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List of Tamil films of 2026

2026-05-08T07:55:56Z

Irinaequalliat: Starting a details...

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

This is a list of [[Tamil language]] films produced in the [[Tamil cinema]] in India that are to be released/scheduled in 2026.

{{Tamil films}}

== Box office collection ==
The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Tamil films|list of highest-grossing Tamil cinema films]] released in 2026. The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.

:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"|'''#+'''
| Implies that the film is multilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
! colspan="5" |Highest worldwide gross of 2026
|-
!Rank
!Title
!Production company
!Worldwide gross
!Ref
|-
!1
|''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]''
|Dawn Pictures
| style="text-align:right; " |{{INR|100 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Parasakthi Finds Its Second Wind On OTT After A Polarising Theatrical Run {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/parasakthi-finds-its-second-wind-on-ott-after-a-polarising-theatrical-run-81479.html |website=Filmfare |access-date=24 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
| ''[[Thaai Kizhavi]]''
|Passion Studios [[Sivakarthikeyan Productions]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{INR|72–81.7 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Thaai Kizhavi OTT Release Update: When and Where to Watch Radikaa Sarathkumar’s Blockbuster |url=https://www.news18.com/web-series-entertainment/thaai-kizhavi-ott-release-update-when-and-where-to-watch-radikaa-sarathkumars-blockbuster-aa-ws-l-9992422.html |website=News18 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2026 |title=Thaai Kizhavi OTT release date announced: When and where to watch Sivakarthikeyan, Radhika’s Tamil blockbuster movie. Check language versions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thaai-kizhavi-ott-release-date-announced-when-and-where-to-watch-sivakarthikeyan-radhikas-tamil-blockbuster-movie-check-language-versions/articleshow/129914162.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/B0j4f |archive-date=31 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="common">{{cite web |last1=Ponnappa |first1=Sanjay |title=Small films, big wins: 7 South Indian hits that surprised in 2026 so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/low-budget-south-indian-films-succeed-content-word-of-mouth-2026-2893996-2026-04-10 |website=India Today |access-date=22 April 2026 |language=en |date=10 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
!3
|''[[Youth (2026 film)|Youth]]''
|Paarvathaa Entertainments Street Boy Studios
| style="text-align: right;" |{{INR|70–82 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Ken Karunaas’ Youth Heads to OTT After Strong Theatrical Run {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/ken-karunaas-youth-heads-to-ott-after-strong-theatrical-run-83086.html |website=www.filmfare.com |access-date=22 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OTTக்கு பார்சல் செய்யப்பட்ட யூத்... அதன் லைஃப் டைம் வசூல் எத்தனை கோடி தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/ken-karunas-youth-movie-ott-release-date-announced-here-its-lifetime-box-office-collection-g7zlu9n?photo=5 |website=Asianet News Tamil |access-date=22 April 2026 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rishab Shetty reviews Youth, calls 24-year-old director Ken an asset to cinema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rishab-shetty-praises-tamil-film-youth-for-its-heartfelt-tribute-to-parents-2898788-2026-04-20 |website=India Today |access-date=22 April 2026 |language=en |date=20 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
!4
|style="text-align:left; background:#b6fcb6;"| ''[[Love Insurance Kompany]]''
|[[Rowdy Pictures]] [[Red Giant Movies]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{INR|58 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2026 |title=Final Box Office Earnings for Love Insurance Kompany: Pradeep Ranganathan's sci-fi comedy underperforms with a total of Rs 58 crore globally. |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/love-insurance-kompany-first-flop-box-office-article-154253444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260507001208/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/love-insurance-kompany-first-flop-box-office-article-154253444 |archive-date=May 7, 2026 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!5
|''[[With Love (2026 film)|With Love]]''
| MRP Entertainment [[Soundarya Rajinikanth|Zion Films]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{INR|39 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=OTTக்கு வரும் வித் லவ் படம்... வாரிசுருட்டிய லைஃப்டைம் வசூல் இத்தனை கோடியா? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/with-love-movie-ott-release-date-announced-here-its-lifetime-box-office-collection-details-17n6p2m |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=With Love out on OTT: Where to watch Abishan Jeevinth and Anaswara Rajan Tamil movie now, plot, cast and more |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/with-love-out-on-ott-where-to-watch-abishan-jeevinth-and-anaswara-rajan-tamil-movie-now-plot-cast-and-more/4880fdc5fd192 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!6
|style="text-align:left; background:#b6fcb6;"| ''[[Kara (film)|Kara]]''
| Vels Film International Think Studios
| style="text-align: right;" |{{INR|31.34 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/May/06/kara-box-office-after-election-results-dhanush-film-sees-collection-increase|title=Kara box office: After election results, Dhanush film sees collection increase|work=[[Cinema Express]]|date=6 May 2026|accessdate=6 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
!7
|''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]''
|[[Studio Green]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{INR|10 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Karthi's Vaa Vaathiyaar locks early OTT premiere date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2026/Jan/27/karthis-vaa-vaathiyaar-locks-early-ott-premiere-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=24 February 2026 |language=en |date=27 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-01-18 |title=கார்த்தியின் "வா வாத்தியார்" படத்தின் வசூல் எவ்வளவு தெரியுமா? |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/do-you-know-how-much-karthis-film-vaa-vaathiyaar-has-grossed-1200821 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|}

== January–March ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! Director
! Cast
! Production company
! class="unsortable" |{{Reference heading}}
|-
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center;background:#7FFFD4;textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N U A R Y'''
| style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''1'''
|''[[Salliyargal]]''
|T. Kittu
|Sathyadevi, [[Karunas]], Thirumurugan, Janaki
|Indian Cineway
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/salliyargal-movie-review-eelam-war-t-kittu-thirumurugan-sathya-devi-karunaas-ott-plus-10965163|title=OTT: பதுங்கு குழிகளில் மருத்துவ சிகிச்சை... போராட்டக்காரர்களின் வாழ்க்கை; 'சல்லியர்கள்' படத்தை எந்த ஓ.டி.டி-யில் பார்க்கலாம்?|website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''2'''
|''Anali''
|Dinesh Dena
|Cynthia Lourde, [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[Shakthi Vasudevan]], [[Abhishek Vinod]]
|Cynthia Production House
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2025 |title=Anali (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/anali/ET00476260 |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Dear Radhi''
|Praveen K. Mani
|[[Saravana Vickram]], Hasli, Rajesh Balachandiran, Sai Dinesh
|An Insomniac's Dream Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2025 |title=Dear Radhi (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/dear-radhi/ET00473180 |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Justice for Jeni''
|Santhosh Ryan
|Ashika Asokan, Sandhra Anil, Sinan, Aishwarya KS
|Asna Creation
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2025 |title=Justice for Jeni (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/justice-for-jeni/ET00477362 |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Kaakaa''
|Theni K. Paraman
|[[Inigo Prabhakar]], [[Sendrayan]], [[Munishkanth]], Rosemin
|Aaren Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2025 |title=Kaakaa (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kaakaa/ET00478738 |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''The Bed''
| Mani Bharathi
|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Srushti Dange]], [[John Vijay]], Devi Priya
|Aanjaneya Production
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2025 |title=The Bed (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/the-bed/ET00479367 |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''10'''
|''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]''
|[[Sudha Kongara]]
|[[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Ravi Mohan]], [[Atharvaa]], [[Sreeleela]]
|Dawn Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-12-22 |title=Parasakthi to lock horns with Jana Nayagan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/22/parasakthi-to-lock-horns-with-jana-nayagan |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''13'''
|''[[Anantha (film)|Anantha]]''
|[[Suresh Krissna]]
|[[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Y. G. Mahendran]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
|AP International
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/anantha/movieshow/126548243.cms|title=Anantha Movie 2026 | Review, Cast, Trailer, Posters, Watch Online at JioHotstar, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''14'''
|''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]''
|[[Nalan Kumarasamy]]
|[[Karthi]], [[Krithi Shetty]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Rajkiran]]
|[[Studio Green]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Karthi's Vaa Vaathiyaar locks Pongal release date after multiple delays |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/10/karthis-vaa-vaathiyaar-locks-pongal-release-date-after-multiple-delays |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''15'''
|''[[Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil]]''
|[[Nithish Sahadev]]
|[[Jiiva]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Ilavarasu]], Prathana Nathan
|Kannan Ravi Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil, starring Jiiva, gets Pongal release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/10/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-starring-jiiva-gets-pongal-release |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''23'''
|''[[Draupathi 2]]''
|[[Mohan G.]]
|[[Richard Rishi]], Rakshana Induchoodan, [[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]], [[Natty Subramaniam]]
|Netaji Productions, GM Film Corporation
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2026-01-13 |title=Mohan G's Draupathi 2 release date has been moved |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/13/mohan-gs-draupathi-2-release-date-has-been-moved |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hot Spot 2 Much]]''
|[[Vignesh Karthick]]
|[[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Rakshan]]
|KJB Talkies, Ants to Elephants
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=Hot Spot 2 Much to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/13/hot-spot-2-much-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jockey (2026 film)|Jockey]]''
|Dr. Pragabhal
|Yuvan Krishna, Ridhaan Krishnas, [[Ammu Abhirami]], [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]
|PK7 Studios LLP
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2026-01-13 |title=Jockey film moves out from the Pongal race |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/13/jockey-film-moves-out-from-the-pongal-race |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maayabimbum]]''
|K. J. Surendar
|Aakash, Janaki, Hari Krishnan, Rajesh
|Self Start Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Maayabimbum – A 2005 Love Story gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/02/maayabimbum-a-2005-love-story-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Vangala Viriguda''
|Guhan Chakravarthi
|Guhan Chakravarthi, Alina Sheikh, [[Vaiyapuri]], [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnamabalam]]
|Matha Pitha Film Factory
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2026 |title=Vangala Viriguda (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/vangala-viriguda/ET00419669 |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''30'''
| ''[[Gandhi Talks]]''|| [[Kishor Pandurang Belekar]]|| [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Siddharth Jadhav]]|| [[Zee Studios]], Kyoorius, Moviemill, Jumping Tomato Studios ||style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-01-03 |title=Vijay Sethupathi-starrer 'Gandhi Talks' gets release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathi-aditi-rao-hydari-starrer-gandhi-talks-gets-release-date/article70466889.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''Granny''
|Vijayakumaaran
|[[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Dileepan]], [[Singampuli]], Gajaraj, [[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]]
|Vijaya Mary Universal Media
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-23 |title=Vadivukkarasi's Granny gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/23/vadivukkarasis-granny-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karuppu Pulsar]]''
|Murali Krish
|[[V R Dinesh]], Reshma Venkatesh, Madhunika, [[Saravana Subbiah]]
|Yasho Entertainment
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2026-01-25 |title=Jiiva to unveil Karuppu Pulsar trailer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/25/jiiva-to-unveil-karuppu-pulsar-trailer |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lockdown (2025 film)|''Lockdown'']]
|AR Jeeva
|[[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Charle]], [[Nirosha]], Priya Venkat
|[[Lyca Productions]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-01-23 |title=அனுபமாவின் "லாக் டவுன்" படத்தின் புதிய ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/anupamas-lockdown-new-release-date-announced-1201662 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mellisai]]''
|Dhirav
|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], Subatra Robert, [[George Maryan]], [[Harish Uthaman]]
|Hashtag FDFS Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2026-01-23 |title=Kishore starrer Mellisai gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/23/kishore-starrer-mellisai-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Thiraivi''
|Karthi Dakshinamoorthy
|[[Ashna Zaveri]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Kumar]]
|Nithe Creators
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=Thiraivi (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/thiraivi/ET00481735 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="20" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;" | '''F E B R U A R Y'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''6'''
|''Gilli Mappilai''
|K. N. Padmaraja
|Divya Thomas, [[TSR Srinivasan]], [[Crane Manohar]], [[G. Gnanasambandan]]
|Hanuman Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2026 |title=Gilli Mappilai (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/gilli-mappilai/ET00483761 |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Red Label (film)|Red Label]]''
|K. R. Vinoth
|Lenin, Azmin, [[R. V. Udayakumar]], [[Munishkanth]]
|Revgen Film Factory
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-01-22 |title="ரெட் லேபிள்" படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-release-date-of-the-film-red-label-has-been-announced-1201387 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[With Love (2026 film)|With Love]]''
|Madhan
|Abishan Jeevinth, [[Anaswara Rajan]], Harish Kumar, Kavya Anil
|MRP Entertainment, Zion films
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-01 |title=Abishan Jeevinth-Anaswara Rajan's With Love gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/01/abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajans-with-love-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yogi Da]]''
|Goutham Krishna
|[[Sai Dhanshika]], [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[Sayaji Shinde]]
|Sri Monica Cine Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-26 |title=Sai Dhanshika's long-delayed Yogi Da gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/26/sai-dhanshikas-long-delayed-yogi-da-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''13'''
|''Dream Girl''
|M.R. Bharathi
|Jeeva Rajendran, Harisha Jestin
|Charulatha Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2026 |title=Dream Girl (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/dream-girl-2026/ET00484606 |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaa – The Forest]]''
|Nanjil
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Salim Ghouse]], [[G. Marimuthu]], Kamalesh
|[[Shalom Studios]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=Andrea Jeremiah's long-delayed Kaa – The Forest locks new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/05/andrea-jeremiahs-long-delayed-kaa-the-forest-locks-new-release-date |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[My Lord (film)|My Lord]]''
|[[Raju Murugan]]
|[[M. Sasikumar]], [[Chaithra J Achar]], [[Asha Sharath]], [[Guru Somasundaram]]
|Olympia Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sasikumar-Chaithra Achar's My Lord locks release date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/01/sasikumar-chaithra-achars-my-lord-locks-release-date|website=Cinema Express|date=2026-02-01|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mylanji (2026 film)|Mylanji]]''
|Ajayan Bala
|Sriram Karthick, [[Krisha Kurup]], [[Singampuli]], [[Munishkanth]]
|Ajay Arjun Production
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-02-05 |title="மைலாஞ்சி" படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/mylanji-movie-release-date-announced |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pookie (film)|Pookie]]''
|Ganesh Chandra
|Ajay Dhishan, Dhanusha, [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]]
|[[Vijay Antony|Vijay Antony Film Corporation]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pookie release date: Ajay Dhishan-starrer backed by Vijay Antony to release in February 2026 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pookie-release-date-ajay-dhishan-starrer-backed-by-vijay-antony-to-release-in-february-2026/d061c70a72150 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sweety Naughty Crazy]]''
|Rajasekar G
|[[Thrigun]], [[Ineya]], Srijita Ghosh, [[Radha (Sundara Travels actress)|Radha]]
|Arun Visualz Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-02-07 |title="ஸ்வீட்டி நாட்டி கிரேஸி" படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/sweetie-natti-crazy-movie-release-date-announced |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Dailythanthi |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Therincha Kadhalinga''
|M.Gajendran
|Kiran T Joseph, Ajanya Ramachandran, Vipin Aruchamy, Shadulpran Shaji
|Agri Land Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2026 |title=Therincha Kadhalinga (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/therincha-kadhalinga/ET00486486 |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''20'''
|''L.S.S: Love Subscribe Share''
|R. Mahalakshmi Murugan
|Aadhav Krishna, Simran, [[Badava Gopi]], [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]]
|JB Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2026 |title=L.S.S: Love Subscribe Share (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/lss-love-subscribe-share/ET00487608 |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lucky the Superstar]]''
|[[Uday Mahesh]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], Meghna Sumesh, [[Elango Kumaravel]]
|[[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucky The Superstar OTT release date: When and where to stream GV Prakash-Anaswara Rajan's new film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/lucky-the-superstar-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-stream-gv-prakash-anaswara-rajans-new-film/22558b2ce0955 |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>
|-
|''MG24''
|Fire Karthik
|Pranav Mohanan, Justin Vijay R, Swetha Natraj, M. Dhanalakshmi
|JR Cinee Versee
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2026 |title=MG24 (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/mg24/ET00487144 |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''My Dear Dolly''
|A. Aravinth Raj
|VJ Papu, Anupama, KPY Rajavelu, Sudha
|Simhamurthi Cinemas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2026 |title=My Dear Dolly (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/my-dear-dolly/ET00487497 |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Siva Sambo]]''
|S. P. Bagavathy Bala
|C.B. Thil Natraj, Shivani, [[Senthil]], [[Imman Annachi]]
|S Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2026 |title=Siva Sambo (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/siva-sambo/ET00485393 |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''21'''
|''Arivaan''
|S. Arun Prasath
|[[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]], Janany Kunaseelan, Boys Rajan, Birla Bose
|MD Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2026 |title=Arivaan (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/arivaan/ET00467795 |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''27'''
|''[[Aazhi (2026 film)|Aazhi]]''
|[[Madhav Ramadasan]]
|[[R. Sarathkumar]], Devika Satheesh, Indrajith Jagan, [[Vaiyapuri]]
|888 Productions, Celluloid Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarath Kumar-starrer Aazhi gets release date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/01/sarath-kumar-starrer-aazhi-gets-release-date|website=Cinema Express|date=2026-02-01|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fourth Floor (film)|Fourth Floor]]''
|L. R. Sundarapandi
|[[Aari Arujunan]], Deepshika, Pavithra Aravind, [[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
|Mano Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=ஆரி அர்ஜுனனின் "போர்த் ப்ளோர்" படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/aari-arjunans-fourthfloor-release-date-announced|website=Dailythanthi|date=2026-01-31|access-date=2026-01-31|language=ta|last=தினத்தந்தி}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thaai Kizhavi]]''
|Sivakumar Murugesan
|[[Radhika Sarathkumar]], [[Singampuli]], [[Aruldoss]], [[Munishkanth]]
|Passion Studios [[Sivakarthikeyan|Sivakarthikeyan Productions]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Thaai Kizhavi, starring Radikaa Sarathkumar, gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/14/thaai-kizhavi-starring-radikaa-sarathkumar-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A R C H'''
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''6'''
|''[[99/66]]''
|M. S. Moorthy
|[[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]], M. S. Moorthy, P. Sabari, Swetha Dorathy
|Mitra Pictures (P) Ltd
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/99-66/ET00489397?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1|title=99/66 (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Chennai|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Chellamada Nee Enakku''
|Anand Shivam
|Vashi Karan, Neha Sri, [[Bose Venkat]], [[Senthi Kumari]]
|Kalaimagal Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hospet/chellamada-nee-enakku/ET00489984?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1|title=Chellamada Nee Enakku (2026) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hospet|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kadhal Reset Repeat]]''
|[[A. L. Vijay]]
|Madumkesh, [[Jiya Shankar]], [[Arjun Ashokan]]
|D Studios Maali and Manvi Movie Makers
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/06/kadhal-reset-repeat-movie-review-audaciously-flippant-writing-overpowers-everything-else|title=Kadhal Reset Repeat Movie Review: Audaciously flippant writing overpowers everything else|first=Prashanth|last=Vallavan|date=6 March 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mustafa Mustafa (film)|Mustafa Mustafa]]''
| Praveen Saravanan
| [[Sathish]], [[Suresh Ravi]], [[Monica Chinnakotla]], Maanasa Choudhary
| The Mapogos Company
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mustafa-mustafa/movie-review/129135962.cms|title=Mustafa Mustafa Movie Review: Buddy comedy that runs on fumes|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oh Butterfly]]''
|Vijay Ranganathan
|[[Nivedhithaa Sathish]], [[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Anthill Cinema Palampur Talkies
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/06/oh-butterfly-movie-review-a-claustrophobic-drama-about-choices-and-consequences|title=Oh Butterfly Movie Review: A claustrophobic drama about choices and consequences|first=Jayabhuvaneshwari|last=B|date=6 March 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vadam]]''
| Kenthiran V
| [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Natty Subramaniam]], Sanashka Sri
|Masani Pictures Shayanthra Film Production Sri Vetri Vinayaga Pictures Sun Maro Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vadam/movie-review/129140428.cms|title=Vadam Movie Review: Familiar feuds with a different bull in the ring|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vasool Mannan]]''
|Vel Kumaresan
|Sridevaa Krishnan, Niveda R. Nair, [[Saravana Subbiah]], [[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
|ML Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/vasool-mannan/ET00489975|title=Vasool Mannan Movie (2026)|first=|last=|date=6 March 2026|website=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yaarra Andha Paiyan Naan Dhan Andha Paiyan]]''
|Paulraj
|Paulraj, [[Gayatri Rema]], Swetha Sree
| P. R. Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2026-03-09 |title=யார்ரா அந்த பையன்… நான்தான் அந்தப் பையன் – விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/yaara-antha-paiyan-naan-thaan-antha-paiyan-812530 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Maalai Malar |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''12'''
|''[[Made in Korea (film)|Made in Korea]]''
| Ra. Karthik
| [[Priyanka Mohan]], Park Hye-Jin, Si-hun Baek
| Rise East Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title='Made In Korea' movie review: An earnest Priyanka Mohan shoulders a cursory Hallyu excursion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/made-in-korea-movie-review-priyanka-mohan-k-drama-tamil-movie-k-pop/article70734760.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''13'''
|''[[Anthony (film)|Anthony]]''
|Sukirthan Christhuraja, Jenosan Rajeswar
|Kayal Vincent, TJ Bhanu, Sudharshan Raveendran
|Osai Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mullappilly |first1=Sreejith |title=Anthony movie review: A sob story that loses its soul in the sea |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/13/anthony-movie-review-a-sob-story-that-loses-its-soul-in-the-sea |work=Cinema Express |date=13 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kenatha Kanom]]''
| [[Suresh Sangaiah]]
|[[Yogi Babu]], Lovelyn Chandrasekhar, [[Raichal Rabecca]], [[Ramakrishnan (actor)|Ramakrishnan]]
|RB Talkies Box Office Studio
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2026|title=Kenatha Kanom Movie Review: Promising story buried beneath misguided ideals|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2026/Mar/14/tamilreview2026mar13kenatha-kanom-movie-review-promising-story-buried-beneath-misguided-ideals|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kolaiseval]]''
| V. R. Thudhivaanan
| [[Kalaiyarasan]], Deepa Balu, [[Bala Saravanan]], Aadhav Chanra
|RP Films
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2026|title=Kolaiseval Movie Review: Leaves you with nothing but the weight of it|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kolaiseval/amp_movie_review/129570991.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Police Family''
| Balu
| [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], Raja Malaisamy, Nisha Dubey, [[Kadhal Sukumar]]
|On The Table Productions
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2026|title=Police Family (2026)|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/police-family/ET00490237|website=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vengeance (2026 film)|Vengeance]]''
| Rahul Ashok
| [[Abarnathi]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[John Vijay]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
|AC Productions
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2026|title=Vengeance Movie Review: A film busy outsmarting nobody|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vengeance/movie-review/129497797.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vowels (film)|Vowels]]''
| Dhilip Kumar, Hemanth Kumar, Sangeeth, Santhosh Ravi, Jagan Rajendran
|[[Yugi Sethu]], [[Chinni Jayanth]], Raj Ayyappa, Samyuktha Vishwanathan
|Riddhi Siddhi Films
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2026|title=Vowels|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/madurai/vowels/ET00488384|website=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''19'''
|''[[Youth (2026 film)|Youth]]''
|[[Ken Karunas]]
|Ken Karunas, [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Devadarshini]], [[Anishma Anilkumar]], Meenakshi Dinesh, Priyanshi Yadav
|Paarvaatha Entertainments, Street Boy Studios, Maali and Manvi Movie Makers
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-15 |title=Ken Karunaas' Youth gets March release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/15/ken-karunaas-youth-gets-march-release-date |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''27'''
|''[[Happy Raj]]''
| Maria Raja Elanchezian
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], Sri Gouri Priya, [[George Maryan]]
| Beyond Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/05/gv-prakashs-happy-raj-locks-release-date|title=GV Prakash's Happy Raj locks release date|date=5 March 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|''Nee Forever''
|Ashokkumar Kalaivani
| Sudharsan Govind, [[Archenaa Ravi]]
|Zhen Studios
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/15/nee-forever-starring-sudarshan-govind-and-archana-ravi-gets-release-date|title=Nee Forever, starring Sudarshan Govind and Archana Ravi, gets release date|date=15 March 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|''Satan - The Dark''
| Manikandan Ramalingam
| FJ, [[Ayraa]], [[Chandini Tamilarasan]], Mona Bedre, [[Sreeja Ravi]]
|EPS Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |
|}

== April–June ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |Opening
!style="width:20%;" |Title
!style="width:10%;" |Director
!style="width:45%;" |Cast
!style="width:30%;" |Production company
!class="unsortable" style="width:1%;" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#49daf6;" |'''A P R I L'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''3'''
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kaalidas 2]]''
| Sri Senthil
| [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], Ajay Karthi, [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]], [[Bhavani Sre]]
|Sky Pictures Five Star K. Senthil
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="KaalidasLeader">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2026 |title=Bharath's 'Kaalidas 2' and Legend Saravanan's 'Leader' change their release after 'LIK' postponed from April 3 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharaths-kaalidas-2-and-legend-saravanans-leader-change-their-release-after-lik-postponed-from-april-3-release/articleshow/129821504.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260402020420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharaths-kaalidas-2-and-legend-saravanans-leader-change-their-release-after-lik-postponed-from-april-3-release/articleshow/129821504.cms |archive-date=2 April 2026 |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]''
| [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
| [[Legend Saravanan]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Santhosh Prathap]], [[Payal Rajput]], Iyal
| Legend Saravana Stores Productions
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="KaalidasLeader" />
|-
|''[[Neelira]]''
| Someetharan
| [[Naveen Chandra]], [[Sananth]], [[Kapila Venu]], [[Roopa Koduvayur]], Tharmeega Manimaran
| [[Stone Bench Creations|Stone Bench Studio]] Spirit Media
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2026 |title=Atlee and Bala praise 'Neelira': Filmmakers applaud Somidharan’s powerful survival drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/atlee-and-bala-praise-neelira-filmmakers-applaud-somidharans-powerful-survival-drama/articleshow/130082058.cms |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Carmeni Selvam]]''
|Ram Chakri
|[[P. Samuthirakani|Samuthirakani]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]], [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]]
|Pathway Productions
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=April 2, 2026 |title='Carmeni Selvam' is a story that mirrors real life: Samuthirakani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/carmeni-selvam-is-a-story-that-mirrors-real-life-samuthirakani/articleshow/129944189.cms |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''10'''
|''[[Love Insurance Kompany]]''
|[[Vignesh Shivan]]
|[[Pradeep Ranganathan]], [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Krithi Shetty]], [[Yogi Babu]]
|[[Seven Screen Studio]], [[Rowdy Pictures]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2026 |title=Vignesh Shivan-Pradeep Ranganathan's LIK release postponed once again |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/29/vignesh-shivan-pradeep-ranganathans-lik-release-postponed-once-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260329045827/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/29/vignesh-shivan-pradeep-ranganathans-lik-release-postponed-once-again |archive-date=29 March 2026 |access-date=29 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[TN 2026]]''
| [[Umapathy Ramaiah]]
| [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Ilavarasu]]
| Kannan Ravi Group
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=April 8, 2026 |title=Meet the cast of ‘TN 2026’, the Tamil film that has captured all attention this election season |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-the-cast-of-tn-2026-the-tamil-film-that-has-captured-all-attention-this-election-season/article70835888.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410025920/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-the-cast-of-tn-2026-the-tamil-film-that-has-captured-all-attention-this-election-season/article70835888.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2026-04-10 |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manithan Deivamagalam]]''
| Dennis Manjunath
| [[Selvaraghavan]], [[Kushee Ravi]], R. S. Sathish, [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], [[Mime Gopi]]
| Vyom Entertainments
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=Selvaraghavan-starrer 'Manithan Deivamagalam' to hit screens on April 10 |url=https://ianslive.in/selvaraghavan-starrer-manithan-deivamagalam-to-hit-screens-on-april-10--20260315182111 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315130531/https://ianslive.in/selvaraghavan-starrer-manithan-deivamagalam-to-hit-screens-on-april-10--20260315182111 |archive-date=15 March 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS Live]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''17'''
|''[[Mr. X (2026 film)|Mr. X]]''
| Manu Anand
| [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Gautham Ram Karthik]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Manju Warrier]], [[Athulya Ravi]], [[Anagha]], [[Raiza Wilson]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Kaali Venkat]]
| Prince Pictures [[Junglee Pictures|Maverik Movies Pvt Ltd]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title='Mr. X' trailer out now: Arya leads high-stakes spy mission; Manu Anand's action thriller set for April 17 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mr-x-trailer-out-now-arya-leads-high-stakes-spy-mission-manu-anands-action-thriller-set-for-april-17-release/articleshow/130158140.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 April 2026 |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''24'''
|''Battle''
| Narayanan P
| Arjun Prabhakaran, Aradhya Krishna, [[Subramaniam Siva]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Saravana Subbiah]]
| Elite Talkies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Battle Movie Review: A rap drama that overworks every note|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/battle/movie-review/130485258.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''Breakfast''
| [[Gandhi Krishna]]
| Raanav, Rosmin Thadathil, Krithik Mohan, Amitha Ranganath
| Prem Classic Pictures
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtimes for Breakfast: Accept the Reality in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/breakfast-accept-the-reality/movie-showtimes/chennai/40/130355923 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Breakfast movie review: Gen Z love, courtroom chaos, and a message lost in melodrama |url=https://zeenews.india.com/consumer-connect/breakfast-movie-review-gen-z-love-courtroom-chaos-and-a-message-lost-in-melodrama-3042569.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Commando Vin Love Story''
| Veera Anbarasu
| Veera Anbarasu, Angel Sharma, [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]], [[Robo Shankar]]
| AAA Pictures
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Commando Vin Love Story Movie|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/commando-vin-love-story/movieshow/130471338.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''Theeyor Koodam''
| Sakthivel Selvakumar
| [[Daniel Annie Pope]], [[Sakshi Agarwal]], [[Vaiyapuri]], [[Chaams]]
| Diya Cine Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakshi Agarwal: Theeyor Koodam was a self-discovery for me|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Apr/23/tamilinterviews2026apr22sakshi-agarwal-theeyor-koodam-was-a-self-discovery-for-me|website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=23 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''30'''
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kara (film)|Kara]]''
| Vignesh Raja
| [[Dhanush]], [[Mamitha Baiju]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Karunas]], [[Jayaram]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
| [[Ishari K. Ganesh|Vels Film International]], Think Studios
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-15 |title=Dhanush's 54th film titled 'Kara'; an intense first-look poster revealed; aims for a February 2026 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-54th-film-titled-kara-an-intense-first-look-poster-revealed-aims-for-a-february-2026-release/articleshow/126541515.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#F4CA16; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;" |'''7'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)]]''{{efn-lg|name="mn"|The film was produced in multiple languages}}|| Hardik Gajjar || {{hlist|[[Siddharth Gupta]]|[[Sushmitha Bhat]]|Sanskruti Jayana|Nivaashiyni Krishnan}} || Creativeland Studios Entertainment, Athashrikatha Motion Pictures ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-15 |title=Krishnavataram trailer unveiled at Krishna Janmabhoomi ahead of May 7 release, watch |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/krishnavataram-trailer-unveiled-at-krishna-janmabhoomi-ahead-of-may-7-release-watch/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;" |'''8'''
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[29 (film)|29]]''
|[[Rathna Kumar]]
|Vidhu, [[Preethi Asrani]]
|[[Stone Bench Creations]], [[Lokesh Kanagaraj|G Squad]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 April 2026|title=Rathna Kumar’s ‘29 The Film’ locks May 8 release; Official announcement video featuring Lokesh Kanagaraj sparks buzz|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rathna-kumars-29-the-film-locks-may-8-release-official-announcement-video-featuring-lokesh-kanagaraj-sparks-buzz/amp_articleshow/130405600.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |''Day 11''
|Sritika J
|Maddy Manoj, Swetha Abhirami, Adarsh Madhikanth, Ravichandran K
|BRG Studios
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Day 11 (2026) Tamil movie at BookmyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/day-11/ET00497848 |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=Bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;" |'''14'''
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Karuppu (film)|Karuppu]]''
|[[RJ Balaji]]
|[[Suriya]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], RJ Balaji
|[[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2024 |title=It's Official: Suriya's next with RJ Balaji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-suriyas-next-with-rj-balaji/articleshow/114220124.cms |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;" |'''15'''
| style="text-align: left;" |''Sattendru Maarudhu Vaanilai''
|Babu Vijay
|[[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]], [[Yogi Babu]]
|BV Frames
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|}




== Upcoming releases ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! Director
! Cast
! Production company
! class="unsortable"|{{Reference heading}}
|-
|''[[7/G Rainbow Colony 2]]''
|[[Selvaraghavan]]
|[[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Jayaram]], [[Suman Setty]]
|[[A. M. Rathnam|Sri Surya Movies]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title='7G Rainbow Colony 2': Selvaraghavan's sequel nears completion; first look poster out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/7g-rainbow-colony-2-selvaraghavans-sequel-nears-completion-first-look-poster-out/article69049857.ece |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aalambana]]''
|Pari K Vijay
|[[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Parvati Nair]], [[Anandaraj]], [[Munishkanth]]
|KJR Studios, Koustubh Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-04 |title=Vaibhav and Parvati Nair's Aalambana to release in March |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/04/vaibhav-and-parvati-nairs-aalambana-to-release-in-march |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Aasai''
|Shiv Mohaa
|[[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]], [[Divyabharathi]]
|Passion Studios
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-17 |title=Kathir and Divya Bharathi's Aasai locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/17/kathir-and-divya-bharathis-aasai-locks-release-date |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Address''
|Rajamohan
|Esakki Barath, [[Atharvaa]], [[Pooja Jhaveri]], Dhiya
|Cocktail Cinemas, SS Media
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title=Atharvaa's Address gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/05/atharvaas-address-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Adangathey''
|Shanmugam Muthusamy
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Mandira Bedi]], [[Yogi Babu]]
|Sri Green Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-27 |title=GV Prakash-Sarath Kumar's Adangathey gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/27/gv-prakash-sarath-kumars-adangathey-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Arasan''
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|[[Silambarasan]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Priyanka Mohan]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
|[[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|V Creations]], [[Grass Root Film Company]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-16 |title=Vetri Maaran-Silambarasan's Arasan: Here is everything that the promo reveals about the film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/16/vetri-maaran-silambarasans-arasan-here-is-everything-that-the-promo-reveals-about-the-film |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Benz (film)|Benz]]''
|[[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]
|[[Raghava Lawrence]], [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]
|Passion Studios, The Route, G Squad
|
|-
|''Bro Code''
|Karthik Yogi
|[[Ravi Mohan]], [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Shraddha Srinath]], Malavika Manoj
|Ravi Mohan Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Ravi Mohan, Arjun Ashokan, SJ Suryah are in cahoots in new promo for Bro Code |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/ravi-mohan-arjun-ashokan-sj-suryah-are-in-cahoots-in-new-promo-for-bro-code |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|''Chiyaan X SJF''
|[[Anand Shankar]]
|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
|Sathya Jyothi Films
|
|-
|''Chiyaan 63''
|Bodi Rajkumar
|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
|Shanthi Talkies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-30 |title=Vikram's next to be helmed by debutant director |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/30/vikrams-next-to-be-helmed-by-debutant-director |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Chiyaan 64''
|[[C. Prem Kumar]]
|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
|[[Ishari K. Ganesh|Vels Film International]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-16 |title='Chiyaan 64': Vikram teams up with filmmaker Prem Kumar for his next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chiyaan-64-vikram-prem-kumar-vels-film-international/article69818390.ece |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''Criminal''
|Dhakshina Moorthy Ramar
|[[Gautham Karthik]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Janani (actress)|Janani]], Subatra Robert
|Parsa Pictures, Big Print Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2023 |title=Gautham Karthik's 'Criminal' Madurai schedule wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-karthiks-criminal-madurai-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/97952643.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825131738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-karthiks-criminal-madurai-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/97952643.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''DC''
|[[Arun Matheswaran]]
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], [[Sanjana Krishnamoorthy]]
|[[Sun Pictures]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-01 |title=Watch{{!}} Lokesh plays Devadas in Arun Matheswaran's directorial DC |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/watch-lokesh-plays-devadas-in-arun-matheswarans-directorial-dc-851605 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhruva Natchathiram: Chapter One – Yuddha Kaandam|Dhruva Natchathiram]]''
|[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Ritu Varma]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[R. Parthiban]]
|[[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Ondraga Entertainment]], Oruoorileoru Film House
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Chiyaan Vikram's Dhruva Natchathiram To Finally Release After 7-Year Delay? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chiyaan-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-to-finally-release-after-7-year-delay-8746305.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119123215/https://www.news18.com/movies/chiyaan-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-to-finally-release-after-7-year-delay-8746305.html |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Demonte Colony 3]]''
|[[R. Ajay Gnanamuthu]]
|[[Arulnithi]], [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]], Muthukumar
|Passion Studios, [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]], RDC Media, Gnanamuthu Pattarai
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-08 |title=Arulnithi-Ajay Gnanamuthu's Demonte Colony 3 kickstarts with a pooja ceremony |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Jul/08/arulnithi-ajay-gnanamuthus-demonte-colony-3-kickstarts-with-a-pooja-ceremony |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Freedom (2025 film)|Freedom]]''
|[[Sathyasiva]]
|[[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]], [[Lijomol Jose]], [[Sudev Nair]], [[Malavika Avinash]]
|Vijayaganapathy's Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-07-17 |title=Sasikumar-Lijomol's Freedom release rescheduled indefinitely |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/17/sasikumar-lijomols-freedom-release-rescheduled-indefinitely |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Genie''
|Bhuvanesh Arjunan
|[[Ravi Mohan]], [[Krithi Shetty]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
|[[Ishari K. Ganesh|Vels Films International]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=Krithi Shetty to have 3 Tamil releases in December after 2 years |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/08/krithi-shetty-to-have-3-tamil-releases-in-december-after-2-years |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Heartin''
|Kishore Kumar
|[[Sananth]], [[Madonna Sebastian]], Emaya T
|[[Trident Arts]], Step One Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-26 |title=Sanath and Madonna Sebastian's Heartin locks release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/26/sanath-and-madonna-sebastians-heartin-locks-release-window |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Hi''
|Vishnu Edavan
|[[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
|[[Seven Screen Studio]], [[Rowdy Pictures]], [[Zee Studios]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=நயன்தாரா - கவின் இணையும் 'ஹாய்' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1331980-nayanthara-kavin-joins-hi.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Idhayam Murali''
|Aakash Baskaran
|[[Atharvaa]], [[Preity Mukhundhan]], [[Kayadu Lohar]], [[Natty Subramaniam]]
|Dawn Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-02-07 |title=Atharvaa's next titled Idhayam Murali |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/13/atharvaas-next-titled-idhayam-murali |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Idimuzhakkam''
|[[Seenu Ramasamy]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Gayathrie Shankar|Gayathrie]], [[Ganja Karuppu]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]]
|Skyman Films International
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-04-14 |title=GV Prakash's Idimuzhakkam to release in May |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/14/gv-prakashs-idimuzhakkam-to-release-in-may |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Irandu Vaanam''
|[[Ramkumar]]
|[[Vishnu Vishal]], [[Mamitha Baiju]]
|[[Sathya Jyothi Films]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=Cinema |date=2025-10-21 |title=Vishnu Vishal teases Irandu Vaanam release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/21/vishnu-vishal-teases-irandu-vaanam-release-window |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jailer 2]]''
|[[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
|[[Rajinikanth]], [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Ramya Krishnan]]
|[[Sun Pictures]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-14 |title='Jailer 2': Rajinikanth back as 'Tiger' Muthuvel Pandian in Nelson's sequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jailer-2-rajinikanth-back-as-tiger-muthuvel-pandian-in-nelsons-sequel/article69098714.ece |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jana Nayagan]]''
|[[H. Vinoth]]
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Mamitha Baiju]]
|[[KVN Productions]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-07 |title=Jana Nayagan's release officially postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/07/jana-nayagans-release-officially-postponed |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kanchana 4''
|[[Raghava Lawrence]]
|Raghava Lawrence, [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Nora Fatehi]]
|[[Sun Pictures]], Raghavendra Productions, [[Goldmines Telefilms]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-01-25 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Manish Shah of Goldmines Telefilms shares his formula for success: "We don't just dub South films; we create our own versions; down South, marriage can happen between a brother and a sister. Since it doesn't happen over here, we change such scenes" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-manish-shah-goldmines-telefilms-shares-formula-success-dont-just-dub-south-films-create-versions-south-marriage-can-happen-brot/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Karathey Babu''
|Ganesh K. Babu
|[[Ravi Mohan]], [[Shakthi Vasudevan]], Daudee S Jiwal, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Screen Scene Media Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=Jayam Ravi joins hands with director Ganesh K Babu for a new film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/05/jayam-ravi-joins-hands-with-director-ganesh-k-babu-for-a-new-film |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Karuppar Nagaram''
|Gopi Nainar
|[[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Easwari Rao]]
|RR Film Makers, AGL
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 2023 |title=Teaser of Tamil Film Karuppar Nagaram Packed With Raw And Fierce Visuals |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/teaser-of-tamil-film-karuppar-nagaram-packed-with-raw-and-fierce-visuals-8658486.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117035556/https://www.news18.com/movies/teaser-of-tamil-film-karuppar-nagaram-packed-with-raw-and-fierce-visuals-8658486.html |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=11 April 2024 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Magudam''
|[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
|[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Dushara Vijayan]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Arjai]]
|[[Super Good Films]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-17 |title=Second schedule of Vishal 35 to begin in Ooty on Monday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/second-schedule-of-vishal-35-to-begin-in-ooty-on-monday/articleshow/123346790.cms |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mandaadi]]''
|Mathimaran Pugazhendhi
|[[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]], [[Mahima Nambiar]], [[Achyuth Kumar]]
|[[RS Infotainment]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-18 |title=Soori teams up with newcomer Mathimaran Pugazhendhi for 'Mandaadi'; first look to be out tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/soori-teams-up-with-newcomer-mathimaran-pugazhendhi-for-mandaadi-first-look-to-be-out-tomorrow/articleshow/120401931.cms |access-date=2025-06-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Marshal''
|Tamizh
|[[Karthi]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
|[[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-07-10 |title=Karthi 29 with Taanakkaran-fame Tamizh titled Marshal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/10/karthi-29-with-taanakkaran-fame-tamizh-titled-marshal |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Meeladun Nabi''
|Millat Ahmad
|Millat Ahmad, Naushad, Samsudeen, Faridha, Rahema
|Zee6 Movies
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=இந்து தமிழ் |date=2025-10-18 |title="Meeladun Nabi" first look poster Out {{!}} "மீலாதுன் நபி" முதல் தோற்ற போஸ்டர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1380168-miladun-nabi-movie-first-look.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Hindu Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Michael Musasi''
|Sam Rodrigues
|[[Prabhu Deva]], [[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]], [[John Vijay]], [[VTV Ganesh]]
|Joy Film Box Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Prabhu Deva's Michael Musasi gets a release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/17/prabhu-devas-michael-musasi-gets-a-release-window |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mookuthi Amman 2]]''
|[[Sundar C]]
|[[Nayanthara]], [[Regina Cassandra]], [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], [[Yogi Babu]]
|[[Ishari K. Ganesh|Vels Film International]], [[Avni Cinemax]], Rowdy Pictures, IVY Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=Sundar C to direct Mookuthi Amman 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/16/sundar-c-to-direct-mookuthi-amman-2 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Moonwalk''
|Manoj N. S.
|[[Prabhu Deva]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Yogi Babu]]
|Behindwoods Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=பிரபுதேவாவின் "மூன்வாக்" படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் அப்டேட் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/prabhu-devas-moonwalk-release-update-1193205 |date=1 December 2025|access-date=14 January 2026 |work=Daily Thanthi}}</ref>
|-
|''Narkarappor''
|Shree Vettri
|[[Abarnathi]], [[Lingesh]], [[Suresh Chandra Menon|Suresh Menon]], Aswin
|V6 Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2024 |title=Shree Vettri's Narkarappor gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/13/shree-vettris-narkarappor-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813130314/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/13/shree-vettris-narkarappor-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Non-Violence''
|[[Ananda Krishnan (director)|Ananda Krishnan]]
|[[Bobby Simha]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Aditi Balan]], [[Shriya Saran]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=The Hindu |title=‘Non Violence’: Bobby Simha, Shirish, Yogi Babu and Ananda Krishnan re-team after ‘Metro’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/non-violence-bobby-simha-shirish-yogi-babu-and-ananda-krishnan-re-team-after-metro/article68211054.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shriya Saran to perform a special dance number in Bobby Simha-Metro Shirish's Non Violence |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/10/shriya-saran-to-perform-a-special-dance-number-in-bobby-simha-metro-shirishs-non-violence |work=Cinema Express |date=10 November 2025 |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''Once More''
|Vignesh Srikanth
|[[Arjun Das]], [[Aditi Shankar]]
|Million Dollar Studios, Fyntemax
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Once More: Arjun Das & Aditi Shankar's love story to hit the big screens on this special day |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/once-more-release-update-arjun-das-aditi-shankar-love-story/af860c8c87672 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103747/https://www.ottplay.com/news/once-more-release-update-arjun-das-aditi-shankar-love-story/af860c8c87672 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Pisasu 2''
|[[Mysskin]]
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]]
|Rockfort Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pisasu 2 release window: Andrea Jeremiah's film with Mysskin gets new update |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pisasu-2-release-window-andrea-jeremiahs-film-with-mysskin-gets-new-update/1eea39f136477 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Rekkai Mulaithen''
|[[S. R. Prabhakaran]]
|Prabha, [[Tanya Ravichandran]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Aadukalam Naren]]
|Stone Elephant Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Features |first1=CE |date=2024-07-06 |title=Tanya Ravichandran starrer Rekkai Mulaiththen clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/06/dd%7D%7D-8 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''RPM''
|Prasad Prabhakar
|[[Daniel Balaji]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Y. G. Mahendran]]
|Golden Reel International Pictures, Prasad Prabhakar Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-30 |title=RPM Trailer: Daniel Balaji leads a team of notorious packers and movers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/30/rpm-trailer-daniel-balaji-leads-a-team-of-notorious-packers-and-movers |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Sannidhanam (P.O)''
|Amutha Sarathy
|[[Yogi Babu]], Rupesh Shetty, Sithara, [[Pramod Shetty]]
|Sarvata Cine Garage, Shimoga Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-21 |title=Yogi Babu starrer Sannidhanam (P.O) gets a release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/21/yogi-babu-starrer-sannidhanam-po-gets-a-release-window |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sardar 2]]''
|[[P. S. Mithran]]
|[[Karthi]], [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Malavika Mohanan]], [[Ashika Ranganath]]
|Prince Pictures, IVY Entertainment
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Karthi and PS Mithran's 'Sardar 2' goes on floors, filming to begin on July 15 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthi-ps-mithran-sardar-2-goes-on-floors-filming-to-begin-on-july-15-2565835-2024-07-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817060758/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthi-ps-mithran-sardar-2-goes-on-floors-filming-to-begin-on-july-15-2565835-2024-07-12 |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Server Sundaram (unreleased film)|Server Sundaram]]''
|Anand Balki
|[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]], Bijesh, [[Kiran Rathod]]
|[[Kenanya Films]], Miraacle Movies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Santhanam's long-delayed film Server Sundaram gets tentative Pongal release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/10/santhanams-long-delayed-film-server-sundaram-gets-tentative-pongal-release |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''The Proof''
|I.Radhika
|[[Sai Dhanshika]], Rudhvir Vadhan, [[Ashok Kumar Balakrishnan]], [[Riythvika]]
|Golden Studios
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Proof (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/the-proof/ET00395388 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418132439/https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/the-proof/ET00395388 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Train''
|[[Mysskin]]
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Yugi Sethu]]
|[[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|V Creations]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-01 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Train' with Mysskin goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathis-train-with-mysskin-goes-on-floors/article67593607.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401085618/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathis-train-with-mysskin-goes-on-floors/article67593607.ece |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Vishwanath & Sons''
|[[Venky Atluri]]
|[[Suriya]], [[Mamitha Baiju]]
|Sithara Entertainments, Fortune Four Cinemas, Srikara Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-15 |title='Suriya 46': It's a wrap for Suriya's film with Venky Atluri; fans excited |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-46-its-a-wrap-for-suriyas-film-with-venky-atluri-fans-excited/articleshow/125976494.cms |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai]]''
|[[Ram (director)|Ram]]
|[[Nivin Pauly]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
|[[Suresh Kamatchi|V House Productions]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2024 |title='Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai' receives rave reviews at Rotterdam Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-receives-rave-reviews-at-rotterdam-film-festival/articleshow/107495001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219024159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-receives-rave-reviews-at-rotterdam-film-festival/articleshow/107495001.cms |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Lists of Tamil-language films]]
* [[List of Tamil films of 2025]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}{{notelist-lg}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2026 films}}
[[Category:2026 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2020s Indian films|*]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2026]]

AvenuesAI

2026-05-06T15:40:19Z

Irinaequalliat: adding the info v1

{{Short description|Indian financial technology company}}
{{Merge from |1=.ooo |target=AvenuesAI |afd=.ooo |date =May 2026 }}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = AvenuesAI Ltd
| logo = AvenuesAI Logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt = AvenuesAI logo
| collapsible =
| former_name = {{ubl|Infibeam Corporation Ltd (2007–2018)|Infibeam Avenues Ltd (2018–2025)}}
| owner =
| footnotes =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2007||}}
| successor =
| founder = Vishal Mehta
| industry = [[Internet]], [[fintech]], [[Artificial intelligence]] (AI)
| services = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Online payment]]s|Payment gateway|[[Data center|Data centres]]|[[Artificial intelligence]]}}
| assets =
| equity =
| parent =
| divisions =
| trading_name =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| traded_as = {{NSE|CCAVENUE}} {{BSE|539807}}
| ISIN =
| fate =
| location = [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City|GIFT City]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[India]]
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year =
| area_served = [[India]], [[West Asia]], [[USA]] & [[Australia]]
| production_year =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|3171|c|lk=on}}<ref name="eti">{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues reports 55% jump in profits at Rs 147 crore for FY24 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/infibeam-avenues-reports-55-jump-in-profits-at-rs-147-crore-for-fy24/articleshow/110180630.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| income_year = FY23-24
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|147|c}}<ref name="eti"/>
| net_income_year = FY23-24
| members =
| members_year =
| num_employees = 650 (in 2022)
| subsid = [[Rediff.com|Rediff]]
| module =
| website = {{URL|www.avenuesai.com}}
}}
'''AvenuesAI Limited''', formerly '''Infibeam Avenues Limited''', is an Indian AI-[[financial technology|fintech]] company that provides digital payment services, [[Ecommerce platform|eCommerce platforms]], digital lending, data [[cloud storage]] and enterprise software to businesses.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=Vishal |title=Fintech firm Suvidhaa plans e-commerce foray |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/fintech-firm-suvidhaa-plans-e-commerce-foray/articleshow/70732595.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=19 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Migration Message |url=https://www.suvideals.ooo/static/help/migration_message.pdf |website=Suvideals.ooo }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam's BillAvenue adds 1 million agents; targets reaching 5 million agents by 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/infibeams-billavenue-adds-1-million-agents-targets-reaching-5-million-agents-by-2025/articleshow/98455217.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=6 March 2023}}</ref>

It provides payment infrastructure services through its flagship brand, CCAvenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues Unveils CCAvenue SoundBox Max, A Next-Generation Payment Solution for Merchants - Indian Startup Times |url=https://indianstartuptimes.com/news/infibeam-avenues-unveils-ccavenue-soundbox-max-a-next-generation-payment-solution-for-merchants/ |website=Indianstartuptimes |date=3 September 2024}}</ref> Infibeam Avenues claims to have more than 1 [[crore]] (10 million) merchants on its platform. It also operates in overseas markets like [[United States]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues Ltd deepens its reach in digital payments |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=324843 |website=EquityBulls |date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

It is headquartered in [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City|GIFT City]], [[Gujarat]], India with offices in [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="S. Prem Kumar">{{cite web|last=S. Prem Kumar|title=Infibeam's double-edged strategy|url=http://www.thesmartceo.in/magazine/growth-enterprise/infibeams-double-edged-strategy.html|publisher=The Smart CEO|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Infibeam logo.jpg|thumb|Infibeam logo in 2011]]

Infibeam Avenues was established in 2007 by Vishal Mehta.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Suresh P. Iyengar|title=No competitors here, all are partners|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/no-competitors-here-all-are-partners/article5207103.ece|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|date=6 October 2013}}</ref> The company was listed on the [[BSE SENSEX|BSE]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] in 2016.

On 7 September 2022, Infibeam Avenues launched its omni-channel mobile app CCAvenue TapPay that allows businesses and entrepreneurs to convert any NFC-enabled [[Android (operating system)|Android phone]] into smart [[POS Terminal|PoS terminals]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Infibeam Avenues launches mobile app with TapPay feature |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/infibeam-avenues-launches-mobile-app-with-tappay-feature/articleshow/92578241.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=30 June 2022 }}</ref>

In August 2024, Infibeam Avenues acquired a 54.1% stake in internet business firm [[Rediff.com]].<ref name="TBL">{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues acquires 54.1% stake in Rediff.com for ₹50 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/infibeam-avenues-acquires-541-stake-in-rediffcom-for-25-crore/article68477073.ece |website=BusinessLine |language=en |date=2 August 2024}}</ref> Vishal Mehta, the founder of Infibeam, became the chairman and managing director of Rediff.com.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam founder Vishal Mehta becomes Rediff's new Chairman and Managing Director |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/internet/story/infibeam-founder-vishal-mehta-becomes-rediffs-new-chairman-and-managing-director-448785-2024-10-04 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=4 October 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Infibeam Avenues Logo.jpg|thumb|Infibeam Avenues logo until 2025]]

In 2026, Infibeam Avenues Limited changed its name to AvenuesAI Limited. The rebrand was preceded by approval from the [[Registrar of Companies (India)|Registrar of Companies]] (ROC), [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]], [[Government of India]] and followed an initial public disclosure made on 11 December 2025. As part of the transition, the company's stock ticker on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) changed from INFIBEAM to CCAVENUE effective 3 February 2026, while its BSE ticker code (539807) remained unchanged.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues rebranded as AvenuesAI |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/infibeam-avenues-rebranded-as-avenuesai-126013000853_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues board approves rebranding to AvenuesAI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/infibeam-avenues-board-approves-rebranding-to-avenuesai/articleshow/125927944.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=12 December 2025}}</ref>

Vishal Mehta, the founder of Infibeam, has assumed the role of Chairman and Managing Director of [[Rediff.com]]. He succeeds [[Ajit Balakrishnan]], who has directed the corporation since its inception in 1996. The leadership transition occurs subsequent to Infibeam Avenues Ltd's acquisition of a controlling interest in Rediff.com.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam founder Vishal Mehta becomes Rediff’s new Chairman and Managing Director |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/internet/story/infibeam-founder-vishal-mehta-becomes-rediffs-new-chairman-and-managing-director-448785-2024-10-04 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=4 October 2024}}</ref>

== Services ==
=== Payment Processing ===
Infibeam provides a digital payment gateway service through CCAvenue. The CCAvenue Payment Gateway offers multiple payment options, supports 18 different languages, and facilitates transactions in 27 major foreign currencies. It also establishes a secure link between websites, institutions, and banks during transactions.

CCAvenue's 'TokenPay' help merchants to comply with the [[Reserve Bank of India]]'s data security norms by securing multi-network tokenisation, which works across major card networks, including [[MasterCard]], [[RuPay]], and [[Visa Inc.|Visa]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Umarji |first1=Vinay |title=Infibeam's CCAvenue starts TokenPay to help merchants comply with RBI norms |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/infibeam-s-ccavenue-starts-tokenpay-to-help-merchants-comply-with-rbi-norms-121110400347_1.html |website=Business-standard.com |language=en |date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

The Reserve Bank of India had granted Infibeam Avenues "in-principle" authorisation to operate as a Payment Aggregator (PA) under the brand CCAvenue, to allow a wide range of online and offline transactions. Payment aggregators allow e-commerce platforms and merchants to accept a variety of payment methods from customers, simplifying the payment process and removing the need for merchants to design their own payment integration system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues receives RBI in-principle nod for payment aggregator licence |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/infibeam-avenues-receives-rbis-in-principle-nod-for-payment-aggregator-licence/articleshow/95128521.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=27 October 2022}}</ref>

The Reserve Bank of India has granted Infibeam Avenues Limited, India's first publicly traded fintech startup, a permanent licence for its bill payments platform, BillAvenue. BillAvenue can use this licence to operate as a Bharat Bill Payment Operating Unit (BBPOU) under the [[Bharat Bill Payment System]] (BBPS). BillAvenue functions as both a biller and a customer operating unit as a BBPOU, easing the onboarding of Billers and Agent Institutions to service clients.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues announces perpetual renewal of 'Bharat Bill Payment' license by RBI |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/personal-finance/infibeam-avenues-announces-perpetual-renewal-of-bharat-bill-payment-license-by-rbi-15511471.htm |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en |date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

=== CCAvenue ===
This is India's payment solutions provider and a brand of AvenuesAI Ltd, launched CCAvenue CommerceAI, a platform built around the CCAvenue Model Context Protocol (MCP), which acts as a secure, standardized bridge enabling AI agents and merchant systems to autonomously initiate, orchestrate, and execute payment tasks within a verified and auditable environment. The platform targets high-frequency digital payment sectors including telecom, utilities, insurance, hospitality, and OTT subscription management. The platforms were unveiled at the Global Fintech Fest 2025 in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=CCAvenue CommerceAI Launched With MCP |url=https://www.fintechbiznews.com/fintech-digital-payment-/ccavenue-commerceai-launched-with-mcp- |website=Fintechbiznews.com}}</ref>

=== Merchants Financing/Lending ===
Infibeam Avenue has a lending aggregation platform called Trust Avenue. The company has facilitated AI-based lending for 3 million merchants through partnerships with banks and NBFCs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues plans AI-based lending for its 3 million merchants through tie-ups with banks, NBFCs |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/msme-fin-infibeam-avenues-plans-ai-based-lending-for-its-3-million-merchants-through-tie-ups-with-banks-nbfcs/2308072/ |website=Financialexpress |date=10 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Data Centre infrastructure services===
The company forayed into the segment of infrastructure or data centre-as-a-service, and built a state-of-the-art Tier-III data centre in GIFT City, [[Gandhinagar]]. It received Tier-III design certification from Uptime Institute as it is equipped with fully redundant and dual-powered servers, storage, network links and other IT components.<ref>{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Aaron St |title=Infibeam Avenues receives Tier III Design Certification from Uptime Institute for its Data Center - equitybulls.com |url=https://uptimeinstitute.com/tier-certification/overview/26-news-external/1351-infibeam-avenues-receives-tier-iii-design-certification-from-uptime-institute-for-its-data-center-equitybulls-com |website=uptimeinstitute.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Infibeam Avenues has partnered with [[IBM]] India to develop implement and promote [[blockchain]] capabilities on the [[LinuxONE|LinuxOne]] platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues Limited |url=https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/infibeam-journey-to-cloud |website=ibm.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues partners with IBM to deploy blockchain solutions in India |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2018/12/21/infibeam-avenues-partners-with-ibm-to-deploy-blockchain-solutions-in-india/ |website=Techcircle |date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

===Artificial Intelligence===
Infibeam Avenues announced its entry into the AI-enabled fraud detection industry on August 8, 2023, with the goal of developing [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] (AI) solutions for authentication, [[fraud detection]], and risk identification in both domestic and worldwide markets. In the beginning, the company will focus on the digital payments and financial industries, employing AI and machine learning algorithms to detect online transaction fraud in real time. Infibeam Avenues also intends to build India's first AI HUB at GIFT City.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thathoo |first1=Chetan |title=Infibeam To Foray Into Fraud Detection Market With Its AI HUB In GIFT City |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/infibeam-avenues-to-foray-into-fraud-detection-market-with-its-ai-hub-in-gift-city/ |website=Inc42 Media |language=en |date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

=== PayCentral.ai ===
PayCentral is India's first Agentic Payment Platform, launched on 8 October 2025 by Phronetic AI, a full-stack Agentic AI company backed by AvenuesAI (formerly Infibeam Avenues Ltd). The platform enables AI agents to autonomously transact on behalf of merchants and enterprises, functioning as an intelligent payment infrastructure layer built on Google's Agent Payment Protocol (AP2) and designed to integrate with multiple Payment Aggregators' Model Context Protocols (MCPs). PayCentral.ai allows AI agents to create dynamic payment links, manage refunds, handle subscriptions, and reconcile accounts without human intervention, marking a foundational step toward Agent-to-Agent (A2A) payments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam's Phronetic AI may come-up with India's first Agentic payment platform, |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/fintech/infibeams-phronetic-ai-introduces-indias-first-autonomous-payment-platform-paycentral/124331704 |website=ETBFSI.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India gets its first agentic AI payment platform |url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/india-gets-its-first-agentic-ai-payment-platform-1759751287442 |website=Inshorts |language=en}}</ref>

== Mergers and acquisitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Type !! Company !! Services !! Stake !! Cites
|-
| 2024 || Acquisition || [[Rediff.com]] || Mumbai-based internet company, founded in 1996. It provides news and information, enterprise email || 82% || <ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues Sells Ecommerce Platform Business to Rediff in ₹800 Cr Deal |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/news/infibeam-avenues-sells-ecommerce-platform-business-to-rediff-in-800-cr-deal |website=Outlook Business |language=en |date=8 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="TBL"/>
|-
| 2024 || Investment || XDuce || Enterprise app and AI development company that specialises in building AI solutions for businesses to optimise their internal operations and customer-facing systems. || 20% || <ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues Acquires 20% Stake In US-Based AI Development Company XDuce For $10 Mn |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/infibeam-avenues-acquires-20-stake-in-us-based-ai-development-company-xduce-for-10-mn/ |website=Inc42 Media |language=en |date=25 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Investment || Pirimid Fintech || Capital markets financial software provider. The company develops customised capital markets and digital lending products, tools, and services to meet the industry's needs, globally. || 49% || <ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues picks up 49% stake in Ahmedabad-based Pirimid Fintech |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/infibeam-avenues-picks-up-49-stake-in-ahmedabad-based-pirimid-fintech-123121400853_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Investment || Vishko22 || Software startup that develops omnichannel enterprise software products and services for domestic and international ecommerce marketplaces. || 50% || <ref>{{cite news |title=Infibeam Avenues invests in software startup Vishko22 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/infibeam-avenues-invests-in-software-startup-vishko22/articleshow/93784155.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=25 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Acquisition || Uvik Technologies || software point-of-sale || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Vora |first1=Rutam |title=Infibeam to bring technology that converts smartphones into 'payment terminals' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/infibeam-to-bring-technology-that-converts-smartphones-into-payment-terminals/article64970669.ece |website=Thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |date=7 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Acquisition || Cardpay Technologies || Bengaluru-based Cardpay Technologies provides unified spend management platform to corporates || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Infibeam Avenues acquires Cardpay Technologies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/infibeam-avenues-acquires-cardpay-technologies/articleshow/76257531.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=8 June 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || Acquisition || Instant Global Paytech || Mumbai-based digital payments tech firm Instant Global Paytech Pvt. Ltd (IGPL), which operates Go Payments || 48% || <ref>{{cite news|title=Infibeam Avenues invests in Instant Global Paytech|work=www.businesstoday.in|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/infibeam-avenues-invests-in-instant-global-paytech/story/296938.html}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || Merger || CCAvenue || Infibeam and Avenues (India) Private Limited entered into a binding agreement to merge and take control of CCAvenue through Equity Stake || || <ref name='tc'>{{cite web|date=14 February 2017|title=Infibeam set to merge payment gateway firm CCAvenue with itself|url=https://www.techcircle.in/2017/02/14/infibeam-set-to-merge-payment-gateway-firm-ccavenue-with-itself/|website=Techcircle}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || Acquisition || DRC Systems || Infibeam Avenues acquired DRC Systems India Pvt Ltd, a company which provides software services for enterprise E-commerce, ERP and related fields || || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Vishal |title=Infibeam acquires cloud ERP solutions provider DRC Systems |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/infibeam-acquires-cloud-erp-solutions-provider-drc-systems/articleshow/57447323.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Acquisition || Odigma || digital marketing || $5 million || <ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam acquires digital marketing firm ODigMa for $5 mn |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/infibeam-acquires-digital-marketing-firm-odigma-for-5-mn-114022401201_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=24 February 2014}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{Banking in India}}
{{FinTech in India}}

[[Category:Companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Online financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Unnal Mudiyum Thambi

2026-05-06T05:54:52Z

Irinaequalliat: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unnal Mudiyum Thambi
| image = Unnal Mudiyum Thambi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = Rajam Balachander Pushpa Kandaswamy
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Rudraveena (film)|Rudraveena]]''|K. Balachander}}
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] [[Gemini Ganesan]]
| cinematography = R. Raghunatha Reddy
| editing = R. Bhaskaran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1988|8|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Unnal Mudiyum Thambi''''' ({{translation|You can do it, brother!}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[musical film|musical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. Produced by [[Kavithalayaa Productions]], the film stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] and [[Gemini Ganesan]]. [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Prasad Babu]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], and [[Delhi Ganesh]] play supporting roles. The film was a remake of Balachander's own [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Rudraveena (film)|Rudraveena]]'' (1988).

''Unnal Mudiyum Thambi'' focuses on the ideological conflicts between 'Bilahari' Marthandam Pillai, a reputed Carnatic musician, and his younger son Udayamoorthy. Pillai's discrimination towards the people belonging to lower caste is met with criticism from Udhayamoorthy, who believes in society's welfare and walks out for good later. The events that led to change in Pillai's views form the remaining part of the story.

[[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the film's soundtrack and background score. R. Raghunatha Reddy was the film's director of photography, R. Bhaskaran edited the film, and Mohanam was the art director. The film was released on 12 August 1988 to positive critical reception.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=May 2024}}
A car makes an entry into the village. An [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] gets out of the car and finds that the village is self-disciplined in terms of cleanliness, and the villagers get rid of bad habits, such as drinking. He learns that the cause of all this is a young man named Udaymoorthy. The MP wonders how only a young man was able to achieve this and expresses this to Udayamoorthy; a flashback begins.

Adolescent Udayamoorthy, from a high society family, sees an old, blind beggar woman struggling to pick up a banana thrown by a passerby. Udayamoorthy doesn't help the woman, and an old man helps the beggar woman instead. The old man calls Udayamurthy and advises him to be helpful to others. The struggle of that elderly woman pinches his mindset due him not helping her in need. Now an adult, Udayamoorthy is a very mischievous and happy-go-lucky guy who likes to pull pranks on his family members and gets punished by his father Bilahari Marthandam Pillai, an ardent devotee and short-tempered [[Carnatic music]] singer. Pillai's elder son is born mute and hence had to take in instrument, the [[Nadaswaram|nadhaswaram]], which he is quite adept at.

One day, Pillai shouts at Udayamoorthy, saying that it is better to die than to live an irresponsible life like this, and this hurts Udayamoorthy. The next morning, family members are shocked on seeing Udayamurthy hanging himself at the middle of the hall. But actually, it is another prank played by him, and he did not die so. Angayarkanni, hurt by the mischief, feels sad for not playing her role as a sister-in-law and not raising Udayamoorthy properly and making him as an irresponsible boy. Udayamoorthy changes his mind and start to be responsible, making his family happy. He comes to a decision of being helpful to the society by reminding of the temple incident in his adolescent life and on seeing an old gardener who wants to live usefully for the society at least by planting trees.

Udayamoorthy sees a woman in a government office who protests against an official for rejecting her application for a teacher job for not mentioning her caste and religion in the application. Udayamoorthy again sees the woman at a theatre when she slaps a thug for misbehaving. Udayamoorthy gets attracted to the girl named Lalithakamalam, on knowing that she and her thoughts are very much secular. Both Udayamoorthy and Lalitha fall in love with each other. Udayamoorthy could not concentrate on singing when he hears the begging of a night beggar. This angers Pillai, and he shouts that Udayamoorthy is not fit to be his disciple. Pillai also gets angry on seeing Udayamoorthy loving a girl who come from the caste of untouchables. Udayamoorthy and Pillai get into a fight when the latter brings another man Charukesi to become his disciple, stating reasons that Udayamoorthy can live as a man going behind humanity and not as a devoted singer. At another incident, Udayamoorthy gets vexed when Pillai does not care to save a dying man by giving a lift in his car to the hospital but cared only to be punctual for his music program, leading to the man's death due to delay in treatment. Pillai challenges Udayamoorthy to become a man making his father proud without using the name of his father in the society and then he will listen to what he says. Udayamoorthy could not bear to be neglected by his father, and he leaves the house.

Udayamoorthy meets the dead man's wife and finds that the government did not give any compensation to the family as the man was drunk while on duty. Udayamoorthy finds a lot of men laying always at drunkard state and their children going for work to earn for their drinking expense instead of going to school. Hence he sets out to change the people and bring them out of drinking habit. He becomes unsuccessful in his attempt, and at the same time gets attacked by a liquor-selling group. Lalitha provokes the wives of the drunkards to protest their husbands, to which the women co-operate. Udayamoorthy gains the enmity of the drunkards for destroying the liquor shops and provoking their wives against them. Hence they set out to stop the wedding of Udayamoorthy with Lalitha by promising that they would stop drinking if he cancels his wedding, to which Udayamoorthy accepts. His sacrifice earns up the respect upon the whole village, and the drunkards start to obey him. Udayamoorthy and Lalitha together start 'Amaidhi Puratchi Iyyakam' (Silent Revolution Movement) and bring many reforms.

The MP, on hearing the whole story, appreciates him a lot and brings the reformation to the light of the government. Udayamurthy becomes famous overnight and gets 'Best Indian' award from the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] for transforming the village in the good path. Pillai finds that his son achieved his mission and proudly announces that Pillai is Udayamoorthy's father, rather Udayamurthy is Pillai's son. He also accepts the marriage of his son with Lalitha and unites them.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Udayamoorthy
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Lalithakamalam
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Angayarkanni<ref name="TOI" />
* [[Janagaraj]]
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Udayamoorthy's mute brother<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |title=Aachi Manorama's memorable Roles |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/aachi-manoramas-memorable-roles/photostory/49309593.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131142055/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/aachi-manoramas-memorable-roles/photostory/49309593.cms |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Bilhari Marthandam Pillai
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as the wine shop owner
* [[Charle]]
* [[Kavithalayaa Krishnan|Krishnan]]
* Dhaarini as Mohana, Udayamoorthy's sister
* [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]]
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as "Bloody" MP (special appearance)<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Matchbox Company Owner
* [[R. Visweswaran|Visweswaran]] as Prime Minister
* [[Meesai Murugesan|Meesai Murugesh]] as Anjayya
* [[Typist Gopu]]
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Charukesi (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2020 |title=படத்தின் முதல் காட்சியே நெஞ்சை தொட்டுவிடும்..! - 32 years of 'உன்னால் முடியும் தம்பி' #MyVikatan |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/an-article-about-kamal-haasans-unnal-mudiyum-thambi-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405073823/https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/an-article-about-kamal-haasans-unnal-mudiyum-thambi-movie |archive-date=5 April 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Vasanth]] as a reporter (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Priyadarshini |date=12 August 2023 |title=35 Years of Unnal Mudiyum Thambi : மாற்றங்கள் மட்டுமே மாறாதது என்பதை சுட்டிக்காட்டிய படம் உன்னால் முடியும் தம்பி! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/35-years-of-unnal-mudiyum-thambi-unnalal-mudiyum-thambi-is-a-film-that-shows-that-change-is-the-only-constant-131691754329901.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405073701/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/35-years-of-unnal-mudiyum-thambi-unnalal-mudiyum-thambi-is-a-film-that-shows-that-change-is-the-only-constant-131691754329901.html |archive-date=5 April 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
''Unnal Mudiyum Thambi'' is a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Rudraveena (film)|Rudraveena]]''.<ref name="hindutamil" /> Kamal Haasan's character was inspired by, and named after a real life social activist [[M. S. Udayamurthy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2015 |title=The honest lost to seasoned politicians |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-honest-lost-to-seasoned-politicians/article8033089.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509101913/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-honest-lost-to-seasoned-politicians/article8033089.ece |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=4 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=23 December 2014 |title=He took Tamil cinema beyond hero-centric creations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/he-took-tamil-cinema-beyond-herocentric-creations/article6719996.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605172119/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/he-took-tamil-cinema-beyond-herocentric-creations/article6719996.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=16 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2002 |title=Beyond politics and spirituality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/beyond-politics-and-spirituality/article28610432.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509101913/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/beyond-politics-and-spirituality/article28610432.ece |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Gemini Ganesan was cast as the Carnatic musician Bilahari Marthandam Pillai, reprising his role from the Telugu original.<ref name="hindutamil" /> [[R. Visweswaran]], husband of Bharatanatyam artist [[Chitra Visweswaran]] portrayed the role of the Prime Minister who appears in the climax.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2004 |title=Life is stranger than fiction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/life-is-stranger-than-fiction/article28204677.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509101913/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/life-is-stranger-than-fiction/article28204677.ece |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the pre-production phases, the film was tentatively titled ''Sundarakandam''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jOOmUsDq0Q |title="Ajith and I went in disguise to watch Vijay films" {{!}} Interview with Director Saran {{!}} Fully Filmy |date=19 September 2017 |publisher=Fully Filmy Tamil |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511005723/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jOOmUsDq0Q |archive-date=11 May 2020 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnal Mudiyum Thambi (1988) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000182.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817144823/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000182.html |archive-date=17 August 2011 |access-date=19 February 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> He reused some tracks from the Telugu original. The song "Idhazhil Kathai" is set in [[Lalitha (raga)|Lalitha]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=4 June 2016 |title=Distinctly classical |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/distinctly-classical/article4981630.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110154846/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/distinctly-classical/article4981630.ece |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Nee Ondruthaan" is set in [[Bilahari]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2012 |title=Cinema Quiz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/cinema-quiz/article3902521.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509101913/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/cinema-quiz/article3902521.ece |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Enna Samayalo" is set in [[Ragamalika]], "Akkam Pakkam" is set in [[Punnagavarali]] and "Punjai Undu" is set in [[Suddha Dhanyasi]].{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=122}}. "Maanida Sevai", continues from [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]]'s composition, ''Pancha Nadeesha Pahimam'', set in [[Poornachandrika]]. The title track, "Unnal Mudiyum Thambi" is set in [[Hindolam]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Unnal Mudiyum Thambi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ithazhil Kathai Ezhuthum Neram
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubramanyam, [[K. S. Chitra]]
| lyrics2 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Enna Samayalo
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra, Sunandha
| lyrics3 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Akkam Pakkam Parada
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubramanyam
| lyrics4 = Pulamaipithan
| length4 =
| title5 = Punjai Undu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics5 = Pulamaipithan
| length5 =
| title6 = Nee Onru Than
| extra6 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| lyrics6 = Pulamaipithan
| length6 =
| title7 = Maanida Sevai
| extra7 = K. J. Yesudas
| lyrics7 = Pulamaipithan
| length7 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Unnal Mudiyum Thambi'' was released on 12 August 1988.<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=12 August 2020 |title='உதயமூர்த்தி', 'பிலஹரி மார்த்தாண்டம் பிள்ளை', 'அண்ணி அங்கயற்கண்ணி'; 80களின் 'ரோல்மாடல்' படமாக வந்த 'உன்னால் முடியும் தம்பி'! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/569536-32-years-of-unnal-mudiyum-thambi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111232557/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/569536-32-years-of-unnal-mudiyum-thambi.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 1988 |title=Unnal Mudiyum Thambi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880812&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=16 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "[''Unnal Mudiyum Thambi''] has not only something to say, the manner in which it says this is, within the parameters of Tamil cinema's idiom, quite lively."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=2 September 1988 |title=Unnaal Mudiyum Thambi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880902&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 November 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] won Best male playback singer award at the 10th [[Cinema Express Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 1989 |title=Cinema Express readers choose Agni Nakshathiram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890311&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At the 2nd Gammaa Malaysian Indian Music Awards, the film won three awards: Best Foreign Indian Male Singer (Balasubrahmanyam), Best Foreign Indian Female Singer (Chithra) and Best Foreign Indian Film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 1989 |title=Indian movie stars in KL to collect awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FKJUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2215%2C2315420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503121238/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FKJUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2215%2C2315420 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0155319}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}

[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 musical films]]

Jute Corporation of India

2026-05-05T01:25:57Z

Irinaequalliat: Put up

{{Short description|Textile organization in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Jute Corporation of India Limited
| logo = JCI LOGO.jpg
| logo_caption =
| caption =
| traded_as =
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1971
| founder =
| defunct = 
| location_city = Patsan Bhavan, 3rd & 4th Floor [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], 700156, [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = India
| locations =
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Cmde. Ajay Kumar Jolly (Retd.), Managing Director}}
| industry = Jute trade
| products = Jute
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]], [[Government of India]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.jutecorp.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Jute Corporation of India''' Limited (JCI) is [[Public sector undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]], [[Government of India]]. It is incorporated by the Government Of India in 1971 as a price support agency with a clear mandate for the procurement of raw [[jute]] / mesta without any quantitative limit from the growers at the Minimum Support price (MSP) declared each year by the Government of India based on the recommendations made by [https://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ Commission for Agricultural Cost & Prices] (CACP). This protects the jute growers from exploitation in the hands of the middlemen. The basic objective is not profit making but a social cause to protect the interest of about 4.00 million families engaged in farming of jute, most of whom are small/marginal farmers. Therefore, the presence of JCI in the market provides stability in the raw jute prices.

==Background==
Traditionally, the jute trade in India has been controlled by middlemen, with a large difference between what the mills pay and what the farmers receive. The jute industry suffers from wide fluctuations in price and supply due to rapid changes in the area cultivated and to the effects of the weather. High prices for one year may lead to over-planting and a glut the next year. Both the growers and the mills that use the crop suffer from these fluctuations. International users have shifted to synthetic fibers in part due to the uncertain supply and in part to high export duties imposed by the Indian government. The government has had to take over the operations of mills that could not compete in this difficult market.{{sfn|Kumar|1994|p=116}} The JCI was established in an attempt to stabilize prices, create a buffer stock for the mills, and ensure that farmers received a fair return.{{sfn|Kumar|1994|p=117}}

==Operations==

Since 1966/1967, the government has fixed the MSP for different types of jute and ''mesta'' based on recommendations from the Commission for Agricultural Cost and Prices.{{sfn|Roul|2009|p=224}} JCI was established in 1971. At first a small agency, it has steadily grown and now operates in the main jute-growing states of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Tripura]], [[Odisha]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{sfn|Welcome}}
As of 2004, the JCI operated 171 departmental purchase centers and 69 state-level cooperative centers, and purchased from almost 250 village-level cooperatives.{{sfn|Roul|2009|p=143}}
Each of the purchase centers was in hired premises and included an import shed, assortment shed, bale press shed, bale storage godown, and office.
The JCI had enough total storage for 215,000 bales each weighing {{convert|180|kg}}.{{sfn|Roul|2009|p=144}}

The company purchases jute at the defined minimum price when market prices drop to this level, and later sells the jute to jute mills. In times when demand is strong, there may be no need to make purchases since the price remains above the MSP.{{sfn|Public Enterprises Survey}}
However, the JCI continues commercial operations in these years.{{sfn|Roul|2009|p=224}}
In the 1980s, the JCI experienced difficulty in disposing of its stocks of raw jute purchased under the MSP. The Ministry of Textiles used the power vested in the Jute Commissioner under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, to fix the price of B.Twill bags and to require private jute mills to lift raw jute from the JCI. This practice has remained in force since then.{{sfn|Roul|2009|p=216}}

As the implementing agency of JTM Mini Mission-III, JCI is engaged in developing market infrastructure like Market Yards, Departmental Purchase Centers (DPCs), etc., and developing market linkage for jute growers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

In recent years, JCI has been engaged in promoting alternative jute retting technologies, viz., jute decorticator, enzyme-based retting.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Issues==

The JCI has made a loss in almost every year of operation since it was founded in 1971/1972.{{sfn|Roul|2009|p=224}}But in recent years, it has started making profits. The Government of India provides an annual subsidy to cover the MSP, even in years where there is no MSP outlay. In these years, the subsidy is set aside for future use.

For the 2011-2012 budget year the amount granted was ₹550 million.{{sfn|Grant of subsidy}} When there is a plentiful jute crop, as in 1979-1980 and 1985–1986, the JCI has purchased large quantities at the MSP but the price in many other jute markets has fallen below the MSP. In years with low production, prices have soared even though the JCI released what it could from its stocks.{{sfn|Bhalla|Randhawa|Tyagi|1989|p=28}}

A review of operations up to 1978 found that the JCI had failed to meet its objective of stabilizing price and supply. It did not have the organization it needed for effective operations, was short of funding, and was handicapped by interference in the way it operated from the Ministry. The recommendation from this review was to give the JCI a monopoly on jute purchases.{{sfn|Kumar|1994|p=117}}
A 2010 audit said the company still did not provide effective price support. In the years from 2003 to 2009, the company only bought between 0.99% and 10.4% of the available jute, and covered 43% of jute trading centers. At times, the JCI stopped purchases due to a lack of storage facilities, forcing farmers to sell at lower prices to middlemen.{{sfn|Verma|Rai|2010|p=150}} The 2010 audit recommended several improvements to procedures combined with scaled-up operations to provide more effective support to the jute growers.{{sfn|Verma|Rai|2010|p=162}}

It took pressure from West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] to force JCI to purchase jute directly from farmers rather than from middlemen.{{sfn|Chakraborty|Sen|2011}} In October 2011, farmers demonstrated against the low prices offered for their produce in [[Darrang district|Bechimari]], Darrang, Assam, blocking off a road and then attacking vehicles. The police fired, killing four jute farmers. The farmers complained that a cartel of buyers was keeping prices artificially low.{{sfn|Roy|2011}} In response, the state authorities announced that the sales tax on raw jute would be dropped and a new jute mill would be established at [[Dalgaon]]. They could not, however, change the minimum price set by JCI.{{sfn|Sales tax off}}

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist}}
;Sources
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGPhIsdbFEIC&pg=PA28
|title=Implementation and Administration of Agricultural Price Policy in Asia
|first1=G. S. |last1=Bhalla |first2=N. S. |last2=Randhawa |first3=D. S. |last3=Tyagi
|publisher= Food & Agriculture Org. |year=1989 |isbn=9251027986}}
*{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/10710227.cms
|work=The Times of India
|title=West Bengal govt planning to bifurcate Burdwan
|date=13 November 2011 |first1=Debojyoti |last1=Chakraborty |first2=Saibal |last2=Sen
|access-date=3 May 2012}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Grant of subsidy}}
|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=78273
|publisher=Government of India
|date=7 December 2011
|title=Grant of subsidy to Jute Corporation of India to maintain its infrastructure for MSP (Minimum Support Price) operations
|access-date=3 May 2012}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xz0HGOUMNoC&pg=PA116
|title=Committees and Commissions in India: 1947 - 73; a Concept's Project. 1978; Part A, Volume 16
|first=Virendra |last=Kumar
|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1994 |isbn=8170224896}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|New CMD to Jute Corporation}}
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/article1465474.ece
|work=The Hindu
|title=New CMD to Jute Corporation of India
|access-date=3 May 2012}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Public Enterprises Survey}}
|chapter-url=http://www.dpe.nic.in/sites/upload_files/dpe/files/sur0910/survey01/120.pdf
|title=Public Enterprises Survey |chapter=Jute Corporation of India Ltd.
|publisher=Department of Public Enterprises
|year=2010
|access-date=3 May 2012}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0gH_ID_AMcC&pg=PA143
|title=The International Jute Commodity System
|first=Chhabilendra |last=Roul
|publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=2009 |isbn=978-8172112745}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111012/jsp/frontpage/story_14613378.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015005926/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111012/jsp/frontpage/story_14613378.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 October 2011
|title=Bechimari mourns jute martyrs - Price hitch stays unresolved
|first=Dipanker |last=Roy
|work=The Telegraph
|date=12 October 2011 |access-date=3 May 2012}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Sales tax off}}
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111016/jsp/northeast/story_14628142.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025115611/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111016/jsp/northeast/story_14628142.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=25 October 2011
|title=Sales tax off on raw jute
|work=The Telegraph
|date=16 October 2011
|access-date=3 May 2012}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2010_2011/Commercial/Report_no_10/chap10.pdf
|publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India
|first1=Sunil
|last1=Verma
|first2=Vinod
|last2=Rai
|date=February 2010
|title=Jute Corporation of India Limited
|access-date=3 May 2012
}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Welcome}}
|url=http://www.jci.gov.in:8080/jci/
|title=Welcome to The Jute Corporation of India Limited
|publisher=The Jute Corporation of India Limited
|access-date=3 May 2012
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412225820/http://www.jci.gov.in:8080/jci/
|archive-date=12 April 2013
|url-status=dead
}}
{{refend}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Jute industry in India]]
[[Category:Commodity markets in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1971]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Ministry of Textiles]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in West Bengal]]

Shubhendra Shankar

2026-04-29T20:20:28Z

Irinaequalliat: Put Up

{{short description|Indian musician (1942–1992)}}
{{infobox person
|name=Shubhendra Shankar
|alma_mater=[[Otis College of Art and Design]]
|father=[[Ravi Shankar]]
|mother=[[Annapurna Devi]]
|spouse=Linda
|children={{hlist|Somnath|Kaveri}}
|birth_date={{birth date|1942|03|30}}
|death_date={{death date and age|1992|09|15|1942|03|30}}
|death_place=[[Los Alamitos, California]], United States
}}
'''Shubhendra Shankar''' (30 March 1942 – 15 September 1992{{sfn|Bondyopadhyay|2005|loc=Cast}}<ref name="obituary">{{cite web| title=Shubho Shankar Dies After Long Illness at 50| date=September 21, 1992| author=Kristina Lindgren| work=Los Angeles Times| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-21-ca-781-story.html| access-date=December 17, 2012}}</ref>), also known as '''Shubho Shankar''', was an Indian graphic artist, musician and composer. He was the only son of musicians [[Annapurna Devi]] and [[Ravi Shankar]].

==Early life==
Shubhendra Shankar was the son of the [[surbahar]] virtuoso and teacher [[Annapurna Devi]] and sitar maestro [[Ravi Shankar]]. Hailing from a gifted Hindustani classical music background, his grandfather was the legendary Ustad [[Allauddin Khan]], the founder of the [[Maihar Gharana]]. He was also the nephew of sarod maestro [[Ali Akbar Khan]], and the cousin of sarodists [[Aashish Khan|Ashish Khan]], Dhyanesh Khan, Alam Khan, and Manik Khan. Through his father's side, he was the older half-brother of [[Norah Jones]] and [[Anoushka Shankar]].

Shankar learned the [[sitar]] initially from his father, Ravi Shankar. His tutorship was handed over to his mother Annapurna Devi, when Ravi Shankar could not make time due to his hectic work schedule at the All India Radio and concert tours across India. While living in his father's home in Hollywood, he painted and drew, and earned a degree in fine arts from the [[Otis Art Institute]] of the [[Parsons School of Design]] in Los Angeles.<ref name=obituary/>

In 1971, within two years of his arrival in the United States, Shankar performed in a concert for the first time, playing with his father at New York's [[Carnegie Hall]].<ref name=mansworld>{{cite web| title=Annapurna Devi & Ravi Shankar: The tragedy of a relationship| author=Aalif Surti| publisher=Man's World| url=http://mansworldindia.com/blog/?p=3030| date=August 2000| access-date=20 December 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216015655/http://mansworldindia.com/blog/?p=3030| archive-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> The performance was titled "Fathers and Sons" and included tabla players [[Alla Rakha]] and his son [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]].<ref name=latimes>{{cite web| title=To The Sitar Born: Shubho Shankar's 2nd Career Turns Out to Be His First Love| author=John Needham| date=September 21, 1989| work=Los Angeles Times| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-21-li-1109-story.html| access-date=20 December 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
Shankar performed frequently on concert tours, composed music for films and recorded several albums. He performed with his father, appearing throughout Europe, Asia and the United States, including performances at the [[Kennedy Center]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=obituary/>

After marrying, Shankar gradually dropped out of the music scene and stopped playing the sitar for almost eight years.<ref name=mansworld/> At the age of 40, he took his father's advice to return to his music full-time.<ref name=obituary/> He gave lessons in sitar playing, singing and flute in [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], [[San Diego]] and Los Angeles.

In 1989–1990, Shankar went on a concert tour of England, Europe and India.<ref name=latimes/>
On this trip, which also was to be his last visit to India, he met his mother after a gap of 20 years during which the two had no communication. He resumed learning the sitar under his mother.<ref name=mansworld/>

Shankar played together with his father at the [[Sawai Gandharva]] Festival in [[Pune]] in 1990, where some music critics commented that he was out of tune. Shankar was dejected, and refused to stay in India to complete his sitar education, saying it was "too late now". He returned to the US, and in his last few months cut himself off from everyone.<ref name=mansworld/>

==Personal life==
At a concert he gave at [[Whittier College]], Shankar met Linda, from [[North Carolina]], soon to be his wife.<ref name=latimes/> They had two children, son Somnath and daughter Kaveri. Gradually he lost interest in playing the sitar.<ref name=mansworld/> He worked as a clerk in a liquor store, painted pictures, and drew illustrations for telephone directories, in order to support his wife and two children.<ref name=obituary/>

==Death==
Shankar died of [[pneumonia]] at Los Alamitos Medical Center following an illness of several months at his home in [[Garden Grove, California|Garden Grove]]. He was cremated and his remains dispersed in the ocean off [[Marina del Rey]].<ref name=obituary/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Bondyopadhyay |first1=Swapan Kumar |title=Annapurna Devi: An Unheard Melody |date=2005 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=9788174368553 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6lyBAAAQBAJ |language=en}}

{{Shankar family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Shubhendra}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:Otis College of Art and Design alumni]]
[[Category:People from Garden Grove, California]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in California]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Shankar family|Shubhendra]]

Shatak: Sangh Ke 100 Varsh

2026-04-23T22:39:50Z

Irinaequalliat: Data!

{{Short description|2026 Indian Hindi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shatak: Sangh Ke 100 Varsh
| image = Shatak film poster.jpg
| caption = Official Poster of 'Shatak: Sangh Ke 100 Varsh'
| director = Aashish Mall
| narrator = [[Ajay Devgn]]
| producer = {{ubl|Vir Kapur|Co-Producer: Aashish Tiwari}}
| writer = Anil Agarwal Utsav Dan Rohit Gehlot Nitin Sawant
| cinematography = Mb Vijay Kumar
| editing = Chin2 Singh
| music =
| studio = Ada 360 Degree
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|02|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shatak: Sangh Ke 100 Varsh''''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-03-04 |title='Shatak: Sangh ke 100 Varsh', based on RSS's journey, becomes fifth film to be declared tax-free in MP in 27 months |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Mar/04/shatak-sangh-ke-100-varsh-based-on-rsss-journey-becomes-fifth-film-to-be-declared-tax-free-in-mp-in-27-months |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> is an [[India]]n film directed by Aashish Mall, produced by Vir Kapur and co-produced by Aashish Tiwari under the banner of Ada 360 Degree.<ref>{{cite news |title='Shatak' trailer fails to impress Ajay Devgn fans; netizens ask, 'Movie made by AI?' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/shatak-trailer-fails-to-impress-ajay-devgn-fans-netizens-ask-movie-made-by-ai-11770969030986.html |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[Livemint]] |date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The film revisits the 100-years history of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS)<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS evolving with time, taking new forms: Mohan Bhagwat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rss-evolving-with-time-taking-new-forms-mohan-bhagwat/article70498057.ece |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 January 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Shatak' trailer out: Film on RSS' 100-year journey narrated by Ajay Devgn. Watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/shatak-trailer-out-film-on-rss-100-year-journey-narrated-by-ajay-devgn-watch/articleshow/128267429.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 February 2026}}</ref>, a Hindu nationalist organisation that has played a significant role in India’s cultural, social, and political spheres and has been the subject of varying interpretations and debate.<ref>{{cite news |title='Is the whole movie AI?': Netizens puzzled over Shatak trailer release |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-is-the-whole-movie-ai-netizens-puzzled-over-shatak-trailer-release-4141505/ |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Ajay Devgn]] provided the narration for the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shatak trailer out: Ajay Devgn opens up on being the narrator, calls it an honour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shatak-trailer-ajay-devgn-opens-up-on-being-the-narrator-calls-it-an-honour-2867964-2026-02-13 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> 'Shatak: Sangh Ke 100 Varsh' released in theatres on 20 February 2026.

==Plot==
Narrated by Ajay Devgn, 'Shatak: Sangh Ke 100 Varsh' is a documentary chronicling a hundred years of work by the two founding figures of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh — Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar and Guruji Madhav Sadasiva Golwalkar, who continued to consolidate and expand the RSS against considerable opposition.<ref name=":0" />

== Releases ==
Trailer of 'Shatak: Sangh Ke 100 Varsh' released on 12 February 2026. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-12 |title='Shatak' trailer out: Film on RSS' 100-year journey narrated by Ajay Devgn. Watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/shatak-trailer-out-film-on-rss-100-year-journey-narrated-by-ajay-devgn-watch/articleshow/128267429.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Film released in theatres across India on 20 February 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2026-02-13 |title=Ajay Devgn lends his voice to Shatak: Sangh Ke 100 Varsh; calls narrating the film 'truly an honour' 100 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ajay-devgn-lends-voice-shatak-sangh-ke-100-varsh-calls-narrating-film-truly-honour/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en}}</ref> The film was declared tax free in Madhya Pradesh. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2026-03-03 |title='Shatak', Film On 100 Years Of RSS, Declared Tax-Free In Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/entertainment/shatak-film-on-100-years-of-rss-declared-tax-free-in-madhya-pradesh-enn26030303144 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
Ronak Kotecha of [[The Times of India]] said that "Ultimately, Shatak is a technically superlative documentary that attempts to spotlight an organisation and its leaders through a distinctly reverential lens, recreating the era with remarkable visual finesse."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shatak Movie Review: A visually slick documentary that blurs the line between chronicle and advocacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/shatak/movie-review/128605854.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] said that "Shatak is recruitment video, tutorial and pat on the back rolled into one. Released in cinemas to mark the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh’s centenary, the propaganda project is well suited to play on a loop in the lobbies of the Sangh’s ever-sprouting branch offices."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2026-02-20 |title='Shatak' review: The RSS gives itself a centenary gift |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1090871/shatak-review-the-rss-gives-itself-a-centenary-gift |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Simran Singh of [[DNA India]] said that "Shatak is more than historical recounting. It's an emotional, eye-opening study of conviction and service. It turns debate into empathy and shows that behind every movement are people."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=Shatak Movie Review: Hearts, Heroes And The Quiet Revolution |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-shatak-movie-review-hearts-heroes-and-the-quiet-revolution-3200848 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|39328471}}
*{{BH movie|Shatak}}

[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]

Konkani Muslims

2026-04-23T19:35:02Z

Irinaequalliat: Put up - done

{{Short description|Muslims of Konkan region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{For|Konkani Muslims who settled in Pakistan|Muhajir people (disambiguation){{!}}Muhajir}}
[[File:Mahommedans of the Konkan (9735080175).jpg|thumb|''Mahommedans of the Konakan'' (1855-1862)]]

'''Konkani Muslims''' (or ''Kokani'' Muslims) are an [[ethnoreligious]] subgroup of the [[Konkani people]] of the [[Konkan]]i region along the west [[coast of India]], who practice [[Islam in India|Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Bombay Islam: the religious economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840–1915 |first=Nile |last=Green |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011|isbn=9780521769242}}</ref>{{pn|date=October 2023}} ''[[Nawayath]]'' and "[[Nakhuda]]" Muslims from the [[North Canara]] district of [[Karnataka]] have similar origin as Konkani Muslims, but show a distinct ethnolinguistic identity due to geographical isolation of the [[Canara]] coast from the Konkan coast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2017jun24/411956.html|title = Connecting Konkan with Arabia via Iran: The history of Nawayathi, the language of Bhatkali Muslims|date = 24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721162130/http://twocircles.net/2017jun24/411956.html|archive-date=21 July 2017|publisher=[[Two Circles]]}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The Konkani Muslim community forms a part of the larger Konkani-speaking demographic and are predominantly located in the [[Konkan division]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The People Of Bombay 1850-1914 (An approach paper) |first=Cynthia |last1=Deshmukh |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=40 |year=1979 |pages=836–840 |jstor=44142034}}</ref> This includes the administrative districts of [[Mumbai]], [[Mumbai Suburban]], [[Palghar district|Palghar]], [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]], and [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]].

There is a Konkani Muslim community diaspora is based in the [[Persian Gulf]] states,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kokancouncil.org/category/kokani-oraganizations/ |title=Kokani Organisations |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021341/http://kokancouncil.org/category/kokani-oraganizations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Impact of migration to the middle east on Ratnagiri |first1=Sudha |last1=Gogate |editor1-first=M. S. A. |editor1-last=Rao |editor2-first=Chandrashekar |editor2-last=Bhat |editor3-first=Laxmi Narayan |editor3-last=Kadekar |encyclopedia=A Reader in Urban Sociology |publisher=Orient Longman |location=New Delhi |year=1991 |pages=371–388 |isbn=978-0-8631-1151-8}}</ref> the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kokniluton.co.uk/history.htm |title=Kokni Community Luton |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006154604/http://www.kokniluton.co.uk/history.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmab.org.uk/About.php |title=Kokni Muslim Association Birmingham |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703105629/http://kmab.org.uk/About.php |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kokannews.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/2011-Vol-3-No-1-Kokan-News.pdf#page=22 |title=Kokanis in Cape Town, South Africa |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=22–24 |first=Nujmoonnisa |last=Parker |work=Kokan News |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504174250/http://www.kokannews.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/2011-Vol-3-No-1-Kokan-News.pdf#page=22 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Islam for the Indentured Indian: A Muslim Missionary in Colonial South Africa |first=Nile |last=Green |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=71 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pages=529–553 |jstor=40378804 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x08000876|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some Konkani Muslims migrated to [[Pakistan]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947, and are presently settled in [[Karachi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tungekar.com/karachikokaniz.html |title=Kokani Muslim Jamat Societies, Karachi |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710185235/http://www.tungekar.com/karachikokaniz.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> as part of the larger [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir]] community.

== History ==
{{Unreferenced Section|date=April 2026}}
Since antiquity, the Konkan coast has had maritime mercantile relations with major ports on the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Konkani Muslims can trace their ancestry to traders from [[Hadhramaut]] (in [[Yemen]] or [[South Arabia]]), some who fled from [[Kufa]] in the Euphrates valley, about the year 700, the North of Indian (Haryana/Punjab) as well as various regions of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and broader [[Middle East]]. Others arrived as traders or mercenaries. By the 10th century, Ceul ([[Chaul]]), [[Dabhol]] had a significant Muslim presence with mosques and self-governance. Subsequent waves of migration were driven by upheavals like the Karmatian revolt (923–926 CE) and Mongol invasions (1258 CE). Despite ([[Chaul]]) and [[Dabhol]] prominence under the Ahmadnagar kingdom (1490–1626), Muslim rule was never firmly established in Konkan, and forced conversions were absent. Most Konkani Muslims are thus of mixed foreign descent. According to Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, Muslims first arrived in the Konkan region in 699 CE—less than 70 years after the death of [[Muhammad in Islam|Prophet Muhammad]] in 632 CE.

In the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Konkani Muslims became influential sailors, merchants, and government employees as the port city of Bombay (present [[Mumbai]]) began developing.

== Demography ==
Ancestry formed the basis for social stratification: Konkani people are direct descendants of Arab traders who formed an elite class over those who had indirect descent through intermarriages with local women converts to Islam. The Konkani people have a varied ethnic background as most Muslims within the region<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Thane/Religion.html |title=Thane District Gazetteer, Government of Maharashtra |access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://raigad.gov.in/DG/1964/people_muslims.html |title=Colaba District Gazetteer, Government of Maharashtra |access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ratnagiri.nic.in/gazetter/gom/people_muslims.html |title=Ratnagiri District Gazetteer, Government of Maharashtra |access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> are descendants of people who migrated from the Delhi region, [[Hadhramaut]] (in [[Yemen]] or [[South Arabia]]),<ref name="Khalidi1996">{{cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |author-link=Omar Khalidi |title=Mediaeval Deccan History |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1996 |isbn=978-8-1715-4579-7 |editor1=Kulkarni |location=[[Mumbai|Bombay]] |chapter=The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad |editor2=Naeem |editor3=De Souza |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA52}}</ref> Iran and other parts of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Wink1991">{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |year=1991 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-9-0040-9249-5 |page=68 |language=en}}</ref>

== Religion ==
Konkani Muslims follow the [[Shafi’i]] Islamic [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]]. This is in contrast to the Deccan regions, where Muslims adhere to the [[Hanafi]] school.<ref name="jnu_phd">{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Md. Jalis Akhtar |last=Nasiri |year=2010 |title=Indian Muslims: Their Customs and Traditions during Last Fifty Years |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Margins or Center? Konkani Sufis, India and "Arabastan" |first=Deepra |last=Dandekar |pages=141–156 |title=Area Studies at the Crossroads: Knowledge Production after the Mobility Turn |editor1-first=Katja |editor1-last=Mielke |editor2-first=Anna-Katharina |editor2-last=Hornidge |year=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref>

== Language ==
Konkanis speak a variety of dialects of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] collectively called [[Maharashtrian Konkani|Konkan Marathi]].<ref name="jnu_phd"/>

==Cuisine ==
The cuisine of Konkani Muslims is meat and seafood. Its staple food is rice and [[Rice bread|bread made of rice]] (preferred at dinners) with meat/fish and [[Lentil|lentils]] or vegetables. It is mainly influenced by Kashmiri people who settled in the late 1800s, fleeing tensions in the North of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-food-konkani-muslim-pop-up-seafood-coconut-weekend/17983168 |title=Mumbai Food: Konkani-Muslim pop-up celebrates all things seafood and coconut |website=www.mid-day.com |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=2017-02-10 |access-date=17 July 2017|archive-date=8 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308015815/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-food-konkani-muslim-pop-up-seafood-coconut-weekend/17983168}}</ref>

== Notable Konkani Muslims ==

* [[Rafiq Zakaria]] - Indian politician, ex-Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha & Cabinet Minister in Maharashtra State
* [[Abdul Rehman Antulay]] - Indian politician, ex-Chief Minister of Maharashtra<ref name=Sketch>[http://164.100.24.209/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3236 A. R. Antulay - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005012429/http://164.100.24.209/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3236 |date=5 October 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Hamid Dalwai]] - writer and social reformer<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/1957/ |title=Remembering Hamid Dalwai, and an age of questioning |first=Dilip |last=Chitre |author-link=Dilip Chitre |date=2002-05-03 |work=Indian Express |access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref>
* [[Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar]], Indian crime boss and terrorist
* [[Zakir Naik]] - Islamic comparative theologian
* [[Fareed Zakaria]] - journalist

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* [http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/melting-pot-konkani-muslims-in-kalyan-hold-on-to-their-legacy-amid-urbanisation-2946901/ Melting pot: Konkani Muslims in Kalyan hold on to their legacy amid urbanisation]
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWrzioNujQg |title=Konkan traditional weeding song, kokani Muslim Shaadi geet, kogona geet |date=2018-11-10 |last=Kokni Tradition |access-date=2025-11-14 |via=YouTube}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Konkani Muslims| ]]
[[Category:Konkani|Muslims]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in South Africa]]
[[Category:Arab diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Sub-ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim ethnoreligious groups]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]
[[Category:Hadhrami diaspora]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Arabs in Pakistan]]

Ram Shankar Lal

2026-04-20T09:28:42Z

Irinaequalliat: new basic details first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Shankar Lal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1902|7|1}}
| birth_place = Maghar, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day  [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1957-1962
| predecessor = [[Keshav Dev Malviya]]
| successor = [[Kripa Shanker]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Shyam Sundari Devi
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/947.htm
}}
'''Ram Shankar Lal''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1958 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates: Appendix | year=1958 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnfVAAAAMAAJ | language= | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=190}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1961 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1961 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmA3AAAAIAAJ | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=2155}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1962 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Second Lok Sabha, Activities and Achievements, 1957-62 | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | year=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoMeAAAAMAAJ | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=81}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/947.htm Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website]

[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Ahmed Ali (Fijian politician)

2026-04-18T20:02:14Z

Irinaequalliat: adding the bio initial version...

{{Short description|Fijian academic and politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ahmed Ali
| image =
| title = Member of House of Representatives
| term_start = 1982
| term_end = 1987
| predecessor =
| successor =
| title2 = Minister of Education
| term_start2 = 1982
| term_end2 = 1986
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| title3 = Member of Senate of Fiji
| term_start3 = 2001
| term_end3 = 2005
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| title4 = Minister for Information and Media Relations
| term_start4 = 1986–1987; 2004
| term_end4 = 2005
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| birth_date = 1937
| birth_place = Suva, Fiji
| death_date = 8 June 2005
| death_place = Sydney, Australia
| party = Alliance Party
| spouse =
| profession = Academic
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dr. Ahmed Ali''' (1938 – 8 June 2005) was a [[Fiji]]an academic and politician who held [[Cabinet of Fiji|Cabinet]] office several times from the late 1970s onwards. Unlike the majority of his fellow [[Indians in Fiji|Indo-Fijians]], he was aligned with the [[Alliance Party (Fiji)|Alliance Party]] of [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]] [[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara]] in the 1970s and 1980s, and with the ''[[Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua]]'' Party of [[Laisenia Qarase]] in the early 2000s. He was one of only two Indo-Fijians to agree to serve in the interim government established in the wake of [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|two military coups]] carried out to assert [[Fijians|indigenous]] political supremacy in 1987.

==Early life==
Ali was a descendant of Indian indentured labourers brought to Fiji between 1879 and 1916. He was born in Suva and was educated at Marist Brothers' Primary and Secondary Schools. He obtained his MA in history from the University of Auckland and PhD from Australian National University.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first= Ahmed|title=Girmit: Indian Indenture Experience in Fiji |year=2004 |publisher= Fiji Museum|location= Suva, Fiji}}</ref>

== Academic achievement ==
Prior to entering politics, Ali enjoyed a distinguished career as an academic. He was initially a high school teacher and later joined the University of the South Pacific as a lecturer in History and politics. He obtained a doctorate at the age of 37 years, then held senior positions at the university. He was Senior Lecturer and Reader in history and politics, and was the Head of the School of Social and Economic Development. He also was Dean of Academic Affairs, acting Deputy Vice-Chancellor as well as Director of the Institute of Social and Administrative Studies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign dignitaries arrive to sign condolence book |url=http://www.fiji.gov.fj/cgi-bin/cms/exec/view.cgi/64/4774 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000025/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/cgi-bin/cms/exec/view.cgi/64/4774 |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

Ali published numerous papers and books on Fiji Indians and the indenture system that brought Indians to Fiji.

== Pre-coup political career ==
In 1982, Ali accepted the invitation of the leader of the Alliance Party, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, to enter politics contest the Lau/Cakaudrove/Rotuma national seat as Ratu Mara's running mate. He easily won the safest National seat for the Alliance and was appointed the Minister of Education. In his effort to upgrade facilities in ethnic Fijian schools, to staff them with better trained teachers and to provide better opportunities to Fijian students at University, he closed down the Nasinu Teachers College and turned it into a dormitory for University of the South Pacific's Foundation (mostly Fijian) students to provide them with more tutorial help and an environment more conducive to studying. Ali's policy of large-scale arbitrary transfer of teachers brought together the two teachers' unions for the first time to oppose Government policy. There was also a hunger strike by final year students from the University of the South Pacific after the government refused to guarantee them jobs as teachers. In 1986, he was appointed Minister for Information, responsible also for broadcasting and the negotiations of the introduction of television in Fiji.

== Post-coup political career ==
Ali was an early supporter of Sitiveni Rabuka's 1987 coup and served in his first administration as Minister for Information. He was Minister without Portfolio in the Interim Military Government from October to December, 1987. He then took on a career in the public service becoming Permanent Secretary for Youth, Employment Opportunities and Sports, Foreign Affairs and External Trade and Information and Communications. He also served in the diplomatic service as High Commissioner to Malaysia and earlier as Consul-General in Auckland.

Following the [[2001 Fijian general election|parliamentary election]] held in 2001 to restore democracy following the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état|coup d'état]] the year before, Ali was appointed to the [[Senate of Fiji|Senate]] by Prime Minister Qarase. (9 of the 32 Senators are appointed by the Prime Minister). Ali was subsequently chosen as [[Vice-President of the Senate (Fiji)|Vice-President of the Senate]], a position he held until 20 December 2004, when he was appointed Minister for Information and Media Relations in the Qarase cabinet. He was to hold this portfolio till his death.

Following a short illness, Ali died at the [[Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney|Prince of Wales Private Hospital]] in Sydney, Australia, on 8 June 2005. His funeral was held the next day at Sydney's [[Lakemba Mosque]]. The Fijian government was represented at the funeral by [[George Konrote]], Fiji's [[High Commissioner]] to Australia, and by [[Meli Malani|Ratu Meli Malani]], Fiji's Consul to Sydney. Time constraints made it impossible for any Cabinet colleagues of Ali's to attend the funeral, which had to be held the day after his death in accordance with [[Muslim]] protocol.

Ali was survived by his wife, '''Bessie,''' and their two sons, '''Usman''' and '''Hashim.''' Supporters and opponents alike praised Ali for his love and loyalty to Fiji, and for his willingness to serve his country in a multitude of capacities.

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==

{{Wikiquote-inline|Ahmed Ali (politician)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Ahmed}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Alliance Party (Fiji) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian members of the House of Representatives (Fiji)]]
[[Category:Indian members of the Senate (Fiji)]]
[[Category:Indo-Fijian writers]]
[[Category:Fijian Muslims]]
[[Category:University of Auckland alumni]]
[[Category:Australian National University alumni]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Fiji to Malaysia]]
[[Category:Information ministers of Fiji]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Fiji]]
[[Category:Politicians from Suva]]
[[Category:Fijian politicians of Indian descent]]

Kanai Chandra Mondal

2026-04-16T02:39:12Z

Irinaequalliat: Details - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nabagram Assembly constituency|Nabagram]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Mukul Mondal
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Trinamool Congress]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}
'''Kanai Chandra Mondal''' is an Indian politician from West Bengal. He is a three time elected [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]], [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] as a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], and [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]], representing [[Nabagram Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Nabagram Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Kanai Chandra Mondal of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nabagram-election-result-2021-live-updates-nabagram-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696095.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-02 |title=Nabagram WB Election 2021 Results LIVE: Leading, Trailing Tally for Nabagram, Vote Counting Begins Shortly |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nabagram-wb-election-2021-results-live-updates-constituency-number-65-nabagram-west-bengal-election-2021-vote-counting-results-leading-trailing-2-may-2021-1455787 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=Nabagram (West Bengal) Assembly Election Results 2021 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nabagram-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7294399/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Kanai Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Nakrekal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:28Z

Irinaequalliat: Starting new details...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nakrekal
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (95-Nakrekal highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Nakrekal Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Vemula Veeresham]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| established = 1957
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 2,33,620
| incumbent_image = Vemula Veeresham.jpg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 95
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
}}

'''Nakrekal Assembly constituency''' is a SC ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]])<ref name=loksabha>{{cite book |chapter= TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher= The Election Commission of India |page=31}}</ref> reserved constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 12 constituencies in [[Nalgonda district]]. It is part of [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Vemula Veeresham]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is currently representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!District
|-
| [[Nakrekal]]
| rowspan=4|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|-
| [[Kethepally]]
|-
| [[Kattangoor]]
|-
| [[Chityal, Nalgonda|Chityal]]
|-
| [[Ramannapeta]]
| [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
|-
| [[Narketpally]]
| [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! MLA
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1957
| B. Dharma Biksham
| {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
| 1962
| [[Nandyala Srinivasa Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1967
| [[Narra Raghava Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 1972
| Musapota Kamalamm
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1978
|rowspan=5| Narra Raghava Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 1983
|-
| 1985
|-
| 1989
|-
| 1994
|-
| 1999
|rowspan=2| [[Nomula Narsimhaiah]]
|-
| 2004
|-
| 2009
| [[Chirumarthi Lingaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014
| [[Vemula Veeresham]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2018
| [[Chirumarthi Lingaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2023
| [[Vemula Veeresham]]
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Nakrekal (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Vemula Veeresham]]
| votes = 1,33,540
| percentage = 60.97
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Chirumarthi Lingaiah]]|votes=64,701|percentage=29.54|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nakirekanti Mogulaiah|votes=5,668|percentage=2.59|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Chinnavenkulu Bojja|votes=3,238|percentage=1.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Medi Priyadarshini|votes=2,603|percentage=1.19|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=969|percentage=0.44|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=68,839|percentage=31.43|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=2,19,033|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nakrekal<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34822/239 Nakrekal Results]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chirumarthi Lingaiah]]
| votes = 93,699
| percentage = 46.33%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Vemula Veeresham]]
| votes = 85,440
| percentage = 42.25%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Forward Bloc
| candidate = Dubba Ravi Kumar
| votes = 10,383
| percentage = 5.13%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Jitta Nagesh
| votes = 4,543
| percentage = 2.25%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kasarla Lingaiah
| votes = 2,233
| percentage = 1.10%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 1,331
| percentage = 0.66%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,259
| percentage = 4.08%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,02,230
| percentage = 88.53%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Nakrekal (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34822/239 Nakrekal Results]</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Vemula Veeresham]]
| votes = 62,445
| percentage = 35.0%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chirumarthi Lingaiah]]
| votes = 60,075
| percentage = 33.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Cheruku Laxmi
| votes = 38,440
| percentage =21.6%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Mamidi Sarvaiah
| votes =12,741
| percentage = 7.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,370
| percentage =1.3%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,78,351
| percentage =79.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nakrekal]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.17|79.43|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Battle of Muzaffarabad

2026-04-10T09:56:16Z

Irinaequalliat: adding new entry more to come...

{{Short description|Battle of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Muzaffarabad
| place = [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]
| result = Pakistani victory<ref>Iqbal, Khuram, and Umair Pervez Khan. “Why the First Kashmir Insurrection Failed.” Pakistan Horizon, vol. 70, no. 3, 2017, pp. 103–16. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44988340. Accessed 3 Dec. 2023.
"The young leader of the invasion's advance guard was jubilant. The operation could not have been more successful. The route to Srinagar lay open before the Pathans, 135 miles of paved, undefended road, a promenade without danger they could complete before daybreak."</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41662588 2017-10-22. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
"Around 2,000 tribesmen stormed Muzaffarabad that morning and easily scattered the Kashmir state army deployed there. Military historians estimate it was just 500-strong at the time and had also suffered defections by Muslim soldiers. Flushed with victory, the tribesmen got down to wanton looting and arson."</ref>
* Massacre of Hindu and Sikh civilians ensues
| territory = [[Muzaffarabad]] annexed by [[Pakistan]], becomes capital of [[Azad Kashmir]]
| combatant1 = {{PAK}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| commander1 = [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]] [[Mohammed Zaman Kiani|Zaman Kiani]] [[Tufail Mohammad]] Nasir Khan Babar Khan{{efn|Defected from the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces to the Pakistani side}}
| units1 = [[Khasadar|Pashtun tribal militias]]
*[[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Wazir militiamen]]
*[[Mehsud|Mehsud militiamen]]
*[[Turi (Pashtun tribe)|Turi militiamen]]
*[[Afridi|Afridi militiamen]]
*[[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand militiamen]]
*[[Swati tribe|Swati militiamen]]
*[[Yusufzai|Yusufzai militiamen]]
*[[Jadoon|Jadoon militiamen]]
{{flagicon image|Flag of Muslim League.svg}} [[Muslim League National Guard]] {{flagicon|Azad Kashmir}} [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Mutiny|Mutineers]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] '''Supported by:''' {{army|PAK}}
| units2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]
* 2nd Battalion
** D Company
** E Company
** F Company
* Jammu and Kashmir Mountain Train Battery
| strength1 = 4,000
| strength2 = 500
| commander2 = [[Rajinder Singh (brigadier)|Rajinder Singh]] Sultan Ahmed Khan [[Narain Singh Sambyal]]{{KIA}} [[Hira Lal Atal]]
| image = Pashtun Tribesmen Warriors during the 1st Kashmir War.jpg
| caption = Pashtun tribesmen heading to battle in Kashmir, [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948]]
| date = 22 October 1947
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
| casualties3 = 5,000-7,000 Hindu & Sikh civilians killed in the aftermath
}}
The '''Battle of Muzaffarabad''' was fought between Pakistani-backed Pashtun tribesmen and pro-Pakistani Kashmiri rebels, and the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] in the town of [[Muzaffarabad]] on 22 October 1947. The battle saw the swift defeat of the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] and the capture of [[Muzaffarabad]] by these tribesmen.

== Prelude ==
Upon the independence of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in August 1947, would see the [[Partition of India]] and the displacement of 10-20 million people. The [[princely state]]s that were once in a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the [[British Empire]] were given three choices: join [[India]], join [[Pakistan]], or remain [[Independence|Independent]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889–1964) |date=2018-02-06 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.35191 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |access-date=2023-12-02 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.35191 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Situation in Kashmir ===
In the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Hari Singh]], the [[Maharaja of Kashmir]], chose to remain independent of both India and Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Hari Singh was an unpopular ruler, with the majority of his population being Muslim, while he was a Hindu. In the [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]], Muslim leaders such as [[Sardar Ibrahim Khan]] and [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] began defying the Maharaja first by political means, before arming themselves into a [[1947 Poonch rebellion|full-scale rebellion]].

In August 1947, mass unrest broke out in the [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]], as Hari Singh sent State forces under the command of [[Henry Lawrence Scott]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315623184 |title=The Kashmir Conflict |date=2016-06-17 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |doi=10.4324/9781315623184 |isbn=978-1-317-22525-6}}</ref> By September 1947, [[Sardar Ibrahim Khan]] and other rebels escaped to Pakistan, seeking Pakistani intervention and to acquire arms.<ref>{{Citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=Kashmir 1947–1948 |date=2010 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230277519_5 |work=War and Peace in Modern India |pages=101–148 |access-date=2023-12-02 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |doi=10.1057/9780230277519_5 |isbn=978-1-349-58988-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Operation Gulmarg ===
On September 12, [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], called a meeting with numerous Kashmiri and Pakistani political and military leaders. According to Indian military sources, the Pakistani army planned an operation called "Operation Gulmarg" as an armed intervention in Kashmir without the consent of the government. As per this Operation, 20 tribal units called [[Lascar|lashkars]] would invade Kashmir in numerous areas. Each lashkar would be composed of 1,000 tribal irregulars trained by the Pakistani army. Ten would be sent to aid the rebels in [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] and were to advance to [[Jammu]], while another ten would invade [[Muzaffarabad]]. The Pashtun force under [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]] had high morale and were motivated by the prospects of a holy [[jihad]] and the riches and treasures they could receive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wikipedia Library |url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="The Khyber Agency and its adjacent tribal areas, located on the border
with Afghanistan, contributed the maximum number of fighters to 'liberate' Kashmir from kafirs (infidels). The Pathan tribesmen, considered as 'the most troublesome and feared population on the sub-continent', were primarily motivated by the lure of women, money and land and the excitement of combat, which always had a great appeal for the fearless tribes. Added to this was the promise of a heavenly kingdom for those who fought to uphold the religious duty of jihad against a repressive 'infidel regime'. The ulema (Islamic scholars) in the North-West Frontier Province issued fatwas (religious decrees) for waging jihad in Kashmir."|author=Khuram Iqbal, Umair Pervez Khan|title=Why the First Kashmir Insurrection Failed|source=p. 108}}
[[File:New muzaffarabad city view.JPG|thumb|[[File:Muzaffarabad.jpg|270px]]Muzaffarabad in present-day|270px]]

== Invasion ==
On October 21, 1947, [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]], leader of the [[Muslim League National Guard]], crossed the border into Kashmir with 4,000 Pashtun tribesmen aimed to take Muzaffarabad.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1998 |title=Prem Shankar Jha. ''Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History''. New York: Oxford University Press. 1996. Pp. xii, 151. $15.95 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/103.1.270 |journal=The American Historical Review |doi=10.1086/ahr/103.1.270 |issn=1937-5239|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The invasion route saw a group of footmen who were experienced with the area cross in columns from Dub Gali, however the bulk of the invasion from the frontier tribesmen crossed via the longer route through Lohar Gali in armoured vehicles and lorries. The invasion caught the Kashmiri defenders by surprise, as they had not anticipated the tribal invasion. The Kashmiri defenders also suffered from mutiny and mass desertion by its [[Muslims|Muslim]] personnel. Brigader Ranijer Singh, overall commander of the front, dispatched the D, E, and F companies of the Second Battalion as reinforcements to defend Domel.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |title=The Kashmir War 1947–48 |date=2022-04-21 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254645-3 |work=Pakistan's Wars |pages=47–70 |access-date=2023-12-24 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India|doi=10.4324/9781003254645-3 |isbn=978-1-003-25464-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017-08-31 |editor-last=Zutshi |editor-first=Chitralekha |title=Kashmir |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316855607 |journal=The Forgotten War in Kashmir: 1947–48. |doi=10.1017/9781316855607|isbn=978-1-107-18197-7 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Major Hira Lal Atal commanded a mountain artillery battery to provide artillery support. Additional reinforcements from Srinagar were sent although they did not reach Muzaffarabad in time.<ref name=":1" /> The '''[[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]''' within the Muzaffarabad were only around 500 strong and were unable to repel the tribal invasion, the town quickly fell opening up the route to [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] and [[Baramulla]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-10-22 |title=Partition 70 years on: When tribal warriors invaded Kashmir |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41662588 |access-date=2023-12-02}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Upon the fall of Muzaffarabad, the Pashtun tribesmen remained in the town for 3 days before preparing to move onto [[Srinagar]], their ultimate objective. After the victory, the tribesmen were invited at dinner by Muhammad Aslam Khan Swati, a Khan of [[Garhi Habibullah]] and leading figure of this war.

=== Looting and pillaging ===
[[File:Pashtun tribesmen in Kashmir, 1947.jpg|thumb|Pashtun tribesmen in Kashmir, 1947.]]
The Pashtun tribesmen in Muzaffarabad spent three days looting and pillaging the town, killing non-Muslims and enslaving non-Muslim women. Gohar Rahman, a Pashtun tribesmen and veteran of [[World War II]] who took part in the invasion stated,<ref name=":0" />
{{Blockquote|text="They plundered the state armoury, set entire markets on fire and looted their goods, they shot everyone who couldn't recite the kalima - the Arabic-language Muslim declaration of faith. Many non-Muslim women were enslaved, while many others jumped in the river to escape capture."Muslim women would sometimes offer us food but the Pathans were reluctant to accept, thinking it may be poisoned. They would instead capture those people's goats and sheep, slaughter them and roast the meat on fire."|source=}}

=== Mass killing of Hindus and Sikhs ===
Upon the capture of Muzaffarabad by the Pashtun tribesmen, who were jubilant over their victory and preparing to advance on Srinagar, had begun to exterminate and slaughter the non-Muslim population in Muzaffarabad. [[Larry Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]] and [[Dominique Lapierre]] state in reference to the killing of the [[Hindus]] in Muzaffarabad,
{{Blockquote|text="The young leader of the invasion's advance guard was jubilant. The operation could not have been more successful. The route to Srinagar lay open before the Pathans, 135 miles of paved, undefended road, a promenade without danger they could complete before daybreak... The young man was quickly disabused of his dream. The strategists who had conceived this invasion had made one fatal miscalculation. When Sairab Khan wanted to set his force on the road to Srinagar, he discovered it had disappeared. There was not a single Pathan around his vehicles. They had faded into the night. Their crusade to deliver their Moslem brothers of Kashmir had begun with a nocturnal excursion to the
Hindu bazaar of Muzaffarabad."|author=|title=[[Freedom at Midnight]]|source=p. 351}}

=== Political aftermath ===
On October 24, [[Sardar Ibrahim Khan]] declared the [[Azad Kashmir|Provisional Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=ADNAN |last2=Dr. MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM KHAN |last3=Dr. MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM KHAN |last4=SYED IMRAN KHAN |date=2021-11-06 |title=Impact of Ownership Structure and Firm Size on the Operational Risk Management of Islamic Banks in Pakistan |journal=Journal of Business & Tourism |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=209–217 |doi=10.34260/jbt.v4i1.102 |issn=2521-0548|doi-access=free }}</ref> The lashkars continued their advance to Uri and Baramulla, with some reaching the outskirts of Srinagar. On the same day, [[Hari Singh]] requested assistance from the Indian government, however they would only agree to aid the Maharaja if he acceded to India. On the 26th of October, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was acceded to [[India]] on 26 October 1947 and Indian troops were transported by air to Srinagar by the next day.

== See also ==
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]
* [[Battle of Rawalakot]]
* [[Azad Kashmir]]
* [[Muzaffarabad]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Kashmir]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muzaffarabad 1947}}
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Muzaffarabad]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1947]]
[[Category:Massacres in Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan]]
[[Category:Looting in Asia]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Slavery in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in Pakistan]]
[[Category:October 1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:Crime in Azad Kashmir]]

Abdul Kalam (Varanasi politician)

2026-04-01T02:38:38Z

Irinaequalliat: adding first data first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| constituency = [[Varanasi North Assembly constituency|Varanasi]]
| succeeded = [[Rabiya Kalam]]
| death_date = 2005
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = [[Rabiya Kalam]]
| name = Abdul Kalam
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2005
| preceded = Amarnath Yadav
}}

'''Abdul Kalam''' was an Indian politician. He was the member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]] from [[Varanasi North Assembly constituency|Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-05 |title=SP's former MLA in fray on Congress symbol |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/sps-former-mla-in-fray-on-congress-symbol/articleshow/56982412.cms |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Political life ==
Abdul Kalam was first elected as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in the year 1996. In the year 2002, he was again elected as a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the same seat, but he died in the year 2005 due to illness.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-29 |title=The new script of political battle |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/the-new-script-of-political-battle/articleshow/11287650.cms |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

When Abdul Kalam died due to illness in the year 2005, [[Samajwadi Party]] nominated his wife [[Rabiya Kalam]] as its candidate from [[Varanasi North Assembly constituency|Varanasi North Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-08 |title=UP assembly polls 2022: In Varanasi, BJP retains sitting ministers, MLAs |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/in-varanasi-bjp-retains-sitting-mins-mlas/articleshow/89416817.cms |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

College of Applied Science Vadakkencherry

2026-03-29T18:32:50Z

Irinaequalliat: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Education in Palakkad district#Government IHRD Colleges]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to section}}
{{R to list entry}}
}}

Aata Hudugata

2026-03-29T00:24:10Z

Irinaequalliat: adding first info and citations...

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aata Hudugata
| image = Aata Hudugata.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[B. Ramamurthy]]
| writer = B. Ramamurthy
| producer = B. Sathyanarayana
| starring = [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]]
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cinematography = Mahendra Chittibabu
| editing = Raghava
| studio = Sri Rajarajeshwari Films
| distributor = Gokul Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|07|04}}
| runtime = 146 mins
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aata Hudugata''''' ({{Translation|Child's play}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[romantic thriller film]] written and directed by [[B. Ramamurthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/b-ramamurthy/filmography|title=B Ramamurthy Movies List: Kannada Director|work=Chiloka.com}}</ref> The film stars [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] and [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] in the lead roles along with [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]], [[Gangadhar]], Shivaranjan, Aravind and Shivakumar in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/aata-hudugata-1995|title=Aata Hudugata (1995) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |work=Chiloka.com}}</ref> The music is composed by [[Sadhu Kokila]]. The film draws its plot as an inspiration from the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] film, ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992).

==Plot summary==
The plot revolves around Prema and Raj's efforts to unite their friends Anu and Vicky, who are facing opposition from their families. However, their involvement becomes complicated when Anuradha is mysteriously murdered.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] as Raj
*[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Prema
*Shivaranjan as Inspector Sharath
*[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Anuradha
*[[Gangadhar]] as Rajashekar
*[[Bank Janardhan]] as Mohan
*[[Rekha Das]]
*[[Michael Madhu]]
*Aravind
*Shivakumar
*Bheema Rao
*Anil Kumar
*Mohan Juneja
*Vidya
*Shilpa
*Sarojamma
*G. R. Ramadas
}}

==Production==
''Aata Hudugata'' was actress Prema's second film to release in the same year after ''[[Savyasachi (1995 film)|Savyasachi]]'' co-starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]]. Even though both the films were commercially unsuccessful, Prema's performance was noticed and she was signed on for her third film of the year 1995, ''[[Om (1995 film)|Om]]'' which was a blockbuster success. Actor Gangadhar made his last screen appearance in this film before he died due to [[diabetes]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite video |title=ನಟವರ ಗಂಗಾಧರನ ನಲಿವು-ನೋವಿನ ಕಥೆ {{!}} Cinema Swarasyagalu Part 61 {{!}} Hariharapura Manjunath {{!}} Total Kannada |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ramB56GsI98 |publisher=Total Kannada |access-date=21 November 2021 |language=en |date=15 September 2021}}</ref> This film marked the first notable role of Mohan Juneja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohan-juneja-known-for-roles-in-kgf-chapter-2-and-chellata-passes-away/2bd088dc7c267|title=Mohan Juneja, known for roles in KGF: Chapter 2 and Chellata, passes away|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aata Hudugata
| type = film
| artist = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1995
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 19:34
| label =
| producer = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's music is composed by [[Sadhu Kokila]] and lyrics written by Sri Ranga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannadafilmlyrics.com/songs/Aata--Hudugata_1995|title=Aata Hudugata-1995|work=Kannadafilmlyrics.com}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Mutthu Ondu Mutthu"
|Sri Ranga
|[[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]
|5:14
|-
|2
|"Ullasada Ee Sanjege"
|Sri Ranga
|Raghavendra Rajkumar, Kusuma
|4:32
|-
|3
|"Aa Belli Chukki"
|Sri Ranga
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|3:34
|-
|4
|"O Premave Nee"
|Sri Ranga
|[[Rajesh Krishnan]], K. S. Chithra
|5.04
|-
|5
|"Rukku Rukku Rukkumani"
|Sri Ranga
|Rajesh Krishnan
|4.50
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt28791658}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|aata_hudugata}}

[[Category:1995 drama films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Ramamurthy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sadhu Kokila]]

Lamkang people

2026-03-27T08:42:42Z

Irinaequalliat:

{{Short description|Tibeto-Burman linguistic ethnic group in Manipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Lamkang (Lamkang Naga)
| image =
| image_caption =
| population = 7,771 approx,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India 2011|publisher=MHA, Govt of India}}</ref> Manipur
| languages = [[Lamkang language]] ([[first language|L1]]) [[Meitei language]] ([[second language|L2]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>
| religions = [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Meitei people]], [[Anāl Naga people|Anal Naga]], other [[Naga people]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Naga people}}

The '''Lamkang people''', also known as the '''Lamkang Naga''', are a [[Tibeto-Burman]] linguistic [[ethnic group]] predominantly inhabitanting the [[Northeast India|Northeast Indian]] state of [[Manipur]], and some parts of [[Sagaing Region]] in [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/109805873/A-Brief-Account-of-the-Lamkang-Naga-Tribe|title=Brief Account of the Lamkang Naga}}</ref> They are recognised as a Scheduled Tribe (STs) by India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|title=1THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)|access-date=2016-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920212634/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|archive-date=2017-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>
They use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Madras Public Libraries Act, 1948

2026-03-25T18:49:59Z

Irinaequalliat:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
The '''Madras Public Libraries Act, 1948''', subsequently renamed as the '''Tamil Nadu Public Libraries Act, 1948''', was enacted in [[Madras State]], India, in 1948. The act was the first of its kind to be enacted in India after independence. The [[Connemara Public Library]] became the first library to come under the purview of this act, as a "State central library". Subsequently, nine district libraries were added during the [[Five-Year plans of India#First Five-Year Plan, 1951–1956|Five year plan from 1951]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Panda|first=B. D.|title=Handbook of Public Library System|publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1993|page=115|isbn=9788170417736|oclc=36878321|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPb9vQFKgI4C&q=madras+public+library+act+1948&pg=PA115}}</ref> The act was enacted based on research and activity by [[S. R. Ranganathan]] and the [[Madras Library Association]]. Other [[States and territories of India|states]] have enacted public library acts modelled on the Madras Public Libraries Act.

==Background==
R. K. Bhatt has highlighted how free-to-access public library systems are a necessary adjunct to a developing society, with growing industrialisation and improving rates of literacy, and argues that legislation "is an essential need in any country because it puts the structure, management and finance of library systems on proper legal footing".<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Ramesh Kumar|title=History and Development of Libraries in India|publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |year=1995|pages=114–116|isbn=978-81-7099-582-1|oclc=33162755|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbmdowzuv0QC}}</ref>

Ranganathan recognised this. He had spent time training as a librarian in London around 1923 and was impressed by the system of public library legislation which existed there. Upon returning to India he began to campaign for something similar to exist in his own country. The situation was complicated by the existence of various types of government, including provinces which were administered by the [[British Raj]] and various States under the control of princes. The fruits of his research and consultations were presented at the First All India Educational Conference in 1930. This report included a proposed Model Library Act.<ref name=Sardana2002pp383-387>{{cite book |title=Libraries and information studies in retrospect and prospect: essays in honour of Prof. D. R. Kalia |volume=2 |first=Narasimha |last=Raju |editor-first=J. L. |editor-last=Sardana |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |year=2002 |chapter=Library Legislation in India: an Introspection |pages=383–387 |isbn=978-81-7022-930-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qrw-Y41OXAC |accessdate=2011-08-11}}</ref>

Although some areas, such as [[Baroda]], had established public library systems prior to 1945,<ref name=Malleshappapp389-390>{{cite book |title=Libraries and information studies in retrospect and prospect: essays in honour of Prof. D. R. Kalia |volume=2 |first=T. |last=Malleshappa |editor-first=J. L. |editor-last=Sardana |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |year=2002 |chapter=Impact of Library Legislation on Public Library Services |pages=389–390 |isbn=978-81-7022-930-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qrw-Y41OXAC |accessdate=2011-08-11}}</ref> it was then that the first Act was passed, being the [[Kolhapur]] Public Libraries Act. This was followed in 1948 by the Madras Public Libraries Act, which became the first such Act to be passed in the newly independent republic of India. Acts for other areas, such as [[Kerala]] and [[Haryana]], followed and generally improved on the earlier legislation.<ref name=Sardana2002pp383-387/><ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Ramesh Kumar|title=History and Development of Libraries in India|publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |year=1995|page=116|isbn=978-81-7099-582-1|oclc=33162755|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbmdowzuv0QC}}</ref>

Prior to the Act, the principal library of Madras was the Connemara Public Library, which had opened in 1860 and became a public library in 1896. A small refundable deposit was required to use it but it was essentially free. It became the State Central Library in 1948 and, in 1981, a depository library.<ref>{{cite book|last=Patel|first=Jashu|author2=Kumar, Krishan|title=Libraries and Librarianship in India|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|year=2001|pages=80, 97 |isbn=978-0-313-29423-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXVrsPSzeNAC}}</ref>

==Provisions==
The Madras Public Libraries Act provides for overall governance by a [[State Library Committee]], presided over by the incumbent Education Minister for the State. The committee comprises members from various walks of life, including representatives from universities and from the State Library Association, as well as a Secretary whose primary function is as assistant to the Director of Public Libraries (DPL). The latter role is assumed by the incumbent [[Director of Public Instruction]].<ref name=Bhatt1995pp118-122>{{cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Ramesh Kumar|title=History and Development of Libraries in India|publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |year=1995|pages=118–120|isbn=978-81-7099-582-1|oclc=33162755|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbmdowzuv0QC}}</ref>

Revenue is obtained via a [[cess]], a tax which is collected by local administrative bodies such as the [[Nagar Palika]]s and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s. Those bodies remit the tax to their [[Local Library Association]] (LLA), which operates as an [[umbrella organisation]] at the mid-tier District administrative level. The rate of taxation is fixed in law but the LLA can request a higher rate if the State government agrees to it. The State government matches the funds generated by the cess. The LLA determines the conditions of entry to the libraries under its control.<ref name=Bhatt1995pp118-122/><ref name=Taher1994p97/>

Cities with a population in excess of 50,000 must have a central library of their own and provisions exist for expansion to include branch libraries and other means of devolved access if demand should require such. In addition to libraries that are administered by the LLA, the Act provides for a register of other libraries. This is maintained by the DPL, who has the power to issue grants from State resources to those institutions listed. With the exception of the city of Madras, these grants cannot be less than the cess collected elsewhere.<ref name=Bhatt1995pp118-122/>

Further resources are obtained by a modification caused by the Act. The Press and Registration of Books Act of 1857 is amended such that a situation somewhat akin to [[copyright library|copyright libraries]] exists. All publishers within the State are required to provide five copies of their output to the State government, which in turn passes on four of those copies to the State Central Library.<ref name=Bhatt1995pp118-122/><ref name=Taher1994p97>{{cite book |title=Librarianship and library science in India: an outline of historical perspectives |series=Concepts in communication informatics & librarianship |volume=60 |first=Mohamed |last=Taher |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |year=1994 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRLXDBX5KzkC |isbn=978-81-7022-524-9}}</ref>

Until various reorganisations of States, the Act applied to parts of what are now Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |title=Libraries in India's national developmental perspective: a saga of fifty years since independence |first=Mohamed |last=Taher |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |page=331 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQk5iINMD2IC |isbn=978-81-7022-842-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Librarianship and library science in India: an outline of historical perspectives |series=Concepts in communication informatics & librarianship |volume=60 |first=Mohamed |last=Taher |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |year=1994 |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRLXDBX5KzkC |isbn=978-81-7022-524-9}}</ref>

==Evolution==
Several perceived failings in the Madras Public Libraries Act have been addressed in subsequent Acts elsewhere. For example, the Hyderabad legislation, which later became the Andhra Pradesh Public Libraries Act, states that there should be a completely separate department of government to administer the libraries; that the head of the State Library Committee (in this case called the State Library Council) should be elected rather than defaulting to the portfolio of the current Education Minister; and that all local administrative areas should have their own library authority. Furthermore, the amount and extent of the cess collected was improved by extending the range of taxes upon which the surcharge was levied; and the government, through the State Library Council, has a duty to train the librarians.<ref name=Bhatt1995pp118-122/> A key strategy which was embodied in the Act was the formulation of a hierarchical system whereby the local libraries were connected to the District libraries and they, in turn, were connected to the State Central Library and the National Library. Centralised acquisition and resource sharing was envisaged. This strategy had formed a part of the [[Five-Year plans of India#Second Five-Year Plan.2C 1956.E2.80.931961|Second Five Year Plan]] but it appears not to have been enforced with any haste; Brahmanda Barua wrote in 1992 that throughout India "The network principle has nowhere been applied in organising the libraries."<ref>{{cite book |title=National policy on library and information systems and services for India: perspectives and projections |first=Brahmanda Pratap |last=Barua |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |year=1992 |pages=83, 88 |isbn=978-81-7154-730-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBB8drHUz7YC |accessdate=2011-08-11}}</ref>

Bhatt believes that the Karnataka Public Libraries Act is the most adequate and best functioning in the evolution of such Acts, and notes that the lack of provision for a cess in the later Acts for Maharashtra and West Bengal are a significant failing. In the case of Karnataka, there is a State Library Authority which is presided over by the Minister for Education, and also a fully-fledged Department of Public Libraries and local administrative bodies. The cess applies to a wide range of taxes, including those on property and vehicles, and there is further funding in non-city areas as a consequence of the stipulation that the State government must give to the local bodies 3% of all revenues received from land taxes in their area. The financing of the State Library Authority is determined by the lower authorities and private libraries can request grants but are not automatically entitled to them.<ref name=Bhatt1995pp118-122/>

==Recent situation nationally==
By 2002 there had been a total of 12 public library acts in place, although two of those - for [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and Kolhapur - had been superseded due to changes in the administrative structure of those areas,<ref name=Sardana2002pp383-387/> and two others had not been enforced.<ref name=Malleshappapp389-390/> Narasimha Raju considered that these Acts had proved to be "by and large ineffective", due to a combination of poor financing, poor administrative structure and, in some States, the "lethargy and negative attitude" of their governments. Raju also identified problems with the rapidly changing face of technology and noted that most of the libraries were unable to adapt to developments in television, radio and video recording. The [[Indian Library Association]] had taken on the campaign to improve matters, principally by promoting new legislation to replace that which already existed and Raju noted that many believed legislation should exist for the entire country rather than being a piecemeal system.<ref name=Sardana2002pp383-387/>

Despite only eight Acts being in force, all twenty-five States and seven [[Union Territory|Union Territories]] had a central library and 75% of the Districts, which are the next tier of administration, had a similar facility. While legislated areas such as [[Maharashtra]] (1967) relied on volunteers and development of free libraries from the core of an existing [[subscription library]] system, Tamil Nadu, [[Karnataka]] (1965) and [[Andhra Pradesh]] (1960) were thought by T. Malleshappa to be the most developed when quantified by density of libraries and percentage of the population who had free access.<ref name=Malleshappapp389-390/> D. B. Eswara Reddy, writing in the same publication, bemoaned the poor provision below District level, with 90% of the rural population not having access even to a reading room or [[circulating library]], let alone modern multimedia and computing technology. Despite legislation and theoretical targets, library facilities remained the preserve of the urban elite and, for example, in Andhra Pradesh most children in rural areas were first-generation literates.<ref>{{cite book |title=Libraries and information studies in retrospect and prospect: essays in honour of Prof. D. R. Kalia |volume=2 |first=D. B. Eswara |last=Reddy |editor-first=J. L. |editor-last=Sardana |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |year=2002 |chapter=Integrated Rural Library Development |pages=348–350 |isbn=978-81-7022-930-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qrw-Y41OXAC |accessdate=2011-08-11}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[States Reorganisation Act]]
*[[Tamil Nadu Government Laws & Rules]]
*[[List of libraries in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Library law]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu state legislation]]
[[Category:Libraries in Tamil Nadu]]

Kutayuddha

2026-03-25T11:43:37Z

Irinaequalliat: Pg

{{Short description|Sanskrit word}}
'''Kutayuddha''' or '''kuta-yuddha''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{Lang|sa|कूटयुद्ध}} [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|kūṭayuddha/ kūṭa-yuddha}}, also spelt Kootayudha) is a [[Sanskrit]] word made up of two roots: ''kuta'' ({{Lang|sa|कूट}}) commonly explained as evil genius, crooked, devious, unjust or unrighteousness, and ''yuddha'' ({{Lang|sa|युद्ध}}) meaning warfare.{{sfnp|Deshingkar, Strategic thinking in ancient India and China|1996|p=I}}{{Sfn|Roy|2012|pp=xiv–xv|loc=Glossary}}{{Sfn|Roy|2009|p=54|ps=. "kutayuddha: Unjust war involving deception, treachery, etc. In such conflict, everything is free and fair. Night attacks, ambushes, tactical retreat and then launching a sudden counterattack, misinforming and disinforming the enemy, poisoning the enemy’s leadership, and harming the non-combatants of the enemy country are some of the techniques of kutayuddha."}} While there is no exact English translation, ''kutayuddha'' is explained as the opposite of ''[[dharma-yuddha]]'' (from the concept [[dharma]]), which is in turn is explained as ethical, righteous or just war. Take ethics out of war, and you have real warfare, a kutayuddha.{{sfnp|Deshingkar, Strategic thinking in ancient India and China|1996|p=I}}{{Sfn|Roy|2012|pp=xiv–xv|loc=Glossary}} It is also known as '''Citrayuddha'''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Balakrishna|first=Sandeep|title=The Hindu Code of War Ethics and Jihad|url=https://www.dharmadispatch.in/culture/the-hindu-code-of-war-ethics-and-jihad|access-date=2021-09-21|website=The Dharma Dispatch|date=6 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Kurukshetra War]] is considered a war which was a ''dharma-yuddha''; however the war itself contains practices of both ''kutayuddha'' and ''dharma-yuddha''.{{sfnp|Deshingkar, Strategic thinking in ancient India and China|1996|p=I}} The ancient Indian treatise ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (3rd century BCE), credited to [[Kautilya]], gives a substantial amount of space to the methods of ''kutayuddha'' such as deception.{{sfnp|Deshingkar, Strategic thinking in ancient India and China|1996|p=II}} In [[Hindu philosophy]] ''dharma-yuddha'' reigns and is the ultimate winner; however in practice ''kutayuddha'' is the necessary standard or way of life and war.{{sfnp|Deshingkar, Strategic thinking in ancient India and China|1996|p=II}} The contrast of ''kuta-yuddha'' and ''dharma-yuddha'' is similar to what [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavelli]] attempts to explain in ''[[The Prince]]'' (1532).{{Sfn|Roy|2012|p=71|loc=3: Kautilya’s Kutayuddha}} The deception mentioned in [[Tacitus|Tacitus']] book about the history of the [[Roman Empire]] also has similarities to concepts in Kautilya's ''kutayuddha''.{{Sfn|Roy|2012|pp=76–77|loc=3: Kautilya's Kutayuddha}} ''Kutayuddha'' has been called a defensive concept as opposed to an offensive one.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Roy|2009|p=38}} A milder version of ''kutayuddha'' emerged around 900 CE.{{Sfn|Roy|2009|p=31}} ''[[Nitisara]]'', another ancient Indian treatise tried to balance the binaries.{{Sfn|Roy|2009|p=39}} ''Kutayuddha'' also finds its way into ''[[Panchatantra]]'' and ''[[Hitopadesha]]''.{{Sfn|Roy|2009|p=39}} ''[[Shukra-Niti]]'' says that if a ruler is too weak to engage in any sort of battle including an attack from the rear, then ruler must then use [[guerrilla warfare]].{{Sfn|Roy|2009|p=40}}

''Kutayuddha'' is contrasted with {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|prakasha-yudha}} that can be translated as "illuminated or open warfare", in which the place and time of the battle are announced.<ref name="Gautam">{{cite journal |journal= World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues|last1= Gautam|first1= Pradeep Kumar|date= |year= 2013| title= Understanding Kautilya's Arthashastra| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48535489|publisher=Kapur Surya Foundation|page= 35| jstor= 48535489}}</ref>{{sfnp|Deshingkar, Strategic thinking in ancient India and China|1996|p=I}}{{Sfn|Roy|2012|pp=xiv–xv|loc=Glossary}} {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|Asura-yuddha}} is a type of ''kutayuddha'' that is a more lethal and amoral in terms of outcome.{{Sfn|Roy|2012|p=71|loc=3: Kautilya’s Kutayuddha}} ''Tusnimdandena'', using techniques such as deception or poisoning to remove enemy leaders,{{Sfn|Roy|2012|pp=76–77|loc=3: Kautilya's Kutayuddha}} extends to ''tushnim-yuddha'' (silent warfare).<ref name=":1" /> Components of ''kutayuddha'' include ''dvaidhibhava'' (having a dual policy), ''dvaidhibhutah'' (making a pact with the enemy to attack another), having patience when third parties are fighting in a ''kalaha'' (life or death struggle), promoting enmity between third parties and attacking a third party which is facing leadership problems.{{Sfn|Roy|2012|p=77|loc=3: Kautilya's Kutayuddha}} Some proponents of ''kutayuddha'' include attacking [[non-combatants]].{{Sfn|Roy|2009|p=54|ps=. "kutayuddha: Unjust war involving deception, treachery, etc. In such conflict, everything is free and fair. Night attacks, ambushes, tactical retreat and then launching a sudden counterattack, misinforming and disinforming the enemy, poisoning the enemy’s leadership, and harming the non-combatants of the enemy country are some of the techniques of kutayuddha."}}

== See also ==

*[[Maurya Empire]]
*[[Military deception]]
*[[Sanātanī]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

; Bibliography
* {{Cite journal|last=Deshingkar|first=Giri|date=1996-02-01|title=Strategic Thinking of Kautilya and Sun Zi|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/000944559603200101|journal=China Report|language=en|publisher=Sage|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–13|doi=10.1177/000944559603200101|s2cid=143301563|issn=0009-4455|via=|url-access=subscription}}
* — {{Cite web|last=Deshingkar|first=Giri|title=Strategic thinking in Ancient India and China: Kautilya and Sunzi|url=http://ignca.gov.in/strategic-thinking-in-ancient-india-and-china-kautilya-and-sunzi/|access-date=2021-09-21|website=ignca.gov.in|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]]|ref={{sfnref|Deshingkar, Strategic thinking in ancient India and China|1996}}}}
*{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-57684-0|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|url=https://www.walterdorn.net/pdf/World-Religions-and-Norms-of-War_Ch2-Hinduism_2009.pdf|title=World religions and norms of war|publisher=United Nations University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-92-808-1163-6|editor-last=Popovski|editor-first=Vesselin|chapter=2: Norms of war in Hinduism|editor-last2=Reichberg|editor-first2=Gregory M.|editor-last3=Turner|editor-first3=Nicholas}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Anirudh|date=2014|editor-last=Roy|editor-first=Kaushik|title=A Panegyric for the Brahmans|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24479419|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=49|issue=4|page=38|jstor=24479419|issn=0012-9976|quote=... it is unclear why dharmayuddha and kutayuddha should be seen in tension with each other.}}

[[Category:Dharmaśāstra]]
[[Category:Military strategy books]]

Madh Island

2026-03-22T19:42:13Z

Irinaequalliat: adjust details per sources and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Madh Fort
| native_name = Versova Fort
| image = Madh-fort3.jpg
| caption =
| former_names =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| coordinates = {{coord|19.132283|72.794785|display=inline}}
| building_type = Fort
| architectural_style = [[Portuguese colonial architecture|Portuguese Colonial]]
| structural_system =
| cost =
| location = [[Malad]], [[Mumbai]]
| address =
| client =
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| references =
}}
'''Madh''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[məɖʱ]]]) is a peninsular locality in the northern part of the [[Mumbai Suburban District]], Maharashtra, India. Historically, it was an island, but [[land reclamation]]s in the 20th century connected it to [[Malad]] village on [[Salsette Island]].{{sfn|Mayur Thakare|2016|p=544}}

==Geography==

The former Madh Island is surrounded by the Manori-Gorai creek in the north, the Arabian Sea in the west and south, and the [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]] creek in the east. The waters in the north have been [[land reclamation|reclaimed]], connecting it to [[Malad]]. The area has four long sandy beaches: [[Marvé Beach|Marve]], [[Aksa Beach|Aksa]], Erangal and Madh. It has four major villages with same names - Marve, Aksa, Erangal, and Madh - besides smaller settlements (''wadi''s) such as Shankar-wadi, Patel-wadi, and Pascal-wadi. A substantial part is under the control of the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Air Force]] facilities.{{sfn|Mayur Thakare|2016|p=544}}

== Administration ==

Administratively, Madh is a village in the [[Andheri]] taluka of the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/en/village-panchayats/ |title=Administrative Setup: Villages |publisher=Mumbai Suburban District Administration |access-date=2025-10-09 }}</ref>{{sfn|Mayur Thakare|2016|p=543}}

==Accessibility==
The area is accessible by bus service (#271 to Malad and #269 to [[Borivali]]) or an autorickshaw from [[Malad]]. There is also a ferry service from [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]].

== Madh Fort ==
Madh Fort is a small [[fort]] in northern [[Mumbai]], [[India]] situated at Madh Island. It was built by the Portuguese in [[Portuguese India|Portuguese occupied India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Portuguese India History: Baçaim (Bassein, Vasai), Chaul, Bombay. Northern Province (Provincia do Norte, Gujarat, Maharashtra).|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/bacaim.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425185759/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/bacaim.html|archive-date=25 April 2009|access-date=2009-04-25|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They lost it during the war against [[Maratha Empire]] when the Maratha Empire captured it in February 1739.

The British occupied [[Salsette Island]], [[Thane|Thana Fort]], Fort Versova, and the island fort of Karanja in 1774.<ref name="Naravane">{{Cite book|last=Naravane|first=M.S.|title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|year=2014|isbn=9788131300343|pages=53–54}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Madh-fort1.jpg|From far
Image:Madh-fort2.jpg|Closeup
Image:Madh-fort3.jpg|From a turret
Image:Madh-fort4.jpg|Tower closeup
Image:Madh-fort5.jpg|Opposite side (from Versova)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Islands}}
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]
*{{C|Portuguese structures in Mumbai}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Mayur Thakare |title=The Witness of Ages: Archaeology of the Madh Island and Versova, Mumbai Suburban District |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=4 |year=2016 |pages= 542-606 |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume4/36.pdf }}
{{ref end}}

{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Forts around Mumbai}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Portuguese forts in India]]
[[Category:Portuguese structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1739 in India]]
[[Category:1730s in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Villages in Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Islands of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Former islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Sashadhar Mukherjee

2026-03-14T18:38:21Z

Irinaequalliat: reworked page based on references and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Family name hatnote|Mukherjee|lang=Bengali}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sashadhar Mukherjee
| image = Sasadhar Mukherjee.jpg
| caption = Mukherjee in November 1945
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1909|09|29}}
| birth_place = [[Jhansi]], [[Gwalior State]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present–day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1990|11|03|1909|09|29}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] {{small|(present-day [[Mumbai]])}}
| occupation = [[Filmmaking|Filmmaker]]
| notable_works=
| spouse = Sati Devi
| children = 6 (including [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Deb Mukherjee]], and [[Shomu Mukherjee]])
| relatives = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Anoop Kumar]] [[Kishore Kumar]]
(Brothers-in-law)
| family = [[Mukherjee-Samarth family]]
}}

'''Sashadhar Mukherjee''' (29 September 1909 – 3 November 1990) was an Indian filmmaker in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]]. He started his career with [[Bombay Talkies]] in the 1930s, and later established [[Filmistan|Filmistan Studio]] with Rai Bahadur Chunilal (father of music director [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]), [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Gyan Mukherjee]] in 1943. In the 1950s, he went on to start his independent studio, Filmalaya. He is noted for films like ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' (1959), ''[[Love in Simla]]'' (1960), ''[[Ek Musafir Ek Hasina]]'' (1962) and ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]'' (1964). He is part of the distinguished [[Mukherjee-Samarth family|Mukherjee clan]] of [[Bollywood]].

He won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film#Winners and nominees|Filmfare Award for Best Film]] in 1956 for ''[[Jagriti]]''. In 1967, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009)|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Family==
Mukherjee was born on 29 September 1909 in [[Jhansi]] into an educated, [[Middle class|middle-class]] [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] family, the second of four brothers. His father, Haripada Mukherjee, who belonged to minor gentry, had received an English education and was in government service. The family, at that time, had nothing to do with the entertainment business or any other trade; however, not only Sashadhar but also two of his three brothers were to make a name for themselves in the film industry. Mukherjee's younger brothers were film director [[Subodh Mukherjee]] and film producer Prabodh Mukherjee. His elder brother was Ravindramohan Mukherjee, who had little contact with the film industry, but whose granddaughter is the actress [[Rani Mukerji]].

Mukherjee was married when he was a teenager to Sati Devi Mukherjee, a teenager of his own Bengali Hindu community and similar family background, in a match arranged by their parents in the usual Indian way. Sati Devi's father was also in government service, and that family was also settled in the Hindi-speaking provinces; consequently, both families spoke Hindi with native-level fluency. This proved important because due to Mukherjee's influence, all three of Sati Devi's brothers were to become actors and big names in the Hindi film industry. Her brothers were the venerable actor [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Anoop Kumar]] and [[Kishore Kumar]], who was an actor, but more famously a playback singer. Sashadhar Mukherjee was instrumental in helping his own brothers and his wife's brothers to establish themselves in the film industry and this is his important and enduring contribution to Indian films.

Sashadhar and Sati Devi had six children, five sons and one daughter, namely Rono Mukherjee, [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Deb Mukherjee]], [[Shomu Mukherjee]], Shibani Mukherjee and Shubir Mukherjee. All of their sons were active in the film industry, including the superstar Joy, and some of their grandchildren are likewise involved. Deb's son is film director [[Ayan Mukherjee]], who directed ''[[Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013).<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite web | title = Ayan Mukherjee wants to remake grandpa's 'Love in Simla' | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ayan-Mukherjee-wants-to-remake-grandpas-Love-in-Simla/articleshow/20101784.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002416/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-17/news-interviews/39334996_1_simla-satyajit-ray-sashadhar-mukherjee | url-status = live | archive-date = 5 October 2013 | date =17 May 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 16 June 2013 }}</ref> Shomu married the actress [[Tanuja]] (daughter of [[Shobhana Samarth]] and sister of [[Nutan]]) and became the father of two daughters, [[Kajol]] and [[Tanishaa Mukerji|Tanisha]]. Both these girls have also become actresses, Kajol becoming one of the most popular actresses in Hindi cinema.

==Career==
He was a producer for [[Bombay Talkies]], and after the death of [[Himanshu Rai]] in 1940, was involved in a tussle for control of Bombay Talkies with [[Devika Rani]], actress and widow of Himanshu.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011215/windows/main1.htm The inimitable Dadamoni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207122758/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011215/windows/main1.htm |date=7 December 2005 }}. [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]. 15 December 2001.</ref><ref>Roshmila Bhattacharya. [http://www.screenindia.com/20020503/fspe.html Kismet: The crook and the cripple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326001923/http://www.screenindia.com/20020503/fspe.html |date=26 March 2006 }}. Screen magazine.</ref>

In 1943, Sashadhar Mukherjee formed a partnership with Rai Bahadur Chunilal, Ashok Kumar and [[Gyan Mukherjee]], and they started the studio [[Filmistan]] in [[Goregaon]].<ref name="Gulzar593">[[#Gu|Gulzar, p. 593]]</ref> The first film they planned at Filmistan was ''Chal Chal Re Naujawan'' with Naseem Bano and Ashok Kumar who had by then become a star. Sadat Hassan Manto, Ismat Chughtai, Pt. Pradeep and so many other intelligent, talented, and creative people were associated with Filmistan. Filmistan gave breaks and made stars out of [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Dev Anand]] and many more. Mukherjee made unforgettable and classic films there like ''Anarkali'', ''Nagin'', ''Tumsa Nahin Dekha'', ''Munim ji'', and ''Paying Guest''. He groomed [[Nasir Hussain]] as a Director.

In the 1950s, Sashadhar formed his own production house called [[Filmalaya Studios]] in [[Andheri]], near Amboli. He also ran an acting school and was instrumental in giving actresses like [[Asha Parekh]] and [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] a break in films. Sanjeev Kumar was also a product of Filmalaya Acting school. [[Nasir Hussain]] was a director involved with his productions as were [[R. K. Nayyar]] and Gyan Mukherjee; music director [[O. P. Nayyar]] was also associated with his solo productions. He launched his son Joy with the film ''[[Love in Simla]]'' (1960); he also produced films like ''[[Ek Musafir Ek Hasina]]'' to further his son's career. When [[Dilip Kumar]] wanted to make a film on corrupt politicians he came to Mukherjee and made ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]''. Sambandh was his last production, though it was produced by his cousin [[Ram Mukherjee]].<ref>[[Sambandh (film)]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2020}} Sashadhar Mukherjee died on 3 November 1990.

== Awards and honors ==
* [[File:Padma_Shri_Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]] [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor (1967)

==Filmography==

{| class="sortable wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|1939
|''Kangan''||||
|-
|rowspan="1"|1940
|''[[Bandhan (1940 film)|Bandhan]]''||N.R. Acharya||Banner: [[Bombay Talkies]]
|-
|1941||''[[Jhoola (1941 film)|Jhoola]]''||[[Gyan Mukherjee]]||
|-
|1954||''[[Jagriti]]''||[[Satyen Bose]]||[[Filmfare Award for Best Film#Winners and nominees|Filmfare Award for Best Film]] in 1956
|-
|-1954||''[[Nagin]]''[[Highest Grossing movie of 1954]] Producer'' [[Banner Filmistan]]
|rowspan="1"|1955
|''[[Munimji]]''||[[Subodh Mukherjee]]||[[Filmistan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|1957
|''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)|Tumsa Nahin Dekha]]''|| [[Nasir Hussain]]||[[Filmistan]]
|-
|''[[Paying Guest]]''||[[Subodh Mukherjee]]||[[Filmistan]]
|-
|rowspan="1"|1959
|''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]''||[[Nasir Hussain]]||Filmalaya
|-
|rowspan="1"|1960
|''[[Love in Simla]]''||R. K. Nayyar ||Filmalaya
|-
|1962
|''[[Ek Musafir Ek Hasina]]''|| [[Raj Khosla]]||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1964
|''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]''||[[Ram Mukherjee]]||
|-
|''Aao Pyar Karen''|| [[R. K. Nayyar]]||
|-
|1965
|''Tu Hi Meri Zindagi''||Rono Mukherjee||
|}

==Dedication in Memory==
As founder of Filmalaya Studio,<ref>https://www.facebook.com/pages/Filmalaya-Studio/515055895186717 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607072150/https://www.facebook.com/pages/Filmalaya-Studio/515055895186717 |date=7 June 2023 }} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> the 1990 film ''[[Pathar Ke Insan]]'', was dedicated to the memory of Sashadhar Mukherjee.<ref>[[Mukherjee-Samarth family]][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apzA2PQP1zo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317205419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apzA2PQP1zo|date=17 March 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author1=Gulzar|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT617|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|ref= Gu}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=2549358}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Sashadhar}}
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Film producers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:1909 births]]

Shivamogga Airport

2026-03-13T11:52:05Z

Irinaequalliat: updated page

{{Short description|Airport in Karnataka, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Shivamogga Airport
| nativename = Rashtrakavi Kuvempu Airport
| image =
| image-width = 270px
| caption =
| image2 =
| image2-width = 
| caption2 =
| IATA = RQY
| ICAO = VOSH
| FAA =
| TC =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| type = Public
| owner-oper =
| owner = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| operator = [[KSIIDC]]
| Architect =
| city-served = [[Shimoga]]
| location = Sogane, Shimoga, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2023|02|27|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news|author1=Saha, Shriparna|title=PM Modi inaugurates lotus-shaped Shivamogga airport in Karnataka – All you need to know|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/pm-modi-inaugurates-lotus-shaped-shivamogga-airport-in-karnataka-all-you-need-to-know/2993739/lite/|work=The Financial Express|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| hub =
| built = 
| metric-elev = yes
| elevation-f = 2017
| elevation-m = 615
| coordinates = {{Coord|13|51|17|N|75|36|38|E|type:airport_region:IN|display=inline,title|name=Kuvempu Airport}}
| website =
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_label = '''RQY'''
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Karnataka
| r1-number = 08/26
| r1-length-f = 10,498
| r1-length-m = 3,200
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2023 - March 2024
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 39,040
{{increase}}

| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 984
{{increase}}
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Shivamogga Airport''', officially renamed as '''Rashtrakavi Kuvempu Airport''' {{Airport codes|RQY|VOSH}},<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka: Commercial flight ops get off the ground in Shivamogga airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/commercial-flight-ops-get-off-the-ground-in-shivamogga/articleshow/103262861.cms |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=Sep 1, 2023}}</ref> is a [[domestic airport]] serving the city of [[Shimoga]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located at Sogane, {{cvt|8.8|km}} from Shimoga and {{cvt|8.2|km}} from [[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]]. The airport was to be built under [[Public–Private Partnership]] (PPP) with the [[Government of Karnataka]]. However, due to delays in project execution,<ref name= "DH1">{{cite news |title=Airport projects in four cities in limbo as promoters back out |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/339636/airport-projects-four-cities-limbo.html|work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date= 18 June 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 }}</ref> the contract was terminated in January 2015. On 15 June 2020, the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]], [[B. S. Yediyurappa]], laid the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] to start the construction of the airport at a cost of ₹ 4.5 billion. The airport is to be constructed in two phases, out of which the first phase was inaugurated on 27 February 2023 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|title=Breaking news live updates: PM Modi inaugurates Shivamogga Airport in Karnataka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-updates/liveblog/98259929.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news|author1=Saha, Shriparna|title=PM Modi inaugurates lotus-shaped Shivamogga airport in Karnataka – All you need to know|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/pm-modi-inaugurates-lotus-shaped-shivamogga-airport-in-karnataka-all-you-need-to-know/2993739/lite/|work=The Financial Express|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|language=en}}</ref> It is named after [[Kuvempu]], who is regarded as the greatest [[List of Kannada-language poets|Kannada poet]] of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shivamogga airport will be named after Kuvempu: Yediyurappa|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shivamogga-airport-to-be-named-after-kuvempu-says-bsy/article66499872.ece/|work=The Hindu|date=12 February 2023|access-date=13 February 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
A team of experts from [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) visited the two identified suitable sites, at Sogane near [[Shimoga]] and Nagarabavi near [[Ayanur]] on 4 April 2006. Of the two sites inspected by the AAI team, the one at Sogane was found most suitable, due to its wind direction and velocity conditions. The only concern was that the land was uneven and needed to be levelled. The other site near Ayanur was found inadequate in width for the runway of the proposed airport.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060906133748/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/08/stories/2006040810350300.htm Airport at Shimoga likely to come up at Sogane] The Hindu, India's National Newspaper</ref>

Nineteen companies had shown interest in developing the airport when the Government had called for an [[Expression of Interest]] (EoI) to develop airports in [[Gulbarga|Kalaburagi]], [[Bijapur]] and Shimoga.<ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=Karnataka gets 19 EoIs for three airport projects |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/karnataka-gets-19-eois-for-three-airport-projects/202106/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 June 2007 |access-date= 9 June 2015 }}</ref> The project was awarded to a consortium of [[Maytas Infra]] Ltd.<ref>{{cite book | title = IL&FS may partner foreign firms to improve Maytas Infra position | url = http://www.livemint.com/2009/09/01231812/ILampFS-may-partner-foreign.html?h=B | author = C R Sukumar | publisher = livemint.com | date = 1 September 2009 | access-date = 2 September 2009 }}</ref>), NCC Infrastructure Holdings Ltd. (NCC) and VIE India Project Development and Holding, on 15 November 2007, on a [[Build-operate-transfer|BOT]] basis. Concession period was to be 30 years, to be extended for a further period of 30 years by Mutual Agreement.<ref>[http://www.ilfsengg.com/html/airport-shimoga.php Shimoga Airport] IL&FS Engineering Services</ref>

Shimoga Airport Developers Pvt Ltd (SADPL), a [[Special purpose entity|Special Purpose Company]], was established to sign the Project Development Agreement (PDA) with the Infrastructure Development Department (IDD) of the Government of Karnataka. The Shareholding pattern of Maytas Infra, NCC and VIE was 37%, 37% and 26% respectively in SADPL. The project development agreement was signed on 2 April 2008.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2008/04/03/stories/2008040352732300.htm Maytas, NCC sign pacts for Shimoga, Gulbarga airports] The Hindu Business Line</ref>

The foundation stone for the Phase I of construction was laid by former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]], [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]], on 20 June 2008.<ref>[http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/maytas-infra-led-consortium-to-construct-airport-at-shimoga_343541.html Maytas Infra led consortium to construct airport at Shimoga] Moneycontrol, e-Eighteen.com Ltd.</ref> Due to a change in the project shareholding ratio, a Supplementary Development Agreement was signed on 21 December 2010. Bengaluru-based company, Regional Airport-Holdings International Limited (RAHI), acquired 22% in the project and overall management and financial control.

In January 2015, the government decided to annul the land allotment for the airport because of “indifference and infighting” among the promoters.<ref name="THBL">{{cite news |title=Karnataka: Land allotments for Shimoga, Gulbarga airports annulled |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/karnataka-land-allotments-for-shimoga-gulbarga-airports-annulled/article6772381.ece |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=9 January 2015 |access-date= 9 June 2015}}</ref> As no construction work had begun at the Shimoga airport, the government planned to re-tender the project.<ref name="DH2">{{cite news |title=Kalaburagi airport project may go to PWD |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/482210/kalaburagi-airport-project-may-go.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 June 2015 |access-date= 9 June 2015 }}</ref>

On 15 June 2020, Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa relaunched the long pending project. The airport will be built at a cost of ₹ 2.2 billion in about 662.38 acres land, initiated earlier at Sogane. It will be built as a part of the [[UDAN]] scheme.<ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite news|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/karnataka-cm-b-s-yediyurappa-relaunches-his-pet-shivamogga-airport-project-849767.html|title= Karnataka CM B S Yediyurappa relaunches his pet Shivamogga airport project|website= Deccan Herald}}</ref> The airport was completed and inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 27 February 2023,<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref name="The Financial Express"/> with regular flight operations starting from 31 August 2023 to [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]] operated by [[IndiGo]].<ref name="Commencement of Flights from RQY">{{cite news|last=Raj|first=Amulya|title=Karnataka: Shivamogga Airport Begins Operations With Maiden Flight From Bengaluru|url=https://zeenews.india.com/aviation/karnataka-shivamogga-airport-begins-operations-with-maiden-flight-from-bengaluru-2655882.html|work=Zee News|date=31 August 2023|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shivamogga to offer flight services to Tirupati, Goa and Hyderabad|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/shivamogga-to-offer-flight-services-to-tirupati-goa-and-hyderabad/articleshow/102177547.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=27 July 2023|access-date=27 July 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shivamogga to see international flights in two years: CM|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/feb/28/shivamogga-to-see-international-flights-in-two-yearscm-2551659.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=28 February 2023|access-date=27 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Land acquisition and lease==
The government had acquired 662.38 acres of land, and {{Indian Rupee}} 58.3 million released for acquisition and development.<ref>[http://idd.kar.nic.in/shimoga-airport.htm Minor Airports - Shimoga Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609104831/http://idd.kar.nic.in/shimoga-airport.htm |date=9 June 2018 }} The Official Website of Infrastructure Development Department, Government of Karnataka</ref> Compensation for farmers given, for private land, was {{Indian Rupee}} 600,000 for an acre of dry land and {{Indian Rupee}} 700,000 for an acre of wetland, and for farmers using government land {{Indian Rupee}} 200,000 per acre. About 130 acres of private land and 530 acres of government land were acquired for the project.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071205162019/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/07/stories/2007060710300400.htm Shimoga airport: compensation for landowners fixed] The Hindu</ref> Families living in the affected area were provided monetary compensation and alternate housing.

The Land Lease Deed signed on 21 December 2010<ref>[http://www.idd.kar.nic.in/docs/IDD%2014%20DIA%202007.pdf Government Order No. IDD 14 DIA 2007, Bangalore, dated 15.11.2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223910/http://www.idd.kar.nic.in/docs/IDD%2014%20DIA%202007.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} The Official Website of Infrastructure Development Department, Government of Karnataka</ref> commits the lessee to a rent of {{Indian Rupee}} 20,232 per acre annually to the GoK (13.4 million). The lease rent will increase by 10% every three years during the lease period.

==Construction==
Work on Phase I of the construction started in April 2011.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120711012421/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-26/mysore/28147784_1_airport-work-air-map-shimoga Work on Phase I of the construction]</ref> However, out of the proposed 3,200 metre runway, only the work of levelling a 0.5-km stretch with boulders and concrete mixture was completed. After this, differences cropped up between the partners of the contractor and all work on the project was stopped.<ref name="TH">{{cite news |title=Work on Shimoga airport project yet to commence |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/work-on-shimoga-airport-project-yet-to-commence/article6473487.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 October 2014 |access-date= 9 June 2015 }}</ref>

On 15 June 2020, the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]] relaunched the airport project. The airport is being built around a cost of ₹ 4.49 billion, in about 662 acres of land area. It will be built as a part of the [[UDAN]] scheme.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/>

The airport will have the longest runway in the state, of 3,200 metres, after [[Kempegowda International Airport]] at [[Bangalore]]. It will be an airport of international standards, where widebody aircraft can land.

The airport is designed to operate [[Boeing 737]] and [[Airbus A320]] type aircraft, and can handle about 350 peak hour passengers. The project will be taken up in two phases. It was expected to be completed by 2022, but it is now completed and was inaugurated on 27 February 2023.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|title=Breaking news live updates: PM Modi inaugurates Shivamogga Airport in Karnataka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-updates/liveblog/98259929.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express"/>

==Airlines and destinations==
{{Airport-dest-list
| [[IndiGo]] | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230817-6e2h23in|title=INDIGO 2H23 DOMESTIC NETWORK ADDITIONS|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=17 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[SpiceJet]] | [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-10 |title=SpiceJet launches UDAN flights connecting Shivamogga with Chennai and Hyderabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/spicejet-launches-udan-flights-connecting-shivamogga-with-chennai-and-hyderabad/articleshow/114107352.cms |access-date=2024-10-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] | [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Tirupati Airport|Tirupati]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Flight operations to Tirupati, Hyderabad, Goa launched from Shivamogga airport|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/flight-operations-to-tirupati-hyderabad-goa-launched-from-shivamogga-airport/article67557138.ece|work=The Hindu|date=21 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Number of Passenger Travelled: '''
From RQY Shivamogga Airport As per Airport Authority of India (AAI) data between April, 2023 to March, 2024 total 39040 passenger movement recorded. During January., 2025 and July 2025, which operate only domestic flights, handled 94,291 passengers. During the same period in 2024, Shivamogga airports handled 47,494 passengers.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://twitter.com/BYRBJP/status/1667884702429233154?t=OvBhEtnoVCTsYmZ6YUveQQ&s=19

{{Portal bar|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shimoga]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Transport in Shimoga district]]

Ātman-Brahman

2026-03-08T08:46:47Z

Irinaequalliat: Entry!

{{Short description|Hindu philosophical concept}}
[[File:Mozzercork - Heart (by).jpg|thumb|[[Swan]] (Hansa, हंस) is a symbol for Ātman-Brahman within Hindu iconography.<ref>Lindsay Jones (2005), ''Encyclopedia of religion'', Volume 13, Macmillan Reference, {{ISBN|978-0028657332}}, page 8894, Quote: "In Hindu iconography the swan personifies Brahman-Atman, the transcendent yet immanent ground of being, the Self."</ref><ref>Denise Cush (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415556231}}, page 697</ref>]]
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Ātman-Brahman''' is a cornerstone idea in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religions, texts, and philosophies that [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]] (innermost self or essence) and [[Brahman]] (unchanging and eternal [[ultimate reality]]) are one and the same, or simultaneously different and non-different. This Ātman-Brahman synthesis is central to the [[Upanishads]] and various other traditions, such as [[Advaita Vedanta]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jeaneane D.|last=Fowler|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C|year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the Upanishads, Brahman is either identical to Ātman or a part of Brahman without being identical to it.<ref>{{Citation | last =Koller | first =John | year =2012 | chapter =Shankara | editor-last1 =Meister | editor-first1 =Chad | editor-last2 =Copan | editor-first2 =Paul | title =Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion | publisher =Routledge | isbn =978-0415782944}}</ref> Other perspectives include [[Dualism|dualistic]] and [[Nondualism|nondualistic]] interpretations of Ātman-Brahman.<ref name=mmyers>Michael Myers (2000), Brahman: A Comparative Theology, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700712571}}, pages 124–127</ref> Among the non-dualistic interpretations is Advaita Vedanta, which believes that Brahman is divine and identical to Ātman, as well as ''[[Para Brahman|nirguna]]'' (without attributes), eternal, love, "being-consciousness-bliss".<ref>{{Citation | last =Deutsch | first =Eliot | year =1973 | title =Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction | publisher =University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>

The Ātman-Brahman synthesis is rejected by [[Āstika and nāstika|nāstika]] traditions, such as [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], which reject the existence of a universal, unchanging Ātman.<ref>{{citation |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary |publisher=Nataraj Books |year=2006 |isbn=1-881338-58-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|ref=none|first=Gavin D. |last=Flood |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |date=13 July 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/116 116] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]

Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T10:41:01Z

Irinaequalliat:

{{Short description|Finance ministry of the Government of Maharashtra}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय वित्त विभाग महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Department of Finance [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = Chief Minister of Maharashtra and Minister of Finance Additional Charge
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Ashish Jaiswal]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|https://Finance.maharashtra.gov.in/default.aspx}}
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = '''Shri Manoj Saunik ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])'''
| chief1_position = Additional Chief Secretary
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Finance''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is responsible for preparing annual plans for the development of [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Objectives of Finance Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://plan.maharashtra.gov.in/Sitemap/plan/pdf/OBJECTIVE.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|website=Finance Department, Government of Maharashtra, India}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' is current [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and holds the Additional Charge of Minister of Finance after the death of [[Ajit Pawar]].

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Minister
![[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term of office
!Chief Minister
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|
|[[S. K. Wankhede]]
|Kalameshwar
|1 May 1960
|8 March 1962
|{{Age in years and days|1 May 1960|8 March 1962}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="11" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|2
|
|[[Sadashiv Govind Barve|Sadashiv Barve]]
|[[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|8 March 1962
|20 November 1962
|{{Age in years and days|8 March 1962|20 November 1962}}
|-
|3
|
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|[[Saoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saoli]]
|20 November 1962
|24 November 1963
|{{age in years and days|20 November 1962|24 November 1963}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|4
|
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|[[Chiplun (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chiplun]]
|25 November 1963
|5 December 1963
|{{age in years and days|25 November 1963|5 December 1963}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|(1)
|
|[[S. K. Wankhede]]
|Sawargaon
|5 December 1963
|1 March 1967
|{{age in years and days|5 December 1963|1 March 1967}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|5
|[[File:Shankarrao_Chavan_2007_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|[[Bhokar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhokar]]
|1 March 1967
|27 October 1969
|{{age in years and days|1 March 1967|27 October 1969}}
|-
|6
|[[File:The_President_of_India,_Smt._Pratibha_Patil.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Pratibha Patil]]
|Edlabad
|27 October 1969
|13 March 1972
|{{age in years and days|27 October 1969|13 March 1972}}
|-
|7
|[[File:A._R._Antulay_with_Shivraj_Patil_(cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
|[[A. R. Antulay]]
|[[Shrivardhan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shrivardhan]]
|13 March 1972
|21 February 1975
|{{age in years and days|13 March 1972|21 February 1975}}
|-
|8
|
|Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari
|[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]
|21 February 1975
|17 May 1977
|{{age in years and days|21 February 1975|17 May 1977}}
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]
|17 May 1977
|5 March 1978
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|17 May 1977|18 July 1978}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|5 March 1978
|18 July 1978
|-
|10
|
|[[Sundarrao Solanke]]
|[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]
|18 July 1978
|17 February 1980
|{{age in years and days|18 July 1978|17 February 1980}}
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}" |
|-
|11
|
|[[Ramrao Adik]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|9 June 1980
|21 January 1982
|{{age in years and days|9 June 1980|21 January 1982}}
|[[A. R. Antulay]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="9" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|12
|
|V. Subramaniam
|
|21 January 1982
|2 February 1983
|{{age in years and days|21 January 1982|2 February 1983}}
|[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |13
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Sushilkumar_Shinde.JPG|center|94x94px]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| rowspan="4" |Solapur
|2 February 1983
|3 June 1985
| rowspan="4" |{{age in years and days|2 February 1983|4 March 1990}}
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|3 June 1985
|12 March 1986
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|12 March 1986
|26 June 1988
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|26 June 1988
|4 March 1990
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |(11)
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramrao Adik]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|4 March 1990
|25 June 1991
| rowspan="3" |{{age in years and days|4 March 1990|14 March 1995}}
|-
|25 June 1991
|6 March 1993
|[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|6 March 1993
|14 March 1995
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|14
|
|[[Hashu Advani]]
|[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]
|14 March 1995
|18 September 1995
|{{age in years and days|14 March 1995|18 September 1995}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Manohar Joshi]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|15
|[[File:Eknath_Khadse_(cropped).jpg|89x89px]]
|[[Eknath Khadse]]
|[[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]]
|18 September 1995
|10 June 1997
|{{age in years and days|18 September 1995|10 June 1997}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |16
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahadeo Shivankar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]]
|10 June 1997
|1 February 1999
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|10 June 1997|18 October 1999}}
|-
|1 February 1999
|18 October 1999
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|17
|
|[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik|Surupsingh Naik]]
|[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]]
|18 October 1999
|27 October 1999
|{{age in years and days|18 October 1999|27 October 1999}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan="3" |18
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Jayant Patil (cropped).jpg|75x75px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jayant Patil]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva]]
|27 October 1999
|18 January 2003
| rowspan="3" |{{age in years and days|27 October 1999|8 December 2008}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
|18 January 2003
|1 November 2004
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|1 November 2004
|8 December 2008
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|19
|[[File:Dilip_Walse_Patil.png|75x75px]]
|[[Dilip Walse Patil]]
|[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]
|8 December 2008
|7 November 2009
|{{age in years and days|8 December 2008|7 November 2009}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|20
|[[File:Sunil_Tatkare_in_2014.jpg|79x79px]]
|[[Sunil Tatkare]]
|[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]
|7 November 2009
|11 November 2010
|{{age in years and days|7 November 2009|11 November 2010}}
|-
|21
|[[File:Ajit_Pawar.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Ajit Pawar]]
|[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
|11 November 2010
|25 September 2012
|{{age in years and days|11 November 2010|25 September 2012}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|22
|[[File:Prithviraj_Chavan_-_India_Economic_Summit_2011.jpg|center|99x99px]]
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|25 September 2012
|7 December 2012
|{{age in years and days|25 September 2012|7 December 2012}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|(21)
|[[File:Ajit_Pawar.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Ajit Pawar]]
|[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
|7 December 2012
|28 September 2014
|{{age in years and days|7 December 2012|28 September 2014}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
|23
|[[File:Sudhir_Mungantiwar1.png|75x75px]]
|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|[[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]]
|31 October 2014
|12 November 2019
|{{age in years and days|31 October 2014|12 November 2019}}
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|(18)
|[[File:Jayant Patil (cropped).jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Jayant Patil]]
|[[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|28 November 2019
|30 December 2019
|{{age in years and days|28 November 2019|30 December 2019}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
|(21)
|[[File:Ajit_Pawar.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Ajit Pawar]]
|[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
|30 December 2019
|30 June 2022
|{{age in years and days|30 December 2019|30 June 2022}}
|-
|24
|[[File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[Nagpur South West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur South West]]
|30 June 2022
|2 July 2023
|{{age in years and days|30 June 2022|2 July 2023}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Eknath Shinde]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |(21)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Ajit_Pawar.jpg|105x105px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ajit Pawar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
|2 July 2023
|5 December 2024
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|2 July 2023|}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
|5 December 2024
|28 January 2026
|rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|(24)
|[[File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]] Additional Charge
|[[Nagpur South West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur South West]]
|28 January 2026
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|28 January 2026}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Finance
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Shambhuraj Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Ajit Pawar]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:240916-vishwajeet-kadam.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (2023–2026)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Ashish Jaiswal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek Constituency No. 59]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
|
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (2024 – 2026)
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]] Additional Charge (2026 – Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==List of principal secretary ==

{{Empty section|date=July 2022}}

== Ministers of Small Savings (1960 - 1978 )==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Printing Presses
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 22 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative assembly]]'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 22 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 22 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 22 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="5" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot Constituency No. 28]]- [[Akola District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Anant Namjoshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Girgaon Assembly constituency|Girgaon Constituency No. 185]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|17 March}} 1974
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April }} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|05|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Ending on 7 March 1978
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Subnational finance ministries|Maharashtra]]

Raaz: The Mystery Continues

2026-03-07T02:28:51Z

Irinaequalliat: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|2009 Indian film by Mohit Suri}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raaz: The Mystery Continues
| image = Raaz-The Mystery Continues poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohit Suri]]
| producer = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| writer = [[Shagufta Rafique]]
| story = Mohit Suri
| narrator =
| starring = [[Emraan Hashmi]] [[Kangana Ranaut]] [[Adhyayan Suman]] [[Jackie Shroff]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Raju Singh]] [[Shaarib Sabri|Shaarib]]{{endash}}[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] Pranay M. Rijia Gourov Dasgupta '''Score:''' Raju Singh
| cinematography = Ravi Walia
| editing = Devendra Murudeshwar
| studio = [[Vishesh Films]]
| distributor = [[Yash Raj Films]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/raazthe-mystery-continues-is-piping-hot/|title="Raaz-The Mystery Continues" is piping hot!|date=6 January 2009|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812180812/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/raazthe-mystery-continues-is-piping-hot/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2009|1|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}18 crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=150|title=Raaz - The Mystery Continues - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605080444/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=150|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 38.09 crore<ref name="gross"/><ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
}}
'''''Raaz: The Mystery Continues''''', shortened as '''''RTMC''''' or '''''Raaz 2''''', (English: ''Secret: The Mystery Continues'') is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[supernatural horror film]] directed by [[Mohit Suri]]. The film stars [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Adhyayan Suman]], and [[Jackie Shroff]]. It is the second installment in the ''[[Raaz (film series)|Raaz series]]'', but is considered a [[standalone sequel]] to the 2002 film ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2008-01-05 |title=2007: 30+ Screens in U.K. :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2007-30-screens-in-u-k/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First Look: Emraan-Kangana's Raaz 2 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/17raaz-first-look.htm |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> The film deals with issues of the ghosts which are allegedly prevalent in India and the world around us. An artist named Prithvi has the ability to paint the future. His paintings tell Nandita's future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianetindia.com/entertainment/raazthe-mystery-continues_5117.html|title=Raaz-the Mystery Continues plotline|date=30 September 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009 |publisher=Kerala Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904124339/http://www.asianetindia.com/entertainment/raazthe-mystery-continues_5117.html |archive-date=2011-09-04}}</ref>

The film was released on 23 January 2009. It received generally mixed reviews from critics, with praise towards the performances and music, but criticism for its pacing. Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=|year=2009}}, the film earned {{INRConvert|38.09|c|lk=|year=2009}} worldwide and emerged as a commercial success.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/> A third installment was released in 2013 with Emraan Hashmi in the lead. It was first in a series of quasi-sequels released under the Bhatt Banner including ''[[Murder 2]]'', ''[[Jannat 2]]'', ''[[Jism 2]]'', ''[[Raaz 3D]]'' and ''[[1920: Evil Returns]]'', each of which had nothing to do with their respective prequels, but somehow fell in the same genre following a similar story.

==Plot==
At night, an American named David Cooper visits the Kalindi Temple. He sees the priest of the temple in a horrific state – his body is slit with a [[scythe]] and '[[Om]]' is written on his body. Horrified, David flees. The story shifts to model Nandita, who is in love with Yash, the director and host of a reality show "Andhvishwas," dealing with superstitions of ghosts. Yash and Nandita start living together and Nandita gets pregnant.

One evening, Nandita encounters Prithvi, an aspiring artist. Prithvi had made a sketch months earlier of a girl who is actually Nandita. He shows her a painting where she is lying with her wrist slit, and warns her of danger. Nandita accidentally slits her wrist after a ghostly attack in the bathroom and Prithvi saves her. Yash learns of her pregnancy and miscarriage at the hospital. He gets Prithvi arrested, though he is later released.

Meanwhile, David, the owner of a chemical plant, hangs himself after writing in Hindi the words "You are impure, you are rotten from inside" with his blood. Prithvi sees Nandita becoming possessed at her fashion show and attacking a spiritual guru. She says the same lines that David wrote. Yash has Nandita publicly apologise and declares that she has [[mental health]] problems.

After another possession, Nandita goes to Prithvi for help. He refuses, showing her a new painting in which she is hanging herself with the lines written behind her. At a party with Yash, Nandita is possessed again and starts bleeding. Prithvi spots her running from the party and follows her to a slum, where she tries to kill herself. He intervenes as Yash arrives.

Yash agrees to help Nandita on the condition she leaves Prithvi, but she decides to stay with Prithvi and visit Kalindi to find out the truth. Prithvi and Nandita spend the night in a guesthouse. Nandita is attacked by paranormal beings in a forest but Prithvi saves her. They arrive at Kalindi and meet the priest's wife, who tells them that her husband was evil and his death was not surprising, considering the crimes he had committed against innocent people. They visit the house of the police officer who investigated David's suicide but find him unstable; he commits suicide as well.

One night while travelling, they are attacked by animals. Nandita escapes the [[Jeep]] and finds a well in the trees. She jumps in and Prithvi follows her. Inside the well, she realises that it was Prithvi's father, Veer Pratap Singh, who was possessing her: he had discovered that the Kalindi chemical plant dumped its toxins into a lake where thousands gathered once a year to bathe in a sacred ritual. He lodged a complaint against David but was warned by the policeman and the priest against taking action. He merely replied, "You are impure, you are rotten from inside". Veer tried to tell the truth to everyone, but was killed by the goons of the priest. His body was dumped in the same well. His spirit returns for revenge; he killed David and the policeman and the priest who sided with David.

Prithvi is still confused why Nandita was used for this. They learn that Yash had the evidence of Veer's death, but sold it to David in return for sponsorship of his show. Nandita tries to escape with the evidence and Prithvi is stabbed by Yash; in the end, Veer's ghost kills Yash and heals Prithvi's wounds. Nandita and Prithvi are reunited.

==Cast==

* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Prithvi Singh, an artist
* [[Kangana Ranaut]] as Nandita Chopra, an aspiring model haunted by strange activities
* [[Adhyayan Suman]] as Yash Dayal, Nandita's boyfriend who debunked supernatural and paranormal activities as superstitions
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Veer Pratap Singh, Prithvi's father (special appearance)
* [[Varun Badola]] as Inspector Amin
*[[Anupam Shyam]] as Dayal Kaka, Yash's uncle

==Production==

===Development===
Screenwriter [[Shagufta Rafique|Shagufta Rafiq]] stated in an interview that the story is based on [[Sant Kabir]]'s idiom, "''Bura jo dekhan main chala, Bura na milya koi; Jo dil khoja apna, Ta mujh sa bura na koi''", which means that the evil is within oneself and that is the message of the film.<ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/bhatts-making-indian-version-of-the-omen_10074306.html Bhatts making Indian version of ‘The Omen’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213060132/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/bhatts-making-indian-version-of-the-omen_10074306.html |date=13 February 2009 }} Thaindian News Retrieved on 2009-01-22</ref> [[Vikram Bhatt]] (who was the original ''Raaz'' director) was replaced by [[Mohit Suri]].<ref name="rs4579arch">{{cite web|last=Bhansali|first=Hanumant|title=Mohit Suri to direct Raaz 2|date=13 June 2007|website=RS Bollywood Online|url=http://www.radiosargam.com/films/archives/4579/mohit-suri-to-direct-raaz-2.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130035906/http://www.radiosargam.com/films/archives/4579/mohit-suri-to-direct-raaz-2.html|archive-date=30 November 2007}}</ref> Suri had reportedly added more dramatic space to the film and played around with visuals and sounds which led to an extraordinary pace.<ref>[http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2009/emraan-praises-mohit-080109.html Emraan praises Mohit for Raaz The Mystery Continues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022091426/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2009/emraan-praises-mohit-080109.html |date=22 October 2012 }} Retrieved on 12 January 2009</ref> Suri was inspired after reading [[Hindu mythology]], where good and evil are represented in stark contrast.<ref>[http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/raaz---the-mystery-continues-explores-the-evil-within.html Exploring the evil within] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223200513/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/raaz---the-mystery-continues-explores-the-evil-within.html |date=23 December 2008 }} Retrieved on 12 January 2009</ref>

Multiple scenes in the film are borrowed from other horror films; the bathtub horror scenes and the well in the end are similar to ''[[The Ring (2002 film)|The Ring]]'', the scene where a man is found inside the hidden roof floor of a house is similar to ''[[The Grudge]]'', the future prediction, plot, the road accident with the wild bulls and various other sequences were taken from films such as ''[[Final Destination (film)|Final Destination]]'', ''[[Mirrors (2008 film)|Mirrors]]'' and the TV series ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]''. Reportedly, the main secret revealed in the climax was inspired from the 2000 American film ''[[Erin Brockovich (film)|Erin Brockovich]]'' where the female lead also investigates the water of an area getting contaminated due to a nearby Energy and Gas plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost/Raaz-The-Mystery-Continues--464|title=Raaz - The Mystery Continues (2009) & its inspirations.|website=BObbytalkscinema.com|access-date=8 April 2009}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Kangana Ranaut]] replaced [[Bipasha Basu]] as the female lead, playing Nandita, a supermodel. [[Amrita Rao]] was offered the role, but declined.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-07 |title=Amrita Rao has no time for secrets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amrita-rao-has-no-time-for-secrets/story-k5NsoAlzhpalSrrWIVchTM.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> To prepare for the role, Ranaut had to reportedly undergo many different looks and even changed her hair colour to red. [[Emraan Hashmi]] was cast as Prithvi, a painter with no contact to the outside world, replacing [[Dino Morea]] as the male lead. According to the actor, though comparisons are evident with ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]'' (2002), this film has a different plot and will give a new definition to the horror genre. Dino Morea expressed his disappointment with the decision saying "I'm not disappointed but definitely baffled. How can they make a ''Raaz 2'' without anyone from the original cast? How can it be a sequel, then?".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/mirchmasala/How-can-they-do-Raaz-2-without-me-Dino/Article1-277616.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018022755/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/mirchmasala/How-can-they-do-Raaz-2-without-me-Dino/Article1-277616.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2012|title= Dino Morea'z disappointment over Raaz 2|access-date= 15 December 2008|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Adhyayan Suman]] plays Yash, a documentary filmmaker who is perceived as an atheist and believes in scientific rationale behind everything. His beliefs are challenged in the film. He reportedly called this film his debut, despite debuting in the ''[[Haal-e-Dil|Haal-e-dil]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2008-04-07 |title=Shekhar Suman’s son, Adhyayan, plays the lead in Raaz 2 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shekhar-sumans-son-adhyayan-plays-the-lead-in-raaz-2/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sonal Chauhan]] was reportedly offered Kangana's role which she declined.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-05-22 |title=Sonal to act in Raaz 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sonal-to-act-in-raaz-2/articleshow/3059882.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Jackie Shroff]] was reported to be playing Kangana's father, which after the release was revealed to be Emraan's father.

===Filming===
Filming began in June 2008 in [[Shimla]]. Some parts of filming took place in [[Mumbai]]. Kangana was paid {{Indian rupee}}6 million for her role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelkar |first=Chuman Das and Reshma |date=2008-03-11 |title=Kangana charges 60 lakhs for Bhatt's Raaz 2 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/kangana-charges-60-lakhs-for-bhatts-raaz-2/articleshow/2856021.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The film received an A certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board of Film Certification]]. [[Mukesh Bhatt]] however denied these claims stating the film received a U/A certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-13 |title=You don’t have a bath with your clothes on, exclaims Mukesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/you-don-t-have-a-bath-with-your-clothes-on-exclaims-mukesh/story-G2bkETFVp1oLVQ8IhGIuJP.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Filming completed on 10 November 2008 in Mumbai.

[[Sushant Singh Rajput]] assisted director [[Mohit Suri]] during the making of the film.

===Promotion===
The teaser trailer was released by Hashmi in November 2008 alongside the film ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''.

[[Sony BMG]] partnered with social networking site [[Ibibo]] to launch a website for the film. The RTMC application allowed Ibibo members to participate in a movie making contest where the winner got the chance to spend a day with Mohit Suri, and learn the art of filmmaking from him. Ashish Kashyap, the CEO of Ibibo, said, "The Raaz – The Mystery Continues application on Ibibo reiterates our core value proposition to recognize talent and enable users to self express and engage with latest Bollywood content. This is a perfect example of a Bollywood movie promotion leveraging the power of social media on Ibibo".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alootechie.com/content/ibibo-launches-web-application-%E2%80%98raaz-the-mystery-continues%E2%80%99|title=Ibibo launches web application for 'Raaz – The Mystery Continues'|date=24 December 2008|access-date=28 January 2009|publisher=Alootechie|archive-date=15 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115011054/http://www.alootechie.com/content/ibibo-launches-web-application-%E2%80%98raaz-the-mystery-continues%E2%80%99|url-status=live}}</ref>

The theatrical trailer was released alongside ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' and ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]''. Kangana Ranaut and Emraan Hashmi initially did not participate in promotions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_Kangana-unavailable-for-raaz-2-promotion_1216719|title=Kangana unavailable for Raaz 2 promotion|author=Suparna Thombare|date=25 December 2008 |access-date=27 January 2009|newspaper=DNA India|archive-date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926020138/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_kangana-unavailable-for-raaz-2-promotion_1216719|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the entire cast, including Hashmi and Ranaut, later appeared for the promotions in [[Bangalore]].

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed reviews from critics.

The ''[[Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars saying that,"Emraan Hashmi & Kangana Ranaut bring the ''Gangster'' magic again....they have done a good job whereas Adhyayan Suman shows promise."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaz—The Mystery Continues Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Raaz—The Mystery Continues by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/raazthe-mystery-continues/movie-review/4023535.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave a good review saying "On the whole, ''Raaz – The Mystery Continues'' is rich in the horror quotient and that is one of its major USPs, besides the highly competent performances by its principal cast and a lilting musical score. At the box-office, this one will continue the winning streak of Mahesh Bhatt and Mukesh Bhatt's Vishesh Films. The 4-day weekend [Monday, January 26 in a holiday] will only cement its status further. Go for it!". The lead actors were praised for their performance. In the review, "On the acting front, both Emraan and Kangana vie for top honours. Emraan is excellent. He conveys a lot through facial expressions and that's the sign of a proficient actor. He's just getting better and better with every film. Kangana is top notch. After ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'', this one's another power-packed performance from the actress. Adhyayan Suman is super-confident and registers a strong impact, especially towards the climax. He shows promise. Jackie Shroff is quite okay in a brief role."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/reviews/2009/raaz-the-mystery-continues-review-230109.html|title=Raaz The Mystery Continues Review|date=23 January 2009|access-date=23 January 2009|author=Taran Adarsh|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|archive-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301152538/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/reviews/2009/raaz-the-mystery-continues-review-230109.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]'' gave a negative review saying "The first ''Raaz'', which married the Hollywood film ''What Lies Beneath'' with the myth of Savitri who pursued Yamraj until her husband came back to life, had a cheesy appeal. This ''Raaz'' is a big bore. The scares are tired and Suri doesn't know how to pace them out. So, every minute, something awful is happening, from a bull attack to mutilation and murder. Was I scared? Not once. This mystery was better left discontinued."<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=372&moviename=Raaz:%20The%20Mystery%20Continues|title=RAAZ: THE MYSTERY CONTINUES review by Anupama Chopra|author=Anupama Chopra|date=24 January 2009|access-date=27 January 2009|publisher=[[NDTV]]movies.com|archive-date=8 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108231747/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=372&moviename=Raaz:%20The%20Mystery%20Continues|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[AOL]]'' reviewer Noyon Jyoti Parasara too rated the film low. He gave the film a mere 2 out of 5 and said, "''Raaz – The Mystery Continues'', which with all its hype was supposed scare the lights out of you, could not make me bat an eyelid out of fear. So there go all expectations!."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aol.in/promos/raaz-thefilm/|title=RAAZ: THE MYSTERY CONTINUES review by Noyon Jyoti Parasara|author=Noyon Jyoti Parasara|date=31 January 2009|access-date=31 January 2009|publisher=[[AOL]]|archive-date=24 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124002616/http://www.aol.in/promos/raaz-thefilm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
According to [[Box Office India|''Box Office India'']], the film performed moderately at the box-office, grossing over {{Indian rupee}}119 million within three days of its release.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ashish Sinha |date=27 January 2009 |title=Slumdog Crorepati fails to make a dent in the box office |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/slumdog-crorepati-fails-to-makedent-inbox-office/09/06/347190/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607142110/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/slumdog-crorepati-fails-to-makedent-inbox-office/09/06/347190/ |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=27 January 2009 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> At the end of its theatrical run in India, it grossed {{INRConvert|345.0|m}} and was declared a Semi-Hit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaz - The Mystery Continues - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=150 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref name="gross">{{cite web |title=Box Office 2009 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=2013-10-11}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raaz: The Mystery Continues
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Raju Singh]]
| cover =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|12|06}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 37:58
| label = [[Sony BMG]]
| producer = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| prev_title = [[Gauri: The Unborn]]
| prev_year = 2007
| year = 2008
| next_title = [[Pankh (film)|Pankh]]
| next_year = 2009
}}

The music of the film was released by [[Sony BMG]].

===Reception===
{{Music ratings
| rev1 = [[Oneindia.in]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|4|5}} [https://www.filmibeat.com/music/reviews/2008/raaz-music-review-171208.html link]
| rev2 = [[NDTV|NDTV Music]]
| rev2score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="ndtv"/>
| rev3 =
| rev3score =
}}
The music received positive reviews with tracks like "Maahi", "Kaisa Ye Raaz Hai" and "Soniyo" being particularly praised. ''[[NDTV]]'' gave a good review writing "Overall, the music of ''Raaz – The Mystery Continues'' has its own place under the sun. It is definitely worth listening."<ref name="ndtv"/>

''One India'' gave a positive review writing "The music of Raaz – TMC indeed impresses, the soundtrack here is yet another good addition to the enviable music catalogue of the Bhatts and Emraan would certainly have some more chartbusters to add to his name. As for the last question i.e. whether Raaz – TMC matches up to Nadeem-Shravan's ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]'', then well, let's put it this way that albums like [[Aashiqui]], Raaz or a [[Saajan]] are made only once and there shouldn't even be a conscious effort to replicate or surpass them. In this regard, the music of Raaz – TMC has its own place under the sun and what matters in the end is whether it works for the film or not. Well, the answer for this one is a firm Yes!.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2008 |title=Raaz – The Mystery Continues music review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/music/reviews/2008/raaz-music-review-171208.html |access-date=1 March 2012 |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> The song "Maahi" became a blockbuster after its release. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 13,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's twelfth highest-selling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-date=24 June 2010|website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

===Soundtrack===
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sharib Sabri|Shaarib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]], [[Raju Singh]], Pranay M. Rijia, and Gourov Dasgupta. Sharib-Toshi made their debuts with this film, alongside Gourov Dasgupta and Pranav M. Rijia. The lyrics for "Soniyo" and "Soniyo" (From The Heart Mix) were written by [[Kumaar]]. All other songs were written by [[Sayeed Quadri]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Sayeed Quadri]]
| title1 = Maahi
| length1 = 5:29
| music1 = Shaarib-Toshi
| extra1 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Toshi Sabri]]
| title2 = Soniyo
| note2 = lyrics by Kumaar
| length2 = 5:28
| music2 = Raju Singh
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Neeraj Shridhar]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Zubeen Garg (Alaap)
| title3 = O Jaana
| length3 = 4:30
| music3 = Raju Singh
| extra3 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| title4 = Kaisa Yeh Raaz Hai
| length4 = 6:17
| music4 = Pranav M Rija
| extra4 = KK
| title5 = Banda Re
| length5 = 5:05
| music5 = Gourov Dasgupta
| extra5 = [[Krishna Beura]]
| title6 = Soniyo (From the Heart)
| note6 = lyrics by Kumaar
| length6 = 5:33
| music6 = Raju Singh
| extra6 = Krishna Beura
| title7 = Maahi (Rock with Me)
| length7 = 4:45
| music7 = Raju Singh
| extra7 = Toshi Sabri
| title8 = O Jaana (Dance with Me)
| length8 = 3:59
| music8 = Raju Singh
| extra8 = KK
}}

==Sequel and reboot==
{{Further|Raaz 3: The Third Dimension}}

With ''Raaz TMC'' getting an encouraging opening, a third instalment of the series, ''[[Raaz 3]]'' was released on 7 September 2012. The film received an overwhelming response at the box office and emerged as the highest-grossing film of the trilogy.

A fourth film, ''[[Raaz Reboot]]'', was released on 16 September 2016.

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
| [[2nd Mirchi Music Awards]]
| Best Background Score
| [[Raju Singh]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Award 2009 |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/hindi/winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814185833/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/hindi/winners.html |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=2019-02-15 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.raazthefilm.com/ Official website for ''Raaz: The Mystery Continues'']
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|raaz-the-mystery-continues}}
* {{IMDb title|1340838}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|10010763}}

{{Raaz series|state=autocollapse}}
{{Mohit Suri}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:2009 horror films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raaz films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohit Suri]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India films]]

Aadat Se Majboor (film)

2026-03-03T23:47:17Z

Irinaequalliat: adding basic info w/ infobox...

{{Short description|1982 Indian Hindi film}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{plot missing|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Aadat Se Majboor}}
| image = 1982-k-Adat Se Majboor.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Ambrish Sangal
| producer = [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]]
| writer = [[Apurba Kishore Bir]]
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Ranjeeta Kaur|Ranjeeta]] [[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]] [[Neena Gupta]] [[Mohan Gokhale]]
| music = [[Usha Khanna]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| editing = Pratap Bhatt
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1982|07|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Adat Se Majboor}}''' ({{lit|Helpless by Habit}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by Ambrish Sangal, starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Mohan Gokhale]], [[Neena Gupta]], Gloria Mahanty, Bijainee Misra and Lalatendu Rath.
== Cast ==
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] - Shankar Shastri
*[[Ranjeeta Kaur|Ranjeeta]] - Neetu Verma
*[[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]] - Salma / Shanti
*[[Madan Puri]] - Dinanath Shastri
*[[Amrish Puri]] - Joginder Singh / Agnihotri
*[[Om Shivpuri]] - Dr. Verma
*[[Sudha Shivpuri]] - Mrs. Verma
*[[Mohan Choti]] - Ramu
*[[Padmini Kapila]] - Madam Zorro
*[[C.S. Dubey]] - Dheeru Bhai
*[[Moolchand]] - Bachchu Bhai
*Master Fareed - Young Shankar
*Baby Priya - Young Neetu
*Pappu - Young Ramu
*Dulari - Nadira Shaikh
*Ranvir Raj - Agnihotri's Manager

==Soundtrack==
The film has 6 songs, written by [[Indivar]] & [[Nida Fazli]] and composed by [[Usha Khanna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aadat-se-majboor-5504/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131091427/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aadat-se-majboor-5504/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=31 January 2020|title=Aadat Se Majboor (1982) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/aadat_se_majboor.htm|title=Aadat Se Majboor : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Aadat Se Majboor (1982)|website=HindiGeetMala|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>

#"Ram Kare Ke Umar Qaid (Female)" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"Ya Rehmat-E-Alam" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"Ram Kare Ke Umar Qaid Hame (Male)" – [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
#"Aankh Dil Ki Zubaan Hoti Hai" – [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Shabbir Kumar]]
#"Tera Pyar Mila" – [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Andar Ki Baat Hai" – [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0177479|Aadat Se Majboor}}

[[Category:Films scored by Usha Khanna]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Madri

2026-02-20T10:42:06Z

Irinaequalliat: cleanup

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Mahabharata character}}
{{good article}}
{{for-multi|the beer|Madrí Excepcional|the wife of King Parikshit|Madravati}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox character
| series = [[Mahabharata]]
| image = Madri - Raja Ravi Varma Print.jpg
| caption = A print of Madri by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (1848 – 1906)
| aliases = {{hlist|Madravati|Bahliki|Madrarajasuta}}
| gender = Female
| lbl1 =
| data1 =
| info-hdr = Personal Information
| spouse = [[Pandu]]
| origin = [[Madra Kingdom|Madra]]
| relatives = {{bulleted list|[[Shalya]] (brother)|Madraraja (father)|[[Kunti]] (co-wife)}}
| children = [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] (by [[Ashvins]])
| home =
| lbl21 = Clan
| data21 = [[Bahlikas]]
}}

'''Madri''' ({{langx|sa|माद्री}}, {{IAST3|Mādrī}}), also known as '''Madravati''' ({{langx|sa|माद्रवती}}, {{IAST3|Mādravatī}}), is a legendary character in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', an ancient [[Itihasa-Purana|Sanskrit epic poem]]. She is the princess from the [[Madra Kingdom]] and becomes the second wife of [[Pandu]], the king of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru Kingdom]]. She is the mother of the twins [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], the youngest of the five [[Pandava]] brothers.

Madri is the daughter of Madraraja—the king of Madra—and sister of [[Shalya]]. Her marriage to Pandu is arranged by [[Bhishma]], the grandsire of the Kuru dynasty, in exchange for a heavy [[bride price]]. After Pandu is cursed that he would die if he engaged in sexual relations, Madri accompanies Pandu in his self-imposed exile, along with Pandu's first wife, [[Kunti]]. Using Kunti's divine boon, Madri invokes the twin gods [[Ashvins]] to conceive her twin sons. Later, the cursed Pandu dies when he is overcome by desire and initiates intimacy with Madri. Overcome with remorse and grief, Madri entrusts her sons to Kunti's care and joins him in death.

Madri is traditionally viewed as a ''[[pativrata]]'' (devoted wife), whose beauty and charm are emphasised in the epic and its later adaptations. Madri's death by self-immolation is often cited as the earliest textual attestation of the [[Sati (practice)|sati practice]]; however, due to conflicting verses in the ''Mahabharata'', it has been the subject of varied interpretations, with some scholars disputing the sati account.

==Literary background==
Madri appears in the ''Mahabharata'', one of the [[Sanskrit]] epics originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], which primarily narrates about conflict between two groups of cousins—the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Kaurava]]s. Composed in [[Classical Sanskrit]], the text is a composite work shaped over centuries of revisions, editing, and interpolations. The oldest portions of the extant text likely date to around 400 BCE.{{sfn|Brockington|1998|p=25-26}} Manuscripts of the ''Mahabharata'' exist in numerous versions, with substantial variations in the details of key characters and events. An exception is the section containing the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', which remains notably consistent across different manuscripts.{{sfn|Minor|1982|p=1-11}} Significant differences exist between the Northern and Southern recensions, with the Southern versions generally being more elaborate and extended. Scholars have undertaken the creation of a [[critical edition]], primarily drawing from the "Bombay", "Poona", "Calcutta", and "South Indian" editions of the text. The most widely accepted version is that compiled by a team led by [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|Vishnu Sukthankar]] at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] (BORI), with copies preserved at [[Kyoto University]], [[Cambridge University]], and various institutions across India.{{sfn|McGrath|2004|p=9-26}}

Madri's role in the ''Mahabharata'' is brief, but significant in advancing the narrative.{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}} Her entire life—from her introduction to her death—is recounted in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'', the first of eighteen ''parvas'' or 'Books' of the ''Mahabharata''.{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=564, 565}}{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=459}} Scholar [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] points out that Madri is introduced in verses 105.1–6 of the ''Adi Parva'', as part of a triad of new brides for [[Kuru dynasty]] alongside [[Kunti]] and [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]. In the section spanning from 103.9 to 119.12, Kunti is allotted 195 verses, Gandhari 36 and Madri 85, not counting descriptions of their sons at birth. This allocation not only emphasizes Kunti's rising narrative prominence but also marks the first appearance of conjugal rivalry among co-wives in the epic's generational structure—where Madri soon emerges as Kunti's main rival.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=383}} Despite her early death in the first book, Madri continues to be mentioned in subsequent ''parvas''.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=459}}{{refn|group=note|The most prominent mention occurs in the third book, ''[[Vana Parva]]'', when all the Pandavas except Yudhishthira fall dead, and he is granted an opportunity to revive only one. Yudhishthira chooses Nakula, citing that it would be fair as this would ensure that at least one son of each mother—Kunti and Madri—would survive. Pleased with his reasoning, all four are revived.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=466}}}}

==Name and epithets==
''Mādrī'' derives etymologically from ''[[Madra]]'', designating the northwestern Indian subcontinental kingdom from which she originates. Thus, ''Mādrī'' connotes 'pertaining to Madra' or, within this specific context, 'woman of Madra'.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1999|p=779}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=384}} While the epithet is most commonly associated with Pandu's second wife, it has also been applied to other princesses of Madra.{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=154}}{{sfn|Dikshitar|1952|p=681}}

Additionally, a cognate epithet, ''Mādravatī'', frequently appears in reference to Madri, though it also denotes the [[Madravati|wife of Parikshit]] in epic literature.{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=460}}{{sfn|Dikshitar|1952|p=681}} Another epithet, ''Madrarājasutā'', meaning 'daughter of the king of Madra', is also used to refer to her.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1999|p=779}} Madri belonged to the [[Bahlikas|Bahlika]] clan, originating from [[Balkh]] in [[Bactria]]; as such, she is also called ''Bāhlikī'' in few instances in the epic ''Mahabharata''.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=384}}{{sfn|White|1991|p=120}}{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=459}} When Madri is introduced in the epic, she is described as ''rūpeṇāsadṛśī'', literally 'unparalleled in beauty'.{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}

==Biography==
Madri is mentioned as an [[List of avatars in the Mahabharata|incarnation]] of the goddess [[Dhriti]] ('Endurance') in the ''[[Adi Parva]]''.{{sfn|Brodbeck|Black|2007|p=181, 136}} Madri is mentioned as exceedingly attractive,{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=169}} and sometimes even described being dark complexioned.{{sfn|Walker|2019|p=202}}

===Marriage===
Madri is the daughter of the king of the [[Madra Kingdom]], belonging to the [[Bahlikas|Bahlika clan]], and the sister of [[Shalya]]. [[Bhishma]], a prominent statesman of the [[Kuru kingdom]] and the grandsire of the royal family, travels to Madra to secure Madri's hand in marriage for [[Pandu]], the king of the Kuru Kingdom. The Madra king consents to the marriage, but only in exchange for a bride price as per Madra custom. Bhishma offers him gold, elephants and horses as payment, and subsequently brings Madri to [[Hastinapura]], the capital of Kuru, where she is married to Pandu.{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=241-2}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=564, 565}}{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=169}}

Pandu has a first wife, [[Kunti]], with whom Madri shares an amicable relationship, despite an underlying rivalry between the two.{{sfn|Ghosh|2016|p=28}}

===Exile===
Shortly after his marriage, Pandu embarks on military conquests. Following these successful campaigns, he goes to ''[[tapovana]]'' (forest of austerities) south of [[Himalayas]], accompanied by both his wives, Kunti and Madri. During the expedition in a forest, he observes a deer and a doe in the act of coitus and desiring to hunt them, shoots arrows at them. Upon approaching, he realizes that the deer is, in fact, the sage [[Kindama]], who had assumed the cervine form to enjoy privacy with his wife, who is the doe. As he lies dying, the sage pronounces a curse upon Pandu, decreeing that he dies instantly should he ever attempt to have sexual intercourse. Pandu, Kunti and Madri lament the incident.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=393}} Disturbed by the gravity of his actions and seeking repentance, Pandu chooses to relinquish his royal duties and wants to live an ascetic life in the forest. However, both Kunti and Madri oppose this, insisting instead on accompanying him as devoted wives and persuading him to adopt the life of an [[Āśrama (stage)|''ashrama'']]-dweller—which allows participation of wives—rather than that of a strict ascetic. Pandu agrees and with Kunti and Madri, he departs to the forests.{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=249}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=394}} After travelling to various pilgrim sites, they settle in the Shatashringa forests under the care of sages who live there.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=564, 565}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=395-96}}

=== Birth of Nakula and Sahadeva ===
[[File:Ashwini Kumaras-L.jpg|thumb|Due to Pandu's curse, each of the five [[Pandavas]] is fathered through the practice of ''[[niyoga]]'' which allows a reputed man to father children on behalf of the husband, with the children being acknowledged as the husband's alone. Madri's twins are fathered by the twin gods, the [[Ashvins]] (pictured).{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=63-65}}]]
During his exile, Pandu, hindered in fulfilling his religious duties due to his lack of an heir, discusses the matter with Kunti, urging her to "raise offspring in this time of distress." He cites twelve types of sons as recognised by religious doctrines, including those born through the practice of ''[[niyoga]]''. Kunti discloses her boon from Durvasa to bear a child from any deity, though she initially resists using it. Only after Pandu's fervent pleas does Kunti invoke her boon, resulting in the birth of her three sons—[[Yudhishthira]], [[Bhima]], and [[Arjuna]].{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=564, 565}} When Pandu requests Kunti to bear more children, Kunti firmly refuses, stating that doing so would diminish her dignity and reduce her to the status of a prostitute.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004b|p=27}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=398-405}}

Madri, in a private moment with Pandu, expresses her sorrow at being childless, despite holding equal status with Kunti. She acknowledges with a sense of consolation that fate had granted her husband an heir through Kunti, but she adds that it would benefit Pandu's lineage, if she could also bear children. Madri concludes that being Kunti's 'rival', she can't approach her directly and requests Pandu to convince her to share the ''mantra'' for help in bearing a child.{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=258}}{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}} The unabridged recensions of the Mahabharata present a more detailed conversation that further reveals Madri's sense of envy. While expressing her fear of remaining barren, Madri confides in Pandu that, despite considering herself superior to Kunti by birth, she feels overshadowed by Kunti in both Pandu's affections and the dynamics of the household.{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}

Upon Pandu's request, Kunti generously shares the ''mantra'' with Madri, who invokes the youthful twin-gods of medicine, collectively known as the [[Ashwini Kumaras|Ashvins]], to beget [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] at once.{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=258}} The ''[[Kaunteya]]s'' (lit. 'sons of Kunti') and ''[[Madreya]]s'' (lit. 'sons of Madri') are raised together in the hermitage, and they are collectively referred to as the ''[[Pandava]]s''.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=564, 565}}

After some time, Madri, through Pandu, asks Kunti for the assistance to bear more children. However, Kunti firmly refuses the request, expressing her frustration by noting that Madri had "deceived" her by using a single mantra to gain two sons. She voices her regret, fearing that Madri might end up with more children than herself, and admitted she would have also summoned the Ashvins to obtain twins had she known. Concluding her response, Kunti insists that Pandu not come to her again with requests to share Madri the mantra.{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=259}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004b|p=27}}{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2006|loc=p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GwczRfua1b8C=&pg=PA126 126n22]}}

=== Death ===
[[File:Pandu's journey from the hunt to his death.jpg|thumb|A folio from the ''[[Razmnama]]'' (16th century Persian translation of the ''Mahabharata'') depicting scenes of Pandu's life. At the bottom right, Madri is depicted jumping into his funeral pyre.]]
Years later, during one spring—the season linked with [[Kama|erotism]] in Hindu tradition—in the forest of Shatashringa, [[Pandu]] is deeply influenced by the intensity of the atmosphere.{{sfn|Kitts|2018|p=165-166}} While Pandu walks alone in this setting, Madri—dressed in [[sheer fabric]]—follows him. Upon seeing her, Pandu succumbs to desire. In the Southern Edition, this incident occurs on the [[Uttara Phalguni|day]] of Arjuna's birthday celebration, when Kunti was busy serving guests.{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}} Despite Madri's repeated protests, Pandu initiates intimacy with her, forgetting the curse, which forbids him from intimate relations on penalty of death. The curse takes immediate effect; Pandu falls dead in Madri's arms.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=564, 565}} Upon Pandu's death, Madri cries out in sorrow, summoning Kunti but asking her to come alone, leaving the children behind. Kunti, seeing Pandu and Madri together, blames Madri for the incident, accusing her of having seduced Pandu. Madri, however, defends herself, claiming that she was the one who was seduced. Madri also explains that despite her efforts to resist Pandu's advances, he had been resolute in consummating their union, compelled by the force of fate.{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=260}}{{sfn|Doniger|2014|p=276}} Kunti sorrowfully notes that Madri is "fortunate" to see Pandu's face radiant in intimacy—a moment Kunti herself never experiences.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004b|p=28}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=564, 565}} Following this, Kunti, as the senior wife, claims the religious duty to accompany Pandu in death, believing it her responsibility to follow him to the afterlife. She asks Madri to relinquish his body and take on the task of raising their children.{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=260}}{{sfn|Kitts|2018|p=165-166}}

Madri, however, resists Kunti's request, stating that she feels bound to Pandu by an unfulfilled union, as he approached her in desire at the time of his death. Madri expresses her wish to follow Pandu into the afterlife to fulfill his desire, also fearing she might not be able to raise Kunti's children with equal dedication and affection.{{sfn|Doniger|2014|p=544-5}}{{sfn|Kitts|2018|p=165-166}} She appeals to Kunti to care for her own children, Nakula and Sahadeva, in her absence, trusting in Kunti's ability to provide for them impartially. During Pandu's funeral, Madri jumps into Pandu's burning pyre, thus performing the act of [[Sati (practice)|sati]].{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=262}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004b|p=32}}{{sfn|Sagar|1992|p=291}}{{sfn|Doniger|2014|p=544-5}} The Critical Edition of the ''Mahabharata'' presents a brief exchange between Kunti and Madri, after which it simply states that "the daughter of the king of the Madras, Pandu's revered wife, follows the noble one onto his funeral pyre." In contrast, the Southern Recension offers additional details, describing how the sages and the "foremost Brahmanas" attempt to dissuade both Kunti and Madri from their intent to perform sati.{{sfn|Sharma|1988|p=25-26}} The Southern Edition also adds a dialogue between Madri and Yudhishthira, in which she implores Yudhishthira to take care of his younger brothers like a father.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=227}}

However, the account of sati is contradicted by the very next stanza, which states that seventeen days after Pandu's death, her dead body and that of her husband are handed over by sages to the Kaurava elders in [[Hastinapur]]a for the funeral rites.{{sfn|Chakrabarti|Bandyopadhyay|2017|p=35}} [[Dhritarashtra]], the king of Kuru and Pandu's elder brother, arranges a grand royal funeral for both Pandu and Madri in the capital. As described in detail, corpses of Madri and Pandu are dressed modestly in fine cotton clothes and smeared with sandalwood paste and other sweet scents before being cremated on same funeral pyre.{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=263}}{{sfn|Mehendale|2001a|pp=200–201}}{{sfn|Dange|1985|p=1-2}}

The ''[[Svargarohana Parva]]'' (the last book of the ''Mahabharata'') mentions that in the afterlife, Madri's soul resides in the [[svarga|heavenly realm]] of the god [[Indra]].{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=564, 565}}

==Assessment==
Madri is traditionally portrayed as a ''[[pativrata]]'', or "devoted wife", who follows her husband's death out of love.{{sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=197, 171}}{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}} Assessments emphasize Madri's unparalleled beauty, a quality that is frequently portrayed as surpassing that of her co-wife Kunti.{{sfn|Ghosh|2016|p=28}}{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=50}}{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2006|loc=p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GwczRfua1b8C=&pg=PA126 126n22]}} According to ''Mahabharata'' scholar Pradeep Bhattacharya, Madri's charms and physical appeal allowed her to win Pandu's favoritism,{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004a|p=25}} as seen when he grants her the freedom to choose her divine partner without the restrictions that were earlier imposed on Kunti.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004b|p=27}} Other critics observe that Madri's beauty, while notable, reduces her character in the epic to that of merely a "beloved wife", overshadowing her individuality and eventually being blamed for Pandu's death.{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}{{sfn|Brodbeck|Black|2007|p=188}}{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2006|loc=p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GwczRfua1b8C=&pg=PA126 126n22]}} Simon Brodbeck suggests that Madri's sexual nature, linked to her choice of the twin [[Ashvins]]—"two for of price of one"—and her role in Pandu's death, aligns with stereotypes of Madra women as sexually rampant, a reputation highlighted by the warrior [[Karna]]'s fierce denouncement of the [[Bahlikas|Bahlika clan]] during the [[Kurukshetra War]], targeting the relatives of his foe—[[Shalya]].{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|White|1991|p=120}} Madri's strategic thinking and cleverness are also highlighted—rather than directly asking Kunti, she convinces Pandu by making it about his legacy and also manages to gain two children in a single opportunity, the latter of which Kunti views as "wicked" and "deceitful".{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}{{sfn|Ghosh|2016|p=28}}{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=47}}{{sfn|Ghatage|1949|p=423}}

Although Kunti and Madri mostly shared an amicable relationship, the rivalry and envy between them illustrate a common dynamic in polygamous settings.{{refn|group=note|While discussing her desire for children with Pandu, Madri affirms that Kunti is her rival and does not shy away from expressing her sensitivity in seeking Kunti's favour.{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}} Bhattacharya points out that Kunti similarly expresses resentment over Madri's ability to outmaneuver her, particularly at the moment of Pandu's death when she finds Madri in his arms. This is further evident when Kunti, feeling betrayed by Madri's use of her generosity to outdo her in the number of children, refuses to share her mantra again.{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=16}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004b|p=27}}{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}}}{{sfn|Ghosh|2016|p=28}}{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=49}} According to [[Alf Hiltebeitel]], while Kunti and Madri initially appear as ''dharmapatni'' (lawful wives) united in loyalty toward Pandu, their latent rivalry is activated after Madri's speech to Pandu and continues to intensify thereafter.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=394, 405}} According to Baisakhi Ghosh, a Sanskrit scholar and author, their rivalry stemmed from Kunti's belief that Madri was favored by the king due to her beauty, while Madri felt that Kunti, as the chief queen, held a status she herself deserved, fueled by her conviction that she equalled or exceeded Kunti.{{sfn|Ghosh|2016|p=28}} Bhattacharya positions Madri within a broader pattern of dependent female characters in the Mahabharata—like [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]], [[Ambalika]], and [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]—who conform to social or marital expectations, contrasting them with powerful ''[[Panchakanya|kanyas]]'' like Kunti, [[Draupadi]], and [[Satyavati]], who shape the epic's narrative.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004b|p=32}} Mythologist [[Devdutt Pattanaik]] further highlights the distinction of prominence between the two co-wives, noting that while Kunti's sons—Yudhishthira, Bhima, and Arjuna—become central figures in the epic, Madri's twins, Nakula and Sahadeva, play relatively minor roles.{{sfn|Pattanaik|2010|p=52}} [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]], translator of the Critical Edition, views Madri as holding a lower status than Kunti, citing her Bahlika origin and the fact that she was purchased by Bhishma as a secondary consort—unlike Kunti, who chose Pandu in her own ''[[svayamvara]]'' (self-choice ceremony).{{sfn|Buitenen|1973|p=459}} However, Lakshmi Telidevara highlights that in other recensions of the epic, Madri herself asserts birth into a lineage superior to Kunti's, possibly referencing Kunti's [[Yadava]] background.{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}{{refn|group=note|As Hiltebeitel explains, the Yadavas are a cursed lineage, descending from [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]]. Yadu's father condemned Yadu and his descendants to have no share in royalty (Mahabharata 1.79.7). A Northern recension (1.1129) further elaborates the story, noting that Kuntibhoja arranged Kunti's svayamvara only after no king had formally sought her hand in marriage.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=385}}}} Hiltebeitel notes that the payment of a bride price is revealed by Shalya as a Madra custom, classifying it as a [[asura marriage]].{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=207, 385}}

Sociologist [[Iravati Karve]] regards Madri as a tragic figure, but notes that in her short life, Madri enjoys the pleasures of traditional womanhood and achieves liberation from the more burdensome existence borne by Kunti, who faces numerous hardships and intrigues, while assuming the responsibility of nurturing Madri's children—Nakula and Sahadeva—often with greater devotion than she extends to her own.{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=14, 54, 49-50}} Bhattacharya sees Madri's ultimate recognition of Kunti's nobility and superiority in resilience, leadership and impartiality as an honest tribute to her own limitations, reflecting her lack of the "firmness of will" needed to overcome rivalry and ego.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004b|p=28}} Telidevara considers it Madri's redemption as a character, where she recognizes her earlier narrow-mindedness toward Kunti and is able to shed it before departing as Pandu's loving wife.{{sfn|Telidevara|2021}}

=== Sati ===
Madri's [[Sati (practice)|sati]] or sahagamana (the act of immolation of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre) has been studied by scholars as a way to gain insights into the practice of sati during the ancient epic period. However, her case stands out as an exceptionally rare instance in the ''Mahabharata'', where widows—aside from a few in later added chapters—do not perform sati.{{sfn|Hawley|1994|p=52 }}{{sfn|Kitts|2018|p=165-166}}{{sfn|Sagar|1992|p=291}}{{sfn|Kitts|2018|p=165-166}} The verse (1.117.28) mentions Madri committed sati by mounting Pandu's funeral pyre in the forest, yet the subsequent verse (1.117.30–31) suggests that corpses of Madri and Pandu were cremated in [[Hastinapura]], contradicting the claim that Madri perished with Pandu on the pyre. [[Neelakantha Chaturdhara|Nilakantha]], a prominent 17th-century commentator on the ''Mahabharata'', tried to reconcile these conflicting verses by suggesting that the word ''sarīra'' (typically meaning 'body') in the second verse actually refers to ''asthi'' (bones or remains). By this interpretation, Madri did indeed immolate herself with Pandu, and the "bodies" brought to Hastinapura were, in fact, their ashes or charred remains, not their intact corpses.{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=50}} This interpretation has been considered the most compelling explanation by many scholars.{{sfn|Mehendale|2001a|pp=200–201}}{{sfn|Pattanaik|2024}} Madri's sati has been often cited as the earliest clear mention of the practice in Indian literature, although it is also noted that, in this instance, the practice is extremely rare and entirely voluntary—even discouraged by sages—in contrast to the medieval period.{{sfn|Kitts|2018|p=165-166}}{{sfn|Hawley|1994|p=52}}{{sfn|Mehendale|2001b|p=476}}

However, due to the contradiction found in the texts, some scholars have also questioned the authenticity of the sati account. While the scene is included in the Critical Edition of the ''Mahabharata'',{{sfn|Chakrabarti|Bandyopadhyay|2017|p=35}} [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|V. S. Sukthankar]], the General Editor of the Critical Edition, expressed his dissatisfaction with Nilakantha's interpretation and acknowledged the internal contradictions and the challenge of reconciling the two accounts—since both conflicting accounts are found in all manuscripts, both were included in the Critical Edition. Drawing on the views of [[Edward Washburn Hopkins]], Sukthankar highlights details such as the anointing and dressing of Pandu's body and a verse that states he appeared as though alive (''Mahābhārata'' 1.118.20), implying that no cremation had yet occurred. He adds that after Pandu had been burned with Madri on the funeral pyre, there could not have been, much of a corpse left—certainly not enough to dress and anoint with sandal paste.{{sfn|Sukthankar|1933|p=91}}{{sfn|Dange|1985|p=1-2}}

M. A. Mehendale, a scholar affiliated with [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|BORI]], rejects Nilakantha's explanation, emphasizing that the dual number in the Sanskrit text denotes two complete bodies. He argues that the conflicting accounts arise from textual conflation caused by an interpolation—where an external narrative was inserted without regard for internal consistency. Based on internal and external evidence, Mehendale suggests that the verses describing Madri's self-immolation are likely later additions to the epic.{{sfn|Mehendale|2001a|pp=200–201}} He also theorizes the existence of now-lost verses that may have described Madri's death, with both bodies preserved during the seventeen-day journey from Shatashringa to Hastinapura.{{sfn|Dange|1985|p=1-2}} In contrast, Sadashiv A. Dange questions the plausibility of preserving corpses for seventeen days and challenges Mehendale's assumptions by referring to [[Antyesti|Vedic ritualistic traditions]]. In these contexts, a symbolic "body" was often a ceremonial object used in secondary cremations, especially for those who died far from home, eliminating any contradiction with the earlier account of Madri's sati. He argues that the term ''śarīra'' can also denote ritual substitutes—such as urns ([[kumbha|''kumbhas'']]) filled with bones or effigies made of twigs and barley paste. Dange interprets the "two bodies" brought to Hastinapura as such symbolic constructs.{{refn|group=note|Dange defends Nilakantha's gloss of śarīra as asthi, showing that in ritual contexts, even jars of bones were treated as "bodies" and given full funerary treatment, including clothing, ornaments, and anointment.}}{{sfn|Dange|1985|p=3-6}} In response, Mehendale finds this interpretation unconvincing, maintaining that the text repeatedly implies the presence of complete bodies rather than symbolic remains. He proposes that the sages transporting them were ''[[rishi]]-[[siddha]]s''—supernatural beings capable of preserving the dead.{{refn|group=note|Mehendale argues that these sages miraculously disappeared after delivering the corpses, further supporting their identification as supernatural rishi-siddhas.}} Mehendale ultimately reasserts that the account in which Madri dies naturally—perhaps from shock following Pandu's death—is more likely the original version, supported by the fact that sati is absent among [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]], [[Panchala]], and [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]] women.{{sfn|Mehendale|2001b|p=476-482}}

[[Devdutt Pattanaik]] supports the theory of interpolation and argues that such inconsistencies reflect later cultural and textual interpolations during the medieval period.{{refn|group=note|Pattanaik points to further contradictions in ''Mahabharata'' episodes, such as the account of [[Krishna]]'s death, where some of his wives perform sati while others choose asceticism, and other episodes in which widows, like those of the [[Kaurava]]s or figures from the other epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' like [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]] and [[Mandodari]], do not immolate themselves.{{sfn|Pattanaik|2024}}}} The discrepancies suggest that later writers may have modified the scenes to reflect medieval values that promoted widow immolation as a mark of honor and loyalty. Regarding the alternative account, Pattanaik suggests that if Madri's body was indeed delivered to Hastinapur, it is likely she died immediately alongside Pandu due to the curse placed on him by the sage, since Pandu's arrows had killed both the sage and his wife.{{sfn|Pattanaik|2024}}

==Beyond the ''Mahabharata''==
Beyond the epic, Madri finds mentions in the [[Puranas|''Puranic'']] genre of Hindu literature, such as the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' and ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', which attest mythological stories and genealogies.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1952|p=681}}

Madri also appears in the [[Harivaṃśapurāṇa|Jain retellings]] of the ''Mahabharata'', most notably in Devaprabhasuri's ''Pandavacharita''.{{sfn|Winant|2025}} In folktales and regional adaptations across the subcontinent, Madri appears in prominence in the ''[[Pandav Lila|Pandava-lila]]''—a traditional performance art in the [[Garhwal division]] of [[Uttarakhand]]—and ''Sarala Mahabharata''—15th century [[Odia people|Odia]] retelling by [[Sarala Das]]. However, her portrayal and story deviate significantly from the epic narrative.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|pp=289, 255}}{{sfn|Patnaik|2008}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=September 2025}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===

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* {{Cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Arindam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuffCgAAQBAJ&q=mahabharata+now+narration+aesthetics+ethics |title=Mahabharata Now: Narration, Aesthetics, Ethics |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sibaji |year=2017|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34213-7 |language=en}}

* {{Cite book |last=Dange |first=Sadashiv A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-5tAAAAMAAJ&dq=Mehendale+M%C4%81dr%C4%AB&pg=RA1-PA1 |title=Bhāratī |publisher=Banaras Hindu University. |year=1985 |language=en |chapter=Pandu, Madri And Their "Bodies"}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V R Ramachandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142283/page/n696/mode/1up?q= |title=The Purana Index (from T To M) Vol-II |date=1952}}
* {{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iM_QAgAAQBAJ&q=wendy+doniger+madri |title=On Hinduism |date=March 2014 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-936007-9 |language=en}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Ghatage |first1=A. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtgNJPjiHCoC&q=madri+clever |title=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |date=1949 |publisher=Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Baisakhi |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/107078603/JDH-004-2016-FP.pdf |title="Women of Mahabharata in play of power and politics: Sublimation from deprivation to empowerment."|date=2016 |publisher=Journal of Innovative Research and Solutions (JIRAS) 2.2 ()|isbn= |language=en}}

* {{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_VbHItKQjYC&dq=madri+sati&pg=PA136 |title=Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India |date=8 September 1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536022-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUaeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative |date=28 July 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-987524-5 |language=en}}

* {{Cite book |last=Karve |first=Irawati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJz4ZWsRcsAC&q=yugantar |title=Yuganta: The End of an Epoch |date=July 2006 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-1424-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kitts |first=Margo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVVYDwAAQBAJ&dq=M%C4%81dr%C4%AB+beauty&pg=PA165 |title=Martyrdom, Self-Sacrifice, and Self-Immolation: Religious Perspectives on Suicide |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-065650-8 |language=en}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Mani |first1=Vettam |author-link1=Vettam Mani |year=1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/564/mode/2up |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0}}
* {{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |year=2004 |title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Brill Academic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |pages=19–26 |isbn=978-9-00413-729-5 |access-date=28 June 2020 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mehendale |first1=M. A. |year=2001a |url=https://archive.org/details/InterpolationsInTheMahabharata |title=Interpolations in the Mahabharata |journal=[[Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] |volume=LXXXII |issue=1/4 |pages=193–212 |issn=0378-1143 |jstor=41694638 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mehendale |first1=M. A. |title=Madhu-vidyā: Prof. Madhukar Anant Mehendale Collected Papers |date=2001b |publisher=[[L. D. Institute of Indology]] |isbn=978-81-85857-07-7 |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Minor |first1=Robert N. |year=1982 |title=Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ |publisher=South Asia Books |isbn=978-0-8364-0862-1 |pages=l–li |access-date=28 June 2020 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUKaou4KcMC&q=Madri&pg=PA862 |title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymological and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages |date=1999 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0369-1 |language=en}}

* {{Cite web |last=Patnaik |first=B. N. |date=22 July 2008 |title=The Story of Madri |url=https://saralamahabharata.org/2008/07/22/the-story-of-madri/ |website=Sarala Mahabharata |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524051413/https://saralamahabharata.org/2008/07/22/the-story-of-madri/ |archive-date=24 May 2025 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Pattanaik |first1=Devdutt |author-link1=Devdutt Pattanaik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzN2_fu0mIYC&q=jaya+an+illustrated+retelling+of+the+mahabharata |title=Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310425-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Pattanaik |first1=Devdutt |date=25 February 2024 |title=Maybe Madri did not commit sati in the Mahabharata? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/did-madri-commit-sati-in-the-mahabharata-exploring-the-historical-and-cultural-context/articleshow/107842573.cms |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=13 September 2025 }}

* {{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Krishna Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&dq=madri+sati&pg=PA291 |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |date=1992 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-028-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJmWgz2mv5oC&q=Sati+Historical+and+Phenomenological+Essays+Madri |title=Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0464-7 |language=en|pages=25–26}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnCxH85Vra4C&q=duryodhana+wife&pg=PA298|title=Essays on the Mahābhārata|date=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-2738-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sørensen |first=Søren |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98210/page/n493/mode/1up|title=An Index to the Names in the Mahabharata: With Short Explanations and a Concordance to the Bombay and Calcutta Editions and P. C. Roy's Translation |date=1904 |publisher=Williams & Norgate |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sukthankar |first1=V. S. |author-link1=Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar |url=https://archive.org/details/Sukthankar_Prolegomena_Mahabharata_Critical_Edition |title=Prolegomena to the Critical Edition of Adi-parva of Mahabharata |date=1 January 1933}}

* {{Cite web |last=Telidevara |first=Lakshmi |date=19 February 2021 |title=Madri Of Mahabharata: The Forgotten Mother Of The Twins - Indic Today |url=https://www.indica.today/long-reads/madri-mahabharata-forgotten-mother-twins/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |language=en }}

* {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zj3DwAAQBAJ&dq=madri+dark&pg=PA202 |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume I A-L |date=9 April 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62465-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glmjo9UrP2YC&dq=madri+bahlika&pg=PA120 |title=Myths of the Dog-Man |date=7 May 1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-89509-3 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Winant |first1=Simon |date=2025 |chapter=The Auspicious Dreams of Kuntī and Mādrī in Devaprabhasūri's ''Pāṇḍavacarita'': Turning the Pāṇḍavas into Quasi-''Mahāpuruṣas''? |title=Literary Transcreation as a Jain Practice |series=Beiträge zur kulturwissenschaftlichen Süd- und Ostasienforschung |volume=13 |edition=ebook |publisher=[[Nomos Publishing House|Ergon]] |pages=119–142 |doi=10.5771/9783987401602-119 |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-01JMYBXBKT3YGNQABS4V9EVSFH |hdl-access=free |isbn=978-3-98740-160-2 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Mahābhārata}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Queens in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Princesses in Hindu mythology]]

Cheruvannur Gram Panchayat

2026-02-17T16:19:04Z

Irinaequalliat: put up the info first draft

{{Short description|Grama panchayat in Kerala, India}}
{{distinguish|Cheruvannur Nallalam}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cheruvannur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_seal = Panchayat_Emblem.jpg
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.57|N|75.71|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South India]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[President (government title)#Sub-national|President]]
| leader_name1 = Shijith T.N
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 21.61
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 22150
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673524
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 496
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|http://lsgkerala.in/cheruvannurpanchayat/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Cheruvannur''' is one of the 78 grama [[panchayats]] of [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It lies between North [[Latitude]] 11° 32′ 37.11" and 11° 36′ 4.67", East [[Longitude]] 75° 40′ 26.32" and 75° 43′ 55.22". It has a total area of 21.61 square kilometers. The adjoining grama panchayats are [[Thiruvallur]] and [[Velom]] in the north, [[Perambra]] in the east, [[Nochad]], [[Meppayur]] and [[Thurayur]] in the south, [[Maniyur]] and [[Thiruvallur]] in the west.

==Geography==
The [[Kuttiady#Kuttiady River .28Kuttiady Puzha.29|Kuttiyadi river]], also known as the Kotta river flows from north to south, through the eastern side of the grama panchayat, and detaches it from [[Vatakara]] [[taluk]]. The [[physical geography]] of the grama panchayat is not planar. The ridges of smaller and medium hills and low lying valleys make the area an undulating terrain. The grama panchayat can be divided into three regions, according to the physical geography – viz, hilly area, slopes and valleys. The highest area in grama panchayat is Purakkamala (പുറക്കാമല) noted with a height of 115 metres above sea level. Cheruvannur grama panchayat includes some of the lowest lying places of the region, and parts of these areas are often flooded during [[monsoon]].

==Transportation==
Cheruvannur connects to other parts of India through [[Koyilandy]]. The nearest airports are at [[Kannur Airport|Kannur]] and [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]]. The nearest railway station is at Vadakara and Koyiandy. The national highway no.66 passes through [[Koyilandy]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]]. The eastern National Highway No.54 going through [[Kuttiady]] connects to [[Mananthavady]], [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]].

==History==
Formed in the year 1934, Cheruvannur is one of the oldest grama panchayats in Kerala. The area has a long history of human settlements. A [[megalithic]] burial monument, belongs to roughly a period of 300 B.C. to 500 A.D (Ganesh, K.M., 1990.), is seen in Edakkayil as a proof. A [[cave]] (Innes. C.A, Evans. F.B.(Ed.), 1958) is also present in Moyiloth near [[Muyippoth]] belongs to the same period, now lies under thick soil cover which was carelessly deposited on it during the construction of [[irrigation]] [[canal]] passing there by, remains almost forgotten.

Before British rule, the place was included in Payyormala a feudal [[principality]] controlled by three [[nair]] families namely [[Paleri]], Avinhatt, and [[Koothali]] and those acknowledged the suzerainty of [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]](Innes. C.A, Evans. F.B.(Ed.), 1958). Payyormala is a slightly elevated area near Edakkayil, from where the name of the principality evolved, now remains a place of less importance. Remnants of a small shrine of payyormala muthassi the [[guardian angel]] of the principality, still seen here. Under [[British Raj|British administration]] the area included in [[Kurumbranad taluk]], [[Malabar district]] of [[Madras presidency]] (Innes. C.A, Evans. F.B.(Ed.), 1958). At present it find its place in Perambra development block and in [[Koyilandy]] taluk, Kozhikode district of [[Kerala state]]. The people from the region has a rich tradition of participation in various important historical events, among them [[Pazhassi Raja|Pazhassi revolts]] against the rule of [[British East India Company]] took place between 1796 and 1805 and Koothali strike took place in the period of 1940 -1950 are most notable. Many people from this locality joined the mainstream freedom struggle, two of them joined [[Indian National Army]] and fought against the British colonialism.
[[File:Cheruvannur GP Location.png|left|thumb|450px|Cheruvannur Grama Panchayat [[Location (geography)|location]] and [[shaded relief]].]]

==Government, health and education==
Grama panchayat is divided into 15 [[Ward (country subdivision)|ward]] constituencies for developmental and administrative purposes. The representative members are elected from each ward for a [[quinquennium]] to the grama panchayat administrative [[committee]]. In the period of 1990-1995 the number of wards were 9, in 1995-2000 it was 10, in 2000-2005 period it increased as 12, for the period of 2005-2010 the number of ward constituencies was 14, and now for the period of 2010-2014 the number of ward constituencies are 15. The increase in number of wards is based on the criteria set up by the State Election Commission, which finds the basics of increase in population, increase in the number of households etc.

The people of Cheruvannur Grama Panchayat have accessibility to the three systems of medicine by the presence of 1 Govt. [[Primary health centre]], three Family Welfare centres, 1 Govt. [[Ayurveda]] Hospital and a Govt. [[Homeopathy]] dispensary. A total number of 20 [[Anganwadi]] centres serve the [[child welfare]] part very well.

Cheruvannur has 10 lower [[primary school]]s, three upper primary schools, 2 [[high school]]s, 1 [[higher secondary]] school, 1 un-aided school are present, and among them 1 U. P. School, 1 L. P. School, high school and higher secondary school are in Govt sector.

==Life==
Avala pandi [[paddy field]] hosts numerous [[migratory birds]] each year. [[Sacred groves]] are places of [[worship]] and at the same time, [[traditional]] method of [[ecological]] [[Conservation movement|conservation]]. Cheruvannur has an immense activity in [[agriculture]] particularly in [[rice]] cultivation. The area has a good potential for [[eco-tourism]], with its scenic beauty not known much outside, connectivity of roads, sensible people, essential communication and [[medical facilities]].

The major source of income for the people living nearby river, is [[sand mining]] from the Kuttiyadi river. Sand mining activity is controlled by grama panchayat, [[district collector]], and district level kadavu committee jointly. This is the major income source to own fund for grama panchayat also.

==Demography==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Cheruvannur had a population of 22,150. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Cheruvannur has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 86% and female literacy of 77%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age{{needs update|date=February 2026}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kozhikode district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kozhikode district]]

[[bn:চেরুৱন্নুর]]
[[bpy:চেরুৱন্নুর]]
[[it:Cheruvannur]]
[[ml:ചെറുവണ്ണൂര്‍ ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത്]]
[[new:चेरुभन्नुर]]
[[pt:Cheruvannur]]
[[vi:Cheruvannur]]

Murder in Indian law

2026-02-14T11:31:46Z

Irinaequalliat:

{{Short description|Legal definition in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}

{{Update|date=February 2026|reason=murder committed before 1 July 2024 will be tried under [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]], committed after that will be tried under [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita|BNS]] since the enactment of BNS}}

In [[India]] according to Section 300 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], 1860, [[murder]] is defined as follows:

{{quote|text = Murder.--Except in the cases hereinafter excepted, culpable homicide is murder, if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death, or- 167 2ndly.-If it is done with the intention of causing such bodily injury as the offender knows to be likely to cause the death of the person to whom the harm is caused. or- 3rdly.-If it is done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any person and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death, or- 4thly.-If the person committing the act knows that it is so imminently dangerous that it must, in all probability, cause death, or such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, and commits such act without any excuse for incurring the risk of causing death or such injury as aforesaid.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Penal Code, 1860 (PDF)|url=http://lawyerchandigarh.com/acts/}}</ref> }}

On the other hand, [[culpable homicide]] (section 299 of Indian Penal Code, 1860)is defined as

{{quote|... by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended.--If a person, by doing anything which he intends or knows to be likely to cause death, commits culpable homicide by causing the death of any person, whose death he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause, the culpable homicide committed by the offender is of the description of which it would have been if he had caused the death of the person whose death he intended or knew himself to be likely to cause.}}

== Burden and standard of proof in murder cases ==
To prove that the accused is the murderer is one of the most difficult tasks faced by a criminal lawyer. The mode of proof may take diverse forms, it may be by both direct evidence and circumstantial evidence. It may be through dying declaration, confession, evidence of near relations and so on. One or more modes of proof may be telescoped in a particular case. it may be borne in mind that burden of proving the case initially is on the prosecution which must prove it beyond reasonable doubt.
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://intolegalworld.com/2017/03/10/burden-standard-proof-murder-cases/|title=Burden and standard of proof in murder cases - Into Legal World|work=Into Legal World|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

However, if the other parameters of the offence stands established, then the plea of non-discovery of the dead body of the victim is of no consequence in proving the ''corpus delicti ''in murder.

As stated by Phipson on Evidence in Criminal Cases the prosecution discharge their evidential burden by adducing sufficient evidence to raise a ''prima facie ''case against the accused. If no evidence is called for the defence the tribunal of fact must decide whether the prosecution has succeeded in discharging its legal burden by proving its case beyond a reasonable doubt. In the absence of any defence evidence, the chances that the prosecution has so succeeded are greater. Hence, the accused may be said to be under an evidential burden if the prosecution has established [[prima facie]] case. Discharge of the evidential burden by the defence is not a pre-requisite to an acquittal. The accused is entitled to be acquitted “if at the end of and on the whole of the case, there is a reasonable doubt created by the evidence given by either the prosecution or the prisoner.” The principle that the prosecution must prove the guilt of the prisoner is part of the [[common law]] of England and no attempt to whittle it down can be entertained. It’s an essential principle of our criminal law that a criminal charge has to be established by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. The philosophy underlying this rule is the oft quoted maxim that it is better than ten guilty persons should escape than one innocent suffer.

The time honoured expression that the court must be satisfied “beyond reasonable doubt” has been accepted in Common-Law countries as the [http://intolegalworld.com/2017/02/06/prove-investigate-murder-case-death-poisoning/ standard of proof in criminal cases]. Since the decision in ''Woolmington’s ''case the discretion to the jury has been that they must be satisfied of the prisoner’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt if they want to convict him. Lord Goddard suggested in England that this phrase should be abandoned. He had great experience in criminal matters. He suggested that the expression ‘completely satisfied’ or ‘fully sure’ should be accepted as substitutes.

The fourth edition of Halsbury’s ''laws of England'' goes so far as to say that the phrase “reasonable doubt” should be avoided. No one has yet invented or discovered a mode of measurement for the intensity of human belief better than this formula of proof “beyond reasonable doubt”.

=== Meaning of expression "beyond reasonable doubt" ===
For a doubt to stand in the way of conviction of guilt it must be a real doubt and a reasonable doubt. A doubt which after full and fair consideration of the evidence the judge rely on reasonable grounds entertained. If the data leaves the mind of the trier in equilibrium, the decision must be against the party having the burden of persuasion. If the mind of the adjudication tribunal is evenly balanced as to whether or not the accused is guilty, it is its duty to acquit.

== Examining rarest of the rare case in imposing death penalty ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://intolegalworld.com/2017/03/09/examining-rarest-rare-case-imposing-death-penalty/|title=Examining rarest of the rare case in imposing death penalty - Into Legal World|work=Into Legal World|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rarest of the rare case is the principle enshrined in ''Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab'' which limits the vast discretion of the court in imposing death penalty. Death as a highest punishment was thrown from a general rule to only in exceptional circumstances and that too after recording special reason for imposing such a [http://intolegalworld.com/2017/03/07/supreme-court-delay-execution-death-sentence/ highest punishment which cannot be reverted in any circumstances after its execution]. The phrase “rarest of the rare” case still remains to be defined while the concern for human life, the norms of a civilised society and the need to reform the criminal has engaged the attention of the courts. The sentence of death has to be based on the action of the criminal rather than the crime committed. The doctrine of proportionality of sentence vis-a-vis the crime, the victim and the offender has been the greatest concern of the courts.

=== Mitigating circumstances in awarding death sentence ===
In ''Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab,'' the Supreme Court held that following mitigating circumstances are relevant and must be given weightage in determination of sentence.
* The age of the accused.
* The probability that the accused would not commit criminal acts of violence as would constitute a continuing threat to the society.
* The probability that the accused can be reformed and rehabilitated.
* That in the facts and circumstances of the case the accused believed that he was morally justified in committing the offence.
* That the accused acted under the duress or domination of another person.
* That to condition of the accused showed that he was mentally defective and that the said defect impaired his capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct.
'''Case 1; '''In ''State of Tamil Nadu v. T. Suthanthiraraja, '' the former Prime Minister, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], was killed under a conspiracy and main accused were granted death penalty, treating it as rarest of the rare cases. The mere fact that one of the convicts was a woman and the mother of a child, who was born while she was in custody, was not considered a ground for not awarding her with the extreme penalty.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://intolegalworld.com/2017/03/02/offences-death-penalty-highest-punishment-imposed/|title=Offences where death penalty as a highest punishment is imposed - Into Legal World|work=Into Legal World|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Case 2; '''In ''State v. Sushil Sharma'' the accused pursuing political career was living with the deceased, a fellow female leader, without claiming her to be his wife. He shot her in the head, and subsequently cut off her head and limbs and attempted to burn them in a [[Tandoor]]. It was held that the act of the accused reflected extreme depravity and it would fall within category of rarest of the rare case.

'''Case 3; '''In ''Swamy Sharaddananda @ Murli Manohar Mishra v. State of Karnataka, ''the death of wife was caused by administering a high dose of sleeping drugs and she was kept alive in a wooden box. Subsequently, she was buried in a pit dug outside bedroom. This was deemed as a premeditated and cold blooded murder but no physical or mental pain was caused to the victim. Hence, case was not considered as rarest of the rare case and [http://intolegalworld.com/2017/03/08/brief-analysis-262nd-report-law-commission-india-death-penalty/ death sentence was substituted by life imprisonment for rest of the life].

'''Case 4; '''In ''Prajeet Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar,'' the accused had committed murder of three children of his landlord and had injured his landlord, wife, and their eldest son. The accused had not paid the due amount for rent and food and when the landlord demanded payment, he lured them into his home and committed the crime. Convicting the accused and confirming death penalty it was observed that helpless victim have been murdered which is indicative of the fact that the act was diabolic of the superlative degree in conception and cruel in execution and does not fall within any comprehension of the basic humanness which indicate the mindset which cannot be said to be amenable for any reformation. The accused was entitled to death penalty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1440927/ |title=Prajeet Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar }}</ref>

'''Case 5; '''In ''State of Tamil Nadu v. Rajendran,'' the accused had strangulated his wife and set his hut on fire. His wife and two children were burnt and witness had seen him coming out of the hut and standing outside as without raising any alarm. It was held that circumstances were indicating that the accused was perpetrator of crime and he was rightly convicted under section 302/436 IPC but death sentence was altered to imprisonment for life as it was not a rarest of the rare case.<ref name="auto"/>

== See also ==

* [[List of murder laws by country]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Indian criminal law]]
[[Category:Murder law by country|India]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]

GSAT-7C

2026-02-09T13:48:48Z

Irinaequalliat:

{{Short description|Geosynchronous satellite of India}}
{{Distinguish|GSAT-7|GSAT-7R}}

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = GSAT-7C
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size = 290px
| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communication]]
| operator = [[Indian Air Force]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website =
| mission_duration =
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|U R Rao Satellite Centre]]
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass =
| power = 
| launch_date = 2023 (planned)
| launch_rocket = [[GSLV]]
| launch_site =
| launch_contractor =
| entered_service =
| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit]]
| orbit_longitude =
| orbit_slot =
| apsis = gee
| trans_band =
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth =
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage =
| trans_TWTA =
| trans_EIRP =
| trans_HPBW =
| programme = [[GSAT]]
| previous_mission = [[GSAT-7R]]
| next_mission = [[GSAT-7B]]
}}

'''GSAT-7C''' (Geosynchronous satellite 7C) is a planned Indian military communication satellite for the [[Indian Air Force]], as part of the [[GSAT]] series. On 23 November 2021, the Defence Acquisition Council under the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] approved the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) of the satellite project. The project is worth {{INRConvert|2236|c|lk=on|year=2021}}. The funds were allocated for the development of the satellite and ground hubs for real-time connectivity of [[Software-defined radio|software defined radios]]. Complete design, development, and launching of the satellite will be in India. It will be based on [[ISRO]]'s I-2000 kg ([[I-2K]]) Bus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/defence-ministry-clears-proposal-for-gsat-7c-satellite-for-iaf-a-look-at-other-military-satellites-in-india-10160861.html|title=Defence ministry clears proposal for GSAT-7C satellite for IAF: A look at other military satellites in India|date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Firstpost|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=Govt approves proposal for GSAT-7C satellite for Air Force |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/govt-approves-proposal-for-gsat-7c-satellite-for-air-force-1053844.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-24 |title=India clears air force procurement of GSAT-7C satellite |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/industry/india-clears-air-force-procurement-of-gsat-7c-satellite |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref>

The satellite will allow [[BLOS|beyond the line of sight]] communications for the [[Indian Armed Forces]] to use their BNET [[Software-defined radio|SDRs]]. It's different from other [[GSAT]] military satellites because it will be dedicated to secure link [[Software-defined radio|software-defined radio communications]] only.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} GSAT-7, is a series of satellites developed by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] for the use of Indian Armed Forces. Two satellites in this series are currently functional ([[GSAT-7|7]] and [[GSAT-7A|7A]]) and three more ([[GSAT-7R|7R]], [[GSAT-7B|7B]], and 7C) are planned. The satellite is expected to be launched using a [[GSLV]] Mk II rocket.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.defencexp.com/explained-the-strategic-importance-of-gsat-7c/|title=Explained, the strategic importance of GSAT 7C|website=www.defencexp.com|accessdate=19 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-stub}}
{{Communications-satellite-stub}}

[[Category:GSAT satellites]]
[[Category:2023 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]

Nagpuri language

2026-02-09T03:14:43Z

Irinaequalliat: edit

{{Short description|Eastern Indo-Aryan language}}
{{Redirect2|Sadri language|Nagpuria language|the dialect of Nagpur, Maharashtra|Varhadi dialect|the dialect of Uttarakhand|Nagpuri dialect (Garhwal)}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Gawari|Gavari|Kalami language{{!}}Gawri|Gauri (disambiguation){{!}}Gauri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Nagpuri
| nativename = Sadani
| altname = Sadri
| image = Nagpuri language.svg
| imagecaption = The word "Nagpuri" written in Devanagari script
| states = [[India]]
| region = West Central [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] ([[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]])
| ethnicity = [[Nagpuria people|Nagpuria]]
| speakers = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|5.131180|2}} million (2011 census)<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721110750/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sck|title=Sadri|website=Ethnologue|access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiamapped.com/languages-in-india/jharkhand-sadri-language/ |title=Sadri - the Language of Jharkhand |access-date=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127085046/http://www.indiamapped.com/languages-in-india/jharkhand-sadri-language/ |archive-date=27 November 2016 }}</ref>
| date =
| speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|7.000045|2}} million (2007)<ref name=e26/>
| ref = e26
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| fam6 = [[Sadanic languages|Sadanic]]
| script = [[Devanagari]] [[Kaithi]] (historical)
| nation = India
* [[Jharkhand]]<ref name="jagranjosh"/><ref name="avenuemail"/> (additional)
| lc1 = sck
| ld1 = Sadri
| lc2 = sdr
| ld2 = Oraon Sadri
| glotto = sada1242
| glottorefname = Sadani
| map = Sadri (Nagpuria) language distribution map.svg
| mapcaption = {{align|center|Nagpuri-speaking region in India}}
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Nicolas speaking Sadri, Kharia, and Sambalpuri.webm|thumb|A [[multilingual]] person speaking Sadri, [[Kharia language|Kharia]], and [[Sambalpuri language]], recorded in [[China]].]]
'''Nagpuri''' (also known as '''Sadri''') is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in the Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]]. It is primarily spoken in the west and central [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="research gate 2020"/><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7294382|title=Sadani / Sadri|publisher=academia.edu|author=Savita Kiran, John Peterson|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref>

It is the native language of the [[Nagpuria people|Sadan]], the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnic group of Chota Nagpur plateau.<ref name="auto"/> In addition to native speakers, it is also used as a [[lingua franca]] by many tribal groups such as the [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]], a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] ethnic group, and the [[Kharia people|Kharia]], [[Munda people|Munda]], an [[Austro-asiatic languages|Austro-asiatic]] ethnic groups. A number of speakers from these tribal groups have adopted it as their first language.<ref name="auto"/> It is also used as a lingua franca among the [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Tea-garden community]] of [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] who were taken as labourers to work in the tea gardens during the [[British Raj|British Period]].<ref name="auto"/> It is known as Baganiya bhasa in the tea garden area of Assam which is influenced by the [[Assamese language]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joell.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/1-10-THE-SYLLABLE-STRUCTURE-IN-NAGPURI.pdf|title=THE SYLLABLE STRUCTURE IN NAGPURI (SADRI)|publisher=Veda Publications|author=Diksha Verma|page=2|year=2022|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> According to the 2011 Census, it is spoken by 5.1 million people as a first language. Around 7 million speak it as their second language based on a study from 2007.<ref name="auto2"/>

==Etymology==
The language is known by several names, such as Nagpuri, Nagpuria, Sadani, Sadri, etc. In the literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri, which is the polished and literary language especially used by Hindus and in cities. While Sadri refers to the spoken and non-literary form of the language,
especially spoken by tribal groups in the countryside.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics">{{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=1 September 2020|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="liveindustan 2021">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-displeasure-over-giving-two-separate-codes-to-nagpuri-language-4211377.html|title=नागपुरी भाषा को दो अलग कोड देने पर नाराजगी|newspaper=liveHindustan|date=11 July 2021|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> The name Nagpuri is derived from the region ruled by the [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]], named as Chutia Nagpur ([[Chota Nagpur Division]]) by the British to distinguish it from [[Nagpur]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=houlton>[[John Wardle Houlton|Sir John Houlton]], ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', pp. 127–128, Orient Longmans, 1949.</ref> Similarly, the Sadani term is derived from the languages of the [[Sadan peoples|Sadan]] ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. The [[Sadanic languages|Sadani]] also refer to closely related Indo-Aryan languages of Jharkhand such as Nagpuri, [[Panchpargania]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] and [[Khortha language|Khortha]].<ref name="auto"/>

Nagpuri language writers are in favour of using Nagpuri as the name of the language. There is an opposition against the use of the word ''Sadri'' and giving two names Sadan/Sadri and Nagpuria, to a single language in the [[2021 Census of India]]. According to them, the name of the language is Nagpuri and the native speakers of the language are known as Nagpuria. The British also wrote a grammar using the name Nagpuri in 1906, and Nagpuri is the official name of the language in Jharkhand.<ref name="liveindustan 2021"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-opposition-to-conspiracy-to-divide-nagpuri-in-linguistic-census-4467320.amp.html|title=भाषाई जनगणना में नागपुरी को बांटने की साजिश का विरोध|newspaper=Hindustan|date=29 August 2021|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-d-22715444.html|title=झारखंड में नागपुरी के साथ जुल्म हो रहा है : मधु मंसुरी|work=Dainik Jagran|date=15 May 2022|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

===Alternate names===
Alternate names of Nagpuri language include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.<ref>
{{Cite web|title=Sadri (Language code 'sck')|work=Global Recordings Network|access-date=25 August 2012|url =http://globalrecordings.net/en/langcode/sck|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120513013106/http://globalrecordings.net/en/langcode/sck|archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oraon Sadri(Language code 'sdr')|work= Global Recordings Network|access-date=25 August 2012|url=http://globalrecordings.net/en/langcode/sdr|url-status= live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515021551/http://globalrecordings.net/en/langcode/sdr|archive-date=15 May 2012
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethnologue report for language code: sck|work= Ethnologue|access-date=25 August 2012|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sck|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831083014/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sck|archive-date = 31 August 2012}}</ref>

==History==
There are different opinions among linguists about the origin of the Nagpuri language. According to Peter Shanti Navrangi, Nagpuriya Sadani or Nagpuri originated from ancient [[Prakrit]]. According to professor Keshri Kumar Singh, Nagpuri is an [[Apabhramsha]] and descendant of [[Magadhi Prakrit]] in his book "Nagpuri bhasa ebam Sahitya". According to Dr. [[Shravan Kumar Goswami]], Nagpuri evolved from [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]].<ref name="Samanya Gyan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=19 August 2002|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref>
According to him, Nagpuri might have originated between the 8th to 11th centuries and developed into a full-fledged language between the 14th to 15th centuries. According to Yogendra Nath Tiwari, Nagpuri is an ancient language that was in existence before Chotanagpur or Jharkhand started to be known as Nagpur and evolved from Jharkhand Prakrit. There is no consensus among scholars from which language Nagpuri has evolved. Several similarities are found between the words of [[Hindi]], Nagpuri, Apabrahmsa, Prakrit and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="research gate 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342833425|title=JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand|publisher=research gate|date=July 2020|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>

The Nagpuri language was the court language of the [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi dynasty]] and the official language of Chotanagpur till British rule. Evidence of literature is available from the 17th century. In 1903, [[Sir George Abraham Grierson]] classified Nagpuri as the Nagpuria dialect of the [[Bhojpuri language]] in his "[[Linguistic Survey of India]]".
[[File:Linguistic map of East Chota Nagpur.jpg|thumb|1903 Linguistic map of East Chota Nagpur, by G.A. Grierson]]

Nagpuri has been placed in the [[Bihari languages|Bihari]] group of [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4387|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|isbn=9788126012213|last1=Lal|first1=Mohan|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> It is sometimes considered a dialect of [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bahl |first=Kali C. |date=1971 |title=Sadani: A Bhojpuri Dialect Spoken in Chotanagpur . Monika Jordan-Horstmann. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1971.73.4.02a00680 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=909–910 |doi=10.1525/aa.1971.73.4.02a00680 |issn=0002-7294|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz48AAAAMAAJ&q=Bhojpuri+dialect+nagpuri |title=The New Encyclop©Œdia Britannica |date=1983 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |isbn=978-0-85229-400-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel-Horstmann |first=M. |year=1969 |title=Sadani : a Bhojpuri dialect spoken in Chotanagpur |s2cid=127410862 |language=en}}</ref> Recent studies demonstrate that the Indo-Aryan languages of the Chota Nagpur plateau such as Nagpuri, [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]], [[Kurmali language]], which are called ''[[Sadanic languages|Sadani languages]]'', are distinct languages and are more closely related to each other. Nagpuri has been substantially influenced by nearby Dravidian and Munda languages.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics"/>

==Geographical distribution==

{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Nagpuri language in the state of India (2011 census)<ref name=CensusMAbstract>{{Cite web|title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref>
|value1 = 46.7
|label1 = Jharkhand
|value2 = 14.5
|label2 = West Bengal
|value3 = 14
|label3 = Assam
|value4 = 12.7
|label4 = Chhattisgarh
|value5 = 6.8
|label5 = Odisha
|value6 = 4.1
|label6 = Rajasthan
|other = yes
|other-color = pink
}}

The Nagpuri language is mainly spoken in the western [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region. The geographical distribution of language is tabulated below;
{| class="wikitable"
!State
![[Jharkhand]]
![[Chhattisgarh]]
![[Odisha]]
|-
|rowspan="10" |District
|[[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
|[[Jashpur district|Jashpur]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|-
|[[Gumla district|Gumla]]
|[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]]
|-
|[[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| rowspan="9"|[[Surguja district|Sarguja]]
|-
|[[Latehar district|Latehar]]
|-
|[[Simdega district|Simdega]]
|-
|[[Khunti district|Khunti]]
|-
|[[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
|-
|[[Garhwa district|Garhwa]]
|-
|[[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
|}

It is also spoken by some [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Tea garden community]] in Tea garden area of [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]] who were taken as labourer to work in Tea garden during British Rule.<ref name="auto3"/>

===Official status===
Historically, Nagpuri was the [[lingua-franca]] in the region. It was the court language during the reign of the [[Nagvanshi dynasty]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Nagpuri is accorded as an additional official language in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="jagranjosh">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-official-languages-of-indian-states-and-union-territories-1624022980-1|title=List of Official Languages of Indian States and Union Territories|publisher=jagranjosh|date=23 June 2021|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="avenuemail">{{Cite web|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/|title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili|website=avenuemail|date=11 March 2018|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428140711/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is demand to include Nagpuri in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth schedule]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Requests-to-include-38-languages-in-Constitution-pending-Govt/article16850895.ece/|title=Requests to include 38 languages in Constitution pending: Govt|website=thehindu|date=1 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/38-languages-stake-claim-to-be-in-eighth-schedule/|title=38 languages stake claim to be in Eighth schedule|website=dailyexcelsior|date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/demand-for-joining-the-nagpur-language-8th-schedule/amplite/1165636.html|title='नागपुरी पझरा' संवाद कार्यक्रम में उठी नागपुरी भाषा को 8वीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मांग|website=prabhatkhabar|date=3 June 2018 }}</ref> Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them, recognition of Hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no Hindi will be left.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Don%E2%80%99t-add-Hindi-dialects-in-Eighth-Schedule-say-academics/article17064058.ece/|title=Don't add Hindi dialects in Eighth Schedule, say academics|website=thehindu|date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|({{IPA link|ɳ}})
|
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|ʋ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}

* {{IPA|[ɳ]}} occurs from Sanskrit loanwords, or as realisations of {{IPA|/n/}}.
* {{IPA|/h/}} can be voiced as {{IPA|[ɦ]}} when between vowels.
* {{IPA|/ɖ, ɖʱ/}} can be heard as taps {{IPA|[ɽ, ɽʱ]}} when in word-medial position.
* {{IPA|/ɾ/}} can also be heard as retroflex {{IPA|[ɽ]}} when after back vowels.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Oral vowel sounds
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ʊ}} {{IPA link|ʊː}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}}
|({{IPA link|ə}} {{IPA link|əː}})
|{{IPA link|ʌ}} {{IPA link|ʌː}}
|{{IPAlink|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Nasal vowel sounds
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|ĩ}}
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ʊ̃}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʌ̃}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ã}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
* {{IPA|/i/}} can be heard as {{IPA|[i̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, in short, closed, non-final syllables in free variation.
* {{IPA|/ɛ, ɛː/}} can be heard as more close {{IPA|[e, eː]}} in free variation within word-final syllables.
* {{IPA|/a/}} can be heard as front {{IPA|[a]}} or central {{IPA|[ä]}} in free variation.
* {{IPA|/ʌ, ʌː/}} is heard as more rounded {{IPA|[ʌ̹, ʌ̹]}} when after bilabial consonants, as {{IPA|[ʌ̞]}} when in short syllables, and as {{IPA|[ə, əː]}} when the final syllable contains an {{IPA|/i/}}, or when following a {{IPA|/ɖ/}} or {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.
* {{IPA|/ɔ, ɔː/}} can be heard as {{IPA|[o, oː]}} in free variation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=John |title=A grammar of Chotanagpuri Sadri: An Indo-Aryan Lingua Franca of Eastern Central India |last2=Baraik |first2=Sunil |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages |year=2022 |oclc=1400959176 |isbn=9789394835153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLc40AEACAAJ}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Diphthongs
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ʊi̯}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|ɛi̯, ɛʊ̯}}
|{{IPA|[əɪ̯]}}
|{{IPA|ʌɛ̯, ʌ̃ɛ̯̃, ʌi̯, ʌʊ̯}}
|{{IPA|ɔɛ̯, ɔ̃ɛ̯̃, ɔi̯, ɔ̃ĩ̯}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
| colspan="4" |{{IPA|aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃}}
|}

* {{IPA|[əɪ̯]}} is a realisation of {{IPA|/ʌi̯/}}.

==Vocabulary==
===Similarities between words===
There are similarities between the words of Nagpuri, [[Hindi]], [[Apabhramsha]], [[Prakrit]] and [[Sanskrit]] which are given in the table below.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nagpuri!! Hindi !! Apabrahmsha!! Prakrit !! Sanskrit !! English
|-
| Pachhe || Peechhe || Picchhu || Pachha || Pashcha|| Behind
|-
| Beyir|| Suraj|| Beri|| Rabi|| Ravi||Sun
|-
| Sapna||Sapna || Supan||Suvan || Swapna||Dream
|-
| Dharam|| Dharm|| Dham||Dhamm || Dharma||Religion
|-
| Aayinkh ||Aankh ||Aankhi ||Akiv ||Akshi ||Eyes
|-
| Didh||Dridh || Didh|| Didh || Dridha|| Firm
|-
|}

===Tenses===
Magadhi, Nagpuri and Jharkhand Prakrit use "la" in the past tense, "ta" in the present tense and "ma" in the future tense. The words are given below in the table.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nagpuri!! Hindi !! English
|-
| Gelon|| gaya || went
|-
| Sutlon|| soya || slept
|-
| Jaglon || jaga || awake
|-
| Peelon|| piya || drank
|-
| Khalon|| khaya || ate
|-
| Jathon|| Ja raha hoon || I am going
|-
| Sutothon|| so raha hoon || I am sleeping.
|-
| Piyothon|| Pee raha hoon|| I am drinking.
|-
| Khathon|| Kha raha hoon || I am eating
|-
|Jamu || jaoonga || I will go.
|-
| Sutmu|| sounga || I will sleep
|-
| Pimu|| Piyunga || I will drink.
|-
| Khamu|| Khaoonga || I will eat.
|}

===Relationship===
Below are some words about relationships in Nagpuri in the table.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nagpuri!! Hindi !! English
|-
| Mae, Aayo|| Ma|| Mother
|-
| Baap, Abba|| Pita||Father
|-
| Badi|| Pardadi||Great grandmother
|-
| Kaka|| Kaka||Father's younger brother
|-
| Didi|| Didi||Elder sister
|-
| Bhai || Bhai|| Brother
|-
| Bahin|| Bahen||sister
|-
| Puth|| Putra||Son
|-
| Nani||Nani ||Maternal grandmother
|-
| Jani|| Mahila|| woman
|-
| Sayis||Saas ||Mother- in - law
|-
| Sangat/Yaar|| || brother of sister-in-law and brother-in-law
|-
| Sangatin|| ||sister of sister-in-law and brother-in-law
|}

===Words===
Below are some words of daily use in Nagpuri, Hindi and English in the table.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nagpuri!! Hindi !! English
|-
|Charka ||Sweth || White
|-
| Gola||Bhura || Brown
|-
|Peeyar || Peela ||Yellow
|-
|Laal ||Laal || Red
|-
| Neel||Neela || Blue
|-
|Aayij || Aaj || Today
|-
| Aekhane||Abhi || Now
|-
| Sagar din|| Sara din|| Whole night
|-
| Adhberiya|| Dopahar|| Afternoon
|-
| Sanjh|| Sam/Sanjh/Sandhya|| Evening
|-
| Thanv|| Jagah/Sthan || Place
|-
|Pokhra ||Pokhar ||Pond
|-
| Pethiya|| Bazar || Market
|-
| Pahad|| Pahad || Mountain
|-
| Nadi|| Nadi||River
|-
|Masna || Masan/Samsaan|| Graveyard
|-
|Jaad || Jaada||Winter
|-
| Barkha|| Barsa|| Rainy season
|-
| Rait|| Raat||Night
|-
| Paala||Paala ||Snow
|}

==Dialects==
The Nagpuri language spoken in different districts such as Ranchi, Gumla, Simdega and Garhwa varies with each other.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics"/>

==Script==
The early inscriptions found in the region are in [[Brahmi script]]. The [[Saridkel]] Brahmi Inscription from [[Khunti district]] is from 3rd century BCE. Several inscriptions of forts, temples and land grants are found from the 10th century, such as from Mahamaya temple of Hapamuni built by [[Gajghat Rai]], [[Nagfeni]], [[Navratangarh]] fort of Gumla district, Boreya and [[Jagannath temple, Ranchi|Jagannath temple]] of Ranchi. Some Buddhist inscriptions are undated, such as from [[Khelari|Khalari]] and [[Jonha Falls]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360485893|title=Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study|author=Lalit Aditya|date=October 2018|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> Inscriptions of the modern period are in [[Devnagari script]]. Nagpuri poetry has been written in Devnagari and [[Kaithi script]] during the 17th century.<ref name="auto1"/> At present, mainly Devnagari script is used in literature.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>

==Literature==
{{Main|Nagpuri literature}}
The Nagpuri language is rich in folk tales, folk songs and riddles. Literature in the Nagpuri language are available since the 17th century. The Nagvanshi king [[Raghunath Shah]] is first known poet of Nagpuri language. These poems were composed in Devnagari script and Kaithi script.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/bid-to-save-language-treasure-by-dr-keshri.html|title=Bid to save language treasure by Dr Keshri|website=dailypioneer|date=30 March 2014|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> Some Nagpuri peots were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasi Ram Mahli, Das Mahli, Mahant Ghasi and Kanchan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nagpuri-cinema/nagpuri-artist-singer-mahavir-nayak-nagpuri-raga-ragini-preserving/1325460.html|title=नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=4 September 2019|access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> "Nagvanshavali" (1876), written by Beniram Mehta, is a historical work in the nagpuri language. The poet [[Ghasi Ram Mahli]] wrote several works, including "Nagvanashavali", "Durgasaptasati", "Barahamasa", "Vivha Parichhan" etc. There were also great writers like Pradumn Das and Rudra Singh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TCcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2016|isbn=9789351866848|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=January 2016|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref>
It is believed that prose writing in the nagpuri language started by Christian missionaries. E.H.Whitley wrote ''Notes on the Ganwari dialect of Lohardaga, Chhota Nagpur'' in 1896, which considered the start of writing prose in the nagpuri language.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan Hindi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8NAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA215|title=JPSC Mains Paper-III History and Geography (Hindi): Dr. Manish Ranjan (IAS)|isbn=978-9390906833|author=Dr. Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2021}}</ref>
Some Nagpuri language writers and poets in the modern period are [[Praful Kumar Rai]], [[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]], Shiv Avtar Choudhary, [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]] and [[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]].<ref name="Samanya Gyan"/>

Monthly Nagpuri magazines ''Gotiya'' and ''Johar Sahiya'' have been published in [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/nagpuri-call-for-culture/cid/562024|title=Nagpuri call for culture|website=telegraphindia|date=25 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.in/newspapers_details/ref_id-38355/language-nagpuri/periodicity-monthly/district-ranchi/state-jharkhand|title=JOHAR SAHIYA|website=newspapers}}</ref> Several magazines have also been published in Assam, West Bengal's Tarai and Dooars districts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/new-insight-into-tea-community-of-assam/|title=New insight into tea community of Assam|website=thethumbprintmag|date=25 May 2015|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518010425/http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/new-insight-into-tea-community-of-assam/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>

===Author and Work===
Some poets, writers and their works in the nagpuri language are as follows:<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan Hindi"/>{{bsn|date=February 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Author !! Work
|-
| [[Raghunath Shah]] || first known poet in the Nagpuri language, mostly composed devotional poetry on Krishna
|-
| Beniram Mahata || Nagvanshavali (1876)
|-
| [[Ghasi Ram Mahli]] || Nagpuri Fag Satak, Lalana Ranjana, Durga Saptasati, Nagvanshavali Jhumar
|-
| Kanchan || Sudama Charitra, Krishna Charitra, Mahabharat, Lanka Kand, Usha Haran
|-
| Drugpal Ram Deogharia || Nal Charita, Korambe Upakhyan
|-
| Dhaniram Bakshi || Jitiya Kahani, Fogli budhia kar Kahani, Narad Moh Lila, Karam Mahatmay, Sri Krishna Charit
|-
| E.H Whitley || Notes on Ganwari dialects of Lohardaga, Chotanagpur (grammar), 1896
|-
| Konrad Bookout|| Grammar of the Nagpuria Sadani language
|-
| [[Praful Kumar Rai]] || Son Jhair (collection of stories), 1967
|-
| [[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]]|| Mewar Keshri, Amba Manjar
|-
| [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]] || Nerua Lota urf Sanskritit Abdharna (nibandh), Thakur Vishwanath Sahi, Kanti
|-
| [[Shravan Kumar Goswami]]|| Nagpuri Vyakran, Seva aur Nokri, Teteir Kar Chhaon, Du Dair Bis Phool
|-
| [[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]] || Mahabali Radhe Kar Balidan, Akhra Nindaye Gelak
|-
| Naimuddin Mirdaha || Menjur Painkh
|-
| Baraik Iswari Prasad Singh || Kaka kar Kahani
|-
| Kali Kumar Suman || Khukhri Rugda
|-
| [[Shakuntala Mishra]] || Nagpuri Sadani Vyakaran, Sadani Nagpuri-Hindi Sabdkosh, Sato Nadi Par
|}

===Education===
Nagpuri taught at some high schools as a subject in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-emphasis-given-on-promotion-of-nagpuri-language-7311440.amp.html|title=नागपुरी भाषा के प्रचार-प्रसार पर दिया गया जोर|website=livehindustan|date=5 November 2022|access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>
It is also taught at [[Ranchi University]], [[Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University]], [[Ranchi Women's College]], [[Suraj Singh Memorial College]], [[J.N. College, Dhurwa|J.N College]], [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College]], [[Doranda College]], [[Simdega College]] and other universities of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/RU-gold-medallist-to-promote-Nagpuri-lang/articleshow/50666891.cms|title=RU gold medallist to promote Nagpuri lang|website=timesofindia|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.inextlive.com/lite/jharkhand/ranchi/regional-courses-19114|title=11 कॉलेजों में चलते हैं रीजनल कोर्स|publisher=inextlive|date=2 April 2014|access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

==Sample phrases==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Nagpuri!! Nagpuri (Devanagari)
|-
| What is your name?||Tor naam ka heke?|| तोर नाम का हेके ?
|-
| rowspan="3"|How are you ?||Toen kaisan aahis?||तोयं कईसन आहीस्?
|-
|Roure kaisan ahi||रउरे कईसन आही?
|-
|Apne kaisan ahi (respect)||आपने कईसन आही?
|-
| I am fine.|| Moen thik aahon || मोएं ठीक आहों।
|-
| What?|| Ka? || का?
|-
| Who?|| Ke? || के?
|-
| Why?|| Kale? ||काले?
|-
| How?|| Kaisan? || कसैन?
|-
| Which?|| Kon? || कोन?
|-
| Come here.|| Hian aao || हीयां आओ
|-
| I am going to home.|| Moen ghar jat hon ||मोएं घर जात हों।
|-
| I have eaten.|| Moen kha hon || मोएं खा हों।
|-
| I will go.|| Moen Jamu || मोएं जामु।
|-
| We go.|| Hame jaeil || हामे जाइल।
|-
| You go.|| Toen jais || तोयं जाइस्।
|-
| You are writing.|| Toen likhathis || तोयं लिखतहिस्।
|-
| You will come.|| Toen aabe || तोयं आबे।
|-
| We are writing.|| Hame likhathi || हामे लीखतही।
|-
| We have written.|| Hame likh hi || हामे लीख ही।
|-
| He/She come.|| Oo aawela || उ आवेला।
|-
| He/She is going.|| Oo jat he || उ जात हे।
|-
| He/She was coming.|| Oo aawat rahe ||उ आवत रहे।
|-
| He/She will play.|| Oo kheli || उ खेली।
|-
| They have eaten bread.||Ooman roti kha haen || उमन रोटी खा हयं।
|-
| They went.||Ooman gelaen || उमन गेलयं।
|-
| They will go home.|| Ooman ghar jabaen ||उमन घर जाबयं।
|}

==See also==
*[[Nagpuri culture]]
*[[Nagpuri cinema]]

==References==
===Sources===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title= Linguistic Survey of India – Jharkhand |publisher=Language division, Office of the Registrar General, India |year=2021|chapter=Nagpuria |first1=S.P. |last1=Srivastava |first2= Ranjita |last2=Pattanaik |url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/LSI_Reports/pdf/2.pdf |pages=432–565}}
* {{Cite book |title= Linguistic Survey of India – Jharkhand |publisher=Language division, Office of the Registrar General, India |year=2021|chapter=Sadan/Sadri |first1=Tapati |last1=Ghosh |first2= Ranjita |last2=Pattanaik |url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/LSI_Reports/pdf/2.pdf |pages=645–691}}

===Dictionary===
*{{Cite book|last=Blain |first=Edgar |year=1975 |title=English-Sadri Dictionary |location=Jharsuguda, Orissa |publisher=The Society of the Divine Word |oclc=17730482 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lyk3AAAAIAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|first1=Sushant |last1=Oram
|first2=Mangaraj |last2=Oram
|first3=Fakir |last3=Kispatta
|first4=Saroj Kumar |last4=Minj |title=Odia-Sadri Sabdakosh |year=2018 |publisher=Special Development Council, Sundargarh, Planning & Convergence Department, Govt. of Odisha |language=or |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74074/1/SCST_2018_dict_0146.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815180636/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74074/1/SCST_2018_dict_0146.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2022 |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

{{Bihari languages}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{Languages of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagpuri Language}}
[[Category:Bihari languages]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Languages of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Nagpuri language]]
[[Category:Nagpuri culture]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

Darshan Ashwin Trivedi

2026-02-06T06:25:31Z

Irinaequalliat: put up a data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Darshan Ashwin Trivedi
| image = Darshan-Trivedi.jpg
| alt = Darshan Ashwin Trivedi
| native_name = દર્શન ત્રિવેદી
| native_name_lang = gu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|08|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| citizenship =
| education = PhD
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]] [[Gujarat National Law University]]
| occupation = Film director [[academician]]
| organization = [[MICA (institute)]]
| notable_works = [[Mrugtrushna]] [[Mara Pappa Superhero]]
| website = {{URL|https://darshanashwintrivedi.com|Official Website}}
}}

'''Darshan Ashwin Trivedi''' is an Indian film director and academician best known for his contribution for [[Gujarati cinema]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Filmmaker Dr. Darshan Ashwin Trivedi: It is fascinating to know that a Gujarati film is welcomed in abroad countries|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/filmmaker-dr-darshan-ashwin-trivedi-it-is-fascinating-to-know-that-a-gujarati-film-is-welcomed-in-abroad-countries/articleshow/87278218.cms |access-date=2022-09-11 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en | first=Vaishali | last=Rathod | date=26 October 2021}}</ref> He is known for his movies ''[[Mrugtrushna]]'', ''[[Mara Pappa Superhero]]'', [[Lakiro]] and ''Keri''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo: Shraddha Dangar gives a sneak peek into the character for her next film 'Mara Pappa Superhero' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/photo-shraddha-dangar-gives-a-sneak-peek-into-the-character-for-her-next-film-mara-pappa-superhero/articleshow/74470788.cms |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Gujarat based filmmaker's Gujarati film Mrugtrushna bags an international award |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2020/10/28/gujarat-based-filmmakers-gujarati-film-mrugtrushna-bags-an-international-award/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Darshan Ashwin Trivedi on completing 'Lakiro': We have shot the film with a very interesting color palette |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/darshan-ashwin-trivedi-on-completing-lakiro-we-have-shot-the-film-with-a-very-interesting-color-palette/articleshow/88707798.cms |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Darshan Ashwin Trivedi's 'Keri' goes on floors today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/darshan-ashwin-trivedis-keri-goes-on-floors-today/articleshow/90639276.cms |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He is Adjunct faculty at [[MICA (institute)|MICA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2020 |title=MICA faculty's directorial debut film wins international acclaim |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/mica-faculty-s-directorial-debut-film-wins-international-acclaim/articleshow/79489090.cms |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Darshan Ashwin Trivedi was born on 4 August 1977 in [[Ahmedabad]], India. He has done Master in Development Communications from [[Gujarat University]] and PhD from [[Gujarat National Law University]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=MICA is also happy to announce the appointment of Prof. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/node/%202339312 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> During his career he has worked with brands like [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)]], [[Reliance Broadcast Network]],<ref name=":2" /> Moving Pixels, [[Neela Tele Films]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2019 |title=Neela Telefilms welcomes Darshan Ashwin Trivedi as COO |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/production-house/film-production/neela-telefilms-welcomes-darshan-ashwin-trivedi-as-coo-190212 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He started working with radio and television networks in the early years of his career. Darshan has worked with [[Sony Entertainment Television]], [[Radio Mirchi]], [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]], [[Reliance Broadcast Network]],<ref name=":2" /> Moving Pixels, [[Neela Tele Films]].<ref name=":3" /> Darshan is the former founder of Gujarati film fraternity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2017 |title=Gujarati film industry gets its first umbrella body |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/darshan-jariwala-hetal-thakkar-gujarati-film-industry-gets-its-first-umbrella-body/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Darshan started teaching in MICA in 2007. He teaches Media & Entertainment management. He works as an adjunct faculty with MICA.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=MICA prof to debut as Gujarati filmmaker |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/mica-prof-to-debut-as-gujarati-filmmaker/65916236.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Darshan is the editor of the Indian OTT Platforms Report published by MICA.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Parth Shastri|date=11 March 2021 |title='Comedy was OTT remedy for Covid blues' {{!}} Ahmedabad News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/comedy-remedy-for-covid-blues-ott-platform-survey-reveals-fav-genre-during-lockdown/articleshow/81440605.cms |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Darshan started his filmmaking career in 2018.<ref name=":4" /> His debut feature film [[Mrugtrushna]] is the first part of the trilogy.<ref>{{Cite web |title='મૃગતૃષ્ણા'માં એવું તે શું છે? |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/chitralok/what-is-it-like-in-mrigatrishna |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com}}</ref> His second film [[Mara Pappa Superhero]] is written by Sahita Academy awarded writer [[Raam Mori]]. His third film Lakiro explores Jazz music for the first time in Gujarati cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarati: Darshan Trivedi on his next film 'Lakiro': The film will explore jazz music in Gujarati cinema {{!}} Gujarati movie news |url=https://medfordjazz.org/gujarati-darshan-trivedi-on-his-next-film-lakiro-the-film-will-explore-jazz-music-in-gujarati-cinema-gujarati-movie-news/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Medford Jazz |language=en-US}}</ref> His fourth film Keri stars [[Bollywood]] Actor [[Rohit Roy]] and Ahmedabad based Radio Jockey Devaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}} Indian Film History |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/news-articles/its-finally-coming-to-life-rj-devaki-on-working-in-darshan-%20trivedis-new-film-keri |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Producer
!Writer
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2021
|[[Mara Pappa Superhero]]
|Yes
|Tejasvi Vidyut Buch, Milapsinh Jadeja, U.T. Rao
|[[Raam Mori]]
|Gujarati
|The film premiered at London Indian Film Festival in June 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2021 |title=Mara Pappa Superhero |url=https://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/mara-pappa-superhero/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=London Indian Film Festival |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Mrugtrushna]]''
|Yes
|
|Yes
|Gujarati
|bagged Golden Butterfly and Diploma of Honor for Best Screenplay<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2023
|''Keri''
|Yes
|
|Yes
|Gujarati
|on floor<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
|2022
|[[Lakiro]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|Gujarati
|released on 6 January 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakiro review: An experiment gone right |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/01/07/lakiro-review-an-experiment-gone-right.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
|Aaj Jaaneki Zidd Na Karo
|Yes
|
|
|Hindi
|The film will go on floor in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-25 |title=I am still offered TV shows, but either the budget doesn't click or the content's not creative enough for me: Ronit Bose Roy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-still-offered-tv-shows-but-either-the-budget-doesnt-click-or-the-contents-not-creative-enough-for-me-ronit-bose-roy/articleshow/99739638.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Ek Ruka Hua Faisla
|Yes
|
|
|[[Hindi]]
|The film will go on floor in Dec 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basu Chatterjee's 'Ek Ruka Hua Faisla' remake to go on floors in December |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/basu-chatterjee-ek-ruka-hua-faisla-remake-on-floors-in-december-2458836-2023-11-06 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-11-06 |title=Remake of Basu Chatterjee's cult classic 'Ek Ruka Hua Faisla' in the works |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remake-of-basu-chatterjees-cult-classic-ek-ruka-hua-faisla-in-the-works/article67503580.ece |access-date=2023-11-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Bicycle Thief
|Yes
|
|
|[[Hindi]]
|The film's production was completed in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-08-29 |title=EXCLUSIVE: “Bicycle Thief to see Scam 1992 star Hemant Kher and Samvedna Suwalka in double roles,” reveals director Dr. Darshan Ashwin Trivedi : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-bicycle-thief-see-scam-1992-star-hemant-kher-samvedna-suwalka-double-roles-reveals-director-dr-darshan-ashwin-trivedi/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
* Golden Butterfly Award, 33rd International Film Festival for Children and Youth, Iran, Best Screenplay, Mrugtrushna, 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=33rd ICFF Award Winners Announced – International Film Festival for Children and Youth |url=https://en.icff.ir/954/33rd-icff-award-winners-announced/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 20th Annual Tiburon International Film Festival, Best Children's Film, Mara Pappa Superhero, 2021<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=Dr. Darshan Ashwin Trivedi's film 'Mara Pappa Superhero' honored at Tiburon International Film Festival in California- Exclusive! – Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/dr-darshan-ashwin-trivedis-film-mara-pappa-superhero-honored-at-tiburon-international-film-festival-in-california-exclusive/articleshow/88050071.cms |access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2390065}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Darshan Ashwin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Artists from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Film producers from Gujarat]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

2016–17 Indian Women's League

2026-01-20T18:59:50Z

Irinaequalliat:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Indian Women's League]]
| season = [[2016–17 in Indian football|2016–17]]
| winners = [[Eastern Sporting Union]] 1st title
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| matches = 34
| total goals = 183
| best player = [[Thokchom Umapati Devi]]
| league topscorer = [[Yumnam Kamala Devi]] (12 goals)
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[2017–18 Indian Women's League|2017–18]]
}}

The '''2016–17 Indian Women's League''' (also known as '''Hero Indian Women's League''' for sponsorship reasons) was the first season of the [[Indian Women's League]], a [[Women's association football|women's]] [[association football|football]] league in [[India]]. The season was scheduled to kick off with the preliminary rounds on 17 October 2016.<ref name="Preliminary">{{cite news|title=INDIAN WOMEN’S LEAGUE PRELIMS TO KICK-OFF ON OCT 17|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7522|accessdate=14 October 2016|work=The All India Football Federation|date=14 October 2016}}</ref> In the final round four teams from qualifier joined by two direct entry teams. [[Eastern Sporting Union]] won the title in the inaugural season.

==Preliminary round==
{{main|2016–17 Indian Women's League preliminary round}}

===Teams===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Group A
! State
! Group B
! State
|-
| Alakhpura
| [[Haryana]]
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| [[Manipur]]
|-
| Bodyline
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Jeppiaar Institute FC|Jeppiaar Institute]]
| [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
|-
| [[Quartz Soccer Club|Quartz]]
| [[Kerala]]
| [[KRYPHSA F.C.|KRYPHSA]]
| [[Manipur]]
|-
| [[Rising Student Club|Rising Student]]
| [[Odisha]]
| [[Sudeva Moonlight FC|Sudeva Moonlight]]
| [[Delhi]]
|-
| [[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]
| [[Meghalaya]]
| Uttar Pradesh FC
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|}

[[Eastern Sporting Union]] and [[Rising Student Club]] entered final rounds by topping their groups, and Alakhpura and [[Jeppiaar Institute FC|Jeppiaar Institute]] as group runners-up.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Sporting Union and Rising Student FC makes it to the Final round of the Indian Women's League 2017.|url=https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/791639403433046016|work=The All India Football Federation|date=27 October 2016|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref>

==Teams==
===Team locations===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Team
! State
! Entry
|-
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| [[Manipur]]
| Preliminary
|-
| [[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]]
| [[Odisha]]
| Preliminary
|-
| [[Jeppiaar Institute F.C.|Jeppiaar Institute]]
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puduchery]]
| Preliminary
|-
| Alakhpura
| [[Haryana]]
| Preliminary
|-
| [[FC Pune City (Women)|Pune City]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Direct
|-
| [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| [[Mizoram]]
| Direct
|}

===Personnel===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left
|-
! Team
! Head coach
! Captain
|-
|[[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|colspan="2"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Oinam Bembem Devi]] (player-manager)
|-
|[[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Gitanjali Khuntia
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sasmita Mallik]]
|-
|[[Jeppiaar Institute F.C.|Jeppiaar Institute]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Subramanian Mariappan
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sumithra Kamaraj]]
|-
|Alakhpura
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Sonika Vijarnia
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sanju Yadav]]
|-
|[[FC Pune City (Women)|Pune City]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Kalpana Dass
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Dalima Chhibber]]
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Pi R. Lalnunsangi
|{{Flagicon|IND}} K. Lalruaizeli
|}

==Final round==
{{main|2016–17 Indian Women's League final round}}
The final round will be held from January 28 to February 14 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]]. The league proper will follow a round robin format with the top four teams advancing to the semifinals.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIFF launches professional league for women footballers|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/aiff-launches-professional-league-for-women-footballers/973585|accessdate=25 January 2017|work=Outlook India|date=24 January 2017}}</ref>

===Group stage===
{{:2016–17 Indian Women's League final round|transcludesection=Group stage}}
===Knock-out Stage===

{{OneLegStart}}
|-
!colspan=4|Semifinals
{{OneLegResult|[[Rising Student Club|Rising Student]]||[[2016–17 Indian Women's League final round#Knock out stage|{{small|2–0}}]]|[[FC Pune City (women)|Pune City]]}}
{{OneLegResult|[[Eastern Sporting Union]]||[[2016–17 Indian Women's League final round#Knock out stage|{{small|4–1}}]]|Alakhpura}}
|-
!colspan=4|Final
{{OneLegResult|[[Eastern Sporting Union]]||[[2016–17 Indian Women's League final round#Knock out stage|{{small|3–0}}]]|[[Rising Student Club|Rising Student]]}}
{{end}}

==Season awards==
The following awards were announced at the end of the season:<ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Sporting Union win inaugural Indian Women's League|url=http://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3060461/eastern-sporting-union-win-inaugural-indian-womens-league|work=ESPN|publisher=espn.in|accessdate=15 February 2017|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

* Emerging Player: [[Jabamani Tudu]]
* Most Valuable Player: [[Thokchom Umapati Devi|Umapati Devi]]
* Top Scorer: [[Yumnam Kamala Devi|Kamala Devi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/ All India Football Federation].

{{Indian Women's League}}
{{Indian women's football league seasons}}
{{2016–17 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Women's League}}
[[Category:Indian Women's League seasons|2016–17]]
[[Category:2016–17 in Indian women's football leagues|League]]
[[Category:2016–17 in Asian women's top-tier association football leagues|India]]

Roorkee Municipal Corporation

2025-12-14T15:00:17Z

Irinaequalliat: refined layout based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Civic body that governs the city of Roorkee in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Roorkee Municipal Corporation
| native_name = रुड़की नगर निगम
| transcription_name = Roorkee Nagar Nigam
| legislature = Unicameral Legislature
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| body =
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Anita Agarwal
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader2 = Rakesh Chandra Tiwari, [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)|PCS]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 7 February 2025
| party2 =
| election2 =
| members = 40
| structure1 = India Roorkee, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (24)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (24)
'''Opposition (16)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}} [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1)
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (13)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election|23 January 2025]]
| next_election1 = 2030
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Nagar Nigam Bhavan, Roorkee
| website = [http://nagarnigamroorkee.org// Nagar Nigam Roorkee]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Roorkee Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Roorkee]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://udd.uk.gov.in/files/List_of_ULBs_SC451.pdf | title=Roorkee Municipal Corporation | publisher=udd.uk.gov.in | accessdate=2017-02-10}}</ref>

== Structure ==
This corporation consists of 40 wards and is headed by a [[mayor]] who presides over a deputy mayor and 39 other [[councillor|corporators]] representing the wards. The mayor is elected directly through a first-past-the-post voting system and the deputy mayor is elected by the corporators from among their numbers.

==List of mayors==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | S. No.
! colspan=1| Name
! colspan=3| Term
! colspan=2| Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1
|Yashpal Rana
|3 May 2013
|3 May 2018
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2013|5|3|2018|5|3}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| colspan=2| ''Administrator''
|3 May 2018
|2 December 2019
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|2018|5|3|2019|12|1}}
|[[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| style="background-color: white" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|2
|Gaurav Goel
|3 December 2019
|30 July 2023
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2019|12|1|2023|07|30}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| colspan=2| ''Administrator''
|10 August, 2023
|6 February 2025
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2023|08|10|2025|02|6}}
|[[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| style="background-color: white" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|3
|Anita Agarwal
|7 February 2025
|''[[Incumbent]]''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|02|7}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|}

==Current members==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan=6 align=center bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''Mayor: Anita Agarwal'''
|-
! Ward No !! Ward Name !! Name of Corporator || colspan="2"|Party|| Remarks
|-
| 1 || Sherpur || Sonia Devi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|
|-
| 2 || Adarsh Nagar || Sachin Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 3 || Solanipuram || Devki Joshi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 4 || Khanjarpur || Babita || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 5 || CBRI || Preeti Bhardwaj || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 6 || IIT Roorkee || Rajan Goyal || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 7 || Civil Lines Central || Akash Jain || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 8 || Jadugar Road || Satveer Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 9 || Northern Mohanpura || Pratibha Pal || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 10 || Southern Mohanpura || Pramod Pal || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 11 || Defence Colony || Kulbir || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 12 || Asaf Nagar Roorkee || Sachin Chaudhary || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 13 || Civil Lines South || Navneet Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 14 || Preet Vihar || Anurag Tyagi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 15 || Purwawali || Neetu Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 16 || Southern Ganeshpur || Ankit Chaudhary || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 17 || Sheikhpuri || Sanjeev Tomar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 18 || Northern Ganeshpur || Kuldeep Tomar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 19 || Shivpuram || Veera Devi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 20 || Chavmandi || Rishu Verma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 21 || Subhash Nagar || Yajur Prajapati || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 22 || Krishna Nagar || Alka Saini || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 23 || Salempur Rajputana || Sarita || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 24 || Salempur Industrial Centre || Sapna Dhariwal || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 25 || Ramnagar || Pankaj Satija || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 26 || Awas Vikas || Rakesh Garg || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 27 || Maktulpuri || Vibha Saini || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 28 || Deendayal East || Tahir || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 29 || Saket || Dheeraj Pal || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 30 || Ambar Talab West || Charu Chandra || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
| 31 || Ambar Talab East || Seema Verma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 32 || World Bank Colony || Shivam Agarwal || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 33 || Sot || Sanjeev Rai || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
| 34 || Sati || Fazul Rahman || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 35 || Mahigran || Mahzabi || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
| 36 || Bharat Nagar || Shahnaz || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 37 || Purani Tehsil || Nitin Tyagi || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 38 || Sunehra || Manish Baller || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| Expelled from BJP<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-roorkee-councilor-manish-baller-expelled-from-bjp-after-arrested-on-charges-of-fraud-ann-3002978|title=Haridwar News: BJP expels Roorkee councilor arrested on charges of fraud from the party, district president issues order|work=ABP|accessdate=28 August 2025|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| 39 || Kashipuri || Mohammad Muntazir || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
| 40 || Matlabpur || Manoj Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[2019 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Roorkee]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Dainik Tribune

2025-12-13T17:05:55Z

Irinaequalliat: small changes

{{Short description|Indian newspaper}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{notability|Companies|date=May 2013}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Dainik Tribune
| logo = Logo of Dainik tribune.gif
| image = Danik tribune.GIF
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Front page of ''Dainik Tribune'' on 22 May 2013 of [[Haryana]] edition.
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] Trust
| founder =
| publisher =
| editor = Naresh Kaushal
| president =
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = 15 August 1978
| political_position = Neutral
| language = [[Hindi]]
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters =
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers = ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' ''[[Punjabi Tribune]]''
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = {{URL|http://dainiktribuneonline.com/}}
| free = Yes
}}

'''''Dainik Tribune''''' ({{Langx|hi|दैनिक ट्रिब्यून|lit=The Daily Tribune|translit=Dainika Ṭribyūna}}) is an [[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language daily [[newspaper]] that is being currently published from [[Chandigarh]], [[New Delhi]], [[Jalandhar]] and [[Bathinda]]. It was first established in 1978 by [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune Trust]], which published ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' and the ''[[Punjabi Tribune]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |author= Harnik Deol |publisher=Routledge |year= 2003 |isbn=020340226X |page=157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKRP1-H8T8AC&q=%22Dainik+Tribune%22&pg=PA157 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/about-us/ About us]</ref> Jyoti Malhotra is the Editor-in-Chief of The Tribune Group of Newspapers. Naresh Kaushal is the Editor of Dainik Tribune. The Internet editions of the ''Dainik Tribune'' were launched on 16 August 2010.

==See also==
* The Tribune
* Dainik Tribune
* Punjabi Tribune

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://dainiktribuneonline.com/ Official website]
* [http://epaper.dainiktribuneonline.com ''Dainik Tribune'', epaper]

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Newspaper companies of India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Haryana]]
[[Category:Mass media in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1978]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in India]]

Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited

2025-12-06T09:09:12Z

Irinaequalliat: adding first data w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Power generating organization in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited
| native_name = Āndhra rāṣṭra eṇḍana utpati samasta
| native_name_lang = te
| logo = Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited.jpg
| industry = [[Electricity generation]]
| type = [[Public Sector Undertaking]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1998}}
| key_people = {{bulleted list
| [[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]] ([[List of ministers of energy of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Energy]], [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]])
| K. Vijayanand, IAS (Chairman)
| Nagalakshmi Selvarajan, IAS (Managing Director)
}}
| owner = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| parent = [[List of ministers of energy of Andhra Pradesh|Ministry of Energy]], Government of Andhra Pradesh
| assets = {{profit}}₹17,344 crore (2008) or [[USD]] 3.5 Billion
| equity = {{profit}}₹2,117 crore (2008) or [[USD]] 500 Million
| num_employees = 10,889 (2008)
| services = [[Electricity]]
| hq_location_city = [[Gunadala]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| hq_location_country = India
| website = {{URL|https://apgenco.gov.in/|APGENCO official website}}
}}

The '''Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited (APPGCL)''' is power generating organization in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It undertakes operation and maintenance of the power plants and also setting up new power projects alongside upgrading the project's capacity,<ref name="overview">{{cite web|url = http://apgenco.gov.in/inner.asp?frm=corporate_profile|title = APGENGO overview|accessdate = 19 June 2014|publisher = APGENCO|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175220/http://apgenco.gov.in/inner.asp?frm=corporate_profile|archive-date = 14 July 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> under the recommendations of Hittenbhayya committee setup by TDP Govt.

==History==

The government reforms in power sector led to the formation of APGENCO on 28 December 1998 and commenced operations from 1 February 1999.<ref name=overview /> The imbalance of the revenues against the cost of production, no significant reduction in technical losses and energy thefts, high cost purchases from IPP's, other SEB's gradually worsened the financial position of APSEB.

== APSEB division ==

Government of Andhra Pradesh realizing the declining tendency of the financial position of APSEB and considering the recommendations made by committee it was unbundled into Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation (APGENCO) & [[Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh]] Limited (APTRANSCO) on 1 February 1999 by AP Electricity REFORMS ACT.<ref name=apseb>{{cite web|title=History of APSEB |url=http://www.npli.in/transco/about-us/about-aptransco |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181001/http://www.npli.in/transco/about-us/about-aptransco |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Transmission Corporation of AP |access-date=19 June 2014 }}</ref>

APTRANSCO was further unbundled w.e.f. 1 April 2000 into "Transmission Corporation" and four "Distribution Companies" (DISCOMS). From Feb 1999 to June 2005 APTransco remained as single buyer in purchasing and selling of power to DISCOMs.<ref name=apseb />

== APGENCO formation and split ==

Later, on 2 June 2014, when the state was bifurcated, APGENCO distributed all the assets, liabilities and power stations to both the states and [[Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited|Telangana Power Generation Corporation Limited]] (TGGENCO) was formed for the newly formed [[Telangana]] state and APGENCO remained for Andhra Pradesh in accordance with the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]].<ref name="power plants">{{cite web|author1=Sudheer Goutham|title=Power plants division between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140530/nation-current-affairs/article/existing-power-plants-be-divided-between-andhra-pradesh|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=7 June 2014|date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

== Power plants ==
The total installed capacity of APGENCO, after the state's bifurcation is 6389 MW comprising 4210 MW Thermal, 1747.60 MW Hydro and 405.40 MW Solar
power plants.<ref>[http://www.aptransco.gov.in/transco/docs/Salient-Feb-15.pdf Salient features of AP TransCo. Retrieved on 2015-04-06.]</ref> The Power Plants of APGENCO include thermal, hydel, Pumped Storage and solar power plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apgenco.gov.in/pdffiles/APGENCO%20Plants%20Location%20Map.pdf |title= Location Map of APGENCO Generating Stations |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170204071548/http://www.apgenco.gov.in/pdffiles/APGENCO%20Plants%20Location%20Map.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Power projects of APGENCO|url=http://www.apgenco.gov.in/administrator/uploadedfiles/location%20map%201.4.2012.pdf|publisher=apgenco.gov.in|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124063925/http://www.apgenco.gov.in/administrator/uploadedfiles/location%20map%201.4.2012.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Thermal projects===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! Sl. No.
! Project
! Capacity (installed / under construction) (MW)
! Total (installed) (MW)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apgenco.gov.in/Main/page/6/67|title= APGENCO capacity}}</ref>
! Gallery
|-
| 1
| [[Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station|Vijayawada TPP]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 6×210 + 1×500 + 1×800
| style="text-align:right;"| 2560
| [[File:Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station in January 2015.JPG|Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station|250px]]
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 2
| [[Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station|Rayalaseema TPP]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 5×210 + 1×600
| style="text-align:right;" | 1650
| [[File:Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station.jpg|250px|Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Overall capacity '''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''4210'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''4210'''
|}

''Note:[[Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station|Damoadaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Plant]] (3x800 MW) is having subsidiary ownership of APGENCO.''

=== Hydel projects ===
[[File:Tungabhadra Dam.jpg|thumb|Tungabhadra dam]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
! Sr. No.
! Project
! Installed Capacity (MW)
! Total (MW)
|-
| 1
| Chettipeta Mini Hydel
| style="text-align:right;"| 2 x 0.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1
|-
| 2
| [[Sileru River|Donkarayi PH]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 1 x 25
| style="text-align:right;"| 25
|-
| 3
| Hampi Dam PH
| style="text-align:right;"| 4 x 9 (AP Share – 28.8)
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.8
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 4
| [[Sileru River|Lower Sileru PH]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4 x 115
| style="text-align:right;"| 460
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 5
| [[Jalaput Dam|Machkund PH]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3 x 17 + 3 x 23 (AP Share – 84)
| style="text-align:right;"| 84
|-
| 6
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]] RCPH
| style="text-align:right;"| 3 x 30
| style="text-align:right;"| 90
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 7
| [[PABR Dam|Penna Ahobilam]] PH
| style="text-align:right;"| 2 x 10
| style="text-align:right;"| 20
|-
| 8
| [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam]] RBPH
| style="text-align:right;"| 7 x 110
| style="text-align:right;"| 770
|-
| 9
| [[Tungabhadra Dam]] PH
| style="text-align:right;"| 4 x 9 (AP Share – 28.8)
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.8
|-
| 10
| [[Sileru River|Upper Sileru PH]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4 x 60
| style="text-align:right;"| 240
|-
|
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''Overall capacity'''
| style="text-align:right;"| '''1747.6'''
|}

'''Hydel projects (under construction)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
! Sr. No.
! Project
! Installed Capacity (MW)
! Total (MW)
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 1
| [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram]] HEP
| style="text-align:right;"| 12 x 80
| style="text-align:right;"| 960
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 2
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]] PH
| style="text-align:right;"| 2 x 25
| style="text-align:right;"| 50
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''Overall capacity'''
| style="text-align:right;"| '''960'''
|}

===Non-conventional units===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! Sl. No.
! Project
! Inst.Capacity (MW)
! Total (MW)
|-
| 1
| Ramagiri Wind Mill
| style="text-align:right;"| 10 x 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.0
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''Overall capacity'''
| style="text-align:right;"| '''2.0'''
|}

''Source'': Power Stations of AP after bifurcation into APGENCO and TGGENCO<ref name="apgenco and tggenco">{{cite web|title=GO 29 Transfer Scheme – AP Electricity Reforms Act, 1998|url=http://www.tgnns.com/andhra-pradesh-2/go-29-transfer-scheme-ap-electricity-reforms-act-1998-dated-31-may-2014/2014/05/31/|publisher=tgnns.com|access-date=7 June 2014|date=31 May 2014}}</ref>

==Operational performance==
{{See also |Srisailam Dam # Power generation optimization}}
{{See also |Nagarjuna Sagar Dam # Power generation}}
Though the performance of APGenCo thermal power stations in terms of reliability, availability and maintainability ([[RAMS|RAM]] analysis) is one of the best in India,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apgenco.gov.in/|title= APGenCo website main page|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> its hydro power stations performance is satisfactory.monsoon season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/power-house-srisailam-submerged|title= Power house at Srisailam submerged|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> The [[thermal efficiency]] (heat rate) of thermal power stations is quite remarkable. Operating the thermal power stations in the range of 75 to 100% capacity in '[[Load following power plant|frequency follow mode]]' with good part load efficiency is the needful strategy in surplus electricity grid except during peak demand hours. Also Hydro power stations should perform well meeting all the functions such as power factor correction, peaking power generation, pumping water in pump mode and secondary power generation during monsoon season utilising total available water. This can be achieved by maintaining hydro power stations at [[availability]] more than 95%.<ref>[http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/managing-historic-flood-krishna-river-basin-experience-averting-catastrophe-apwrdc Managing historic flood in the Krishna river basin in the year 2009]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[List of hydroelectric power station failures]]
* [[Power sector of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh|APTransCo]]
* [[Electricity sector in India]]
* [[Energy policy of India]]
* [[Load following power plant]]
* [[Levelised energy cost]]
* [[EROEI|Energy returned on energy invested]]
* [[Coal slurry pipeline]]
* [[Grid parity]]
* [[Net metering]]
* [[Negawatt power]]
* [[Index of solar energy articles]]
* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Wind power in India]]
* [[Torrefaction]]
* [[Central Electricity Authority (India)|Central Electricity Authority]]
* [[Economics of new nuclear power plants]]
* [[Availability-based tariff]]
* [[Demand response]]
* [[National Grid (Great Britain)]]
* [[Spark spread]]
* [[Electricity market]]
* [[Electricity Act (2003)]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{State agencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Power Plants of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Asia topic|Electricity sector in}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Electricity delivery |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Electric-generation companies of India]]
[[Category:Energy in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power companies of India]]
[[Category:State electricity agencies of India]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State agencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies based in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1998]]

Duranga

2025-12-02T07:34:03Z

Irinaequalliat: put up first info more to come

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language web-series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Duranga_Season_2_poster.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Crime Thriller
| creator = [[Goldie Behl]]
| inspired_by = Flower of Evil
| writer = Charudutt Acharya
| screenplay = Charudutt Acharya
| director = [[Pradeep Sarkar]], Aijaz Khan (Season 1) [[Rohan Sippy]] (Season 2)
| starring = [[Gulshan Devaiah]] [[Drashti Dhami]] [[Amit Sadh]]
| music = Ripul Sharma & George Joseph
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 17
| executive_producer = Anup Poddar
| producer = [[Goldie Behl]] Shraddha Singh
| cinematography = Quais Waseeq
| editor = Abhijit Desphande & Hrishikesh Petwe
| company = Rose Audio Visuals pvt. Ltd
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|08|19}}
| last_aired = {{End date |df=y|2023|10|24}}
| related = ''[[Flower of Evil (South Korean TV series)|Flower of Evil]]''
}}

'''''Duranga''''' is an Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language]] [[ZEE5]] web-series adapted from the Korean drama ''[[Flower of Evil (South Korean TV series)|Flower of Evil]]'' - making it the first official remake of a Korean drama in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Gyu-lee |date=2022-08-17 |title=Thriller series 'Flower Of Evil' becomes first K-drama to be remade in India |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2022/08/688_334572.html |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The first season premiered on 19 August 2022 and was directed by [[Pradeep Sarkar]] and Aijaz Khan. It features [[Gulshan Devaiah]] and [[Drashti Dhami]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Duranga trailer: Drashti Dhami and Gulshan Devaiah promise an intriguing adaptation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/duranga-trailer-drashti-dhami-and-gulshan-devaiah-promise-an-intriguing-adaptation-8073358/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-09 |title=Gulshan Devaiah on working with Drashti Dhami in Duranga: 'She is very sweet & amp' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/gulshan-devaiah-on-working-with-drashti-dhami-in-duranga-she-is-very-sweet-amp-11033881.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

Following the first season's success, the series was renewed for the second season.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Duranga' is back with Season 2! Gulshan Devaiah revealed that shooting has begun |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/duranga-is-back-with-season-2-gulshan-devaiah-revealed-that-shooting-has-begun/articleshow/94863108.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=EconomicTimes.com|language=en}}</ref> It premiered on October 24, 2023, and is directed by [[Rohan Sippy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Sadh, Drashti Dhami and Rohan Sippy say 'it was opposite of pressure' to work in Duranga Season 2 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-amit-sadh-drashti-dhami-and-rohan-sippy-say-it-was-opposite-of-pressure-to-work-in-duranga-season-2-3065276 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=dnaindia.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Amit Sadh]] joined the cast as one of the primary characters.

== Plot ==
While investigating a gory copy-cat killing that follows the modus operandi of a 17 year old serial killing case, a Mumbai crime branch officer re-opens the spine-chilling case that had rocked a small coastal town near Mumbai, only to find out that there was an accomplice who was never nabbed. To her horror, that partner in crime could be her life partner, the doting father of her six-year-old daughter, her ‘perfect’ husband of 11 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-08-06 |title=ZEE5's Original series 'Duranga' trailer out now |url=https://telanganatoday.com/zee5s-original-series-duranga-trailer-out-now |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-07-26 |title=Drashti Dhami and Gulshan Devaiah to star in Korean drama Flower Of Evil remake Duranga on ZEE5, first look unveiled : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/drashti-dhami-gulshan-devaiah-star-korean-drama-flower-evil-remake-duranga-zee5-first-look-unveiled/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Gulshan Devaiah reacts to criticism of non-queer casting in Badhaai Do: 'It's a bit of ridiculous debate' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/gulshan-devaiah-drashti-dhami-interview-about-zee5-show-duranga-101660180071887.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Abhishek Banne/Sammit Patel (fake) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-29 |title=Zee5 announces the gripping romantic thriller Duranga teaser out now |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zee5-announces-the-gripping-romantic-thriller-duranga-teaser-out-now-10977201.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Drashti Dhami]] as Ira Jaykar Patel<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duranga: क्राइम-सस्पेंस से भरपूर है दृष्टि धामी की दुरंगा का ट्रेलर, पति के खौफनाक चेहरे से उठाएंगी पर्दा? |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/duranga-adaptation-of-popular-korean-drama-trailer-out-web-series-will-premiere-on-zee5-0n-19th-august |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Amit Sadh]] as Sammit Patel (Real)/Professor Dev Sahni (fake)
*[[Abhijeet Khandkekar]] as Vikas Sarode<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=2022-08-06 |title='माझ्या नवऱ्याची बायको' फेम अभिनेता अभिजीत खांडकेकरचं ओटीटीवर पदार्पण! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-abhijeet-khandkekar-ott-debut-with-web-series-duranga-on-zee-5-1087196 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>
*[[Divya Seth]] as Anupriya Patel<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>
*Hera Mishra as Anya Sammit Patel<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Gulshan Devaiah and Drashti Dhami talk about their ZEE5 show Duranga |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/entertainment/gulshan-devaiah-and-drashti-dhami-talk-about-their-zee5-show-duranga-101660183691215.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rajesh Khattar]] as Dr. Manohar Patel<ref name=":0" />
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Bala Banne<ref name=":1" />
*[[Barkha Bisht]] as Prachi Banne<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=Duranga trailer: Gulshan Devaiah, Drashti Dhami star in this Korean adaptation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/duranga-trailer-gulshan-devaiah-drashti-dhami-8057362/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Nivedita Saraf]] as Gayatri Jaykar<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Duranga Trailer Out! Drashti Dhami, Gulshan Devaiah's Remake of K-Drama Series Flower of Evil To Arrive on ZEE5 on August 19 (Watch Video) {{!}} 📺 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/duranga-trailer-out-drashti-dhami-gulshan-devaiahs-remake-of-k-drama-series-flower-of-evil-to-arrive-on-zee5-on-august-19-watch-video-4045726.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>
*Sanjay Gurbaxani as Shekher Bakshi<ref name=":3" />
*[[Kiran Srinivas]] as Nikhil Pradhan<ref name=":3" />
*Sparsh Walia as Laksh Ranade
*Vitthal Patil as Victor Telkar
*Tanuka Laghate as Neelam Singh
*Meenal Kapoor as Teesta Basu
*Mahadev Singh lakhawat as Dheeraj kumar

== Reception ==
===Season 1===

Duranga received mostly positive reviews from critics. Ruchi Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Creator Goldie Behl deserves a bow this time for the clarity with which he presents the intense, multi-climax drama".<ref>{{Citation|title=Duranga Review: Gulshan Devaiah delivers his career-best performance opposite Drashti Dhami in creepy thriller|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/duranga-review-gulshan-devaiah-delivers-his-career-best-performance-opposite-drashti-dhami-in-creepy-thriller-101660871214368.html|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> ''[[Saibal Chatterjee]]'' of NDTV gave it 3 stars and concludes," it delivers a steady stream of twists and turns designed to keep you hooked from start to finish."<ref>{{Citation|title=Duranga Review: A Cocktail Or Murder, Mental Turmoil And Veiled Motives|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/duranga-review-a-cocktail-or-murder-mental-turmoil-and-veiled-motives-3-stars-3268058|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote, "Once you accept Duranga’s premise – the son of a serial killer himself accused of murder who marries a police officer while on the run from the law – it’s easy enough to swallow everything that follows.".<ref>{{Citation|title='Duranga' review: Suspend disbelief if you want to enjoy the twists|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1030804/duranga-review-suspend-disbelief-if-you-want-to-enjoy-the-twists|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Manisha Lakhe of ''[[Network18]]'' remarked, "Zee 5 has hit the jackpot with this show. This could trigger a trend of production companies seeking K-dramas for remakes.".<ref>{{Citation|title=Duranga review: An awesome adaptation of K-drama 'Flower Of Evil' opens up possibilities!|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/duranga-review-an-awesome-adaptation-of-k-drama-flower-of-evil-opens-up-possibilities-9056511.html|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>

On the contrary, Lakshana N Palat of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated it low and wrote "Duranga misses each opportunity to craft a deeply moving, impactful and suspense-ridden show."<ref>{{Cite web|title= Gulshan Devaiah-Drashti Dhami's Duranga is a bland, soulless adaptation of Lee Joon-gi's emotionally volatile Flower Of Evil|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/gulshan-devaiah-and-drishti-dhamis-duranga-is-a-bland-soulless-adaptation-of-lee-joon-gis-volatile-tension-ridden-flower-of-evil-8096423/|access-date=19 August 2022|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Season 2===
[[The Times of India]] rated it 3.5 out of 5, and commented, "The well-drawn characters and numerous plot twists keep viewers engaged throughout".<ref>{{Cite web|title= Duranga Season 2 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/duranga/season-2/seasonreview/104585220.cms|access-date=25 October 2023|website=timesofindia.com}}</ref>
[[News18 India]] praised the show stating, "[[Amit Sadh]] and [[Gulshan Devaiah]] Are Brilliant In Gripping Psychological Thriller."<ref>{{Cite web|title= Duranga 2 Review: Amit Sadh, Gulshan Devaiah Are Brilliant In Gripping Psychological Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/duranga-2-review-drashti-dhami-fails-to-impress-in-this-gripping-psychological-thriller-8631245.html|access-date=25 October 2023|website=news18.com}}</ref>

The show drew flak from [[Deepa Gahlot]] who in her review wrote, "Mental health advocates will find plenty to get upset about."<ref>{{Cite web|title= Review: 'Duranga' season 2 struggles to justify its return |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1058020/review-duranga-season-2-struggles-to-justify-its-return|access-date=25 October 2023|website=scroll.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|21370880}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/duranga/0-6-4z5193948 ''Duranga''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Crime thriller web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on South Korean television series]]

DakshinaChitra

2025-11-25T05:48:24Z

Irinaequalliat: put up basic entry from scratch

{{Short description|Heritage village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = DakshinaChitra
| image = DakshinaChitra Logo.svg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption =
| imagesize =
| established = {{Start date and age|1996|12|14|df=yes|p=yes}}
| collection_size = 4,220 artefacts and 1,000,000 pictures
| area =
| location = [[East Coast Road]], Muttukadu, Chennai, India
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location within Tamil Nadu
| map dot label = DakshinaChitra
| coordinates = {{coord|12.822423|80.243098|display=inline}}
| visitors =
| founder = Madras Craft Foundation
| type = [[Heritage centre]]
| architect = [[Laurie Baker]] [[Benny Kuriakose]]
| curator = Deborah Thiagarajan
| website = [http://www.dakshinachitra.net/ dakshinachitra.net]
}}

'''DakshinaChitra''' ("a picture of the south") is a [[living-history museum]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], dedicated to [[South Indian culture|South Indian heritage and culture]]. It is located {{Convert|25|km}} to the south of [[Chennai]]. Opened to the public on 14 December 1996, the [[museum]] was founded and is being managed by the [[Madras Craft Foundation]] (MCF). The MCF was established in 1984. [[Deborah Thiagarajan]], an Indian art historian of American origin, governs the [[museum]]. The [[museum]] is built on {{Convert|10|acre}} of land taken on a 33-year lease from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. Located at Muttukadu, on the [[East Coast Road]] connecting Chennai and Pondicherry, the site overlooks [[Bay of Bengal]].

Developed as a heritage village, DakshinaChitra has an array of displays and relocated originals of [[dwelling]]s depicting the life pattern of people in the states of [[South India|southern India]]. The exhibits portray the [[architecture]], art, folk performing-arts and craft of South Indian traditions. The amenities include a research unit, crafts bazaar, playground, an area to hold religious functions, stone workshop, and souvenir kiosks.{{Sfn|Acuff|Evans|2014|p=120}} There are craftsmen who permanently work at DakshinaChitra who demonstrate or explain how they make their wares.<ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20120116-chennai-nalli-kapaleeswarar-temple-church-dakshinachitra-756876-2012-01-02|title=Must see must do in Chennai|date=3 January 2012|work=Dakshinachitra|publisher=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617034449/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/chennai-nalli-kapaleeswarar-temple-church-dakshinachitra/1/167038.html|archive-date=17 June 2015|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> Besides workshops are conducted regularly for various crafts by artists who rent the community studio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dakshinachitra.net/Ceramic-Worshop-Centre-ECR|title=Dakshinachitra Ceramic Workshop Centre on ECR Chennai|website=www.dakshinachitra.net|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

==History==
DakshinaChitra, meaning "a picture of the south",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/07/23/stories/102372m1.htm |title=A date with heritage |author=Joseph Fernandez |work=The Hindu Business Lines |date=23 July 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320165418/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/07/23/stories/102372m1.htm |archive-date=20 March 2018 }}</ref> is a heritage village where the lifestyle of [[South Indians]] is displayed based on their states, through the [[architecture]] of the region and the living conditions and habits of the people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bennykuriakose.com/dakshinachitra|title=Dakshinachitra Chennai|website=bennykuriakose|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> It was founded by the Madras Craft Foundation (MCF), an [[NGO]] started in 1984, by Deborah Thiagarajan.<ref name=Reddy>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/we-need-people-with-a-public-vision/article3199942.ece|title=We need people with a public vision|date=21 September 2006|author=Krithika Reddy|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320165418/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/we-need-people-with-a-public-vision/article3199942.ece|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> Thiagarajan came to Madras (now [[Chennai]]) in 1970, and visited several rural villages in Tamil Nadu and [[Kerala]].<ref name=Heritage>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/heart-in-heritage/article854956.ece|title=Heart in heritage|date=27 June 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name=labour>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/17sld2.htm|title=Dakshinachitra: A labour of love|date=17 March 2006|work=[[Rediff]]|page=2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053306/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/17sld2.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> She founded MCF in 1984 with the intent of preserving the regional culture and heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/17sld3.htm|title=Dakshinachitra: A labour of love|date=17 March 2006|work=[[Rediff]]|page=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001607/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/17sld3.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In July 1991, the MCF received {{Convert|10|acre}} of land for the project from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] on a 33-year lease.<ref name="fos">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/20/stories/1320007j.htm|title=Fostering culture in her own way|date=20 March 2000|author=Lakshmi Viswanathan|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320165418/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/20/stories/1320007j.htm|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=Ford>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/heritage/dakshinachitra.htm|title=Dakshinachitra – A Rare Museum|publisher=Indian Holiday Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=2 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827020529/http://www.indiaprofile.com/heritage/dakshinachitra.htm|archive-date=27 August 2015}}</ref> In establishing the museum, cooperation was maintained between government organizations, industry and specialists in the sphere of conservation. Contributors to the museum's creation included long-term corporate donors [Ford Foundation] and the Office of the Development Commissioner for Handicrafts .{{Sfn|Fernandez|2004|p=216}}

The roots of this museum can be traced back to the open-air museums of Europe, the United States, Japan and Southeast Asia, though its closest precursor is [[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum|National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/consumingmoderni0000unse|title=Consuming modernity : public culture in a South Asian world|last=Breckenridge, Carol Appadurai, 1942-2009.|date=1995|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=0816623058|oclc=31708342|url-access=registration}}</ref> Deborah Thiagarajan was influenced by [[Old Sturbridge Village]] and [[Plimoth Plantation]] (USA) and unidentified sites in Japan and Romania. The center's emphasis on pre-industrial technology and [[material culture]] were selectively borrowed from many of the existing museums. DakshinaChitra's exhibitions are predominantly architectural as at [[Skansen]], Greenfield Village (USA) and the [[Weald and Downland Living Museum|Weald and Downland Museum]] (England). The exhibitions consist of relocated originals. Not all structures are reassembled originals, as seen at [[Colonial Williamsburg|Colonial Williamsberg]] and [[Plimoth Plantation]], several structures are generic replicas of vernacular styles and others are exact recreations of specific off-site structures. In addition, the exhibitions span a broad range. With its relocated originals and re-created copes, DakshinaChitra aims to represent the late-eighteenth to mid-twentieth century, framing that vaguely bounded period of intensive British colonization''.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Re-shaping Cities: How Global Mobility Transforms Architecture and Urban Form|last=Hancock|first=Mary|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|pages=101–121}}</ref>

==Design==
The museum's master plan was developed by [[architect]] [[Laurie Baker]], free of cost, because of his interest in rural architectural design. A master plan is a small-scale graphic outline that shows all the major elements of a project. Laurie Baker, known for his unconventional approach, included the use of local materials and the adaptation of artisanal production methods suited to the environment in design. Baker began his master plan for DakhshinaChitra as a map, which in execution on site was different from the it. He planned to represent [[architecture]] of each southern state as a village with its small streets and walkways. Baker did not want to have grand buildings in the campus. He thought that ‘this place’ should deal with arts and crafts of ordinary people. He pursued his philosophy of ‘small is beautiful’. [[Benny Kuriakose]], the architect who carried out the work later, recalls in one of his articles that Baker said; “the idea is to abandon the big exhibition pavilion system entirely. For one thing, they can’t be typical or genuine because our forebears didn’t have such things, and for another thing, folk stuff is mainly small. Blow it up and out of size, it is all wrong.”<ref name=":0" />

Kuriakose, retained the main "spatial types and syntax", but altered the layout of master plan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kuriakose|first=Benny|title=Evolving DakshinaChitra|journal=Architecture+Design|pages=44–48}}</ref> The reason for this change was due to change in circumstances around the site location. One such example is the change of entrance from side road to the [[East Coast Road]]. When Baker prepared the master plan, the sizes and styles of the buildings which are purchased were not known. To accommodate these transplanted buildings, master plan had to be modified.<ref name=":0" /> Although Kuriakose's association with Baker and Thiagarajan started in 1984, with MCF, he became involved with buildings in DakshinaChitra only in the second half of 1995, with the construction of the three houses in Kerala section- [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] house, Puthupally house and [[Koothattukulam]] house. Later, they designed the main reception center, the stores, the gallery, the restaurant, guesthouses 2 and 3, and the other minor public buildings.<ref name=":0" />

==Collection==

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Agraharam.jpg|left|thumb|An [[Agraharam]] from [[Tirunelveli]] assembled within the museum.|357x357px]]
[[File:Tamil house inside view.jpg|right|thumb|A typical Tamil house recreated in the museum.|301x301px]]The complex brings together old buildings that have been transplanted from other sites, to give an idea of vernacular architecture and forms of community living from southern states namely Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. It has zones devoted to these four southern states. The architecture is not grandiose, and is not folk either, this is mostly urban middle class traditional architecture, which means it is a complex that eschews spectacle and grand scale, as well as ethnography.

The museum has 18 heritage houses representing the living styles of people from the states. The original houses in their "vernacular style" were purchased by MCF and were recreated by a team of [[Bricklayer|masons]], [[Carpentry|carpenters]] and architecture students. The purchase costs varied from Rs. 50,000 for ordinary mud houses to Rs. 1.5 million for the [[Chettinad]] merchants' mansions with crafted doors and woodwork.<ref name="Ford" /> They were then dismantled systematically under the guidance of ''stapathis'' (temple architects). The dismantled elements were transported to the museum site and recreated at the allotted space in their exact original form. Apart from recreating the homes, the roads and all other features that existed in the old village sites were recreated.<ref name="Heritage" />{{Sfn|Fernandez|2004|p=213}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
State-wise Collection
!Si No:
!State
!Type of building
|-
|1
|Tamil Nadu[[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Tamil-Nadu-House.JPG|thumb|'''Tamil Nadu House, DakshinaChitra''']] 
|
* Tamil Nadu Merchant House
* Brahmin House
* Silk Weavers House
* Agricultural House
* Potters House
|-
|2
|Andhra Pradesh[[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Andhra-House.JPG|thumb|'''Andhra House, DakshinaChitra''']] 
|
* Coastal Andhra House
* Ikat House
|-
|3
|Karnataka[[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Karnataka-House.JPG|thumb|'''Karnataka House, DakshinaChitra''']] 
|
* The Chikamagalur House
* Ilkal Weavers House
|-
|4
|Kerala[[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Kerala-House.JPG|thumb|'''Kerala House, DakshinaChitra''']] 
|
* Syrian Christian House
* Calicut House
* Hindu Trivandrum House
* Granary
|}
Tamil Nadu section showcases how yesteryear merchants, Brahmins, silk weavers, agriculturists and potters lived. The Ikat weavers house and coastal Andhra house are exhibited in Andhra Pradesh section. The Ilkal weavers house and a house from Chikamagalur are at display in Karnataka section. In the Kerala section, the Syrian Christian house known for its distinctive layout with the entrance leading directly to the granary, the Hindu house built largely using jackfruit wood and palmyra and the Calicut house representing homes in north Kerala are displayed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/museums-homes-past-world/|title=Museum Tour: Ever wondered what homes looked like in the past?|date=2019-05-29|website=Architectural Digest India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>[[File:Fisherman Andhra House (2347261559).jpg|thumbnail|Fisherman's Andhra House on the museum grounds.|alt=|left]]
[[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Inside-House-2.JPG|thumb|387x387px|Inside a house at DakshinaChitra]]
[[File:House at DC.jpg|center|thumb|484x484px|A house in DakshinaChitra|alt=]]

=== Artefacts ===
[[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Household-Items-1.JPG|thumbnail|Household items within the museum's collection.|alt=|left]]
The collection consists of items of daily life used in the southern states. As of 2014, there were 4,220 artefacts on display; 3,200 are objects 950 are textiles and 70 contemporary works. The textile collection consists of cotton and silk attires of male (dhoti, lungi, kurta, turban, cap, ceremonial attire), female (saree, blouse, half saree, full skirt, set mundu, veil, scarf), furnishings, yardage (Real Madras Handkerchief, Ikat, Kalamkari etc. ), Telia Rumal, decorative wall hangings and ritual textiles.<ref name="dakshinachitra.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dakshinachitra.net/ECR-Library-Dakshinachitra|title=Best Collection of books on Indian Heritage & Arts - DakshinaChitra Library, ECR Chennai|website=www.dakshinachitra.net|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref> The entire display is in the [[English language]], and highlights the cultural aspects of people and the craft traditions of heritage homes of South India.<ref name="Heritage" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Museum collection
![[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Inside-house-1.JPG|thumb|Museum collection]]
![[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Household-Items-3.JPG|thumb|House hold items in museum collection]]
![[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Household-Items-2.JPG|thumb|Household items in museum collection]]
![[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Inside-House-4.JPG|thumb|Mural in a household, DakshinaChitra]]
![[File:Artefact woven mat.jpg|thumb|Woven mat and stand in the museum collection]]
|}

== Library and Archives ==
[[File:Library DC.jpg|left|thumb|228x228px|Library at DakshinaChitra|alt=]]
DakshinaChitra has collection of over 14,000 books and journals on South Indian arts, crafts, performance, anthropology and folklore. The Library includes the National Folklore Support Centre's collections and also houses more than 1,00,000 photographs and a vast collection of DVDs, CDs and tapes. Some of the archives are of old journal collections such as Marg, India Magazine, Lalit Kala, Sangeet Natak as well as other journal collections such as South Asian Studies, Art India etc. They also have census reports on crafts, houses, festival and out-of-print books on crafts and arts. DakshinaChitra accepts donation of books related to art, craft and culture of South India.<ref name="dakshinachitra.net"/>

== Programs ==
[[File:Dakshina-Chitra-Craft-Items-for-sale.JPG|thumb|'''Craft items for sale at DakshinaChitra'''|237x237px]]The museum is a center for living traditions of art, folk performing arts, and crafts set up with the objective of preserving and promoting South India's heritage and culture. Special programmes feature dances, crafting of necklaces, basket weaving, and puppet shows. The museum also holds workshops for training in traditional crafts such as [[indigo]] dying.{{Sfn|Programme|2004|p=42}} Potters trained at the center are issued a certificate of their skills by the regional office of the Department of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts).{{Sfn|Link|Ramanathan|2010|p=42}} Classical dances such as [[Bharatnatyam]], [[Mohiniyattam]] and [[Kuchipudi]], and music concerts are regular events held in the large amphitheater.<ref name="India" /> Each year, 15,000 school children visit the museum.{{Sfn|Fernandez|2004|p=210-11}}

== Criticism ==
Anthropologist and historian, Mary Hancock has written about DakshinaChitra in her book ''The Politics of Heritage from Madras to Chennai.'' She has written that the global template of DakshinaChitra has earned both praise and criticism, with some conservation architects and cultural tourism proponents describing it as a Disneyfied version of south India's past; some critics complaining that the characterization of pre-industrial village life is inaccurate, focusing too much on the [[Nattukkottai Chettiar]], and that the site is "stamped" with "American consumerism".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The politics of heritage from Madras to Chennai|last=Hancock, Mary Elizabeth.|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253352231|oclc=212893626}}</ref> With its fusion of the education, entertainment and spectacle, it is a major destination marketed to the cosmopolitan audiences. It is a space offering rural southern India as representation of the country, that invites both detached contemplation and nostalgic attachment.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |title=No touching, no spitting, no praying : the museum in South Asia |date=21 December 2017 |isbn=9780815373247 |editor-last=Mathur |editor-first=Saloni |oclc=1002129018 |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Kavita}}</ref> It is also said that DakshinaChitra embodies the contradiction of mourning the loss of pre- industrial life ways, yet is premised on free-market economic practice.<ref name=":2" /> But the curator, Thiagarajan traces her commitment to the project to deeply felt concerns about the loss of vernacular architectural, performance and craft traditions with southern India's rapid industrialization.<ref>{{Cite book|title=DakshinaChitra: From Village to Centre|last=Thiagarajan|first=Deborah|publisher=Madras Craft Foundation|year=1999|location=Chennai}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1= Acuff |first1=Joni Boyd |last2= Evans |first2=Laura |title=Multiculturalism in Art Museums Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95r_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|date=8 July 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7591-2411-0}}
*{{cite book|last= Fernandez |first=Joseph |title=Corporate Communications: A 21st Century Primer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD0H9TB9UqcC&pg=PA210|date=8 December 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9746-7}}
*{{cite book|last1= Guggenheim |first1=Michael |last2= Söderström |first2=Ola |title=Re-shaping Cities: How Global Mobility Transforms Architecture and Urban Form|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjeMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149|date=4 December 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18908-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Hancock |first=Mary E. |title=The Politics of Heritage from Madras to Chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0duq2Vd_ahcC&pg=PA246|date=29 October 2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00265-5}}
*{{cite book|last1= Link |first1=Rosemary J. |last2= Ramanathan |first2=Chathapuram S. |title=Human Behavior in a Just World: Reaching for Common Ground|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeTAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|date=16 September 2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-0292-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Madhyam|title=Madhyam: Issues in Communication, Culture, and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tbjAAAAMAAJ|volume=15, Issues 1-2|year=2000|publisher=Madhyam|location=Bangalore}}
*{{cite book|last= Programme |first=United Nations Human Settlements |title=The State of the World's Cities 2004/2005: Globalization and Urban Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxaCfKhlFpsC&pg=PA42|year=2004|publisher=UN-HABITAT|isbn=978-92-1-131705-3}}

==External links==
{{commons category|DakshinaChitra}}
*{{official website|http://www.dakshinachitra.net/}}

{{Portal|India}}

[[Category:Museums in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living museums]]

Punjab Agri Export Corporation

2025-11-05T18:17:56Z

Irinaequalliat: new initial details needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Punjab Agri Export Corporation Limited
| industry = Agriculture, Horticulture, Food Processing, Export
| founded = 1997
| brands = * Five Rivers
* AASNAA
| parent = Punjab Agro Industries Corporation Limited (PAIC)
}}

'''Punjab Agri Export Corporation Limited''' (PAGREXCO) is a government enterprise established by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] in the year 1997 as the nodal agency for agricultural export from the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=7 December 2019|title=Punjab looks to basmati rice, citrus, buffalo meat, to boost agri exports.|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-looks-to-basmati-rice-citrus-buffalo-meat-to-boost-agri-exports/articleshow/72408310.cms}}</ref> The company works for export of fresh and processed agricultural produce, infrastructural development and policy implementation in the state.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://punjabagro.gov.in/pagrexco/ |title=Pagrexco |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=punjabagro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PAGREXCO appointed as State Implementing Agency for Kinnow crop under Operation Greens Scheme - TOP to TOTAL {{!}} Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Punjab, India ਸੂਚਨਾ ਤੇ ਲੋਕ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਪੰਜਾਬ ,ਭਾਰਤ|url=http://www.diprpunjab.gov.in/?q=content/pagrexco-appointed-state-implementing-agency-kinnow-crop-under-operation-greens-scheme-top|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.diprpunjab.gov.in}}</ref> It is a subsidiary of Punjab Agro Industries Corporation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Verma|first=Sanjeev|date=26 February 2019|title=Punjab eyes horticulture growth to boost diversification|work=The Times of India|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=pagrexco&tbm=nws&start=0}}</ref>

The company has been awarded [[Sustainable Development Goals]] Action Award by the Punjab Planning Department for Sustainable Organic Production and Innovative Marketing System. It has also received Leadership award in Agriculture Marketing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PAGREXCO & PMIDC wins Sustainable Development Goals Action Awards 2021 in Govt category|url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=133651|access-date=2021-10-31|website=www.babushahi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-29|title=ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਵਿਭਾਗਾਂ 'ਚੋਂ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਗਰੀ ਐਕਸਪੋਰਟ ਕਾਰਪੋਰੇਸ਼ਨ ਲਿਮਿਟਡ ਅਤੇ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਮਿਉਂਸੀਪਲ ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਕੰਪਨੀ ਨੂੰ ਮਿਲਿਆ ਇਨਾਮ|url=https://dailypost.in/news/punjab/ਸਰਕਾਰੀ-ਵਿਭਾਗਾਂ-ਚੋਂ-ਪੰਜਾਬ/|access-date=2021-10-31|website=Daily Post Punjabi|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab Agri Export Corporation Limited Received Leadership Award in 'Agriculture Marketing'|url=http://krishijagran.com/news/punjab-agri-export-corporation-limited-received-leadership-award-in-agriculture-marketing/|access-date=2021-12-27|website=krishijagran.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Activities and functions ==
PAGREXCO is working with the [[Airports Authority of India]] for modernization of perishable cargo facility at [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar airport]] and has established a facility at [[Chandigarh Airport]].<ref name=":1" /> It is the state implementing agency for the [[Operation Greens]] scheme for [[Kinnow|Kinnow Crop]] under [[Atmanirbhar Bharat|Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 February 2021|title=Punjab appoints PAGREXCO as state implementing agency for Kinnow crop|work=Daily Pioneer|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/punjab-appoints-pagrexco-as-state-implementing-agency-for-kinnow-crop.html}}</ref> It has started first-of-its-kind program using [[blockchain]] technology for organic products for traceability, certification and transparency starting with seed potato.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 August 2019|title=Government of Punjab announces Seed Potato Traceability and Certification Program|work=ANI News|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/government-of-punjab-announces-seed-potato-traceability-and-certification-program20190813184738/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Roy|first=Vijay C|date=21 February 2021|title=Now, check authenticity of organic products in Punjab|work=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/now-check-authenticity-of-organic-products-in-punjab-45568}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gera|first=Ishaan|date=19 December 2019|title=Reaping the benefits: Tech emerging as the farmer's best friend|work=The Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/reaping-the-benefits-tech-emerging-as-the-farmers-best-friend/1798114/}}</ref> PAGREXCO is the nodal agency for implementation of Agriculture Export Policy in Punjab.<ref name=":0" /> and for promoting farmer-producer organizations (FPO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farmer-Producers Organization Policy for the state of Punjab|url=https://punjabhorticulture.com/Documents/FPO.pdf|website=Punjab Horticulture}}</ref> Through implementation programs by PAGREXCO, the state of Punjab has won the Jaivik India Award for organic farming.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 January 2019|title=Punjab awarded for promoting organic farming|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-awarded-for-promoting-organic-farming/articleshow/67342201.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab Gets 'Jaivik India Award' For Promoting Organic Farming|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/257355-Punjab-Gets-Jaivik-India-Award-For-Promoting-Organic-Farming|access-date=2021-04-15|website=5 Dariya News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab govt partners with agri-tech start-up CropIn for Seed Potato Traceability|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/punjab-govt-partners-with-agri-tech-start-up-cropin-for-seed-potato-traceability/article29261602.ece|access-date=2021-04-15|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> PAGREXCO has set up five mechanical sorting, grading, waxing centers with capacity of 2 MT/hour for kinnow<ref>{{Cite web|title=Horticulture, Plantation crops and organic farming|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_aghorti.pdf|website=niti.gov.in|publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India}}</ref>

List of functions of PAGREXCO are as follows<ref name=":2" />-

* Exporting fresh and seasonal agricultural produces, chiefly fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
* Exporting processed agricultural produce.
* Setting up the state-of-the-art infrastructure for facilitating organic farming.
* Introducing and developing high-tech agri technologies.
* Promoting joint ventures for export-oriented agro/horticulture farms.
* Dealing with all sorts of chemical and equipment-based needs for farming

As per the Government of Punjab, PAGREXCO is the mandated agency to implement the Organic Program by providing institutional support to the organic farmers of the state under various [[Government of India]] schemes<ref>{{Cite web|title=PUNJAB GETS 'JAIVIK INDIA AWARD' FOR PROMOTING ORGANIC FARMING|url=http://diprpunjab.gov.in/?q=content/punjab-gets-%E2%80%98jaivik-india-award%E2%80%99-promoting-organic-farming|website=Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Punjab, India}}</ref> To educate the farmers about product development and branding to market their produce, PAGREXCO has launched a weekly TV show on [[Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar|Doordarshan Jalandhar]] and [[DD Punjabi|Doordarshan Punjabi]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 October 2020|title=PUNJAB AGRO TO DIRECTLY CONNECT WITH FARMERS THROUGH ITS WEEKLY 'FIVE RIVERS' SHOW|url=http://diprpunjab.gov.in/?q=content/punjab-agro-directly-connect-farmers-through%C2%A0%C2%A0its-weekly-%E2%80%98five-rivers%E2%80%99-show|website=Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Punjab, India}}</ref> Chief minister of Punjab [[Amarinder Singh|Captain Amrinder Singh]] has supported PAGREXCO's activities towards the Kinnow farmers in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=Punjab plans big promotional boost for 'king fruit' kinnow in country|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/punjab-plans-big-promotional-boost-for-king-fruit-kinnow-in-country/story-lH9dTvSI0eaqQ7x5jRhHNP.html|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

PAGREXCO has introduced an Agricultural Export Policy for medium to long term export development, strengthening back-end and front-end infrastructure, developing production and export clusters and building capacity among farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Cereal exports: Focus on quality, infra push|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/focus-on-quality-infra-push-216017|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> The company also provides organic certification to eligible farmers.

Punjab Agro has outperformed Mexico in the export of chilli paste to the gulf and middle eastern market. The company directly procures chilies from farmers, processes it and exports to international markets as per buyer specifications.

The company facilitates/markets over 25000 metric tons of Kinnow Mandarins from the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Punjab Agro outdoes Mexico in red chilli paste|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-agro-outdoes-mexico-in-red-chilli-paste-352191|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> PAGREXCO is the biggest aggregator of fruit brand "Punjab Kinnow" and uses advanced post harvest technology with edible fruit wax imported from Spain and volume metric grading (to determine post-harvest packaging standards) to extend the fruit’s shelf life up to 60 days.The company has also started home delivery services in Chandigarh-Mohali-Panchkula area with a business model favourable to farmers to ensure they get proper marketing through the "Five Rivers" brand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-10|title=The e-grocery bandwagon: Small grocery startups that braved pandemic now have to compete with big chains|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/the-e-grocery-bandwagon-small-grocery-startups-that-braved-pandemic-now-have-to-compete-with-big-chains/2346994/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> For developing Potato and Seed Potato exports from Punjab, the company also conducts capacity-building activities for Farmers in Punjab's Potato Cluster (Districts Jalandhar, Nawanshahr, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur).<ref>{{Cite web|title=ਆਲੂ ਦੇ ਨਿਰਯਾਤ ਲਈ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਪੋ੍ਗਰਾਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ|url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/punjab/jalandhar-conducted-capacity-building-program-for-potato-export-8983853.html|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Punjabi Jagran|language=pa}}</ref>

In 2019, Punjab government, through PAGREXCO partnered with agri-tech startup [[Cropin]] in order to "improve the quality of potato seed production in the State" and implement "Seed Potato Traceability".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-26 |title=Punjab govt partners with agri-tech start-up CropIn for Seed Potato Traceability |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/punjab-govt-partners-with-agri-tech-start-up-cropin-for-seed-potato-traceability/article29261602.ece |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Brands ==
PAGREXCO has established a brand to market its products by the name of Five Rivers. The products include certified organic and traceable food items along with processed products. These products are marketed domestically at company owned stores by the name of "Organic Hut", at retail stores and also exported abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਫੂਡਜ਼ ਦੀ ਐਕਸਪੋਰਟ ਹੁਣ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ ਹੋਰ ਤੇਜ਼ -ਮੁੱਖ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਮਾਨ |url=https://jagbani.punjabkesari.in/punjab/news/punjabi-food-export-will-grow-rapidly-1486887 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=jagbani}}</ref>

The company has a joint venture with UNATI Cooperative Marketing-cum-Processing Society Ltd by the name of Punjab Agro UNATI Gramin Marketing Private Ltd (PUGMARK), under which a common brand by the name of AASNAA has been created.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagga |first=Neeraj |date=April 1, 2022 |title=ODOP scheme: Amritsar's traditional achaar and murabba industry gets a push |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/odop-scheme-traditional-achaar-and-murabba-industry-gets-a-push-382827 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Agriculture Export Policy ==
In December 2019, PAGEXCO had come up with an Agriculture Export Policy (AEP). It focused on having a medium-term to long-term strategy to increase exports of agricultural produce from Punjab by strengthening back-end and front-end infrastructure to boost the export of fresh and value-added fruits and vegetables. It also talked of identifying focused commodities and clusters for developing export-related infrastructure and undertake capacity building of farmers towards making them ready to explore the markets abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Cereal exports: Focus on quality, infra push|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/focus-on-quality-infra-push-216017|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

== Operation Greens ==
In the budget speech of [[2018 Union budget of India|Union Budget 2018-19]], The scheme “Operation Greens” was announced on the line of “[[Operation Flood]]”, with an outlay of Rs.500 [[crore]] to promote Farmer Producers Organizations (FPO), agri-logistics, processing facilities and professional management.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operation Greens|url=https://mofpi.nic.in/Schemes/operation-greens|website=mofpi.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tandon|first=Tulika|date=2 March 2021|title=What is Operation Green?|work=Jagran Josh|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-operation-green-know-its-features-objectives-and-other-details-here-1614690407-1}}</ref> PAGREXCO is responsible for its implementation in the state of Punjab. Important measures taken include price stabilization intervention, transport subsidies, storage subsidies etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operation Greens Scheme|url=https://punjabagro.gov.in/operation-greens-scheme/|website=Punjab Agro}}</ref>

== COVID relief ==
PAGREXCO is appointed by the Punjab State government as the nodal agency for the import of COVID relief material, facilitating the entire process and free distribution<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Punjab appoints 2 nodal officers to ease tax exemption on Covid relief imports|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-appoints-2-nodal-officers-to-ease-tax-exemption-on-covid-relief-imports-101620309278916.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Two nodal officers for giving tax relief|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/two-nodal-officers-for-giving-tax-relief-249651|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Agriculture in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1997]]

S. P. Sen Verma

2025-10-30T13:49:54Z

Irinaequalliat: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Refimprove BLP|date = January 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. P. Sen-Varma
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = 3rd [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]
| term_start = 1 October 1967
| term_end = 30 September 1972
| predecessor = [[Kalyan Sundaram]]
| successor = [[Nagendra Singh]]
| nationality = {{Flag|India|name=Indian}}
}}

'''S.P. Sen-Varma''', was a former [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] serving from 1 October 1967 to 30 September 1972.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121060346/http://www.eci.gov.in/Audio_VideoClips/previous-ces.asp List of former CEC of India]

{{Chief Election Commissioners of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen-Varma, S. P.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Chief election commissioners of India]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Shir-Zad of Ghazna

2025-10-04T05:13:51Z

Irinaequalliat: Put Up!

{{Short description|Ghaznavid sultan from 1115 to 1116}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shir-Zad {{lang|fa|شیرزاد}}
| title = Adud al-Dawla
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Sultan]] of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
| death_date = {{C.|1116}}
| death_place = Ghaznavid Empire
| place of burial =
| father = [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]]
| mother =
| spouse =
| issue =
| full name = Shir-Zad bin Mas'ūd
| reign = March 1115 – February 1116
| predecessor = [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]]
| successor = [[Arslan-Shah of Ghazna|Arslan-Shah]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| dynasty = [[Ghaznavid]]
}}
'''Adud al-Dawla Shir-Zad''' ({{langx|fa|عضدالدوله شیرزاد}}), better known as '''Shir-Zad''' ({{lang|fa|شیرزاد}}) was the [[sultan]] of the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] from 1115 to 1116. A son of [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]] ({{reign|1099|1115}}), Shir-Zad served as a governor in [[Indian subcontinent|India]] during his father's reign. The deputy governor of Shir-Zad was Qiwam al-Mulk Nizam al-Din. During his governorship, Shir-Zad became very close friends with the Persian poet [[Masud Sa'd Salman]], who had recently been released from his imprisonment at Nay.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=67}} In one of his poems, Masud Sa'd Salman makes mention of a certain Amir Kaykavus at Shir-Zad's court in the city of [[Lahore]], which may have been the [[Ziyarid dynasty|Ziyarid]] ruler and author of the ''[[Qabus-Nama]]'', [[Keikavus (Ziyarid)|Kaykavus]].{{sfn|de Bruijn|2000}}

It was probably at his accession that Shir-Zad adopted the ''[[laqab]]'' (honorific epithet) of Kamal al-Daula. He ruled for one year, until he was overthrown by his brother [[Arslan-Shah of Ghazna|Arslan-Shah]] in February 1116. Shir-Zad fled to the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] lands, where he received shelter by the ''[[ispahbad]]'' (ruler) of the local [[Bavand dynasty]] of [[Tabaristan]]. With the help of the ''ispahbad'', Shir-Zad made a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] in April–May. After his return, Shir-Zad attempted to regain the throne from his brother, but was killed by the latter.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=90}}

No coins of Shir-Zad are known, which implies he did not rule long enough to have them minted, or none minted by him have been found yet.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=3}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth|title=The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay : the Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India, 1040-1186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E17HQgAACAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-04428-8}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Kaykāvus b. Eskandar |first=J.T.P.|last=de Bruijn| url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kaykavus-onsor-maali | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition | pages = | location = New York | year = 2000 }}
{{refend}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Sultan]] of the [[Ghaznavid Empire]]|years=March 1115 – February 1116}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Arslan-Shah of Ghazna|Arslan-Shah]]}}
{{end}}

{{Ghaznavid sultans}}

[[Category:Ghaznavid sultans]]
[[Category:1116 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century births]]

Swami Ashokananda

2025-10-03T00:52:54Z

Irinaequalliat: updated page

{{Short description|Indian monk}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{religion primary|date=July 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Ashokananda
| image = Swami_Ashokananda,_a_disciple_of_Swami_Vivekananda,_of_Ramakrishna_Math_and_Ramakrishna_Mission.jpg
| alt =
| caption = "A brilliant and accomplished spiritual teacher in the west" – [[Huston Smith]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 23 September 1893
| birth_place = Bekiteka, [[Habiganj Sadar Upazila|Habiganj]], [[North-East Frontier]]
| birth_name = Yogeshchandra Dutta [Non-monastic name, till 1923]
| death_date = 13 December 1969
| death_place = Vedanta Society of Northern California
| nationality = Indian
| guru = [[Vivekananda]] [Initiated Ashokananda in a vivid mystical vision, confirmed by four other direct monastic disciples of Ramakrishna--Brahmananda, [[Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)]], [[Shivananda]] and [[Turiyananda]].<ref name="Burke2003">{{cite book|author=Sister Gargi|author-link=Sister Gargi|title=A heart poured out : a story of Swami Ashokananda|year=2003|publisher=Kalpa Tree Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-9706368-1-2|edition=1st}} (primary source)</ref>
| disciples = [[Sister Gargi]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| known_for = Spiritual Ministry in America [1932 – 1969], the editor of the Prabuddha Bharata, English monthly journal of the Ramakrishna Order, from 1926 to 1930
| sect = Non-sectarian. Believes in the truth of all genuine religions.
| order = Ramakrishna Order of monks
| literary_works = ''A Heart Poured Out'', ''Shafts of Light'', ''A Disciple's Journal'', ''Ascent to Spiritual Illumination'', ''Meditation Ecstasy and Illumination'', ''A Soul's Journey to its Destiny'', ''A Call to the Eternal'', ''Spiritual Practice'', ''The Influence of the East on the West'', ''Spiritualizing Everyday Life'', ''When the Many become One'', ''Swami Vivekananda in San Francisco'', edited ''Prabuddha Bharata'' for 5 years, ran ''The Voice of India'' magazine in America in 1945–1946, ''[[s:PrabuddhaBharata/November 1930/The Economic Views of Swami Vivekananda|The Economic Views of Swami Vivekananda]]''
| influenced = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Romain Rolland]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
{{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote=Meditation is not simply thinking of God. It is an actual perception of God. It is not imagination; it is the anticipation of the Real.<ref name="Brown2004a" />}}

'''Swami Ashokananda''' (23 September 1893 – 13 December 1969), born as '''Yogeshchandra Dutta''', was a disciple of [[Swami Vivekananda]] of India and a monk of the [[Ramakrishna Math]]. From 1932 until his death in December 1969 at the age of 76 he was in charge of the [[Vedanta Society]] of Northern California, San Francisco (founded by Vivekananda in 1900).<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Carl T.|title=Vedanta for the West: The Ramakrishna Movement in the United States|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-253-33098-7}}</ref>

==Life==
Yogesh Dutta was born in the village of [[Bekiteka]]. He spent his childhood days in Durgapur, a village seven or eight miles west of the town of [[Habibganj]] in the Sylhet district of Assam (now part of [[Bangladesh]]). After attending his uncle's elementary school, which covered the first five grades, he entered junior high school at Shayestaganj, two or three miles from Durgapur. He attended [[Murari Chand College]] in [[Sylhet]], for two years, followed by two years at City College of the [[University of Calcutta]] where he won a gold medal for English literature. After graduating, he joined the Beanibazar High School in the town of Panchakhanda in the district of Sylhet, as an assistant headmaster. After working here for a year, he joined the Shayestaganj junior high school. During this time, he also worked with a village in Habiganj, providing education for the children, as well as basic medical care.<ref name="Burke2003" />

He joined the [[Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakrishna Order]] in 1920, at the Madras center. In February 1923, on the birthday of [[Sri Ramakrishna]], he was ordained into [[Sannyasa]] by [[Swami Shivananda]], second President of the Order. After serving in the Ramakrishna Math, Madras till May 1925, Swami Ashokananda returned to [[Belur Math]]. In October 1925, he was assigned to the [[Advaita Ashrama]] at Mayavati, which was established by [[Swami Vivekananda]]. He served as an editor of the ''[[Prabuddha Bharata]]'', English monthly journal of the Ramakrishna Order, from 1926 to December 1930, during which time he refuted some of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s political and economic views.<ref name="Sister">{{cite book |title=A Heart Poured Out – A Biography of Swami Ashokananda |publisher=Kalpa Tree Press |edition=1st |date=12 December 2002 |isbn=978-0970636812 |author=Sister Gargi }}</ref>
Opposing the views of Mahatma Gandhi, Swami Ashokananda believed that both spirituality and industrialization were possible.

In the February 1926 issue of the ''Prabuddha Bharata'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40226/page/n53/mode/2up|title=Prabuddha Bharata (1926) Vol.31|year=1926}}</ref> Swami Ashokananda wrote:
"Lower interests fulfill themselves by serving the higher ones; the latter in their turn attain fruition by declining to be exploited for lower profits....No nation can with impunity exploit its higher powers for lesser gains. To do so is to commit a Himalayan blunder. We are afraid the Indian National Congress has been guilty of the identical error in its policy and activities during the past few years. It sought to exploit religion for political ends."

According to [[Sankari Prasad Basu]], "Going through all the articles of Ashokananda and replies of Gandhiji, we [have] to admit that the latter's expositions were no match for Ashokananda's sturdy and comprehensive intellect. Gandhiji simply reiterated his faith with great sincerity, and that is all. Ashokananda in his turn was also an idealist, a man of religion, but spirituality did not obstruct him to see and understand the material needs of the millions."<ref>Basu, Sankari Prasad: Economic & Political Ideas: Vivekananda, Gandhi, Subhas Bose </ref>

Swami Ashokananda took over as the editor of the ''Prabuddha Bharata'' in June 1926. From 1926 though 1930, he was in correspondence with [[Romain Rolland]], the French historian, novelist and mystic who was writing the biographies of Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda. Rolland's view was that the spread of Vedantic ideas in the Western world was due not to the modern-day diffusion of Vedantic thought but, rather, to "the unity of thought and laws that govern the [human] spirit." In reply, Swami Ashokananda wrote ''The Influence of Indian Thought on the Thought of the West''.

In 1931, Swami Ashokananda left India for serving in the Vedanta Society of Northern California. He reached San Francisco on the 4th of July 1931 and would spend the rest of his life there.

In the early 1930s, when he arrived, Eastern Religions were still looked upon with suspicion in the Western world. Under his leadership the Vedanta Society of Northern California built three temples (in San Francisco, Berkeley and Sacramento) and bought two thousand acres of land in Olema that became the largest Vedanta Retreat in America.<ref name="Sister" /><Ref>{{cite book |last= Jackson |first= Carl |date= 1994|title= Vedanta for the West |publisher= Indiana University Press|page= 115|isbn= 0-253-33098-X}}</Ref>

==Works==
Ashokananda rendered great service to the cause of the [[Vedanta]] movement in the West by his clear and thorough expositions of Vedantic teachings through lectures and classes for nearly four decades. A pioneer on the Vedanta frontier, he established new Vedanta Centres in Berkeley and Sacramento, developed the 2000-acre Vedanta Retreat at Olema (still the largest in the western hemisphere), and built the large New Temple in San Francisco to accommodate the Society's growing membership and activities. His contributions to the Vedanta Movement in America are well known, as are his lectures in print, which have become a popular source of inspiration since the first collection was published in 1970.<ref name="Brown2004a">{{cite book |editor1=Sister Gargi |editor2=Shelley Brown |title=Shafts of light : selected teachings of Swami Ashokananda for spiritual practice |year=2004 |publisher=Kalpa Tree Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-9706368-3-6 |edition=1st}}</ref>

As her spiritual teacher, Gargi saw Ashokananda as a compassionate guide. An adherent of Advaita (non-dual) Vedanta, he was aware of the divinity of all life, and he saw in his disciples their potential perfection. Beyond their human quirks and ego-bound foibles, she says, he beheld the pure Spirit, and his role as a teacher was to polish the mirror of each disciple's perception to reflect this inner light.<ref name="Brown2004a" />

From 1953 onward, his lectures were recorded on tape. Some of them have been transcribed and published.
* Meditate while you work – a new path for a new age
* When the many become One
* Spiritualising everyday life
* [[Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]] in San Francisco
* Swami Brahmananda
* [[Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)|Swami Premananda]]
* [[Shivananda|Memoirs of Swami Shivananda]]
* The Teacher-Prophets of [[Vedanta]]
* The Theory and Practice of [[Monism]]
* The Razor's Edge
* Ritualism : Its place in Spiritual Life
* When the heart cries for God
* God and God-men in [[Vedanta]]
* [[Meditation]], [[Religious ecstasy|Ecstasy]] and [[Divine illumination|Illumination]]
* [[Avadhuta Gita]] is his translation of that ancient treatise on [[Advaita]] philosophy by [[Dattatreya]] [[avadhut]]a.
* [[Shafts of Light]] is a compilation of over 800 of his directives to his disciples.
* His disciple [[Sister Gargi]] has written his biography – ''A Heart Poured Out''

==Quotes about Ashokananda==
"Swami Ashokananda's words emanated from the depths of his direct, illumined perception of the highest truths of [[Vedanta]], and ignited in his listeners the longing for realization on their own." – ''American Vedantist''

"Who was this man that one word of his could bore its way to the very heart of my being and resound there for years like a rousing gong?" – [[Sister Gargi]]

"In India there are just two or three original thinkers—just two or three, and Swami Ashokananda is one of them." - [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]

"Swami Ashokananda saw in his students their potential perfection. he brought courage and strength to hundreds of lives." – ''The Beacon''

"Swami Ashokananda was a brilliant and accomplished spiritual teacher in the West." – [[Huston Smith]], author of [[The World's Religions]] and [[Why Religion Matters]].

"His personality was like a flame that could change the darkest chasms of one's mind into fields of light." – [[Sister Gargi]]<ref name="Brown2004">{{cite book |editor1=Sister Gargi |editor2=Shelley Brown |title=Shafts of light : selected teachings of Swami Ashokananda for spiritual practice|year=2004|publisher=Kalpa Tree Press|location=New York|isbn=0-9706368-3-0|edition=1st}}</ref>

"Swami Ashokananda was a dynamic speaker, one of the best, and he attracted a steady stream of congregants to the Vedanta Society of Northern California." – ''Dr. Shelly Brown''<ref name="Brown2004" />

"Swamiji (Swami Vivekananda) liked Swami Sadananda so much because he could write a little. He thought highly of him. But if he had known Ashokananda he would have always kept him close in his heart." – [[Swami Shivananda]]

"For almost twenty years I sat at the feet of Swami Ashokananda. I learned from him, was amazed by him, enchanted by him—and often left in profound awe." – [[Sister Gargi]]

"We are all thrashing about in a dark and hurtful world, and all the while we can light our own indistinguishable lamp of strength and wisdom by which we can see our way. This was Swami Ashokananda's faith, indeed, his knowledge, and so sure was that knowledge that he gave his life to showing us how to light our own lamps." – [[Sister Gargi]]<ref name="Sister" />

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | title=A Disciple's Journal: In the Company of Swami Ashokananda |author=Sister Gargi |author-link=Sister Gargi| publisher=Kalpa Tree Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-9706368-2-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashokananda}}
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Durgapur, West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:People from Habiganj Sadar Upazila]]

Kaarkaathaar

2025-09-22T19:21:24Z

Irinaequalliat: Stub

{{Short description|Hindu caste found in Indian state Tamil Nadu}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name= Kaarkaathaar
|country= [[India]]
|region= [[Pandya]] nadu
|populated_states= [[Tamil Nadu]]
|religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
'''Kaarkaathaar''' is a subcaste of the [[Vellalar]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[caste]] in the [[Indian people|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karkathar |url=https://karkathar.com/aboutus.html#:~:text=To%20redeem%20people%20from%20hunger,as%20Pillais,%20sons%20of%20Parvati. |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=karkathar.com}}</ref>

==Etymology==

Kaarkaathaar, ({{lang|ta|kar}} 'rain', and {{lang|ta|kathar}}, 'protector' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]), signifying 'The one who protected rain'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rajannan|first=Busnagi|title=Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez9uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Rulers+of+the+clouds%22|publisher=Institute of Kongu Studies (Salem, India). |year=1992|location=India|pages=340|isbn=978-8-19002-880-6|quote=Rulers of the clouds}}</ref>
The earliest occurrence of the term ''Velaalar'' (வேளாளர்) in [[Sangam literature]] is in [[Paripatal|Paripadal]] where it is used in the sense of a landowner.<ref name=nathan>{{cite book|title=From Tribe to Caste|author=Dev Nathan|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|year=1997|page=233}}</ref>

The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) can be derived from the word Vel (வேள்), Vel being a title that was borne by the [[Velir]] chieftains of Sangam age, among other things.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction|author=M. D. Raghavan|publisher=Kalai Nilayam|year=1971|page=136}}</ref>

The word ''Vellalar'' (வெள்ளாளர் ) may come from the root ''Vellam'' for flood, which gave rise to various rights of land; and it is because of the acquisition of land rights that the Vellalar got their name.<ref name="tkv">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWeBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA64| title= Societas to Civitas: evolution of political society in South India: pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam | publisher= Kalinga Publications |year= 1993 |first= T. K. |last=Venkatasubramanian | page=64| isbn= 9788185163420 }}</ref>

==History==

In the years immediately following the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]] (from third to sixth century CE), the Tamil lands were ruled by a dynasty called [[Kalabhra]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madurai Through the Ages From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D.|author=D. Devakunjari|year=1979|publisher=Publisher: Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research|page=72}}</ref> Scholar and historian [[M. Raghava Iyengar]] identifies the Kalabhras with the Kalappalar section of the Vellalar and equates king Achyuta Vikranta with Achyuta Kalappala the father of [[Meykandar]] who hailed from the Kaarukaathar community.<ref name=ghose/><ref>{{cite book|title=Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Ennes|year=1993|page=67}}</ref> [[Buddhadatta]], the Pali writer who stayed in the [[Chola]] kingdom and authored Buddhist manuals refers (in the ''Nigamanagātha'' of ''Vinayavinicchaya'', verse 3179) to his patron Achyuta Vikranta who was then (fifth century CE) ruling the Chola kingdom as ''Kalamba-kula nandane'' meaning ''the favourite of the Kalamba family''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Colas, Second Edition|author=K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI, M.A., Emeritus Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras. Professor of Indology. University of Mysore.|publisher=G. S. Press, Madras|year=1955|page=108}}</ref> In [[Pali]] language as in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the word Kalamba or Kalambam (in Tamil) means the [[Kadamba tree]], the sacred [[totem]]ic symbol that is associated with Tamil god [[Murugan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Pāli, A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka|author=Thomas Oberlies, Richard Pischel|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2001|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|author=K. R. Srinivasan|publisher=National Book Trust|year=1979|page=8}}</ref>

According to tradition, the Karkathar migrated from the Gangetic plains and over time spread over the entire macro region of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]. According to ''satakams'', the [[Pandya]] country was settled by these people after they had resided in the [[Chola]] country. According to historian [[Burton Stein]], this theory is purely mythical.{{sfnp|Stein|1980|p=320|ps=}}

Historian Usha R. Vijailakshmi observes that Verse 34 of the fake ''Karmandala Satakam'' written in the year 1936, connects the origin of the Gangas to the origin of the Karakatha Vellalas of southern [[Karnataka]], as follows:<ref name="Vijailakshmi">{{Cite book|last=Vijailakshmi|first=Usha R.|url=https://archive.org/details/karmandala-satakam/page/430/mode/2up|title=KARMANDALA SATAKAM: POLITICO-SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF MEDIEVAL TAMIL LITERATURE ON THE VELLALA COMMUNITY OF SOUTH KARNATAKA|publisher=Indian History Congress|year=2010|location=India|pages=430}}:"The work connects the origin of the Gangas to the origin of the Karkatha Vellalas of Karnataka.
Gangeya Murthaka pala was born to Lord Shiva and he had two wives; the first wife had 54 sons & the second wife had 52 sons. Out of these Bhupalar, (one who practiced Agriculture) gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders, Dhanapalar, who was into trade, gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders Gopalar, (one who herded cattle) and one Agamurthi gave birth to 1 Vellala leader."</ref>
{{blockquote|Gangeya Murthaka pala was born to Lord Shiva and he had two wives; the first wife had 54 sons & the second wife had 52 sons. Out of these Bhupalar, (one who practiced Agriculture) gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders, Dhanapalar, who was into trade, gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders Gopalar, (one who herded cattle) and one Agamurthi gave birth to 1 Vellala leader.}}
The names Bhupālar, Dhanapālar, and Gopālar<ref name="Vijailakshmi"/> refer to the three subdivisions of [[Vaishyas]]. They derive from word-elements associated with each occupational sub-group. For the agriculturists, {{lang|und|bhu}} is used. This refers to the earth, as with the Hindu goddess who represents earth, [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhūmi]], ({{langx|sa|भूमि|}}). For the merchants, {{lang|und|dhana}} signifies wealth or material goods (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|धन्य|italic=no}}, {{lang|und|[[wikt:wealth|dhánya]]}}, 'riches') and for the cattle-herders, the element {{lang|und|go}}, signifying cow ({{langx|sa|गो|italic=no}}, 'cow, domestic bovine') is employed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rajannan|first=Busnagi|title=Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Bupaalan%2C+Buvaisya|publisher=Institute of Kongu Studies (Salem, India). |year=1992|location=India|pages=340|isbn=978-8-19002-880-6|quote=VELLALAR, Kongu. They are variously referred to as Bupaalan, Buvaisya, Dhevar, Gangavamsam, Rayar and most commonly vivasayee and kudiyaanavar.}}</ref>

According to anthropologist [[Nicholas Dirks|Nicholas B. Dirks]], the [[Pudukottai]] region was sparsely populated until the early Chola period. But with the beginning of the [[Chola]] era, there is strong evidence of increasing agrarian settlement, the growth of villages, institutions, the construction and expansion of temples.{{sfnp|Dirks|1993|p=139|ps=}} According to the Tekkattur manuscript, the Karkathar were initially divided into ''Kanāttars'' and ''Kōnāttars'', each of which had many exogamous sub-divisions. Kōnādu or the land of the king ([[Chola]] country) mostly consisted of the regions north of the river Vellar except for the western part of the state where it included certain regions south of the river as well. Kanādu, literally meaning the land of the forests was included in the [[Pandya]] country. The manuscript goes on to describe the decline in the position of the Karkathar after the initial golden age due to the fighting between the two branches over various issues such as land, rights to the water of the river Vellar, temples etc. and the subsequent settlement and dominance of the Maravars in the region who were initially imported from [[Ramnad]] by both branches. The copper plate inscriptions held by every Maravar community in the region indicates that the Kōnāttu vellalar were victorious in the end.{{sfnp|Dirks|1993|p=140|ps=}}

==As founders of Saivite Mutts==

Gnanasambandhar, the founder of the Saivite mutt [[Dharmapuram Adheenam]] that historically managed temples like the [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja temple]] at [[Thiruvarur]] hailed from this community.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation|author=Rajeshwari Ghose|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|year=1996|pages=255, 257, 258}}</ref>

==Caste-based Reservation Status==
{{See also|Forward caste#Reservation for economically backward among forward castes}}

The Kaarkaatha Vellalar do not avail any benefits under the reservation quota for [[Other_Backward_Class|Backward castes]].

==Distribution==
Areas of Karkathar population have included:

* [[Thanjavur]]. [[Kumbakonam]], [[Ariyalur]], [[Thirupanandal]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Mayavaram]], [[Trichy]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Pudukottai]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Villupuram]] districts.{{sfnp|Mathur|1994|p=153|ps=}}
* [[Attur]] and [[Omalur]] taluks of Salem district.{{sfnp|Baliga|1967|p=121|ps=}}
* Southern districts such as [[Madurai]], [[Theni district|Theni]], [[Dindigul]], [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]], [[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Thoothukudi|Thootukudi]], [[Tirunelveli|Thirunelveli]] and [[Tenkasi]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Notable people==

*[[Meykandar|Meykanda Devar]], the son of Achyuta Kalappaalar and the author of the [[Saivite]] scripture Sivagnana bodham hailed from this community.<ref name=ghose>{{cite book|title=The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation|author=Rajeshwari Ghose|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|year=1996|pages=258}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism}}
*[[List of Vellalar sub castes]]
*[[List of Vellalars]]
*[[Velar (caste)]]

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |title=Salem cyclopedia: a cultural and historical dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu |first=Busnagi |last=Rajannan |publisher=Institute of Kongu Studies |year=1992 |isbn=9788190028806 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez9uAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Salem, Madras |first=B. S. |last=Baliga |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |year=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWZDAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{citation |title=The hollow crown: ethnohistory of an Indian kingdom |first=Nicholas B. |last=Dirks |author-link=Nicholas Dirks |edition=Reprinted |year=1993 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472081875 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cegr6zH9PFEC}}
* {{citation |title=Peasant state and society in medieval South India |first=Burton |last=Stein |author-link=Burton Stein |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-19-561065-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-9HAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation |title=Volume 10 of Karnataka State Gazetteer, Karnataka (India)}}
* {{citation |title=Applied anthropology and challenges of development in India |first=P. R. G. |last=Mathur |publisher=Punthi-Pustak |year=1994 |isbn=9788185094793 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuuAAAAAMAAJ}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=People of India: A - G. |volume=4}}
* {{cite book |title=Social science and social concern: felicitation volume in honour of Professor B.K. Roy Burman}}
* {{cite book |title=Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction |first=M. D. |last=Raghavan}}

[[Category:Vellalar clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Vegetarian communities]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

Sport in Delhi

2025-07-18T21:45:33Z

Irinaequalliat:

{{Short description|Overview of sports in the Indian union territory of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Jagbir Singh in action at the Shivaji Stadium, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|210px|[[Jagbir Singh]] in action at the Shivaji Stadium, New Delhi]]

'''Sport in Delhi''' has a long and distinguished history. Delhi is the capital territory of [[India]]; it has hosted many major international tournaments and has professional teams in different national leagues like [[Hockey India League]], [[Indian Premier League]] and [[Indian Super League]].

== Delhi Skateboarding ==

Delhi Skateboarding team has been the top team in RSFI national championship 2020, 2021, 2022 2023 2024. Delhi team was also top in First India roller games 2022 and first national inter district championship 2023. Players like Shivam Balhara, Aryan Rawat, Shivam Tiwari and Aadya Aditi have been spearheading Delhi team since 2018. In 2023 while Shivam Balhara is representing India in Paris Olympic qualifiers, Aadya aditi and Shivam Tiwari are representing India in the 19th Asian games in Hangzhou , China.

==Delhi as the host==
Delhi has hosted many international sports championships and [[multi-sports event]]s:
*[[1951 Asian Games]] — New Delhi hosted the first ever [[Asian Games]]
*[[1982 Asian Games]] — In 1982, New Delhi hosted the ninth edition of the Asian Games
*[[2010 Commonwealth Games]] — New Delhi became the second Asian city, after [[Kuala Lumpur]], to host the [[Commonwealth Games]]
*[[1989 Asian Athletics Championships]] — New Delhi hosted the Eighth Asian Athletics Chancellorships

===Delhi Half Marathon===
The Delhi Half Marathon is an annual [[half marathon]] foot-race held in New Delhi. Established in 2005, it is both an elite runner and mass participation event. It is an [[Association of International Marathons and Distance Races|AIMS]]-certified course and is listed as a Gold Label Road Race by the [[IAAF]].<ref>[http://www.aims-association.org/Directory.htm#IND AIMS Race Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804143712/http://www.aims-association.org/Directory.htm#IND |date=4 August 2010 }}. [[Association of International Marathons and Distance Races]]. Retrieved on 2009-11-01.</ref><ref name=India>[http://news.in.msn.com/business/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3327620&page=0 Airtel looks at leveraging ‘world’s richest’ Delhi marathon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180340/http://news.in.msn.com/business/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3327620&page=0 |date=21 July 2011 }}. [[MSN]] (2009-10-29). Retrieved on 2009-11-01.</ref> The 2009 event attracted around 29,000 runners who competed in one of the four races:<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/LRR09/news/newsid=54802.html Keitany sub-1:07 again, Merga defends in Delhi Half Marathon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102165843/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR09/news/newsid=54802.html |date=2 November 2009 }}. [[IAAF]] (2009-11-01). Retrieved on 2009-11-01.</ref> the half marathon, the 7 km '''Great Delhi Run''', a 4.3 km run for senior citizens, and a 3.5 km wheelchair race.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/30-000-people-run-the-Airtel-Delhi-Half-Marathon/H1-Article1-471548.aspx 30,000 people run the Airtel Delhi Half Marathon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123215003/http://www.hindustantimes.com/30-000-people-run-the-Airtel-Delhi-Half-Marathon/H1-Article1-471548.aspx |date=2010-11-23 }}. ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' (2009-11-01). Retrieved on 2009-11-01.</ref>

===2010 Hockey World Cup===
[[File:IndiavsSyria Nehru Cup-2007.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[2007 Nehru Cup|2007 ONGC Nehru Cup]]: [[India national football team|India]] vs [[Syria national football team|Syria]]]]
The '''[[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup|2010 Hockey World Cup]]''' was the twelfth installment of the Men's [[Hockey World Cup]]. New Delhi became first Indian city to host this major event, taking place over two weeks from 28 February – 13 March 2010 at New Delhi's [[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200703221860.htm|title=India to host 2010 men's hockey World Cup|date=2008-03-22|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=21 January 2011|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181721/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200703221860.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Nehru Cup===
The '''Nehru Cup''' (more formally known as the '''[[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] Nehru Cup''') due to the competition's sponsorship by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] is an international [[association football]] tournament organised by the ([[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]). It was launched in 1982, but was not held from 1998 to 2006. After the trophy was won by [[Iraq national football team|Iraq]] in 1997, it was reinstated only in 2007.

===Cricket World Cup===
Delhi had been one of the host cities of [[Cricket World Cup|Cricket world cup's]] three terms held in Indian sub-continent.

==Cricket==
[[File:Feroz shah kotla stadium at evening.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Feroz Shah Kotla stadium, home of the '''Delhi Capitals''']]
Cricket, as in whole nation has special place in Delhi also. Cricket is very well organised and established within Delhi and most popular spectator sport. Delhi has several of India's leading cricket clubs. Not only at professional level, cricket is very popular among the people of Delhi.

[[Delhi cricket team]] is the [[first-class cricket]] team of Delhi, that plays in India's domestic competition, the [[Ranji Trophy]]. They have won the tournament seven times and have been runners-up seven. In the [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]], Delhi comes under the [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/IND/HISTORY/ |title=India - Domestic Cricket |publisher=Static.espncricinfo.com |date=2008-06-17 |access-date=2011-09-27 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727232055/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/IND/HISTORY/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Delhi is the home of [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Delhi Capitals]], owned by the [[GMR Group]] and [[JSW Group]].

[[Delhi District Cricket Association]] (DDCA) is the governing body of cricket in Delhi region. It manages the [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]] and [[Rajat Sharma]] is the current president of DDCA Executive Committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddca.in/executives.asp |title=Delhi & District Cricket Association |publisher=Ddca.in |date=2010-05-26 |access-date=2011-09-27 |archive-date=23 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123021733/http://www.ddca.in/executives.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
DDCA affiliates many cricket clubs in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ddca.in/Afiliated_Clubs.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409083403/http://www.ddca.in/Afiliated_Clubs.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Association football==
[[File:Ambedkar stadium in delhi at morning.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ambedkar Stadium]]
The main [[association football|football]] stadiums in Delhi are [[Ambedkar Stadium]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]. Delhi hosted the [[Nehru Cup]], international football tournament organised by the [[All India Football Federation]].

The mid-2010s saw many football academies being set up in Delhi as a result of gained popularity due to Indian Super League. The [[FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017]] was a major success.

Most notable clubs and competitions include:
*[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=In the I-League, Sudeva FC gives Delhi football a reason to cheer|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/in-the-i-league-sudeva-fc-gives-delhi-football-a-reason-to-cheer/story-ARppvqSKT0res49pqDfH3I.html|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323045123/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/in-the-i-league-sudeva-fc-gives-delhi-football-a-reason-to-cheer/story-ARppvqSKT0res49pqDfH3I.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hindustan Football Club]], the club plays in the Delhi Senior Division league.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indianfootball.com/local/dsa2007.html
| title = DSA-Delhi Senior Division 2007/08
| access-date = 10 Jan 2009
| archive-date = 4 November 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081104210138/http://www.indianfootball.com/local/dsa2007.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indianfootball.com/seasons/2004-05nl2.html
| title = 2.Division National Football League 2004/05
| access-date = 10 Jan 2009
| archive-date = 1 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081201125552/http://www.indianfootball.com/seasons/2004-05nl2.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
*[[Delhi Dynamos FC]] (renamed/relocated)
*[[Delhi FC]]
*[[Delhi Football League|Delhi Premier League]]
*[[FD Women's League]]

==Tennis==
[[File:RK Khanna Tennis Complex New Delhi - Centre Court at Night.jpg|120px|thumb|right|RK Khanna Tennis Complex's Central Court]]
[[Tennis]] in Delhi has been played since [[British Rule in India|British Raj]]. [[Delhi Lawn Tennis Association]] is the governing body of tennis in Delhi, its headquarters are located at African Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dltatennis.com/ |title=Welcome to Delhi Lawn Tennis Association |publisher=Dltatennis.com |access-date=2011-09-27 |archive-date=7 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307121228/http://www.dltatennis.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex]] is the main tennis stadium in Delhi-NCR for the international tournaments. It also hosts the headquarters of the [[All India Tennis Association]], the national governing body of tennis in India.

==Basketball==
Delhi is home to the [[Delhi Capitals (basketball)|Delhi Capitals]], [[2016 UBA Pro Basketball League season|2016 Champion]] of India's top professional basketball division, the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]].

== Swimming ==
Swimming is a popular activity in Delhi due to the hot weather. A 2014 news report said that people were willing to queue for seven hours for an opportunity to join a "government-run sports complex, featuring an [[Olympic-size swimming pool|Olympic-sized swimming pool]]."<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Anand
| first = Anu
| title = The swimming pool with a seven-hour wait to get in
| work = BBC News
| access-date = 2014-07-20
| date = 2014-07-19
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28373344
| archive-date = 7 July 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170707100354/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28373344
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Ground and Stadium==

* [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
* [[Bharat Nagar Sports Complex]]
* [[Central Secretariat Ground]]
* [[Chhatrasal Stadium]]
* [[Dayanand Anglo Vedic College Ground]]
* [[Delhi University Stadium]]
* [[Dussehra Ground]]
* [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range]]
* [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]]
* [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]] No 2
* [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]] No 3
* [[Gargi College]] Ground
* [[Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce]] Ground
* [[Harbax Singh Stadium]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Arena]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]]
* [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]]
* [[Karnail Singh Stadium]]
* [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
* [[Najafgarh Stadium]], Najafgarh
* [[Palam A Stadium]]
* [[Palam B Stadium]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Bawana]]
* [[R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex]]
* [[Roshanara Club Ground]]
* [[Rohini Sub City|Rohini]] Sports Complex
* [[Saket]] Sports Complex
* [[Delhi Skateboarding academy , Neb sarai]]
* [[Siri Fort Sports Complex]]
* [[SPM Swimming Pool Complex]]
* [[Talkatora Stadium]]
* [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]]
* [[Yamuna Sports Complex]]

==See also==
*[[Sport in India]]
*[[2011 Cricket World Cup]]
*[[Indian Grand Prix]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ddca.in/index.html DDCA Official Website]
*[http://www.dltatennis.com/ DLTA Official Website]
{{Sport in India}}{{Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sport In Delhi}}
[[Category:Sport in Delhi| ]]

Pothi Reddy Siva Reddy

2025-03-23T19:15:40Z

Irinaequalliat: new the entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Pothi Reddy Siva Reddy''' (born 1996) is an Indian kho kho player from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He plays for the [[India men's national kho kho team]] as an all-rounder. He was part of the Indian men's team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025. He plays for [[Mumbai Khiladis]] in the [[Ultimate Kho Kho]], a franchise based league tournament.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pothi Reddy Siva Reddy Profile 219 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/players/pothi-reddy-siva-reddy-profile-219 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref> In the first season he was the vice captain of [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]] team.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life and career ==
Reddy is from Edara village, [[Prakasam district]], Andhra Pradesh. His parents are into farming and he has one brother, who works as a village surveyor. He works as a Postal Assistant at the Head Post Office, [[Adilabad]], Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Pillalamarri |date=2025-01-21 |title=Postal Dept Hails Its Member for Feat in Kho-Kho WC 2025 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/postal-dept-hails-its-member-for-feat-in-kho-kho-wc-2025-1855704 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He started playing kho kho in 2006.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In January 2025, he was part of the Indian team that won the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup at New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women's Captain Priyanka Ingle Gears Up For Kho Kho World Cup {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/india-womens-captain-priyanka-ingle-gears-up-for-kho-kho-world-cup-7462836 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team were placed in Group A and defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]], [[Brazil]], [[Peru]] and [[Bhutan]] in the group stages. In the quarterfinals, India defeated [[Sri Lanka men's national kho kho team|Sri Lanka]] and beat [[South Africa men's national kho kho team|South Africa]] 62–42 in the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Feel blessed": India's Gowtham MK after reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 final |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final20250119134404/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Feel Blessed': India's Gowtham MK & Sachin Bhargo Expressed There Feelings After Reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Final |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-sachin-bhargo-expressed-there-feelings-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> In the finals, India defeated Nepal 54–36 to lift their maiden World Cup.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian men's team crowned champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-mens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117382218.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also won two international gold medals and a 'Best Attacker' award from the [[International Kho Kho Federation]] in London.<ref name=":0" />

He represented Andhra Pradesh in seven Senior National Kho Kho Championships and nine south zone tournaments. He also played the 35th [[National Games of India|National Games]] held at Kerala.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siva Reddy, Pothi Reddy}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]

Pove Pora

2024-08-14T14:36:38Z

Irinaequalliat: new some info w/ refs

{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pove_Pora_logo.jpg
| genre = [[Game show]]
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Prasanna Palanki
* Srinivas Bodem
* Santosh Errolla
}}
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* Anil Reddy Ammireddy
* Mallesh kummari
}}
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sudigali Sudheer]]
* Vishnu priya
}}
| opentheme = Main title
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = Season 1
| num_episodes = 134
| producer = [[Mallemala|Mallemala Entertainments]]
| location = {{Plainlist|
*[[Annapurna Studios]]
* [[Ramanaidu Studios]]
}}
| runtime = 41-43 Minutes
| company = [[Mallemala|Mallemala Entertainments]]
| network = [[ETV Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|07|20}}
| last_aired = present 
}}

'''''Pove Pora''''' (''Telugu:'' '''పోవే పోరా''') is an Indian youth [[game show]] that telecasted on [[ETV Plus]] produced by [[Mallemala|Mallemala Entertainments]]. The First episode aired on 20 July 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LC8kOxEqKs | title=Pove Pora 20th July 2017 Full Episode 1 ETV Plus| access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> The show became an instant hit and received well by audience. This youth game show focuses on competition, debate, quiz between boys and girls on various topics and one with highest points will be announced as winners of the episode.

The show is hosted by [[Sudigali Sudheer]] and Anchor Vishnupriya. The boys' side is supported and led by Sudheer and the girls' side is supported and led by Vishnupriya. Hosts also seen performing for Intro songs which has separate fan base. Apart from encouraging their sides, the hosts always seen doing comedy by making comedy punches on each other.

The show telecasts on [[ETV Plus]] on Saturdays at 08.00 PM IST. All episodes of the show are fully available on official YouTube channel of [[ETV Plus]] Network .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/user/etvplusindia | title= ETV Plus| access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> The shows has good number of views on [[YouTube]] garnering at least one million views for each episodes. The show completed its 100th Episode on 15 June 2019.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/pove-pora-100th-episode-special-promo-is-out-leaves-fans-wanting-for-more/articleshow/69724028.cms | title=Pove Pora 100th episode special promo is out; leaves fans wanting for more| date=10 June 2019 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>

==Hosts==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#ADD8E6;" width:"25%"|Name
! style="background:#ADD8E6;" width:"25%"|Role
! style="background:#ADD8E6;" width:"50%"|Description
|-
!Sudigali Sudheer
! Host
| Sudheer is as usual very energetic throughout the show. He continues to carry his comedy timing and dialogue delivery superbly.He is very sportive speaking of amount of comedy punches on him.His performance in intro songs presents his dance skills.He always carries his style throughout the show.Very lovable,laughable and soulful presence felt on the screen.
|-
!Vishnupriya
!Host
|Vishnupriya being a debutant on Television does not shy away from expressing herself on screen. Her presentation on screen made her popular in a short span of time.Very Energetic,talented and talkative throughout the show. Her performance in intro songs well appreciated by audience.Being a lovely girl on screen, she keeps her side and audience cheerful.Her voice and Nose are always bags of comedy punches.
|}

== Format ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rounds in the Game Show
|-
! style="background:#E6E6FA;"| Name || style="background:#E6E6FA; |Round|| style="background:#E6E6FA; |Description
|-
! Intro Songs
! Beginning / Interval {{Color box|#adff2f|border=darkgray}}
| Intro songs are very popular among pove pora fans. This part of the show involves hosts performing for evergreen and hit telugu songs. Each episode has special performance and varieties of properties are used to recreate same magic and visualization as it used to be portrayed in Films. Usually they will be seen performing for melody,romantic and mass songs. List includes old as well as latest songs.
|-
! Laddu Kavala Nayana
! Warm up Round {{Color box|#dc143c|border=darkgray}}
| This is a ball passing game. In this round when the Music is turned on, the member from boys/girls side holding the ball should throw it on opposite side member. The player should throw the ball to the opposite candidate, so that ball should be pass from one side to other and vice versa. This should go on until the music stops. The player who is to be found holding the ball at this point should be considered as out and opposite team declared as Winner.The winning side will have a chance to select members from opposite team and should perform according to their instruction.
|-
! Why this Kolaveri Di
! First round {{Color box|#dc143c|border=darkgray}}
| rowspan="2"| This round basically a debate. Hosts will start a debate on a topic and presents a view supporting their respective sides.Then members from boys and girls side continue the debate by presenting their thoughts supporting their side and criticizing the opposite members. Sometimes members presents their view in the form of a poem or song.
|-
! Jagadame
! First round {{Color box|#adff2f|border=darkgray}}
|-
! Chal Maar
! First/Second Round {{Color box|#adff2f|border=darkgray}}
| This round is a puzzle game. Four members each from boys and girls side will be called upon to center stage.Selection of members will be based on funny revenges which they have opposite team members.Then Host will ask a puzzle question and member who presses buzzer first and answers correctly will be awarded a point to their side. Winning member has a chance to select a member from opposite team and take revenge by throwing water balloons or colors.
|-
! Ayyo Ayyo Ayyayyo
! Second/Third Round {{Color box|#adff2f|border=darkgray}}
| This round basically is a quiz round. Each member from Boys side and Girls side will be called up on to center stage. They have to face one question asked by host. The member who presses buzzer first and answer correctly will get a chance to pick chits placed in bowl. It contains point and winning team will have an opportunity to push opposite team member into mini pool.
|-
! Shek Shekala
! Third round {{Color box|#dc143c|border=darkgray}}
| This round requires boys and girls pose for a picture as it is as displayed on screen and they turn into statues for the next thirty seconds.If they caught moving or pose not in tandem with picture will be out of the game.The team with more statues posing perfect picture at the end of stipulated time are winners of the round.
|-
! Box Baddalai Podi
! Third round {{Color box|#dc143c|border=darkgray}}
| This is a balloon sit and pop game. Boys and Girls side assigned with number of inflated balloons with specific color. When the game starts, the players try to pop the balloon by sitting on it. The players may hold the balloon with their hands to steady it, but may not use their fingernails to pop it,otherwise it is considered as Foul.Each point will be awarded to pop balloons. The team with highest points which pop their balloons from sitting on it Wins.
|}
{{Color box|#adff2f|border=darkgray}} Currently Running {{Color box|#dc143c|border=darkgray}} Discontinued

==Episodes==
The episodes are usually one hour show with commercials. In the beginning, show was aired on every Thursday from 8:00 PM to 9:00 PM. From 1 March 2018, show moved to Friday telecasted on same time slot. Show again rescheduled on 16 March 2019 and currently air from 8:00 PM to 9:00 PM on Saturday. The format included a scripted act from the hosts in the initial segment followed by three segments that include debate, quiz and game. The first 25 episodes began with three segments. Later on Intro songs were included. The format of the show continue to be same with changes only in three rounds.

===Special Episodes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#FFDAB9;" |Episode
! style="background:#FFDAB9;" | Telecast Date
! style="background:#FFDAB9;" | Event
! style="background:#FFDAB9;" |Description
|-
!Episode No.14
|19 October 2017
!Diwali Celebration
|This was diwali special episode of Pove Pora. Host Sudheer attired in traditional White Dhoti and Puncha. Vishnupriya dressed in classical Indian festival saree attire. Episode had three segments. Episode ended by bursting crackers on diwali occasion.
|-
!Episode No.50
| 29 June 2018
!50 Episode Celebration
|The show completed its 50th Episode. Host Sudheer and Vishnupriya gave their special entry. Episode continued with three segments. Host along with students celebrated by cutting cake and hosts presented Pove Pora Special Mug to the entertainers of the episode.
|-
!Episode No.75
| 21 December 2018
!75 Episode Celebration
|Team celebrated its 75th Episode. Patas Fame Anchor Sreemukhi and Dhee Fame Varshini were part of this special episode. First round conducted by Sudheer and Vishnupriya. Second round done by Sudheer and Varshini. Last round conducted by Sudheer and Sreemukhi. Sudheer also performed for special songs with Varshini and Sreemukhi. Episode ended by cutting cake by hosts and guests.
|-
!Episode No.88
| 23 March 2019
! Ravi and Sreemukhi as Guests
| Patas Fame Anchor Ravi and Sreemukhi joined this special episode as guests. They hosted a part of the episode and conducted Patas famous round 'Punch Pataka' in this episode.
|-
!Episode No.96
| 18 May 2019
! Sudheer Pre Birthday Celebrations
| This episode happened to be a Pre Birthday Celebration for the host Sudheer whose birthday falls on 19 May. The Pove Pora team planned this surprise event by celebrating it with Children from an NGO. This event also graced by his parents and sister in law.
|-
!Episode No.100
| 15 June 2019
!100 Episode Celebration
|The show completed its 100th Episode.The team celebrated it in a grand way. Host Sudheer and Vishnupriya gave their grand entry to episode celebrations. Patas Fame Nookaraju and Faheema joined show supporting boys and girls. Episode continued with three segments. Host along with students celebrated by cutting cake and episode ended on a high note.
|-
!Episode No.104
| 13 July 2019
!Sampoornesh Babu as Guest
| This episode witnessed appearance of Actor Sampoornesh Babu. Sampoornesh Babu and his team from upcoming movie 'Kobbari Matta' appeared to promote their project in Pove Pora. Host Sudheer along with Sampoornesh Babu performed a scene from Kobbari Matta .
|-
!Episode No.105
| 20 July 2019
!Sudheer's Brother and Vishnupriya's Sister as Guest
|This special episode of Pove Pora presented Rohan (Sudheer's Brother) and Pavani (Vishnupriya's Sister) as Guest hosts. They hosted third round 'Ayyo Ayyo Ayyayyo'.They also performed for a special song.
|-
!Episode No.113
| 14 September 2019
!Actors Mahesh and Bhadram as Guests
| This episode witnessed appearance of Actors Mahesh and Bhadram. Both came to promote their upcoming movie Nenu Naa Nagarjuna in Pove Pora. They have entertained the students by participating in the last round.
|-
!Episode No.115
| 28 September 2019
!Twin pairs of students
| This episode witnessed appearance of twins as students for the first time in the history of Telugu Small Screen.
|-
!Episode No.117
| 12 October 2019
![[Getup Srinu]] and Ramprasad
| This special episode of Pove Pora have featured the team of film ''[[3Monkeys 2019]]'' which also features [[Sudigali Sudheer]]. The film's Director Anil, Actress Karunya, Actors Getup Srinu and Ramprasad have entertained the students by participating in 2nd and 3rd rounds.
|}

==Trivia==
* The show is a Debut show for both [[Sudigali Sudheer]] and Vishnupriya as Television Host.
* Pove Pora is Sudigali Sudheer's fourth show with '[[Mallemala Entertainments]]' after [[Jabardasth (TV series)|''Jabardasth'']], ''[[Extra Jabardasth]]'' and ''[[Dhee Ultimate Dance Show]]''.
* The show was directed by Santosh Errolla for almost 97 episodes. Currently show jointly directed by Prasanna Palanki and Srinivas Bodem.
* Sound technician of the show popularly called as 'Samba' by hosts is well known for audio skills.
* From episode 100 the makers have added two new actors Nukaraju and Fahima from Patas team. These two entertain the students with their different getups and actions in every episode.

== See also ==
*''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]''
*''[[Extra Jabardasth]]''
*''[[Dhee Ultimate Dance Show]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]

List of Param Vir Chakra recipients

2023-05-19T05:33:17Z

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#REDIRECT [[Param Vir Chakra#Recipients]]

Rae Bareli (Assembly constituency)

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#REDIRECT [[Raebareli Assembly constituency]]

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K. Kuppan

2022-01-21T18:43:26Z

Irinaequalliat: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}

'''K. Kuppan''' is an Indian politician and was a member of the [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Thiruvottiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvottiyur constituency]]. He represented the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011 |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=2017-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-20 }}</ref>

The [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2016]] resulted in his constituency being won by [[K. P. P. Samy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/001_050.html |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>

In September 2016, Kuppan was put forward as an AIADMK candidate for the Chennai Corporation elections.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=AIADMK all set to field new faces |date=27 September 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/AIADMK-all-set-to-field-new-faces/article15001027.ece |access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuppan, K.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvottiyur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Indiatimes

2021-09-20T04:13:44Z

Irinaequalliat: adding basic info needs work

#REDIRECT [[Times Internet#Indiatimes]]