieutenant General
|servicenumber = IC-47603F
| unit =
| commands =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]|[[Sena Medal]]}}
}}

[[Lieutenant General]] '''V. P. S. Kaushik''' is a senior officer of the [[Indian Army]], serving as the [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant General]].<ref name="timesofindia"/>

==Early life and education==
Kaushik attended St. Paul’s School, Lucknow, followed by the [[National Defence Academy]] and the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name="Morung">{{cite web |title=Maj Gen VPS Kaushik takes charge of IGAR (North) |url=https://morungexpress.com/maj-gen-vps-kaushik-takes-charge-igar-north |website=The Morung Express |date=20 March 2020 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

==Military career==
Kaushik was commissioned into the [[Kumaon Regiment|3 Kumaon]] in June 1988.<ref name="Morung"/>

He has extensive operational experience in the [[Northeast India]] region with postings in [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], [[Shillong]] and [[Assam]], and has served with the [[Assam Rifles]] in that theatre.<ref name="uniindia">{{cite web |title=Major General VPS Kaushik takes charge of IGAR (North) |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/east/defence-nagaland-igar/1924442.html |website=UNI India |date=20 March 2020 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

On 20 March 2020, as a [[Major general|Major General]], he assumed charge as the [[Inspector General]], [[Assam Rifles|Assam Rifles (North)]].<ref name="uniindia"/>

Upon promotion to [[Lieutenant General]], he commanded the [[XXXIII Corps (India)|Trishakti Corps]] before being appointed [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant General]] at Army Headquarters on 3 August 2024.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web |title=Lieutenant General VPS Kaushik takes over as Adjutant General of Indian Army |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lieutenant-general-vps-kaushik-takes-over-as-adjutant-general-of-indian-army/articleshow/112237174.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

==Honours and decorations==
Government records list Kaushik as a recipient of the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]], [[Yudh Seva Medal]], and [[Sena Medal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of personnel being conferred gallantry and distinguished service awards |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/jan/doc2024125302501.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India (Notification of Gallantry and Distinguished Service Awards) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2021/228628.pdf |website=Gazette of India |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|Colspan=4|[[File:Uttam_Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]] [[File:Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]] [[File:Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:Wound_Medal-India.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File : IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|colspan="2" |[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
|-
|[[Wound Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|-
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[High Altitude Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==Public and professional engagements==
In his tenure as Corps Commander and Adjutant General, Kaushik has participated in numerous civil-military initiatives, veterans’ welfare events, and policy programmes reported in official and defence media outlets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen VPS Kaushik named Adjutant General; Lt Gen Vinod Nambiar takes over Army Aviation |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/3040486-lt-gen-vps-kaushik-named-adjutant-general-lt-gen-vinod-nambiar-takes-over-army-aviation |website=Devdiscourse |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Official photograph: Lt Gen VPS Kaushik |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VPS_Kaushik.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=10 October 2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushik, VPS}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]

List of Haryanvi-language films

2026-01-29T18:09:58Z

Iringlz: corrected references based on references and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{South Asian cinema}}

'''Haryanvi films''' are films in the [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] dialect of [[Hindi]]. Due to the dominance of the [[Mumbai]]-based [[Bollywood|Hindi film industry]], films in Haryanvi were not extensively produced until the 1980s. The First movie of Haryanvi cinema is ''Dharti'', released in 1968. The financial success of Devi Shankar Prabhakar's ''[[Chandrawal]]'' (1984) was largely responsible for the continuing production of [[Haryanvi Cinema|Haryanvi films]], although none have been as successful.<ref name=govt>{{cite news|title='Haryanvi movies need govt push'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryanvi-movies-need-govt-push/articleshow/6695524.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-06/chandigarh/28259020_1_haryanvi-entertainment-tax-hindi-movie|url-status=live|archive-date=23 March 2012|access-date=17 March 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2010}}</ref> Other films such as ''Phool Badan'' and ''Chora Haryane Ka'' followed with only about one out of twelve films being profitable at the box office.<ref name=govt/>
In 2000, Aswini Chowdhary won the [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]] at the [[National Film Awards]] for the Haryanvi film ''Laddo''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Press Trust of India|title=President to give away national film awards on Sept 18|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000916/ina16014.html|access-date=17 March 2011|newspaper=Indian Express|date=16 September 2000}}</ref> In 2010 the government of [[Haryana]] announced they were considering establishing a film board to promote Haryanvi-language films.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana may set up board to promote Haryanvi films|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/03/stories/2010100359290700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008025813/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/03/stories/2010100359290700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2010|access-date=17 March 2011|date=3 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> At the [[62nd National Film Awards]], the Haryanvi movie ''Pagdi The Honour'' won the award for [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards|Best Feature Film in Haryanvi]] and [[Baljinder Kaur]] won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her role in the same. 
 
In the [[63rd National Film Awards]], Satrangi, directed by Sundeep Sharma, won the Best Feature Film in Haryanvi and also won six awards in the Haryana International Film Festival, Hissar in 2017. Yashpal Sharma won the best actor award for Satrangi in the JIFF (Jharkhand International Film Festival), 2018.

==Haryanvi Films==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Cast
! Director
! class="unsortable" | Other notes
|-
| 1968
| ''[[Dharti (1968 film)|Dharti]]''
|
|Kidar Sharma
| first haryanvi language movie
|-
| 1970
| [[Harphool Singh Jaat Julani]]
|
| Directed by Anand kumar
| First ever Haryanvi movie
|-
| 1973
| [[Beera Shera]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SniTscrqbto |title=Beera Shera |website=YouTube |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>
| Bhale Ram Nain, Andana, Ashok Raj, Meena Roy
| Pardeep Nayar
|
|-
|1982
| [[Bahurani (1982 film)|Bahurani]]
| [[Sumitra Hooda]], Shashi Ranjan, [[Bhal Singh]], [[Mukta Chaudhary]]
| Distributed by [[Manmohan Bansal]] directed by Arvind Swami
| First Commercial successful Haryanvi Movie,
3rd Haryanvi Movie
|-
|1984
| [[Chander kiran]]
| [[Jagat Jakhad]], [[Pushpa Soni]] directed by SS Rawal
| Produced by Dilawar Singh
| Best Actress award to Pushpa Soni for the film [[Chander Kiran]] at first Haryanvi Film Festival held in Feb, 1986 at Hisar.
|-
|1984
| [[Chandrawal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0319165/ |title=Chandrawal |website=IMDb |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>
| [[Usha Sharma]], [[Jagat Jakhar]], [[Nasib Singh Kundu]], [[Daryav Singh Malik]]
| [[Devi Shankar Prabhakar]]
| First Commercial superhit Haryanvi Movie
|-
| 1984
| [[Bhabhi Ka Aashirwad]]
| Ram Chander Solanki, [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]], [[Mehmood Junior]], [[Sarwan (actor)|Sarwan]], [[Bharat Bhushan]]
| [[Mukul Dutt]], [[Ram kumar vohra]]
|
|-
|1985
|Mhara Peehar Sasra
|[[Raja Bundela]], [[Alka Nupur]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]]
|Sudarshan Pal
|Music by [[Ravindra Jain]]
|-
| 1985
| [[Chail Gaelyan Jaangi]]
| [[Bhal Singh]]
| [[Arvind Swami]]
|
|-
|
| [[Laado Basanti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8682890/ |title=Laado Basanti |website=IMDb |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>
| Anoop Lather, [[Usha Sharma]]
|
|
|-
| 1986
| [[Mhari Dharti Mhari Maa]]
| [[Bhal Singh]]
| [[Arvind Swami]]
|
|-
| 1987
| [[Jhanakdar Kangana]]
| Manasvi, Chitra,
|S. Singh
|
|-
| 1987
| [[Chora Haryane Ka]]
| [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Guggu Gill]], [[Rama Vij]], [[Mehar Mittal]], [[Manjit Maan]]
|
| Also released in Punjabi as [[Gabhroo Punjab Da]]
|-
| 1988
| Bairi
| [[Bhal Singh]], Shashi Ranjan
| [[Arvind Swami]]
|
|-
| 1988
| [[Phool Badan]]
| [[Usha Sharma]]
|
|
|-
| 1993
| [[Jat (Haryanvi film)|Jat]]
| [[Ashutosh Gowarikar]], Gauri Seagan, [[Rajender Gupta]], Daryav Singh Malik, Gopi Bhalla, Rajoo Pandit, Sheela Pahal, Mohini Sharma, Rajesh Jolly.
| Swaran Singh Mor
| Successful Haryanvi movie.
|-
| 2001
| Chand Chakori
| [[Manju Bala (singer)|Manju Bala]], [[Ramesh Kaushik]], [[Pawan Kumar Arya]]
|
|
|-
|
| [[Chandro]]

| producer K D Sharma
A neelkanth production
|
|
|-
|
| [[Chora Jat Ka]] directed by arvind swami
|
|
|
|-
|
| [[Gulaabo]]
|
|
|
|-
| 1991
| [[Jatani (film)|Jatani]]
| [[Usha Sharma]], [[Rajesh Vedprakash]]
|
|
|-
|
| [[Ke Supney Ka Jikar]]
|
|
|
|-
|
| [[Lambardaar]]
|
|
|
|-
|
| [[Muklava]]
|
|
|
|-
|
| [[Phaagan Aaya Re]]
|
|
|
|-
| 2000
| [[Laado]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India, a reference annual|year=2001|publisher=Publications Division, Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|pages=285}}</ref>
| [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Rajendra Gupta]], [[Arun Bali]], Arundhati, [[Sanjay M. Singh]]
| [[Ashwini Chaudhary]]
|
|-
|2004
| [[Dhakad chhora]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11474750/ |title=Dhakad Chhora |website=IMDb |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|[[Uttar kumar]], Kamal Sharma
|
|
|-
|2010
|[[Rukke Padge]]
|Ashok C Tyagi
|Gaurav Prateek, [[Rajendra Gupta]]
| One of the Best Hindi-Haryanvi Comedy Film<ref>{{Citation |title="Rukke Padge" (2010) |url=https://en.kinorium.com/2800067/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2009-12-01 |title=Rukke Padge Cast List {{!}} Rukke Padge Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rukke-padge/cast/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| [[Muthbhed - A Planned Encounter]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Political Statement|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Political-Statement/631719|access-date=17 March 2011|newspaper=Indian Express|date=10 June 2010}}</ref>
| [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
|
|
|-
| 2012
| [[Chandrawal-2]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chandrawal-2-After-years-of-honour-killing-again-a-reel-story/articleshow/12526701.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Chandrawal-2: After years of honour killing, again a reel story - The Times of India}}</ref>
| [[Usha Sharma]], [[Kuldeep Rathi]], [[Bahan Sikha Nehra]]
| [[Nishant Prabhakar]]
| (Released 4 May 2012)
|-
| 2014
| [[Maati Kare Pukar]]
| Pallavi, Sumit, [[Vijay Bhatotiya]], [[Rajkumar Maan]], Ranjit Singh and [[Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav]]
| Col J K Singh
| Released on UFO in Haryana on Jan,17 2014)
|-
| 2014
| [[Kunba]]
| [[Uttar Kumar]], [[Kader Khan]]
| Yash chauhan
|
|-
| 2014
| [[Dear vs Bear]]
| [[Uttar Kumar]], Manoj bakshi
|[[Sanjeev Vedwan]]
|
|-
| 2015
| [[Fighter War 4 Love]]
| Vijay Verma, Neetu Verma
| Vijay Verma
|
|-
| 2015
| [[Pagdi: The Honour]]
| [[Baljinder Kaur]] (Best supporting actress Award at [[62nd National Film Awards]]) [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)]], Ravi chauhan, Brijesh sharma, Manisha Hans, Daksh Malhotra, Nidhi Mahla<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/president-honours-cinematic-excellence-at-62nd-national-film-awards/895041|title=President Honours Cinematic Excellence at 62nd National Film Awards | May 03,2015|website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref>
| [[Rajeev Bhatia]]
|Best Haryanvi Film Award at [[62nd National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Haryanvi Film: "Pagdi The Honour"|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Complete-List-of-The-62nd-National-Film-Awards/2015/03/24/article2728221.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326221029/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Complete-List-of-The-62nd-National-Film-Awards/2015/03/24/article2728221.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2016
| Bare Feet Impressions (Nange Pavon ke Nishan)
|Mukesh Musafir, Dolli Sharma, Ashish Tanwar, Surya, Manish Kumar
|[[Yogesh Vats]]
|Barefeet Impressions traveled worldwide prestigious Film Festivals.It was Produced By [[State Institute of Film and Television]] (SIFT), Rohtak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govserv.org/IN/Rohtak/466133806897357/State-Institute-of-Film-and-Television%2CRohtak|title=STATE INSTITUTE OF FILM AND TELEVISION, ROHTAK |publisher=govserv.org }}</ref>
|-
|2016
| [[Satrangi (2016 film)|Satrangi]]
|[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)]], Nargis Nandal, Sachin Shokeen, Amit Jairath, Mahabir Guddu, Geeta Agarwal Sharma, Naveen Ohlyan, Sagar Saini
|Sundeep Sharma
|Best Haryanvi Film Award at the [[63rd National Film Awards]]
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Unkahi (2017 film)|Unkahi]]'' <ref>{{cite web |title=Unkahi |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8883602/ |website=IMDb |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unkahi - Google Knowledge Panel |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Unkahi+Film+robin+sharaya |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref>
| [[Geetu Pari]] (Mother), [[Dikshant Dahiya]] (Kuku), [[Shushant Dahiya]] (Monu)
| [[Robin Sharaya]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Robin Sharaya - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10067020/?ref_=tt_ov_dr_1 |website=IMDb |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Robin Sharaya - Google Knowledge Panel |url=https://g.co/kgs/cHQfUh1 |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref>
| Nominated at Mumbai International Film Festival 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://miff.in/media/2020/01/MIFF-Brochure.pdf |title=Nominated at Mumbai International Film Festival 2020 (Student's Film) - Unkahi |website=MIFF |access-date=27 October 2024 |format=PDF}}</ref> (Student's Film), Jagran Film Festival 2018 (Best Indian Short Film, "Short is Sweet" section), and Dehradun International Film Festival 2018 (Best Short Film). At Cut.In Students' National Film Festival 2019, won Golden Excellence for Best Editing ([[Hitesh Dua]]) and was nominated for Best Cinematography ([[Akshit Gandhi]]) and Best Short Film.
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Weg (2019 film)|Weg]]'' <ref>{{cite web |title=Weg |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14103730/ |website=IMDb |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weg - Google Knowledge Panel |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=weg+robin+sharaya |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref>
| Dushyant Kumar (as Weg), [[Rahul Saroha]], [[Girish Katyal]], [[Toshab Bagri]]
| [[Robin Sharaya]]
| '''WEG''' is the first Haryanvi superhero film by Robin Sharaya, set during the British colonial era. It introduces Weg, a young boy born with super speed. Produced by [[State Institute of Film and Television]].
|-
|2021
|Malaal (Film)
|Yashpal Sharma, Yogesh Bhardwaj, Abhimanyu Yadav, Tina Bhatia, Mukesh Musafir
|Directed and Written By Ranjeet Chauhan<ref name="imdb.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12762722/|title=Ranjeet Chauhan | Actor, Director, Writer|website=IMDb}}</ref>
| Best director Award at HIFF and Best Actor at HIFF to Yogesh Bhardawj.
|-
|2021
|Chapper Phadke (Film)
|Ramkesh Jiwanpurwala, Abhimanyu Yadav, Anjavi Singh Hooda, Manoj Rathi, Akash Chawariya, Yogesh Bhardwaj, Suren Savitri Sarkar.
|Directed and Written By Ranjeet Chauhan<ref name="imdb.com"/>
|
|-
|2022
|[[Dada Lakhmi (film)|Dada Lakhmi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dada Lakhmi |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14677728/ |website=IMDb |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref>
|[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]], [[Meghna Malik]], [[Rajendra Gupta]]
|[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
|Best Haryanvi Film Award at the [[68th National Film Awards|68rd National Film Awards]]
|}

==See also==
* [[State Institute of Film and Television]]
* [[Saang]]
* [[Haryanvi cinema]]
* [[Haryanvi language]]
* [[Music of Haryana|Haryanvi music]]
* [[Indian musical instruments]]
* [[List of Indian folk dances]]
* [[Bollywood]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.haryanvimusic.com haryanvimusic.com]
* [http://www.raagani.com raagani.com]
* [http://www.haryanviimage.com haryanviimage.com]

{{Districts of Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haryanvi}}
[[Category:Culture of Haryana|Film]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films]]
[[Category:Haryanvi-language films| ]]
[[Category:Lists of films by language|Haryanvi]]

Delhi Cantonment railway station

2026-01-23T01:58:20Z

Iringlz:

{{Short description|Railway station in Delhi, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{original research|date=February 2019}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Delhi Cantonment
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| cta_header =
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Busy Delhi Cantt station.JPG
| image_caption =
| address = [[Delhi Cantonment]], Delhi
| country = India
| iso_region =
| coordinates = {{coord|28|36|43|N|77|06|56|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Delhi
| elevation =
| line = Delhi–Ahmedabad mainline
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 4
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 
| closed = 
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DEC<ref name="stn_code" />
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Delhi}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| former =
| passengers = 20,000<ref name = "Delhi Cantt. - ToI (2018)">{{cite news |last=Gandhiok |first=Jasjeev |date=23 November 2018 |title=Delhi Cantonment Railway Station: A railway station in Delhi that seems to tell passengers: You are not welcome |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/a-railway-station-that-seems-to-tell-passengers-you-are-not-welcome/articleshow/66757385.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |location= |publisher= |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref>
| pass_year = 2018
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Delhi Cantonment railway station''', also known as '''Delhi Cantt.''' (station code: DEC)<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=5 |date=2023–24}}</ref>, is a railway station in [[Delhi Cantonment]] in India. It serves as an intermediate stop for trains coming from Delhi or [[Chandigarh]] and going towards Rajasthan and Gujarat via [[Rewari_Junction_railway_station|Rewari]], and a small number of trains originate and terminate at this station.

==History==
{{main|Northern_Railway_zone#History | label 1 = Northern Railway zone history}}

Initially operated as a [[Metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge]] railway station, in 1991 it was converted to [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]].

In 2025-26, it underwent ₹335 crore "airport-like" redevelopment with a new station building with separate arrival and departure areas, escalators, lifts, and adequate parking.<ref>{{cite news | last=Kumar | first=N. | date=19 December 2022 | title=RKS Construction bags order worth ₹310 crore to redevelop Delhi Cantt Railway Station | work=Urban Transport News}}</ref>

==Major trains==
The list of trains which originate/stops from/at the Delhi Cantt. station are:
* [[Jodhpur–Delhi Cantonment Vande Bharat Express]] (26841/26842)
* [[Bikaner–Delhi Cantonment Vande Bharat Express]] (26471/26472)
* [[Ajmer–Chandigarh Vande Bharat Express]] (20977/20978)
* [[Swarna Jayanti Rajdhani Express]] (12957/12958)
* [[New Delhi–Daurai (Ajmer) Shatabdi Express]] (12015/12016)
* [[Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express]] (12985/12986)
* [[Ajmer–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Jan Shatabdi Express]] (12065/12066)
* [[Rajasthan Sampark Kranti Express]] (12463/12464)
* [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bikaner Rajasthan Sampark Kranti Express]] (22463/22464)
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Kamakhya Express]] (15623/15624)
* [[Udaipur City–New Jalpaiguri Weekly Express|Udaipur City–New Jalpaiguri Express]] (19601/19602)
* [[Ayodhya Cantt - Delhi Express]] (14205/14206)
* [[Delhi–Ambala Cantonment Intercity Express]] (14521/14522)
* [[Sainik Express]] (19701/19702)
* [[Sirsa Express]] (14085/14086)
* [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bandra Terminus Garib Rath Express]] (12215/12216)

==Gallery==

<gallery>
Delhi Cantt Station.jpg|Station sign at Delhi Cantonment railway station.
Delhi Cantonment Station Old and New facade.jpg|Delhi Cantonment Station Old and New facade.
</gallery>

==See also==

* {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}}
* [[New Delhi railway station]]
* [[Delhi Junction railway station]]
* [[Sarai Rohilla]]
* [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]]
* [[Transport in Delhi]]
* [[Transport in Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Delhi}}
{{Railway stations in Delhi}}

[[Category:Railway stations in South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Delhi railway division]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Mundhanai Mudichu (TV series)

2026-01-21T16:23:29Z

Iringlz: new

{{short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = .Mundhanai+Mudichu Tamil Serial.jpg
| image_size = 260
| caption = 
| genre = Soap opera [[Drama]]
| creator = Madhu Mohan C.U Muthu Selvan
| based_on = [[Kumkum Bhagya]]
| writer = Salem Siva M.P. '''Dialogues''' Ve. Ki. Amirtharaj
| screenplay = Ve.Ki.Amirtharaj Siva.I.la.Amalraj
| creative_director = Siddhiq & Madhu Mohan
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Salem.Siva.MP. (001-167)
* P.Selvam (168-1325)
}}
| starring = [[Delhi Kumar]] Durga Rani [[Sreeja Chandran]] [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] Manohar.K
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 22
| num_episodes = 1,325
| list_episodes =
| producer = Siddhiq
| company = Cine Times Entertainment
| cinematography = Ashok Devaraj B. Thiyagarajan
| editor = S.N.Balaji V.Karthik
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2010|4|26}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|4|4}}
}}

'''Mundhanai Mudichu''' is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera that aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dinakaran.com/cdetail.asp?Nid=1719|title= Sun TV new Serial Mundhanai Mudichu|website=dinakaran.com}}</ref> The show premiered from 26 April 2010 to 4 April 2015, for 1,325 episodes. It aired Monday through Saturday at 6:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The show starred [[Delhi Kumar]], Shree Durga, Manoharan Krishnan, Rani and [[Hemalatha]].

The show was produced by Cine Times Entertainment and directed by Salem Siva MP, P. Selvam, Sundar K. Vijayan, Saadhasivam Perumal and Creative Head by Siddhiq.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/munthanai-mudichu-serial-ends-224149.html|title=Munthanai Mudichu serial ends|website=tamil.oneindia.com |date=6 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/weekly_supplements/sunday_kondattam/article797737.ece?service=print|title=நாயகியும் நானே வில்லியும் நானே!|website=dinamani.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/25364/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/TV-actress-Sridurga-interview.htm|title= Mundhanai Mudichu serial|website=[[Dinamalar]]|date= 25 December 2014}}</ref>

The "Mundhanai Mudichu" theme song was written by lyricist Vairamuthu and composed by Kumar and Pandiyan. Other music for the serial is provided by G. V. Kalaikathir. It also airs in [[Sri Lanka]] on the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] channel [[Vasantham TV]].

==Plot==
The Story is about Kandaswamy and his family. Prema wants to destroy Kandaswamy and his family because she thinks that her father was killed by Kandaswamy. So, she makes lot of evil plans and gives troubles to Kandaswamy's family but Kavitha, eldest daughter-in-law of the family, stands against her and saves the family from Prema.

==Cast==
{{cleanup|section|reason=Cast should be organised chronologically with new cast members being added to the bottom of each list. There previously was a "Former cast" section, which is not in keeping with the guidelines at [[WP:TVCAST]]. Please help to reorganise the cast per community standards.|date=October 2020}}

===Main===
* [[Delhi Kumar]] as Kanthasamy (Episode 1-1325)
* Manoharan Krishnan as Muthukumar (1-1325)
* SriVidya (1-404) → Shree Durga (405-1325) as Kavitha Muthukumar
* Vineetha Shalini (1-1099) → Soniya as Meena Madhavan (Madhavan's 1st wife) (1100-1325)
* Maanas Chavali as Madhavan (558-1325)
* Ramya Shankar (1-56) → Krithika Annamalai (56-575) → [[Pooja Lokesh]] (575-989) → Rani (989-1325) as Prema Pazhaniyappan

===Recurring===
* [[Sreeja Chandran]] as Tamizharasi
* Prakash Rajan as Saravanan
* Srisha as Vasanthi Saravanan
* Kurunji Nathan as Karthik
* Durga as Swathi Karthik
* Pooja → Jyothi as Thenmozhi
* Thilla as Pazhaniyappan (Kanthasamy Brother, Prema's husband)
* Vetrivelan as Ranjith Raj
* Hari Priya as Anitha Ranjith Raj
* Sridhar as Rathnam Madhavan's father
* [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Nandhini
* Geetha Saraswathi as Uma Madhavan's mother
* Srividya Natrajan as Avanthika Madhavan (Madhavan's 2nd Wife)
* [[Bhavani (actress)|Bhavani]] → Rekha Suresh as Avanthika's mother
* Madhu Mohan as Avanthika's father
* Raghuvaran as Karuppu
* Sri Vidhya Shankar as Tamizharasi's biological mother
* Sivan Srinivasan as Tamilzharasi's biological father
* Sruthi as Priya (Tamizharasi's friend, died in serial, killed by Ashok)
* Vijayalakshmi → [[J. Lalitha]] as Ashok's mother
* Vijay Anand (1-500) → Sharvan Rajesh (500-715) → Nesan Nepolean (716-1325) as Ashok (Priya's affair, jailed)
* Kovai Krishnan as Thangarasu (Ashok's father, died in serial)
* Sangeetha as Sailatha
* S. N. Parvathi as Meenakshi, Sadhasivam's mother
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Meenakshi (Kavitha's, Vasanthi's and Swathi's mother, died in the serial, killed by Prema)
* Raviprakash → [[Mohan Sharma]] as Annamalai (Kavitha's, Vasanthi's and Swathi's father, Died in the serial, killed by Sadhasivam)
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Krishnaveni Kanthasamy (Died in the serial, killed by Prema)
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] → [[Vatsala Rajagopal]] as Kanthasamy and Pazhaniyappan's Mother (Died in the serial, killed by Prema)
* Pollachi Babu as Sadhasivam (jailed)
* Bhuvana → Revathy Sankar as Prema's mother (died in the serial)
* Rajkumar Manoharan as Meena's ex-lover (dead in serial, killed by Madhavan)
* [[Hemalatha]] as Vedhavalli (Pazhaniyappan First Wife, Killed By Pazhaniyappan)
==Adaption==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Language
! Name
! First aired
! Channel
! Last Aired
! Episode
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Hindi]]
|[[Kumkum Bhagya]]
|14 April 2014
|rowspan="3"|[[Zee TV]]
|21 September 2025
|3208
|-
|[[Kundali Bhagya]]
|12 July 2017
|6 December 2024
|2048
|-6 December 2024
|[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]
|3 August 2021
|29 June 2025
|1356
|}

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sun TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===External links===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220928/http://www.suntvnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=1&channelname=SUN%20TV&LanguageID=1&Type=q Official Website] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/suntv Sun TV on YouTube]
* [http://www.suntv.in/ Sun TV Network] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.sun.in Sun Group] {{in lang|en}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Bheemavaram, Anakapalli district

2026-01-18T23:08:55Z

Iringlz: created place

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Bheemavarm
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh, India|Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anakapalli district]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1180
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| iso_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bheemavarm''' is a village in S. Rayavaram mandal, [[Anakapalli district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Administration==
The village is administrated by a [[Sarpanch]] who is an elected representative of village as per constitution of India and [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

== Demography ==
Bheemavarm village has 311 houses with a Population of 1,180 which consists of 593 males and 587 females.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=663221 |title=Bheemavarm village |publisher=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anakapalli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anakapalli district]]

Tashu Kaushik

2026-01-17T15:25:10Z

Iringlz: Stub - done

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tashu Kaushik
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2006–present
| height =
| spouse =
| website =
| occupation = [[Film actor|Film actress]], [[Model (person)|model]]
}}

'''Tashu Kaushik''' is an Indian actress and model. She was earlier seen in films like ''Raju Maharaju'', ''Dushasana'', ''Vaikuntapali'' and ''Graduate''. She started career as a stage choreographer. From stage shows, Tashu moved on to films through [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[Darwaaza Bandh Rakho]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tashu Kaushik to debut in Mollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Tashu-Kaushik-to-debut-in-Mollywood/articleshow/12935573.cms |work=The Times of India |author=Zachariah, Ammu |date=1 May 2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tashu Kaushik was born in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to Rakesh Goud, a businessman. Her family moved to [[Mumbai]] in her childhood. She has appeared in many commercials over the years and has acted in a Bollywood film called ''Zoom''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tashu Koushik |url=http://chithr.com/artist/interview/2719/117/tashu-koushik-interview.html |date=11 May 2009 |work=chithr.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Tashu Kaushik has completed shooting for ''Telugabbai'' opposite Tanish. "My character in the film is a girl who is born and brought up abroad and is a model by profession. It's a glamorous character and you can see me in an all-new contemporary look in the movie," says Tashu. The actress is also playing the leading lady opposite Sri of Eerojullo fame in ''Doola Seenu'' directed by Raj Kandukoori. She adds that her look in the entertainer will be a stark contrast to her role in ''Telugabbai''. "In this movie, my character is a homely one and I'll be sporting saris mostly," she says. Her third film is ''Mike Testing 143'', where she will be paired opposite [[Taraka Ratna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tashu Kaushik's all new avatar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Tashu-Kaushiks-all-new-avatar/articleshow/15420801.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219013103/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-09/news-interviews/33118231_1_actress-tashu-kaushik-new-avatar-movie |url-status=live |archive-date=19 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 August 2012}}</ref>

She made her debut in Malayalam films with Rajesh Nair's ''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tashu Kaushik in M'town |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/tashu-kaushik-m%E2%80%99town-009 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520065531/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/tashu-kaushik-m%E2%80%99town-009 |archivedate=20 May 2012}}</ref> and in Kannada cinema in ''[[Cool Ganesha]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=I want to do realistic roles: Tashu |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/news-and-interviews/33790728_1_realistic-roles-malayalam-film-industry-telugu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024183125/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/news-and-interviews/33790728_1_realistic-roles-malayalam-film-industry-telugu |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 September 2012}}</ref> She has signed up for her first Tamil film — ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]''. Talking about ''Pazhaya Vannara Pettai'' Tashu says, "The movie is important to me because I get to play the role of a traditional girl who is always dressed in half-saris and salwars- a stark contrast to my glam doll stereotype in Tollywood."<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes">{{cite web |title=I want to direct a film: Tashu Kaushik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/I-want-to-direct-a-film-Tashu-Kaushik/articleshow/12570467.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508230028/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-08/news-interviews/31305225_1_malayalam-film-hindi-film-telugu |url-status=live |archive-date=8 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 April 2012}}</ref>

She has her eyes set on filmmaking too and want to direct at least one film in the next 10 years. She was running her own restaurant in [[Versova (Mumbai)|Versova]] in Mumbai when her first Telugu film offer came to her.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes" />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Darwaaza Bandh Rakho]]'' || Sheeba K. Shah || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Raju Maharaju]]'' || Bindu || Telugu ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Dushasana (film)|Dushasana]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Vykuntapali]]'' || Snigdha || Telugu ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Graduate (film)|Graduate]]'' || Manisha || Telugu ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]'' || Riya || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Telugabbai]]'' || Megha || Telugu ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Gola Seenu'' || Sandhya || Telugu ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Cool Ganesha]]'' ||Swapna || Kannada ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Escape from Uganda]]'' || Angel Mathews || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Reporter'' || Maya || Telugu || Filming
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=2737342}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushik, Tashu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]

Menemerus nigli

2025-12-27T12:05:01Z

Iringlz: new.

{{Short description|Species of jumping spider}}
{{good article}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Menemerus nigli 99444055.jpg
| image_caption = ''M. nigli'' from Cambodia
| taxon = Menemerus nigli
| authority = [[Wanda Wesołowska|Wesołowska]] & Freudenschuss, 2012
}}

'''''Menemerus nigli''''' is a [[species]] of [[jumping spider]] that was first found in Pakistan. A member of the [[genus]] ''[[Menemerus]]'', the male was [[Species description|described]] in 2012 by [[Wanda Wesołowska]] and Mario Freudenschuss and the female by Pir Asmat Ali, Wayne Maddison, Muhammad Zahid and Abida Butt in 2018. It was originally only found in Asia but has also been introduced into Brazil, the first specimen being identified in 2020. First found amongst stones, it seems to thrive [[synanthropic]]ally amongst the sunlit [[stucco]] walls that are common in cities across the region. ''Menemerus nigli'' is used as an example of the ability of species that adapt to human habitation to expand their [[ecological niche]] and become widespread species. The spider is medium-sized, typically {{convert|4.89|mm|in}} in length, with a dark brown [[carapace]] and grey-brown [[abdomen]] that has a distinctive cream and white pattern created by small hairs. This pattern on its abdomen helps distinguish the species from other spiders in the genus.

==Taxonomy and etymology==
[[File:Menemerus nigli 255257539.jpg|thumb|''M. nigli'' on a ruin in Thailand]]
''Menemerus affinis'' is a [[species]] of [[jumping spider]], a member of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Salticidae]], that was first [[Species description|described]] by the [[Arachnology|arachnologists]] [[Wanda Wesołowska]] and Mario Freudenschuss in 2012. They allocated it to the genus ''[[Menemerus]]''.{{sfn|Pupin|Brescovit|2023|page=2}} The [[holotype]] is stored in the [[Natural History Museum, Vienna]].{{sfn|Wesołowska|Freudenschuss|2012|page=449}} Initially, only the male of the species was identified, with the first description of the female being by Pir Asmat Ali, Wayne Maddison, Muhammad Zahid and Abida Butt in 2018.<ref name=wsc>{{cite web | author=World Spider Catalog | year=2021 | title=''Menemerus nigli'' Wesolowska & Freudenschuss, 2012 | website=World Spider Catalog | publisher=Natural History Museum | place=Bern | url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/30741 | version=22.0 | access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> The genus was first [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] in 1868 by [[Eugène Simon]] and contains over 60 species.{{sfn|Mariante|Hill|2020|page=1}} The genus name derives from two Greek words, meaning "certainly" and "[[Diurnality|diurnal]]".{{sfn|Fernández-Rubio|2013|page=128}} The species is dedicated to Johannes Nigl, a mentor and friend of Freudenschuss, which is the basis of its [[specific name]].{{sfn|Wesołowska|Freudenschuss|2012|page=452}} It is one of over 500 [[species]] identified by Wesołowska over her career.{{sfn|Wiśniewski|2020|page=6}}

''Menemerus'' shares some characteristics, including having narrow, oval, fixed [[embolus]], with the genera ''[[Hypaeus]]'' and ''[[Pellenes]]''.{{sfn|Maddison|2015|page=233}} [[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic]] analysis has shown that the genus is related to the genera ''[[Helvetia]]'' and ''[[Phintella]]'' and is classified in the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] ''[[Chrysillini]]''.{{sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003|page=541}}{{sfn|Maddison|2015|page=231}} Chrysillines are [[Monophyly|monophyletic]].{{sfn|Maddison|2015|page=278}} The tribe is ubiquitous across most of the continents of the world.{{sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003|page=541}} It is allocated to the subclade Saltafresia in the [[Clade (biology)|clade]] [[Salticoida]].{{sfn|Maddison|2015|page=278}} In 2016, [[Jerzy Prószyński]] created a group of genera named Menemerines after the genus.{{sfn|Prószyński|2017|page=112}} The vast majority of the species in Menemerines are members of the genus, with additional examples from ''[[Kima (spider)|Kima]]'' and ''[[Leptorchestes]]''.{{sfn|Prószyński|2017|page=116}}

==Description==
[[File:Menemerus nigli (10.3897-zookeys.783.21985) Figures 5–13.jpg|thumb|Views and details of male (5–8) and female (9–15) ''Menemerus nigli'']]
''Menemerus nigli'' is a medium-sized spider, with total length of approximately {{convert|4.89|mm|in}}.{{sfn|Chatterjee|Caleb|Tyagi|Kundu|2017|page=109}} The male is slightly smaller than the female. The female has a [[cephalothorax]], its forward section, which measures typically {{convert|2.82|mm|in}}, {{convert|0.1|mm|in}} longer than the male, and, behind this, an [[abdomen]] {{convert|1.04|mm|in}} longer at {{convert|3.76|mm|in}}.{{sfn|Ali|Maddison|Zahid|Butt|2018|page=6}} The width of the carapace, the hard upper side of its cephalothorax, for both is {{convert|2.06|mm|in}}, while its abdomen measures between {{convert|3.06|and|3.16|mm|in}} wide.{{sfn|Ali|Maddison|Zahid|Butt|2018|page=6}} Its carapace is dark brown and oval and covered in white and fawn hairs. A pattern of dense white hairs makes it look as if the spider has a streak of white across it that extends to the front of its carapace and its very low [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|clypeus]], part of its face. Its eye field is black. Its [[Sternum (arthropod anatomy)|sternum]], the underside of the cephalothorax, is light brown. Large and dark brown, the [[chelicerae]] are unidentate, having only one tooth on its rear margins. Its remaining mouthparts, including its [[Labium (arthropod mouthpart)|labium]] and [[Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)|maxillae]], are light brown.{{sfn|Wesołowska|Freudenschuss|2012|page=452}} The female has two teeth at the front of its chelicerae and long fangs.{{sfn|Ali|Maddison|Zahid|Butt|2018|page=7}}

The spider's abdomen is smaller and narrower than its carapace, and is brownish-grey. The male has six large patches on its upper surface.{{sfn|Wesołowska|Freudenschuss|2012|page=452}} The female's abdomen has cream markings and white hairs on its top. These give a distinctive pattern. The underside of the spider's abdomen is grey with a few white hairs visible. The female has yellow [[spinneret]]s, used for spinning webs.{{sfn|Ali|Maddison|Zahid|Butt|2018|page=8}} In contrast, the male's spinnerets are grey. Its front [[Arthropod leg|legs]] are brown and stouter than the others. They are brown while the remainder are yellow with brown patches. They all have a dense covering of brown and white hairs. Its leg spines are brown.{{sfn|Wesołowska|Freudenschuss|2012|page=452}}

The spider has distinctive [[Spider_anatomy#Reproductive_system|copulatory organs]]. The male has large yellow [[pedipalp]]s, sensory organs near the front of the spider, that have white hairs. Its palpal tibia is short and has a pronounced spike known as a tibal [[Apophysis (spider)|apophyses]]. Its [[palpal bulb]] consists of a [[tegulum]] that is shaped like an elongated oval and has a furrow that runs down its external surface between its [[haematodocha]]. Projecting from the tegulum is a relatively long thin projection called an [[Embolus (spider anatomy)|embolus]], which has a large membranous conductor lying next to it. Alongside the tegulum the spider has an elongated [[Cymbium (spider anatomy)|cymbium]] that acts as a protective glove for the palpal bulb.{{sfn|Wesołowska|Freudenschuss|2012|page=451, 452}} Its cymbium is covered in short white hairs called [[seta]]e.{{sfn|Ali|Maddison|Zahid|Butt|2018|page=6}}

The female has broad bowl-like indentations in its [[epigyne]], the visible external part of its copulatory organs. It has an opening at the front, shown in Figure 11 with the designation A, which has a sharp fold on its inner wall, labelled F, that Ali, Maddison, Zahid and Butt thought may serve as a guide for the male's embolus. The spider's copulatory openings lead, via relatively large insemination ducts shown with the designation CD in Figure 12, to round [[spermatheca]]e or receptacles, marked as Sp in Figure 13. These are positioned to the middle of the epigyne and overlap. Internally, running perpendicular to the fold, lie two fertilisation ducts, labelled FD in Figure 13.{{sfn|Ali|Maddison|Zahid|Butt|2018|page=7}}

The spider is similar to two other species in the same genus, ''[[Menemerus pilosus]]'' and ''[[Menemerus zimbabwensis]]'', both found in Africa, differing in the abdominal pattern.{{sfn|Wesołowska|Freudenschuss|2012|page=452}} The embolus is larger than other species in the genus.{{sfn|Ali|Maddison|Zahid|Butt|2018|page=6}} The female is distinguished from other ''Menemerus'' species by the distinctive folds that extend from the broad forward-facing copulatory duct.{{sfn|Ali|Maddison|Zahid|Butt|2018|page=8}} The juvenile male is generally darker in appearance and can be identified by its club-shaped cymbium at the end of its pedipalp.{{sfn|Mariante|Hill|2020|page=8}} The adult male has white hairs on the side of the [[chelicerae]].{{sfn|Mariante|Hill|2020|page=9}}

==Distribution and habitat==
''Menemerus'' is primarily an African genus but spiders are found throughout Africa and Asia, and have been recorded as far as Latin America.{{sfn|Mariante|Hill|2020|pages=2, 3}} ''Menemerus nigli'' was first found in western Pakistan by Wanda Wesołowska and Mario Freudenschuss. This was the second example of the genus to be recorded in the country.{{sfn|Wesołowska|Freudenschuss|2012|page=453}} The spider has also been found in India and Thailand.<ref name=wsc/> The species has a wide [[Species distribution|range]], extending over {{convert|4500|km}}.{{sfn|Seyfulina|Azarkina|Kartsev|2020|page=91}} A specimen in West Bengal, India, was confirmed as ''Menemerus nigli'' by comparing the DNA barcode in 2017.{{sfn|Abhijith|Sheeba|Sudhikumar|2021|page=53}} It was the fifth species of the genus found in the country.{{sfn|Tripathi|Jangid|Siliwal|Dutta|2021|page=1}} The spider was first identified in Thailand in 2020.{{sfn|Seyfulina|Azarkina|Kartsev|2020|page=90}} Many of the images of ''[[Menemerus fulvus]]'' posted online may depict ''Menemerus nigli'' and so the [[Species distribution|species's distribution]] may be over a wider area of south and south-east Asia than has been confirmed.{{sfn|Mariante|Hill|2020|page=1}}

The spider has also successfully established itself in Latin America. In 2020, Rafael M. Mariante and David E. Hill identified examples of the species from three sites in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil. It is likely that the species is an accidental migrant, carried along international trade routes.{{sfn|Mariante|Hill|2020|page=15}} This distance led Mariante and Hill to consider that the species has an even wider distribution.{{sfn|Mariante|Hill|2020|page=2}}

The spider was first found under stones.{{sfn|Wesołowska|Freudenschuss|2012|page=449}} It was also subsequently found to live on stoney ground and [[synanthropic]]ally on indoor walls and on exterior walls where humans live.{{sfn|Mariante|Hill|2020|page=15}}{{sfn|Pupin|Brescovit|2023|page=8}} It seems to be comfortable in ruins as well as places of current habitation.{{sfn|Seyfulina|Azarkina|Kartsev|2020|page=90}} However, it seems to particularly thrive on the painted and [[stucco|stuccoed]] walls that can be found in cities like Rio de Janeiro and others across the region. The evidence that it has found a niche in urban structures supports the view that species that can adapt to habitats created by people may be more successful when introduced to a new and far away habitat.{{sfn|Mariante|Hill|2020|page=15}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book | last1=Abhijith | first1=R. S. | first2=P. | last2=Sheeba | first3=A. V. | last3=Sudhikumar | chapter=Current status of molecular taxonomy of spiders in India | pages=51–55 | editor-last1=Indu | editor-first1=M. S. | editor-last2=Sebastian | editor-first2=Honey | editor-last3=Joseph | editor-first3=Petrisia | title=Modern Trends in Biological Research | location=Thrissur | publisher=Vimala College Publications | year=2021 | isbn=978-81-7255-134-6}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Ali | first1=Pir Asmat | first2=Wayne P. | last2=Maddison | first3=Muhammad | last3=Zahid | first4=Abida | last4=Butt | title=New chrysilline and aelurilline jumping spiders from Pakistan (Araneae, Salticidae) | journal=ZooKeys | issue=783 | year=2018 | pages=1–15 | doi=10.3897/zookeys.783.21985| pmid=30275723 | pmc=6160842 | doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Chatterjee | first1=Sumantika | first2=John TD | last2=Caleb | first3=Kaomud | last3=Tyagi | first4=Shantanu | last4=Kundu | first5=Vikas | last5=Kumar | title=First report of ''Menemerus nigli'' (Araneae: Salticidae) from India | journal=Halteres | volume=8 | year=2017 | pages=109–111 | doi=10.5281/zenodo.1133147}}
*{{cite journal | last=Fernández-Rubio | first=Fidel | title=La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae) | trans-title=The etymology of the names of spiders (Araneae) | journal=Revista ibérica de Aracnología | number=22 | pages=125–130 | issn=1576-9518 | year=2013 | language=ES}}
*{{cite journal | last=Maddison | first=Wayne P. |title=A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) | journal=The Journal of Arachnology | year= 2015 | volume=43 | number=3 | pages=231–292 | doi=10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292 | s2cid=85680279 | author-link=Wayne Maddison}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Maddison | first1=Wayne P. | last2=Hedin | first2=Marshal C. | title=Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae) | journal=Invertebrate Systematics | volume=17 | number=4 | year=2003 | pages=529–549 | doi=10.1071/IS02044}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Mariante | first1=Rafael M. | last2=Hill | first2=David E. | year=2020 | title=First report of the Asian jumping spider ''Menemerus nigli'' (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini) in Brazil | journal=Peckhamia | volume=205 | number=1 | pages=1–21 | doi=10.5281/zenodo.3875200}}
*{{cite journal | last=Prószyński | first=Jerzy | year=2017 | title=Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae) | journal=Ecologica Montenegrina | volume=12 | pages=1–133 | doi=10.37828/em.2017.12.1 | doi-access=free | author-link=Jerzy Prószyński}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Pupin | first1=Giovanni B. | last2=Brescovit | first2=Antonio D. | year=2023 | title=The alien synanthropic Salticidae in Brazil (Araneae) | journal=Iheringia, Série Zoologia | volume=113 | number=e2023002 | doi=10.1590/1678-4766e2023002 | issn=1678-4766 | pages=1–16}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Seyfulina | first1=R. R. | first2=G. N. | last2=Azarkina | first3=V. M. | last3=Kartsev | title=A contribution to the knowledge of jumping spiders from Thailand (Aranei: Salticidae) | journal=Arthropoda Selecta | volume=29 | number=1 | year=2020 | pages=87–96 | doi=10.15298/arthsel.29.1.07| s2cid=214754657 | doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Tripathi | first1=Rishikesh | first2=Ashish Kumar | last2=Jangid | first3=Manju | last3=Siliwal | first4=Sutirtha | last4=Dutta | first5=Ambalaparambil Vasu | last5=Sudhikumar. | title=First record of ''Menemerus marginatus'' (Kroneberg, 1875) (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini) from India | journal=Peckhamia | volume=231 | year=2021 | pages=1–7}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Wesołowska | first1=Wanda | last2=Freudenschuss | first2=Mario | year=2012 | title=A new species of ''Menemerus'' from Pakistan (Araneae: Salticidae) | journal=Genus | volume=23| number=3 | pages=449–453 | author-link=Wanda Wesołowska}}
*{{cite journal|last=Wiśniewski|first=Konrad|title=Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4899|number=1|year=2020|pages=5–14|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3|pmid=33756825 |s2cid=232337200 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q27504826}}

[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 2012]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Spiders of Brazil]]
[[Category:Spiders of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Spiders of Thailand]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wanda Wesołowska]]

Jaspreet Singh

2025-12-07T13:58:14Z

Iringlz: small expand citations and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Canadian writer}}
{{about||the Italian cricketer|Jaspreet Singh (cricketer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
'''Jaspreet Singh''' (born 1969) is a Canadian novelist, chemist,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/a-huge-crime-against-humanity/article5335298.ece Interview with the Author in which he speaks about ''Helium'']</ref> and poet.

==Life and early career==
He grew up in Punjab (India) and Indian-administered Kashmir and moved to Canada in 1990.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} He is a former research scientist with a PhD in chemical engineering from [[McGill University]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} From August 2006 until June 2007, Singh was a resident in the [[Calgary Distinguished Writers Program]] at the [[University of Calgary]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} He served as the 2016–17 Writer-in-Residence at the [[University of Alberta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/english-film-studies/programs/writer-in-residence-program/previous-writers-in-residence|title=Previous Writers-in-Residence {{!}} Faculty of Arts|website=ualberta.ca|access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref>

==Works==
Singh is the author of the novel ''Chef'' (2008 Véhicule Press/2010 Bloomsbury),<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0320/1224266675280.html Irish Times Review of Jaspreet Singh's Chef, the novel set in Kashmir]</ref> and ''[[Seventeen Tomatoes|Seventeen Tomatoes: Tales from Kashmir]]'', a collection of linked stories. Both books deal with the damaged landscapes of [[Kashmir]], especially [[Siachen Glacier]]. His play, ''Speak, Oppenheimer'', written for Montreal's Infinite Theatre, involves three physicists, including [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]. He contributed an essay to the anthology ''[[AIDS Sutra|AIDS Sutra: Untold Stories from India]]'' (2008). His second novel, ''Helium'', was published in 2013. It tells the story of a young chemistry student whose mentor was murdered in the course of the [[anti-Sikh riots]] in 1984.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/book-reviews/jaspreet-singhs-helium-is-a-tour-de-force/article14051786/ The Globe and Mail on Jaspreet Singh's Helium]</ref> His personal essay about 1984 in India was published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "Thomas Bernhard in New Delhi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/author/jaspreet-singh/|work=india.blogs.nytimes|title=Jaspreet Singh}}</ref> ''November'', a collection of poems, appeared in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://albertaviews.ca/november-poems/|work=albertaviews.ca|title=Poems – November|date=June 2018 }}</ref> More and more his work engages with deep time and the ecological crisis.

==Publications==

=== Poetry collections ===

* ''Dreams of the Epoch & the Rock'' (NeWest Press, 2024)
* ''How to Hold a Pebble'' (NeWest Press, 2022)
* ''November'' (Bayeux Arts, 2017)

=== Memoir ===

* ''My Mother, My Translator'' (Véhicule Press, 2021)

=== Novels ===

* ''Chef'' (Bloomsbury, 2010)
* ''Helium'' (Bloomsbury, 2013)
* ''Face'' (Brindle & Glass, 2022)

=== Short stories ===

* ''Seventeen Tomatoes: tales from Kashmir'' (Véhicule Press, 2004)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jaspreet}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian male poets]]
[[Category:Canadian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Canadian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Canadian writers of Asian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:Canadian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian poets]]
[[Category:Novelists from Alberta]]

Naxalbari

2025-11-28T12:09:40Z

Iringlz: typo fix

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{distinguish|Naxal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naxalbari
| native_name_lang =
| website = [https://naxalbaricity.com/ Naxalbari City]
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Naxalbari in West Bengal##Location of Naxalbari in India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.68315|N|88.19961|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Naxalbari Gram Panchayat
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 152
| population_total = 1618
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 734429
| area_code = 0353
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages=85–86 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=11 August 2025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Matigara-Naxalbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Matigara-Naxalbari]]
}}

'''Naxalbari''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ''Nôkśālbāṛi'', {{IPA|bn|nɔkʃalbaɽi|IPA}}; also spelled '''Naksalbari''') is a village in the [[Naxalbari (community development block)|Naxalbari Community Development Block]] in the [[Siliguri subdivision]] of [[Darjeeling district]], in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. Located in the [[Terai|Terai region]] near the border with Nepal, it is known as the site of a [[Naxalbari uprising|1967 peasant uprising]] that inspired the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite movement]] in India. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, with tea estates, forests and small villages.

==History==
{{main|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)}}

Naxalbari became famous for being the site of a left-wing poor peasants uprising in 1967, which began with the "land to tiller" slogan, an uprising continuing to this day (see [[Naxalite]]).

The [[Naxalbari uprising]] was triggered on 25 May 1967 at Bengai Jote village in Naxalbari when the police opened fire on a group of villagers who were demanding their right to the crops at a particular piece of land. The firing killed nine adults and two children, whose identities were not officially recorded.

The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI (ML)]] has erected busts of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] and [[Charu Majumdar|Charu Majumder]] at the site of the 1967 police firing, adjacent to Bengai Jote Primary School. A memorial column lists the names of those killed in the incident, including Dhaneswari Devi, Simaswari Mullick, Nayaneswari Mullick, Surubala Burman, Sonamati Singh, Fulmati Devi, Samsari Saibani, Gaudrau Saibani, Kharsingh Mullick and two children.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=270| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|38|20|N|88|19|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the south-western portion of Siliguri subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: facilities Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|42|40|N|88|19|34|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Dumriguri| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Dumriguri]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|39|30|N|88|11|58|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Bhimram | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bhimram]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|40|0|N|88|18|40|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3=Dakshin|labela3= Bagdogra | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dakshin Bagdogra]]
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|40|20|N|88|12|35|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4= Geni | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Geni, Siliguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|33|43|N|88|11|22|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5= Kharibari | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Kharibari]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|21|0|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6= Lalman | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Lalman]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|35|42|N|88|10|0|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Shyamdhan | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Shyamdhan]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|18|30|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8= Uttar Bagdogra| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Uttar Bagdogra]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|40|55|N|88|19|5|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Bagdogra| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Bagdogra]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|43|40|N|88|18|22|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Bengdubi| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Bengdubi]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|40|15|N|88|11|30|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11= Naxalbari| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Naxalbari (R)| shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|38|0|N|88|10|12|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12= Panitanki| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Panitanki]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|35|10|N|88|22|16|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Phansidewa| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Phansidewa, Darjeeling]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|36|40|N|88|10|49|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Batasi| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Batasi]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|40|10|N|88|19|43|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Bagdogra Airport| numbered15=F| mark-title15= [[Bagdogra Airport]] (F) |shape-color15=#967117
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|44|20|N|88|12|20|E}}|label16= Mechi| labela16= River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-80| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|45|40|N|88|16|30|E}}|label17= Balason River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=30| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17=none
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|25|30|E}}|label18= Mahananda |labela18 = River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=-70| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= NEPAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|29|30|N|88|22|0|E}}|arc-textB= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-20| arc-gapB=3.0| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Naxalbari is located at {{Coord|26.68315|N|88.19961|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 152 metres (501 feet).

The stretch of land, where Naxalbari is situated, lies on the [[Terai]] region at the base of the [[Himalayas]]. To the west of Naxalbari, across the border river [[Mechi River|Mechi]] lies [[Nepal]]. The entire stretch of the land surrounding Naxalbari is covered by farmlands, tea estates and forests and small villages consisting of an area of 182.02 km2. The Naxalbari block has six Gram Panchayats (village councils), viz. Gossainpur, Lower [[Bagdogra]], Upper Bagdogra, Hatighisha, Naxalbari and Moniram, from north to south. The population of the Naxalbari block was 144,915 in the year 2001.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Siliguri subdivision of the Darjeeling district. This area is spread across the foothills of the Himalayas and is a plain land gently sloping from north to south. While the northern part is mentioned as the Terai region, the larger southern portion forms the western part of the [[Dooars]] region. While 55.11% per cent of the population resides in rural areas, 44.89% resides in urban areas. On the western side, the [[Mechi River]] forms a long border with Nepal. On the eastern side the [[Mahananda River]] forms a short border with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Pages 15–17: Drainage| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full-screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Naxalbari police station has jurisdiction over the Naxalbari CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 22 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = District Profile – Darjeeling | publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 February 2020 | archive-date = 17 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150817064946/http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the Naxalbari CD block is at Naxalbari.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Naksalbari had a total population of 1,618 of which 811 (50%) were males and 807 (50%) were females. There were 138 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Naksalbari was 1,289 (79.67% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Naxalbari railway station|Naxalbari]] has a railway station on the [[Katihar–Siliguri line]].<ref>Indian Railways time table</ref> Daily trains run from New Jalpaiguri via Siliguri Town, Siliguri Junction, Matigara and Bagdogra. There are four trains running from New Jalpaiguri; New Jalpaiguri-Katihar Passenger, New Jalpaiguri-Aluabari-New Jalpaiguri DEMU Ring Rail, New Jalpaiguri-Balurghat DEMU and New Jalpaiguri-Radhikapur DEMU.

There is also a bus service from Siliguri Court More to Naxalbari.

Naxalbari's [[Panitanki]] neighbourhood is on [[Nepal]]'s eastern border with India at [[Jhapa District]], [[Province No. 1]]. There is a border crossing to the [[Kakarbhitta]] neighbourhood of [[Mechinagar]] [[List of cities in Nepal|municipality]] with a [[Geography of Nepal#Border crossing|checkpoint]] for customs and crossing by third-country nationals while citizens of Nepal and India cross without restriction.

==Education==
Naxalbari has two major government high schools, one for males and one for females, and one college. There are many public and private primary schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Education|url=https://naxalbaricity.com/education/|access-date=29 October 2020|website=Naxalbari City}}</ref>

* Nand Prasad High School – A government boys high school, which runs from class 5th to 12th grade. It was founded in 1943.
* Nand Prasad Girls High School – A government girls high school, which runs classes from 5th grade to 12th grade. It was founded in 1973.
* Naxalbari Nepali High School – A government co-ed high school, from 5th Grade to 12th Grade. Founded in 1985, it was recognised by the Govt. of W. B. in 2000.
* Naxalbari College – A government college. It was established in 2008.
* Shreema Shishu Udyan School – A private primary school for boys and girls, which runs classes from 1st grade to 5th grade. It was founded in 1979.
*Sabuj Sathi Nursery School – A private primary school for boys and girls, which runs classes from pre-nursery to 4th grade. It was founded in 1984. Mrs. Laxmi Ghosh established Shreema Shishu Udyan and Sabuj Sathi Nursery School.
*Sarada Vidya Mandir – A private primary school for boys and girls, which runs classes from pre-nursery to 8th grade (increase every year up to 10th). It was established in 1998.
* Sister Margaret English Public School – This school only teaches up to the primary level.
* Raja Rammohan Navodaya Vidyalaya – A private Bengali medium primary level school.
* Seventh Day Adventist English School- A minority Christian institution founded in 1960, with classes from Nursery to 10th, following the ICSE pattern and a co-educational school with day and boarding facilities for the students. The school plans to upgrade to classes 11th and 12th in the coming years and offer all three streams, Commerce, Science and Humanities.

==See also==
*[[Naxal (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120418231048/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-19/india/27167697_1_naxalbari-maoists-people-s-war-group The Rising: Naxalbari to now]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041205120901/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500470400.htm From Naxalbari to Nalgonda]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061017003722/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021008801000.htm The Road from Naxalbari, Panghata Road, Bhangapool, Bhagilram jote, Lalpool, Rakomjote, Kolabari, Jabra Belgachi, Tirana, Bagdora, Dudhiya, Mirik, Darjeelie]

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
[[Category:Villages in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:1960s in West Bengal]]

Etikoppaka

2025-11-23T03:22:16Z

Iringlz: update page as per guidelines to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Etikoppaka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Banana fields at Etikoppaka Varaha river Visakhapatnam.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Banana fields near Etikoppaka
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.50|N|82.73|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
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| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
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}}

'''Etikoppaka''' is a small village on the banks of Varaha River in [[Anakapalli district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. In 2017, the traditional Etikoppaka toys acquired a [[geographical indication]] (GI) tag.

== Etikoppaka toys ==
In the early development stages of the Etikoppaka toys, they were only used by children as toys for the purpose of playing. The natural dyes and wood used in these toys made them safe play with and durable. However, gradually the Etikoppaka toys adapted to a broad usage. Today, they can be used as toys, decoration items, utility items and even gifting items.

For a long period of time, these toys were a part of the everyday lives of the people living here and in the neighbouring villages. Toy varieties include spinning tops, rattles, and animal figures. Etikoppaka boxes are also used for storing jewellery and sacred materials like vermillion. These toys became so popular that several South Indian traditions became attached to them. For example, every girl child was gifted a kitchen set or ‘lakkapidathalu,’ consisting of colourful vessels, ladels, stoves and even grinders for her first birthday. They also became a part of the wedding traditions and were used for the bride's trousseau to carry haldi Kumkum, betel nuts and other aromatic substances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarma |first=Rani |date=2015-12-20 |title=The lac industry of Etikoppaka - An art form to cherish |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/the-lac-industry-of-etikoppaka-an-art-form-to-cherish/articleshow/50251973.cms |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They became so popular that they began to be sold as country fairs, weekly markets, railway stations and even bus stands.

Toys are made of soft wood and lacquer color. Coloured with natural dyes derived from seeds, lacquer, roots and leaves. The way of toy making is also known as turned wood lacquer craft. The Etikoppaka toys are considered to be ‘one with the nature’ since they are made purely out of natural elements such as seeds, lacquer, bark, roots and leaves. The wood derived to make these toys comes from the ‘Ankudu Karra’ tree (''[[Wrightia tinctoria]]'').<ref>{{Cite news |last=G |first=Siva |date=2021-11-17 |title=Etikoppaka craftsmen in limbo after bar on transport of wood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/etikoppaka-craftsmen-in-limbo-after-bar-on-transport-of-wood/articleshow/87744458.cms |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The artisans who engage in this craft have received several awards from forum likes the National Innovation Foundation, UNESCO CCI [[Seal of Excellence for Handicrafts]] and so on. Moreover, these toys have also been displayed at various prestigious venues like the Rashtrapathi Bhawan. Various organizations like the [[National Institute of Design]] (NID) have helped these artisans by conducting workshops for them to help them gain understanding of the popular market designs.

The Geographical Indication (GI) tag provided to these toys in 2017 has further contributed to their significance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Intellectual Property Organization |author-link=World Intellectual Property Organization |date=2023 |title=Crafting a Better Future for Women with Etikoppaka Wooden Toys |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/ip-at-work/2023/etikoppaka.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref> This has allowed the counterfeit market issue to be tackled and for the sale of these toys to increase multi-fold. Due to their excellent quality, brilliant designs and A level craftsmanship, these toys are sold worldwide. Many countries like USA, Australia, France, Italy, and Germany import the Etikoppaka toys from India to sell or to display as decoration pieces in their museums.

[[File:Varaha river near Etikoppaka.jpg|thumb|right|Varaha river near Etikoppaka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Anakapalli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anakapalli district]]

Kempananjammanni Devi

2025-11-21T22:22:19Z

Iringlz: adding a bio needs work - done

{{Short description|Maharani of Mysore and regent from 1895 to 1902}}
{{moresources|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kempananjammani Devi '''[[Order of the Crown of India|C.I.]]'''
| title = Maharani of Mysore
| image = Maharani Vani Vilasa with grandson Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar.jpg
| caption = Maharani Vani Vilasa with her grandson [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]
| issue = [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]] [[Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar]] Jayalakshmammanni Krishnajammanni Cheluvajammanni
| royal house = [[Wadiyar dynasty]]
| father = Narasarajae Urs
| mother = Gunamba Kempananjammanni|
| birth_date = 4 July 1866
| birth_place = [[Kalale]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|7|7|1866|7|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], Kingdom of Mysore
| buried =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Kempananjammanni Devi''' (4 July 1866 – 7 July 1934) was the [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharani of Mysore]] and later queen mother and regent of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].

She was the wife of Maharaja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] and the mother of Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]]. She was queen regent between 1895 and 1902, during the minority of Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV. She occupies as significant place in the annals of Mysore's history. Her contributions to the citizenry and her roles as maharani, regent, and queen mother to the young prince Yuvaraja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, have been commended.

==Life==
Kempananjammanni was born in the village of [[Kalale]] near [[Mysore]] in 1866. She was married to the Maharaja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] on 26 May 1878 and assumed the suffix Vani Vilasa Sannidhana as was the practice in Mysore Royal family . In 1881, the Rendition of Mysore Act 1881 was passed carried, restoring the government of the kingdom from [[British Raj|British India]] back to the natural prince, who was now 18. The kingdom had been restored nearly after 50 years to the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyars]] since the [[Tipu Sultan#Death|fall of Tipu]] in 1799 and the Commissioner's Rule in 1831 by [[British Raj|British India]]. In 1884, Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV was born to the royal couple. In quick succession, they also had another son, [[Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar]], and three daughters. two more sons raja wadiyar and Devaraja Wadiyar died in their infancy.

===Vani Vilas Regency===
Maharaja Chamarajendra Wadiyar, while on a visit to [[Calcutta]] in 1894, developed [[diphtheria]] and succumbed to sudden death there, thus abruptly cutting short a promising reign that lasted only 13 years. He was just 32 and had already left his mark as an excellent leader. His death suddenly created a government crisis in the kingdom as Prince Krishnarajendra Wadiyar IV was still in minority. The unexpected tragedy was regarded as a great national misfortune throughout [[India]] and was deplored by the [[British Government]] as an imperial loss. The royal family plunged into great sorrow and the citizens were said to have felt orphaned.

The burden of governing the kingdom fell on Maharani Kempananjammanni. History posed a new challenge to her: a severe bubonic plague struck the capital Mysore city, reducing the population in half. Under such circumstances, she was nominated as queen-regent, a post she held for about eight tough years, from 1895 to 1902, and served the people with great aplomb, dignity, devotion, discipline, and distinction. She earned the respect of one and all for the fabulous way she held forth.

She was advised by [[K. Seshadri Iyer|Sir K. Seshadri Iyer]] at that time. Sir [[T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty]], a former Chief Justice of Mysore and a senior member of the Regency Privy Council, was also an acting dewan for Iyer. She was also assisted by her brother Sir [[M. Kantaraj Urs]], later dewan, as her private secretary. She helped Mysore recover from slump. Progress in all fields resulted from their efficient administration and blessed the entire citizenry. Generation of electricity from the river [[Kaveri]], promoting the [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore|Indian Institute of Science]], construction of the [[Vani Vilasa Sagara|Vani Vilas Sagara]] dam (also known as the Māri-Kanave Valley aqueduct), construction of the [[Mysore Palace|new palace]], extension of new localities in [[Mysore]], water supply through pipes (Vani Vilas Waterworks), and laying of foundation stone of [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] in [[Bangalore]] were enough testimony. The [[The Crown|British Crown]] decorated her with a [[Order of the Crown of India|CI]] for her distinguished leadership.

{{Quote box
|quote = …there are three jewels in Mysore's history, who have struggled for the country's good. Maharani Lakshamanni, Maharani Sitavilasa Sannidhana, and Maharani Vani Vilasa Sannidhana [Kempa Nanjammani]. She was not only a mother to Krishnara Wadiyar, but also to all the citizens. For the contributions they have made, their names deserve to be written in golden letters…
|author = Prof. Rao Bahadur R Narasimhachar
|source =
|width = 50%
|align = right
|quoted = 1
}}

Maharani Kempananjamanni was a great believer in women's education; under her patronage, Maharani's College got all due attention. She was a staunch follower of [[Hinduism]], but respected all faiths equally.

===Retirement and last days===
She retired when Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV came of age when, on 8 August 1902; the yuvaraja ascended the throne that marked the end of memorable regency and the beginning of what was to become Mysore's ''golden era'', an era that came to be known by the encomium ''Ramarajya''.

After a brief illness, she died on the midnight of 7 July 1934, in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Queen Mother of Mysore Dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sao-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=EkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2100%2C1932427|access-date=8 May 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=9 July 1934}}</ref>

==Legacy==
There are many edifices in the city of Mysore with the prefix 'Vani Vilasa': Waterworks (Vani Vilasa Sagara dam), Maternity Hospital, Girls High School and College, Bridge, Ladies Club, and Road, which, to this day, commemorate her memory.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ABriefSketchOfTheLifeOfRajaDharmaPravinaT.R.A.ThumbooChetty|title=A Brief Sketch of the Life of T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty, C.I.E, Formerly Chief Judge and Officiating Dewan of Mysore.|last=Royaloo Chetty|first=T.|publisher=Hoe & Co.Madras|year=1909}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sannidhana, Maharani Kempa Nanjammani Vani Vilasa}}
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:Women from the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wadiyar dynasty]]
[[Category:Regents in India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India]]
[[Category:19th-century women regents]]
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Women from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Queen mothers]]
[[Category:19th-century regents]]
[[Category:20th-century regents]]
[[Category:20th-century women regents]]

Agricultural College, Bapatla

2025-10-31T06:05:24Z

Iringlz: created new article

{{Short description|Educational institution in India}}
[[File:Anex.img.jpg|thumb|New Anex Building ]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
The '''Agricultural College, Bapatla''' was founded on 11 July 1945 by the Government of Composite [[Madras State]] India. It is the oldest of the eight Agricultural Colleges that make up [[Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].
[[File:Agriculture_college_bapatla.jpg|thumb|right|300px|college entrance view]]
[[File:Top.view.jpg|thumb|Top view of campus from anex]]

== History ==
Sri C R Srinivasa Iyengar was its first principal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agcbapatla.in/html/about.html|title=Sri CR Srinivasa Iyengar|publisher=Agriculture college bapatla|accessdate=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310182436/http://www.agcbapatla.in/html/about.html|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The college was affiliated to the [[Andhra University]] in 1945. The first graduating class received their degree is 1948 from the Andhra University, Waltair. An area of 328 acres was acquired on the Bapatla – Guntur road in 1950.

The college was recognized to give a M.Sc (Ag) by research in 1951. In 1964 it became part of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, established with Sri O Pulla Reddy as first Vice-Chancellor. Post-graduate programmes were started in Genetics and Plant Breeding (1968), Entomology and Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (1970), Agricultural Economics (1976), Plant Physiology (1978), in Agronomy and Plant Pathology (1982). An Extension division was added in 1984. Ph.D programmes in Plant Pathology, Plant Physiology and Entomology began in 1993.

M.V.Reddy was Professor and Principal (1980–83)

In 1983, a 4-year B.Tech (Agril. Engineering) degree programme was started, which became an independent College of Agricultural Engineering in 1989; a College of Home Science was started in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agcbapatla.in/|title=Agriculture college bapatla website|publisher=Agriculture college bapatla|accessdate=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721135502/http://www.agcbapatla.in/|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dr D.Lokanadha Reddy appointed as Associate Dean of Agricultural College bapatla on 1 September 2017.
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:85%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:30em; max-width:25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
! style="background:#ccc;"| Succession of Principals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2046132/1/G16750.pdf|title=Agricultural University Silver Jubilee Souvenir|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Agriculture University|accessdate=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185013/http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2046132/1/G16750.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*1960–1967 – [[Dr.]] B. Appala Naidu,
*1968–1970 – Sri P. Govinda Rao,
*1970–1971 – [[Dr.]] A. Adivi Reddy,
*1971–1975 – [[Dr.]] S. N. Rao,
*1975–1978 – [[Dr.]] R. L. Narasimham,
*1978 – [[Dr.]] S. Mahboob Ali,
*1978–1980 – [[Dr.]] [[T. D. J. Nagabhushanam]],
*1980–1983 – [[Dr.]] M. V. Reddy,
*1983–1984 – [[Dr.]] M. Sugunakar Reddy,
*1984–1986 – [[Dr.]] K. A. Balasubramanian,
*1986–1989 – [[Dr.]] A. Narayan,
*1989– [[Dr.]] G. Madhusudana Rao
|}

== Historical Contributions==
The BPT 5204 rice variety was developed by the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Research Station (ANGRAU) bapatla in the 1980s. It's also known as Samba Mahsuri.
Features
BPT 5204 is a medium-duration variety that takes around 130-140 days to mature.
It has medium slender grains and excellent cooking qualities.
It's suitable for all types of soil with irrigated conditions.
It's non-lodging and non-shattering, non-dormant.
It's resistant to bacterial blight.
It's known for its high yield potential.
Other details
BPT 5204 is a highly popular rice variety among the farmers in South India and some parts of eastern Uttar Pradesh.
It's also cultivated in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Bihar.
However, the variety is extremely susceptible to bacterial blight of rice and also susceptible to salinity causing significant yield loss.

The Agricultural Research Station (ARS) in Bapatla has released several rice varieties, including Sona Mahsuri, Bhavapuri Sannalu, Teja, and BPT 2841.
Rice varieties released by the ARS in Bapatla
Sona Mahsuri (BPT 3291): A medium-duration variety with fine grains and good cooking quality
Bhavapuri Sannalu (BPT 2270): Released in 2010
Teja (BPT 2595): A non-lodging variety with medium slender grains and excellent cooking quality
BPT 2841 (MTU7029/IRGC18145/MTU. 1081): A black pericarp colored genotype with medium slender grains and excellent cooking quality
Other notable achievements of the ARS in Bapatla
Released the BPT 2595 variety in 2019 through a mutation breeding program
Released the BPT 3291 variety, which is moderately resistant to blast
Released the BPT 2270 variety, which is one of the medium duration varieties
Released the BPT 1235 variety, which is one of the short duration varieties

[[File:AGRO.PRACTICAL.jpg|thumb|Field visits. AGCBPT]]
[[File:Practicals.2.jpg|thumb|Students doing practicals]]
[[File:Visits to institutions.jpg|thumb|Guntur lam visit]]
[[File:Cm Chandrababu naidu garu.visit.jpg|thumb|Cm Chandrababu naidu garu visit]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|15.9002|80.4715|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1945]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in India]]

Banshipur

2025-10-15T23:30:41Z

Iringlz: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Village in [[Chandauli]] District, India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
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'''Banshipur''' is a village in [[Chandauli]] District in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It comes under Vishunpura panchayat, Block [[Chahaniya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gram Pradhan |title=पंचायत निर्वाचन 2021 में निर्वाचित प्रत्याशियों का विवरण |url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/WinnerListPRI2021.aspx |journal=पंचायत निर्वाचन}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banshipur Panchayat Name |first=Bishunpura |title=Banshipur Panchayat name |url=https://findmygov.in/en/uttar-pradesh/chandauli/chahaniya-block/bishunpura |website=Bishunpura Panchayat, Chahaniya Block, Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Directories-Gram Nirdeshika-UP Government |url=https://edistrict.up.gov.in/edistrict/Directories/GramNirdeshika.aspx }}</ref> The nearest Railway station is Sakaldiha, and the nearest metro city is [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Map of Banshipur |title=Banshipur Village |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/chandauli-/sakaldiha/banshipur.html}}</ref> The village is approximately 8 km from the river [[Ganges|Ganga]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Related information ==
The nearest bank of River Ganga is known as Baluan Ghat. {{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Transportation ==
Village Banshipur is approximately 1 km east from Chandauli-Saidpur Highway. Sakaldiha is approx 7 km and Saidpur is approx 10 km. [[Mughalsarai Junction railway station|Deen Dayal Upadhyay Railway Junction]] is approx 15 km from Banshipur.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==[[India|References]]==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chandauli district]]

{{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}

Abul Kashem

2025-10-15T02:24:41Z

Iringlz: enhanced details based on references and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Bangladeshi activists, author}}
{{other people}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
|name= Mohammad Abul Kashem
|native_name= মোহাম্মদ আবুল কাশেম
|native_name_lang = bn
|image = Principal Abul Kashem 003.jpg
|caption=Abul Kashem receiving [[Ekushey Padak]] (1987)
|birth_date={{birth date|1920|6|28|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal]], British India
|death_date = {{death date and age|1991|3|11|1920|6|28|df=y}}
|death_place= [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|spouse = {{unbulleted list|Rahela Kashem|Momtaz Kashem}}
}}

'''Mohammad Abul Kashem''' (known as '''Principal Abul Kashem''', 28 June 1920 – 11 March 1991) is generally considered as a pioneer and the architect of the historic [[Bengali language movement|Language Movement]] of Bangladesh. He was also a politician, author and an eminent educationist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Principal Abul Kashem's Death Anniversary Today |url=http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com:80/new/2005/03/11/front.htm |work=The Bangladesh Observer |date=11 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124044149/http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2005/03/11/front.htm |archive-date=24 November 2005 |access-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="Ahmad 1991">{{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Quazi Azizuddin|title=Principal Abul Kashem Sharok Grantho: A commemorative book on Principal Abul Kashem|year=1991|publisher=Principal Abul Kashem Shreti Parishod|location=Chittagong}}</ref> He founded the Islamic-oriented Bengali cultural organisation [[Tamaddun Majlish]].

== Early life ==
Abul Kashem was born on 28 June 1920 at a village Cheebandy-Barama under [[Chandanaish Upazila]] of district of [[Chittagong]].<ref>the daily Ittefaq report, "Principal Abul Kashemer intekal". The Daily Ittefaq, 12 March 1991.</ref> In 1939, Abul Kashem obtained his Matriculation Examination from Boroma Trahi Menka High School with first class and Government district scholarship. He passed Isc from Chittagong government College in 1941 with first class. From [[Dhaka University]], he obtained a Bachelor of Science (honors) in Physics in 1944 and a Master of Science degree in physics in 1945. He completed his master's thesis under the supervision of the famous mathematician and physicist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]].<ref name="Ahmad 1991"/><ref name="ReferenceB">Akif bin Mahmud, Principal Abul Kashem: Matrivashake gire je full bekoseto. The Weekly Bangla Patrika, Friday 24 March 2006</ref>

== Involvement in Language Movement ==
Abul Kashem was associated with the literary and cultural activities of [[Bangladesh]] for five decades. He contributed in the movement for recognition of Bengali as one of the state languages of Pakistan soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947. On 1 September 1947 he founded the Pakistan [[Tamaddun Majlish]] as a non-political cultural organisation to mobilise students, intellectuals and the people in general for the Bengali language. On 15 September 1947 he published a booklet entitled, ''[[Pakistaner Rashtra Bhasha: Bangla Na Urdu?]]'' (Pakistan's state language: Bengali or [[Urdu language|Urdu]]?) demanding introduction of Bengali as one of the state language of whole Pakistan.<ref>Mukul, M.R. Aktar, Vhasa Andoloner jinni suchona kore chilan. Daily Bangla, 10 March 1993</ref> This booklet also strongly advocated for Bengali as the medium of education, court language and for its use in the offices in [[East Pakistan]]. Also his untiring efforts let to the formation of the first [[Rashtrabhasa Sangram Parishad]] (State Language Committee of Action) on 1 October 1947 with [[Nurul Huq Bhuiyan]] as the convener and he himself as the treasurer. On 6 December 1947, a meeting was held under the president-ship of Abul Kashem in Dhaka University campus which protested the resolution of the education week held in Karachi suggesting Urdu as the state language and the lingua franca of Pakistan. A protest procession was brought out from the meeting, which met [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], the provincial Chief Minister, and other ministers. Khawaja Nazimuddin gave a written assurance to the Action Committee that he would do the needful to introduce Bengali as one of the state language of Pakistan. Abul Kashem actively participated in organising a countrywide strike on 11 March 1948, to press for the language demand. As the outcome of the strike, on the eve of the impending visit of [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] (the founder of Pakistan) to [[Dhaka]], the then Provincial Government had no other alternative but to sign an agreement with the action committee on 15 March 1948 for introducing Bengali as one of the state language of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Ahmad 1991"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>

== Career ==
Abul Kashem began his career as a lecturer in the Physics department at [[Dhaka University]] in 1946. As a lecturer, he was the first person who delivered lectures in the Bengali at Dhaka University. He held his lecturer position until 1953.<ref name="nn11Mar2005">{{cite news
| title =Death anniversary of Principal Abul Kashem today
| work =The New Nation
| date =11 March 2005 }}</ref>

Abul Kashem was actively associated with politics. He was co-founders of the Khilafat-e-Rabbani Party in 1952. He was a member of the provincial assembly as a [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] nominee in 1954 from the Patia-Boalkhali constituency in Chittagong.<ref name="Ahmad 1991" /> While a member of the Legislative Assembly, he moved a resolution for introduction of Bengali as the medium of education at all levels. On 30 September 1956, he proposed Bengali as the state-language and it was approved unanimously and thus, Bengali received constitutional recognition as one of the State language of Pakistan.<ref name="Ahmad 1991" /> He founded the weekly ''Sainik'' in 1948, which acted as a mouthpiece of the historic [[Bengali language movement|Language Movement]].

He felt the need of introducing Bengali as medium of higher education in colleges and universities. With his dream, he established the [[Bangla College]] at [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Dhaka in 1962 and served the college as Principal until 1981. He was the forerunner in introducing textbooks in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] for higher education and contributed much in initiating the Bengali version of the question papers for higher education.<ref name="nn11Mar2005"/>
[[File:Ekushe Padak.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Certificate of Ekushey Padak awarded to Language Soldier Abul Kashem in Bengali language. (English translation : 'Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh'

'Ekushey Padak'

'Letter of Honor'

'The Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has awarded the Ekushey Padak of 1987 to Mr. Mohammad Abul Kashem for his glorious contribution and achievement in the field of education.'

'7 Falgun 1394', '20 February 1988' 'President')]]
Abul Kashem received a number of national and social awards, including ''[[Independence Day Award]]'' in 1993, ''[[Ekushey Padak]]'' in 1987, ''[[Bangla Academy Literary Award]]'' (for his book Biggan Somaj O Dhormo) in 1982, ''Islamic foundation Award'' in 1988, ''Pakistan Writers guild award'' in 1964 etc. He was accorded a national reception in Dhaka in 1989 which was attended by eminent scholars and litterateurs of Bangladesh and India. In 2007, [[Dhaka City Corporation]] named the former Darussalam Road of Mirpur-1 as ''Bhasha Sainik Principal Abul Kashem Road'' for his contribution to historic Language Movement.<ref>Akif bin Mahmud, Dui Banglar Shudijoner drestite Principal Abul Kashem. Weekly Thikana, 30 June 2006</ref>

Abul Kashem died at the Suhrawardy Hospital in Dhaka on Monday 11 March 1991.

==List of works==
A prolific writer, Abul Kashem authored nearly 100 books including textbooks on science for postgraduate student and on education, Islam, culture and politics. These include 40 textbooks on physics and other science subjects for college and university levels. Some of his well-known books are:

===Bengali===
{| class="wikitable" style="width=75%"
|-
! Islam
|-
| * ইসলাম কি দিয়েছে ও কি দিতে পারে || ''Islam Ki Diyeche O Ki Dite Pare''|| 1952
|-
| * বুঝে নামাজ পড়|| ''Buje Namaz Poro''|| 1968
|-
| * ইসলামের রাষ্ট্রী্য় আদর্শ || ''Islamer Rashtio Adorsho''|| 1980
|-
| * ইসলামী মেনিফেস্টো|| ''Islami Manifesto''|| 1952
|-
| * একমাত্র পথ|| ''Akmatro Path''|| 1949
|-
| * ঘোষনা || ''Ghoshona''|| 1952
|-
! Islam & Science
|-
| * আধুনিক চিন্তাধারা|| ''Oadunik Chintadhara''||1968
|-
| * বিজ্ঞান বস্তুবাদ ও আল্লাহর অস্তিত্ব || ''Biggan Bostubadh O Allahor Ostitto''||1968
|-
| * বিবর্তনবাদ সৃষ্টিতত্ত্ব ও আল্লাহর অস্তিত্ব|| '' Bibortonbadh Sristitotto O Allahor Ostitto''||1969
|-
| * বিজ্ঞান সমাজ ধর্ম || '' Biggan Shomaz Dhormo''||1982
|-
! Economics
|-
| * কোরানিক অর্থনীতি|| ''Quranic Orthoniti''|| 1971
|-
| * পাকিস্তানের অর্থনীতি|| ''Pakistaner Orthoniti''|| 1965
|-
! International Politics
|-
| *তৃতীয় ব্লক আন্দোলন || ''Tritio Block Andolon''|| 1952
|-
! History
|-
| *পাকিস্তানের রাষ্ট্রভাষা: বাংলা না উর্দু?||''Pakistan er Rastrobhasha Bangla Na Urdu?''||1947
|-
| *ভাষা আন্দোলনের ইতিহাস||''Bhasha Andoloner Ithihash''|| 1952
|-
| *আমাদের অতীত|| ''Oamader Otit''|| 1957
|-
! Bangla College Related
|-
| * বাংলা কলেজের চাকরীর নিয়মাবলী|| ''Bangla Colleger Chakurir Niomaboli''||1968
|-
| * বাংলা কলেজ প্রসঙ্গে||''Bangla College Prosonge''||1968 (2nd Edition)
|-
| * বাংলা কলেজ কি, কেন, এবং কিরুপ|| ''Bangla College Ki, Keno, Abong Kirup''|| 1962
|-
| * ঈর্ষা বনাম সাধনা || ''Irsha Bonab Shadona''|| 1965
|-
| * বাংলা কলেজের অগ্রগতি ও ভবিষ্যৎ|| ''Bangla Colleger Ogrogoti O Bhobishat''|| 1964
|-
! Others
|-
| * শাসনতান্ত্রিক মুলনীতি|| ''Oadunik Chintadhara''||1968
|-
| * বৈজ্ঞানিক দৃষ্টিতে শ্রেণীসংগ্রাম|| ''Boiganik Dhristite Srenisongram ''||1952
|-
| * মুক্তি কোন পথে || ''Mukti kon Pothe''||1952
|-
| * ইসলামী রাষ্টনীতি||''Islami rastroneeti''||1967
|-
| * আমাদের ভাষার রুপ || ''Amader Bhashar Rhup''||1962
|-
| * বাংলা প্রচলনের কয়েকটি সমস্যা|| ''Bnagla Procholoner Koyekti Somosha''||1967
|-
| * অফিস-আদালত ও শিক্ষার বাহনরুপে বাংলা প্রচলনের সমস্যা|| ''office-Adaloter O Shikkhar Bahonrupe Bangla Procholoner Somosha''||Unknown
|-
| * সহজ বাংলা|| ''Shohoj Bangla''||1974
|-
| * একুশ দফার রুপায়ন|| ''Ekush daffer Rupaon''||1953
|-
| * কৃষক ভাইয়ের জমি চাই|| ''Krishok Bhaiyer Jomi Chai''||Unknown
|-
| * শ্রমিক ভাইয়ের জমি চাই|| ''Sromik Bhaiyer Jomi Chai''||Unknown
|-
| * দুইটি প্রশ্ন|| ''Duti Prosno''||1955
|-
| * ভুলের পুনরাবৃত্তি|| ''Bhuler Punorabritti''||1953
|-
| * রাষ্টবিজ্ঞান|| ''Rastrobiggan''||1964
|-
| * সংগঠন|| ''Songothon''|| 1952
|-
| * আধুনিক কারবার পদ্ধতি|| ''Adunik Karbar Poddoti''||1966
|-
| * ছাত্র আন্দোলন|| ''Chatro Andolon''||1951
|-
| * প্রবন্ধ মঞ্জুষা|| ''Probondho Monzusa''||1989
|-
! Textbooks
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক পদার্থিকা, ১ম খন্ড|| ''Ucchomaddomik Podarthika 1st part''||1964
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক পদার্থিকা, ২য় খন্ড|| ''Ucchomaddomik Podarthika 2nd part''||1964
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক ল্যাবরেটরী পদার্থিকা|| ''Ucchomaddomik Laboratory Podarthika''||1964
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক রসায়ন, ১ম খন্ড (অজৈব)|| ''Ucchomaddomik Rosayan, 1st part''||1965
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক রসায়ন, ২য় খন্ড (জৈব)|| ''Ucchomaddomik Rosayan, 2nd part''||1965
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক ল্যাবরেটরী রসায়ন|| ''Ucchomaddomik Laboratory Rosayan''||1964
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক এলজেব্রা|| ''Ucchomaddomik Algebra''||1964
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক ক্যালকুলাস|| ''Ucchomaddomik Calculus''||1966
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক জ্যামিতি|| ''Ucchomaddomik Geometry''||1964
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক ডিনামিক্স|| ''Ucchomaddomik Dynamics''||1968
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক ত্রিকোনমিতি|| ''Ucchomaddomik Trigonometry''||1964
|-
| * উচ্চমাধ্যমিক স্টেটিস্ক|| ''Ucchomaddomik Statics''||1967
|-
| * বিজ্ঞান প্রকাশ (৭ম ও ৮ম শ্রেণীর)|| ''Bhiggan Prokash (for 7th and 8th grade)''||1949
|-
| * বিজ্ঞান প্রকাশ (৯ম ও ১০ম শ্রেণীর)|| ''Bhiggan Prokash (for 9th and 10th grade)''||1949
|-
| * মাধ্যমিক ত্রিকোনমিতি|| ''Maddomik Trigonometry''||1964
|-
| * ডিগ্রি পদার্থিকা|| ''Degree Padarthika''||1971
|-
| * সহজ পদার্থিকা, ১ম খন্ড|| ''Shohoj Padarthika, 1st Part''||1974
|-
| * সহজ পদার্থিকা, ২য় খন্ড|| ''Shohoj Padarthika, 2nd part''||1974
|-
| * সহজ রসায়ন, ১ম খন্ড|| ''Shohoj Rosaya, 1st part''||1962
|-
| * সহজ রসায়ন, ২য় খন্ড|| ''Shohoj Rosayan, 2nd part''||1962
|-
| * ল্যাবরেটরী রসায়ন (৯ম ও ১০ম শ্রেণীর)|| ''Laboratory Roshayan (9th and 10th grade)''||1975
|-
| * ল্যাবরেটরী পদার্থবিজ্ঞান (৯ম ও ১০ম শ্রেণীর)|| ''Laboratory Podarthobiggan (9th and 10th grade)''||1975
|-
| * ল্যাবরেটরী জীববিজ্ঞান (৯ম ও ১০ম শ্রেণীর)|| ''Laboratory Jibobiggan (9th and 10th grade)''||1975
|}

===English===
{| class="wikitable" style="width=75%"
|-
!Islam & Science
|-
| * Islam Science & Modern Thoughts|| 1975
|-
| * Universal Ideology in the Light of Modern Thought||Unknown
|-
!Textbooks
|-
| * Degree Physics|| 1970
|-
| * General Properties of Matter|| 1955
|-
| * New Physics (1st part)|| 1955, 6th Edition 1966
|-
| * New Physics (2nd part)|| 1956, 6th Edition 1966
|-
| * Inter Physics Tutor part 1|| 1955
|-
| * Inter Physics Tutor part 2|| 1955
|-
| * Laboratory Physics|| 3rd Edition 1970
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |last=Momtaz |first=Ahmed |year=2012 |chapter=Bangla College |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_College |editor1-last=Sirajul Islam |editor1-first= |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Bashir Al Helal |first= |year=2012 |chapter=Language Movement |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |editor1-last=Sirajul Islam |editor1-first=|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* [http://www.mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/bengali_heritage/bangla_language_movement.htm Bangla language movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235838/http://www.mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/bengali_heritage/bangla_language_movement.htm |date=27 September 2007 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609211143/http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/history.html History of Bangladesh]

{{Language Movement}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abul Kashem, Mohammad}}
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi politicians]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:People from Chittagong]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali language movement activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:Chittagong College alumni]]

Supercontinent

2025-09-27T01:32:38Z

Iringlz: basic add information as per guidelines further and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Landmass comprising more than one continental core, or craton}}
[[File:Pangea assembly 250.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The supercontinent of [[Pangaea]] with the positions of the continents at the [[Permian]]-[[Triassic]] boundary, about 250 Ma. AR=Amuria; NC=[[North China craton|North China]]; SC=[[South China craton|South China]]; PA=[[Panthalassic Ocean]]; PT=[[Paleotethys Ocean]]; NT=[[Neotethys Ocean]]. [[Orogen]]s shown in red. [[Subduction zone]]s shown in black. [[Spreading center]]s shown in green.]]
[[File:Afro-Eurasia.png|thumb|Although not a supercontinent, the current [[Afro-Eurasia]]n landmass contains about 57% of Earth's land area.]]

In [[geology]], a '''supercontinent''' is the assembly of most or all of [[Earth]]'s [[continent|continental blocks]] or [[craton]]s to form a single large landmass.<ref name="rogers">{{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=John J. W. |last2=Santosh |first2=M. |title=Continents and supercontinents |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0195165890 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&q=Rogers%2C+John+J.+W.%2C+and+M.+Santosh.+Continents+and+Supercontinents.+Oxford++Oxford+UP%2C+2004.+Print.&pg=PP1 |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Rogers_&_Santosh_2002">{{Cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=J.J.W. |last2=Santosh |first2=M. |date=2002 |title=Configuration of Columbia, a Mesoproterozoic Supercontinent |url=http://szczepan.ct8.pl/teksty/seminar/3.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=5–22 |doi=10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70883-2 |bibcode=2002GondR...5....5R |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203145852/http://szczepan.ct8.pl/teksty/seminar/3.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-03}}</ref><ref name="hoffman">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=P.F. |year=1999 |title=The break-up of Rodinia, birth of Gondwana, true polar wander and the snowball Earth |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=17–33 |doi=10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00018-4|bibcode=1999JAfES..28...17H }}</ref> However, some geologists use a different definition, "a grouping of formerly dispersed continents", which leaves room for interpretation and is easier to apply to [[Precambrian]] times.<ref name="bradley">{{Cite journal |last=Bradley |first=D.C. |date=2011 |title=Secular Trends in the Geologic Record and the Supercontinent Cycle |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=108 |issue=1–2 |pages=16–33 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003|bibcode=2011ESRv..108...16B |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.6618 |s2cid=140601854 }}</ref> To separate supercontinents from other groupings, a limit has been proposed in which a continent must include at least about 75% of the continental crust then in existence in order to qualify as a supercontinent.<ref name="Meert_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Meert |first=J.G. |year=2012 |title=What's in a name? The Columbia (Paleopangaea/Nuna) supercontinent |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=987–993 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2011.12.002|bibcode=2012GondR..21..987M }}</ref>

Moving under the forces of [[plate tectonics]], supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past. According to modern definitions, a supercontinent does not exist today;<ref name="rogers"/> the closest is the current [[Afro-Eurasia]]n landmass, which covers approximately 57% of Earth's total land area. The last period in which the continental landmasses were near to one another was 336 to 175 million years ago, forming the supercontinent [[Pangaea]]. The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early [[Jurassic]], shortly before the breakup of Pangaea.<ref name="flutaeu">Fluteau, Frédéric. (2003). "Earth dynamics and climate changes". C. R. Geoscience '''335''' (1): 157–174. doi:10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00004-X</ref> Pangaea's predecessor [[Gondwana]] is not considered a supercontinent under the first definition since the landmasses of [[Baltica]], [[Laurentia]] and [[Siberia (continent)|Siberia]] were separate at the time.<ref name=Bradley>{{cite journal|last1=Bradley|first1=D. C.|title=Mineral evolution and Earth history|journal=American Mineralogist|date=23 December 2014|volume=100|issue=1|pages=4–5|doi=10.2138/am-2015-5101|bibcode=2015AmMin.100....4B|s2cid=140191182}}</ref>

A future supercontinent, termed [[Pangaea Proxima]], is hypothesized to form within the next 250 million years.<ref name="WilliamsNield2007">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Caroline |last2=Nield |first2=Ted |title=Earth's next supercontinent |journal=New Scientist |date=October 2007 |volume=196 |issue=2626 |pages=36–40 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(07)62661-X }}</ref>

== Theories ==
The [[Phanerozoic]] supercontinent Pangaea began to break up {{nobr|215 Ma}} and this distancing continues today. Because Pangaea is the most recent of Earth's supercontinents, it is the best known and understood. Contributing to Pangaea's popularity in the classroom, its reconstruction is almost as simple as fitting together the present continents bordering the Atlantic ocean like puzzle pieces.<ref name="bradley" />

For the period before Pangaea, there are two contrasting models for supercontinent evolution through [[Geologic time scale|geological time]].

=== Series ===
The first model theorizes that at least two separate supercontinents existed comprising [[Vaalbara]] and [[Kenorland]], with Kenorland comprising [[Superior craton|Superia]] and [[Sclavia craton|Sclavia]]. These parts of [[Neoarchean]] age broke off at ~2480 and {{nobr|2312 Ma}}, and portions of them later collided to form [[Columbia (supercontinent)|Nuna]] (Northern Europe and North America). Nuna continued to develop during the [[Mesoproterozoic]], primarily by lateral [[Accretion (geology)|accretion]] of juvenile arcs, and in {{nobr|~1000 Ma}} Nuna collided with other land masses, forming [[Rodinia]].<ref name="bradley" /> Between ~825 and {{nobr|750 Ma}} Rodinia broke apart.<ref name="donnadieu">Donnadieu, Yannick et al. "A 'Snowball Earth' Climate Triggered by Continental Break-Up Through Changes in Runoff." Nature, 428 (2004): 303–306.</ref> However, before completely breaking up, some fragments of Rodinia had already come together to form [[Gondwana]] by {{nobr|~608 Ma}}. Pangaea formed through the collision of Gondwana, [[Laurasia]] ([[Laurentia]] and [[Baltica]]), and [[Siberia]].

=== Protopangea–Paleopangea ===
The second model (Kenorland-Arctica) is based on both [[Paleomagnetism|palaeomagnetic]] and geological evidence and proposes that the continental crust comprised a single supercontinent from {{nobr|~2.72 Ga}} until break-up during the [[Ediacaran]] period after {{nobr|~0.573 Ga}}. The [[plate reconstruction|reconstruction]]<ref name="piper1">Piper, J.D.A. "A planetary perspective on Earth evolution: Lid Tectonics before Plate Tectonics." Tectonophysics. 589 (2013): 44–56.</ref> is derived from the observation that palaeomagnetic poles converge to quasi-static positions for long intervals between ~2.72–2.115 Ga; 1.35–1.13 Ga; and {{nobr|0.75–0.573 Ga}} with only small peripheral modifications to the reconstruction.<ref name="piper2">Piper, J.D.A. "Continental velocity through geological time: the link to magmatism, crustal accretion and episodes of global cooling." Geoscience Frontiers. 4 (2013): 7–36.</ref> During the intervening periods, the poles conform to a unified apparent polar wander path.

Although it contrasts the first model, the first phase (Protopangea) essentially incorporates Vaalbara and Kenorland of the first model. The explanation for the prolonged duration of the Protopangea–Paleopangea supercontinent appears to be that [[lid tectonics]] (comparable to the tectonics operating on Mars and Venus) prevailed during [[Precambrian]] times. According to this theory, [[plate tectonics]] as seen on the contemporary Earth became dominant only during the latter part of geological times.<ref name="piper2" /> This approach was widely criticized by many researchers as it uses incorrect application of paleomagnetic data.<ref name="li2009">{{cite journal |last1=Z.X |first1=Li |date=October 2009 |title=How not to build a supercontinent: A reply to J.D.A. Piper |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=174 |issue=1–2 |pages=208–214 |bibcode=2009PreR..174..208L |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2009.06.007}}</ref>

== Cycles ==
A [[supercontinent cycle]] is the break-up of one supercontinent and the development of another, which takes place on a global scale.<ref name="bradley" /> Supercontinent cycles are not the same as the [[Wilson cycle]], which is the opening and closing of an individual [[oceanic basin]]. The Wilson cycle rarely synchronizes with the timing of a supercontinent cycle.<ref name="rogers" /> However, supercontinent cycles and Wilson cycles were both involved in the creation of Pangaea and Rodinia.<ref name="flutaeu" />

[[Secular variation|Secular]] trends such as [[carbonatite]]s, [[granulite]]s, [[eclogite]]s, and [[greenstone belt]] deformation events are all possible indicators of Precambrian supercontinent cyclicity, although the Protopangea–Paleopangea solution implies that Phanerozoic style of supercontinent cycles did not operate during these times. Also, there are instances where these secular trends have a weak, uneven, or absent imprint on the supercontinent cycle; secular methods for supercontinent reconstruction will produce results that have only one explanation, and each explanation for a trend must fit in with the rest.<ref name="bradley" />

The following table names reconstructed ancient supercontinents, using Bradley's 2011 looser definition,<ref name="Bradley" /> with an approximate timescale of millions of years ago (Ma).

{| class="wikitable"
! Supercontinent name !! Age (Ma) || Period/Era Range || Comment
|-
|[[Vaalbara]]
|3,636–2,803 || Eoarchean-Mesoarchean ||Also described as a supercraton or just a continent<ref name="de_Kock__etal_2009">{{Cite journal |last1=de Kock |first1=M.O. |last2=Evans |first2=D.A.D. |last3=Beukes |first3=N.J. |date=2009 |title=Validating the existence of Vaalbara in the Neoarchean |url=https://people.earth.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Evans/35_09g-deKock+Vaalbara.pdf |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=174 |issue=1–2 |pages=145–154 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2009.07.002|bibcode=2009PreR..174..145D }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ur (continent)|Ur]] || 2,803–2,408 || Mesoarchean-Siderian ||Described as both a continent<ref name="Rogers_&_Santosh_2002"/> and a supercontinent<ref name="Mahapatro_etal_2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Mahapatro |first1=S.N. |last2=Pant |first2=N.C. |last3=Bhowmik |first3=S.K. |last4=Tripathy |first4=A.K. |last5=Nanda |first5=J.K. |date=2011 |title=Archaean granulite facies metamorphism at the Singhbhum Craton–Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt interface: implication for the Ur supercontinent assembly |url=https://www.academia.edu/26707795|journal=Geological Journal |volume=47 |issue=2–3 |pages=312–333 |doi=10.1002/gj.1311|s2cid=127300220 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kenorland]] || 2,720–2,114 || Neoarchean-Rhyacian ||Alternatively the continents may have formed into two groupings [[Superior craton|Superia]] and [[Sclavia craton|Sclavia]]<ref name="Nance_etal_2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Nance |first1=R.D. |last2=Murphy |first2=J.B. |last3=Santosh |first3=M. |date=2014 |title=The supercontinent cycle: A retrospective essay |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=4–29 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.026|bibcode=2014GondR..25....4N }}</ref><ref name="bradley" />
|-
| [[Arctica]] || 2,114–1,995 || Rhyacian-Orosirian ||Not generally regarded as a supercontinent, depending on definition<ref name="Rogers_&_Santosh_2002"/>
|-
|[[Atlantica]]
|1,991–1,124 || Orosirian-Stenian ||Not generally regarded as a supercontinent, depending on definition<ref name="Rogers_&_Santosh_2002"/>
|-
| [[Columbia (supercontinent)|Columbia (Nuna)]] || 1,820–1,350 || Orosirian-Ectasian ||<ref name="Nance_etal_2014"/>
|-
| [[Rodinia]] || 1,130–750 || Stenian-Tonian ||<ref name="Nance_etal_2014"/>
|-
| [[Pannotia]] || 633–573 || Ediacaran ||<ref name="Nance_etal_2014"/>
|-
|[[Gondwana]] || 550–175 || Ediacaran-Jurassic ||From the Carboniferous, formed part of Pangaea,<ref name="bradley" /> not always regarded as a supercontinent<ref name="Evans_2013">{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=D.A.D. |date=2013 |title=Reconstructing pre-Pangean supercontinents
|url=https://people.earth.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Evans/58-GSAB125.pdf |journal=GSA Bulletin |volume=125 |issue=11–12 |pages=1736 |doi=10.1130/B30950.1|bibcode=2013GSAB..125.1735E }}</ref>
|-
| [[Pangaea]] || 336–175 || Carboniferous-Jurassic ||
|}

==Volcanism==



The causes of supercontinent assembly and dispersal are thought to be driven by [[convection]] processes in [[Earth's mantle]]. Approximately 660 km into the mantle, a discontinuity occurs, affecting the [[Earth's crust|surface crust]] through processes involving [[mantle plume|plumes]] and ''superplumes'' (aka [[large low-shear-velocity provinces]]). When a slab of the [[Subduction|subducted]] crust is denser than the surrounding mantle, it sinks to discontinuity. Once the slabs build up, they will sink through to the [[lower mantle]] in what is known as a "slab avalanche". This displacement at the discontinuity will cause the lower mantle to compensate and rise elsewhere. The rising mantle can form a plume or superplume.<ref name=rogers />

Besides having compositional effects on the [[upper mantle]] by replenishing the [[incompatible element|large-ion lithophile elements]], volcanism affects plate movement.<ref name=rogers /> The plates will be moved towards a geoidal low perhaps where the slab avalanche occurred and pushed away from the geoidal high that can be caused by the plumes or superplumes. This causes the continents to push together to form supercontinents and was evidently the process that operated to cause the early continental crust to aggregate into Protopangea.<ref name='piper3'>Piper, J.D.A. "Protopangea: palaeomagnetic definition of Earth's oldest (Mid-Archaean-Paleoproterozoic) supercontinent." Journal of Geodynamics. 50 (2010): 154–165.</ref>

Dispersal of supercontinents is caused by the accumulation of heat underneath the crust due to the rising of very large [[convection cell]]s or plumes, and a massive heat release resulted in the final break-up of Paleopangea.<ref name="piper4">Piper, J.D.A., "Paleopangea in Meso-Neoproterozoic times: the paleomagnetic evidence and implications to continental integrity, supercontinent from and Eocambrian break-up." Journal of Geodynamics. 50 (2010): 191–223.</ref> Accretion occurs over geoidal lows that can be caused by avalanche slabs or the downgoing limbs of convection cells. Evidence of the accretion and dispersion of supercontinents is seen in the geological rock record.

The influence of known volcanic eruptions does not compare to that of [[flood basalt]]s. The timing of flood basalts has corresponded with a large-scale continental break-up. However, due to a lack of data on the time required to produce flood basalts, the climatic impact is difficult to quantify. The timing of a single lava flow is also undetermined. These are important factors on how flood basalts influenced [[paleoclimatology|paleoclimate]].<ref name=flutaeu />

==Plate tectonics==
Global [[palaeogeography]] and plate interactions as far back as Pangaea are relatively well understood today. However, the evidence becomes more sparse further back in geologic history. Marine magnetic anomalies, [[passive margin]] match-ups, geologic interpretation of [[orogenic belt]]s, paleomagnetism, [[paleobiogeography]] of fossils, and distribution of climatically sensitive strata are all methods to obtain evidence for continent locality and indicators of the environment throughout time.<ref name=bradley />

Phanerozoic (541 Ma to present) and Precambrian ({{nobr|4.6 Ga}} to {{nobr|541 Ma}}) had primarily passive margins and detrital [[zircon]]s (and orogenic [[granite]]s), whereas the tenure of Pangaea contained few.<ref name=bradley /> Matching edges of continents are where passive margins form. The edges of these continents may [[rift]]. At this point, [[seafloor spreading]] becomes the driving force. Passive margins are therefore born during the break-up of supercontinents and die during supercontinent assembly. Pangaea's supercontinent cycle is a good example of the efficiency of using the presence or lack of these entities to record the development, tenure, and break-up of supercontinents. There is a sharp decrease in passive margins between 500 and {{nobr|350 Ma}} during the timing of Pangaea's assembly. The tenure of Pangaea is marked by a low number of passive margins during 336 to {{nobr|275 Ma,}} and its break-up is indicated accurately by an increase in passive margins.<ref name=bradley />

Orogenic belts can form during the assembly of continents and supercontinents. The orogenic belts present on continental blocks are classified into three different categories and have implications for interpreting geologic bodies.<ref name=rogers /> Intercratonic orogenic belts are characteristic of ocean basin closure. Clear indicators of intracratonic activity contain [[ophiolite]]s and other oceanic materials that are present in the suture zone. Intracratonic orogenic belts occur as thrust belts and do not contain any oceanic material. However, the absence of ophiolites is not strong evidence for intracratonic belts, because the oceanic material can be squeezed out and eroded away in an intracratonic environment. The third kind of orogenic belt is a confined orogenic belt which is the closure of small basins. The assembly of a supercontinent would have to show intracratonic orogenic belts.<ref name=rogers /> However, interpretation of orogenic belts can be difficult.

The collision of Gondwana and Laurasia occurred in the late Palaeozoic. By this collision, the [[Variscan orogeny|Variscan mountain range]] was created, along the equator.<ref name=flutaeu /> This 6000-km-long mountain range is usually referred to in two parts: the [[Variscan orogeny|Hercynian mountain range]] of the late Carboniferous makes up the eastern part, and the western part is the [[Appalachian Mountains]], uplifted in the [[Cisuralian|early Permian]]. (The existence of a flat elevated plateau like the [[Tibetan Plateau]] is under debate.) The locality of the Variscan range made it influential to both the northern and southern hemispheres. The elevation of the Appalachians would greatly influence global atmospheric circulation.<ref name=flutaeu />

==Climate==
Continents affect the climate of the planet drastically, with supercontinents having a larger, more prevalent influence. Continents modify global wind patterns, control ocean current paths, and have a higher [[albedo]] than the oceans.<ref name=rogers /> Winds are redirected by mountains, and albedo differences cause shifts in onshore winds. Higher elevation in continental interiors produces a cooler, drier climate, the phenomenon of [[Continental climate|continentality]]. This is seen today in [[Eurasia]], and rock record shows evidence of continentality in the middle of Pangaea.<ref name=rogers />

===Glacial===

The term glacial-epoch refers to a long episode of [[Glacial period|glaciation]] on Earth over millions of years.<ref name='eyles'>Eyles, Nick. "Glacio-epochs and the Supercontinent Cycle after ~3.0 Ga: Tectonic Boundary Conditions for Glaciation." Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 258 (2008): 89–129. Print.</ref> Glaciers have major implications on the climate, particularly through [[sea level change]]. Changes in the position and elevation of the continents, the paleolatitude and ocean circulation affect the glacial epochs. There is an association between the rifting and breakup of continents and supercontinents and glacial epochs.<ref name=eyles /> According to the model for Precambrian supercontinent series, the breakup of Kenorland and Rodinia was associated with the [[Paleoproterozoic]] and [[Neoproterozoic]] glacial epochs, respectively.

In contrast, the Protopangea–Paleopangea theory shows that these glaciations correlated with periods of low continental velocity, and it is concluded that a fall in tectonic and corresponding volcanic activity was responsible for these intervals of global frigidity.<ref name="piper2" /> During the accumulation of supercontinents with times of regional uplift, glacial epochs seem to be rare with little supporting evidence. However, the lack of evidence does not allow for the conclusion that glacial epochs are not associated with the collisional assembly of supercontinents.<ref name="eyles" /> This could just represent a [[preservation bias]].

During the late [[Ordovician]] (~458.4 Ma), the particular configuration of Gondwana may have allowed for glaciation and high CO2 levels to occur at the same time.<ref name="crowley">Crowley, Thomas J., "Climate Change on Tectonic Time Scales". Tectonophysics. 222 (1993): 277–294.</ref> However, some geologists disagree and think that there was a temperature increase at this time. This increase may have been strongly influenced by the movement of Gondwana across the South Pole, which may have prevented lengthy snow accumulation. Although late Ordovician temperatures at the South Pole may have reached freezing, there were no ice sheets during the [[Llandovery epoch|early Silurian]] {{nobr|(~443.8 Ma)}} through the late [[Mississippian age|Mississippian]] {{nobr|(~330.9 Ma).}}<ref name="flutaeu" /> Agreement can be met with the theory that continental snow can occur when the edge of a continent is near the pole. Therefore Gondwana, although located tangent to the South Pole, may have experienced glaciation along its coasts.<ref name="crowley" />

===Precipitation===

Though precipitation rates during [[Monsoon|monsoonal]] circulations are difficult to predict, there is evidence for a large orographic barrier within the interior of Pangaea during the late Paleozoic {{nobr|(~251.9 Ma).}} The possibility of the southwest–northeast trending Appalachian-Hercynian Mountains makes the region's monsoonal circulations potentially relatable to present-day monsoonal circulations surrounding the Tibetan Plateau, which is known to positively influence the magnitude of monsoonal periods within Eurasia. It is therefore somewhat expected that lower topography in other regions of the supercontinent during the [[Jurassic]] would negatively influence precipitation variations. The breakup of supercontinents may have affected local precipitation.<ref name="Baum">Baum, Steven K., and Thomas J. Crowley. "Milankovitch Fluctuations on Supercontinents." Geophysical Research Letters. 19 (1992): 793–796. Print.</ref> When any supercontinent breaks up, there will be an increase in precipitation [[Surface runoff|runoff]] over the surface of the continental landmasses, increasing [[Silicate mineral|silicate]] [[weathering]] and the consumption of CO2.<ref name=donnadieu />

===Temperature===

Even though during the Archaean solar radiation was reduced by 30 percent and the [[Cambrian]]-[[Precambrian]] boundary by 6 percent, the Earth has only experienced three [[Ice age|ice ages]] throughout the Precambrian.<ref name=flutaeu /> Erroneous conclusions are more likely to be made when models are limited to one climatic configuration (which is usually present-day).<ref name="baum">Baum, Steven K., and Thomas J. Crowely. "Milankovitch Fluctuations on Supercontinents." Geophysical Research Letters. 19 (1992): 793–796. Print.</ref>

Cold winters in continental interiors are due to rate ratios of radiative cooling (greater) and heat transport from continental rims. To raise winter temperatures within continental interiors, the rate of heat transport must increase to become greater than the rate of radiative cooling. Through climate models, alterations in atmospheric CO2 content and ocean heat transport are not comparatively effective.<ref name=baum />

CO2 models suggest that values were low in the late Cenozoic and Carboniferous-Permian glaciations. Although early Paleozoic values are much larger (more than 10 percent higher than that of today). This may be due to high seafloor spreading rates after the breakup of Precambrian supercontinents and the lack of land plants as a [[carbon sink]].<ref name=crowley />

During the late Permian, it is expected that seasonal Pangaean temperatures varied drastically. Subtropic summer temperatures were warmer than that of today by as much as 6–10 degrees, and mid-latitudes in the winter were less than −30 degrees Celsius. These seasonal changes within the supercontinent were influenced by the large size of Pangaea. And, just like today, coastal regions experienced much less variation.<ref name=flutaeu />

During the Jurassic, summer temperatures did not rise above zero degrees Celsius along the northern rim of Laurasia, which was the northernmost part of Pangaea (the southernmost portion of Pangaea was Gondwana). Ice-rafted [[dropstone]]s sourced from Russia are indicators of this northern boundary. The Jurassic is thought to have been approximately 10 degrees Celsius warmer along 90 degrees East [[paleomagnetism|paleolongitude]] compared to the present temperature of today's central Eurasia.<ref name=baum />

===Milankovitch cycles===

Many studies of the [[Milankovitch cycles]] during supercontinent time periods have focused on the mid-Cretaceous. Present amplitudes of Milankovitch cycles over present-day Eurasia may be mirrored in both the southern and northern hemispheres of the supercontinent Pangaea. Climate modeling shows that summer fluctuations varied 14–16 degrees Celsius on Pangaea, which is similar or slightly higher than summer temperatures of Eurasia during the Pleistocene. The largest-amplitude Milankovitch cycles are expected to have been at mid-to high-latitudes during the Triassic and Jurassic.<ref name=baum />

=== Atmospheric gases ===
[[Plate tectonics]] and the chemical composition of the atmosphere (specifically [[greenhouse gas]]es) are the two most prevailing factors present within the geologic time scale. [[Continental drift]] influences both cold and warm climatic episodes. Atmospheric circulation and climate are strongly influenced by the location and formation of continents and supercontinents. Therefore, continental drift influences mean global temperature.<ref name="flutaeu" />

Oxygen levels of the Archaean were negligible, and today they are roughly 21 percent. It is thought that the Earth's oxygen content has risen in stages: six or seven steps that are timed very closely to the development of Earth's supercontinents.<ref name="Campbell">Campbell, Ian H., Charlotte M. Allen. "Formation of Supercontinents Linked to Increases in Atmospheric Oxygen." Nature. 1 (2008): 554–558.</ref>
# Continents collide
# Super-mountains form
# Erosion of super-mountains
# Large quantities of minerals and nutrients wash out to open ocean
# Explosion of marine algae life (partly sourced from noted nutrients)
# Mass amounts of oxygen produced during photosynthesis
The process of Earth's increase in atmospheric oxygen content is theorized to have started with the continent-continent collision of huge landmasses forming supercontinents, and therefore possibly supercontinent mountain ranges (super-mountains). These super-mountains would have eroded, and the mass amounts of nutrients, including [[iron]] and [[phosphorus]], would have washed into oceans, just as is seen happening today. The oceans would then be rich in nutrients essential to photosynthetic organisms, which would then be able to respire mass amounts of oxygen. There is an apparent direct relationship between [[orogeny]] and the atmospheric oxygen content. There is also evidence for increased sedimentation concurrent with the timing of these mass oxygenation events, meaning that the organic carbon and [[pyrite]] at these times were more likely to be buried beneath sediment and therefore unable to react with the free oxygen. This sustained the atmospheric oxygen increases.<ref name="Campbell" />

At {{nobr|2.65 Ga}} there was an increase in [[Isotopes of molybdenum|molybdenum isotope]] fractionation. It was temporary but supports the increase in atmospheric oxygen because molybdenum isotopes require free oxygen to fractionate. Between 2.45 and {{nobr|2.32 Ga,}} the second period of oxygenation occurred, which has been called the 'great oxygenation event.' Evidence supporting this event includes [[red beds]] appearance {{nobr|2.3 Ga}} (meaning that Fe3+ was being produced and became an important component in soils).

The third oxygenation stage approximately {{nobr|1.8 Ga}} is indicated by the disappearance of iron formations. [[Neodymium]] isotopic studies suggest that iron formations are usually from continental sources, meaning that dissolved Fe and Fe2+ had to be transported during continental erosion. A rise in atmospheric oxygen prevents Fe transport, so the lack of iron formations may have been the result of an increase in oxygen. The fourth oxygenation event, roughly {{nobr|0.6 Ga,}} is based on modeled rates of [[Isotopes of sulfur|sulfur isotopes]] from marine carbonate-associated [[sulfate]]s. An increase (near doubled concentration) of sulfur isotopes, which is suggested by these models, would require an increase in the oxygen content of the deep oceans.

Between 650 and {{nobr|550 Ma}} there were three increases in ocean oxygen levels, this period is the fifth oxygenation stage. One of the reasons indicating this period to be an oxygenation event is the increase in [[redox]]-sensitive [[molybdenum]] in black [[shale]]s. The sixth event occurred between 360 and {{nobr|260 Ma}} and was identified by models suggesting shifts in the balance of 34S in [[sulfate]]s and 13C in [[carbonate]]s, which were strongly influenced by an increase in atmospheric oxygen.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref>{{cite web |title=G'day mate: 1.7-billion-year-old chunk of North America found in Australia |url=https://www.MSN.com/en-us/news/technology/day-mate-17-billion-year-old-chunk-of-north-America-found-in-Australia/ar-AAv5aZn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134510/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/gday-mate-17-billion-year-old-chunk-of-north-america-found-in-australia/ar-AAv5aZn |archive-date=2018-01-25 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==Proxies==


Granites and detrital zircons have notably similar and episodic appearances in the rock record. Their fluctuations correlate with Precambrian supercontinent cycles. The [[Uranium–lead dating|U–Pb zircon dates]] from orogenic granites are among the most reliable aging determinants.

Some issues exist with relying on granite sourced zircons, such as a lack of evenly globally sourced data and the loss of granite zircons by sedimentary coverage or [[pluton]]ic consumption. Where granite zircons are less adequate, detrital zircons from [[sandstone]]s appear and make up for the gaps. These detrital zircons are taken from the sands of major modern rivers and their [[drainage basin]]s.<ref name="bradley" /> Oceanic magnetic anomalies and paleomagnetic data are the primary resources used for reconstructing continent and supercontinent locations back to roughly 150 Ma.<ref name="flutaeu" />

== See also ==
* [[List of paleocontinents]]
* [[Superocean]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Nield, Ted, ''Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet'', Harvard University Press, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0674032453}}

==External links==
* [http://scotese.com/ The Paleomap Project – Christopher R. Scotese]
{{Continents of the world}}

[[Category:Continents|*]]
[[Category:Historical geology]]
[[Category:Supercontinents| ]]
[[Category:Plate tectonics]]

Sakri solar plant

2025-07-31T12:48:24Z

Iringlz: brief update structure and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox power station
| name = Sakri Solar Plant
| name_official =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|20|59|N|74|19|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = Shivajinagar, Sakri taluka, [[Dhule]], [[Maharashtra]]
| status = o
| construction_began =
| commissioned = March 2013
| decommissioned =
| cost = Rs 20 billion
| owner = [[Mahagenco]]
| operator =
| solar_type = PV
| solar_cpv_concentration =
| solar_csp_heliostats =
| ps_site_area = {{convert|400|acre}}
| ps_electrical_capacity = 125.0 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Sakri Photovoltaic solar energy project''' is a 125 [[megawatt|MW]] [[solar photovoltaic]] [[power plant]].<ref>[http://www.india.diplo.de/Vertretung/indien/en/12__Climate__Development__Cooperation/Energy/Cooperation/Sakri.html Solar Photovoltaic Plant Sakri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216231643/http://www.india.diplo.de/Vertretung/indien/en/12__Climate__Development__Cooperation/Energy/Cooperation/Sakri.html |date=16 December 2014 }}, German Missions
in India</ref> The project was developed by [[Mahagenco]] in Shivajinagar in Sakri taluka of [[Dhule]] district in Maharashtra, India. Its cost was about Rs 20 billion, and it became operational in 2013.<ref name="Indian Express">
{{cite news|accessdate=11 September 2011 |date=20 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |title=World's largest solar project to come up in Dhule, Maharashtra |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/worlds-largest-solar-project-to-come-up-in/793661/}}
</ref> Completion was in March 2013.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130501000835/http://www.infrawindow.com/projects/solar-photovoltaic-power-plant-in-shivajinagar-project_139 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant in Shivajinagar]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ummid.com/news/2013/March/22.03.2013/sakri_solar_plant.htm World's largest solar power plant ready for production in Sakri]</ref>

[[KfW]], a German financial institution, has agreed to finance the project.<ref name="Indian Express"/> Work has already started on 125 MW (5x25MW) Solar Photovoltaic part while for remaining 100 MW part, based on [[Crystalline silicon|crystalline]] technology, international bids have been invited.<ref name="Mahagenco ICB">In that 50 MW (thin Film) awarded to M/s. Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.25 MW (Crystalline) to M/s Prithivi And 75 MW To M/s Lanco InfraLtd.All three companies are from Andhra Pradesh.
{{cite web
|publisher = [[Mahagenco]]
|title=Crystalline Solar PV Power Project
|url= http://www.mahagenco.in/NIT-Format25MW.pdf
|accessdate=16 September 2011}}
</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{stack|{{Portal|India|Renewable energy}}}}
{{Solar power in India}}

[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]
[[Category:Solar power stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dhule district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2013]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{Renewable-power-plant-stub}}
{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Sanadhya Brahmin

2025-07-08T04:30:08Z

Iringlz: quick add citations to improve readability for consistency

{{Short description|Brahmin sub-caste in India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}

'''Sanadhya Brahmin''' (also spelled as''' Sanadh, Sanah''' ''', Sanidya''' '''or Sandhya''') is an endogamous sub-caste of [[Brahmin]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Baidyanath |author-link = Baidyanath Saraswati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VIqAAAAYAAJ |title=Brahmanic Ritual Traditions in the Crucible of Time |date=1977 |publisher=Indian institute of Advanced Study|isbn=9780896844780 |language=en}}</ref> Their main concentration is in western [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] area of India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=sanadhya+gaur+brahmin |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}</ref> The Hindi poet [[Keshavdas|Keshabdasa Mishra]] was a Sanadhya, and praised his community in his book "Ramchandra Chandrika".<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_kxfYAkewUC&pg=PR35 |title=Rasikapriya of Keshavadasa |author=Keshavdas |authorlink=Keshavdas |others=Trans. Bahadur, K. P. |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1990 |isbn=978-8-12080-734-1 |page=xxxv}}</ref> Though an endogamous community but in some cases they intermarry with [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaurs]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&dq=sanadhya+gaur+brahmin+subcaste&pg=PA1256 |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Keshavdas|Keshabdasa Mishra]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Pradeep Sharma|Pardeep Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zaidi |first=Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkC1DwAAQBAJ&q=pradeep+sharma+class+of+83 |title=The Class of 83: The Punishers of Mumbai Police |date=2019-10-28 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-661-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Totaram Sanadhya]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-09 |title=Totaram Sanadhya, an Indian in Fiji: A life defined by the indentured labour system and the fight against it |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/totaram-sanadhya-an-indian-in-fiji-a-life-defined-by-the-indentured-labour-system-and-the-fight-against-it-7872921.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Gaur Brahmins]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Delhi]]

Chande, Punjab

2025-06-19T17:56:44Z

Iringlz: put up entry

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chande
| native_name = ਚੰਦੇ
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Location of Chande in India
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_mapsize = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chande within Punjab
| pushpin_label = Chande
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|31.763853|N|74.99560|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Punjab (India) on a white background (1).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| population_total = 2390
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census India 2011">{{Cite web |title=Census India 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/punjab/amritsar/amritsar-i/chande-309-population.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120074647/https://www.censusindia2011.com/punjab/amritsar/amritsar-i/chande-309-population.html |archive-date=20 January 2023 |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}
{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

'''Chande''' is a village located in [[Amritsar district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chande · Punjab 143601, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chande,+Punjab+143601/@31.7624147,74.9894152,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x391bdf11737ae4ed:0x3032d90826b1ff04!8m2!3d31.7638807!4d74.9953935 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Chande · Punjab 143601, India |language=en}}</ref> As of 2011, it had a population of 2,390 people, with 1,245 men and 1,145 women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chande (309) Village Population – Amritsar -I, Amritsar, Punjab |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/punjab/amritsar/amritsar-i/chande-309-population.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120074647/https://www.censusindia2011.com/punjab/amritsar/amritsar-i/chande-309-population.html |archive-date=2023-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|31.763853|74.99560|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Amritsar district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Pochampally sari

2025-05-31T04:54:00Z

Iringlz: made details!

{{Short description|Saree from Telangana State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Pochampalli Saree

| image = Hermann Linde - Girl standing in a veranda wearing a Pochampalli sari (ca.1895).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Girl standing in a veranda wearing a Pochampally saree, 1895, by [[Hermann Linde]]
| alternative names =
| description = Saree made in Bhoodan Pochampally
| type = Saree
| area = [[Bhoodan Pochampally]], [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]], [[Telangana State|Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 2005
| material = Silk or Cotton
| official website = 
}}

'''Pochampally sari''' or '''Pochampalli ikat''' is a [[saree]] made in [[Bhoodan Pochampally]], [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]], [[Telangana State]], [[India]]. They have traditional geometric patterns in "''Paagadu Bandhu''" ([[Ikat]]) style of [[dyeing]]. The intricate geometric designs find their way into sarees and dress materials. The [[Government of India|Indian government]]'s official airline, [[Air India]], has its cabin crew wear specially designed Pochampally [[silk]] sarees.<ref name="hindu_jan04">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/17/stories/2004011702920300.htm|title=Pochampally sarees go places|date=2004-01-17|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2015-04-21|location=Nalgonda, Telangana}}</ref><ref name="hindu_feb04">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/02/09/stories/2004020901281300.htm|title=Pochampally silk sarees for AI airhostesses|date=2004-02-09|work=[[The Hindu]] [[Business Line]]|accessdate=2015-04-21|location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Puttapaka Sari|Sambalpuri saree|Patola Sari}}
[[Telangana]] is one of the ancient [[Ikat]] [[weaving]] centers in India, along with [[Gujarat]] and neighboring [[Odisha]].<ref name="Ikat Textiles">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xOrTw0gPSVYC ''Ikat Textiles of India'']</ref> The weaving centers during [[ancient]] period was in Chirala and Jentrpeta towns situated between [[Vijayawada]] and [[Chennai]] but was discontinued for various reasons.<ref name="Ikat Textiles"/> Locally, Pochampally Ikat is known as ''Paagadu Bandhu'' and ''Chitki'' in [[Telangana]] where it is produced,<ref>Paagadu Bandhu Yarn Tie Resist Dyeing of Telangana https://asiainch.org/craft/paagadu-bandhu-yarn-tie-resist-dyeing-of-telangana/</ref> in other parts of India it is popularly known as [[Pochampally]], named after one of the villages where it is produced. It has its own unique character of design, different from other Ikat producing areas in India. Today, most of weaving takes place in Pochampally village where there are over five thousand looms producing this textile.<ref name="Ikat Textiles" /> It has found place in [[UNESCO]] tentative list of world heritage sites as part of "iconic saree weaving clusters of India". The kerchiefs made of [[silk]] thread are known as "Teli Rumals"

== Weave ==
The weaving survives in a few villages like Pochampally, Koyalgudam, Choutuppala, Siripuram, Bhuvanagiri, Puttapaka and Gattuppala and few villages around them mostly in Nalgonda district. Pochampally Ikat uniqueness lies in the transfer of intricate design and colouring onto warp and weft threads first and then weave them together globally known as [[Ikat|double ikat]] textiles. The fabric is cotton, silk and sico – a mix of silk and cotton. Increasingly, the colours themselves are from natural sources and their blends.

== Industry ==
Pochampally, a cluster of 80 villages, has traditional looms, whose pattern and designs are centuries-old. Today this Silk City, which is more of a cottage industry, is home to more than 10,000 weaving families in 100 villages. The fabric is marketed through the cooperative society, many other linked organizations, the master weavers and the business houses in Pochampally. Pochampally does more than Rs.10,00,000,00 annual business in terms of yarn sales, purchase of handloom products and sales. The government in 2010 divided the belt into two clusters Pochampally 1 and Pochampally 2, and is proving common weaving centres. Because of its unique design, efforts are on to revive the dying art.

== Geographical indication rights ==
Pochampally saree received Intellectual Property Rights Protection or [[Geographical Indication]] (GI) status in 2005.<ref name="Textiles Comittee">{{cite web|url=http://textilescommittee.nic.in/services/geographical-indications#pochampally|title=Facilitation of IPR Protection through Geographical Indications: Pochampally|publisher=Ministry of Textiles, Government of India|accessdate=2015-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427132918/http://textilescommittee.nic.in/services/geographical-indications#pochampally|archive-date=27 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pochampally Ikat be the registered property of Pochampally Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society Ltd and the Pochampally Handloom Tie and Dye Silk Sarees Manufacturers Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://textilescommittee.nic.in/GI-Research.htm|title=GI Research: Pochampally|publisher=Ministry of Textiles, Government of India|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512022824/http://textilescommittee.nic.in/GI-Research.htm|archivedate=2013-05-12}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

UN selects Telangana's Pochampally as one of the world's 'best tourism villages'. Being famous for its eponymous handloom weaved 'Ikat' sarees. The silk city of India is declared as the best villages on the planet by [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/un-selects-telanganas-pochampally-as-one-of-worlds-best-tourism-villages/articleshow/87744200.cms UN]. Govt of India has issued a postal ticket of INR 5.00 in the year 2018 in its recognition.

==See also==
*[[Ilkal saree]]
*[[Molakalmuru Sari]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130826183844/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/ Pochampally Ikat at Geographical Indications Registry.]
* [https://pochampallybazar.in/ Read More about the Pochampally ikkat silk sarees weaving process and history of pochampally village.] review from sareesofpochampally
* [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/pranitha-launches-kanchipuram-vrk-silk-sarees-showroom-801-slide-6433 Pranitha launches silk sarees in kanchipuram.]
* [https://weaverscollection.com/blogs/posts/7-things-to-know-before-buying-a-handloom-saree People Have Started Purchasing Pochampally Handloom Sarees Online.]
{{Saree}}
[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Culture of Telangana]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Telangana]]
[[Category:Handloom sarees]]

Sharanga

2025-04-14T12:23:24Z

Iringlz: improve article to improve readability per sources

'''Sharanga''' may refer to:
*[[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)]], the bow of the god Vishnu
*[[Sharanga (urban-type settlement)]], an urban-type settlement in [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]], Russia

{{Disambiguation}}

Zakapa chanchin

2025-03-11T07:18:05Z

Iringlz: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Zakapa]]

National High School (Bengaluru)

2024-12-02T16:14:17Z

Iringlz: info

{{One source|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
The '''National High School''' is one of the oldest schools in [[Bangalore]]. The school was founded in 1917, by [[Annie Besant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/national-education-society-is-100-and-counting/article22328977.ece |title=National Education Society is 100 and counting |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 December 2017 |author=K. V. Aditya Bharadwaj |access-date= 25 June 2023}}</ref> It is one of the oldest landmarks of the [[Basavanagudi]] area. The alumni of this school include [[Anil Kumble]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[EAS Prasanna]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1917]]

{{Karnataka-school-stub}}