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Coke Studio Pakistan

2026-05-25T07:16:05Z

IraNguyen82392: Started New Data Basic Info

{{Short description|Pakistani music-television programme}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = CokeStudioLogo BkSm.png
| creator = {{plainlist|
* [[Rohail Hyatt]]
* Nadeem Zaman}}
| starring = [[#Featured artists|Featured Artists]]
| country = Pakistan
| num_seasons = 15
| num_episodes = 103
| list_episodes = List of Coke Studio Pakistan episodes
| executive_producer = Coca-Cola Pakistan
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Rohail Hyatt]]
* [[Strings (band)|Strings]]
* [[Noori|Ali Hamza]] & [[Zohaib Kazi]]
* [[Zulfiqar Jabbar Khan|Xulfi]]}}
*
| company = {{plainlist|
* Frequency Media
* Mainstage Productions
* Front Foot Media
* Giraffe Pakistan}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2008|6|8}}
| last_aired = present
| related = [[Coke Studio Explorer]]
| native_name = کوک اِسٹوڈیو
| location = Pakistan
| network = [[YouTube]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera setup]]
}}

'''''Coke Studio Pakistan''''' ({{langx|ur|کوک اِسٹوڈیو پاکستان }}) is a Pakistani [[television programme]] and a part of the international music franchise, Coke Studio, which features studio-recorded music performances by established and emerging artists. It is the longest-running annual television music show in [[Pakistan]], airing annually since 2008. The programme's concept originated in [[Brazil]] and has subsequently expanded its reach worldwide.

The show combines a myriad of musical influences, from traditional [[Pakistani classical music|Pakistani classical]], [[Pakistani folk music|folk]], [[Sufi music|Sufi]], ''[[qawwali]]'', ''[[ghazal]]'' and [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] music to contemporary [[Pakistani hip hop|hip hop]], [[Pakistani rock|rock]] and [[Pakistani pop music|pop]] music.<ref name="CS">{{cite web |url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/coca-cola-music/music-transcends-everything-coke-studio-fuses-genres-and-cultures-creates-international-franchise |title='Music Transcends Everything': Coke Studio Fuses Genres and Cultures, Creates International Franchise |publisher=The Coca-Cola Company |date=1 November 2013 |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728221811/https://www.coca-colacompany.com/coca-cola-music/music-transcends-everything-coke-studio-fuses-genres-and-cultures-creates-international-franchise |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is noted for promoting Pakistan's multiculturalism by inviting artists from [[Geography of Pakistan|various regions]] and [[Languages of Pakistan|languages]] to collaborate musically.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/heres-how-coke-studio-explorer-is-promoting-cultural-diversity-in-pakistan/ |title=#Humdekhenge: Here's how Coke Studio is promoting cultural diversity in Pakistan |work=Daily Pakistan |date=27 July 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |first=Asma |last=Malik}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1762510/4-coke-studio-11-gears-season-premiere/ |title=Coke Studio 11 gears up for season premiere |work=The Express Tribune |date=23 July 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref>

==History==
Coke Studio originated in Brazil in 2007 as a music project, initially named ''Estúdio Coca-Cola'', with the aim of blending the styles of two Brazilian artists. The concept was adopted by Nadeem Zaman, Marketing Head of [[The Coca-Cola Company]], who partnered with [[Rohail Hyatt]], a former member of the Pakistani band [[Vital Signs (band)|Vital Signs]], to create a Pakistani version of the show in 2008. The [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 1)|inaugural season]] premiered with a live audience and was met with immense success. Production was handled by Hyatt, his wife Umber Hyatt, and Nofil Naqvi, a Pakistani cinematographer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/coke-studio-brings-people-together/26072/1?id=26072&pg=1 |title=Coke Studio Brings People Together |date=17 June 2011 |access-date=21 July 2017 |work=[[Forbes India]] |author=Sanjay Monie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepti Unni |date=4 July 2011 |title=The Challenge of Fusion |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-challenge-of-fusion/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429102923/https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-challenge-of-fusion/ |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>

Rohail Hyatt remained the executive producer for the show until [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 6)|season six]], stepping down in 2013 after five years. He was succeeded by [[Bilal Maqsood]] and [[Faisal Kapadia]] of the band [[Strings (band)|Strings]], who produced the show until the end of [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 10)|season ten]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmood |first=Rafay |date=2014-07-31 |title=Raising the curtain on Coke Studio 7 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/742612/raising-the-curtain-on-coke-studio-8 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-08-21 |title=Coke Studio Season 7, with Strings attached |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1126772 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> Strings announced that season ten would be their last.<ref name="strleft1">{{cite news |date=29 October 2017 |title=Strings bids farewell to Coke Studio |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn Images]] |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178719 |url-status=live |accessdate=31 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030120200/https://images.dawn.com/news/1178719 |archive-date=30 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="strleft2">{{cite news |date=29 October 2017 |title=Strings bid farewell to Coke Studio on a good note |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1544551/4 |url-status=live |accessdate=31 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031060853/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1544551/4-strings-bid-farewell-coke-studio-good-note/ |archive-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> In March 2018, [[Ali Hamza]] and [[Zohaib Kazi]] were announced as the producers for [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 11)|season eleven]], but they left after the season concluded.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2018 |title=Revealed: Here's who will be producing Coke Studio 11 |work=Something Haute |url=https://www.somethinghaute.com/ali-hamza-and-zohaib-kazi-unite-for-coke-studio-11/ |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2018 |title=Ali Hamza, Zohaib Kazi new producers on Coke Studio |publisher=Dunya News |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/430604 |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> Rohail Hyatt made a comeback in 2019 to produce [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 12)|season twelve]] and continued at the helm for [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 13)|season thirteen]] as well.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Ali Raj |author2=Rafay Mahmood |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1896385/4 |title=Rohail Hyatt returns to 'Coke Studio' after five years |date=25 January 2019 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Saman Siddiqui |date=20 November 2020 |title=Rohail Hayat to return with Coke Studio Season 13 |work=OyeYeah News |url=https://www.oyeyeah.com/music/rohail-hayat-to-return-with-coke-studio-season-13/ |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> After season thirteen, Hyatt recommended [[Zulfiqar Jabbar Khan|Xulfi]] to lead production for the [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 14)|fourteenth season]], which aired in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tribune's Correspondent |date=19 March 2021 |title=Rohail Hyatt steps down as 'Coke Studio' producer |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2290309/r |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Desk Report |date=15 June 2021 |title=It's official! Xulfi is replacing Rohail Hyatt for the next season of Coke Studio |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1187816 |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>

==Format==
[[File:Mizraab-cokestudio.jpg|thumb|right|250px| [[Mizraab]] performing live at ''Coke Studio'', 2011]]
The show features artists in each episode, by a [[house band]] and guest artists. ''Coke Studio'' tracks are officially available on their [[YouTube]] channels and various streaming platforms.{{efn|
*YouTube: [https://www.youtube.com/user/cokestudio Rohail Hyatt], [https://www.youtube.com/user/CokeStudioPk Coke Studio]
*SoundCloud: [https://www.soundcloud.com/rohailhyatt Rohail Hyatt], [https://www.soundcloud.com/cokestudio Coke Studio]}} The music is recorded live by artists at Coke Studio.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1176349 |title=The making of Coke Studio: The 120-person crew, a wannabe Deepika and other fun facts |last=Rehman |first=Maliha |date=2 October 2016 |website=Images |language=en|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> The televisual style emphasizes frequent close-ups on various performers, highlighting the collective contributions of the ensemble, while primarily focusing on the lead singer or singers.<ref name="jang.com.pk">{{cite news |url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2009-weekly/nos-21-06-2009/instep/mainissue.htm |title=Coke Studio and Beyond: The wonderful world of Umber and Rohail Hyatt |author=Maheen Sabeeh |date=21 June 2009|url-status=dead |work=[[Daily Jang]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213101629/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2009-weekly/nos-21-06-2009/instep/mainissue.htm |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

== Seasons overview ==
{{Main|List of Coke Studio Pakistan episodes}}
{{Series overview
| infoA = Producer/Curators
| color1 = #189FDD
| link1 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 1#Season 1
| episodes1 = 4
| start1 = {{Start date|df=y|2008|6|7}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=y|2008|8|4}}
| infoA1 = [[Rohail Hyatt]]
| color2 = #7F1790
| link2 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 2#Season 2
| episodes2 = 5
| start2 = {{Start date|df=y|2009|6|14}}
| end2 = {{End date|df=y|2009|8|14}}
| infoA2 = Rohail Hyatt
| color3 = #58a5ad
| link3 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 3#Season 3
| episodes3 = 5
| start3 = {{Start date|df=y|2010|6|1}}
| end3 = {{End date|df=y|2010|7|31}}
| infoA3 = Rohail Hyatt
| color4 = #D770D2
| link4 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 4#Season 4
| episodes4 = 5
| start4 = {{Start date|df=y|2011|5|22}}
| end4 = {{End date|df=y|2011|7|17}}
| infoA4 = Rohail Hyatt
| color5 = #544b42
| link5 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 5#Season 5
| episodes5 = 5
| start5 = {{Start date|df=y|2012|5|13}}
| end5 = {{End date|df=y|2012|7|8}}
| infoA5 = Rohail Hyatt
| color6 = #4b498f
| link6 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 6#Season 6
| episodes6 = 5
| start6 = {{Start date|df=y|2013|10|27}}
| end6 = {{End date|df=y|2014|01|05}}
| infoA6 = Rohail Hyatt
| color7 = #00A5BB
| link7 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 7#Season 7
| episodes7 = 7
| start7 = {{Start date|df=y|2014|9|21}}
| end7 = {{End date|df=y|2014|11|22}}
| infoA7 = [[Strings (band)|Strings]]
| color8 = #A79548
| link8 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 8#Season 8
| episodes8 = 7
| start8 = {{Start date|df=y|2015|8|16}}
| end8 = {{End date|df=y|2015|10|4}}
| infoA8 = Strings
| color9 = #7600EC
| link9 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 9#Season 9
| episodes9 = 7
| start9 = {{Start date|df=y|2016|8|13}}
| end9 = {{End date|df=y|2016|9|24}}
| infoA9 = Strings
| color10 = #005B9C
| link10 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 10#Season 10
| episodes10 = 7
| start10 = {{Start date|df=y|2017|8|11}}
| end10 = {{End date|df=y|2017|9|21}}
| infoA10 = Strings
| color11 = #FFD700
| link11 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 11#Season 11
| episodes11 = 9
| start11 = {{Start date|df=y|2018|8|10}}
| end11 = {{End date|df=y|2018|10|19}}
| infoA11 = [[Ali Hamza]] & [[Zohaib Kazi]]
| color12 = #055F4D
| link12 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 12#Season 12
| episodes12 = 6
| start12 = {{Start date|df=y|2019|10|11}}
| end12 = {{End date|df=y|2019|11|29}}
| infoA12 = Rohail Hyatt
| color13 = #9D296E
| link13 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 13#Season 13
| episodes13 = 4
| start13 = {{Start date|df=y|2020|12|04}}
| end13 = {{End date|df=y|2020|12|25}}
| infoA13 = Rohail Hyatt
| color14 = #284D73
| link14 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 14#Season 14
| episodes14 = 4
| start14 = {{Start date|df=y|2022|01|14}}
| end14 = {{End date|df=y|2022|03|22}}
| infoA14 = [[Zulfiqar Jabbar Khan|Xulfi]]
| color15 = #F17618
| link15 = Coke Studio Pakistan season 15#Season 15
| episodes15 = 4
| start15 = {{Start date|df=y|2024|04|14}}
| end15 = {{End date|df=y|2024|07|04}}
| infoA15 = Xulfi
}}

== Reception ==
Following success in Pakistan after its first launch, ''Coke Studio'' has become an international franchise. The Pakistani show has amassed a large fan base in neighbouring country, India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/26285/if-india-boasts-about-taj-mahal-pakistan-should-boast-about-coke-studio/ |title=If India boasts about Taj Mahal, Pakistan should boast about Coke Studio |work=The Express Tribune |date=7 July 2010 |access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> The success of the show prompted Coca-Cola to launch the Indian version, [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio @ MTV]], with a similar format, which proved to be both critically acclaimed and commercially successful.<ref name="rohail-blessings">{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/500182/i-took-rohails-blessings-before-starting-our-coke-studio-in-india/ |title='I took Rohail's blessings before starting our Coke Studio in India' |work=The Express Tribune |date=30 January 2013 |author=Rafay Mahmood}}</ref> The Indian version has been produced by [[MTV India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/176618/coke-studio-to-rock-india/ |title=Coke Studio to rock India |work=The Express Tribune |date=26 May 2011 |author=IANS}}</ref> In April 2012, an Arab version of the show, ''[[Coke Studio (Middle East)|Coke Studio بالعربي]]'' was launched in the [[Middle East]] featuring performances by various Arabic and international music artists, produced by the songwriter [[Michel Elefteriades]]. Following the successes of the Pakistani and Indian versions, a [[Bangladesh]]i edition, [[Coke Studio Bangla]], was launched on 7 February 2022.

''Coke Studio'' has also been seen as an economic process of [[transnationalism]] and as a transnational [[television production]], with its production systems being created and augmented by global flows of artists, technology, distribution and economics. Within this process, economic structures are created, opened and even reoriented; influences are borrowed and music produced; communities and heritage discovered and remained – this is done intellectually and physically, and more importantly, transnationally.<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/7064955 |title=COKE STUDIO: Investigating the 'transnational' in its labour, technological and economic relations |access-date=21 July 2017 |last=Rashmi Dhanwani |publisher=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>

[[Atif Aslam]]'s rendition of [[Sabri Brothers]]' [[qawwali]] "[[Tajdar-e-Haram]]" in ''[[CokeStudio8|Coke Studio Season 8]]'' became the first video originating in Pakistan to cross 100 million views on YouTube, garnering views from 186 countries.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 November 2017 |title=Tajdar-e-Haram becomes most viewed Pakistani song on Youtube |url=http://nation.com.pk/03-Nov-2017/tajdar-e-haram-becomes-most-viewed-pakistani-song-on-youtube |access-date=3 November 2017 |work=The Nation}}</ref> [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] and [[Momina Mustehsan]]'s rendition of "[[Afreen Afreen]]" from the [[Coke Studio (Pakistani TV series) season 9|ninth season]] also earned 100 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Momina Mustehsan's song crosses 100 million views on YouTube |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/369821-momina-mustehsans-song-crosses-100-million-views-on-youtube |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, Ali Sethi and Shae Gill's “[[Pasoori]]” has crossed 1 billion views on YouTube, making it Coke Studio Pakistan's most listened to song on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-27 |title=Ali Sethi, Shaé Gill's ‘Pasoori’ hits 1 billion plays on youtube music |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2524837/ali-sethi-shae-gills-pasoori-hits-1-billion-plays-on-youtube-music |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Coke Studio Bangla]]
*[[Nescafé Basement]]
*[[MTV Unplugged]]
*[[Coke Studio India]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*{{Official website|https://www.cokestudio.com.pk/}}
*{{IMDb title|2400629|Coke Studio Pakistan}}

{{Coke Studio}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coke Studio|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Coke Studio Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:2000s Pakistani television series]]
[[Category:2008 Pakistani television series debuts]]
[[Category:Pakistani music television series]]
[[Category:Pakistani television series based on non-Pakistani television series]]

Naini–Saini Airport

2026-05-06T19:41:09Z

IraNguyen82392: starting a info w/ sources...

{{Short description|Domestic airport in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Pithoragarh Airport
| image = Pithoragarh Naini Saini Airport.jpg
| image-width =
| IATA = NNS
| ICAO = VIPG
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| operator = Airports Authority of India
| owner-oper =
| city-served = [[Pithoragarh]]
| location = Naini-Saini, Pithoragarh, [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| built = {{start date and age|1991|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label = '''NNS'''
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|29|35|29.20|N|80|14|24.40|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| metric-rwy = y
| metric-elev = y
| r1-number = 14/32
| r1-length-f = 5,250
| r1-length-m = 1,600
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 16,263 ({{increase}} 838.4%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 2479 ({{increase}} 950.4%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III - Passengers (in Nos.)|url= https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3_0.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url= https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Naini–Saini Airport''' {{Airport codes|NNS|VIPG}}, also known as '''Pithoragarh Airport''', is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Pithoragarh]] and [[Kumaon division]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It is located at Naini-Saini, {{cvt|4.5|km}} north-east from the city centre. The airport has been designated to be developed as a greenfield airport under the [[Government of India|government's]] [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]].<ref name="CAPA">{{cite web|title=Pithoragarh Airport Profile–CAPA|url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airports/pithoragarh-airport|website=CAPA|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

==History==
The airport was constructed in 1991 for administrative use and planned for the operations of [[Dornier 228]] type aircraft. To facilitate development, connectivity, socio-economic growth, and [[Tourism in Uttarakhand|tourism in the state]], the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] has upgraded it to category "2C" airport under [[Visual flight rules]] (VFR) conditions, by extending the runway and building a passenger terminal to handle commercial operations. In the coming years, the airport will be expanded further to handle larger aircraft and more passengers, with night landing facilities for aircraft to facilitate operations at night.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Summary, Expansion of Naini-Saini airport|url=http://ueppcb.uk.gov.in/files/Naini-Saiini-Airstrip-Executive-Summary-English_1.pdf |access-date=20 September 2019|work=[[RITES]]|date=October 2012}}</ref> Since the opening of the airport, it was used only for private and government purposes, until when in January 2019, it was included in the [[Government of India|government's]] [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]], and began to handle commercial operations and flights for the first time, to [[Dehradun Airport|Dehradun]], [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]] and [[Pantnagar Airport|Pantnagar]], operated with 9 seater aircraft by the regional carrier, Heritage Aviation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Naini Saini Airport|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/naini-saini-airport.php|work=eUttaranchal|access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> However, due to multiple technical issues that persisted and occurred several times since February 2019, flight operations did not continue adequately after November 2019, and were indefinitely suspended in February 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Air services between Pantnagar and Pithoragarh to remain suspended till Feb 18|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-air-services-between-pantnagar-and-pithoragarh-to-remain-suspended-till-feb-18-85770|work=Zee Business|date=13 February 2019|access-date=2 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Punetha|first=Prem|title=Flight services suspended at Pithoragarh airport till Nov 6|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/flight-services-suspended-at-pithoragarh-airport-till-nov-6/articleshow/71905962.cms|work=The Times of India|date=5 November 2019|access-date=2 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> In August 2022, regular helicopter services from the airport to Dehradun and Pantnagar were started by [[Pawan Hans]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Srinivas|first=Eshita|title=Tourists In Uttarakhand Can Now Charter A Helicopter Between Dehradun And Pithoragarh|url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/news/how-to-charter-helicopter-between-dehradun-and-pithoragarh-uttarakhand/|work=Travel + Leisure India|date=29 August 2022|access-date=1 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

In February 2023, the [[Union Cabinet]] approved the [[Indian Air Force]]'s move to take over the airport operations. This was also approved by the [[Government of Uttarakhand]]. Post transfer, both military and commercial flights will be operated from the airstrip.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IAF to take over Naini Saini airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/iaf-to-take-over-naini-saini-airport/articleshow/98030992.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |last2=ThePrint |date=2023-02-16 |title=IAF to take over Pithoragarh airport in Uttarakhand |url=https://theprint.in/india/iaf-to-take-over-pithoragarh-airport-in-uttarakhand/1377170/?amp |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

After a gap of about four years, on 30 January 2024, flight operations were resumed by [[FlyBig]] to Dehradun from the airport, using a 19-seater [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter#Viking Air DHC-6 Series 400|Viking DHC-6-400 Twin Otter]] aircraft. The airline will later restart the flights to Ghaziabad and Pantnagar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Flight operations resume from Pithoragarh's Naini-Saini airport after three years! 19-seater aircraft to run between Dehradun and Pithoragarh – Details here|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-flight-operations-resume-from-pithoragarhs-naini-saini-airport-after-three-years-19-seater-aircraft-to-run-between-dehradun-and-pithoragargh-details-here-3379124/|work=The Financial Express|date=30 January 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Shiraz|first=Zarafshan|title=Flight operations restart from Naini-Saini airport at Pithoragarh, linking sacred lands in Uttarakhand|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/flight-operations-restart-from-naini-saini-airport-at-pithoragarh-linking-sacred-lands-in-uttarakhand-101706613583529.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=30 January 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

As of October 2024, it was reported that the IAF and [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] were in an advanced stage of talks with the State Government to take over or operate from 3 civilian airports, including the [[Gauchar]], [[Pithoragarh Airport]] and [[Chinyalisaur Airport|Dharasu Airports]]. The IAF has plans to establish an airstrip in the [[Spiti]] region as well. All the airstrips are capable and have been demonstrated to handle operations of the [[C-130J]] [[special operations]] aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-13 |title=China on mind, IAF in talks with Uttarakhand to take over 3 airstrips |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/china-on-mind-iaf-in-talks-with-uttarakhand-to-take-over-3-airstrips/amp |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

==Structure & Expansion Plan==
The airport has a {{cvt|1600|m}}-long and {{cvt|30|m}}-wide runway, oriented 14/32, which has taken its present length after extending it two times from {{cvt|1097|m}} and {{cvt|1508|m}}, and is capable of handling [[ATR 72]] type aircraft, an [[Airport apron|apron]] for parking of two ATR-72 type aircraft, a passenger terminal covering an area of {{cvt|2440|sqm}}, capable of serving up to 300,000 passengers per annum, an [[Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) tower, a fire station and a technical block. It is linked to [[Pithoragarh]] through an access road. In the coming years, the airport will be expanded further, by extending the runway and building a new passenger terminal to cater to more passengers and air traffic. The state govt has also cleared a Rs 450 crore plan to expand Pithoragarh Airport. An MoU has been signed with Airport Authority of India (AAI) for Pithoragarh's airport management.<ref name="CAPA"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Naini Saini Airport is ready for flight services in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, just 50 km from China border|url=https://www.weeklyblitz.net/news/naini-saini-airport-is-ready-for-flight-services-in-pithoragarh-uttarakhand-just-50-km-from-china-border/|work=Blitz|date=14 June 2023|access-date=2 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= IAF To Operate Chinyalisaur & Gauchar Airstrips In State|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/iaf-to-operate-chinyalisaur-gauchar-airstrips-in-state/articleshow/123508165.cms}}</ref>

==Airlines and Helicopter destinations==

{{Airport-dest-list
| [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] | [[IGI Airport|Delhi]], [[Jolly Grant Airport|Dehradun ]] | [[Heritage Aviation -HeliService]] | [[Tatik Helipad|Almora]], [[Gaulapar Helipad|Haldwani]] , [[Munsyari Helipad|Munsyari]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Flight ops resume from Naini-Saini airport in Pithoragarh after 3 yrs|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/flight-ops-resume-from-naini-saini-airport-in-pithoragarh-after-3-yrs-124013000548_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=31 January 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Daily helicopter services launched on Pithoragarh-Almora route for INR 2,500 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/daily-helicopter-services-launched-on-pithoragarh-almora-route-for-inr-2500/articleshow/116262920.cms}}</ref>}}

== See also ==
* [[List of airports in Uttarakhand]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[Kumaon division]]
* [[Garhwal division]]
* [[Tourism in Uttarakhand]]
* [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Airports in Uttarakhand}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Pithoragarh]]
[[Category:Airports in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1991]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Thomas Herbert Lewin

2026-05-05T14:31:25Z

IraNguyen82392: put up new info more to come!

{{Short description|British military officer and administrator (1839-1916)}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Major
| name = Thomas Herbert Lewin ''Thangliena''
| honorific_suffix = B.S.C
| image = T.H. Lewin.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Colonel Thomas H. Lewin {{circa|1890}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname = {{langx|lus|Thangliana}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1839|4|1}}
| birth_place = [[Lewisham]], London
| death_date = {{death date and age|1916|2|11|1839|4|1}}
| death_place = [[Dorking, Surrey]], England
| death_cause =
| burial_place = [[Abinger|Abinger, Moley Valley District]], [[Surrey]]
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates =
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch =
| branch_label = 
| service_years =
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| rank = Major
| rank_label =
| service_number =
| unit =
| commands =
| known_for = Superintendent of [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]
| battles = [[Indian Mutiny]] [[Lushai Expedition]]
| battles_label =
| awards =
| memorials = T.H Lewin Memorial, [[Mizoram]]
| alma_mater = [[Addiscombe Military College]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Margaret McClean|24 July 1876}}
| children = Everest Harriet Grote Macdonald (b. Lewin) Charles McClean Lewin Audrey Hale Waterhouse (b. Lewin)
| relations = George Lewin (Father) Mary Lewin (b. Friend, Mother)
| other_work = The Hill Tracts of Chittagong and the Dwellers therein (Calcutta, 1869) The Wild Races of South-Eastern India (England, 1870) Hill Proverbs of the Inhabitants of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (Calcutta, 1873) A handbook on the Lushai Dialect (1874) A manual of Tibetan (1879) A fly on the wheel (1884)
| signature =
| signature_size =
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| website = 
| module =
}}

'''Thomas Herbert Lewin''' ({{langx|Lus|Thangliana}}, {{literal translation|Greatly Famous}}, {{langx|ccp|Lubin Saab}}, 1 April 1839 – 11 February 1916) was a British military officer, linguist and ethnologist. He is most well known for his role as the superintendent of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. Lewin studied and published on the tribes of the northeast frontier on the [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]] and [[Mizo people|Lushais]]. For this reason he gained the exonym of ''Thangliana'' from the Lushai tribes.

==Early life and education==
[[File:T.H Lewin 1859.png|thumb|Ensign Thomas H. Lewin in 1859]]
[[File:George Herbert Lewin.jpg|thumb|George Herbert Lewin]]{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=46}}Thomas Herbert Lewin was born 1 April 1839 in [[Lewisham]], London.{{sfn|Lewin|1926}} He was the son of George Lewin and Mary Lewin (b. Friend).{{sfn|MyHeritage}} George Lewin was a law clerk under an attorney. His mother Mary was descended from a wealthy family of manufacturers. Thomas Herbert Lewin was christined with his uncles and maternal aunt as sponsors.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=45}} Lewin was born to five siblings in his family consisting of three sisters (Mary-Jane, Harriet, Isabella) and two brothers (Robert Friend "Bob", [[William Terriss|William Charles James]]).{{sfn|Lewin|1926}} Mary Jane would die in 1849 and George Lewin would become bedridden with disease in 1852 that would last five years.
Thomas Herbert Lewin was sent to a boarding academy for boys at Surrey House in Littlehampton on the Sussex coast. Four years later in 1854, Lewin would be moved to Mr Hopkirk's academy at [[Eltham]] in Kent which prepared boys for a military career.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=47}} Lewin was described as rebellious and was reputed to be flogged repeatedly for his actions and conduct at the academy. During that time, Lewin also developed talents for music, art and reading. He excelled in English composition and reading aloud but struggled in Artithmetic while passing all his other subjects. This led to him passing the entrance examination to [[Addiscombe Military College]], the [[East India Company]]'s military seminary near Croydon in Surrey.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=48}} He was the nephew of [[George Grote]] and [[Harriet Grote]].

He became a cadet at [[Addiscombe Military College]].{{sfn|Lewin|1926}} Through his godfather Thomas, Thomas Lewin was nominated for a cadetship by [[Sir James Hogg, 1st Baronet]], who was a director of the East India Company.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=51}} Lewin continued his unruly conduct and rebellious reputation at Addiscombe where he was routinely punished with extra drills. His most frequent offence was talking in the ranks. Another incident was for not putting out his candle after lights out in the barrack and being punished with four drills. Lewin was also once granted a punishment of fifteen drills for "gross irreverence and disrepect" of loud applause at the end of a theological lecture which he claimed was sincere.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=52}}

Lewin originally wished to join the artillery regiment, but his poor grades in mathematics barred him from pursuing it. Lewin would return home between terms at the college and study for the exams under a crammer. Despite his talent as a draughtsman, Lewin continued to find heights and distances difficult.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=52}} Lewin's father, George Lewin, would die in March 1856 from pneumonia at the age of 47.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=53}} Despite this, Lewin passed his examinations in Addiscombe and became an ensign of the East India Company. Lewin would then embark on a ship to Bengal after news of disturbances broke out there leaving his mother and brothers behind in England.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=54}}

==Career==
===Indian mutiny===
In September 1857, Lewin travelled to India as a lieutenant and participated in multiple campaigns to put down the [[Indian Mutiny]].{{sfn|Lewin|1926}} When lewin's shipped called at Malta, the news of the Indian mutiny came to light. The entire [[Bengal Army|Bengal army]] was in open mutiny and in revolt to company rule. During the voyage, Lewin heard the news of the last batch of Addiscombe cadets being massacred at Allahabad as they had sat at the mess, which stirred the situation. Lewin would write on his thoughts with these revelations:
{{Blockquote
|text=The fun of our voyage was gone. The glories and wonders of Alexandria and Cairo; the crossing of the pathless desert sands, strewn with skeletons of animals and shapeless masses of rok, over which we jolted heavily in our mule drawn vans, the dry burning heat of the Red Sea and the moist clinging warmth of the Indian Ocean and Ceylon; the strange new human creatures that swarmed round the ship, importunate for alms, as we stopped for coating; all passed before our eyes like a dream, as obstacles and delays in our now tedious journey. The fever had seized us; the desire to fight, the wish for vengeance was in our blood. We wanted one thing only - to reach quickly the land where our comrades and friends had so treacherously been murdered.
|title=The Lewin papers
|source=Thangliena: Life of T.H. Lewin, Whitehead
}}
Lewin's ship sailed up the Hooghly and docked in October. Lewin reported to the fort adjutant and settled into the Cadet headquarters of Fort William. His uncle by marriage, Arthur Grote was a civilian in the company's service also offered Lewin to stay with him at their residence in Alipore. Lewin would learn from Grote his cousin Edward was serving in the artillery in [[Lucknow]]. Lewin was attached to the 34th Border Regiment under orders for [[Cawnpore]], which he joined at [[Chinsura]] in the west.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=61}} Lewin would encamp on the bare ground for the night before parading and embarking by railroad. The journey would continue via horseback to Allahabad via the [[Grand Trunk Road]] under a subaltern named Cochrane. The country was under martial law. Lewin would observe corpses hanging from makeshift gibbets along the way, and Cochrane ordered him and his men to keep their rifles loaded. At Benares, the men joined a detachment of the 82nd Regiment under Captain Marriot and proceeded via a different mode of transport.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=62}}

Lewin would keep night watch with Cochrane. He described the uneasiness of being among the 'scowling natives' of the Allahabad bazaar to fetch new trousers. He would procure a personal staff consisting of a ''kitmutgar'' (table servant) and a ''syce'' to look after a grey pony he had recently brought.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=62}} Lewin's rebellious attitude continued as an incident recounts how he took the reins of the bullocks of an Indian driver and tried to steer the wagon only to crash in a ditch with him trapped under the Bullock's hooves.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=63}}

Lewin's regiment the 34th, along with the 82nd, 88th and 20th rifle brigades were sent to reinforce the Cawnpore town's ferry and boats over the Ganges river.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=64}} The regiments were ordered to keep the road bridge open and to fight off the state army of Gwalior under [[Nana Sahib]] and [[Tatya Tope]].{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=64}} Lewin was told by a sergeant that lying heaped at the bottom were the bodies of women and children who Nana Sahib had slaughtered. The courtyard was still strewn with blood and torn clothes. Lewin would explore the huts and discover a bible and a wall scratched with the words "Oh Lord, Our God, save us in this our time of trouble".{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=64}}

After relieving and reinforcing Lucknow, Lewin arrived at Cawnpore General Campbell, escorting 2000 women, children and the vulnerable to a place of safety. The General proceeded to escort them by boat down the Ganges River to Allahabad.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=64}} After Tantya Tope sealed off the town from the west and east with the capture of Bani Bridge to Lucknow, the British forces, while outnumbered, decided to strike first. This would be Lewin's first direct experience of warfare.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=65}}{{sfn|The Illustrated London News|1885}} Lewin would record his experience:

{{Blockquote
|text=Bang! a mighty round shot whizzed over the column. I was on the right wing. Bang! again, and this time they got the range and the grape-shot tore through our column. The word was given, 'Extend into skirmishing order to the left. Double'. Away we went, the cannon banging right at us, and shells bursting over our heads.

You can form no idea how terrible is the sound of round
shot: it seems like Death personified.
We were now running through a little copse,
advancing under whatever cover we could find towards
the enemy's guns, until at last we came to an open place
and I saw stretched before me a large plain broken by
shrubs and rocks, every nook and corner of which was
filled with red-coated sepoys firing at us, and I was lost in astonishment that I was not hit; but we rushed on
straight at them, and just then a fellow tumbled down
close to me; I thought he had tripped and stopped to
help him, but found he was doubled up in a heap with his face a pool of red blood.
The first blood I had ever seen. Then I began to feel angry, and I waved my sword in the air calling out, 'Come along, my boys. Remember Cawnpore!' but with a somewhat feeble voice, trying to fancy myself brave; and not succeeding very well in the attempt. At last we came to a stop under the shelter of a house and were here in comparative safety, for which I was heartily thankful, as I was terribly blown.
|title=The Lewin Papers
|source=Thangliena: The life of T.H. Lewin, Whitehead
}}
[[File:Lewin illustration, Nan Sahib servants hanged.jpg|thumb|Servants hanged during the Indian mutiny]]
The advance continued and Lewin skirmished towards a village and overran a few snipers with bayonets. Soon afterwards the order came to retire on Cawnpore. The next day heavy guns began to approach entrenchments. As a result, Lewin was ordered to take up position astride the road while round shot and musket balls whistled over them. Two rebel cavalry charges were fought off before the force retired to the entrenchments.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=67}} The next day, Lewin's company was soon to guard a bridge across a small ravine. The regiment hastily improvised barricades out of wagons, carts, bricks and other materials which lead to casualties as the rebels fired upon them including General Carthew who Lewin offered a drink from his flask.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=68}} The same night Sir Colin Campbell escorted the non combatants onto boats and saved the situation. On 6–7 December Tantya Tope was defeated as the 34th withdrew behind entrenchments to recover while new arrivals reinforced.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=69}} The 34th took up quarters in the Masonic Hall in Cawnpore town and celebrated Christmas. Before they left Cawnpore, Lewin went to attend a parade in the courtyard of Bibi ghar to witness four of the rebels being hanged.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=70}}

In January, Lewin and the 34th were sent to the Madras Artillery detachment at Bani Bridge between Cawnpore and Lucknow to furnish guards for convoys, take supplies to the Alambagh and maintain communications with the south. Lewin, while encamped at Bani Bridge, would hear the news of the death of his cousin Edward, who was killed via a round shot at Lucknow.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=70}} Lewin was then marched with the 34th, attacking villages and destroying forts while carrying the regimental colours. Lewin at the end of the 23 miles cast it on the ground and stated "Damn the colours! Why don't you carry them yourselves!" which got him reported to the Colonel and rebuked. However, Lewin managed to make the carrying of the regiment colours shared among the soldiers.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=71}} Reaching Lucknow the 34th was considered to be reduced in strength and strenuously campaigned, which led to them and Lewin being assigned subsidiary tasks in the recapture of the city. During this, Lewin called his pony and galloped into the fray, reaching the school buildings where the Punjab Rifles were fighting alongside the Highlanders.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=72}} He observed the planning, mapping, gum emplacements, and entrenchments which he described in a letter to his mother on 20 March after the fighting was over.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=73}}

====List of offences of Ensign T.H. Lewin from October 19, 1857 to April 20, 1858====
* October 1857, Walking into Major Kavanagh's office at Fort Calcutta and mistaking him for a clerk. He was taken down a peg as a result.
*November 1857, Cutting off a turkey's head with hungry intent on the line of march between Cawnpore and Benares. He was fined for the Turkey.
*February 1858, Forcibly ejecting another cadet from the tent while encamped at Bani Bridge. He was reprimanded.
*February 1858, Damming the Queen's colours at Meergunge. He was placed under arrest and severely reprimanded.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=74}}

===Superintendent of Hazaribagh===
Lewin returned to England in January 1860 for one year to celebrate his 21st birthday. He would return in February 1861 to Calcutta and stay with his uncle Arthur Grote at Alipore. Lewin began to search for a career that would, in a short amount of time, permit him to return home to England to his family.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=87}} On the voyage back and forth to India, Lewin met with Captain Pughe and his wife, who were friends of Arthur Grote. Pughe had been appointed inspector general of the new military police and, with Grote's influence, offered Lewin the post of adjutant and second-in-command of the 2nd battalion being raised at Rampur in West Bengal. The battalion was raised to supplement the reorganized Indian army and function as a police auxiliary force to keep the peace.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=88}} Rampur, which was a European civil station consisting of merchants and indigo planters, had experienced the restlessness of the planters, which called for a military police battalion.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=89}}

Lewin was temporarily in command as the commandant was on leave when he arrived. Lewin presided over 600 men in the battalion of Hindu, Muslim and Sikh origins. Lewin also took the opportunity to join the Bengal Staff Corps as an opportunity to serve outside India, which he received on the merit of his language qualifications. He was assigned as a lieutenant in the 104th Regiment.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=89}} Lewin worked under the police at Pabna for a few weeks until the military police battalion was disbanded. Lewin was made to choose between regimental life with the 104th or the civil police force. As a result, on 17 April 1962, Lewin was gazetted District Superintendent of Police, 3rd class, at Bhagalpur in northern Bihar with a {{currency|500|INR}} monthly salary and {{currency|100|INR}} allowance for travel expenses. After being called upon to shoot a rogue alligator which had eaten a child, Lewin was assigned to Muzaffarpur on temporary duty to organize the new civil police system there before the commandant arrived.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=90}} The new system saw the head of police not as the district magistrate anymore but with superintendents. Lewin spent two months at Muzaffarpur before being given a permanent appointment with the local rank of Captain as district superintendent at Hazaribagh.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=91}} Lewin in his spare time wrote for the instruction of his constables a little book on the duties of a policeman called ''The Constable's Manual'' which he translated into Hindi, Bengali and Urdu with his clerks.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=92}} The booklet was officially approved and printed in Calcutta for general distribution and, thus, the first of Lewin's books to be published.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=93}}

Lewin would continue writing poetry and printing it through his mother under the pseudonym, Newall Herbert, in England to earn a few guineas. Lewin also sketched and wrote stories of sports in India. Lewin wrote an unfinished novel named ''Bell's Life'' that began and focused on Indian life but was never completed. In this period, Lewin also was known to play the harmonium he brought from Calcutta. He would study music seriously and request books on composition, as well as thorough bass and musical theory from home.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=93}} Lewin composed a few pieces and completed marches for ''By the Firelight'' and ''The Message'' which would be played by the regimental band when the regiment in Hazaribagh would host a ball.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=94}}

Lewin would subsequently, as superintendent, take a tour with the deputy commissioner to the [[Santhal people|Santhals]], a wild aboriginal race whose language and religion differed from the Indians. Lewin found the experience fascinating. On his return from the tour, Lewin was retained by the colonel of the 104th regiment due to a shortage of officers. Unwilling to do so Lewin placed an application for a transfer to the Bengal Staff Corps and notified the Colonel.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=97}} Meanwhile, Lewin's jurisdiction began to experience dacoitry and thugs. The Grand Trunk Road was swarmed with dacoits who were preying on travellers by plundering and murdering them. Lewin dressed up as a native and, with ten men, pursued the bandits for six weeks in the rainy season by sleeping rough and eating rice and chapati. Lewin managed to track down the bandits and arrested 16 before the rest escaped. Later, reports from witnesses in villages revealed the identity and location of the ringleader. Lewin planned a night operation where the police force approached the dripping well at Makha (a spring which came out of a cave on a rocky hillside). The police force rushed the bandits, and a skirmish emerged. The leader was shot dead,d and three of the bandits were captured. This initiative earned Lewin deputy inspector-general of police by the government of Bengal.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=98}}

Lewin entered controversy after the administration changed around him. The deputy-commissioner went on leave with a successor who didn't cooperate along with a new assistant magistrate with a distrust for the police. An ugly incident involving the death of an inmate who was suspected of robbery. Close supervision of Lewin's assistant, Mr. Ellis, would have prevented the incident. As a result, Lewin deferred making an official report to the divisional deputy inspector of police in the hopes that the incident would be forgotten. The acting deputy commissioner made a report to a higher authority and judged Lewin unfavourably for handling his position and Ellis. As a result, Ellis was dismissed while the secretary of Bengal characterized Lewin's part in the incident as evasive and untrustworthy to be fit to lead a district. The new assistant magistrate similarly made a complaint of him. Lewin did not attend a case on the conduct of his constables in which the assistant magistrate attempted an arrest.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=99}} Lewin's appeal to the acting deputy-commissioner prevented the arrest but decided to place the assistant magistrate on indefinite leave and Lewin to a new post in remote Eastern Bengal known as [[Noakhali District|Noahkhali]].{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=100}}

===Superintendent of Noakhali===
[[File:Noacally police boats.jpg|thumb|Noakhali police boats]]
Thomas Herbert Lewin made the choice to take the transfer to [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] out of the options he had. Lewin had considered returning to the regiment, moving into the Bengal Staff Corps, becoming a tea planter with a tea estate in Assa, or emigrate to America or New Zealand. Lewin would take his mare, two dogs and two personal servants to Chittagong.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=100}} Lewin arrived in the Bengali majority district and discovered settlements of Hindus, Afghans and Pathans who arrived centuries before, along with Roman Catholics with Portuguese surnames who formed the Feringhis or half-castes. Lewin also met the Maghs, a misleading name for anyone of Mongolian descent or some admixture. It was mostly referred to the Bengali and Arakan populations of mixed descent. Another demographic was the Rakhaing Maghs, who had been pushed out of Arakan by the Burmese and settled around Cox's bazaar. The Rakhaing Maghs maintained the Burmese language and customs and were Buddhists.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=104}}

Lewin was allotted a small bungalow overlooking a cemetery and a reservoir rumoured to be haunted. The other European residents considered a civil surgeon and his wife, along with a district magistrate who disliked Lewin. Lewin also became sick with malaria before facing a cholera outbreak. The outbreak saw one of his constables die in his arms. Lewin would also lose one of his dogs to rabies after a rabid dog attempted to attack him. Lewin had to restructure the police in Noakhali and began to learn Bengali. Lewin would use boatmen along the network of streams to reach villages for his duties with his dog Grabby. Lewin was soon also made a trade revenue officer to combat the rise in smuggling, which was common in such a waterlogged province. Lewin also encountered the hazard of false accusations as a police officer. Lewin chased dacoits who had robbed a moneylender but reached the scene of the crime where the victim had hanged themself after the devastating loss. An anonymous petition was filed in the magistrate's court accusing Lewin of murdering the moneylender.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=106}} Another incident during the battling of smugglers who were moving salt, saw a small child trampled to death. A funeral processions of mourners demanding vengeance for the police's conduct arrived to them demanding compensation. Investigations, however, showed the child had been killed accidentally or possibly as a pretext for making a complaint. The matter was left unsolved.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=107}}

Lewin completed another manual named the ''Police Officer's Manual,'' which was written in Bengali. it contained a brief resume of laws for his constables to be familiar with.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=110}} It was published at government expense for general circulation and earned Lewin a small royalty. Lewin would continue to write stories and topical articles which were printed Calcutta journals to bring in money. Among them was a weekly sketch in ''The Englishman'' under the title ''Chhota Haziree'' (small breakfast) which was published as a book by the Calcutta Press Company in 1866.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=111}} Lewin would apply to the lieutenant-governor of Bengal for appointment to the vacant post of Superintendent of Hill Tracts in the Chittagong Division who would guard the eastern frontier of Bengal. The application was written by police Captain Graham, a former superintendent of the Hill tracts, and was backed by the deputy commissioner of Chittagong and his uncle Arthur Grote. The pay as superintendent was placed at {{currency|75|GBP}} compared to {{currency|45|GBP}} if he became police captain. Lewin also despised Noakhali and the district magistrate.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=114}} The idea of independent command was also attractive as Lewin states in a letter to his mother: "up in the hill I shall be Magistrate & Superintendent & King & everything. Ah my own!" Graham who was impressed by Lewin's work as superintendent of police recommended a transfer to the Chittagong district.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=115}}

===Superintendent of Chittagong police===
Lewin preferred Chittagong to Noakhali and expressed this in the letters to his mother. In the [[Bay of Bengal]], Chittagong was known as ''Lady's Eyebrows'' for the frequent cyclone activity. Other phenomena such as floods and devastation of crops and food were also known. The wealthy lived in bungalows overlooking the town beneath.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=117}} Lewin originally lived with the local clergyman Mr Humfrey in a bungalow named ''The Deanery''. Lewin brought his bungalow shortly after and began to engage in rackets, billiard and croquet while attending parties and other social gatherings. Lewin also formed a string quartet with the division commissioner Mr Bruce.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=117}}
Due to this his duty to fortify the station which was shelved and forgotten. Lewin was subsequently made municipal commissioner which gave him experience in taxation, rates, drainage and education. Lewin was also sanctioned a yacht for his tours and journeys among his duties as superintendent. The yacht was named ''Foam''.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=118}}

While waiting on his application to become superintendent of the hill tracts, Lewin's regiment colonel ordered a customary examination to show a continuation of fitness.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=118}}
Therefore, Lewin applied to the general commanding the [[Bengal Presidency]] division to appoint a commission to examine his fitness for promotion. Lewin attended the examining board in Calcutta in January 1865 and was gazetted a few months later.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=119}}

Lewin initiated a district tour in the new year with a Magh interpreter, Sadu, and his son Apo to carry his pistol and hunting knife. They headed south towards the foothills and met with the tribes and their customs, such as [[zawlbuk]]s.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=120}} Lewin began to distinguish between the tribes inhabiting the river valleys and the wilder folk who built their villages on the hilltops. The former would be Maghs or Chakmas, who would be Buddhist, while the latter would be the hill people who would be animists.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=121}} Lewin began to learn Burmese after considering a career in the colony of Burma. As Lewin was fluent in Bengali, Urdu and Hindi, he committed to Burmese. He sailed in his yacht ''Foam'' to Cox's bazaar after diagnosed with Malaria on doctors orders. Lewin was invited one night to a ''pwe'' where a troupe of Burmese performers pitched a camp on the grasslands outside town. The plays and music depicted the chronicles of the kings of Burma.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=123}}

===Superintendent of Chittagong Hill Tracts===
[[File:Thomas Herbert Lewin Oath.jpg|thumb|Lewin making an oath]]
After Lewin worked as a superintendent of police in Hazaribagh, Eastern Bengal, he was promoted to captain in 1865.{{sfn|The Illustrated London News|1885}}{{sfn|McLynn|1993}} In capacity of his role he established relations on behalf of the British to local chieftains such as Mong Raja, [[Kalindi (rani)]] and [[Rothangpuia|Rutton Poeia (Rothangpuia)]]. After the kidnapping of [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)]], Lewin was assigned political officer to [[Charles Henry Brownlow]]'s column in the [[Lushai Expedition]]. Lewin accompanied the force dispatched from [[Demagiri]] into the Lushai Hills and their chiefdoms to punish [[Lalbura]] and [[Bengkhuaia]].{{sfn|The Illustrated London News|1885}}

Lewin began to write journals of his journeys to the Asiatic society of Bengal which Arthur Grote was president. Under the title 'Diary of a Hill Top on the Borders of Arracan' it was printed in the ''Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society'' on 10 April 1867.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=152}} Later the lieutenant-governor received a full account of Lewin's adventurous journey which coincided with the time of a Lakher ([[Mara people|Mara]]) raid on a Mrung village half a day's march from the outpost at Chima.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=154}} The raiders had crossed over between the Kaladan and Sangu rivers. As a result, Arthur Phayre was ordered to take steps to punish the offenders and release the captives they had taken which Lewin would cooperate under. Phayre proposed to appoint his own superintendent of the Arakan Hill Tracts to establish additional police posts in the hills. The Lieutenant Governor saw the moment as an opportunity to expand the authority and role of the Chittagong Superintendent to make him more accessible to the hill men. For this reason Lewin was officially assigned the Superintendent of Tribes in the Chittagong Hill Tracts which was announced in the ''Calcutta Gazette''. At the same time, Lewin was promoted to captaincy in the 104th Regiment of Bengal Fusiliers. He was transferred to the Bengal Staff Corps which granted him the suffix of [[B.S.C]].{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=155}}

Lewin moved into the Superintendent Bungalow built at Chandragona. It was situated eighty miles up the Karnaful from Chittagong. Three outposts were close by to keep watch of the independent hill tribes from raiding their territory.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=157}} Lewin was in charge of three chiefs in the tract, namely, the Bogmong, the [[Kalindi (rain)|Kalindi rani]] and the Mong Raja who guarded their sovereignty. Lewin dedicated himself to empowering the three chiefs.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=159}} The Frontier force needed to be reorganized as Lewin felt the current structure was inadequate to stop the [[Mizo people|Lushais]] and Shendus from raiding.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=160}}

Lewin would subsequently receive a report of a Lushai raid on three Banjogi villages under the Bohmong chief, which saw four people killed and eighty men and women captured as [[Bawi system|bawis]]. Their houses and village were burnt down before the raiding party left. Lewin sent Routhangpuia, a Thangluah chief and British ally who was defeated by Captain Raban in 1861. Routhangpouia had acted as an informer on the neighbouring chiefs for which he was rewarded. Lewin decided to send Routhangpouia to investigate the rumours that Bohmong had destroyed the village himself for a dispute.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=160}} Routhangpouia's messenger returned to Lewin with the information on the raid, stating that the Howlong clan had carried it out. The chief responsible was a brother-in-law to Routhangpouia. Lewin would set off in pursuit with a detachment of police and Lieutenant Scott to try and route the raiders. However, the force failed to catch up.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=162}}

Lewin later met with Rothangpuia face to face after undertaking a journey via boat. Upon entering Rothangpuia's village his escort was requested to not be allowed in and he come alone. Lewin therefore entered with only an interpreter so that the party wouldn't alarm the inhabitants.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=164}} Lewin remained in the guest room of Rothangpuia's house. The following morning he was summoned to the meeting of chiefs with Rothangpuia.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=165}} Upon being asked why Lewin brought an armed escort to his village, Lewin made an excuse of the dangerous roads before exchanging gifts with Rothangpuia.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=166}} A speech was made by another Lushai man. Before leaving, Lewin claimed to Rothangpuia and the chiefs that the British government bestows superintendents with immunity to bullets. He marked a bullet and, with sleigh of hand filled the rifle with a destructable component. Upon firing the rifle he feigned shock and slid the marked bullet into his teeth which impressed the chiefs.{{sfn|Lewin|1885}}

On leave to Calcutta, Lewin stayed with Arthur Grote's family and met with a party of scientific men. In this meeting he displayed the cloths manufactured from the hill people and the language and phrases of their languages.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=168}} Lewin had only established good relations with the Mong Rajah of the three most influential chiefs. The other chiefs were intolerant to reforms put forward by Lewin and began to bring their complaints to courts via petitions.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=169}} Upon investigating who was supplying insider information for the petition, Lewin discovered the old Bohmong Rajah had suborned a [[havildar]] who was a hill man to keep track of Lewin's movements and to intercept official correspondence for him to read. To counter this Lewin secretly crossed the river via boat at night and broke into the Rajah's house. Upon being caught with official correspondence Lewin threatened him with prosecution unless he resigned. As a result, the Rajah's brother Mom Phru ascended and became a loyal ally to Lewin. [[Kalindi (rani)]] was a widow who ruled over the Chakma people in the hill tracts. She had earned favour with the British in 1857 by providing a number of Sepoys to capture mutineers from the Indian mutiny.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=170}} Kalindi continued to oppose Lewin and obstruct his reforms. She even sent her grandson to Calcutta with money to spend on getting him transferred or removed. Rothangpuia hearing of the trouble offered Lewin an opportunity to settle and live with them which was ultimately declined. The tensions escalated when intruders were evacuated from his bungalow via rifle shots. Lewin had believed they were assassins sent by Kalindi. Lewin appointed a sentry for a while before placing his faith in a small statuette of the Buddha gifted by the Mong Rajah.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=171}}

Later on, George Johnstone, a friend of Lewin's died. Before the death, an insight into Johnston's aid to Lewin had been uncovered. Lewin had been leaked confidential information by Johnstone regularly to advance his career. Lewin was informed of the position of becoming superintendent of the Chittagong Hill Tracts through a leak from Johnston. Johnstone had sent Lewin a letter warning of an official investigation into his involvement. Inspector-General Pughe delegated Officer Bowie to investigate Lewin's bungalow while Lewin was out on a mission to capture Lushai marauders. Nothing was found until a servant of Lewin pointed out Johnston's letter warning Lewin.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=176}} The letter was forwarded to Inspector-General Pughe. Johnston admitted upon confrontation of his guilt. He handed in his resignation letter and sent his wife to a ball in a carriage, where he committed suicide via liquid chloroform in a sponge bag.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=177}} Lewin wrote to the Inspector-General taking the responsibility instigating the matter. Lewin had a nervous breakdown soon after before staying at the Commissioner of Chittagong, Mr Young's house, to recover.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=170}}

Lewin wrote a letter to the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal about the conduct of Bowie, who held a personal grudge against him. However a reply was made of not becoming involved and causing a scandal. Lewin remained unrelenting and referred the case to the adjutant-general for consideration by the commander-in-chief to court-martial Bowie.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=178}} Months later in January, the commander-in-chief communicated that there was insufficient evidence to court martial. Further attempts were made, but no official action was taken against Bowie.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=180}}

Soon after, Mr.Young was replaced by [[Henry Browne, 5th Marquess of Sligo]] as Commissioner of Chittagong. Lewin originally did not get on with Ulick Browne. However, after another anonymous accusation against Lewin, Ulick Browne was appointed to look into it. Browne's report exonerated Lewin and commended his performance as superintendent. After being promoted to 3rd grade deputy commissioner he was given a European assistant and permitted to recruit Gurkhas for the frontier police force and acquired nine elephants for civil engineering works. Lewin's views on governance continued to diverge. The main issue was that Lewin opposed the central government's policy of paying the hill tribe leaders to maintain peace. However, an expedition into the Lushai Hills was also an impossible case for Lewin to argue about. Lewin reorganized the frontier force to his standards and established a comprehensive scheme of resettling the revenue systems. Schools were opened, and a Christian mission was established.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=180}}

The government allowed Lewin to move his headquarters further towards the Lushai Hills and push the police outposts on the borders. While he was on official leave he used the labour of the hillmen, of which 300 helped build a house. The house was named the Barn House after a close family member. Lewin cleared the trees around the house and formed his own personal [[jhum]], which he planted with grain, cucumber, melons, and cotton.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=183}} He lived among the hill tribes and learnt their way of living through personal experience. This continued to the point that the hill tribes began to pressure Lewin to get married and settle down.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=184}} He used the opportunity to prepare the book ''The Hill Tracts of Chittagong and the Dwellers Therein''. This would be one of the earliest monographs of the hill tribes of northeast India.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=185}} Lewin divided the tribes on convenience instead of scientific distinctions and anthropology.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=186}} A philosophy was developed for the British administration to place the wellbeing of the people over the economic interests of the British Raj. Ulick Browne, in a report, congratulated the administration, which was described as being immune to raids. However, Lewin was forced to leave his former residence as his leave was nearly over. The hill people had begged Lewin not to depart during the ordeal, which made Lewin falsely promise to live amongst them his whole life.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=188}}

====Lushai Expedition====
Lewin returned to Calcutta in January 1871 after a visit to Italy, Bomaby, Meerut and Agra with two friends.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=202}} Lewin was summoned to a conference in April about the Lushai frontier along with [[John Ware Edgar]] of the north from Cachar. Lewin was considered an authority on the issues of the Lushai frontier. His knowledge was used to write memos and minutes alongside interviews with the viceroy [[Lord Mayo]] and the lieutenant-governor of Bengal with the military staff. Lewin's expertise were used to decide on a course of action for a punitive expedition against the raids of the Lushai tribes. Edgar's recommendation to conduct the [[Lushai Expedition]] became the consensus of the conference. A northern column from Cachar and a southern column from Chittagong would carry out the operations.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=207}} Lewin opposed the decision on the basis that the expedition would be a breach of faith for the inhabitants of Chittagong who had come to trust him. Lewin considered the invasion should only have occurred from Cachar. However the council disregarded Lewin's moral concerns.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=207}}

Lewin proceeded to Sylhet and equipped 200 troops for service in the hills. This would increase the frontier police force to a strength of 600 men. Lord Mayo promised Lewin at the expiration of a year his services would not be forgotten.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=208}} Alexander Mackenzie, around this time, sent a letter detailing that Lewin was to remain superintendent until April 1972. This was because no other candidate was suited for the role at such a time.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=209}} In July Lewin was officially assigned the political officer and interpreter of the southern column.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=210}} The northern column was tasked with punishing the villages of [[Lalbura]] and [[Vanhnuailiana]]. The southern column would punished Bengkhaia and the Howlong clans to retrieve [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]].{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=211}}

In preparation for the departure, Lewin arranged the Bohmong Rajah to supply men to replace the frontier police at the outposts before removing them for timidness. He visited the Mong Rajah to recruit coolies to maintain the logistics of the operation. Even Kalindi Rani was contacted, in which she provided 16 Chakma riflemen as scouts and spies. An alliance with Rothangpuia was also formed.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=212}} On 28 October, Lewin produced a will for his family in the event of his death in the expedition. Before leaving for the expedition, Lewin was visited by lord Mayo's secretary, who requested to send semi-official reports of the happenings of the expedition. Lewin arranged with the Calcutta observer to act as a war correspondent and to send anonymous articles on the expedition.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=213}}

Rothangpuia met with General Brownlow and two minor chiefs through Lewin. Rothangpuia was hesitant to participate in the Lushai Expedition on account of retaliation by the tribes. Assurances were granted to Rothangpuia and the next three days were spent in consuming ''zu''. Rothangpuia was tasked with being a guide for the road being extended to Demagiri. As the expedition party ventured into the Lushai Hills they began to experience desertions of their troops due to fears of the Lushais.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=217}} Along the way the General met with Rothangpuia at his village, Lungsen, where a [[gayal|mithun]] was prepared as a feast. Lewin would record this feast as correspondent who would publish the article under an anonymous title.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=218}} Lewin stayed the night at Lungsen while General Brownlow departed. He authorised the frontier police to guard Lungsen while Rothangpuia travelled with the expedition. Lewin also met Rothangpuia's wife and son. She placed her son's hand in Lewin's and asked him to take him to live with him after the expedition for the sake of education.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=219}}

Despite Rothangpuia being allied to Lewin in the expedition he was of little help. This was in part due to Rothangpuia's poor diplomacy with the Sailo chiefs and their long standing feuds. General Brownlow described Rothangpuia's alliance as of a passive nature. Lewin also was undergoing recovery for bronchitis and fever at Demagiri. When Rothangpuia became reluctant to provide meat, fowls and rice to aid in rations for the force Lewin argued with Rothangpuia. He stated that it would be better for his tribe to be openly hostile than being useless as an ally. As a result, Rothangpuia left to his village and prepared a sacrifice to aid in Lewin's recovery.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=220}} On 8 December Lewin captured Liangbura who was returning to a deserted village for remaining livestock. Lewin attempted to reason with the chief for two days to aid the expedition. Lewin seized Liangura's wife and daughter to Rothangpuia's village in order to force compliance. As Liangura was the brother-in-law of Savunga, he wished to use his relationship to influence the expedition. Liangura was placed as ambassador to the Sailo chiefs who were meeting at Vanhlula's village. Liangura brought the news that the Sailo clans were hostile and threatened to fire shots at the expedition if they advanced further into the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=222}}

Vanhlula's village was attacked accidentally after a reconnaissance mission failed. A detachment of Gurkhas's under Macintyre observed the surroundings of the village while the larger detachment under Colonel Macpherson lost their way. When Macpherson approached the village they mistook the defenders for Macintyre's men on lunch. This prompted the Lushais to scatter into the jungles and cause a skirmish that would lead to three deaths for them. The same night, the village was set on fire by the Lushais. The expedition took possession of the remaining possessions, and Lewin instructed the hillmen coolies to build a warm hut for General Brownlow, who had become sick.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=223}}

The skirmishes continued. This prompted Macpherson and Macintyre to attack some villages and burn them down. Lewin would record that the burning of ''jhums'' were all around him. On 23 December, Rothangpuia rejoined the expedition. Lewin had a long talk about the tea planter's daughter [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]], whose rescue was a goal of the expedition. Rothangpuia was sent back to his village to arrange for road extensions, furnish unhusked rice as fodder for the transport of elephants and send messengers to the Howlong chiefs who held Mary captive. On Christmas the column arranged a dinner for the officers with General Brownlow in which Lewin provided correspondence on a plum pudding presented there.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=225}} The following day Lewin prepared signs in Bengali and Burmese stating that no harm was intended if they sent in ''upas'' for the delivering of captives. During the night the Lushais warned the sentries that the Sailos formed an alliance with the Howlongs against the Expedition and ordered them to leave. As a result, General Brownlow arranged to attack Savunga's capital village.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=226}} On the route towards Savunga, Brownlow destroyed the village of Lalgnura who was son of Savunga.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=227}} The following night Lewin was approached by Lushai scouts in the middle of the night claiming that Savunga wished to submit. Lewin offered a safe passage and to not burn their crops and grains. Rothangpuia who was with Lewin proposed that Savunga should be beheaded immediately on coming to camp. Savunga burned down his village the following morning leaving only his son Laljeeka's village the remaining settlement. As the Sailos were subjugated Brownlow focussed on the Howlong chiefs. Before an attack was proposed Rothangpuia was sent as a diplomat. This was because Rothangpuia was allied to the northern Howlong chiefs by marriage.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=228}} Lewin accompanied Rothangpuia with an escort of 50 Gurkhas to convince the chiefs to arrive at General Brownlow's camp. However the burning of a Sailo village made him turn back out of fear of confrontation. Rothangpuia was sent with Subadar Mohamed Azim of the Chittagong frontier police. He was instructed to inform the Howlong chiefs that releasing of captives and free access through their villages was the only way to spare them from an attack.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=230}}

During the wait for Rothangpuia's return the column attacked Laljeeka's village on 20 January.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=231}} Lewin later received news that Mary Winchester had been recovered safely. On the way to Bengkhaia'svillage, a party of Lushais brought the little girl with them in order to offset any future confrontation with the column. Rothangpuia was left to maintain the rest of the demands and negotiations while Mary was sent with Mohammed Azim back to Rothangpuia's village with the frontier police.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=233}} Later, Lewin wrote another article about Mary Winchester and how staying with the Lushais for a year changed her. Rothangpuia similarly requested an extension for his negotiations with Bengkhaia until 28 January. The following day the Howlong chiefs agreed to submit to the column and release all captives from the raids. The captives were released at Demagiri to prevent the soldiers from arriving at the settlement.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=234}}

[[Seipuia]] and [[Vandula]] who succeeded the southern Howlong chief Lutpura began to coordinate with the column to release their captives as well. However a condition was made for this to be done at Rothangpuia's village out of distrust for the column. Rothangpuia returned from his diplomacy mission and was confident the chiefs would bring the captives.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=237}} However, as there was no sign of the promise being fulfilled, General Brownlow issued an advance into the Howlong territories. Rations were restocked with twenty days supply before departing on 11 February. Lewin was assigned to reconnoitre the route with Captain C.J. East. Lewin was later visited by Bengkhaia's emissaries at camp. Lalbura also sent his emissaries, claiming to want to meet but distrusting the heavily armed column. Bengkhaia brought a [[gayal|mithun]] to be sacrificed if Lewin would agree to take an oath for his safety so that he could submit.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=242}}

Lewin advised Brownlow to hold a few terms, such as releasing the captives, swearing an oath of friendship, and pledges to stop raiding and provide free access in the villages. He outlined that the fate of [[Lalchukla]] established a history fo distrust among the Lushais upon submission. As a result, Brownlow accepted submission of the chiefs proposed by Lewin.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=243}} Lewin feasted with the chiefs and participated in the ceremonies. Lewin was handed a gun, a ''dao'', a plume headdress of the ''bhimraj'' to show acceptance of him as their chief. A petition was also presented for Lewin to settle near their villages to make it easier to sort affairs. Lalbura met the column and also submitted.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=244}} The expedition ended with Seipuia and Vandula releasing their captives and taking their oaths.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=249}}

====Later developments====
[[File:Leiwn's map of Demagiri.jpg|thumb|Map of early Demagiri]]
The General Council of India summoned Lewin after the expedition to discuss British policy on the Lushai frontier. The main resolution of the council oversaw no direct control over the tribes but a policy if exerting influence. A precise boundary line should be maintained with police outposts to check raids. Furthermore, a permanent post at Demagiri would be established under Lewin which assigned Lieutenant Gordon.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=252}}

Lewin redistributed the remaining stores and rations by the soldiers to the Sailos in the nearby villages who had their food source destroyed during the campaign. Lieutenant Gordon was taken to visit Rothangpuia who had gained prestige for his participation in the Lushai Expedition.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=253}} Lewin did not receive any awards for his conduct in the expedition. The generals received knighthood, and the officers were made companions of the bath, with Edgar granted the Star of India. General Brownlow placed a case before Lord Napier in support of Lewin, with Alexander Mackenzie and Sir George Campbell also lending their support.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=257}} Many reasons were speculated with the most likely being Lewin's war correspondence articles and his critique of General Bourchier, which would have been seen as insubordination.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=259}}

====Life with Rothangpuia====
[[File:Sirthay house.jpg|thumb|Lewin's Sirthay house]]
Lewin constructed a house surrounded by a strong stockade on Site Tlang near Demagiri for the headquarters of the frontier administration. Rothangpuia supplied labourers and built a traditional Lushai house known as Uncle Tom's Cabin. It was made of rough, unhewn logs with mud and bamboo matting for inside walls. His household hosted hill people as assistants, including Dari.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=268}} The full name of Dari is debated but she lived with Lewin. She was a village girl unrelated to any chiefs. She bore Lewin, a son who died early in infancy.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=269}}

Lewin also wrote many manuscripts during his stay. He studied the hill languages and wrote the unpublished ''A Grammar of the Aracanese dialect of Burmese for us by government officers among the Hill Tribes of the South-East Frontier of India''. He also published ''The hill proverbs of the inhabitants of the Chittagong Hill Tracts'' which was reviewed in the Pall Mall Gazette.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=271}}

Lewin invited the chiefs on the frontier for a visit to Calcutta. Rothangpuia was the first to accept the offer followed by Lalngura, Vanhnuaia, Lalchema, Lalnghura and two more chiefs. Seipuia was invited but did not wish to come due to his fear of a higher authority than Lewin exacting punishment. The chiefs asked if the Governor-General ordered Seipuia to be speared, would Lewin be unable to stop it, which would result in Seipuia's withdrawal.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=276}} They left on 1 December to Calcutta. The chiefs refused to stay far or out of sight of Lewin out of fear of the Governor-General. Tents were pitched in Calcutta but no matter how Lewin had to attend to other matters the chiefs refused to left him leave them alone. As a result, the tents moved to Lewin's residence in Calcutta. The chiefs were not impressed by civilisation under the British apart from the solid silver sofa at the lieutenant governor's residence and a train ride.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=277}} The visit led to a newspaper article on the visit of the Lushai chiefs describing their identities, their apparel and their drinking culture.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=278}} At one point two of the chiefs got lost in the streets and were brought back to Lewin at night by a friendly policeman. They returned after a fortnight.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=279}}

===Superintendent of Cooh Behar State===
With influence of his aunt and wife of the late Arthur Grote, the lieutenant governor Sir Richard appointed Lewin to the superintendent of [[Cooch Behar State]]. This was a princely state on the border of Bhutan. His primary responsibility was to look after the young king of fourteen years old and keep order among the 150 wives and concubines of the late king.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=288}} Lewin arranged a grand reception for Sir Richard who arrived to inspect affairs of the state. He arranged 30 horses, 15 elephants, two carriages and two ''palkis'' to transport the party from the border to the capital.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=290}} While in Cooh Behar, Lewin studied the Tibetan language under a Lama from Bhutan.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=291}}

===Later life===
To gain kinship with the hill tribes bordering Chittagong, Lewin attempted to transcribe his name into the Lushai dialect which led to his Mizo name ''Thangliena'' being made.{{sfn|McLynn|1993}} Captain Lewin studied the language, history, institutions and local mythology of the Mughs, [[Chakma people|Chakmas]], Bunjoghis, Arakans and [[Burmese people|Burmese]].{{sfn|The Illustrated London News|1885}} Lewin published grammars and guides to the language and culture of the hill tribes through several publications. Lewin was then raised to Deputy Commissioner of Darjeeling and retired at 40 with a pension of {{Currency|171|GBP}} yearly for his 20-year service.{{sfn|McLynn|1993}} Lewin in his retirement wrote ''A fly on the wheel, or How I helped to govern India''. He prepared 25 black and white illustrations of which nine were used for publishing. It was an autobiography recording the Indian mutiny and subsequent career advancements in Bengal.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=335}} He later was elected to the boards of the Cannock Chase Colliery Company of the Danish Gas Company. He took on a more executive role with countless meetings of officials and dinners, even visiting Hanover in [[German Empire|Germany]] and Jutland in Denmark.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=362}} Lewin later sold his shares as the profits fell with the electric light bulb mass production. He instead turned down an offer to become chairman and became a justice of peace at Dorking bench.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=364}}

Lewin would come into contact with some Lushai affiliates such as [[James Herbert Lorrain]] who sent a letter informing of his fame and legend among the tribes.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=378}}[[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] wrote to Lewin describing the changes since his administration and experience with the Lushais. Shakespear dedicated his monograph ''The Lushei-Kuki Clans'' to Lewin.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=380}} After the publishing of ''A fly on the wheel'', Lewin was contacted by [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]] who had been saved by him. Lewin was reluctant to meet with Mary until Margaret's insistence. Lewin would remark to his daughter Everest on the meeting as describing Mary Winchester as "a stuck-up conceited little half-caste woman".{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=383}}

Lewin's last book would be ''Life and Death being an authentic account of the deaths of one hundred celebrated men and women with their portraits'' published in 1910.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=397}} After the outbreak of World War One, Lorraine would send a letter to Lewin detailing the current events of the Chittagong Hill Tracts such as the death of Seipuia and the succession of Rothangpuia. Lewin's former lover, Dari, was also mentioned by Lorrain.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=416}} Dari had remarried, and the letter detailed the death of her husband due to sickness while residing in Lungsen village. Her husband had killed a tiger in his lifetime and thus had a special funeral, which Lorrain detailed. Dari converted to Christianity late in life after most of Lungsen had converted. Lorrain detailed how she sent her regards to Lewin and adopted two orphans.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=418}} Dari through Lorraine also sent her ''zawlpuan'' to Lewin. However, Lewin did not receive it as he was sick in hospital.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=419}}

==Marriage and children==
[[File:Margaret Lewin.jpg|thumb|Margaret Lewin]]
Lewin lived with Dari at Lungsen under Rothangpuia. She gave birth to a son, who died in infancy.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=269}} Later on Lewin married Margaret McClean on 24 July 1876 in [[Elham, Kent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Kh238WRP5lJPld3%2FNTx6dQ&scan=1|title=Index entry|access-date=14 January 2025|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> She was a widow with three daughters upon their first meeting. McClean was the daughter of John Robinson McLean a Scottish civil engineer.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=286}} They had three children consisting of two daughters, Everest Harriet Grote and Audrey Hale, with a son named Charles McClean Lewin.{{sfn|MyHeritage}}

==Death==
[[File:T. Lewin Memorial at Demagiri.jpg|thumb|T.H Lewin's memorial erected at Demagiri.]]
Lewin's health began to decline due to an enlarged prostate gland which was inoperable at the time. He was put on a diet which enjoined no milk, no sugar and no eggs.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=408}} On 2 February, he was placed under care for his teeth. On the 11th, Lewin fell down at 5:10. The doctor came out to his wife for brandy but, on return, found him dead.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=419}}
Lewin died on 11 February 1916 at [[Dorking, Surrey]] in England.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} He was cremated on 13 February at Golders Green crematorium.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=419}} He was buried at [[Abinger|Arbinger, Mole Valley District]] in [[Surrey]].{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} His will was probated 25 May 1916 in London.

A memorial for Lewin was erected in [[Demagiri]],[[Mizoram]]. The inscription on the memorial is as follows:
{{Blockquote
|text=In Memory of Lt. Colonel Tom Herbert Lewin, B.S.C. Once superintendent of these hill tracts Born 1839, Died 1916 He came to this people in 1865, & worked among them & or them for nine years, when loss of health compelled him to return to England. The people trusted him & loved him for his sympathyand sense of justice, for his untiring interest in their welfare & for his intrepid & dauntless courage. He travelled in their unknown land, visiting their chiefs, their villages & homes, alone & unafraid. He was the first to interpret & write down their language preparing the way for schools & progress. He studied & improved their agriculture & their laws & helped the in all their difficulties. The people knew him as '''Thangliena''', Tom Lewin & honoured him as a chief. They called him the Lushais first white friend. They built a house for him voluntary in token of his devotion. Their children now have voluntarily brought stones here, near where his house once stood & have helped the one who knew him best of all & who knew how his heart was ever with this people to build up the stones to the memory of '''Thangliena'''.
|title=Lewin Memorial Inscription
|source=Thangliena: The life of T.H. Lewin, John Whitehead
}}

==Published works==
*The Hill Tracts of Chittagong and the Dwellers therein (Calcutta, 1869)
*The Wild Races of South-Eastern India (England, 1870)
*Hill Proverbs of the Inhabitants of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (Calcutta, 1873)
*A handbook on the Lushai Dialect (1874)
*A manual of Tibetan (1879)
*A fly on the wheel (1884)

==Genealogy==
{{Lewin family tree}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
===Archives===
*{{cite archive |first=Thomas |last=Lewin |item = The Lewin Family Papers |item-url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/ab28086c-fda8-4556-9672-30397c98cb3a |type=Collection |item-id=MS 811 |date=1926 |page= |pages= |fonds= |series= |file= |box= |collection=Lewin Family Papers |collection-url= |repository= |institution=London University Senate House Library |location =London |oclc= |accession= }}
*{{cite web |last=MyHeritage|title=Thomas Herbert Lewin |url=https://records.myheritagelibraryedition.com/research/collection-40001/familysearch-family-tree |website=My Heritage |location= |publisher= |access-date=14 January 2025}}

===Books===
*{{cite book |last=Hutchinson |first=R. H. Sneyd |date=1906 |title=An Account of the Chittagong Hill Tracts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZtEAQAAMAAJ |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot}}
*{{cite book |last=Whitehead |first=John |date=1992 |title=Thangliena: The Life of T.H. Lewin |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1992%20Thangliena--the%20Life%20of%20T.H.%20Lewin%20by%20Whitehead%20s.pdf |location=Gartmore, Stirlingshire |publisher=Kiscadale Publications |isbn=1870838068 |access-date=22 January 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lewin |first1=Thomas Herbert |title=A fly on the wheel: Or, how I helped to govern India |date=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Co |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_wGAAAAQAAJ |access-date=27 January 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lewin |first1=Thomas Herbert |title=The Lewin Letters |date=1909 |publisher=A. Constable & Company |location=England |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBYfAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Lewin+Letters:+A+Selection+from+the+Correspondence+%26+Diaries+of+the+English+Family,+1756-1884,+Volume+1 |access-date=10 February 2025}}

===News===
*{{cite news |last=McLynn |first=Frank |date=4 May 1993 |title=A bureaucrat goes native among the hill folk|work=The Independent |location=London }}
*{{cite news |last=The Illustrated London News|date=25 April 1885 |title=The Hill Tribes of India |work=The Illustrated London News |location=London |publisher=The Illustrated London News|volume=86|issue=2401|page=448}}

{{Lushai frontier}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewin, Thomas Herbert}}
[[Category:Chittagong Hill Tracts]]
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:British military personnel in colonial India]]
[[Category:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary]]
[[Category:British ethnologists]]
[[Category:Linguists from British India]]
[[Category:Linguists from the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers of punitive expeditions in the Lushai Hills]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]

Pallantlai

2026-05-03T10:02:03Z

IraNguyen82392: started first details more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Pallantla
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.59|N|81.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of Mandals of West Godavari district|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Devarapalle Mandal|Devarapalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| total_type =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| population_total = 4,233
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534313
| area_code = 08813
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate = [AP37]
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Rajahmundry
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = Gopalapuram
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
}}

'''Pallantla''' is a village located in Deverapllai mandal in [[East Godavari district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located in Devarapalle [[mandal]] in [[Kovvur revenue division]].

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Pallantali had a population of 4706. The total population constitute, 2386 males and 2320 females with a sex ratio of 972 females per 1000 males. 488 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 984. The average literacy rate stands at 70.32%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588258-pallantlai-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Pallantlai Population Census|accessdate=20 May 2017}}</ref>

== About Pallantla ==
Famous for red chilis, cashew nuts and mango cultivation. Different types of soils help farmers cultivate various crops.

Pallantla village was 5 km radius to Devarapalli Town to connect to Highway. Nearest Airport will be Rajhamundry and next Vijayawada. Nidadavolu and Kovvur and Rajhamundry will be nearest Railway station.

== Urbanization ==
Sub-station that supplies power to the village.
Water Supply.
Transport Facility.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in East Godavari district]]

{{EastGodavari-geo-stub}}

Religion in Georgia (country)

2026-05-01T12:30:22Z

IraNguyen82392: Started Some Article V1

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Georgia (2014 census)<ref name="census2014">{{cite web |url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |title=2014 General Population Census: Main Results |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia |access-date=29 April 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Georgian Orthodox Church]]
|value1 = 83.4
|color1 = #9065CA
|label2 = [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]
|value2 = 2.9
|color2 = #BE8EFF
|label3 = Other [[Christians]]
|value3 = 0.5
|color3 = #B695C0
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|value4 = 10.7
|color4 = Green
|label5 = [[Irreligion|No religion]]
|value5 = 0.5
|color5 = Beige
|label6 = Other religions
|value6 = 0.8
|color6 = Lightgray
|label7 = Refused/Not specified
|value7 = 1.2
|color7 = Gray
}}
[[File:Sabinin Glory of Iveria.jpg |thumb|[[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] is the main religion in Georgia. Here, the icon by [[Mikhail Sabinin]] depicts the history of the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]], which, to this day, [[Concordat of 2002|is recognized]] as the country's majority religion.]]

[[Christianity]] is the predominant '''religion in Georgia'''. The wide variety of peoples inhabiting [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] has meant a correspondingly rich array of active religions in the country.

==Overview==

The most recent census in 2014 showed that most of the population in Georgia practiced [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]], primarily in the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]], whose adherents make up 83.4% of the population. Around 2.9% of the population followed the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] ([[Oriental Orthodoxy]]), almost all of which are [[ethnic Armenians]].<ref name="census2014"/> Adherents of [[Islam]] made up 10.7% of the population with are mainly found in the [[Adjara]] and [[Kvemo Kartli]] regions and as a sizeable minority in [[Tbilisi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/ |title=CIA - The World Factbook - Georgia |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adherents of the [[Armenian Catholic Church]] and the [[Latin Church]] together made up approximately 0.8% of the population and were mostly located in southern Georgia, with a small number in Tbilisi. Protestants accounted for less than 1%.<ref name="United States Department of State 2022">{{cite web | title=Georgia | website=United States Department of State | date=2022-06-02 | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/georgia/ | access-date=2022-10-31}}</ref> There was also a sizeable [[Jewish]] community in Tbilisi served by two synagogues.

The [[Georgian Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] is one of the world's most ancient Christian churches, founded in the 1st century CE by the [[apostle Andrew]]. In the first half of the 4th century, [[Christianity]] was adopted as the [[state religion]]. This has provided a strong sense of national identity that has helped to preserve a national Georgian identity, despite repeated periods of foreign occupation and attempted [[cultural assimilation]].

Georgia has a long history of religious harmony within its borders despite the historical conflicts with the surrounding nations. Different religious minorities have lived in Georgia for thousands of years, and [[religious discrimination]] is virtually unknown in the country.<ref>Spilling, Michael. Georgia (Cultures of the world). 1997</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2026}} [[Georgian Jews|Jewish communities]] exist throughout the country, with major concentrations in the two largest cities, Tbilisi and Kutaisi. Azerbaijani groups have practiced [[Islam in Georgia (country)|Islam in Georgia]] for centuries, as have Adjarians and some of the [[Abkhazians]] concentrated in their respective [[Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)|autonomous republics]].

==Religious demography==
[[File:Georgian Orthodox Wedding Ceremony.jpg|thumb|Georgian Orthodox Christian Wedding Ceremony.]]

The country has a total area of approximately {{convert|25,900|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}, and a population ({{as of | 2014 | lc = on}}) of 3.7 million people.

In addition, there are a small number of mostly ethnic Russian believers from two dissenter Christian movements: the ultra-orthodox [[Old Believers]], and the [[Spiritual Christianity|Spiritual Christians]] (i.e., the [[Molokan]]s and the [[Doukhobor]]s). The majority of these groups have left the country since the mid-1980s.<ref name=lohm>Hedwig Lohm, "Dukhobors in Georgia: A Study of the Issue of Land Ownership and Inter-Ethnic Relations in [[Ninotsminda]] rayon ([[Samtskhe-Javakheti]])". November 2006. Available in [http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602192825/http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf |date=2 June 2010 }} and [http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_rus.pdf Russian] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902195014/http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_rus.pdf |date=2 September 2010 }}</ref>

Under [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet rule]] (1921–1990), the number of active churches and priests declined sharply, and religious education became nearly nonexistent. Membership in the Georgian Orthodox Church has increased markedly since independence in 1991. The church maintains 4 theological seminaries, 2 academies, several schools, and 27 church dioceses; it has 700 priests, 250 monks, and 150 nuns. The [[Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia]], [[Ilia II]], with his seat in [[Tbilisi]], heads the church.

Several religions, including the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Catholic Church, [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]], have traditionally coexisted alongside Georgian Orthodoxy. A large number of [[Armenians]] live in the southern Javakheti region, in which they constitute a majority of the population. Islam is prevalent among [[Azerbaijan]]i and the North Caucasian ethnic communities in the eastern part of the country, and is also found in the regions of [[Adjara]] and [[Abkhazia]].

Judaism, which has been [[Georgian Jews|present since ancient times]], is practiced in a number of communities throughout the country, especially in the largest cities, Tbilisi and Kutaisi. Approximately 3,200 Jews remained in the country {{As of|2017|12|17|lc=y}}, according to a report in [[Vice (magazine)|''Vice'']], following two large waves of emigration: the first in the early 1970s and the second in the period of ''[[perestroika]]'' during the late 1980s.<ref name="c892">{{cite web|last=Zaidi|first=Tariq|title=Bleak Photos of Georgia's Lonely, Dwindling Jewish Population|website=VICE|date=21 December 2017|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/bleak-photos-of-georgias-lonely-dwindling-jewish-population/|access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref> Before then, Jewish officials estimate, Georgia had as many as 100,000 Jews. There are also small numbers of [[Lutheran]] worshippers, mostly among descendants of [[Germany|German]] communities that first settled in the country from 1817. A small number of the ethno-religious group of the [[Yezidi]]s have lived in the country for centuries.

==Christianity==
{{main article|Christianity in Georgia (country)|Georgian Orthodox Church}}
[[File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg|thumb|left|275px|The [[Flag of Georgia (country)|Georgian flag]] is formed by the [[Jerusalem Cross]], symbol of [[Christianity]].]]
[[File:ჯვრის მამათა მონასტერი.jpg |thumb|left|[[:en:Jvari Monastery|Jvari Monastery]], near [[Mtskheta]], one of Georgia's oldest surviving monasteries (6th century).]]

According to Orthodox tradition, Christianity was first preached in Georgia by the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]] Simon and Andrew in the 1st century. It became the state religion of [[Caucasian Iberia|Kartli (Iberia)]] in 326.<ref name="Toumanoff1963">[[Cyril Toumanoff|Toumanoff, Cyril]], "Iberia between Chosroid and Bagratid Rule", in ''Studies in Christian Caucasian History'', Georgetown, 1963, pp. 374–377. Accessible online at [http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/Toumicb/toumicb.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208043427/http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/Toumicb/toumicb.html|date=8 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Rapp2007">{{cite book|last=Rapp|first=Stephen H. Jr|title=The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA137|access-date=11 May 2012|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9|page=138|chapter=7 - Georgian Christianity|archive-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112185740/http://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA137|url-status=live}}</ref> The conversion of Kartli to Christianity is credited to [[St. Nino]] of [[Cappadocia]]. The [[Georgian Orthodox Church]], originally part of the [[Church of Antioch]], gained its [[autocephaly]] and developed its doctrinal specificity progressively between the 5th and 10th centuries. The [[Bible]] was also translated into Georgian in the 5th century, as the [[Georgian alphabet]] was developed for that purpose. As was true elsewhere, the Christian church in Georgia was crucial to the development of a written language, and most of the earliest written works were religious texts. From the first centuries A.D., the cult of [[Mithraism|Mithras]], [[Georgian mythology|pagan]] beliefs, and [[Zoroastrianism]] were commonly practiced in Georgia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iii-art-and-archeology-|title=GEORGIA iii. Iranian elements in Georgian art and archeology|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=17 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517034803/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iii-art-and-archeology-|url-status=live}}</ref>

Christianity gradually replaced all the former religions except Zoroastrianism, which became somewhat of a second established religion in Iberia after the [[Peace of Acilisene]] in 378,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&q=zoroastrianism+georgia+sassanid&pg=PA22|title=The Making of the Georgian Nation|isbn=0-253-20915-3|access-date=22 April 2015|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald Grigor|year=1994|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913232559/https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC|url-status=live}}</ref> which placed Georgians permanently on the front line of conflict between the Islamic and [[Christian world]]s. Georgians remained mostly Christian despite repeated invasions by Muslim powers, and long episodes of foreign domination. After Georgia was annexed by the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] took over the Georgian church in 1811.

The Georgian church regained its autocephaly only when Russian rule ended in 1917. The [[Soviet Union|Soviet regime]] that ruled Georgia from 1921 did not consider revitalization of the Georgian church an important goal, however. Soviet rule brought severe purges of the Georgian church hierarchy and frequent repression of Orthodox worship. As elsewhere in the Soviet Union, many churches were destroyed or converted into secular buildings. This history of repression encouraged the incorporation of religious identity into the strong nationalist movement and the quest of Georgians for religious expression outside the official, government-controlled church. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, opposition leaders, especially [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], criticized corruption in the church hierarchy. After Ilia II became the patriarch (catholicos) of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the late 1970s, Georgian Orthodoxy experienced a revival. In 1988 Moscow permitted the patriarch to begin consecrating and reopening closed churches, and a large-scale restoration process began. The Georgian Orthodox Church has regained much power and full independence from the state since the restoration of Georgia's independence in 1991. It is not a state religion, but its special status is recognized by the [[Concordat of 2002]].
[[File:Sameba Cathedral, Holy Trinity Cathedral, Dusk, Tbilisi, Georgia.jpg |thumb|225px|[[Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi]], the third-tallest Eastern Orthodox cathedral in the world]]
Apart from the Georgian Orthodox Church, Christianity in Georgia is represented by followers of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] and the Russian Orthodox Church. There are also adherents to the [[Catholic Church in Georgia]], with members of both the [[Latin Church]] and [[Armenian Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://kartvelologybooks.tsu.ge/uploads/book/Religiebi_Saqartveloshi.pdf |title=Religion in Georgia |date=2008 |publisher= Public Defender of Georgia |editor-last=Kiknadze|editor-first=Zurab|location=Tbilisi|pages=190}}</ref>

A 2015 study estimates some 1,300 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=IJRR|date=2015|volume=11|page=14|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313222442/https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Religious minorities==

===Islam===
{{main article|Islam in Georgia (country){{!}}Islam in Georgia}}
[[Image:Mosque in Tbilisi 2.jpg |thumb|200px|[[Mosque]] in [[Tbilisi]]]]
Islam in Georgia was introduced in 645 AD during the reign of third Caliph of [[Islam]], [[Uthman]]. During this period, Tbilisi (''al-Tefelis'') grew into a center of trade between the [[Islam]]ic world and [[northern Europe]]. Islam's history continued in Georgia throughout the late 14th and early 15th centuries with [[Timur's invasions of Georgia]] and during the 16th and early 19th centuries, the Iranians ([[Safavids]], [[Afsharids]], [[Qajars]]) and [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] commanded influence in the region until its annexation by Russia in 1801. In 1703, [[Vakhtang VI]] became the ruler of the [[kingdom of Kartli]] and he embraced Islam. Other notable [[Islam in Georgia (country)|Georgian Muslims]] from that era include [[David XI of Kartli]], [[Jesse of Kakheti]]<ref>A history of the Georgian people, By William Edward David Allen, p. 153</ref> and [[Simon II of Kartli]].

[[Muslim]]s constitute 10.7%, or 417,300 of the Georgian population according to the 2014 census.<ref name=":0" /> The ethnic Georgian Muslims are predominantly [[Sunni]] and living in [[Adjara]] near the border with [[Turkey]]. The ethnic [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] Muslims are mostly [[Shia]], and live near the border between [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Armenia]]. The [[Parliament of Georgia]] passed a law in July 2011 to allow religious minority groups with "historic ties to Georgia" to register with the government, with a focus on Islam and four other religions. The draft of the law specifically mentions [[Islam]] and four other religious communities.

===Judaism===
{{Main article|Georgian Jews}}
The Jews have a history in Georgia extending back over 2000 years. Today there is a small Jewish community in the country (3,541 according to the 2002 census),<ref>2002 population census, [http://www.statistics.ge/_files/english/census/2002/Religious%20beliefs.pdf Population by Religious Beliefs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304163218/http://www.statistics.ge/_files/english/census/2002/Religious%20beliefs.pdf |date=4 March 2009 }}</ref> although the Jewish population was over 100,000 as recently as the 1970s. Especially following the collapse of the Soviet Union, almost all of the country's Jews have left, mainly to [[Israel]]. The majority of Georgia's remaining Jews today live in Tbilisi and are served by its two synagogues. Because the size of the community is now so small, and for economic reasons, the two congregations are now housed on two storeys of one of the formerly separate synagogues.

===Baháʼí Faith===
{{main article|Baháʼí Faith in Georgia}}
The history of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] in Georgia begins with its arrival in the region in 1850 through its association with the precursor religion the [[Bábí]] Faith during the lifetime of [[Bahá'u'lláh]].<ref name="azer2">{{Cite news| last1 = Balci | first1 = Bayram| last2 = Jafarov | first2 = Azer| title = Who are the Baha'is of the Caucasus? {Part 1 of 3} | newspaper = Caucaz.com | date = 20 February 2007| url =http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=299}}</ref> During the period of [[Religion in the Soviet Union#Policy toward religions in practice|Soviet policy of religious oppression]], the Baháʼís in the Soviet Republics lost contact with the Baháʼís elsewhere.<ref name="wob">{{cite book | last = Effendi | first = Shoghi | author-link = Shoghi Effendi | title = The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh | publisher = US Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 1991 first pocket-size edition | date = 11 March 1936 | location = Haifa, Palestine | pages = 64–67 | url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-34.html#pg64 | access-date = 10 May 2009 | archive-date = 3 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180203065438/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-34.html#pg64 | url-status = live }}</ref> However, in 1963 an individual was identified<ref name="bachai">{{Cite news | last = Monakhova | first = Elena | title = From Islam to Feminism via Baha'i (sic) Faith | magazine = Women Plus... | volume = 2000 | issue = 3 | year = 2000 | url = http://www.owl.ru/eng/womplus/2000/bachai.htm | access-date = 10 May 2009 | archive-date = 4 September 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090904041358/http://www.owl.ru/eng/womplus/2000/bachai.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> in [[Tbilisi]].<ref name="stats">{{cite web | url = http://bahai-library.com/handscause_statistics_1953-63%26chapter%3D1#84 | title = The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963 | author = Compiled by [[Hands of the Cause]] Residing in the Holy Land | page = 84 | access-date = 28 June 2010 | archive-date = 23 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055741/http://bahai-library.com/handscause_statistics_1953-63%26chapter%3D1#84 | url-status = live }}</ref> Following [[Perestroika]] the first Baháʼí [[Spiritual Assembly#Local Spiritual Assemblies|Local Spiritual Assembly]] in Georgia formed in 1991<ref name="century">{{cite web | last = Ahmadi | first = Dr. | title = Major events of the Century of Light | work = homepage for an online course on the book "Century of Light" | publisher = Association for Baháʼí Studies in Southern Africa | year = 2003 | url = http://www.bci.org/bahaistudies/courses/light/time-line-bahai.htm | access-date = 5 May 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090902221131/http://www.bci.org/bahaistudies/courses/light/time-line-bahai.htm | archive-date = 2 September 2009 }}</ref> and Georgian Baháʼís elected their first [[Spiritual Assembly#National Spiritual Assemblies|National Spiritual Assembly]] in 1995.<ref name="notes">{{cite web | last = Hassall | first = Graham | title = Notes on Research on National Spiritual Assemblies | work = Research notes | publisher = Asia Pacific Baháʼí Studies | url = http://bahai-library.com/hassall_nsas_years_formation | access-date = 5 May 2009 | via = Baháʼí Library Online | archive-date = 20 November 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101120072408/http://bahai-library.com/hassall_nsas_years_formation | url-status = live }}</ref> The religion is noted as growing in Georgia.<ref name="azer2"/>

===International Society for Krishna Consciousness===
The followers of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) first appeared in [[Sukhumi]] in the early 1980s, where the first local group was formed. The initiator and organizer of the movement was Otar Nachkebia, who, after initiation, received the spiritual name Ambarisha Dasa. He established a Krishna temple in his own residence and began to propagate the teachings of the movement. Shortly thereafter, criminal proceedings were instituted against him and his associates, which resulted in their conviction and imprisonment. Following these events, the center of the movement shifted to [[Tbilisi]], although Krishna devotees continued to reside in the same house in Sukhumi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://kartvelologybooks.tsu.ge/uploads/book/Religiebi_Saqartveloshi.pdf |title=Religion in Georgia |date=2008 |publisher= Public Defender of Georgia |editor-last=Kiknadze|editor-first=Zurab|location=Tbilisi|pages=346}}</ref>

The Tbilisi branch, known as the Vedic Culture Center, was founded in 1986 and officially registered in 1992. The organization includes an [[Ashram]] (residential quarters for devotees) and a temple that serves as the principal site of worship.The Tbilisi ashram was established and constructed with the assistance of the Krishna community of [[Heidelberg]], [[Germany]], and is officially registered under the name Vedic Culture Center.<ref name=":4" />

The organization reached its peak membership in the early 1990s, numbering approximately 500 adherents. During this period, in addition to religious, publishing, and literary activities, the movement carried out extensive charitable work, including the establishment of free dining facilities and the distribution of food to the front lines during the [[War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)|War in Abkhazia]]. As of the present, the number of ISKCON devotees who are citizens of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] does not exceed 200.<ref name=":4" />

==Religious freedom==
{{main article|Religious freedom in Georgia}}
The Georgian Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice. Citizens generally do not interfere with traditional religious groups; however, there have been reports of violence and discrimination against nontraditional religious groups.

In 2023, the country was scored 2 out of 4 for religious freedom. It was noted that religious minorities have reported discrimination and that members of the clergy have been surveilled by the SSS.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/georgia/freedom-world/2022 Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-03]</ref>

During the [[2024 Georgian parliamentary election]] the [[Georgian Dream]] announced the prospect of a constitutional amendment designating [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]] as the [[state religion]]. The ruling party branded this initiative as part of their commitment to uphold "national values and traditions," in line with their campaign promises to ban "[[Gay agenda|LGBT propaganda]]" and reinforce the role of the Church.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kincha |first=Shota |date=2024-08-28 |title=Georgian Dream proposes to recognise Orthodox Christianity as state religion |url=https://oc-media.org/georgian-dream-proposes-to-recognise-orthodox-christianity-as-state-religion/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[OC Media]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In contrast, the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]] has expressed skepticism, fearing that such a change could compromise its independence and increase government control. High-ranking clergy members, including Metropolitan [[Shio Mujiri]] and Metropolitan [[Nikoloz Pachuashvili]], have raised concerns about the potential implications of this proposal, arguing that it could alter the traditionally independent yet cooperative relationship between the state and the Church established by the [[Concordat of 2002|2002 Concordat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=GOC Dissatisfied with GD's Alleged Plans to Recognize Orthodox Christianity as State Religion |url=https://civil.ge/archives/621777 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Civil Georgia |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Georgia (country)|Religion}}
* [[Secularism and Irreligion in Georgia]]
* [[Religion in Abkhazia]]
* [[Religion in South Ossetia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Charles, Robia: "Religiosity in Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan" in the [http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest20.pdf Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 20]
* [[Nana Bolashvili]], Andreas Dittmann, Lorenz King, Vazha Neidze (eds.): ''[[National Atlas of Georgia]]'', 138 pages, Steiner Verlag, 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-515-12057-9}}
* Baramidze, Ruslan: "Ethnic Georgian Muslims: A Comparison of Highland and Lowland Villages" in the [http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest20.pdf Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 20]

{{Europe topic|Religion in}}
{{Asia topic|Religion in|PS=Palestinian territories#Religion}}
{{Georgia (country) topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Religion In Georgia (Country)}}
[[Category:Religion in Georgia (country)| ]]

Ratnamala (actress)

2026-04-26T18:47:41Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{Short description|Indian actress (1924–1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ratnamala
| birth_name = Kamal Bhiwandkar
| birth_date = 1924
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1989|01|24|1924}}
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Raja Pandit
}}

'''Ratnamala''' (born as '''Kamal Bhiwandkar''';<ref>{{Cite web |title=MGR Remembered – Part 67 – Ilankai Tamil Sangam |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-67/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426093159/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-67/ |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=sangam.org }}</ref> 1924 – 24 January 1989) was an Indian film actress. She known for her roles in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films, particularly for portraying [[Dada Kondke]]'s mother consistently throughout her films, earned the special title of "Dada Kondke's mother."<ref>{{Cite web |title=आये.... |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/editorial/manasa/aye-said-that-only-those-ratnamala-mother-and-dada-kondke-role-of-a-child/articleshow/95287990.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426095931/https://marathi.indiatimes.com/editorial/manasa/aye-said-that-only-those-ratnamala-mother-and-dada-kondke-role-of-a-child/articleshow/95287990.cms |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr }}</ref>

==Career==

In 1938, at the age of fourteen, she starred in the Marathi film ''Bhagwa Zenda'' under the screen name Kamal Bhiwandkar, which was later changed to Ratnamala. Afterward, she assumed the role of the protagonist for the first time in the film ''Mazi Ladki'' (1939). Therefore, "Station Master" marked her debut in [[Hindi cinema]].

Some of her famous major Marathi films are as follows. ''Rukhmini Swayamvar'' (1946), ''Maza Ram'' (1949), ''Gokulcha Raja'' (1950), ''Ramram Pavana'' (1950), ''[[Sangte Aika|Sangatye Aika]]'' (1959), ''[[Manini (1961 film)|Manini]]'' (1961), ''Kortachi Payari'' (1970), ''Rangapanchami'' (1961), ''Kali Baiko'' (1970), ''[[Mumbaicha Jawai]]'' (1970)

Ratnamala debuted as Dada Kondke's on-screen mother in his first Marathi film, ''[[Songadya]]'' in 1971. Following that, she reprised the role in subsequent films such as ''[[Ekta Jeev Sadashiv]]'' (1972), ''Harya Narya Zindabad'' (1972), ''Thapadya'' (1973), ''[[Pandu Havaldar]]'' (1975), ''Preet Tuzhi Majhi'' (1975), ''[[Ram Ram Gangaram]]'' (1977), ''[[Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulya]]'' (1978), ''Lakshmi'' (1978), ''Hyoch Navra Pahije'' (1980), ''Aali Angavar'' (1982), ''Navre Sagle Gadhav'' (1982), ''Dhagala Lagli Kal'' (1985), and ''Muka Ghya Muka'' (1987).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ratnamala |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/ratnamala |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002134723/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/ratnamala |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Cinemazzi }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Ratnamala was married to Raja Pandit.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==

Ratnamala died on 23 January 1989.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=0711832}}

[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Shruti Bhist

2026-04-25T12:08:21Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{short description|Indian film and television actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shruti Bhist<ref name="Shruti.Bhist">{{cite web | title=Shruti.Bhist |via=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/shrutibhist2201/}}</ref>
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|01|22|df=yes}}<ref name=toi2>{{cite news|title=Shruti Bisht Biography |url=http://efilms.in/shruti-bisht|publisher=EFilms India}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pauri Garhwal]] [[Uttrakhand]], India<ref name=toi1/>
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2011–present
}}
'''Shruti Bhist'''<ref name="Shruti.Bhist" /> (born 22 January 2003) is an Indian film<ref name=toi1/> and television actress. She played Ira in ''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Shruti-Bisht-in-Hitler-Didi/articleshow/16057420.cms "Shruti in Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi"] - ''The Times of India''.</ref> In 2011, she appeared in the television serial ''[[Hitler Didi]]'' as Indu.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/ranbir-kapoor-s-triple-cameo-on-zee-tv_118673.html "Ranbir Kapoor`s triple cameo on Zee TV!"]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120909204435/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7355.html 'Barfi!' gets a street-style promotion with Ranbir Kapoor on a bicycle]. IBNLive.</ref>
She also played as Saloni in the fairy adventure comedy series ''[[Baal Veer]]'' on [[SAB TV]]. She also appeared in famous web series [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]] as Mahima.

== Early life ==

Bhist was born on 22 January 2003<ref name=toi2/><ref name=hindustantimes2>[https://archive.today/20140417171956/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/mobile/articleview.aspx?issue=89332013041400000000001001&page=12&article=f83d9452-56f2-467f-8232-0e40f07507cd&previewmode=2 "NOT ACTING THEIR AGE"]. ''Hindustan Times'' (Lucknow).</ref> in [[Pauri Garhwal]] [[Uttrakhand]], India.<ref name=toi1/> In 2013, she completed her fifth grade at St. Lawrence High School, as one of the top three on her class.<ref name=toi1>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ill-open-a-zoo-when-I-grow-up-Shruti/articleshow/17868665.cms "I'll open a zoo when I grow up: Shruti"] ''The Times of India''</ref>

== Television ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
|2011
|''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''
| Ira
|
|
|-
|2011–12
|''[[Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story]]''
| Khushi
|
|
|-
|2012–13
|''[[Hitler Didi]]''
| Indu Kumar
|
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191859/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/tv/33520835_1_trilogy-krikos-hitler-didi-sumit-vats-generation-leap "Shruti Bisht in Hitler Didi"] - ''The Times Of India''</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Phir Subah Hogi (TV series)|Phir Subah Hogi]]''
| Sugni Niwas
|
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|Maya
|
|
|-
| 2013–2014
|''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''
| Anjali
|
|
|-
| 2014–2016
|''[[Baal Veer]]''
| Saloni
|
|
|-
|2017–2018
| ''Vani Rani''
| Mishti
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]''
| Sumati
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Pandya Store]]''
| Keerti Seth
|
|
|-
|2022
|[[Swaraj (TV series)|''Swaraj'']]
|[[Rani Abbakka-class patrol vessel|Rani Abbakka]]'s daughter
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Mishri]]''
| Mishri Sharma
| Lead Role
|
|-
| 2025–2026
| rowspan="2"|''[[Noyontara]]''
| Noyontara "Noyon" Sengupta
| rowspan="2"|Double role
|
|-
| 2026
| Noyontara "Tara" Sengupta Basu
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2021
|[[Out of Love (Indian TV series)|''Out of Love'']] (Season 2)
|Gayatri
|-
|2021
|[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family man'']] (Season 2)
|Mahima
|-
|2023
|[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|The Trial]]
|Ananya Sengupta
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2014
|''[[Rajjo]]''
|Young Rajjo
|-
|2014
|''Bangg''
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Instagram|shrutibhist2201}}
* {{IMDb name|5984889}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhist, Shruti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:2003 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Aravind Laboratories

2026-04-22T15:56:43Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{Short description|Indian cosmetic manufacturing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Aravind Laboratories
| industry = [[Cosmetic industry|Cosmetic]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1938}}<ref name=thehindu/> in [[Triplicane]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| founder = K. Vasudevan
| hq_location = [[Chennai]]
| hq_location_city = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = K. Vasudevan (Founder and chairman) R. Rajagopal (MD) D. Hari Prasad (MD)
| products = Eyetex, Saandhu, Kanmai, 11-in-one
| brands = Eyetex, Eyetex Dazller, Dazller Eterna, Pallavi, Divyaa and Poornima
| num_employees = 1,400 <ref name=businessline/>
| num_employees_year = 2012
}}
'''Aravind Laboratories''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[cosmetic manufacturing]] company, founded in 1938.<ref name=thehindu>{{cite news |last1=Kannadasan |first1=Akila |title=An eye for beauty |url= https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/made-in-madras-on-eyetexs-journey-to-the-nooks-and-crannies-of-our-country/article8466543.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=India Major Manufacturers |journal=Bhavan's Journal |date=1977 |volume=24 |issue=1–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7c8eAQAAMAAJ&q=aravind+laboratories |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]}}</ref> It is based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The company is known for its Eyetex range of cosmetics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aravind Laboratories to launch men's premium cosmetics in 2-3 months |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/aravind-laboratories-to-launch-mens-premium-cosmetics-in-2-3-months/articleshow/12247313.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=13 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=India Major Manufacturers |date=2008 |publisher=Business Information Agency |isbn=9781418771973 |edition=8}}</ref><ref name=line/>

== History ==
The company was started with a small store in [[Triplicane]] in 1938 by K. Vasudevan, an assistant to [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] singer [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]]. Vasudevan started making [[Kohl (cosmetics)|Kajal]] (Kohl) under the name of Eyetex brand. In its initial days, the company manufactured [[Kohl (cosmetics)|Kajal]] and [[Kumkum]] liquid in glass bottles. It manufactured ''kanmai'', a shiny, jet-black substance that was used to accentuate the eyewash first sold at Pushpavanam Stores in [[Triplicane]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Vasudevan also made ''saandhu'', a deep-red liquid used to draw bindis.<ref name=thehindu/>
The company was acquired by A.V. Srinivasan, a chemist in 1958. The company set up its first manufacturing unit in [[Ramapuram, Chennai|Ramapuram]] in 1968, where its factory is currently located, as of April 2016. In 1981, the 11-in-one, one of Aravind's popular products, was launched. The product consists of 11 colours of liquid ''saandhu'' packed in a circular box.<ref name=thehindu/>
In 2002, the company began selling colour cosmetics like eyeliner, nail polish, lipstick, mascara, face-wash, scrub and lip gel, under the brand-name Dazller. They contribute 45% of Aravind's turnover.<ref name=businessline>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=Swetha |title=Eyetex wants to be more than a kajal, kumkum brand |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Eyetex-wants-to-be-more-than-a-kajal-kumkum-brand/article20528220.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=14 November 2012}}</ref>
Aravind Laboratories garnered a turnover of {{INRConvert|24.50|c|0}} in the year 2007.<ref name=dna>{{cite news |title=Aravind Laboratories eyeing Rs.32 crore business |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-aravind-laboratories-eyeing-rs32-crore-business-1106687 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |date=28 June 2007}}</ref> The company also claims for introducing the 'buy one get one free' marketing strategy to market the product by selling a 2-in-1 pack for the price of one,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2007 |title=Trusted Cosmetics Manufacturer |url=https://toyolybeauty.com/}}</ref> as reported by [[The Hindu Business Line]].<ref name=line>{{cite news |last1=Sriram |first1=Malathy |title=Eyetex eyes the big league |url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/columns/brand-basics/eyetex-eyes-the-big-league/article23242028.ece |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=21 November 2016}}</ref>
Eyetex was the cosmetic partner of [[Star Plus]]'s dance reality show, [[Nach Baliye]] of season 9 in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Plus ropes in five sponsors for 'Nach Baliye 9' |url=https://www.televisionpost.com/star-plus-ropes-in-five-sponsors-for-nach-baliye-9/ |publisher=TelevisionPost |date=12 July 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.eyetex.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.lawyerservices.in/Aravind-Laboratories-Versus-V-Annamalai-Chettiar-1980-04-09 Aravind Laboratories v/s V. Annamalai Chettiar] (1980)
* [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1784548/ Aravind Laboratories vs V.A. Samy Chemical Works on 8 July 1986]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aravind Laboratories}}
[[Category:Cosmetics companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Cosmetics brands]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1938]]

Syed Farooq Ahmad Andrabi

2026-04-21T23:05:42Z

IraNguyen82392: put up some article first draft!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Farooq Ahmad Andrabi
| caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1959}}
| birth_place = [[Doru Shahabad]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] 
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[University of Kashmir]]
| education = [[Bachelor's of Arts|BA]]
| father = Syed Shah Andrabi
| office = Minister of [[Hajj]] [[Waqf|and Auqaf]] [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2017
| governor = [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| successor = [[Tassaduq Hussain Mufti]]
| office1 = Member [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Dooru (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dooru]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2018
| governor1 = Narinder Nath Vohra
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = Mehbooba Mufti
| successor1 = [[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]
| other_party =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Syed Farooq Ahmad Andrabi''' (born {{circa|1959}}<ref name="myneta.info">{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=682|title=Syed Farooq Ahmad Andrabi(JKPDP):Constituency- DORU(ANANTNAG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref>) is an Indian politician and the former member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]. He represented [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Dooru assembly constituency]] of [[Anantnag district]] in 2014. He was appointed to the [[Mehbooba Mufti ministry|state ministry]] in 2016 and subsequently served as minister for Hajj and Auqaf until he resigned from the ministry in December 2017 in an attempt to appoint his nephew [[Tassaduq Hussain Mufti]] to the post.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/21/jammu-and-kashmir-minister-farooq-andrabi-resigns-1733512.html |title=Jammu and Kashmir Minister Farooq Andrabi resigns| website=newindianexpress.com|date=21 December 2017 }}</ref>

He also served as minister for Kashmir Irrigation & Flood Control Department, Public Health Engineering Department, and Irrigation & Flood Control Department. Prior to his resignation, he served minister for Power Development Department and Department of Industry & Commerce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/cms-uncle-andrabi-resigns-from-ministry-516502|title=CM's uncle Andrabi resigns from ministry|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/minister-state-haj-and-auqaf-ic-phe-irrigation-flood-control-power-development-industries |title=The Minister of State for Haj and Auqaf (IC), PHE, Irrigation & Flood Control, Power Development, Industries and Commerce of J&K, Shri Farooq Ahmad Andrabi calling on the Minister of State (IC) for Power and New and Renewable Energy |website=powermin.gov.in}}</ref>

== Biography ==
He was born to Syed Shah Andrabi around 1959 in [[Doru Shahabad]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He graduated from an uncertain collage. Later in 1980, he obtained [[Bachelor's of Arts]] degree in Commerce from the [[University of Kashmir]].<ref name="myneta.info"/>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Dooru Assembly constituency|Dooru]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||37.58%||[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37.24%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Dooru Assembly constituency|Dooru]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Lost}}||22.69%||[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36.19%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Dooru Assembly constituency|Dooru]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Lost}}||10.15%||[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||66.19%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andrabi, Farooq Ahmad}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Anantnag district]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]

John Horne (governor of Bombay)

2026-04-13T18:35:54Z

IraNguyen82392: Bio

{{Short description|British politician}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
'''John Horne''' (died 1755<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=168-ddtb&cid=-1#-1 Handlist to the Crowcombe Court Manuscripts] at the Somerset Archive and Record Service</ref>) was the [[Governor of Bombay]] from 22 September 1734 to 7 April 1739.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|title=Previous Governors List
|accessdate=2008-12-23
|publisher=[[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206050259/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|archivedate=2009-02-06
}}
*{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ
|author=Great Britain India Office
|title=The India List and India Office List
|volume=I
|year=1819
|publisher=Harrison
|pages=125–7
|accessdate=2008-10-09
|ref=in}}
*{{cite book
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#40
|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
|volume=I
|year=1986
|accessdate=2008-08-13
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|ref=bom}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-gov}}
{{succession box| title=[[List of governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]] | years= 1734 – 1739
| before= [[Robert Cowan (governor)|Robert Cowan]] | after= [[Stephen Law (Governor of Bombay)|Stephen Law]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Horne, John}}
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1755 deaths]]

{{UK-politician-stub}}

Kanchenjungha

2026-04-13T04:04:57Z

IraNguyen82392: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Kanchenjungha
| image = Dvd kanchanjangha satyajit ray.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| producer = Satyajit Ray
| writer = Satyajit Ray
| starring = {{ubl |[[Chhabi Biswas]] |[[Karuna Bannerjee]] |[[Anil Chatterjee]] |[[Anubha Gupta]] |Arun Mukherjee |[[Alokananda Roy]] |[[Nilima Roy Chowdhuri]] |[[Pahari Sanyal]] |[[Subrata Sensharma]] |[[Indrani Singh]] |[[N. Viswanathan]]}}
| distributor = Edward Harrison (U.S.A.)
| studio = NCA Productions
| music = Satyajit Ray
| cinematography = [[Subrata Mitra]]
| editing = [[Dulal Dutta]]
| released = {{film date|1962|5|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 102 minutes
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Kanchenjungha''''' (''Kanchonjônggha'') is a 1962 [[Indian film]] directed by [[Satyajit Ray]].

The film is about an upper class Bengali family on vacation in [[Darjeeling]], a popular hill station and resort, near [[Kanchenjunga]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Prabandha Sangraha|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5040-553-6|location=Kolkata|pages=23–25}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A wealthy family from Calcutta is on the last day of their vacation in [[Darjeeling]], a hill station at the foot of [[Kangchenjunga|Mount Kanchenjungha]], the second highest peak of the [[Himalayas]]. Until now, they have been unable to catch a glimpse of the peak of Kanchenjungha. The family members are dominated by the father, Indranath (Chhabi Biswas), an industrialist. He wants his daughter to marry a man of his choice and hopes that the man will propose if they are left together alone for some time.

Several long walks and long conversations form the main body of the film. The real-time drama unfolds the daughter's feelings about her father's idea, and the negative reactions to this by her mother and others. By accident, she meets an outsider, Ashoke, a young student who has refused a job offer from Indranath. Though nothing develops between them, his presence coupled with the setting of mountains and the failure of her sister's marriage prompts her to reject the proposed suitor.

At the end of his walk, the industrialist arrives at a rendezvous point, expecting to meet his family and the successful suitor. None of them is present to greet him. As the mist clears, the peak of Kanchenjungha is revealed in its full glory. But Indranath is too pre-occupied to admire it.
==Cast==
*[[Chhabi Biswas]]: Indranath Roy
*[[Karuna Banerjee]]: Labanya, wife
*[[Anil Chatterjee]]: Anil, son
*[[Alokananda Roy]]: Monisha, unmarried daughter
*[[Anubha Gupta]]: Anima, elder daughter
*Arun Mukherjee: Ashoke, young man from Calcutta
*Subrata Sen: Sankar
*[[Sibani Singh]]: Tuklu
*Vidya Singh: Anil's girlfriend
*[[Pahari Sanyal]]: Jagadish
*[[N. Viswanathan]]: Bannerjee

== Production ==
{{More sources|section|date=July 2023}}
Kanchenjungha was Ray's first original screenplay and for the first time, he was shooting in color. The film shows about 100 minutes (in real time) in the life of a group of rich Bengalis on vacation. Unlike the usual Ray films, it has a linear narrative with no central characters, and no straight narrative in the classical sense.

It is a very structured and composed film that uses color and nature to heighten the drama. Ray told his biographer Andrew Robinson: "The idea was to have the film starting with sunlight. Then clouds coming, then mist rising, and then mist disappearing, the cloud disappearing, and then the sun shining on the snow-peaks. There is an independent progression to Nature itself, and the story reflects this."

As the weather becomes misty - the young daughter and the suitor part at that point, Indranath meets Ashoke, and the elder daughter, Anima and her husband have a bitter moment between them. And then when the sun appears again - Anima's daughter comes back to her parents and they accept her, the misunderstanding is cleared up, and the younger daughter and Ashoke develop a tentative relationship with a hint of future prospects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Satyajit Ray Org: Life, films and filmmaking of Satyajit Ray|url=https://satyajitray.org/|website=Satyajit Ray Org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

== Analysis ==
{{More sources|section|date=July 2023}}
=== Narrative structure ===

The structure of the film contrasts a primary plot with a secondary plot. The secondary plot involves two characters, largely static, and is played out in scenes involving only them. The primary plot pulls in most of the characters, in various groups coming together and breaking apart, across many different locations, as they all walk the circular path rising and falling over the mountainside.

The film happens in linear realtime, i.e. the runtime of the film covers events happening over approximately the same period. However frequent inter-[[Cut (transition)|cutting]] between the different groups fractures this linearity, as does the thematically opposed trajectories of the two plots, one proceeding from family to the individual while the other proceeds from the individual to the family.

However there are elements cutting across this chopped up structure. The youngest child of the family, riding in circles and singing a counting rhyme, keeps moving across the background of the scenes like a [[metronome]]. The shifting states of weather are a constant backdrop, anchoring everything in time. In the end the climax of all trajectories is capped by the snowy peaks of [[Kangchenjunga|Kanchenjungha]] finally appearing out of the clouds, suggesting an underlying unity of everybody's private struggles and their resolutions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Prabandha Sangraha|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5040-553-6|location=Kolkata|pages=120–125}}</ref>

=== Characters ===

The characters and the Nature are interrelated in mood. In his later film Asani Sanket (Distant Thunder, 1973), Ray attempted quite the opposite. While the Nature is shown in its full glory and lushness, in contrast, the characters starve and do inhuman things.

As the characters do not change their clothes during the film (it being depiction of a real time event that happens in 100 odd minutes), the colors of clothes too add a dimension to the characters.

About Kanchenjungha, Ray told in an interview to [[Cineaste magazine]], "(It was) a very personal film. It was a good ten to fifteen years ahead of its time... Kanchenjungha told the story of several groups of characters and it went back and forth. ... It's a very musical form, but it wasn't liked. The reaction was stupid. Even the reviews were not interesting. But, looking back now, I find that it is a very interesting film."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray, Satyajit, 1921-1992.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/977929711|title=Satyajit Ray on cinema|date=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-16495-5|oclc=977929711}}</ref>

== See also ==

* ''[[Abar Kanchanjungha]]'', a 2022 Indian film, pays homage to Ray and the film

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0056134}}
* [http://upperstall.com/profile/satyajit-ray/ satyajit ray at upperstall]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070616222334/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/kanchen.htm Kanchenjungha at SatyajitRay.org]

{{Satyajit Ray}}

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:1962 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films set in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about the upper class]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1962 drama films]]

Chintapalli, Alluri Sitharama Raju district

2026-04-07T19:18:39Z

IraNguyen82392: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{ Infobox settlement
| name = Chintapalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.8667|N|82.3500|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Major Gram Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 839
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 531111
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP31 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Paderu (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Paderu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Araku (ST) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araku]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chintapalli''' is a major tourist centre . It is a historic town and [[Subdivisions of India|mandal]] headquarter in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Visakhapatnam district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/visakhapatnam.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319222910/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Visakhapatnam.pdf|archivedate=19 March 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

Every year lakhs of tourists from all over the country come here during the winter season. The temperature in this area often falls down to 0 degrees Celsius. Tourists come here to enjoy the cold winter nights and early morning dews. Daytime can be warm.

Chintapalli is also where the [[Rampa Rebellion of 1922|Rampa Rebellion]], led by [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] against the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1922 started. Chintapalli Police Station was the first police station to be attacked by the revolutionaries during the freedom struggle.

Chintapalli is considered to be the headquarters of the agricultural and commercial crop market.

==Demographics==

As of the 2011 census, The town has a population of 9,888 of which 5,196 are males and 4,692 are females. Average Sex Ratio of the town is 880 against state average of 993. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 632 which is 8.01% of total population of Chintapalle. Child Sex Ratio in the town is around 945 compared to Andhra Pradesh state average of 939. Literacy rate of Chintapalle town is 89.80% higher than state average of 67.02%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/585377-chintapalle-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Chintapalli Census 2011}}</ref>

==Geography==
It has an average elevation of 839 meters (2755 feet). It is 132 km from Visakhapatnam and 19 km from Andhra's "Kashmir", Lammasingi ([[Lambasingi]]). The highest point in Eastern Ghats is also in Chintapalli.

== Transport ==
APSRTC bus service is available to Visakhapatnam,Narsipatnam,Bhadrachalam, Araku,Paderu,Tuni,Sileru, Malkangiri, Kakinada from Chintapalli bus complex.

==Legislative assembly==
[[Chintapalle (Assembly constituency)|Chintapalle]] is an assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh until 2009. In the 2009 general elections the Chintapalle assembly constituency was merged into [[Paderu (Assembly constituency)|Paderu constituency]].

==Education==
Chintapalli is a major educational destination for people living in nearby mandals. There are various educational institutions in Chintapalli from primary schools to graduate degree colleges, both public and private sector, administered by the ''School Education Department'' of the state.The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English and Telugu.

==Eminent persons==
* [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] - Freedom fighter, Revolutionist and the Leader of the Rampa Rebellion of 1922.
* [[Gam Malludora]] - Member of [[1st Lok Sabha]]

== Tourist attractions ==
[[File:Chintapalle Waterfalls.jpg|thumb|left|Chintapalli Waterfalls near Araku]]
[[File:Chintapalle Waterfalls near Lambasinghi.jpg|thumb|Chintapalli Waterfalls]]
There are many picturesque areas in and around Chintapalli. These include Lammasingi, Kothapalli waterfalls, Tajangi dam, Strawberry plantations, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), apple plantations, orchid plantations, dragon fruit plantations and coffee plantations. All these places are within the radius of 15 km from the town. Tourists can get accommodation in government guesthouses or private cottages available for a very minimal fare.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Chintapalle, Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Census Towns in Visakhapatnam district]]

Vincy Aloshious

2026-04-05T19:07:11Z

IraNguyen82392: put up some article more to come!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vincy Aloshious
|image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = Vincy P. A.
| birth_place = [[Ponnani]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1995|12|12}}
| other_names =
| alma_mater = Asian School of Architecture and Design Innovation Kochi
| education = [[Bachelor of Architecture]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| parents =
| years_active = 2019{{endash}}present
| height =
| spouse =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Vincy Sony Aloshious'''<ref name="Name">{{cite AV media |people=Vincy Aloshious |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwfSl22QOs4 |title=എന്നെ ആദ്യമായിട്ടാണ് ഒരാൾ മുഴുവൻ പേര് വിളിക്കുന്നത്, നന്ദിയുണ്ട്! {{!}} Vincy Sony Aloshious |publisher=[[Kaumudy TV]] |date=16 November 2021 |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> (born 12 December 1995) is an Indian actress who works in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] films. After appearing in the talent-hunt show ''[[Nayika Nayakan]]'' (2018),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-a-shy-girl-to-a-hottie-the-transformation-was-indeed-a-miracle-says-vincy-aloshoius-nayika-nayakan-finalist/articleshow/67163205.cms |title=From a shy girl to a hottie, the transformation was indeed a miracle, says Vincy Aloshoius, Nayika Nayakan finalist |first=Radhika |last=Nair |date=2 June 2020 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/malayalam/did-you-know-vincy-aloshious-started-her-career-in-tv/photostory/87719174.cms |title=Did you know Vincy Aloshious started her career in TV? |date=15 November 2021 |first=Radhika |last=Nair |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> she made her cinematic debut in ''[[Vikruthi]]'' (2019).<ref name="ToF2019">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vikruthi-actress-vincy-aloshious-turns-preachy/articleshow/71760204.cms |title='Vikruthi' actress Vincy Aloshious turns preachy! |date=25 October 2019 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> For her titular role in ''[[Rekha (2023 film)|Rekha]]'' (2023), Vincy won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].<ref name="K3"/><ref name="THEWEEK"/><ref name="manorama"/>

==Early life==

Vincy Aloshious was born as Vincy P.A<ref name="Name"/> on 12 December 1995<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2023/07/22/chat-with-vincy-aloshious-state-film-award-special.html |title='ചിക്കൻപോക്സിൽ' തുടങ്ങിയ അഭിനയരേഖ}}</ref> in [[Ponnani]] in [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/07/22/vincy-aloshious-kerala-state-film-awards-celebration.html |title=Town in celebratory mood as Ponnani girl Vincy wins big}}</ref> Her father Aloshious was a driver. Her mother Sony was a teacher. Her brother, Vipin works abroad.<ref name="KK">{{cite web |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=717781&u=vincy-alosious |title=ഞാൻ ഫുൾ പ്രണയത്തിൽ |language=ml |work=Kerala Kaumudi |date=1 January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> She completed her high school education from Bishop Cotton Convent Girls High school.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} She pursued a bachelor's degree in architecture from Asian School of Architecture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/vikruthi-actress-vincy-aloshious-childhood-photo-309422/ |title=ഈ നടിയെ മനസ്സിലായോ? |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=2 January 2022 |work=The Indian Express |language=ml}}</ref>

==Career==
Vincy was the runner-up of 2018 talent-hunt show ''[[Nayika Nayakan]]'' telecasted on [[Mazhavil Manorama]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/15/nayika-nayakan-grand-finale-winners-lal-jose.html |work=On Manorama |title=Nayika Nayakan: Darsana, Shambhu win the coveted titles |access-date=7 November 2021 |date=15 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/vincy-aloshious-remembers-her-moment-of-entry-in-tv-show-nayika-nayakan-says-that-changed-everything/articleshow/87985942.cms |title=Vincy Aloshious remembers her moment of entry in TV show 'Nayika Nayakan'; says 'That changed everything' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/11/17/nayika-nayakan-artists-darshana-shambhu-addis-vincy-lal-jose-film.html |title=Lal Jose to give debuts for 'Nayika Nayakan' stars, film pooja held in Kochi |work=Onmanorama |date=17 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> She appeared in an advertisement as a pregnant lady along with [[Manju Warrier]] following the success of the show.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2019/03/25/nayika-nayakans-vincy-aloshious-shares-pictures-with-actress-manju-warrier.html |title=കണ്ടോ ആരാണ് എന്റെ കൈ പിടിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നതെന്ന്; മഞ്ജുവിനൊപ്പം വിൻസി |work=Manorama Online |date=14 March 2019 |language=ml}}</ref> She hosted the dance reality show ''[[D 4 Dance|D5 Junior]]'' on Mazhavil Manorama in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/d5-junior-host-vincy-aloshious-flaunts-her-positive-side-with-a-throwback-picture-read-post/articleshow/69058221.cms |title=D5 Junior host Vincy Aloshious flaunts her positive side with a throwback picture; read post |work=The Times of India |date=26 April 2019}}</ref> Her popularity from Nayika Nayakan paved way<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vincy-aloshious-vikrithi-movie-release-actress-interview-303493/ |title=പാർവ്വതിയോട് ഇഷ്ടം; ഐശ്വര്യയോട് അസൂയ; 'വികൃതി' നായിക വിന്‍സി പറയുന്നു |work=The Indian Express |language=ml}}</ref> to her feature film debut in 2019 with a leading role in ''[[Vikruthi]]'' opposite [[Suraj Venjaramood]] and [[Soubin Shahir]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/07/08/vikruthi-malayalam-movie-suraj-venjaramoodu-soubin-shahir.html |title='വികൃതി'യുമായി സൗബിനും സുരാജും |language=ml |access-date=12 November 2021 |date=8 July 2019 |website=Manorama Online |trans-title=Soubin and Suraj in 'Vikruthi'}}</ref><ref>[https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2019/10/04/vikruthi-malayalam-movie-review-soubin-shahir-suraj-venjaramoodu.html സന്തോഷവും സന്ദേശവും നൽകുന്ന ‘വികൃതി’; റിവ്യു]</ref> Her portrayal of Zeenath; girlfriend turned wife of Sameer, played by Shahir received positive reviews.<ref name="Vikruthi">{{cite news |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vikruthi-review-relevant-and-honest-review-malayalam-tkhl6whcggcah.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007203525/https://www.sify.com/movies/vikruthi-review-relevant-and-honest-review-malayalam-tkhl6whcggcah.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2019 |work=Sify |title=Vikruthi review: Relevant and honest |date=7 October 2019 |access-date=7 November 2021}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/10/03/vikrithi-soubin-shahir-suraj-malayalam-movie-review-rating-updates.html |title=Vikrithi review: Grim social realities of a prying viral world |work=On Manorama |access-date=5 December 2021}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vikruthi-movie-review-highlights-a-life-torn-apart-by-a-misleading-online-post/articleshow/71435831.cms |title=Vikruthi movie review highlights: A life torn apart by a misleading online post |website=The Times of India |date=4 October 2019 |author=Deepa Soman}}</ref>

She played Shalini, a receptionist in the 2021 [[Satire (film and television)|satire]] film ''[[Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham]]'' directed by [[Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/vincy-aloshious-about-her-latest-film-kanakam-kamini-kalaham/articleshow/87577578.cms |title=ഗ്രേസ് ആന്റണിയുടെ കൈയ്യില്‍ നിന്നും കിട്ടിയ ആ അടി ഞാന്‍ അര്‍ഹിക്കുന്നത് അല്ലായിരുന്നു; വിന്‍സി അലോഷ്യസ് പറയുന്നു |first=Aswini |last=P |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=8 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |language=ml}}</ref> Her performance generally received positive reviews.<ref name="K3">{{cite web |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/ott/kanakam-kaamini-review-kalaham-nivin-pauly-grace-antony-ratheesh-poduval-disney-hotstar-1.6171189 |title=കനകവും കാമിനിയും ഉണ്ടാക്കിയ കലഹം ! {{!}} Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham Review |first=സംഗീത |last=ലക്ഷ്മി |date=12 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |language=ml |work=Mathrubhumi}}
*{{cite news |url=https://www.sify.com/vmovies/kanakam-kaamini-kalaham-review--a-funny-ride-review-malayalam-vlmgFUiaabehd.html |title=Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham review: A funny ride |date=12 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=Sify}}
*{{cite web |url=https://lensmenreviews.com/kanakam-kaamini-kalaham-malayalam-movie-review-2021/ |work=Lensmen Reviews |title=Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham movie review |date=12 November 2021}}
*{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/kanakam-kamini-kalaham/ottmoviereview/87651792.cms |title=Kanakam Kamini Kalaham Review : An ensemble that is a mixed bag |work=The Times of India |date=12 November 2021 |access-date=18 May 2022}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.thecue.in/entertainment/film-review/kanakam-kamini-kalaham-movie-review |title=സ്ഥിരം ചായയില്‍ നിന്ന് ഒരു മാറ്റമൊക്കെ വേണ്ടേ?, കനകം കാമിനി കലഹം kanakam kamini kalaham review |work=The Cue |date=12 November 2021}}
*{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/kanakam-kamini-kalaham-nivin-pauly-movie-review-rating-579844/ |title=Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham movie review |work=The Indian Express |date=14 November 2021 |language=ml}}</ref> Though Shruthi Hemachandran of [[Filmibeat]] was more critical about her performance and commented: "at some point in time the character portrayed by Vincy Aloshious seemed confused and even lacked depth".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/amphtml/malayalam/reviews/2021/kanakam-kaamini-kalaham-movie-review-this-nivin-pauly-starrer-is-not-a-one-man-show-324343.html |work=Filmibeat |title=Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham Movie Review: This Nivin Pauly Starrer Is Not A One Man Show! |first=Sruthi |last=Hemachandran |date=12 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Her second release in 2021 was ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'' in which she played Blessy, a pet owner's daughter who is in an affair with Bheeman played by [[Kunchako Boban]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/bheemante-vazhi-movie-actress-vincy-aloshious-chinnu-chandni-megha-thomas-divya-and-jeeva-open-up-about-their-roles-in-the-film/articleshow/88074776.cms |title='ഭീമന്‍റെ വഴി'യിലെ പെണ്ണുങ്ങൾ വേറെ ലെവലാണ്; വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി താരങ്ങള്‍ |work=Malayalam Samayam |language=ml |access-date=2 January 2022 |date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bheemante-vazhi-review-kunchacko-comedy-entertaining-lacks-depth-158584 |title=Bheemante Vazhi review: This Kunchacko comedy is entertaining, but lacks depth |work=The news Minute |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> Arun George of [[Onmanorama]] called her character a "memorable cameo".<ref name="manorama">{{cite web |first=Arun |last=George |date=3 December 2021 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/12/03/kunchacko-boban-bheemante-vazhi-expect-review-tickets-rating-malayalam-film.html |title=Kunchacko Boban's Bheemante Vazhi cuts a predictable path into an everyday issue |work=Onmanorama |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> She appeared in [[Karikku]] mini-series ''Kalakkachi'' in the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/social/karikku-new-video-series-kalakkachi-released-597814/ |title=അൽപം വൈകിയെങ്കിലും അവരെത്തി, ക്രിസ്മസ് സ്പെഷ്യൽ 'കലക്കാച്ചി' വീഡിയോയുമായി കരിക്ക് |work=The Indian Express |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecue.in/entertainment/web-series/karikku-kalakkachi-final-part-review |title='അസാധ്യ നടന്‍, കലക്കി കലക്കാച്ചി', മേക്ക് ഓവറില്‍ അനു.കെ അനിയനും, കരിക്ക് പുതിയ സീരീസിന് കയ്യടി |work=The Cue |date=2 January 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> She also played the title character in the 2022 webseries ''Emily''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nuMeE96Ek5E |title=EMILY {{!}} Part 1/2 {{!}} Malayalam Mini-Series {{!}} Survival Thriller {{!}} Vincy Aloshious {{!}} Shyam Mohan {{!}} HOMTEE |via=YouTube |date=2 January 2022 |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> She played Emily, who becomes a psychopathic killer due to years of clinical depression. Reviewing her performance, [[The New Indian Express]] wrote: "Vincy's transformation from a frightened woman who faces her killer to a psychopath who kills her own brother is a testimony to her versatility",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/jan/28/emily-of-your-nightmares-2412051.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 January 2022 |title=Emily of your nightmares |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> while [[The Times of India]] thought she "proves her acting mettle".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/vincy-alosious-plays-a-psychopath-in-web-series-emily-proves-her-acting-mettle/articleshow/89181474.cms |title=Vincy Alosious plays a psychopath in web series 'Emily'; proves her acting mettle |work=The Times of India |date=28 January 2022 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>

She played a supporting role of Gouri Lakshmi, a students' leader in ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jana-gana-mana-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-latest-promo-clip-sets-the-tone-of-this-upcoming-actioner/articleshow/80467434.cms |title='Jana Gana Mana': Prithviraj Sukumaran and Suraj Venjaramoodu's latest promo clip sets the tone of this upcoming actioner |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Reviewing her performance for [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]], Ancy K Sunny called her performance "note-worthy" and though it "proves she is here to stay for a long time".<ref name="THEWEEK">{{Cite web |title='Jana Gana Mana' review: Suraj Venjaramoodu steals the show in a thought-provoking political thriller |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/04/28/jana-gana-mana-suraj-venjaramoodu-steals-show.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Week |language=en |author=Ancy K Sunny}}</ref> The film was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jana-gana-mana-box-office-collection-day-26-prithviraj-starrer-enters-the-50-crore-club/articleshow/91784242.cms |title='Jana Gana Mana' box office collection day 26: Prithviraj starrer enters the 50-crore club |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> She played a civil police officer in ''[[Solamante Theneechakal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lal-joses-next-directorial-tells-the-story-of-women-police-personnel/articleshow/87778393.cms |title=Lal Jose's next directorial tells the story of women police personnel |date=18 November 2021 |access-date=23 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |first=Deepa |last=Soman}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Vikruthi]]'' || Zeenath || Debut film ||<ref name="ToF2019" />
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham]]'' || Shalini || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/10/22/kanakam-kaamini-kalaham-trailer-release-date-out.html |title=Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham trailer is a fun-filled ride, release date out |date=22 October 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'' || Blessy || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/news/kunchacko-boban-chemban-vinod-ashraf-hamsa-movie-bheemante-vazhi-release-date-announced-1.6149468 |title=കുഞ്ചാക്കോ ബോബന്റെ 'ഭീമന്റെ വഴി' ഡിസംബറിൽ തീയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |date=5 November 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021 |language=ml |work=Mathrubhumi |trans-title=Kunchakko Boban's 'Bheemante Vazhi' to release in December }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|2022 || ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' || Gowri Lakshmi || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jana-gana-mana-team-goes-for-a-schedule-wrap/articleshow/86313639.cms |title=Jana Gana Mana team goes for a schedule wrap |work=The Times of India |date=18 September 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Solamante Theneechakal]]'' || [[Police Constable#Kerala Police|CPO]] Glyna Thomas || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/lal-jose-directed-movie-starring-nayika-nayakan-winners-starts-rolling-deets-inside/articleshow/87778275.cms |title=Lal Jose directed movie starring Nayika Nayakan rolling; deets inside |date=18 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[1744 White Alto]]'' || Rinnie || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/1744-white-alto-senna-hegde-new-movie-sharafudheen-thinkalazhcha-nishchayam-r5rhpr |title='1744 വൈറ്റ് ആള്‍ട്ടോ'; തിങ്കളാഴ്ച നിശ്ചയം സംവിധായകനൊപ്പം ഷറഫുദ്ദീന്‍ |work=Asianet News |language=ml |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' || Manju Sudhi || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=720732&u=vincy-720732 |title=പുതിയ നായിക തിളക്കം |work=Kerala Kaumudi |date=3 January 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''[[Rekha (2023 film)|Rekha]]'' || Rekha || {{Won}} - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rekha-teaser-vincy-aloshious-unni-lalus-crackling-chemistry-will-keep-you-hooked/articleshow/97244746.cms |title='Rekha' teaser: Vincy Aloshious - Unni Lalu's crackling chemistry will keep you hooked |work=The Times of India |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2024 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]'' || Smruthy || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Mar/31/first-look-of-kunchacko-bobans-padmini-out-2561385.html |title=First look of Kunchacko Boban's 'Padmini' out |date=31 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Face of the Faceless]]'' || [[Mariam Vattalil|Sr Rani Maria]] || Trilingual film ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vincy-aloshious-makes-her-bollywood-debut-with-the-film-the-face-of-the-faceless/articleshow/90977024.cms |title=Vincy Aloshious makes her Bollywood debut with the film 'The Face of the faceless' |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pazhanjan Pranayam]]'' || Maya || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=710480&u=vincy-with-rony |title=പഴഞ്ചൻ പ്രണയത്തിൽ റോണിയും വിൻസിയും |language=ml |work=Kerala Kaumudi |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2024 || ''[[Marivillin Gopurangal]]'' || Meenakshi || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-shooting-of-marivillin-gopurangal-movie-wrapped-up-mm-611272.html |title=ഇന്ദ്രജിത്ത്, സർജാനോ, ശ്രുതി രാമചന്ദ്രൻ, വിൻസി അലോഷ്യസ്; 'മാരിവില്ലിൻ ഗോപുരങ്ങൾ' പൂർത്തിയായി |language=ml |work=News 18 |date=30 June 2023 |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Soothravakyam]]'' || Nimisha|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-10-27 |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Vincy Aloshious and Deepak Parambol's Soothravakyam begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/27/shine-tom-chacko-vincy-aloshious-and-deepak-parambols-soothravakyam-begins |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| Varavu}} || {{TableTBA}} || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-31 |title=Joju George's Varavu gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/31/joju-georges-varavu-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-




|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Nayika Nayakan]]'' || Contestant || rowspan=2|[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Runner-up || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nayika-nayakan-fame-vincy-aloshious-recollects-the-bigg-boss-spoof-valiya-muthalaali-watch/articleshow/82902637.cms |title=Nayika Nayakan fame Vincy Aloshious recollects the Bigg Boss spoof 'Valiya Muthalaali'; watch |date=24 May 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 ||''[[D 4 Dance|D5 Junior]]'' || Host || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/d5-junior-nayika-nayakans-vincy-aloshious-to-host-the-show/articleshow/68596427.cms |work=The Times of India |title=D 5 Junior: Nayika Nayakan's Vincy Aloshious to host the show |date=27 March 2019 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2018 || ''Thakarppan Comedy'' || rowspan=3|Guest || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thakarppan-comedy-to-welcome-the-finalists-of-nayika-nayakan/articleshow/66937331.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Thakarppan Comedy to welcome finalists of Nayika Nayakan |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2021 || ''Onaruchimelam'' || rowspan=2|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/onaruchimelam/10603/vincy-aloshious-on-the-show/1100059140 |title=Onaruchimelam S5 E6 - Vincy Aloshious on the Show |publisher=Hotstar |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013144016/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/onaruchimelam/10603/vincy-aloshious-on-the-show/1100059140 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Comedy Stars Season 3'' || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/comedy-stars/1869/nivin-ratheesh-team-on-the-show/1100063610 |title=Comedy Stars S3 E11 - Nivin, Ratheesh, Team On the Show |website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]] |date=6 November 2021 |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013144003/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/comedy-stars/1869/nivin-ratheesh-team-on-the-show/1100063610 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2022 || ''Red Carpet'' || Mentor || [[Amrita TV]] || ||{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| ''Super Kudumbam'' ||rowspan=2|Contestant || Mazhavil Manorama || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramamax.com/programs/detail/145590/super-kudumbam/ep-31-super-kudumbam |title=Ep 31 {{!}} Super Kudumbam {{!}} They are in the superfamily with characteristics of Solomon's bees |website=Manorama Max |accessdate=18 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''My G Flowers Oru Kodi'' || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || || {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|}

===Webseries===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Platform !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2021–22 || ''Kalakkachi'' || Mini || rowspan="2"| [[YouTube]] || [[Karikku]] series ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/karikku-is-back-the-new-series-will-leave-you-craving-for-fish-curry-kalakkachi/articleshow/88588458.cms |title=Karikku' is back; the new series will leave you craving for fish curry 'Kalakkachi' |date=30 December 2021 |access-date=1 January 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''Emily'' || Emily || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/web-series/actor-shyam-mohan-m-and-actress-vincy-aloshious-join-hands-for-emily-thriller-web-series/articleshow/87276825.cms |title=ശ്യാം മോഹനോടൊപ്പം ഇനി 'വികൃതി' നായിക വിൻസി; 'എമിലി' ഒരു ത്രില്ലർ‍ സീരീസ് |language=ml |trans-title=Actor Shyam Mohan M and actress Vincy Aloshious join hands for Emily thriller web series |work=Malayalam Samayam |date=26 October 2021 |access-date=1 January 2022 |first=Bibin |last=Babu}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2022
| [[Kerala State Film Award]]s
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Rekha (2023 film)|Rekha]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/07/21/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-winners-list.html |title=മമ്മൂട്ടി നടൻ, വിൻസി നടി, മഹേഷ് നാരായണൻ സംവിധായകൻ: അവാർഡുകൾ വാരിക്കൂട്ടി 'ന്നാ താൻ കേസ് കൊട്' - Kerala Film Awards |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Manorma Online News}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10965899}}
{{Kerala State Award for Best Actress}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aloshious, Vincy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]

Kalamb Karjat

2026-03-26T01:18:36Z

IraNguyen82392: Done

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Confusing|date=November 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalamb
| settlement_type = Village
| image_flag =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kalamb – Payarmal
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19|01|28.57|N|73|18|56.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = Year 1200
| founder = 1956
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =[[Gram Panchayat|Gram Panchayat Kalamb]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Sarpanch]]
| leader_name= '''Mr. Pramod Tukaram Kondilkar'''
| leader_title2 = [[Gram panchayat|Deputy Sarpanch]]
| leader_name2 = '''Mr. Santosh Vasant Modak'''
| leader_title3 = [[Gram panchayat|Leader of the House]]
| leader_name3= '''Mr. Parkash Kaluram Nirguda'''
| leader_title4 = [[Gram panchayat|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader_name4= '''Mr. Shahid Sikandar Maste'''
| leader_title5 = [[Gram panchayat|Village Department Officer]]
| leader_name5= '''Mr. Dhanaji Burud'''
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = |
| population_total = 7593
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 368
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = '''MP [[Shrirang Barne]]''' {{small|([[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval Constituency]])}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = '''MLA [[Mahendra Thorve]]''' {{small|([[Karjat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karjat constituency]])}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Raigad Zilla Parishad Alibag|Member of Raigad Zilla Parishad]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = '''Mr. Narayan Damse''' {{small|(Zilla Parishad Ward Kalamb)}}
| blank3_name_sec1 = Member of Karjat Panchayat Samiti
| blank3_info_sec1 = '''Mrs. Kamalabai Shingwa''' {{small|(Panchayat Samiti Ward Kalamb)}}
| blank4_name_sec1 = President Mahatma Gandhi Tanta Mukti Samiti Kalamb
| blank4_info_sec1 = '''Mr. Shankar Babu Gavli'''
| blank5_name_sec1 = Police Patil in Village Kalamb
| blank5_info_sec1 = '''Mrs. Ashwani Arun Bade'''
| blank6_name_sec1 = Assistant Police Inspector (Kalamb)
| blank6_info_sec1 =''' Mr. Shembade'''
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[tahsildar|Talathi Saja Kalamb]]
| blank7_info_sec1 = '''Mr. Eknathrao Raut'''

| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 410101
| registration_plate = MH – 46
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalamb''' is a town in [[Raigad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

Kalamb Gram Panchayat, Karjat, Raigad, Village of a [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]] Taluka, [[Raigad district]] which is well connected to [[Panvel]], [[Mumbai]], [[Thane]] and [[Pune]], [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Neral, India]] Kalamb along with Karjat is also known as Eastern Mumbai District.

== Government ==
Kalamb is a town in Raigad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Kalamb Gram Panchayat, Karjat, Raigad, Village of a Karjat Taluka, Raigad district

{{Infobox legislature

| name = Gram Panchayat Kalamb Tal. Karjat Raigad
| native_name = ग्राम पंचायत कळंब ता कर्जत रायगड
| native_name_lang = mr
| house_type = Gram Panchayat
| foundation = 1951
| leader1_type = Sarpanch
| leader1 = '''Mr. Pramod Tukaram Kondilkar'''
| party1 =
[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Sarpanch
| leader2 ='''Mr. Santosh Vasant Modak'''
| party2 = [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]]
| leader3_type = Leader of the House
| leader3 = '''Mr. Parkash Kaluram Nirguda'''
| party3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader4_type = Leader of the Opposition
| leader4 = '''Mr. Shahid Sikandar Maste'''
| party4 = [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| leader5_type = Village Development Office
| leader5 = '''Mr. Dhanaji Burud'''
| party5 = [[Independent politician|Independent]] 2022
| members = 14
| last_election1 = 2022
| website =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Gram Panchayat office Kalamb
}}

'''kalamb Gram Panchayat''' This is the Part of '''Panchayat Samiti Karjat Raigad''', [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]] in
[[Raigad Zilla Parishad Alibag]]
[[Raigad district]], [[Maharashtra]].

===List of all currently a member of panchayat===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Political party
! Seats
|-
| '''[[Government]]'''
|'''Gram Vikas Aghadi'''
|-
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
| 05 + 01 (Sarpanch) =06
|-
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (B)
| 02
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]] (B)
| 02
|-
| total
|09
|-
| '''[[Parliamentary opposition|Opposition]]'''
|'''Maha Vikas Aghadi'''
|-
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 01
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]] (A)
| 02
|-
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (A)
|00
|-
| total
|03
|-
| '''Others (A)'''
| '''Single Party'''
|-
| [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena]]
| 02
|-
| total
|02
|-
| '''Others (B)'''
| '''Single Party'''
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|00
|-
|total
|00
|-
| '''Independent politician'''
| '''Single Group'''
|-
|Independent
|00
|-
|total
|00
|-
| Grand total
|14
|-
|}

* '''Sarpanch'''
'''Mr. Pramod Tukaram Kondilkar''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]]) = '''Gram Vikas Aghadi'''
* '''Deputy Sarpanch And Member 3 - 2 '''
'''Mr. Santosh Vasant Modak''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]]) {{small|(Leader of the House)}} (2022 - 2025)

*'''1 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Prasad Eknath Bade''' ([[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena|BSS]])
*'''1 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Ranjana Nilesh Wagh''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) B
*'''2 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Omprakash Shivram Bade''' ([[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena|BSS]])
*'''2 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Nirmala Ganesh Nirguda''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]])
*'''2 - 3 Member'''
'''Mrs. Reshma Ramesh Bade''' ([[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SHS(UBT)]]) B
*'''3 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Parkash Kaluram Nirguda''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) B {{small|(Deputy Sarpanch)}} (2022 - 2025) and {{small|(Leader of the House)}} (2025 - Incumbent)

*'''3 - 3 Member'''
'''Mrs. Taibai Palu Pardhi''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]])
*'''4 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Ambo Kashinath Pardhi''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) A
*'''4 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Sugandha Shankar Mali''' ([[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SHS(UBT)]]) B
*'''4 - 3 Member'''
'''Mrs. Kanija Nisar Logde''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) A
*'''5 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Shahid Sikandar Maste''' ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]) {{small|(Leader of the Opposition)}}
*'''5 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Revta Lahu Dhole''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]])(Ending April 2023) 

'''Mrs. Karisma Sunil Dhole'''
([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]]) (Starting 6 November 2023)

== Officer ==
Head Officer of Village Kalamb
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Post
! Name
! Assumed office
|-
| '''Sarpanch'''
'''सरपंच'''
| '''Mr. Pramod Tukaram Kondilkar'''
| 20 December 2022
|-
|'''Deputy Sarpanch'''
'''उपसरपंच'''
| '''Mr. Santosh Vasant Modak'''
| 4 February 2025
|-
|''' Leader of the House'''
'''सभागृह नेते'''
| '''Mr. Parkash Kaluram Nirguda'''
| 4 February 2025
|-
| '''Leader of the Opposition'''
'''विरोधी पक्षनेते'''
|'''Mr. Shahid Sikandar Maste'''
|2 January 2023
|-
| '''Gramsevak & Village Development Officer'''
'''ग्रामसेवक व ग्रामविकास अधिकारी'''
| '''Mr. Dhanaji Burud'''
| 4 October 2022
|-
| ''' President Mahatma Gandhi Tanta Mukti Samiti '''

''' अध्यक्ष महात्मा गांधी तांता मुक्ती समिती '''
|'''Mr. Shankar Babu Gavli'''
| 2 October 2024
|-
| '''Police Patil Kalamb'''
'''पोलिस पाटील कळंब '''
| '''Ms. Ashwini Arun Bade'''
| May 2012
|-
|}

==List of Sarpanch==
*'''Mr. Namdev Pandurang Bade'''
*'''Mr. Ajid Logde'''
*'''Mr. Namdev Pandurang Bade'''
*'''Mr. Krishna Pandharintha Bade'''
*'''Mr. Dharma Nirguda'''
*'''Mrs. Revta Lahu Dhole'''
(2007 - 2012)
*'''Mr. Pramod Tukaram Kondilkar'''
(2012 - 2015)
*'''Mr. Faik Ahmed Khan'''
(2015 - 2017)
*'''Mrs. Madhuri Moreshwar Bade'''
(2017 - 17 December 2022)
*'''Mr. Pramod Tukaram Kondilkar''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]])
(20 December 2022 - Incumbent)

==List of Deputy Sarpanch==
*'''Mr. Namdev jitu Bade'''
(2007 - 2012)
*'''Mrs. Smita Jeevan Modak'''
(2012 - 2017)
*'''Mr. Rahul Shankarsingh Pardesi'''
(2017 - 17 December 2022)
*'''Mr. Parkash Kaluram Nirguda''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
(2 January 2023 - 4 February 2025)
*'''Mr. Santosh Vasant Modak''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]])
(4 February 2025 - Incumbent)

==List of Leader of the House==
*'''Mrs. Geeta Jagannay Shelke''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
(2017 - 17 December 2022)
*'''Mr. Santosh Vasant Modak''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]])
(2 January 2023 - 4 February 2025)
*'''Mr. Parkash Kaluram Nirguda''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
(4 February 2025 - Incumbent)

==List of Leader of the Opposition==
* '''Mr. Arun Namdev Bade'''
(2012 - 2017)
*'''Mr. Ashok Govind Devilkar'''
(2017 - 2019)
*'''Mrs. Rekha Sagar Bade'''
(2019 - 2022)
*'''Mr. Shahid Sikandar Maste''' ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
(2 January 2023 - Incumbent)

==List of Village Development Officer==
*'''Mr. Ganesh Bahde'''
(2018 - 2021)
*'''Mrs. S. P. Babanle'''
(2021 - 4 October 2022)
*'''Mr. Dhanaji Burud'''
(4 October 2022 - Incumbent)

==List of President Tanta Mukti Samiti==
*'''Mr. Ayub Ghulam Rasool Koilkar'''
(15 August 2019 - 15 August 2023)
*'''Mr. Jarnadan Govind Bade'''
(15 August 2023- 22 August 2024)
*'''Sarpanch Mr. Pramod Tukaram Kondilkar''' ''(In-Charge)''
(22 August 2024 - 2 October 2024)
*'''Mr. Shankar Babu Gavli'''
(2 October 2024 - Incumbent)

==2017 Kalamb Sarpanch and Member Gram Panchayat Election==
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2017 Kalamb Sarpanch and Member Gram Panchayat Election (थेट सरपंच व सदस्य निवडनुक ग्राम पंचायत कळंब २०१७ )
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| opinion_polls =
| previous_election = 2012 Kalamb Sarpanch and Member Gram Panchayat Election
| previous_year = 2012
| election_date =
| next_election = 2027 Kalamb Sarpanch and Member Gram Panchayat Election
| next_year = 2017
| seats_for_election = All 16 seats to the Kalamb Gram Panchayat
| majority_seats = 9
| turnout =
| image1 =[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|60px]]
| leader1 = '''Ms. Madurai Moreshwar Bade'''
| party1 = [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
| last_election1 = 5
| seats_before1 =
| leaders_seat1 = Direct Sarpanch
| seats1 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 = %
| swing1 =
| image2 = [[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|60px]]
| leader2 = '''Ms. Swati Shivram Bade'''
| party2 = [[Shiv Sena]]
| last_election2 = 7
| seats_before2 =
| leaders_seat2 = Direct Sarpanch
| seats2 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| title = [[Sarpanch]]
| before_election = '''Mr. Faik Ahmed Khan'''
| before_party = Shiv Sena
| after_election = '''Ms. Madurai Bade'''
| after_party = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| alliance1 = [[United Progressive Alliance]]
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
}}
'''Executive branch'''
(2017 - 2022)

* '''Sarpanch'''
'''Mrs. Madhuri Morehwar bade'''
* '''Deputy Sarpanch and 4 - 2 Member'''
'''Mr. Rahul Shankarsingh Pardesi'''
*'''1 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Kishor kishan Dhule'''
*'''1 - 2 Member'''
'''Mr. Naresh Krishna Bade'''
*'''1 - 3 Member'''
'''Mrs. Geeta Jagannay Shelke''' {{small|(Leader of the House)}}
*'''2 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Ashok Govind Devilkar''' {{small|(Leader of the Opposition)}} (2017 - 2019)
*'''2 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Jayanti Deepak Mirkute'''
*'''2 - 3 Member'''
'''Mrs. Shamin Manzoor Logde'''
*'''3 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Parkash Kaluram Nirguda'''
*'''3 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Neelam Vasant Dhole'''
*'''3 - 3 Member'''
'''Mrs. Janaki Kamlu Pardhi'''
*'''4 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Mina Shankar Nirguda'''
*'''5 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Rupesh Dashrath Wadh'''
*'''5 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Rekha Sagar Bade''' {{small|(Leader of the Opposition)}} (2019 - 2022)

==2022 Kalamb Sarpanch and Member Gram Panchayat Election==
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2022 Kalamb Sarpanch and Member Gram Panchayat Election (थेट सरपंच व सदस्य निवडनुक ग्राम पंचायत कळंब २०२२ )
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| opinion_polls =
| previous_election = 2017 Kalamb Sarpanch and Member Gram Panchayat Election
| previous_year = 2017
| election_date = 18 December 2022
| next_election = 2027 Kalamb Sarpanch and Member Gram Panchayat Election
| next_year = 2017
| seats_for_election = All 16 seats to the Kalamb Gram Panchayat
| majority_seats = 9
| turnout =
| image1 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|60px]]
| leader1 = '''Mr. Arun Bade '''
| party1 = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| last_election1 = 6
| seats_before1 =
| leaders_seat1 = Direct Sarpanch
| seats1 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 = %
| swing1 =
| image2 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Two Swords and Shield.png|60px]]
| leader2 = '''Mr. Ramchandra Bade'''
| party2 = [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena]]
| last_election2 = 7
| seats_before2 =
| leaders_seat2 = Direct Sarpanch
| seats2 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| image3 =[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|60px]]
| leader3 = '''Mr. Pramod Kondilkar'''
| party3 = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| last_election3 = 3
| seats_before3=
| leaders_seat3 = Direct Sarpanch
| seats3 =
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| title = [[Sarpanch]]
| before_election = '''Ms Madurai Moreshwar Bade'''
| before_party = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| after_party = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| after_election = '''Mr. Pramod Kondilkar'''
| alliance1 = [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| alliance3 = [[Left Democratic Front]]
| alliance4 = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
}}

'''Executive branch'''
(20 December 2022 - Incumbent)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Political party
! Seats
|-
| '''[[Government]]'''
|'''Gram Vikas Aghadi'''
|-
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
| 05 + 01 (Sarpanch) =06
|-
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (B)
| 02
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]] (B)
| 02
|-
| total
|09
|-
| '''[[Parliamentary opposition|Opposition]]'''
|'''Maha Vikas Aghadi'''
|-
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 01
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]] (A)
| 02
|-
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (A)
|00
|-
| total
|03
|-
| '''Others (A)'''
| '''Single Party'''
|-
| [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena]]
| 02
|-
| total
|02
|-
| '''Others (B)'''
| '''Single Party'''
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|00
|-
|total
|00
|-
| '''Independent politician'''
| '''Single Group'''
|-
|Independent
|00
|-
|total
|00
|-
| Grand total
|14
|-
|}

* '''Sarpanch'''
'''Mr. Pramod Tukaram Kondilkar''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]]) = '''Gram Vikas Aghadi'''
* '''Deputy Sarpanch And Member 3 - 2 '''
'''Mr. Santosh Vasant Modak''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]]) {{small|(Leader of the House)}} (2022 - 2025)
*'''1 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Prasad Eknath Bade''' ([[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena|BSS]])
*'''1 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Ranjana Nilesh Wagh''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) B
*'''2 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Omprakash Shivram Bade''' ([[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena|BSS]])
*'''2 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Nirmala Ganesh Nirguda''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]])
*'''2 - 3 Member'''
'''Mrs. Reshma Ramesh Bade''' ([[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SHS(UBT)]]) B
*'''3 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Parkash Kaluram Nirguda''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) B {{small|(Deputy Sarpanch)}} (2022 - 2025) and {{small|(Leader of the House)}} (2025 - Incumbent)
*'''3 - 3 Member'''
'''Mrs. Taibai Palu Pardhi''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]])
*'''4 - 1 Member'''
'''Mr. Ambo Kashinath Pardhi''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) A
*'''4 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Sugandha Shankar Mali''' ([[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SHS(UBT)]]) B
*'''4 - 3 Member'''
'''Mrs. Kanija Nisar Logde''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) A
*'''5 - 1 Member''' {{small|(Leader of the Opposition)}}
'''Mr. Shahid Sikandar Maste''' ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
*'''5 - 2 Member'''
'''Mrs. Revta Lahu Dhole''' ([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]])(Ending April 2023) 

'''Mrs. Karisma Sunil Dhole'''
([[Peasants and Workers Party of India|SKP]]) (Starting 6 November 2023)

===By Election Member Gram Panchayat Kalamb 2023 (पोट निवडनुक सदस्य ग्राम पंचायत कळंब २०२३)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! First Candidate
! Second Candidate
|-
| ''Ward No.'' '''05/02'''
| ''Ward No.'' '''05/02'''
|-
|''Name'' '''Mrs. Karisma Sunil Dhole'''
|''Name'' '''Mrs. Sarita Subhash Wagh'''
|-
|''Political Party'' '''[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]'''
|''Political Party'' '''[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (Ajit Pawar Group)'''
|-
|''Alliance'' '''Gram Vikas Aghadi'''
|''Alliance'' '''Maha Yoti'''
|-
|''Date of Poll'' '''5 November 2023'''
|''Date of Poll'' '''5 November 2023'''
|-
|''Popular vote'' '''NA'''
|''Popular vote'' '''NA'''
|-
|''Percentage'' '''71.50%'''
|''Percentage'' '''29.50%'''
|-
|''Seats'' '''Won'''
|''Seats'' '''Lost'''
|-
|''Date of Counting of Votes'' '''06November 2023'''
|''Date of Counting of Votes'' '''06November 2023'''
|-
|}

== Languages ==
[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
[[Aagri]]
[[Urdu]]
[[Hindi]]
[[Konkani language|kokni]]
[[Aadivasi]]

==Education Facilities==
* '''Raigad Zilla Parishad Urdu School kalamb'''
* '''Raigad Zilla Parishad Marathi School Kalamb'''
* '''Koaeso Pragati Madaymick Vidyalay kalamb'''
*'''Ashramshala Kalamb'''

==Geography==
Kalamb is located in the [[taluka]] of [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]] in [[Raigad district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is 21 km north-east from the main Town [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], 12 km from [[Neral, India|Neral]], 79.7 km from its District Main City [[Raigad district|Raigad]] and 82 km from its state capital [[Mumbai]]. It falls on the road connecting Karjat and [[Murbad]].

The village occupies 764 hectares.

==Hospitals in Kalamb==
*'''Primary Health Center Kalamb'''
Kalamb Karjat - Murbad Rd; Maharashtra 410101, India

==Hindu Temples in Kalamb==
*'''Kalamb Dahivalikar Maharaj Math'''
Kalamb Maharashtra 410101 India

*'''Jay Tadoba Temple'''
Kalamb Maharashtra 410101 India
*'''Hanuman Mandir'''
Kalamb Maharashtra 410101 India

==Islamic Temples in Kalamb==
*'''Hazrat Amin Shah Baba Dargah'''
At Pos. Kalamb Tat. karjat Dist. Raigad Maharashtra 410101 India
*'''Hazrat Sheikh Ali Shah Baba Dargah'''
At Pos. Kalamb Tal. karjat Dist. Raigad Maharashtra 410101 India
*'''Hazrat Kutub Shamsuddin Rahmatullahlaih Shah Baba Dargah'''
At Pos. Kalamb Tal. karjat Dist. Raigad Maharashtra 410101 India
*'''Sanni Jama Masjid Kalamb'''
At Pos. Kalamb Tal . karjat Dist. Raigad Maharashtra 410101 India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raigad district]]

Nayakudu (film)

2026-03-25T18:32:42Z

IraNguyen82392: starting initial entry nd citations...

{{short description|2005 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nayakudu
| image = Nayakudu film poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| screenplay = Kodi Ramakrishna
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[B. V. S. Ravi|Ravi]]
}}
| based_on = ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]''
| producer = V. Saagar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
*[[Namitha]]
}}
| cinematography = Ch. Ramana Raju
| editing = V. Nagi Reddy
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = Shrravane Cinema
| released = {{Film date|2005|09|15|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = [[Telegu language|Telegu]]
}}

'''''Nayakudu''''' ({{translation|Leader}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] [[action film]] directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]. A remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'' (2004),<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2005|title=Nayakudu - Telugu cinema Review - Rajasekhar, Namitha|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nayakudu.html|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221101203/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nayakudu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the film stars [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and [[Namitha]] while [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] and [[Riyaz Khan]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-09-19|title=Nayakudu Review|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/nayakudu/telugu/nayakudu-movie-reviews-1498-2.html|website=Full Hyderabad|access-date=29 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034816/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/nayakudu/telugu/nayakudu-movie-reviews-1498-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 15 September 2005.

== Plot ==
The plot follows Raju (Rajasekhar) who pretends to his family that he worked in [[Dubai]], however, he is a smuggling kingpin who goes by the name Spirit Sambasiva.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Rajagopalam "Raju"/ Spirit Sambasiva "Siva"
*[[Namitha]] as Uma
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Razzaq
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Vadayar
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Venugopal
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Vadayar's henchman
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Deva
*[[Giri Babu]] as Prasad Rao
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Vadayar's henchman
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Benarjee]] as Police officer
*[[K.R. Vijaya]] as Bharatamma
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
*[[Ahuti Prasad]]
*[[Narsing Yadav]]
*O Kalyan
*Ramesh
*Harsha
*[[Prudhvi Raj]]
*[[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]]
*[[Amit Tiwari|Amit Kumar]] as Vadayar's henchman
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
Kodi Ramakrishna, who collaborated with Rajasekhar for several films including ''Ankusam,'' teamed up after a hiatus. The film began its production in February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-02-11|title=Sravani Cinema Prod. No. 1 - opening function - Telugu Cinema - Rajasekhar, Namitha|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-rajasekhar-kodi.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Idlebrain.com|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127040344/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-rajasekhar-kodi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-nayakudu.html|title=Audio release - Nayakudu|work=Idlebrain|date=19 August 2005|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034408/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-nayakudu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Nee Nadume Newzealand
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Shalini
| lyrics1 = Chinni Charan
| length1 = 3:58
| title2 = Kanne Chiluka
| extra2 = Padma, Saketh
| lyrics2 = Hanumantha Rao
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Aa Thoorupu Kondallo
| extra3 = Sridevi, Murali
| lyrics3 = Sai Sri Harsha
| length3 = 3:49
| title4 = Nayudoi Nayudoi
| extra4 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| lyrics4 = Sai Sri Harsha
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = Vegu Chukka Shubamani
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| lyrics5 = Sai Sri Harsha
| length5 = 4:27
| total_length = 21:06
}}

== Release and reception==
The film was released in mid-September.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-09-16|title=All set for release|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/all-set-for-release/article28586304.ece|issn=0971-751X|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127033504/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/all-set-for-release/article28586304.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

M. M. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it a "neat action film" and wrote, "Though the film is full of sentiment and love, the basic backdrop is action. Some scenes look cinematic, but they are passable".<ref>{{Cite news|last=MM|date=2005-09-17|title=Breather for 'angry' doctor|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/breather-for-angry-doctor/article27469259.ece|issn=0971-751X|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127011335/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/breather-for-angry-doctor/article27469259.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing the film for ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'', Griddaluru Gopalrao appreciated the storyline and performances. He stated that director [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] had succeeded in adapting ''Runway'' in a Telugu setting.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=30 September 2005|title=నాయకుడు బాగున్నాడు|language=te|trans-title=Nayakudu is good|page=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2005/Sep/30-Sep-2005.pdf|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118074723/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2005/Sep/30-Sep-2005.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, a critic from ''[[Sify]]'' called it "avoidable," adding, "The story and presentation of director Kodi Ramakrishna is old wine in new bottle. The shot takings and situations are all taken in an old fashioned manner which makes the proceedings move at snail pace".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-09-20|title=Nayakudu|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nayakudu-review-telugu-pclvM2ejfbegb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127035957/https://www.sify.com/movies/nayakudu-review-telugu-pclvM2ejfbegb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2022|access-date=|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3452622}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]

Siliguri Municipal Corporation

2026-03-22T09:54:35Z

IraNguyen82392: fixed issues

{{Short description|Local civic body in Siliguri, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Siliguri Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt = Logo of the Siliguri Municipal Corporation
| coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Siliguri Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1994}}
| term_limits = 5 years
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = [[Goutam Deb]]
| party1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| election1 = 22 February 2022
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Ranjan Sarkar
| party2 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| election2 = 22 February 2022
| leader3_type = Leader of the Opposition
| leader3 = Amit Jain
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = February 2022<ref name="LoP SMC Siliguri">{{cite web|url=https://www.siligurismc.in/opposition-leader.php|title=Leader of Opposition, Siliguri Municipal Corporation|work=SMC Siliguri|accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref>
| leader4_type = Chairperson
| leader4 = Pratul Chakraborty
| party4 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| election4 = 22 February 2022
| seats = 47
| structure1 = 2022 Siliguri Municipal Corporation election result.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (37)'''
:*{{Color box|#20C646}} [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (37)
'''Opposition (10)'''
:*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (5)
:*{{Color box|#CC0D0D}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (4)
:*{{Color box|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
| session_room = Siliguri Municipal Corporation 03.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place = [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]]
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2022 Siliguri Municipal Corporation election|12 February 2022]]
| next_election1 = February 2027
| motto =
| website = {{url|www.siligurismc.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Siliguri Municipal Corporation''' or '''SMC''' was established in the year 1994 and has been responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of [[Siliguri]].

==History==
Siliguri Municipality was established in the year 1949. The first municipality office was set up in Hill Cart Road. It was
a wooden construction. The first chairman of Siliguri Municipality was the then Sub Divisional Officer (SDO) Sachindra Mohan Guha.
In the year 1994, Siliguri Municipality was awarded Corporation status.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.siligurismc.com/history.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130425231053/http://www.siligurismc.com/history.html | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 25 April 2013 |title = Milestone| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>

==Area Coverage==
Siliguri Municipal Corporation areas include both in [[Darjeeling]] and [[Jalpaiguri]] district. Out of 47 wards of SMC, 14 are in Jalpaiguri district. It administers an area of {{convert|41.90|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Siliguri City|url=https://www.sjda.org/SJDA/Pages/location}}</ref>

==Departments==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of the Department
! Work / Activities
|-
| '''Education & Culture''' ||
* Maintenance Charges of SC / ST Students of Darjeeling & Jalpaiguri District.
* Mid-day-Meal Programme.
* Felicitation programme for meritorious students of [[Madhyamik]] & [[Higher Secondary Examination|Higher Secondary Exam]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/education-and-culture.php |title = Education| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Assessment & Mutation''' ||
* Correction of Mutation
* Assessment(Issue of new holding number)
: Vacant Land
:: Land with building
::: Property on Railway land/Vest land<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/assessment-and-mutation.php |title = Assessment| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Electricity''' ||
* Maintenance and Development of Street Light and Project Work with in SMC Area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/electricity-department.php |title = Electricity| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Public Works Department''' ||
* Repairing and widening of roads.
* Construction of drains and roads.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/public-works-department-pwd.php |title = PWD| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Accounts''' ||
* Carry out account activity of Corporation.
* Handling of treasury.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/accounts-department.php |title = Accounts| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''General''' ||
* All types of computer related works and maintaining all types of files and records..
* Maintaining telephone/mobile register of Councillors and to dispatch Govt. letters to Mayor/Deputy Mayor/Commissioner /Secretary.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/general-department.php |title = General| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Birth and Death''' ||
* Issue of Birth & Death Certificate
* Maintain of Vital Statistics by Age, Sex & Religion.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/birth--death-registration.php |title = Birth| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Trade Licence''' ||
* Issuance & Renewal of Certificate of Enlistment.
* Advertisement related works.
* Cycle Rickshaw & Cycle Rickshaw Van related works.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/trade-license.php |title = Trade license| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Building''' ||
* Approval of the building plan.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/building-department.php |title = Building| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''U.P.E. Section''' ||
* Slum Improvement.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/upe-department.php |title = UPE| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Water Supply''' ||
* Registration of water supply connection house and commercial establishment.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/water-supply-department.php |title = City water supply| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Estlablishment''' ||
* Pension Matter and Staff salary.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/establishment.php |title =Establishment| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Public Health and Hospital''' ||
* Regular immunization program.
* Health check-up.
* Awareness program on vector-borne diseases like Malaria, Dengue and Encephalitis.
* Prevent prenatal sex determination of foetus and to maintain the sex ratio between male & female.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/public-health--hospitals.php |title = Public health| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Vehicle''' ||
* Manages and control vehicle carrying water tank and garbage.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/vehicles-department.php |title = Vehicles| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Market''' ||
* Improvement of commercial establishment.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/market-department.php |title = Market| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Conservancy Section''' ||
* Collection and disposal of garbage.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/conservancy-environment.php |title = Conservancy| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Tax''' ||
* Property tax collection.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/tax-department.php |title = Tax| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Cash Section''' ||
* Parking Fee and Site Planning Fee.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/cash-department.php |title = Cash| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Law Section''' ||
* To look after various day to day court cases of SMC and give legal opinion if needed.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/law-department.php |title = Law| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Sports''' ||
* Co-ordanating sports activities and events organised by SMC.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/sports-department.php |title = Sports| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Guest House Booking Cell''' ||
* Looks after bookings of guest house owned by SMC.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siligurismc.in/guesthouse-booking-cell.php |title = Guest house| publisher= SMC|access-date = 2013-05-28 }}</ref>
|}

==Current members==
Siliguri Municipal Corporation has a total of 47 members or councillors, who are directly elected after a term of 5 years. The council is led by the Mayor. The latest elections were held in [[2022 Siliguri Municipal Corporation election|12 February 2022]]. The current mayor of Siliguri is [[Goutam Deb]] of the [[Trinamool Congress]]. The current deputy mayor is Ranjan Sarkar of the [[Trinamool Congress]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Mayor: Goutam Deb
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Deputy Mayor: Ranjan Sarkar
|-
! Ward No.
! Name of Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| 1 || Sanjay Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 2 || Gargi Chatterjee
|
|-
| 3 || Ram Bhajan Mahato
|
|-
| 4 || Vivek Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 5 || Anita Mahato
|
|-
| 6 || Alam Khan || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 7 || Pintu Ghosh
|
|-
| 8 || Shalini Dalmia || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 9 || Amit Jain
| [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of Opposition]]<ref name="LoP SMC Siliguri"/>
|-
| 10 || Kamal Agarwal || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
|-
| 11 || Manjushree Paul || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 12 || Basudeb Ghosh || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
| 13 || Manik Dey
|
|-
| 14 || Srabani Dutta
|
|-
| 15 || Ranjan Sarkar
|Deputy Mayor
|-
| 16 || Sujoy Ghatak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 17 || Mili Seal Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 18 || Sanjay Sharma
|
|-
| 19 || Mousumi Hazra || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
| 20 || Abhaya Bose || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 21 || Kuntal Roy
|
|-
| 22 || Dipto Karmakar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
| 23 || Lakshmi Paul || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
| 24 || Pratul Chakraborty
|Chairperson
|-
| 25 || Jayanta Saha
|
|-
| 26 || Sikta Dey Basu Ray
|
|-
| 27 || Prasanta Chakraborty
|
|-
| 28 || Samprita Das
|
|-
| 29 || Saradindu Chakraborty || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
| 30 || Sathi Das || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=15}}
|
|-
| 31 || Moumita Mondal
|
|-
| 32 || Tapas Chatterjee
|
|-
| 33 || [[Goutam Deb]]
|Mayor
|-
| 34 || Biman Chandra Tapadar
|
|-
| 35 || Sampa Nandi
|
|-
| 36 || Ranjan Sil Sharma
|
|-
| 37 || Alak Bhakta
|
|-
| 38 || Dulal Dutta
|
|-
| 39 || Pinki Saha
|
|-
| 40 || Rajesh Prasad Sah
|
|-
| 41 || Shivika Mittal
|
|-
| 42 || Shobha Subba
|
|-
| 43 || Sukhdeo Mahato
|
|-
| 44 || Pritikana Biswas
|
|-
| 45 || Munshi Nurul Islam || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
| 46 || Dilip Barman || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 47 || Amar Ananda Das
|
|}

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Siliguri Municipal Corporation}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Siliguri]]

Rock music

2026-03-20T18:02:29Z

IraNguyen82392: minor updated article to improve readability further and corrected details

{{Short description|Broad genre of popular music}}
{{For-multi|the original 1950s style of rock music|Rock and roll|other uses|Rock music (disambiguation)|and|Rock (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Rock
| native_name =
| etymology =
| other_names =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rock and roll]]|[[rockabilly]]|[[blues]]|[[electric blues]]|[[folk music|folk]]|[[country music|country]]|[[rhythm and blues]]|[[jazz]]}}
| cultural_origins = 1940s–1950s, United States
| instruments = {{hlist|Guitar|bass guitar|drums|keyboards|piano|vocals}}
| derivatives = {{hlist|[[New wave music|New wave]]|[[post-progressive]]|[[progressive pop]]}}
| subgenres = * [[Acid rock]]
* [[alternative rock]] ([[grunge]])
* [[arena rock]]
* [[art rock]]
* [[beat music]]
* [[Christian rock]]
* [[death rock]]
* [[experimental rock]]
* [[garage rock]]
* [[glam rock]]
* [[hard rock]]
* [[heartland rock]]
* [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] ([[heavy metal subgenres|subgenres]])
* [[indie rock]]
* [[noise rock]]
* [[occult rock]]
* [[pop rock]]
* [[post-punk]]
* [[post-rock]]
* [[power pop]]
* [[progressive rock]]
* [[psychedelic rock]]
* [[punk rock]] ([[punk rock subgenres|subgenres]])
* [[roots rock]]
* [[soft rock]]
* [[stoner rock]]
* [[surf music]]
| subgenrelist = List of rock genres
| fusiongenres = * [[Baroque pop]]
* [[blues rock]]
* [[country rock]]
* [[dance rock]]
* [[electronic rock]]
* [[folk rock]]
* [[funk rock]]
* [[industrial rock]]
* [[jazz rock]]
* [[Latin rock]]
* [[raga rock]]
* [[rap rock]]
* [[reggae rock]]
* [[samba rock]]
* [[sufi rock]]
| regional_scenes = * [[Argentine rock|Argentina]]
* [[Armenian rock|Armenia]]
* [[Aussie rock|Australia]]
* [[Azerbaijani rock|Azerbaijan]]
* [[Bangladeshi rock|Bangladesh]]
* [[Belarusian rock|Belarus]]
* [[Belgian rock|Belgium]]
* [[Bosnian rock|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Brazilian rock|Brazil]]
* [[Canadian rock|Canada]]
* [[Chilean rock|Chile]]
* [[Chinese rock|China]]
* [[Colombian rock|Colombia]]
* [[Cuban rock|Cuba]]
* [[Croatian rock|Croatia]]
* [[Danish rock|Denmark]]
* [[Dominican rock|Dominican Republic]]
* [[Ecuadorian rock|Ecuador]]
* [[Estonian rock|Estonia]]
* [[Finnish rock|Finland]]
* [[French rock|France]]
* [[Greek rock|Greece]]
* [[German rock|Germany]]
* [[Guatemalan rock|Guatemala]]
* [[Haitian rock|Haiti]]
* [[Hungarian rock|Hungary]]
* [[Icelandic rock|Iceland]]
* [[Indian rock|India]]
* [[Indonesian rock|Indonesia]]
* [[Iranian rock|Iran]]
* [[Irish rock|Ireland]]
* [[Israeli rock|Israel]]
* [[Italian rock|Italy]]
* [[Japanese rock|Japan]]
* [[Latvian rock|Latvia]]
* [[Lithuanian rock|Lithuania]]
* [[Malaysian rock|Malaysia]]
* [[Mexican rock|Mexico]]
* [[Nepali rock|Nepal]]
* [[Kiwi rock|New Zealand]]
* [[Norwegian rock|Norway]]
* [[Pakistani rock|Pakistan]]
* [[Peruvian rock|Peru]]
* [[Pinoy rock|Philippines]]
* [[Polish rock|Poland]]
* [[Portuguese rock|Portugal]]
* [[Puerto Rican rock|Puerto Rico]]
* [[Romanian rock|Romania]]
* [[Russian rock|Russia]]
* [[Saharan rock|Sahara desert region]]
* [[Serbian rock|Serbia]]
* [[Slovenian rock|Slovenia]]
* [[Korean rock|South Korea]]
* [[Spanish rock|Spain]]
* [[Music of Sri Lanka#Rock and heavy metal music|Sri Lanka]]
* [[Rock en español|Spanish-speaking world]]
* [[Swedish rock|Sweden]]
* [[Swiss rock|Switzerland]]
* [[Taiwanese rock|Taiwan]]
* [[Tatar rock|Tatar]]
* [[Thai rock|Thailand]]
* [[Turkish rock|Turkey]]
* [[Ukrainian rock|Ukraine]]
* [[British rock music|United Kingdom]]
* [[American rock|United States]]
** [[Southern rock|Southern]]
* [[Uruguayan rock|Uruguay]]
* [[Venezuelan rock|Venezuela]]
* [[Popular music in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
* [[Zam-rock|Zambia]]
| local_scenes = * [[Music of Washington (state)#Grunge|Seattle grunge]]
* [[Madchester]]
* [[Palm Desert Scene]]
* [[San Francisco sound]]
* [[Trønder rock|Trøndelag]]
| other_topics = *[[Afro fusion]]
* [[album era]]
* [[Backbeat (music)|backbeat]]
* [[Distortion (music)|distortion]]
* [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]
* [[Pop (music)|pop]]
* [[progressive music]]
* [[Electronics in rock music|relationship with electronics]]
* [[rock band]]
* [[List of jazz and popular musical terms|rock music terms]]
* [[rock opera]]
* [[rockism]]
* [[Social impact of rock and roll|social impact]]
| footnotes =
| current_year = yes
}}

'''Rock music''' is a [[Music genre|genre]] of [[popular music]] that originated in the United States as "[[rock and roll]]" in the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing into a range of styles from the mid-1960s, primarily in the United States and United Kingdom. It has its roots beginning as classic rock and roll, a style that drew from the [[African-American music]]al genres of [[blues]] and [[rhythm and blues]], as well as from [[country music]]. Rock also drew strongly from genres such as [[electric blues]] and [[folk music|folk]], and incorporated influences from [[jazz]] and other styles. Rock is typically centered on the [[electric guitar]], usually as part of a rock group with [[electric bass guitar]], [[drum kit|drums]], and one or more singers.

Usually, rock is song-based music with a [[Time signature|{{music|time|4|4}} time signature]] and using a [[verse–chorus form]]; however, the genre has become extremely diverse. Like [[pop music]], lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political. Rock was the most popular genre of music in the U.S. and much of the [[western world]] from the 1960s up to the 2010s.

Rock musicians in the mid-1960s began to advance the album ahead of the single as the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption, with [[the Beatles]] at the forefront of this development. Their contributions lent the genre a cultural legitimacy in the mainstream and initiated a rock-informed [[album era]] in the music industry for the next several decades. By the late 1960s "[[classic rock]]" period, a few distinct rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like [[blues rock]], [[folk rock]], [[country rock]], [[southern rock]], [[raga rock]], and [[jazz rock]], which contributed to the development of [[psychedelic rock]], influenced by the countercultural [[psychedelia|psychedelic and hippie scene]]. New genres that emerged included [[progressive rock]], which extended artistic elements, [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], which emphasized an aggressive thick sound, and [[glam rock]], which highlighted showmanship and visual style. In the second half of the 1970s, [[punk rock]] reacted by producing stripped-down, energetic social and political critiques. Punk was an influence in the 1980s on [[New wave music|new wave]], [[post-punk]] and eventually [[alternative rock]].

From the 1990s, alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break into the mainstream in the form of [[grunge]], [[Britpop]], and [[indie rock]]. Further subgenres have since emerged, including [[pop-punk]], [[electronic rock]], [[rap rock]], and [[rap metal]]. Some movements were conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the [[garage rock]] and [[post-punk revival|post-punk]] revival in the 2000s. Since the 2010s, rock has lost its position as the pre-eminent popular music genre in world culture, but remains commercially successful. The increased influence of [[hip-hop]] and [[electronic dance music]] can be seen in rock music, notably in the [[techno-pop]] scene of the early 2010s and the pop-punk-hip-hop revival of the 2020s.

Rock has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures, including the [[Greaser (subculture)|greasers]] in the U.S during the 1950s to mid 1960s, with also the [[Teddy Boys|teddy boys]] and [[rocker (subculture)|rockers]] in the U.K., the [[hippie]] movement and the wider [[Counterculture of the 1960s|western counterculture movement]] that spread out from [[San Francisco]] in the U.S. in the 1960s, the latter of which continues to this day. Similarly, 1970s [[punk culture]] spawned the [[goth subculture|goth]], punk, and [[emo]] subcultures. Inheriting the [[Folk music|folk]] tradition of the [[protest song]], rock music has been [[Rock music and politics|associated with political activism]], as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex, and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult [[conformity]]. At the same time, it has been commercially highly successful, leading to accusations of [[selling out]].{{toclimit|3}}

==Characteristics==
[[File:Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg|thumb|alt=A photograph of four members of the Red Hot Chili Peppers performing on a stage|The rock band [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] at the [[Pinkpop Festival]] in 2006]]
The sound of rock is traditionally centered on the [[guitar amplifier|amplified]] electric guitar, which emerged in its modern form in the 1950s with the popularity of rock and roll.<ref>J.M. Curtis, ''[[iarchive:rockerasinterpre00curt|Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984]]'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), {{ISBN|0-87972-369-6}}, pp. 68–73.</ref> It was also greatly influenced by the sounds of [[electric blues]] guitarists.<ref name="campbell">{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/rockrollintroduc0000camp_l2w5 |title=Rock and Roll: An Introduction |last2=Brody |first2=James |publisher=Thomson Schirmer |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-534-64295-2 |edition=2nd |location=Belmont, CA |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA80 80–81] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The sound of an electric guitar in rock music is typically supported by an electric bass guitar, which pioneered jazz music in the same era,<ref>R.C. Brewer, "Bass Guitar" in {{harvnb|Shepherd|2003}}, p 56.</ref> and by percussion produced from a drum kit that combines drums and cymbals.<ref>R. Mattingly, "Drum Set" in {{harvnb|Shepherd|2003}}, p 361.</ref> This trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, the [[Hammond organ]], and the synthesizer.<ref>P. Théberge, ''[[iarchive:anysoundyoucanim0000theb|Any Sound you can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology]]'' (Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0-8195-6309-9}}, pp. 69–70.</ref> The basic rock instrumentation was derived from the basic electric blues band instrumentation (prominent lead guitar, second chordal instrument, bass, and drums).<ref name=campbell/> A group of musicians performing rock music is termed as a rock band or a rock group. Furthermore, it typically consists of between three (the [[power trio]]) and five members. Classically, a rock band takes the form of a [[quartet]] whose members cover one or more roles, including vocalist, lead guitarist, rhythm guitarist, bass guitarist, drummer, and often [[keyboard player]] or another instrumentalist.<ref>D. Laing, "Quartet" in {{harvnb|Shepherd|2003}}, p 56.</ref>

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</score>|width=300|align=right|caption=A simple {{music|time|4|4}} drum pattern common in rock music |max-width=300}}
Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple syncopated rhythms in a {{music|time|4|4}} [[Meter (music)|meter]], with a repetitive snare drum [[Backbeat (music)|back beat]] on beats two and four.<ref name=Ammer2004>C. Ammer, ''The Facts on File Dictionary of Music'' (New York: Infobase, 4th edn., 2004), {{ISBN|0-8160-5266-2}}, pp. 351–352.</ref> Melodies often originate from older [[musical modes]] such as the [[Dorian mode|Dorian]] and [[Mixolydian]], as well as [[Major scale|major]] and [[Minor mode|minor]] modes. Harmonies range from the common [[Triad (music)|triad]] to parallel [[perfect fourth]]s and [[Perfect fifth|fifths]] and dissonant harmonic progressions.<ref name=Ammer2004/> Since the late 1950s,<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|Brody|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA117 117]}}</ref> and particularly from the mid-1960s onwards, rock music often used the [[Verse-chorus form|verse–chorus structure]] derived from blues and folk music, but there has been considerable variation from this model.<ref>J. Covach, "From craft to art: formal structure in the music of the Beatles", in K. Womack and Todd F. Davis, eds, ''[[iarchive:readingbeatlescu0000unse|Reading the Beatles: Cultural Studies, Literary Criticism, and the Fab Four]]'' (New York: SUNY Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7914-6715-5}}, p. 40.</ref> Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock.<ref>T. Gracyk, ''Rhythm and Noise: an Aesthetics of Rock'', (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), {{ISBN|1-86064-090-7}}, p. xi.</ref> Because of its complex history and its tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that "it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition."<ref>P. Wicke, ''[[iarchive:isbn 9780521399142|Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology]]'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), {{ISBN|0-521-39914-9}}, p. x.</ref> In 1981, music journalist [[Robert Christgau]] said, "the best rock jolts [[folk arts|folk-art]] virtues—directness, utility, natural audience—into the present with shots of modern technology".<ref name="CG2">{{cite book|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|year=1981|title=[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies]]|publisher=[[Ticknor & Fields]]|isbn=0-89919-025-1|chapter=Genesis: Selling England by the Pound|chapter-url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=6904|via=robertchristgau.com|access-date=16 October 2021|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406133523/https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=6904|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{quote box|quoted=1|quote=Rock and roll was conceived as an outlet for adolescent yearnings ... To make rock and roll is also an ideal way to explore intersections of sex, love, violence, and fun, to broadcast the delights and limitations of [[Cultural area|the regional]], and to deal with the depredations and benefits of [[mass culture]] itself.|source=—Rock music critic [[Robert Christgau]] in ''[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies|Christgau's Record Guide]]'' in 1981<ref name="CG">{{cite book|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|year=1981|title=[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies]]|publisher=[[Ticknor & Fields]]|isbn=0-89919-025-1|chapter=The Decade|chapter-url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg70/decade.php|via=robertchristgau.com|access-date=April 6, 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402183403/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg70/decade.php|url-status=live}}</ref>|width=18%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}
Unlike many earlier styles of popular music, rock lyrics have dealt with a wide range of themes, including romantic love, sex, rebellion against [[the establishment]], social concerns, and life styles.<ref name=Ammer2004/> These themes were inherited from a variety of sources such as the [[Tin Pan Alley]] pop tradition, [[folk music]], and [[rhythm and blues]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Farber |first=Barry A. |title=Rock 'n' roll Wisdom: What Psychologically Astute Lyrics Teach About Life and Love |year=2007 |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-275-99164-7 |pages=xxvi–xxviii}}</ref> Christgau characterizes rock lyrics as a "cool medium" with simple diction and repeated refrains, and asserts that rock's primary "function" "pertains to music, or, more generally, [[noise in music|noise]]."<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Robert Christgau|Christgau, Robert]]|editor-last=McKeen|editor-first=William|editor-link=William McKeen|year= 2000|url=https://archive.org/details/rockrollishereto00mcke|url-access=registration|title=Rock & Roll Is Here to Stay: An Anthology|publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rockrollishereto00mcke/page/564 564]–65, 567|isbn=0-393-04700-8|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The predominance of white, male, and often middle class musicians in rock music has often been noted,<ref>{{cite book |last=McDonald |first=Chris |url=https://archive.org/details/rushrockmusicmid0000mcdo |title=Rush, Rock Music and the Middle Class: Dreaming in Middletown |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-253-35408-2 |location=Bloomington, IN |pages=108–09 |url-access=registration}}</ref> and rock has been seen as an appropriation of Black musical forms for a young, white and largely male audience.<ref>S. Waksman, ''[[iarchive:instrumentsofdes00waks|Instruments of Desire: the Electric Guitar and the Shaping of Musical Experience]]'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-674-00547-3}}, p. 176.</ref> As a result, it has also been seen to articulate the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frith |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFBUsDpDTx4C&pg=PA43 |title=Taking Popular Music Seriously: Selected Essays |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7546-2679-4 |location=Aldershot, England |pages=43–44 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406133524/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFBUsDpDTx4C&pg=PA43 |url-status=live }}</ref> Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, "rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality and aggression".<ref>{{cite news|last=Christgau|first=Robert|date=11 June 1972|url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/news/nd720611.php|title=Tuning Out, Tuning In, Turning On|newspaper=[[Newsday]]|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920172557/https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/news/nd720611.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the term "rock" started being used in preference to "rock and roll" from the late 1960s, it has usually been contrasted with pop music, with which it has shared many characteristics; however, rock is often distanced from pop; the former has an emphasis on musicianship, live performance, and a focus on serious and progressive themes as part of an ideology of [[Authenticity (philosophy)|authenticity]] that is frequently combined with an awareness of the genre's history and development.<ref name="Warner2003">T. Warner, ''[[iarchive:popmusictechnolo0000warn|Pop Music: Technology and Creativity: Trevor Horn and the Digital Revolution]]'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7546-3132-X}}, pp. 3–4.</ref> According to [[Simon Frith]], rock was "something more than pop, something more than rock and roll" and "rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the romantic concept of art as artistic expression, original and sincere".<ref name=Warner2003/>

In the new millennium, the term ''rock'' has occasionally been used as a [[blanket term]] including forms like pop music, [[reggae music]], [[soul music]], and even [[hip hop]], which it has been influenced with but often contrasted through much of the latter's history.<ref>R. Beebe, D. Fulbrook and B. Saunders, "Introduction" in R. Beebe, D. Fulbrook, B. Saunders, eds, ''[[iarchive:rockoveredgetran0000unse|Rock Over the Edge: Transformations in Popular Music Culture]]'' (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), {{ISBN|0-8223-2900-X}}, p. 7.</ref> Christgau has used the term broadly to refer to popular and [[semipopular music]] that caters to his sensibility as "a rock-and-roller", including a fondness for a good beat, a meaningful lyric with some wit, and the theme of youth, which holds an "eternal attraction" so objective "that all youth music partakes of sociology and the [[field research|field report]]."<ref name="CG80s">{{cite book |first= Robert |last= Christgau |author-link= Robert Christgau |year= 1990 |title= [[Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s]] |publisher= [[Pantheon Books]] |isbn= 0-679-73015-X |chapter= Introduction: Canons and Listening Lists |chapter-url= https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg80/in_canons.php |access-date= 6 April 2019 |archive-date= 9 July 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172403/https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg80/in_canons.php |url-status= live }}</ref>

== 1940s–1950s: Birth of rock and roll ==

===Rock and roll===
{{Main|Rock and roll}}

{{See also|Origins of rock and roll|Rockabilly}}
[[File:Chuck Berry circa 1958.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Chuck Berry]] in a 1958 publicity photo]]
The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s; the genre spread to much of the rest of the world. Its origins lay in a melding of various [[African-American music|black musical]] genres of the time, including [[rhythm and blues]] and [[gospel music]], with [[country music|country and western]].<ref name="Bogdanov2002BrithofR&R">R. Unterberger, "Birth of Rock & Roll", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1303–1304.</ref>

[[File:Elvis Presley promoting Jailhouse Rock.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white photograph of Elvis Presley standing between two sets of bars|[[Elvis Presley]] in a promotion shot for ''[[Jailhouse Rock (film)|Jailhouse Rock]]'' in 1957]]
Debate surrounds the many recordings which have been suggested as "the [[first rock and roll record]]". Contenders include "[[Strange Things Happening Every Day]]" by [[Sister Rosetta Tharpe]] (1944);<ref>{{cite book |title=Shout, Sister, Shout!: The Untold Story of Rock-and-Roll Trailblazer Sister Rosetta Tharpe |last=Wald |first=Gayle |date=2007 |publisher=Beacon Press |page=68 |isbn=9780807009895}}</ref> "[[That's All Right]]" by [[Arthur Crudup]] (1946),<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2021 |title=World's First Rock-and-Roll Song Identified - Seeker |url=https://www.seeker.com/worlds-first-rock-and-roll-song-identified-1765139192.html |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123211917/https://www.seeker.com/worlds-first-rock-and-roll-song-identified-1765139192.html |archive-date=23 January 2021 }}</ref> which was later [[Cover version|covered]] by [[Elvis Presley]] in 1954; "[[The House of Blue Lights (song)|The House of Blue Lights]]" by [[Ella Mae Morse]] and [[Freddie Slack]] (1946);<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Rock and Roll Song |url=https://www.liveabout.com/were-gonna-rock-were-gonna-roll-2521785 |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=LiveAbout |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027012654/https://www.liveabout.com/were-gonna-rock-were-gonna-roll-2521785 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wynonie Harris]]' "[[Good Rocking Tonight]]" (1948);<ref>Will the creator of modern music please stand up? Alexis Petridis The Guardian 16 April 2004</ref> [[Goree Carter]]'s "Rock Awhile" (1949);<ref name="palmer19">[[Robert Palmer (American writer)|Robert Palmer]], "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp. 13–38 in Anthony DeCurtis, ''Present Tense'', [[Duke University Press]], 1992, p. 19. {{ISBN|0-8223-1265-4}}</ref> [[Jimmy Preston]]'s "[[Rock the Joint]]" (1949), also covered by [[Bill Haley & His Comets]] in 1952;<ref>{{Citation |last=Bill Dahl |title=Jimmy Preston |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p115739 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160520221527/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p115739 |archive-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 April 2012 }}</ref> and "[[Rocket 88]]" by [[Jackie Brenston]] and his Delta Cats (in fact, [[Ike Turner]] and his band the [[Kings of Rhythm]]), recorded by [[Sam Phillips]] for [[Chess Records]] in 1951.<ref name=Campbell2008>{{cite book|last=Campbell |first=Michael |title=Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On |year=2008 |edition=3rd |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston, MA |isbn=978-0-495-50530-3 |pages=157–58}}</ref>

In 1951, [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]], disc jockey [[Alan Freed]] began playing rhythm and blues music (then termed "[[race record|race music]]") for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase "rock and roll" to describe the music.<ref>T. E. Scheurer, ''American Popular Music: The Age of Rock'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1989), {{ISBN|0-87972-468-4}}, p. 170.</ref> Four years later, [[Bill Haley (musician)|Bill Haley]]'s "[[Rock Around the Clock]]" (1954) became the first rock and roll song to top ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine's main sales and airplay charts, and opened the door worldwide for this new wave of popular culture.{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 55, track 2}}<ref>P. Browne, ''The Guide to United States Popular Culture'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-87972-821-3}}, p. 358.</ref> Other artists with early rock and roll hits included [[Chuck Berry]], [[Bo Diddley]], [[Fats Domino]], [[Little Richard]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], and [[Gene Vincent]].<ref name="Campbell2008" /> Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and [[crooner]]s, such as [[Eddie Fisher]], [[Perry Como]], and [[Patti Page]], who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed.<ref>R. S. Denisoff, W. L. Schurk, ''Tarnished Gold: the Record Industry Revisited'' (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 3rd edn., 1986), {{ISBN|0-88738-618-0}}, p. 13.</ref>

Rock and roll has led to a number of distinct subgenres, including rockabilly, combining rock and roll with "hillbilly" country music, which was usually played and recorded in the mid-1950s by white singers such as [[Carl Perkins]], Jerry Lee Lewis, [[Roy Orbison]], [[Buddy Holly]] and with the greatest commercial success, [[Elvis Presley]].<ref name="AllmusicRbilly">{{Citation|title=Rockabilly |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d187|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wQb3jHWo?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d187 |archive-date=11 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latino American]] movements in rock and roll, which would eventually lead to the success of [[Latin rock]] and [[Chicano rock]] within the US, began to rise in [[Southwestern United States|the Southwest]]; with rock and roll standard musician [[Ritchie Valens]] and even those within other heritage genres, such as [[Al Hurricane]] along with his brothers Tiny Morrie and Baby Gaby as they began combining rock and roll with country-[[Western music (North America)|western]] within traditional [[New Mexico music]].<ref name="Lucero">{{cite web | last=Lucero | first=Mario J. | title=The problem with how the music streaming industry handles data | website=Quartz | date=3 January 2020 | url=https://qz.com/1773480/the-problem-with-how-the-music-streaming-industry-handles-data/ | access-date=14 February 2020 | archive-date=31 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331013320/https://qz.com/1773480/the-problem-with-how-the-music-streaming-industry-handles-data | url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the 1950s saw the growth in popularity of the electric guitar, and the development of a specifically rock and roll style of playing through such exponents as Chuck Berry, [[Link Wray]], and [[Scotty Moore]].<ref>J. M. Curtis, ''Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), {{ISBN|0-87972-369-6}}, p. 73.</ref> The use of [[distortion (music)|distortion]], pioneered by [[Western swing]] guitarists such as [[Junior Barnard]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Lance |title=Get It Low: The Dirty Guitar of Junior Barnard |url=http://www.adioslounge.com/get-it-low-the-dirty-guitar-of-junior-barnard/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=The Adios Lounge |date=8 March 2011 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712222500/http://www.adioslounge.com/get-it-low-the-dirty-guitar-of-junior-barnard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Eldon Shamblin]] was popularized by Chuck Berry in the mid-1950s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collis |first=John |title=Chuck Berry: The Biography |publisher=Aurum |year=2002 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ |isbn=978-1-85410-873-9 |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208195621/https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The use of [[power chord]]s, pioneered by [[Francisco Tárrega]] and [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]] in the 19th century and later on by [[Willie Johnson (guitarist)|Willie Johnson]] and [[Pat Hare]] in the early 1950s, was popularized by Link Wray in the late 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hicks | first = Michael | title=Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions | publisher = University of Illinois Press | year = 2000 | page = 17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC&q=link+wray+pencil+rumble&pg=PA17 | isbn = 0-252-06915-3}}</ref>

Commentators have perceived a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By 1959, the death of Buddy Holly, [[the Big Bopper]] and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash, the departure of Elvis for the army, the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher, prosecutions of Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry and the breaking of the [[payola]] scandal (which implicated major figures, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs), gave a sense that the rock and roll era established at that point had come to an end.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|2008|p=99}}</ref>

===Global spread===
{{Main|British rock and roll|skiffle}}

[[File:TommySteele 1958.jpg|thumb|British rock and roll singer [[Tommy Steele]] in a 1958 promotional photo]]
Rock quickly spread out from its origins in the US, associated with the rapid [[Americanization]] that was taking place globally in the aftermath of the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horn |first1=Adrian |title=Juke Box Britain: Americanisation and Youth Culture, 1945–60 |date=2009 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0719083662}}</ref> [[Cliff Richard]] is credited with one of the first rock and roll hits outside of North America with "[[Move It]]" (1959), effectively ushering in the sound of [[British rock]].<ref>D. Hatch and S. Millward (1987). ''From Blues to Rock: An Analytical History of Pop Music''. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 78. {{ISBN|0-7190-1489-1}}.</ref> Several artists, most prominently [[Tommy Steele]] from the UK, found success with [[cover version|covers]] of major American rock and roll hits before the recordings could spread internationally, often translating them into local languages where appropriate.<ref name="Mitchell Steele">Mitchell, G. A. M. (2011). "A Very 'British' Introduction to Rock 'n' Roll: Tommy Steele and the Advent of Rock 'n' Roll Music in Britain, 1956–1960". ''Contemporary British History'', 25(2), 205–225.</ref><ref name="Meyers 15">Meyers, J. P. (2015). "The Beatles in Buenos Aires, Muse in Mexico City: Tribute Bands and the Global Consumption of Rock Music". ''Ethnomusicology Forum'' (Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 329–348). Routledge.</ref> Steele in particular toured Britain, Scandinavia, Australia, the USSR and South Africa from 1955 to 1957, influencing the globalisation of rock.<ref name="Mitchell Steele" /> [[Johnny O'Keefe]]'s 1958 record "[[Wild One (Johnny O'Keefe song)|Wild One]]" was one of the earliest Australian rock and roll hits.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Barnaby |date=30 September 2014 |title=The Wild One by Johnny O'Keefe – Australia's first rock'n'roll hit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/sep/30/the-wild-one-by-johnny-okeefe-australias-first-rocknroll-hit |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> By the late 1950s, as well as in the American-influenced Western world, rock was popular in communist states such as Yugoslavia,<ref>Vuletic, D. (2008). "Generation Number One: Politics and Popular Music in Yugoslavia in the 1950s". ''Nationalities Papers'', 36(5), 861–879.</ref> and the USSR,<ref>Rauth, R. (1982). "Back in the USSR—Rock and roll in the Soviet Union". ''Popular Music & Society'', 8(3–4), 3–12.</ref> as well as in regions such as South America.<ref name="Meyers 15" />

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, U.S. [[blues music]] and [[blues rock]] artists, who had been surpassed by the rise of rock and roll in the US, found new popularity in the UK, visiting with successful tours.<ref name=Schwartz2007>{{cite book|last=Schwartz |first=Roberta F. |title=How Britain Got the Blues: The Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom |year=2007 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |location=Aldershot, England |isbn=978-0-7546-5580-0 |page=22}}</ref> [[Lonnie Donegan]]'s 1955 hit "[[Rock Island Line (song)|Rock Island Line]]" was a major influence and helped to develop the trend of [[skiffle music]] groups throughout the country, many of which, including [[John Lennon]]'s [[The Quarrymen|Quarrymen]] (later [[the Beatles]]), moved on to play rock and roll.<ref>Roberts, J. (2001). ''The Beatles''. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications. p. 13. {{ISBN|0-8225-4998-0}}.</ref> While former rock and roll market in the US was becoming dominated by lightweight pop and ballads, British rock groups at clubs and local dances were developing a style more strongly influenced by blues-rock pioneers, and were starting to play with an intensity and drive seldom found in white American acts;<ref name=Bogdanov2003BritishBlues>Eder, B. "British Blues", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra, S.T. Erlewine, eds, ''All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd ed., 2003), p. 700. {{ISBN|0-87930-736-6}}.</ref> this influence would go on to shape the future of rock music through the [[British Invasion]].<ref name=Schwartz2007 />

== 1960s: British invasion and broadening sound ==
The first four years of the 1960s have often been seen as an era of hiatus for rock and roll.{{sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=shows 20–21}} However, some authors have emphasised innovations and trends in this period without which future developments would not have been possible.<ref>B. Bradby, "Do-talk, don't-talk: the division of the subject in girl-group music" in S. Frith and A. Goodwin, eds, ''On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 1990), {{ISBN|0-415-05306-4}}, p. 341.</ref><ref name="Keightley2001" /> While early rock and roll, particularly through the advent of rockabilly, saw the greatest commercial success for male and white performers, in this era the genre was dominated by black and female artists. Rock and roll had not disappeared entirely from music at the end of the 1950s and some of its energy can be seen in the various [[dance crazes]] of the early 1960s, started by [[Chubby Checker]]'s record "[[The Twist (song)|The Twist]]" (1960).<ref name="Keightley2001" />{{refn|group=nb|Having died down in the late 1950s, doo wop enjoyed a revival in the same period, with hits for acts like [[the Marcels]], [[the Capris]], [[Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs]], and [[Shep and the Limelights]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002DooWop>R. Unterberger, "Doo Wop", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et.al., 2002]], pp. 1306–1307.</ref> The rise of girl groups like [[the Chantels]], [[the Shirelles]] and [[the Crystals]] placed an emphasis on harmonies and polished production that was in contrast to earlier rock and roll.<ref>R. Dale, ''Education and the State: Politics, Patriarchy and Practice'' (London: Taylor & Francis, 1981), {{ISBN|0-905273-17-6}}, p. 106.</ref> Some of the most significant [[girl group]] hits were products of the [[Brill Building]] Sound, named after the block in New York where many songwriters were based, which included the number 1 hit for the Shirelles "[[Will You Love Me Tomorrow]]" in 1960, penned by the partnership of [[Gerry Goffin]] and [[Carole King]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002Brill>R. Unterberger, "Brill Building Sound", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et.al., 2002]], pp. 1311–1312.</ref>}} Some music historians have also pointed to important and innovative technical developments that built on rock and roll in this period, including the electronic treatment of sound by such innovators as [[Joe Meek]], and the elaborate production methods of the [[Wall of Sound]] pursued by [[Phil Spector]].<ref name="Keightley2001">K. Keightley, "Reconsidering rock" in S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, ''[[Cambridge Companions to Music|The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock]]'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-521-55660-0}}, p. 116.</ref>

===Instrumental rock and surf===
{{Main|Instrumental rock|surf music}}

[[File:The Beach Boys 1963 Billboard 2.png|thumb|A 1963 publicity photo of [[the Beach Boys]]]]
The instrumental rock and roll of performers such as [[Duane Eddy]], Link Wray and [[the Ventures]] was further developed by [[Dick Dale]], who added distinctive "wet" [[reverb]], rapid alternate picking, and [[Middle Eastern music|Middle Eastern]] and [[Music of Mexico|Mexican]] influences. He produced the regional hit "[[Let's Go Trippin']]{{-"}} in 1961 and launched the surf music craze, following up with songs like "[[Misirlou]]" (1962).<ref name="blair2"/> Like Dale and his [[Del-Tones]], most early surf bands were formed in Southern California, including [[the Bel-Airs]], [[The Challengers (band)|the Challengers]], and [[Eddie & the Showmen]].<ref name="blair2">J. Blair, ''The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music, 1961–1965'' (Ypsilanti, MI: Pierian Press, 2nd edn., 1985), {{ISBN|0-87650-174-9}}, p. 2.</ref> [[The Chantays]] scored a top ten national hit with "[[Pipeline (instrumental)|Pipeline]]" in 1963 and probably the best-known surf tune was 1963's "[[Wipe Out (song)|Wipe Out]]", by [[the Surfaris]], which hit number 2 and number 10 on the ''Billboard'' charts in 1965.<ref>J. Blair, ''The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music, 1961–1965'' (Ypsilanti, MI: Pierian Press, 2nd edn., 1985), {{ISBN|0-87650-174-9}}, p. 75.</ref> Surf rock was also popular in Europe during this time, with the British group [[the Shadows]] scoring hits in the early 1960s with instrumentals such as "[[Apache (instrumental)|Apache]]" (1960) and "[[Kon-Tiki (song)|Kon-Tiki]]" (1961), while Swedish surf group [[the Spotnicks]] saw success in both Sweden and Britain.

Surf music achieved its greatest commercial success as vocal pop music, particularly the work of [[the Beach Boys]], formed in 1961 in Southern California. Their early albums featured both instrumental surf rock (including covers of music by Dick Dale) and vocal songs, drawing on rock and roll and [[doo wop]] and the close harmonies of vocal pop acts like [[the Four Freshmen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzz.ie/music/throwback-tune-of-the-day-nowhere-to-go-the-four-freshman-218697|title=Throwback tune of the day: Nowhere to Go – The Four Freshmen|website=Buzz.ie|access-date=25 February 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308011713/https://www.buzz.ie/music/throwback-tune-of-the-day-nowhere-to-go-the-four-freshman-218697|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Beach Boys first chart hit, "[[Surfin']]{{-"}} (1961), reached the ''Billboard'' top 100 and helped make the surf music craze a national phenomenon.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Beachboys>W. Ruhlman, et al., "Beach Boys", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 71–75.</ref> The surf music craze and the careers of almost all surf acts were effectively ended by 1965 after the arrival of the British Invasion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nostalgiacentral.com/music/music-genres/surf-music/ |title=Surf Music |website=Nostalgia Central |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723160053/https://nostalgiacentral.com/music/music-genres/surf-music/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Only the Beach Boys were able to sustain a creative career into the mid-1960s, producing a string of hit singles and albums, including the highly regarded ''[[Pet Sounds]]'' in 1966, which made them, arguably, the only American rock or pop act that could rival the Beatles.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Beachboys/>}}

===British Invasion===
{{Main|British Invasion}}

{{See also|Beat music|British blues|British rhythm and blues|British rock music}}
[[File:The Beatles arrive at JFK Airport.jpg|thumb|alt=Black and white picture of the Beatles waving in front of a crowd with an set of aeroplane steps in the background |[[The Beatles]] arriving at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] in New York City at the start of the [[British Invasion]] in February 1964]]
By the end of 1962, what would become the British rock scene had started with [[beat music|beat groups]] like [[the Beatles]], [[Gerry & the Pacemakers]] and [[The Searchers (band)|the Searchers]] from Liverpool and [[Freddie and the Dreamers]], [[Herman's Hermits]] and [[the Hollies]] from Manchester. They drew on a wide range of American influences including 1950s rock and roll, soul, rhythm and blues, and surf music,<ref name=Stakes2001>R. Stakes, "Those boys: the rise of Mersey beat", in S. Wade, ed., ''Gladsongs and Gatherings: Poetry and its Social Context in Liverpool Since the 1960s'' (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-85323-727-1}}, pp. 157–66.</ref> initially reinterpreting standard American tunes and playing for dancers. Bands like [[the Animals]] from [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] and [[Them (band)|Them]] from [[Belfast]],<ref>I. Chambers, ''Urban Rhythms: Pop Music and Popular Culture'' (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), {{ISBN|0-333-34011-6}}, p. 75.</ref> and those from London like [[the Rolling Stones]] and [[the Yardbirds]], were more directly influenced by rhythm and blues and later blues music.<ref>J.R. Covach and G. MacDonald Boone, ''Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0-19-510005-0}}, p. 60.</ref> Soon these groups were composing their own material, combining US forms of music and infusing it with a high energy beat. Beat bands tended towards "bouncy, irresistible melodies", while early [[British blues]] acts tended towards less sexually innocent, more aggressive songs, often adopting an anti-establishment stance. There was, however, particularly in the early stages, considerable musical crossover between the two tendencies.<ref name=Bogdanov2002BI/> By 1963, led by the Beatles, beat groups had begun to achieve national success in Britain, soon to be followed into the charts by the more rhythm and blues focused acts.<ref name=Bogdanov2002BritishR&B>R. Unterberger, "British R&B", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1315–1316.</ref>

"[[I Want to Hold Your Hand]]" was the Beatles' first number one hit on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]],{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 28}} spending seven weeks at the top and a total of 15 weeks on the chart.<ref name=BritannicaBI>{{Citation|last=I. A. Robbins |title=British Invasion |journal=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80244/British-Invasion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221235217/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80244/British-Invasion |archive-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>H. Bill, ''The Book Of Beatle Lists'' (Poole, Dorset: Javelin, 1985), {{ISBN|0-7137-1521-9}}, p. 66.</ref> Their first appearance on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' on 9 February 1964, drawing an estimated 73 million viewers (at the time a record for an American television program) is considered a milestone in American pop culture. During the week of 4 April 1964, the Beatles held 12 positions on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 singles chart, including the entire top five. The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed into the US charts by numerous British bands.<ref name=Bogdanov2002BI>R. Unterberger, "British Invasion", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1316–1317.</ref> During the next two years, British acts dominated their own and the US charts with [[Peter and Gordon]], the Animals,{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 29}} [[Manfred Mann]], [[Petula Clark]],{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 29}} Freddie and the Dreamers, [[Wayne Fontana]] and [[the Mindbenders]], Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones,{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 30}} [[the Troggs]], and [[Donovan]]{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 48}} all having one or more number one singles.<ref name=BritannicaBI/> Other major acts that were part of the invasion included [[the Kinks]], [[the Who]], and [[the Dave Clark Five]].<ref name=BeatlesArrive>{{Citation|last=T. Leopold |title=When the Beatles hit America CNN February 10, 2004 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/05/beatles.40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411192509/http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/05/beatles.40/ |archive-date=11 April 2010 |date=5 February 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=allmusicBI>{{Citation|title=British Invasion |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d379|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wQbXwJ0x?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d379 |archive-date=11 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://americansongwriter.com/the-top-8-british-invasion-bands-of-the-60s/ | title=The Top 8 British Invasion Bands of the '60s | date=31 May 2023 }}</ref>

The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success.<ref name="allmusicBritpop"/> In America it arguably spelled the end of instrumental surf music, vocal [[girl group]]s and (for a time) the [[teen idol]]s, that had dominated the American charts in the late 1950s and 1960s.<ref>K. Keightley, "Reconsidering rock" in, S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, ''The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-521-55660-0}}, p. 117.</ref> It dented the careers of established R&B acts like [[Fats Domino]] and [[Chubby Checker]] and even temporarily derailed the chart success of surviving rock and roll acts, including Elvis.<ref>F.W. Hoffmann, "British Invasion" in F.W. Hoffmann and H. Ferstler, eds, ''Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1'' (New York: CRC Press, 2nd edn., 2004), {{ISBN|0-415-93835-X}}, p. 132.</ref> The British Invasion also played a major part in the rise of a distinct genre of rock music, and cemented the primacy of the rock group, based on guitars and drums and producing their own material as singer-songwriters.<ref name="R. Shuker, 2005 p. 35">R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), {{ISBN|0-415-34770-X}}, p. 35.</ref> Following the example set by the Beatles' 1965 LP ''[[Rubber Soul]]'' in particular, other British rock acts released rock albums intended as artistic statements in 1966, including the Rolling Stones' ''[[Aftermath (Rolling Stones album)|Aftermath]]'', the Beatles' own ''[[Revolver (Beatles album)|Revolver]]'', and the Who's ''[[A Quick One]]'', as well as American acts in [[the Beach Boys]] (''[[Pet Sounds]]'') and [[Bob Dylan]] (''[[Blonde on Blonde]]'').<ref name="Simonelli">{{cite book|last=Simonelli|first=David|title=Working Class Heroes: Rock Music and British Society in the 1960s and 1970s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnrwy7P3KvQC&q=%22jack+Kroll%22+%22A+Day+in+the+Life%22|year=2013|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-7391-7051-9|pages=96–97|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116175534/https://books.google.com/books?id=mnrwy7P3KvQC&q=%22jack+Kroll%22+%22A+Day+in+the+Life%22#v=snippet&q=%22jack%20Kroll%22%20%22A%20Day%20in%20the%20Life%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Blues rock===
{{Main|Blues rock}}

{{See also|British blues|Electric blues}}
[[File:Rolling Stones 1965.jpg|thumb|[[The Rolling Stones]] in 1965]]
Although the first impact of the [[British Invasion]] on American popular music was through beat and R&B based acts, the impetus was soon taken up by a second wave of bands that drew their inspiration more directly from American [[blues]], including [[the Rolling Stones]] and [[the Yardbirds]].<ref>H.S. Macpherson, ''Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History'' (Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2005), {{ISBN|1-85109-431-8}}, p. 626.</ref> British blues musicians of the late 1950s and early 1960s had been inspired by the acoustic playing of figures such as [[Lead Belly]], who was a major influence on the Skiffle craze, and [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]].<ref>V. Coelho, ''The Cambridge Companion to the Guitar'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-521-00040-8}}, p. 104.</ref> Increasingly they adopted a loud amplified sound, often centered on the electric guitar, based on the [[Chicago blues]], particularly after the tour of Britain by [[Muddy Waters]] in 1958, which prompted [[Cyril Davies]] and guitarist [[Alexis Korner]] to form the band [[Blues Incorporated]].<ref name="Bogdanov2003BluesRock">R. Uterberger, "Blues Rock", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra, S.T. Erlewine, eds, ''All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2003), {{ISBN|0-87930-736-6}}, pp. 701–02.</ref> The band involved and inspired many of the figures of the subsequent [[British blues]] boom, including members of the Rolling Stones and [[Cream (band)|Cream]], combining blues standards and forms with rock instrumentation and emphasis.<ref name="Bogdanov2003BritishBlues" />

The other key focus for British blues was [[John Mayall]]; his band, [[John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers|the Bluesbreakers]], included [[Eric Clapton]] (after Clapton's departure from the Yardbirds) and later [[Peter Green (musician)|Peter Green]]. Particularly significant was the release of ''[[Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton]] (Beano)'' album (1966), considered one of the seminal British blues recordings and the sound of which was much emulated in both Britain and the United States.<ref>T. Rawlings, A. Neill, C. Charlesworth and C. White, ''Then, Now and Rare British Beat 1960–1969'' (London: Omnibus Press, 2002), {{ISBN|0-7119-9094-8}}, p. 130.</ref> Eric Clapton went on to form supergroups Cream, [[Blind Faith]], and [[Derek and the Dominos]], followed by an extensive solo career that helped bring blues rock into the mainstream.<ref name="Bogdanov2003BluesRock" /> Green, along with the Bluesbreaker's rhythm section [[Mick Fleetwood]] and [[John McVie]], formed Peter Green's [[Fleetwood Mac]], who enjoyed some of the greatest commercial success in the genre.<ref name="Bogdanov2003BluesRock" /> In the late 1960s [[Jeff Beck]], also an alumnus of the Yardbirds, moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, [[the Jeff Beck Group]].<ref name="Bogdanov2003BluesRock" /> The last Yardbirds guitarist was [[Jimmy Page]], who went on to form ''The New Yardbirds'' which rapidly became [[Led Zeppelin]]. Many of the songs on their first three albums, and occasionally later in their careers, were expansions on traditional blues songs.<ref name="Bogdanov2003BluesRock" />

In the United States, blues rock had been pioneered in the early 1960s by guitarist [[Lonnie Mack]];<ref>P. Prown, H.P. Newquist and J.F. Eiche, ''Legends of Rock Guitar: the Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists'' (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 1997), {{ISBN|0-7935-4042-9}}, p. 25.</ref> however, the genre began to take off in the mid-1960s as acts developed a sound similar to British blues musicians. Key acts included [[Paul Butterfield]] (whose band acted like Mayall's Bluesbreakers in Britain as a starting point for many successful musicians), [[Canned Heat]], the early [[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Johnny Winter]], [[the J. Geils Band]], and [[Jimi Hendrix]] with his [[power trios]], [[the Jimi Hendrix Experience]] (which included two British members, and was founded in Britain), and [[Band of Gypsys]], whose guitar virtuosity and showmanship would be among the most emulated of the decade.<ref name="Bogdanov2003BluesRock" /> Blues rock bands from the southern states, like the [[Allman Brothers Band]], [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], and [[ZZ Top]], incorporated [[Country music|country]] elements into their style to produce the distinctive genre [[Southern rock]].<ref name="Bogdanov2002SouthernRock">R. Unterberger, "Southern Rock", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1332–1333.</ref>

Blues rock bands often emulated jazz, playing long, involved improvisations, which would later be a major element of progressive rock. From about 1967 bands like Cream and the Jimi Hendrix Experience had moved away from purely blues-based music into [[psychedelic music|psychedelia]].<ref name="amg" /> By the 1970s, blues rock had become heavier and more [[riff]]-based, exemplified by the work of Led Zeppelin and [[Deep Purple]], and the lines between blues rock and [[hard rock]] "were barely visible",<ref name="amg">{{Citation|title=Blues-rock |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d50|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wR7EB7K0?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d50 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> as bands began recording rock-style albums. The genre was continued in the 1970s by figures such as [[George Thorogood]] and [[Pat Travers]],<ref name="Bogdanov2003BluesRock" /> but, particularly on the British scene (except perhaps for the advent of groups such as [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]] and [[Foghat]] who moved towards a form of high energy and repetitive [[boogie rock]]), the subgenre became focused on [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], and blues rock began to slip out of the mainstream.<ref>P. Prown, H.P. Newquist and J.F. Eiche, ''Legends of Rock Guitar: the Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists'' (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 1997), {{ISBN|0-7935-4042-9}}, p. 113.</ref>

===Garage rock===
{{Main|Garage rock}}
[[File:The Pleasure Seekers (band).jpg|thumb|[[The Pleasure Seekers (band)|The Pleasure Seekers]], an all-female [[garage rock]] group featuring [[Suzi Quatro]], in 1964]][[Garage rock]] was a raw form of rock music, particularly prevalent in North America in the mid-1960s and so called because of the perception that it was rehearsed in the suburban family garage.<ref name="Shuker2005">R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), {{ISBN|0-415-34770-X}}, p. 140.</ref><ref>E.J. Abbey, ''Garage Rock and its Roots: Musical Rebels and the Drive for Individuality'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7864-2564-4}}, pp. 74–76.</ref> Garage rock songs often revolved around the traumas of high school life, with songs about "lying girls" and unfair social circumstances being particularly common.<ref name="AllmusicGarage">R. Unterberger, "Garage Rock", in [[Rock music#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1320–1321.</ref> The lyrics and delivery tended to be more aggressive than was common at the time, often with growled or shouted vocals that dissolved into incoherent screaming.<ref name="Shuker2005" /> They ranged from crude one-chord music (like [[the Seeds]]) to near-studio musician quality (including [[the Knickerbockers]], [[the Remains (band)|the Remains]], and [[the Fifth Estate (band)|the Fifth Estate]]). There were also regional variations in many parts of the country with flourishing scenes particularly in California and Texas.<ref name="AllmusicGarage" />

The style had been evolving from regional scenes as early as 1958. "Tall Cool One" (1959) by [[The Wailers (rock band)|the Wailers]] (from Tacoma, Washington) and the 1963 version of "[[Louie Louie]]" by [[the Kingsmen]] (Portland, Oregon) are mainstream examples of the genre in its formative stages.<ref>
Otfinoski, Steven. ''The Golden Age of Rock Instrumentals''. Billboard Books, (1997), p. 36, {{ISBN|0-8230-7639-3}}</ref> By 1963, garage band singles were creeping into the national charts in greater numbers, including [[Paul Revere and the Raiders]] (Boise),<ref>W.E. Studwell and D.F. Lonergan, ''The Classic Rock and Roll Reader: Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 1999), {{ISBN|0-7890-0151-9}}, p. 213.</ref> [[the Trashmen]] (Minneapolis)<ref>J. Austen, ''TV-a-Go-Go: Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol'' (Chicago IL: Chicago Review Press, 2005), {{ISBN|1-55652-572-9}}, p. 19.</ref> and [[the Rivieras]] (South Bend, Indiana).<ref>{{cite book |last=Waksman |first=Steve |title=This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk |publisher=University of California Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-520-25310-0 |location=Berkeley CA |page=116}}</ref> Other influential garage bands, such as [[the Sonics]] (Tacoma, Washington), never reached the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>F.W. Hoffmann "Garage Rock/Punk", in F.W. Hoffman and H. Ferstler, ''Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1'' (New York: CRC Press, 2nd edn., 2004), {{ISBN|0-415-93835-X}}, p. 873.</ref>

The British Invasion greatly influenced garage bands, providing them with a national audience, leading many (often [[Surf rock|surf]] or [[hot rod]] groups) to adopt a British influence, and encouraging more groups to form.<ref name="AllmusicGarage" /> Several garage bands in the United States and Canada produced regional hits during the era.<ref name="AllmusicGarage" /> Despite scores of bands being signed to major or large regional labels, most were commercial failures. Garage rock peaked both commercially and artistically around 1966, and by 1968 the style largely disappeared from the national charts and at the local level.<ref name="AllmusicGarage" /> New styles had evolved to replace garage rock.<ref name="AllmusicGarage" />{{refn|group=nb|In Detroit, garage rock's legacy remained alive into the early 1970s, with bands such as the [[MC5]] and [[the Stooges]], who employed a much more aggressive approach to the form. These bands began to be labelled [[punk rock]] and are now often seen as [[proto-punk]] or proto-[[hard rock]].<ref name="G. Thompson; 2007; 134">{{cite book|last=Thompson |first=Graham |title=American Culture in the 1980s |year=2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh, UK |isbn=978-0-7486-1910-8 |page=134}}</ref>}}

===Folk rock===
{{Main|Folk rock}}

[[File:Joan Baez Bob Dylan.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A black and white photograph of Joan Baez and Bob Dylan singing while Dylan plays guitar|[[Joan Baez]] and [[Bob Dylan]] in 1963]]
By the 1960s, the scene that had developed out of the [[American folk music revival]] had grown to a major movement, using traditional music and new compositions in a traditional style, usually on acoustic instruments.<ref name=Mitchell2007p95>{{cite book|last=Mitchell |first=Gillian |title=The North American Folk Music Revival: Nation and Identity in the United States and Canada, 1945–1980 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |location=Aldershot, England |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7546-5756-9 |page=95}}</ref> In America the genre was pioneered by figures such as [[Woody Guthrie]] and [[Pete Seeger]] and often identified with [[Progressive folk|progressive]] or [[Labour movement|labor politics]].<ref name=Mitchell2007p95/> In the early sixties figures such as [[Joan Baez]] and [[Bob Dylan]] had come to the fore in this movement as singer-songwriters.<ref>{{harvnb|Mitchell|2007|p=72}}</ref> Dylan had begun to reach a mainstream audience with hits including "[[Blowin' in the Wind]]" (1963) and "[[Masters of War]]" (1963), which brought "[[protest song]]s" to a wider public,<ref>J.E. Perone, ''Music of the Counterculture Era American History Through Music'' (Westwood, CT: Greenwood, 2004), {{ISBN|0-313-32689-4}}, p. 37.</ref> but, although beginning to influence each other, rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with mutually exclusive audiences.<ref name=Bogdanov2002FolkRock>R. Unterberger, "Folk Rock", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1308–1309.</ref>

Early attempts to combine elements of folk and rock included [[the Animals]]' "[[House of the Rising Sun]]" (1964), which was the first commercially successful folk song to be recorded with rock and roll instrumentation<ref>{{cite book|last=Perone |first=James E. |title=Mods, Rockers, and the Music of the British Invasion |year=2009 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-275-99860-8 |page=128}}</ref> and the Beatles "[[I'm a Loser]]" (1964), arguably the first Beatles song to be influenced directly by Dylan.<ref>{{Citation|last=R. Unterberger |title=The Beatles: I'm a Loser |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=song|id=t462339|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRzkNyBp?url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/t462339 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> The folk rock movement is usually thought to have taken off with [[the Byrds]]' recording of Dylan's "[[Mr. Tambourine Man]]" which topped the charts in 1965.<ref name=Bogdanov2002FolkRock/> With members who had been part of the café-based folk scene in Los Angeles, the Byrds adopted rock instrumentation, including drums and 12-string [[Rickenbacker]] guitars, which became a major element in the sound of the genre.<ref name=Bogdanov2002FolkRock/> Later that year Dylan adopted electric instruments, much to the [[Electric Dylan controversy|outrage]] of many folk purists, with his "[[Like a Rolling Stone]]" becoming a US hit single.<ref name=Bogdanov2002FolkRock/> According to [[Ritchie Unterberger]], Dylan (even before his adoption of electric instruments) influenced rock musicians like the Beatles, demonstrating "to the rock generation in general that an album could be a major standalone statement without hit singles", such as on ''[[The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan]]'' (1963).<ref name="RU">{{cite web|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|date=31 December 2018|url=http://www.richieunterberger.com/wordpress/2018/|title=2018|website=Folkrocks|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920175303/http://www.richieunterberger.com/wordpress/2018/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Folk rock particularly took off in California, where it led acts like [[the Mamas & the Papas]] and [[Crosby, Stills, and Nash]] to move to electric instrumentation, and in New York, where it spawned performers including [[the Lovin' Spoonful]] and [[Simon and Garfunkel]], with the latter's acoustic "[[The Sounds of Silence]]" (1965) being remixed with rock instruments to be the first of many hits.<ref name=Bogdanov2002FolkRock/> These acts directly influenced British performers like Donovan and [[Fairport Convention]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002FolkRock/> In 1969 Fairport Convention abandoned their mixture of American covers and Dylan-influenced songs to play traditional English folk music on electric instruments.<ref>M. Brocken, ''The British Folk Revival 1944–2002'' (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7546-3282-2}}, p. 97.</ref> This British folk-rock was taken up by bands including [[Pentangle (band)|Pentangle]], [[Steeleye Span]] and [[the Albion Band]], which in turn prompted Irish groups like [[Horslips]] and Scottish acts like the [[JSD Band]], Spencer's Feat and later [[Five Hand Reel]], to use their traditional music to create a brand of [[Celtic rock]] in the early 1970s.<ref>C. Larkin, ''The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music'' (London: Guinness, 1992), {{ISBN|1-882267-04-4}}, p. 869.</ref>

Folk-rock reached its peak of commercial popularity in the period 1967–68, before many acts moved off in a variety of directions, including Dylan and the Byrds, who began to develop [[country rock]].<ref>G.W. Haslam, A.H. Russell and R. Chon, ''Workin' Man Blues: Country Music in California'' (Berkeley CA: Heyday Books, 2005), {{ISBN|0-520-21800-0}}, p. 201.</ref> However, the hybridization of folk and rock has been seen as having a major influence on the development of rock music, bringing in elements of psychedelia, and helping to develop the ideas of the singer-songwriter, the protest song, and concepts of "authenticity".<ref name=Bogdanov2002FolkRock/><ref>K. Keightley, "Reconsidering rock" in, S. Frith, W. Straw, and J. Street, eds, ''The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-521-55660-0}}, p. 121.</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Psychedelic rock===
{{Main|Psychedelic rock}}

{{See also|Raga rock|Acid rock|Space rock}}
[[File:Jimi Hendrix cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Jimi Hendrix]] performing in Sweden in 1967|233x233px]]
Psychedelic music's [[LSD]]-inspired vibe began in the folk scene.<ref name=Hicks2000>M. Hicks, ''Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions'' (Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000), {{ISBN|0-252-06915-3}}, pp. 59–60.</ref> The first group to advertise themselves as psychedelic rock were [[the 13th Floor Elevators]] from Texas.<ref name=Hicks2000/> The Beatles introduced many of the major elements of the psychedelic sound to audiences in this period, such as [[Larsen effect|guitar feedback]], the Indian [[sitar]] and [[backmasking]] sound effects.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Psych>R. Unterberger, "Psychedelic Rock", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1322–1323.</ref> Psychedelic rock particularly took off in California's emerging music scene as groups followed [[the Byrds]]' shift from folk to [[folk rock]] from 1965.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Psych/> The psychedelic lifestyle, which revolved around hallucinogenic drugs, had already developed in San Francisco and particularly prominent products of the scene were [[Big Brother and the Holding Company]], [[the Grateful Dead]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002Psych/>{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=shows 41–42}} The [[Jimi Hendrix Experience]]'s lead guitarist, [[Jimi Hendrix]] did
extended distorted, feedback-filled jams which became a key feature of psychedelia.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Psych/> Psychedelic rock reached its apogee in the last years of the decade. 1967 saw the Beatles release their definitive psychedelic statement in ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'', including the track "[[Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds]]"; the Rolling Stones responded later that year with ''[[Their Satanic Majesties Request]]'',<ref name=Bogdanov2002Psych/> and [[Pink Floyd]] debuted with ''[[The Piper at the Gates of Dawn]]''. Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane's ''[[Surrealistic Pillow]]'' and [[the Doors]]' [[The Doors (album)|self-titled debut album]]. These trends peaked in the 1969 [[Woodstock festival]], which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Psych/>

''Sgt. Pepper'' was later regarded as a starting point for the [[album era]], during which rock music transitioned from the singles format to albums and achieved cultural legitimacy in the mainstream.<ref>{{cite book|last1=DeRogatis|first1=Jim|author-link1=Jim DeRogatis|last2=Kot|first2=Greg|author-link2=Greg Kot|year=2010|title=The Beatles vs. The Rolling Stones: Sound Opinions on the Great Rock 'n' Roll Rivalry|publisher=[[Voyageur Press]]|isbn=978-1610605137|pages=70, 75}}</ref> Led by the Beatles in the mid-1960s,<ref>{{cite book|last=Whitburn|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Whitburn|year=2003|title=Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002|publisher=[[Record Research]]|isbn=9780898201550|page=xxiii}}</ref> rock musicians advanced the LP as the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption, initiating a rock-informed album era in the music industry for the next several decades.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Pareles|date=5 January 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/05/arts/all-that-music-and-nothing-to-listen-to.html|title=All That Music, and Nothing to Listen To|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=10 March 2020|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227043520/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/05/arts/all-that-music-and-nothing-to-listen-to.html|archive-date=27 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== 1970s–1980s: Further diversification ==
=== Commercial trends ===
Reflecting on developments that occurred in rock music in the early 1970s, [[Robert Christgau]] wrote in ''[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies]]'' (1981):<ref name="CG"/>
{{blockquote|The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years. But like a lot of artificial concepts—money, say—the category does take on a reality of its own once people figure out how to put it to work. "The '60s are over," a slogan one only began to hear in 1972 or so, mobilized all those eager to believe that idealism had become passe, and once they were mobilized, it had. In popular music, embracing the '70s meant both an [[elitist]] withdrawal from the messy concert and [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] scene and a profiteering pursuit of the lowest common denominator in [[FM radio]] and [[album era|album rock]].}}

Rock saw greater commodification during this decade, turning into a multibillion-dollar industry and doubling its [[Market (economics)|market]] while, as Christgau noted, suffering a significant "loss of cultural prestige". "Maybe the [[Bee Gees]] became more popular than the Beatles, but they were never [[more popular than Jesus]]", he said. "Insofar as the music retained any mythic power, the myth was [[self-referential]] – there were lots of songs about the rock and roll life but very few about how rock could change the world, except as a new brand of painkiller ... In the '70s the powerful took over, as rock industrialists capitalized on the national mood to reduce potent music to an often reactionary species of entertainment—and to transmute rock's popular base from the audience to market."<ref name="CG"/>

===Progressive rock===
{{Main|Progressive rock}}

{{Further|Progressive music}}
{{See also|Art rock|Experimental rock}}
[[File:Pink Floyd (1989).jpg|thumb|[[Pink Floyd]] performing at [[Docklands Arena]], [[London]], in 1989]]
Progressive rock, a term sometimes used interchangeably with [[art rock]], moved beyond established musical formulas by experimenting with different instruments, song types, and forms.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Prog>R. Unterberger, "Progressive Rock", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1330–1331.</ref> From the mid-1960s, [[the Left Banke]], the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys, had pioneered the inclusion of [[harpsichords]], [[Wind instruments|wind]], and [[String orchestra|string]] sections on their recordings to produce a form of [[Baroque rock]] and can be heard in singles like [[Procol Harum]]'s "[[A Whiter Shade of Pale]]" (1967), with its [[Bach]]-inspired introduction.<ref name=Harrington2003>J.S. Harrington, ''Sonic Cool: the Life & Death of Rock 'n' Roll'' (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2003), {{ISBN|0-634-02861-8}}, p. 191.</ref> [[The Moody Blues]] used a full orchestra on their album ''[[Days of Future Passed]]'' (1967) and subsequently created orchestral sounds with synthesizers.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Prog/> Classical orchestration, keyboards, and synthesizers were a frequent addition to the established rock format of guitars, bass, and drums in subsequent progressive rock.<ref>E. Macan, ''Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0-19-509887-0}}, pp. 34–35.</ref>

Instrumentals were common, while songs with lyrics were sometimes conceptual, abstract, or based in fantasy and science fiction.<ref>E. Macan, ''Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0-19-509887-0}}, p. 64.</ref> [[The Pretty Things]]' ''[[SF Sorrow]]'' (1968), the Kinks' ''[[Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)]]'' (1969), and [[the Who]]'s [[Tommy (The Who album)|''Tommy'']] (1969) introduced the format of [[rock operas]] and opened the door to [[concept album]]s, often telling an epic story or tackling a grand overarching theme.<ref>{{Citation|title=Prog rock |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d374|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRFWXQdF?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d374 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> [[King Crimson]]'s 1969 debut album, ''[[In the Court of the Crimson King]]'', which mixed powerful guitar riffs and [[mellotron]] with [[jazz]] and [[symphonic music]], is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues-rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Prog/> The vibrant [[Canterbury scene]] saw acts following [[Soft Machine]] from psychedelia, through jazz influences, toward more expansive hard rock, including [[Caravan (band)|Caravan]], [[Hatfield and the North]], [[Gong (band)|Gong]], and [[National Health]].<ref>E. Macan, ''Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0-19-509887-0}}, p. 129.</ref> The French group [[Magma (band)|Magma]] around drummer [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] almost single-handedly created the new music genre [[zeuhl]] with their first albums in the early 1970s.<ref name="Wagner2010">{{cite book|author=Jeff Wagner|title=Mean Deviation: Four Decades of Progressive Heavy Metal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZwZcZ2X5ToC&pg=PA242|year=2010|publisher=Bazillion Points Books|isbn=978-0-9796163-3-4|page=242}}</ref>

[[File:Genesis Live 01.jpg|thumb|[[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] performing at [[Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]], in 2007]]
Pink Floyd also moved away from psychedelia after the departure of [[Syd Barrett]] in 1968, with ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]'' (1973) becoming one of the best-selling albums of all time.<ref>R. Reising, ''Speak to Me: The Legacy of Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), {{ISBN|0-7546-4019-1}}.</ref> There was an emphasis on instrumental virtuosity, with [[Yes (band)|Yes]] showcasing the skills of both guitarist [[Steve Howe (guitarist)|Steve Howe]] and keyboard player [[Rick Wakeman]], while [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]] (ELP) were a supergroup who produced some of the genre's most technically demanding work.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Prog/> [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] and [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] both pursued very different, but distinctly English, brands of music.<ref name="Brocken2003">M. Brocken, ''The British Folk Revival, 1944–2002'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7546-3282-2}}, p. 96.</ref> [[Renaissance (band)|Renaissance]], formed in 1969 by ex-Yardbirds Jim McCarty and Keith Relf, evolved into a high-concept band featuring the three-octave voice of [[Annie Haslam]].<ref>{{Citation|last=B. Eder |title=Renaissance |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=renaissance-p5251/biography|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wS0Jf18p?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/renaissance-p5251/biography |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> Most British bands depended on a relatively small cult following, but a handful, including Pink Floyd, Genesis, and Jethro Tull, managed to produce top ten singles at home and break the American market.<ref>K. Holm-Hudson, ''Progressive Rock Reconsidered'' (London: Taylor & Francis, 2002), {{ISBN|0-8153-3715-9}}, p. 9.</ref> The American brand of progressive rock varied from the eclectic and innovative [[Frank Zappa]], [[Captain Beefheart]] and [[Blood, Sweat & Tears]],<ref>N.E. Tawa, ''Supremely American: Popular Song in the 20th Century: Styles and Singers and What They Said About America'' (Lanham, MA: Scarecrow Press, 2005), {{ISBN|0-8108-5295-0}}, pp. 249–50.</ref> to more pop rock orientated bands like [[Boston (band)|Boston]], [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]], [[Kansas (band)|Kansas]], [[Journey (band)|Journey]], and [[Styx (band)|Styx]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002Prog/> These, beside British bands [[Supertramp]] and [[Electric Light Orchestra|ELO]], all demonstrated a prog rock influence and ranked among the most commercially successful acts of the 1970s, heralding the era of ''pomp'' or ''[[arena rock]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

The instrumental strand of the genre resulted in albums like [[Mike Oldfield]]'s ''[[Tubular Bells (album)|Tubular Bells]]'' (1973), the first record for the [[Virgin Records]] label, which became a worldwide hit and a mainstay of the genre.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Prog/> Instrumental rock was particularly significant in continental Europe, allowing bands like [[Kraftwerk]], [[Tangerine Dream]], [[Can (band)|Can]], [[Focus (band)|Focus]] and [[Faust (band)|Faust]] to circumvent the language barrier.<ref>P. Bussy, ''Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music'' (London: SAF, 3rd end., 2004), {{ISBN|0-946719-70-5}}, pp. 15–17.</ref> Their synthesiser-heavy "[[krautrock]]", along with the work of [[Brian Eno]] (for a time the keyboard player with [[Roxy Music]]), would be a major influence on subsequent [[electronic rock]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002Prog/>

With the advent of punk rock and technological changes in the late 1970s, progressive rock was increasingly dismissed as pretentious and overblown.<ref>K. Holm-Hudson, ''Progressive Rock Reconsidered'' (London: Taylor & Francis, 2002), {{ISBN|0-8153-3715-9}}, p. 92.</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Brian L. |last=Knight |title=Rock in the Name of Progress (Part VI -"Thelonius Punk") |journal=The Vermont Review |url=http://members.tripod.com/vermontreview/essays/progressif6.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104234/http://vermontreview.tripod.com/essays/progressif6.htm |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many bands broke up, but some, including Genesis, ELP, Yes, and Pink Floyd, regularly scored top ten albums with successful accompanying worldwide tours.<ref name="G. Thompson; 2007; 134"/> Some bands which emerged in the aftermath of punk, such as [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]], [[Ultravox]], and [[Simple Minds]], showed the influence of progressive rock, as well as their more usually recognized punk influences.<ref name="ClassicRock">T. Udo, "Did Punk kill prog?", ''Classic Rock Magazine'', vol. 97, September 2006.</ref>

===Jazz rock===
{{Main|Jazz rock}}

{{See also|Jazz fusion}}
[[File:Jaco-Pastorius seated 1980.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|alt=A color photograph of Jaco Pastorius sitting on a stool and playing a bass guitar|[[Jaco Pastorius]] of [[Weather Report]] in 1980]]
In the late 1960s, jazz-rock emerged as a distinct subgenre out of the blues-rock, psychedelic, and progressive rock scenes, mixing the power of rock with the musical complexity and improvisational elements of jazz. [[AllMusic]] states that the term jazz-rock "may refer to the loudest, wildest, most electrified fusion bands from the jazz camp, but most often it describes performers coming from the rock side of the equation." Jazz-rock "...generally grew out of the most artistically ambitious rock subgenres of the late '60s and early '70s", including the singer-songwriter movement.<ref name="AMJazzRock" /> Many early US rock and roll musicians had begun in jazz and carried some of these elements into the new music. In Britain, the subgenre of blues rock, and many of its leading figures, like [[Ginger Baker]] and [[Jack Bruce]] of the band [[Cream (band)|Cream]], had emerged from the [[British jazz]] scene. Often highlighted as the first true jazz-rock recording is the only album by the relatively obscure New York–based [[the Free Spirits]] with ''[[Out of Sight and Sound]]'' (1966). The first group of bands to self-consciously use the label were R&B oriented white rock bands that made use of jazzy horn sections, like [[Electric Flag]], Blood, Sweat & Tears and [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]], to become some of the most commercially successful acts of the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref name=Bogdanov2002JazzRock/>

British acts to emerge in the same period from the blues scene, to make use of the tonal and improvisational aspects of jazz, included [[Nucleus (band)|Nucleus]]<ref>I. Carr, D. Fairweather and B. Priestley, ''The Rough Guide to Jazz'' (London: Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2004), {{ISBN|1-84353-256-5}}, p. iii.</ref> and the [[Graham Bond]] and John Mayall spin-off [[Colosseum (band)|Colosseum]]. From the psychedelic rock and the Canterbury scenes came Soft Machine, who, it has been suggested, produced one of the artistically successfully fusions of the two genres. Perhaps the most critically praised fusion came from the jazz side of the equation, with [[Miles Davis]], particularly influenced by the work of Hendrix, incorporating rock instrumentation into his sound for the album ''[[Bitches Brew]]'' (1970). It was a major influence on subsequent rock-influenced jazz artists, including [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Chick Corea]] and [[Weather Report]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002JazzRock/> The genre began to fade in the late 1970s, as a mellower form of fusion began to take its audience,<ref name=AMJazzRock>{{Citation|title=Jazz-Rock Music Genre Overview |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/jazz-rock-d2776 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216015609/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/jazz-rock-d2776 |archive-date =16 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> but acts like [[Steely Dan]],<ref name=AMJazzRock/> Frank Zappa and [[Joni Mitchell]] recorded significant jazz-influenced albums in this period, and it has continued to be a major influence on rock music.<ref name=Bogdanov2002JazzRock>R. Unterberger, "Jazz Rock", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1328–1330.</ref>

===Roots rock===
{{Main|Roots rock}}

{{See also|Country rock|Southern rock}}
Roots rock is the term now used to describe a move away from the psychedelic scene to a more basic form of rock and roll that incorporated its original influences, particularly blues, country and folk music, leading to the creation of country rock and Southern rock.<ref>{{cite book|last=Auslander |first=Philip |title=Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture |year=2008 |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, England |isbn=978-0-415-77353-9 |page=83}}</ref> In 1966, Bob Dylan went to [[Nashville]] to record the album ''[[Blonde on Blonde]]''.<ref name=Wolff2000/> This, and subsequent more clearly country-influenced albums, such as ''[[Nashville Skyline]]'', have been seen as creating the genre of [[country folk]], a route pursued by a number of largely acoustic folk musicians.<ref name=Wolff2000>K. Wolff and O. Duane, ''Country Music: The Rough Guide'' (London: Rough Guides, 2000), {{ISBN|1-85828-534-8}}, p. 392.</ref> Other acts that followed the back-to-basics trend were the Canadian group [[the Band]] and the California-based [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]], both of which mixed basic rock and roll with folk, country and blues, to be among the most successful and influential bands of the late 1960s.<ref>R. Unterberger, "The Band", and S.T. Erlewine, "Creedence Clearwater Revival", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 61–62, 265–266.</ref> The same movement saw the beginning of the recording careers of Californian solo artists like [[Ry Cooder]], [[Bonnie Raitt]] and [[Lowell George]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoskyns |first=Barney |title=Hotel California: The True-Life Adventures of Crosby, Stills, Nash, Young, Mitchell, Taylor, Browne, Ronstadt, Geffen, the Eagles, and Their Many Friends |year=2007 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, NJ |isbn=978-0-470-12777-3 |pages=87–90}}</ref> and influenced the work of established performers such as the Rolling Stones' ''[[Beggar's Banquet]]'' (1968) and the Beatles' ''[[Let It Be (album)|Let It Be]]'' (1970).<ref name=Bogdanov2002Psych/> Reflecting on this change of trends in rock music over the past few years, Christgau wrote in his June 1970 "Consumer Guide" column that this "new orthodoxy" and "cultural lag" abandoned improvisatory, studio-ornamented productions in favor of an emphasis on "tight, spare instrumentation" and song composition: "Its referents are '50s rock, country music, and rhythm-and-blues, and its key inspiration is the Band."<ref>{{cite news|last=Christgau|first=Robert|date=18 June 1970|url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cg11.php|title=Consumer Guide (11)|newspaper=The Village Voice|access-date=18 February 2020|via=robertchristgau.com|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406140531/https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cg11.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The Eagles in performance, 2008.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A color photograph of four members of the Eagles on stage with guitars|The [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]] during their 2008–2009 [[Long Road Out of Eden Tour]]]]
In 1968, [[Gram Parsons]] recorded ''[[Safe at Home]]'' with the [[International Submarine Band]], arguably the first true [[country rock]] album.<ref name=Bogdanov2002C-Rock>R. Unterberger, "Country Rock", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], p. 1327.</ref> Later that year he joined the Byrds for ''[[Sweetheart of the Rodeo]]'' (1968), generally considered one of the most influential recordings in the genre.<ref name=Bogdanov2002C-Rock/> The Byrds continued in the same vein, but Parsons left to be joined by another ex-Byrds member [[Chris Hillman]] in forming [[the Flying Burrito Brothers]] who helped establish the respectability and parameters of the genre, before Parsons departed to pursue a solo career.<ref name=Bogdanov2002C-Rock/> Bands in California that adopted country rock included Hearts and Flowers, [[Poco (band)|Poco]], [[New Riders of the Purple Sage]],<ref name=Bogdanov2002C-Rock/> the [[The Beau Brummels|Beau Brummels]],<ref name=Bogdanov2002C-Rock/> and the [[Nitty Gritty Dirt Band]].<ref>B. Hinton, "The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band", in P. Buckley, ed., ''Rock: The Rough Guide'' (London: Rough Guides, 1st edn., 1996), {{ISBN|1-85828-201-2}}, pp. 612–13.</ref> Some performers also enjoyed a renaissance by adopting country sounds, including: the Everly Brothers; one-time [[teen idol]] Rick Nelson who became the frontman for the Stone Canyon Band; former Monkee [[Mike Nesmith]] who formed the [[First National Band]]; and [[Neil Young]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002C-Rock/> [[The Dillards]] were, unusually, a country act, who moved towards rock music.<ref name=Bogdanov2002C-Rock/> The greatest commercial success for country rock came in the 1970s, with artists including the [[Doobie Brothers]], [[Emmylou Harris]], [[Linda Ronstadt]] and the [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]] (made up of members of the Burritos, Poco, and Stone Canyon Band), who emerged as one of the most successful rock acts of all time, producing albums that included ''[[Hotel California (Eagles album)|Hotel California]]'' (1976).<ref name=Tawa2005>N.E. Tawa, ''Supremely American: Popular Song in the 20th Century: Styles and Singers and What They Said About America'' (Lanham, MA: Scarecrow Press, 2005), {{ISBN|0-8108-5295-0}}, p. 227–28.</ref>

The founders of Southern rock are usually thought to be the Allman Brothers Band, who developed a distinctive sound, largely derived from [[blues rock]], but incorporating elements of [[boogie]], soul, and country in the early 1970s.<ref name=Bogdanov2002SouthernRock/> The most successful act to follow them were Lynyrd Skynyrd, who helped establish the "Good ol' boy" image of the subgenre and the general shape of 1970s' guitar rock.<ref name=Bogdanov2002SouthernRock/> Their successors included the fusion/progressive instrumentalists [[Dixie Dregs]], the more country-influenced [[Outlaws (band)|Outlaws]], funk/R&B-leaning [[Wet Willie]] and (incorporating elements of R&B and gospel) the [[Ozark Mountain Daredevils]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002SouthernRock/> After the loss of original members of the Allmans and Lynyrd Skynyrd, the genre began to fade in popularity in the late 1970s, but was sustained the 1980s with acts like [[.38 Special (band)|.38 Special]], [[Molly Hatchet]] and [[the Marshall Tucker Band]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002SouthernRock/>

===Glam rock===
{{Main|Glam rock}}

{{See also|Glam metal}}
[[File:David-Bowie Early.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=A color photograph of David Bowie with an acoustic guitar|[[David Bowie]] during the [[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars|Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders]] Tour in 1972]]

Glam rock emerged from the English psychedelic and art rock scenes of the late 1960s; it can be seen as both an extension of (and reaction against) those trends.<ref name=Shuker2005pp124-5/> Musically diverse, varying between the simple rock and roll revivalism of figures like [[Alvin Stardust]] to the complex art rock of Roxy Music, and can be seen as much as a fashion as a musical subgenre.<ref name=Shuker2005pp124-5>R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), {{ISBN|0-415-34770-X}}, pp. 124–25.</ref> Visually, it was a mesh of various styles, ranging from 1930s [[Cinema in the United States|Hollywood]] glamor, through 1950s pin-up sex appeal, pre-war [[Cabaret]] theatrics, [[Victorian literature|Victorian]] literary and [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolist]] styles, science fiction, to ancient and occult [[mysticism]] and [[mythology]]; manifesting itself in outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots.<ref>P. Auslander, ''Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music'' (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7546-4057-4}}, pp. 57, 63, 87 and 141.</ref> Glam is most noted for its sexual and gender ambiguity and representations of [[androgyny]], beside extensive use of theatrics.<ref name=AllmusicGR>{{Citation|title=Glam rock |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d388|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wS7OGLm4?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d388 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> It was prefigured by the showmanship and gender-identity manipulation of American acts such as [[the Cockettes]] and [[Alice Cooper]].<ref>P. Auslander, ''Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music'' (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-472-06868-7}}, p. 34.</ref>

The origins of glam rock are associated with [[Marc Bolan]], who had renamed his folk duo to [[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]] and taken up electric instruments by the end of the 1960s. Often cited as the moment of inception is his appearance on the BBC music show ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' in March 1971 wearing glitter and satins, to perform what would be his second UK Top 10 hit (and first UK Number 1 hit), "[[Hot Love (T. Rex song)|Hot Love]]".<ref>Mark Paytress, ''Bolan – The Rise And Fall of a 20th Century Superstar'' ([[Omnibus Press]] 2002) {{ISBN|0-7119-9293-2}}, pp. 180–181.</ref> From 1971, already a minor star, [[David Bowie]] developed his Ziggy Stardust persona, incorporating elements of professional make up, mime and performance into his act.<ref name=Auslander2006p72>P. Auslander, "Watch that man David Bowie: Hammersmith Odeon, London, July 3, 1973" in I. Inglis, ed., ''Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7546-4057-4}}, p. 72.</ref> These performers were soon followed in the style by acts including Roxy Music, [[The Sweet|Sweet]], [[Slade]], [[Mott the Hoople]], [[Mud (band)|Mud]] and [[Alvin Stardust]].<ref name=Auslander2006p72/> While highly successful in the single charts in the United Kingdom, very few of these musicians were able to make a serious impact in the United States; Bowie was the major exception becoming an international superstar and prompting the adoption of glam styles among acts like [[Lou Reed]], [[New York Dolls]] and [[Jobriath]], often known as "glitter rock" and with a darker lyrical content than their British counterparts.<ref name=Auslander2006p80>P. Auslander, "Watch that man David Bowie: Hammersmith Odeon, London, July 3, 1973" in Ian Inglis, ed., ''Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7546-4057-4}}, p. 80.</ref> In the UK the term glitter rock was most often used to refer to the extreme version of glam pursued by [[Gary Glitter]] and his support musicians [[the Glitter Band]], who between them achieved eighteen top ten singles in the UK between 1972 and 1976.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Glitter>D. Thompson, "Glitter Band" and S. Huey, "Gary Glitter", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], p. 466.</ref> A second wave of glam rock acts, including [[Suzi Quatro]], [[Roy Wood]]'s [[Wizzard]] and [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]], dominated the British single charts from about 1974 to 1976.<ref name=Auslander2006p72/> Existing acts, some not usually considered central to the genre, also adopted glam styles, including [[Rod Stewart]], [[Elton John]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and, for a time, even the Rolling Stones.<ref name=Auslander2006p72/> It was also a direct influence on acts that rose to prominence later, including [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] and [[Adam Ant]], and less directly on the formation of [[gothic rock]] and [[glam metal]] as well as on punk rock, which helped end the fashion for glam from about 1976.<ref name="Auslander2006p80"/> Glam has since enjoyed sporadic modest revivals through bands such as [[The Darkness (band)|the Darkness]]<ref>R. Huq, ''Beyond Subculture: Pop, Youth and Identity in a Postcolonial World'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006), {{ISBN|0-415-27815-5}}, p. 161.</ref> and in R&B crossover act [[Prince (musician)|Prince]].<ref>P. Auslander, ''Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music'' (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7546-4057-4}}, p. 227.</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Chicano rock===
{{Main|Chicano rock}}

[[File:Carlos Santana 123176.jpg|thumb|[[Carlos Santana]] performing in 1976 at the [[Cow Palace]] in San Francisco]]
After the early successes of Latin rock in the 1960s, [[Chicano]] musicians like [[Carlos Santana]] and [[Al Hurricane]] continued to have successful careers throughout the 1970s. Santana opened the decade with success in his 1970 single "[[Black Magic Woman]]" on the ''[[Abraxas (album)|Abraxas]]'' album.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025|reason=Citation originally supporting this failed verification and attempts to find a replacement source has failed.}} From 1973 to 1978 he released a series of four albums that all achieved gold status: ''[[Welcome (Santana album)|Welcome]]'', ''[[Borboletta]]'', ''[[Amigos (Santana album)|Amigos]]'', and ''[[Festival (Santana album)|Festivál]]''. Al Hurricane continued to mix his rock music with [[New Mexico music]], though he was also experimenting more heavily with [[jazz]], which led to successful singles, especially on his ''[[Vestido Mojado]]'' album.<ref name="La Herencia Del Norte 1998 p.">{{cite book | title=La Herencia Del Norte | publisher=Gran Via | issue=v. 17–24 | year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIY6AQAAIAAJ | language=es | access-date=14 February 2020 }}</ref> [[Los Lobos]] gained popularity at this time, with their first album ''[[Los Lobos del Este de Los Angeles]]'' in 1977.

===Soft rock, hard rock, and early heavy metal===
{{Main|Soft rock|Hard rock|Heavy metal music|}}

{{See also|List of soft rock artists and songs}}
[[File:LedZeppelinChicago75 2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A color photograph of the band Led Zeppelin on stage|[[Led Zeppelin]] performing at [[Chicago Stadium]] in 1975]]
{{quote box
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| quote = A strange time, 1971—although rock's [[balkanization]] into genres was well underway, it was often hard to tell one catch-phrase from the next. "[[Art rock|Art-rock]]" could mean anything from [[The Velvet Underground|the Velvets]] to [[the Moody Blues]], and although [[Led Zeppelin]] was launched and [[Black Sabbath]] celebrated, "[[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]" remained an amorphous concept.
| source = —Rock music critic [[Robert Christgau]]<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Christgau|first=Robert|magazine=[[Details (magazine)|Details]]|year=1995|url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cdrev/move-det.php|title=The Move: Great Move! The Best of the Move|access-date=September 10, 2018|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172950/https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cdrev/move-det.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
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From the late 1960s, it became common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies.<ref name=Curtis1987/> Major artists included [[Carole King]], [[Cat Stevens]] and [[James Taylor]].<ref name=Curtis1987>J.M. Curtis, ''Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), {{ISBN|0-87972-369-6}}, p. 236.</ref> It reached its commercial peak in the mid- to late 1970s with acts like [[Billy Joel]], [[America (band)|America]] and the reformed [[Fleetwood Mac]], whose ''[[Rumours (album)|Rumours]]'' (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade.<ref>J. Kennaugh, "Fleetwood Mac", in P. Buckley, ed., ''Rock: The Rough Guide'' (London: Rough Guides, 1st edn., 1996), {{ISBN|1-85828-201-2}}, pp. 323–24.</ref> In contrast, hard rock was more often derived from blues-rock and was played louder and with more intensity.<ref name=AllMusicHard/> It often emphasised the electric guitar, both as a rhythm instrument using simple repetitive riffs and as a solo lead instrument, and was more likely to be used with [[Distortion (music)|distortion]] and other effects.<ref name=AllMusicHard/> Key acts included British Invasion bands like the Kinks, as well as psychedelic era performers like Cream, Jimi Hendrix and [[the Jeff Beck Group]].<ref name=AllMusicHard>{{Citation|title=Hard Rock |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d217|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wS1b6c7H?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d217 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> Hard rock-influenced bands that enjoyed international success in the late 1970s included [[Queen (band)|Queen]],<ref>{{Citation|last=S.T. Erlewine |title=Queen |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=queen-p5205/biography|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wS5t2gXT?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/queen-p5205/biography |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> [[Thin Lizzy]],<ref>{{Citation|last=J. Dougan |title=Thin Lizzy |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=thin-lizzy-p5633/biography|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wS6F8uBu?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/thin-lizzy-p5633/biography |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> [[Aerosmith]], [[AC/DC]],<ref name=AllMusicHard/> and [[Van Halen]].

[[File:Aerosmith 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Steven Tyler]] and [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] of [[Aerosmith]] performing in 2007]]
Also from the late 1960s, the term "heavy metal" began to be used to describe some hard rock played with even more volume and intensity, first as an adjective and by the early 1970s as a noun.<ref>R. Walser, ''Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music'' (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), {{ISBN|0-8195-6260-2}}, p. 7.</ref> The term was first used in music in [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]]'s "[[Born to Be Wild]]" (1967); the term began to be associated with bands like San Francisco's [[Blue Cheer]], Cleveland's [[James Gang]] and Michigan's [[Grand Funk Railroad]].<ref>R. Walser, ''Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music'' (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), {{ISBN|0-8195-6260-2}}, p. 9.</ref> By 1970, three key British bands had developed the characteristic sounds and styles which would help shape the subgenre. [[Led Zeppelin]] added elements of fantasy to their riff laden blues-rock, [[Deep Purple]] brought in symphonic and medieval interests from their progressive rock phase and [[Black Sabbath]] introduced facets of the [[gothic rock|gothic]] and [[Musical mode|modal harmony]], helping to produce a "darker" sound.<ref name=Walser1993p10>R. Walser, ''Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music'' (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), {{ISBN|0-8195-6260-2}}, p. 10.</ref> These elements were taken up by a "second generation" of hard rock and heavy metal bands into the late 1970s, including: [[Judas Priest]], [[UFO (band)|UFO]], [[Motörhead]] and [[Rainbow (rock band)|Rainbow]] from Britain; [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], [[Ted Nugent]], and [[Blue Öyster Cult]] from the US; [[Rush (band)|Rush]] from Canada and [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]] from Germany, all marking the expansion in popularity of the subgenre.<ref name=Walser1993p10/> Despite a lack of airplay and very little presence on the singles charts, late 1970s heavy metal built a considerable following, particularly among adolescent working-class males in North America and Europe.<ref>R. Walser, ''Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music'' (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), {{ISBN|0-8195-6260-2}}, p. 3.</ref>

In the 1980s, bands such as [[Bon Jovi]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Metallica]], [[Mötley Crüe]] and [[Def Leppard]] saw mainstream success, with hard rock and a [[Glam metal|fusion]] of hard rock and heavy metal with pop. During the 1990s, hard rock saw a slight decline in popularity, save for some major hits like Guns N' Roses' "[[November Rain]]", and Metallica's "[[Enter Sandman]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Christopher |first=Michael ChristopherMichael |date=2021-07-29 |title=30 Years Ago: Metallica Wake the Mainstream With 'Enter Sandman' |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/metallica-enter-sandman/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Ultimate Classic Rock}}</ref>

===Christian rock===
{{Main|Christian rock}}

[[File:Switchfoot_Fading_West_ATL.png|thumb|[[Switchfoot]] taking a bow at [[Buckhead Theatre]], Atlanta, following a performance in 2014]]
Rock music has sometimes been criticized by some Christian leaders, who have condemned it as immoral, anti-Christian, and even satanic.<ref>J.J. Thompson, ''Raised by Wolves: the Story of Christian Rock & Roll'' (Toronto: ECW Press, 2000), {{ISBN|1-55022-421-2}}, pp. 30–31.</ref> However, Christian rock began to develop in the late 1960s, particularly out of the [[Jesus movement]] beginning in Southern California, and it emerged as a subgenre in the 1970s with artists like [[Larry Norman]], usually seen as the first major "star" of Christian rock.<ref>J.R. Howard and J.M. Streck, ''[[Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music]]'' (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), {{ISBN|0-8131-9086-X}}, p. 30.</ref> The genre was mostly a phenomenon in the United States.<ref>J.R. Howard and J.M. Streck, ''[[Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music]]'' (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), {{ISBN|0-8131-9086-X}}, pp. 43–44.</ref> Many Christian rock performers have ties to the [[contemporary Christian music]] scene. Starting in the 1980s, Christian pop performers, as well as hard rock bands like [[Stryper]], have had some mainstream success.<ref>J.J. Thompson, ''Raised by Wolves: the Story of Christian Rock & Roll'' (Toronto: ECW Press, 2000), {{ISBN|1-55022-421-2}}, pp. 66–67 and 159–161.</ref><ref>M.B. Wagner, ''God's Schools: Choice and Compromise in American Society'' (Rutgers University Press, 1990), {{ISBN|0-8135-1607-2}}, p. 134.</ref> Starting in the 1990s, there were increasing numbers of acts who attempted to avoid the Christian band label, preferring to be seen as groups who were also Christians, including [[P.O.D]].<ref>J.J. Thompson, ''Raised by Wolves: the Story of Christian Rock & Roll'' (Toronto: ECW Press, 2000), {{ISBN|1-55022-421-2}}, pp. 206–207.</ref>

===Heartland rock===
{{Main|Heartland rock}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-0719-38, Bruce Springsteen, Konzert in der DDR.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A black and white photograph of Bruce Springsteen on stage with a guitar|[[Bruce Springsteen]] performing in [[East Berlin]] in 1988]]
American working-class oriented heartland rock, characterized by a straightforward musical style and a concern with the lives of ordinary, [[blue-collar]] American people, developed in the second half of the 1970s. The term heartland rock was first used to describe [[American Midwest|Midwestern]] arena rock groups like [[Kansas (band)|Kansas]], [[REO Speedwagon]] and Styx, but which came to be associated with a more socially concerned form of roots rock more directly influenced by folk, country and rock and roll.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirkpatrick |first=Rob |title=The Words and Music of Bruce Springsteen |year=2007 |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-275-98938-5 |page=51}}</ref> It has been seen as an American Midwest and [[Rust Belt]] counterpart to West Coast country rock and the Southern rock of the American South.<ref>{{harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=138}}</ref> Led by figures who had initially been identified with punk and new wave, it was most strongly influenced by acts such as Bob Dylan, the Byrds, Creedence Clearwater Revival and [[Van Morrison]], and the basic rock of 1960s garage and the Rolling Stones.<ref name=AllmusicHeartland>{{Citation|title=Heartland Rock |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d7710|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wT2uWL5o?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d7710 |archive-date=13 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref>

Exemplified by the commercial success of singer songwriters [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Bob Seger]], and [[Tom Petty]], it was partly a reaction to post-industrial urban decline in the East and Mid-West, often dwelling on issues of social disintegration and isolation, beside a form of good-time rock and roll revivalism.<ref name=AllmusicHeartland/> The genre reached its commercial peak in the mid-1980s, with Springsteen's ''[[Born in the USA]]'' (1984) topping the charts worldwide and spawning a series of top ten singles, together with the arrival of artists including [[John Mellencamp]], [[Steve Earle]] and more gentle singer-songwriters such as [[Bruce Hornsby]].<ref name=AllmusicHeartland/>

Heartland rock faded away as a recognized genre by the early 1990s, as rock music in general, and blue-collar and white working class themes in particular, lost influence with younger audiences, and as heartland's artists turned to more personal works.<ref name=AllmusicHeartland/>

===Punk rock===
{{Main|Punk rock|Punk rock subgenres}}

{{See also|Protopunk|Hardcore punk|List of hardcore punk subgenres}}
[[File:Patti Smith Copenhagen 1976.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=A color photograph of Patti Smith on stage with a microphone|[[Patti Smith]] performing in [[Copenhagen]] in October 1976]]
Punk rock was developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States and the United Kingdom. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed the perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock.<ref name=BogdanovPunk>J. Dougan, "Punk Music", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1335–1336.</ref> They created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a [[DIY ethic|DIY (do it yourself) ethic]], with many bands self-producing their recordings and distributing them through informal channels.<ref>A. Rodel, "Extreme Noise Terror: Punk Rock and the Aesthetics of Badness", in C. Washburne and M. Derno, eds, ''Bad Music: The Music We Love to Hate'' (New York: Routledge), {{ISBN|0-415-94365-5}}, pp. 235–56.</ref>
[[File:Sex Pistols in Paradiso - Johnny Rotten & Steve Jones.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Members of rock band the Sex Pistols onstage in a concert. From left to right, singer Johnny Rotten and electric guitarist Steve Jones.|Vocalist [[John Lydon|Johnny Rotten]] and guitarist [[Steve Jones (musician)|Steve Jones]] of the [[Sex Pistols]] performing in [[Amsterdam]] in January 1977]]
By late 1976, acts such as the [[Ramones]] and [[Patti Smith]], in New York City, and the [[Sex Pistols]] and [[the Clash]], in London, were recognized as the vanguard of a new musical movement.<ref name=BogdanovPunk/> The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world. Punk quickly became a major cultural phenomenon in the UK. The Sex Pistols' live TV skirmish with [[Bill Grundy]] on 1 December 1976 was the watershed moment in British punk's transformation into a major media phenomenon, even as some stores refused to stock the records and radio airplay was hard to come by.<ref>Savage (1992), pp. 260, 263–67, 277–79; Laing (1985), pp. 35, 37, 38.</ref> In May 1977, the Sex Pistols achieved new heights of controversy (and number two on the singles chart) with the song "[[God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)|God Save the Queen]]", which referenced [[Queen Elizabeth II]] during her [[Silver Jubilee]].<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Young, Charles M. |date=20 October 1977| title=Rock Is Sick and Living in London |magazine=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/articles/story/9437647/sex_pistols_rock_is_sick_and_living_in_london?source=thebeatles_rssfeed |access-date=10 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060914225550/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/articles/story/9437647/sex_pistols_rock_is_sick_and_living_in_london?source=thebeatles_rssfeed |archive-date=14 September 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated [[punk subculture]] emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive [[Punk fashion|clothing styles]] and [[Punk ideologies|a variety of ideologies]].<ref>R. Sabin, "Rethingking punk and racism", in R. Sabin, ed., ''Punk Rock: So What?: the Cultural Legacy of Punk'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 1999), {{ISBN|0-415-17029-X}}, p. 206.</ref>

By the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] and [[Oi!]] had emerged,<ref>{{cite book|last=Skott-Myhre |first=Hans A. |title=Youth and Subculture as Creative Force: Creating New Spaces for Radical Youth Work |year=2009 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto, Canada |isbn=978-1-4426-0992-1 |page=xi}}</ref> which evolved into strains of hardcore punk such as [[D-beat]] (a distortion-heavy subgenre influenced by the UK band [[Discharge (band)|Discharge]]), [[anarcho-punk]] (e.g. [[Crass (band)|Crass]]), [[grindcore]] (e.g. [[Napalm Death]]), and [[crust punk]].<ref>T. Gosling, "'Not for sale': The Underground network of Anarcho-punk" in A. Bennett and R.A. Peterson, eds, ''Music Scenes: Local, Translocal and Virtual'' (Nashville TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0-8265-1451-0}}, pp. 168–86.</ref> Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a broad range of other variations, giving rise to [[New wave music|new wave]], [[post-punk]] and the [[alternative rock]] movement.<ref name=BogdanovPunk/>

===New wave===
{{Main|New wave music|Synth-pop}}

{{See also|New Romantic|Electronic rock}}
[[File:Blondie (Debbie Harry) One.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A black and white photograph of Debbie Harry on stage with a microphone|[[Debbie Harry]], lead singer of [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], performing at [[Maple Leaf Gardens]] in Toronto in October 1977]]
Although punk rock was a significant social and musical phenomenon, it achieved less in the way of record sales (being distributed by small specialty labels such as [[Stiff Records]]),<ref>{{harvnb|Waksman|2009|p=157}}</ref> or American radio airplay (as the radio scene continued to be dominated by mainstream formats such as [[disco]] and [[album-oriented rock]]).<ref>E. Koskoff, ''Music Cultures in the United States: an Introduction'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), {{ISBN|0-415-96589-6}}, p. 358.</ref> Punk rock had attracted devotees from the art and collegiate world and soon bands sporting a more literate, arty approach, such as [[Talking Heads]] and [[Devo]], began to infiltrate the punk scene; in some quarters the description "new wave" began to be used to differentiate these less overtly punk bands.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|2008|pp=273–274}}</ref> Record executives, who had been mostly mystified by the punk movement, recognized the potential of the more accessible new wave acts and began aggressively signing and marketing any band that could claim a remote connection to punk or new wave.<ref>R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), {{ISBN|0-415-34770-X}}, pp. 185–86.</ref> Many of these bands, such as [[the Cars]] and [[the Go-Go's]], can be seen as pop bands marketed as new wave;<ref>M. Janosik, ed., ''The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History: The Video Generation, 1981–1990'' (London: Greenwood, 2006), {{ISBN|0-313-32943-5}}, p. 75.</ref> other existing acts, including [[the Police]], [[the Pretenders]] and [[Elvis Costello]], used the new wave movement as the springboard for relatively long and critically successful careers,<ref>M.K. Hall, ''Crossroads: American Popular Culture and the Vietnam Generation'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), {{ISBN|0-7425-4444-3}}, p. 174.</ref> while "skinny tie" bands like [[the Knack]] played chart-topping [[power pop]],<ref>{{cite book|first= John M. |last= Borack |author-link= John M. Borack |year= 2007 |title= Shake Some Action: The Ultimate Power Pop Guide |publisher= [[Not Lame Recordings]] |page= 27 |isbn= 978-0-9797714-0-8}}</ref> and the photogenic [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]] began as a punk act and moved into lighter and more eclectic territories.<ref name=Bogdanov2002NewWave>S.T. Erlewine, "New Wave", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1337–1338.</ref>

Between 1979 and 1985, influenced by Kraftwerk, [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]], David Bowie and [[Gary Numan]], British new wave went in the direction of such New Romantics as [[Spandau Ballet]], [[Ultravox]], [[Japan (band)|Japan]], [[Duran Duran]], [[A Flock of Seagulls]], [[Culture Club]], [[Talk Talk]] and the [[Eurythmics]], sometimes using the synthesizer to replace all other instruments.<ref name=Borthwick&Moy2004pp121-3>{{citation |title=Popular Music Genres: an Introduction |author=S. Borthwick and R. Moy |publisher=Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-7486-1745-0 |pages=121–123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4bmVbNSnk4C&q=Popular+Music+Genres+an+Introduction+synthpop+%22by+around+1984,+many+of+the+biggest%22&pg=PA121 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610024248/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4bmVbNSnk4C&q=Popular+Music+Genres+an+Introduction+synthpop+%22by+around+1984,+many+of+the+biggest%22&pg=PA121 |url-status=live }}</ref> This period coincided with the rise of [[MTV]] and led to a great deal of exposure for this brand of synth-pop, creating what has been characterised as a [[second British Invasion]].<ref name=Reynolds>S. Reynolds, ''Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978–1984'' (London: Penguin Books, 2006), {{ISBN|0-14-303672-6}}, pp. 340, 342–343.</ref> Some more traditional rock bands were also successful, such as [[Dire Straits]], whose "[[Money for Nothing (song)|Money for Nothing]]" gently poked fun at MTV,<ref>M. Haig, ''Brand Royalty: How the World's Top 100 Brands Thrive & Survive'' (London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7494-4826-1}}, p. 54.</ref> but in general guitar-oriented rock was commercially eclipsed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Young |first=Jon |contribution=Roll over guitar heroes, synthesizers are here |editor-last=Cateforis |editor-first=Theo |title=The Rock History Reader |year=2007 |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge |location=London, UK |isbn=978-0-415-97501-8 |pages=21–38}}</ref>

===Post-punk===
{{Main|Post-punk}}

{{See also|Gothic rock|Industrial music}}
[[File:U2 on Joshua Tree Tour 2017 Brussels 8-1-17.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A color photograph of members of the band U2 performing on stage|[[U2]] performing on [[The Joshua Tree Tours 2017 and 2019|The Joshua Tree Tour]] in [[Brussels]] in 2017]]
If hardcore most directly pursued the stripped down aesthetic of punk, and new wave came to represent its commercial wing, post-punk emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s as its more artistic and challenging side. In addition to punk bands, major influences included [[the Velvet Underground]], [[the Stooges]] and [[Captain Beefheart]].<ref name="Bogdanov2002PostPunk">S.T. Erlewine, "Post Punk", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1337–1338.</ref> Early contributors to the genre included U.S. bands [[Pere Ubu]], [[Devo]], [[the Residents]], and [[Talking Heads]].<ref name="Bogdanov2002PostPunk"/>

The first wave of British post-punk included [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]] and [[Joy Division]], who placed less emphasis on art than their US counterparts and more on the dark emotional qualities of their music.<ref name="Bogdanov2002PostPunk"/> Bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees, [[Bauhaus (band)|Bauhaus]], [[the Cure]], and [[the Sisters of Mercy]], moved increasingly in this direction to found gothic rock, which had become the basis of a major [[sub-culture]] by the early 1980s.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodlad|Bibby|2007|p=239}}</ref> Similar emotional territory was pursued by Australian acts like [[The Birthday Party (band)|the Birthday Party]] and [[Nick Cave]].<ref name="Bogdanov2002PostPunk"/> Members of Bauhaus and Joy Division explored new stylistic territory as [[Love and Rockets (band)|Love and Rockets]] and [[New Order (band)|New Order]] respectively.<ref name="Bogdanov2002PostPunk"/> Another early post-punk movement was the industrial music<ref>C. Gere, ''Digital Culture'' (London: Reaktion Books, 2002), {{ISBN|1-86189-143-1}}, p. 172.</ref> developed by British bands [[Throbbing Gristle]] and [[Cabaret Voltaire (band)|Cabaret Voltaire]], and New York-based [[Suicide (band)|Suicide]], using a variety of electronic and sampling techniques that emulated the sound of industrial production and which would develop into a variety of forms of [[post-industrial music]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{Citation|title=Industrial rock |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/essay/industrial-rock-t1588 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160132/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/essay/industrial-rock-t1588 |archive-date=1 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The second generation of British post-punk bands that broke through in the early 1980s, including [[The Fall (band)|the Fall]], [[the Pop Group]], [[the Mekons]], [[Echo and the Bunnymen]] and [[the Teardrop Explodes]], tended to move away from dark sonic landscapes.<ref name="Bogdanov2002PostPunk"/> Arguably the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was Ireland's [[U2]], who incorporated elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music, and by the late 1980s had become one of the biggest bands in the world.<ref>F.W. Hoffmann and H. Ferstler, ''Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1'' (New York: CRC Press, 2nd edn., 2004), {{ISBN|0-415-93835-X}}, p. 1135.</ref> Although many post-punk bands continued to record and perform, it declined as a movement in the mid-1980s as acts disbanded or moved off to explore other musical areas, but it has continued to influence the development of rock music and has been seen as a major element in the creation of the alternative rock movement.<ref>D. Hesmondhaigh, "Indie: the institutional political and aesthetics of a popular music genre" in ''Cultural Studies'', 13 (2002), p. 46.</ref>

===Emergence of alternative rock===
{{Main|Alternative rock}}

{{See also|Jangle pop|college rock|indie pop|dream pop|shoegazing}}
[[File:Padova REM concert July 22 2003 blue.jpg|thumb|alt=A color photograph of the band R.E.M. on stage|[[R.E.M.]], a successful [[alternative rock]] band in the 1980s and 1990s, performing in 2003]]
The term alternative rock was coined in the early 1980s to describe rock artists who did not fit into the mainstream genres of the time. Bands dubbed "alternative" had no unified style, but were all seen as distinct from mainstream music. Alternative bands were linked by their collective debt to punk rock, through new wave, post-punk or hardcore.<ref name=Bogdanov2002USAlternative>S.T. Erlewine, "American Alternative Rock / Post Punk", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1344–1346.</ref> Important alternative rock bands of the 1980s in the US included [[R.E.M.]], [[Hüsker Dü]], [[Jane's Addiction]], [[Sonic Youth]], and the [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]];<ref name=Bogdanov2002USAlternative/> in the UK, popular bands [[the Cure]], [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[the Jesus and Mary Chain]], and [[the Smiths]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002UKAlternative>S.T. Erlewine, "British Alternative Rock", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 1346–1347.</ref> Artists were largely confined to [[independent record labels]], building an extensive underground music scene based on [[Campus radio|college radio]], fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth.<ref>T. Frank, "Alternative to what?", in C.L. Harrington and D.D. Bielby, eds, ''Popular Culture: Production and Consumption'' (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001), {{ISBN|0-631-21710-X}}, pp. 94–105.</ref> They rejected the dominant synth-pop of the early 1980s, marking a return to group-based guitar rock.<ref>{{Citation|last=S.T. Erlewine |title=The Smiths |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-smiths-p5466/biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055657/http://allmusic.com/artist/rem-p116437/biography |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=S.T. Erlewine |title=R.E.M. |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-smiths-p5466/biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628082715/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-smiths-p5466/biography |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=AMCollegeRock>{{Citation|title=College rock |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d11971 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229184652/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d11971 |archive-date=29 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Few of these early bands achieved mainstream success, although exceptions to this rule include R.E.M., the Smiths, and the Cure. Despite a general lack of spectacular album sales, the original alternative rock bands exerted a considerable influence on the generation of musicians who came of age in the 1980s and ended up breaking through to mainstream success in the 1990s. Styles of alternative rock in the US during the 1980s included [[jangle pop]], associated with the early recordings of R.E.M., which incorporated the ringing guitars of mid-1960s pop and rock, and college rock, used to describe alternative bands that began in the college circuit and college radio, including acts such as [[10,000 Maniacs]] and [[the Feelies]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002USAlternative/> In the UK, by the end of the 1980s, indie or dream pop bands like [[Primal Scream]] and [[the Wedding Present]],<ref>{{Citation|title=Twee as Fuck: The Story of Indie Pop |last=N. Abebe |work=Pitchfork Media |date=24 October 2005 |url=http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/6176-twee-as-fuck/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203183515/http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/6176-twee-as-fuck/ |archive-date=3 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and what were dubbed [[shoegaze]] bands like [[My Bloody Valentine (band)|My Bloody Valentine]], [[Slowdive]], and [[Ride (band)|Ride]] entered.<ref>{{Citation|title=Shoegaze |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/shoegaze-d2680 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224064714/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/shoegaze-d2680 |archive-date=24 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Particularly vibrant was the [[Madchester]] scene, producing such bands as [[Happy Mondays]] and [[the Stone Roses]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002UKAlternative/><ref>R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), {{ISBN|0-415-34770-X}}, p. 7.</ref> The next decade would see the success of [[grunge]] in the US and [[Britpop]] in the UK, bringing alternative rock into the mainstream.
{{Clear}}

== 1990s–2000s: Alternative goes mainstream ==

===Grunge===
{{Main|Grunge}}

[[File:Nirvana around 1992.jpg|thumb|alt=A color photograph of two members of the band Nirvana on stage with guitars|[[Grunge]] band [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] performing in 1992]]
In the latter half of the 1980s, bands in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]] (particularly in the [[Seattle]] area) formed a new style of rock that contrasted with the mainstream music of the time. The developing genre came to be known as "grunge", a term descriptive of the dirty sound of the music and the unkempt appearance of most musicians, who rebelled against the over-groomed images of other artists. Grunge made heavy use of [[distortion (guitar)|guitar distortion]], [[Distortion (music)|fuzz]], and [[audio feedback|feedback]].<ref name="allmusic grunge">{{Citation|title=Grunge |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d2679|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wT8KwMkr?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2679 |archive-date=13 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> The lyrics were typically apathetic and angst-filled, and often concerned themes such as social alienation and entrapment, although it was also known for its dark humor and parodies of commercial rock.

Bands such as [[Green River (band)|Green River]], [[Soundgarden]], and [[Melvins]] pioneered the genre, with [[Mudhoney]] becoming the most successful by the end of the decade. Grunge remained largely a local phenomenon until 1991, when [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s album ''[[Nevermind]]'' became a huge success, containing the anthemic song "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]".<ref>{{Citation|last=E. Olsen |title=10 years later, Cobain continues to live on through his music |publisher=MSNBC |date=4 September 2004 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4652653 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311131250/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/4652653 |archive-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Nevermind'' was more melodic than its predecessors; by signing to Geffen Records the band was one of the first to employ traditional corporate promotion and marketing mechanisms such as an MTV video, in store displays and the use of radio "consultants" who promoted airplay at major mainstream rock stations. During 1991 and 1992, other grunge albums such as [[Pearl Jam]]'s ''[[Ten (Pearl Jam album)|Ten]]'', Soundgarden's ''[[Badmotorfinger]]'', and [[Alice in Chains]]' ''[[Dirt (Alice in Chains album)|Dirt]]'', along with the ''[[Temple of the Dog (album)|Temple of the Dog]]'' album featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, became among the 100 top-selling albums.<ref>J. Lyons, ''Selling Seattle: Representing Contemporary Urban America'' (London: Wallflower, 2004), {{ISBN|1-903364-96-5}}, p. 136.</ref> Major record labels signed most of the remaining grunge bands in Seattle, while a second influx of acts moved to the city in the hope of success.<ref name="Azerrad419">M. Azerrad, ''[[Our Band Could Be Your Life|Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981–1991]]'' (Boston, MA: Little Brown and Company, 2001), {{ISBN|0-316-78753-1}}, pp. 452–453.</ref> However, after the [[Suicide of Kurt Cobain|death of Kurt Cobain]] and the subsequent break-up of Nirvana in 1994, the genre began to decline, partly to be overshadowed by Britpop and more commercial sounding [[post-grunge]].<ref name=AllMusicPostgrunge>{{Citation|title=Post-grunge |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d2771|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wTFBkV3M?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2771 |archive-date=13 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref>

===Britpop===
{{Main|Britpop}}

[[File:Oasis Liam and Noel.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A color photograph of Noel and Liam Gallagher of the band Oasis on stage|[[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] performing in [[San Diego]] in 2005]]
Britpop emerged from the British alternative rock scene of the early 1990s and was characterised by bands particularly influenced by British guitar music of the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=Bogdanov2002UKAlternative/> [[The Smiths]] were a major influence, as were bands of the [[Madchester]] scene, which had dissolved in the early 1990s.<ref name="allmusicBritpop">{{Citation|title=Britpop |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d2681|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRBeCas7?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2681 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> Britpop was varied in style, but often used catchy tunes and hooks, beside lyrics with particularly British concerns and the adoption of the iconography of the 1960s British Invasion, including the symbols of British identity previously used by the mods.<ref>H. Jenkins, T. McPherson and J. Shattuc, ''Hop on Pop: the Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture'' (Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2002), {{ISBN|0-8223-2737-6}}, p. 541.</ref> It was launched around 1993 with releases by groups such as [[Suede (band)|Suede]] and [[Blur (band)|Blur]], who were soon joined by others including [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]], [[Supergrass]], and [[Elastica]], who produced a series of successful albums and singles.<ref name=Bogdanov2002UKAlternative/> For a while the contest between Blur and Oasis was built by the popular press into the "Battle of Britpop", initially won by Blur, but with Oasis achieving greater long-term and international success, directly influencing later Britpop bands, such as [[Ocean Colour Scene]] and [[Kula Shaker]].<ref>E. Kessler, "Noelrock!", ''NME'', 8 June 1996.</ref> Britpop groups brought British alternative rock into the mainstream and formed the backbone of a larger British cultural trend known as [[Cool Britannia]].<ref>W. Osgerby, ''Youth Media'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2004), {{ISBN|0-415-23808-0}}, pp. 92–96.</ref> The movement had largely fallen apart by the end of the decade.<ref name=Bogdanov2002UKAlternative/>

===Post-grunge===
{{Main|Post-grunge}}

[[File:Foo Fighters Live 29.jpg|thumb|alt=A color photograph of members of the Foo Fighters on stage with instruments|[[Foo Fighters]] performing an acoustic show in 2007]]
The term post-grunge was coined for the bands that followed the emergence into the mainstream of the Seattle grunge bands and emulated their music, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound.<ref name=AllMusicPostgrunge/> Often they worked through the major labels and incorporated influences from hard rock,<ref name=AllMusicPostgrunge/> [[pop rock]],<ref name="jenkins">{{cite web |last1=Jenkins |first1=Chris |title=Foo Fighters are Classic Rock Now |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/07/foo-fighters-are-classic-rock-now.html |website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]] |access-date=March 5, 2022 |date=July 18, 2018 |quote=In 2018, the Foo Fighters are more than just a reliable pop-rock machine and an outlet for the lead singer’s creativity. |archive-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306024510/https://www.vulture.com/2018/07/foo-fighters-are-classic-rock-now.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or [[alternative metal]].<ref name=AllMusicPostgrunge/> The term post-grunge originally was meant to be pejorative, suggesting that grunge bands that emerged when grunge was mainstream were simply musically derivative, or a cynical response to an "authentic" rock movement.<ref name=Grierson/> From 1995, former Nirvana drummer [[Dave Grohl]]'s new band, the [[Foo Fighters]], helped popularize the post-grunge genre.<ref name=Bogdanov2002FooFighters>S.T. Erlewine, "Foo Fighters", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], p. 423.</ref>

Some post-grunge bands, like [[Candlebox]], were from Seattle, but the subgenre was marked by a broadening of the geographical base of grunge, with bands like York, Pennsylvania's [[Live (band)|Live]] and Georgia's [[Collective Soul]], and beyond the US to Australia's [[Silverchair]] and Britain's [[Bush (British band)|Bush]], who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres of the mid-1990s.<ref name=Bogdanov2002USAlternative/><ref name=AllMusicPostgrunge/> Bands like [[Creed (band)|Creed]] and [[Nickelback]] took post-grunge into the late 1990s and 2000s with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems,<ref name=Grierson/> narratives and romantic songs, and were followed in this vein by newer acts including [[Shinedown]], [[Seether]], [[3 Doors Down]] and [[Puddle of Mudd]].<ref name=Grierson>{{Citation|last=T. Grierson |title=Post-Grunge: A History of Post-Grunge Rock |website=About.com |url=http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/PostGrunge.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514035717/http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/PostGrunge.htm |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Pop-punk===
{{Main|Pop-punk}}

[[File:Green day Live 5 june 2013 in Rome5.JPG|thumb|alt=A color photograph of members of the group Green Day on stage with instruments|[[Green Day]] performing in [[Rome]] in 2013]]
The origins of 1990s pop-punk can be seen in the more song-oriented bands of the 1970s punk movement like [[Buzzcocks]] and [[the Clash]], commercially successful new wave acts such as [[the Jam]] and [[the Undertones]], and the more hardcore-influenced elements of alternative rock in the 1980s.<ref name=LambPunkPop>{{Citation
|last=W. Lamb
|title=Punk Pop
|website=About.com
|url=http://top40.about.com/od/popmusic101/p/punkpop.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516091225/http://top40.about.com/od/popmusic101/p/punkpop.htm
|archive-date=16 May 2011
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Pop-punk tends to use power-pop melodies and chord changes with speedy punk tempos and loud guitars.<ref>{{Citation
|title=Punk Pop
|work=AllMusic
|url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d2928|pure_url=yes}}
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wZYGmlDd?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2928
|archive-date=17 February 2011
|url-status=dead
}}.</ref> Punk music provided the inspiration for some California-based bands on independent labels in the early 1990s, including [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]] and [[Green Day]].<ref name=LambPunkPop/> In 1994, Green Day moved to a major label and produced the album ''[[Dookie (album)|Dookie]]'', which found a new, largely teenage, audience and proved a surprise diamond-selling success, leading to a series of hit singles, including two number ones in the US.<ref name=Bogdanov2002USAlternative/> They were soon followed by the [[Weezer (1994 album)|eponymous debut from Weezer]], which spawned three top ten singles in the US.<ref>{{Citation
|last=S.T. Erlewine
|title=Weezer
|work=AllMusic
|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p44726|pure_url=yes}}
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wTa5j1b6?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/weezer-p44726/biography
|archive-date=13 February 2011
|url-status=dead
}}.</ref> This success opened the door for the multi-platinum sales of metallic punk band [[the Offspring]] with ''[[Smash (The Offspring album)|Smash]]'' (1994).<ref name=Bogdanov2002USAlternative/> This first wave of pop punk reached its commercial peak with Green Day's ''[[Nimrod (album)|Nimrod]]'' (1997) and the Offspring's ''[[Americana (The Offspring album)|Americana]]'' (1998).<ref name=Bogdanov2002GreenDay&Offspring>S.T. Erlewine, "Green Day", and "Offspring", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 484–485, 816.</ref>

A second wave of pop-punk was spearheaded by [[Blink-182]], with their breakthrough album ''[[Enema of the State]]'' (1999), followed by bands such as [[Good Charlotte]], [[Simple Plan]] and [[Sum 41]], who made use of humour in their videos and had a more radio-friendly tone to their music, while retaining the speed, some of the attitude and even the look of 1970s punk.<ref name=LambPunkPop/> Later pop-punk bands, including [[All Time Low]], [[the All-American Rejects]] and [[Fall Out Boy]], had a sound that has been described as closer to 1980s hardcore, while still achieving commercial success.<ref name=LambPunkPop/>

===Indie rock===
{{Main|Indie rock}}

{{See also|Riot grrrl|Lo-fi music|Post rock|Math rock|Space rock|Sadcore|Baroque pop}}
[[File:Pavement, the band, in Tokyo.jpg|thumb|alt=A black and white photograph of five members of the group Pavement standing in front of a brick wall|[[Lo-fi music|Lo-fi]] indie rock band [[Pavement (band)|Pavement]]]]
In the 1980s the terms indie rock and alternative rock were used interchangeably.<ref name=AllMusicIndie/> By the mid-1990s, as elements of the movement began to attract mainstream interest, particularly grunge and then Britpop, post-grunge and pop-punk, the term alternative began to lose its meaning.<ref name=AllMusicIndie/> Those bands following the less commercial contours of the scene were increasingly referred to by the label indie.<ref name=AllMusicIndie>{{Citation|title=Indie rock |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105070517/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2687 |archive-date=5 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Linked by an ethos more than a musical approach, the indie rock movement encompassed a wide range of styles, from hard-edged, grunge-influenced bands like [[the Cranberries]] and [[Superchunk]], through do-it-yourself experimental bands like [[Pavement (band)|Pavement]], to punk-folk singers such as [[Ani DiFranco]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002USAlternative/><ref name=Bogdanov2002UKAlternative/> It has been noted that indie rock has a relatively high proportion of female artists compared with preceding rock genres, a tendency exemplified by the development of feminist-informed [[Riot grrrl]] music.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leonard |first=Marion |title=Gender in the Music Industry: Rock, Discourse and Girl Power |year=2007 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |location=Aldershot, England |isbn=978-0-7546-3862-9 |page=2}}</ref> Many countries have developed an extensive local [[indie (music)|indie]] scene, flourishing with bands with enough popularity to survive inside the respective country, but virtually unknown outside them.<ref>J. Connell and C. Gibson, ''Sound Tracks: Popular Music, Identity, and Place'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2003), {{ISBN|0-415-17028-1}}, pp. 101–03.</ref>

By the end of the 1990s many recognisable subgenres, most with their origins in the late 1980s alternative movement, were included under the umbrella of indie. Lo-fi eschewed polished recording techniques for a D.I.Y. ethos and was spearheaded by [[Beck]], [[Sebadoh]] and [[Pavement (band)|Pavement]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002USAlternative/> The work of [[Talk Talk]] and [[Slint]] helped inspire both post rock, an experimental style influenced by [[jazz]] and [[electronic music]] (exemplified by acts such as [[Bark Psychosis]], [[Tortoise (band)|Tortoise]], [[Stereolab]], and [[Laika (band)|Laika]]),<ref name="S. Taylor, 2006 pp. 154-5">S. Taylor, ''A to X of Alternative Music'' (London: Continuum, 2006), {{ISBN|0-8264-8217-1}}, pp. 154–55.</ref><ref name=AMpostrock>{{Citation|title=Post rock |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d2682|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUOZlt8K?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2682 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> as well as leading to more dense and complex, guitar-based math rock, developed by acts like [[Polvo]] and [[Chavez (band)|Chavez]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Math rock |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d4560|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUOlnegC?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4560 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> Space rock looked back to progressive roots, with drone heavy and minimalist acts like [[Spacemen 3]], the two bands created out of its split, [[Spectrum (band)|Spectrum]] and [[Spiritualized]], and later groups including [[Flying Saucer Attack]], [[Godspeed You! Black Emperor]] and [[Quickspace]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Space rock |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/space-rock-d2784 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612162828/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2784 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In contrast, [[sadcore]] emphasised pain and suffering through melodic use of acoustic and electronic instrumentation in the music of bands like [[American Music Club]] and [[Red House Painters]],<ref>{{Citation|title=Sadcore |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d4588|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUP1oqYG?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4588 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> while the revival of baroque pop reacted against lo-fi and experimental music by placing an emphasis on melody and classical instrumentation, with artists like [[Arcade Fire]], [[Belle and Sebastian]] and [[Rufus Wainwright]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Chamber pop |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d4445|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUP95eY9?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4445 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref>

===Alternative metal, rap rock, rap metal and nu metal===
{{Main|Heavy metal music|Heavy metal genres}}

{{See also|New wave of American heavy metal|Alternative metal|Rap rock|Rap metal|Nu metal}}
Alternative metal emerged from the hardcore scene of alternative rock in the US in the later 1980s, but gained a wider audience after grunge broke into the mainstream in the early 1990s.<ref name=AllMusicAltMetal>{{Citation|title=Alternative Metal |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d2697|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUPHFHt0?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2697 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> Early alternative metal bands mixed a wide variety of genres with hardcore and heavy metal sensibilities, with acts like [[Jane's Addiction]] and [[Primus (band)|Primus]] using progressive rock, [[Soundgarden]] and [[Corrosion of Conformity]] using garage punk, [[the Jesus Lizard]] and [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] mixing [[noise rock]], [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]] and [[Nine Inch Nails]] influenced by [[industrial music]], [[Monster Magnet]] moving into [[psychedelic music|psychedelia]], [[Pantera]], [[Sepultura]] and [[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]] creating [[groove metal]], while [[Biohazard (band)|Biohazard]], [[Limp Bizkit]] and [[Faith No More]] turned to [[hip hop]] and rap.<ref name=AllMusicAltMetal/>
[[File:Linkin Park @ Sonisphere.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A color photograph of members of the group Linkin Park performing on and outdoor stage|[[Linkin Park]] performing at [[Sonisphere Festival]] in [[Pori]], Finland, in 2009]]

Hip hop had gained attention from rock acts in the early 1980s, including [[the Clash]] with "[[The Magnificent Seven (song)|The Magnificent Seven]]" (1980) and Blondie with "[[Rapture (Blondie song)|Rapture]]" (1980).<ref>{{Citation|last=W. Ruhlmann |title=Blondie |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/blondie-p3703/biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115085206/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/blondie-p3703/biography |archive-date=15 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=D.A. Guarisco |title=The Clash: The Magnificent Seven |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=song|id=t3302362|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUolWTAl?url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/t3302362 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> Early crossover acts included [[Run DMC]] and the [[Beastie Boys]].<ref name="Sanneh">{{Citation|last=K. Sanneh |title=Rappers Who Definitely Know How to Rock |work=The New York Times |date=3 December 2000 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DB143DF930A35751C1A9669C8B63 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714070757/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DB143DF930A35751C1A9669C8B63 |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rappers who sampled rock songs included [[Ice-T]], [[the Fat Boys]], [[LL Cool J]], [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]] and [[Whodini]].<ref name=AMRap-metal>{{Citation|title=Rap-Metal |work=AllMusic |date=15 October 2008 |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/rap-metal-d2931 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402101828/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2931 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The mixing of thrash metal and rap was pioneered by [[Anthrax (American band)|Anthrax]] on their 1987 comedy-influenced single "[[I'm the Man (EP)|I'm the Man]]".<ref name=AMRap-metal/>

In 1990, Faith No More broke into the mainstream with their single "[[Epic (Faith No More song)|Epic]]", often seen as the first truly successful combination of heavy metal with rap.<ref name=Bogdanov2002FaithNoMore>S. T. Erlewine, et al., "Faith No More", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp. 388–389.</ref> This paved the way for the success of existing bands like [[24-7 Spyz]] and [[Living Colour]], and new acts including [[Rage Against the Machine]] and [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], who all fused rock and hip hop among other influences.<ref name=AMRap-metal/><ref name="GriersonRapRock">T. Grierson, [http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/raprock.htm "What Is Rap-Rock: A Brief History of Rap-Rock"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171929/http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/raprock.htm |date=29 December 2016 }}, ''About.com''. Retrieved 31 December 2008.</ref> Among the first wave of performers to gain mainstream success as rap rock were [[311 (band)|311]],<ref>{{Citation|last=C. Nixon |title=Anything goes |journal=The San Diego Union-Tribune |date=16 August 2007 |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20070816/news_lz1w16anythin.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504011039/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20070816/news_lz1w16anythin.html |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bloodhound Gang]],<ref>{{Citation |last=T. Potterf |title=Turners blurs line between sports bar, dance club |journal=The Seattle Times |date=1 October 2003 |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20031001/turners01n/turners-blurs-line-between-sports-bar-dance-club |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503233209/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20031001&slug=turners01n |archive-date=3 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kid Rock]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Long Live Rock n' Rap: Rock isn't dead, it's just moving to a hip-hop beat. So are its mostly white fans, who face questions about racial identity as old as Elvis |magazine=Newsweek |date=19 July 1999 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-55145760 |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201180645/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia |url-status=dead }}</ref> A more metallic sound{{snd}}''nu metal''{{snd}}was pursued by bands including Limp Bizkit, [[Korn]] and [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]].<ref name=AMRap-metal/> Later in the decade this style, which contained a mix of grunge, punk, metal, rap and turntable [[scratching]], spawned a wave of successful bands like [[Linkin Park]], [[P.O.D.]] and [[Staind]], who were often classified as rap metal or nu metal, the first of which are the best-selling band of the genre.<ref>L. McIver, ''Nu-metal: The Next Generation of Rock & Punk'' (London, Omnibus Press, 2002), {{ISBN|0-7119-9209-6}}, p. 10.</ref>

In 2001, nu metal reached its peak with albums like Staind's ''[[Break the Cycle]]'', P.O.D's ''[[Satellite (P.O.D. album)|Satellite]]'', Slipknot's ''[[Iowa (album)|Iowa]]'' and Linkin Park's ''[[Hybrid Theory]]''. New bands also emerged like [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]], [[Godsmack]] and [[Papa Roach]], whose major label debut ''[[Infest (album)|Infest]]'' became a platinum hit.<ref>B. Reesman, "Sustaining the success", ''Billboard'', 23 June 2001, 113 (25), p. 25.</ref> By 2002, nu metal bands were played more infrequently on rock radio stations and [[MTV]] began focusing on [[pop punk]] and [[emo]].<ref name=DAngeloMTV>{{Citation|last=J. D'Angelo |title=Will Korn, Papa Roach and Limp Bizkit evolve or die: a look at the Nu Metal meltdown |publisher=MTV |url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal_meltdown/news_feature_030124/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221121551/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal_meltdown/news_feature_030124/ |archive-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since then, many bands have changed to a more conventional hard rock, heavy metal, or electronic music sound.<ref name=DAngeloMTV/>

===Post-Britpop===
{{Main|Post-Britpop}}

[[File:Travis-Wiltern-21Nov2007.jpg|thumb|left|[[Travis (band)|Travis]] in [[Los Angeles]] in 2007]]
From about 1997, emerging bands began to avoid the Britpop label while still producing music derived from it.<ref name=Harris2004>J. Harris, ''Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock'' (Cambridge MA: Da Capo, 2004), {{ISBN|0-306-81367-X}}, pp. 369–70.</ref><ref>S. Borthwick and R. Moy, ''Popular Music Genres: an Introduction'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7486-1745-0}}, p. 188.</ref> Many of these bands tended to mix elements of British traditional rock (or British trad rock),<ref>{{Citation
|title=British Trad Rock
|work=AllMusic
|url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d4360|pure_url=yes}}
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wZcbk3d8?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/british-trad-rock-d4360
|archive-date=17 February 2011
|url-status=dead
}}.</ref> particularly the Beatles, Rolling Stones and [[Small Faces]],<ref name=Patridis2004>{{Citation|last=A. Petridis |title=Roll over Britpop ... it's the rebirth of art rock |work=The Guardian |date=14 February 2004 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/14/rock.pop |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625042042/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/feb/14/rock.pop |archive-date=25 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with American influences, including post-grunge.<ref>{{Citation|last=M. Wilson |title=Stereophonics: You Gotta Go There to Come Back |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r642565|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wV84URWD?url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r642565 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref name=AllMusicTravis>{{Citation|last=H. Phares |title=Travis |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p132643|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wV8IkrpP?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p132643 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> Drawn from across the United Kingdom, the themes of their music tended to be less parochially centered on British, English and London life and more introspective than had been the case with Britpop at its height.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cloonan |first=Martin |title=Popular Music and the State in the UK: Culture, Trade or Industry? |year=2007 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |location=Aldershot, England |isbn=978-0-7546-5373-8 |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=A. Begrand |title=Travis: The boy with no name |journal=Pop Matters |date=17 May 2007 |url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/travis-the-boy-with-no-name/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219023451/http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/travis-the-boy-with-no-name |archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Several alternative bands that had enjoyed some success during the mid-1990s, but did not find major commercial success until the late 1990s, included [[the Verve]] and [[Radiohead]]. The Verve's album ''[[Urban Hymns]]'' (1997) was a worldwide hit, and Radiohead achieved near-universal critical acclaim with their experimental third album ''[[OK Computer]]'' (1997).

Post-Britpop bands have been seen as presenting the image of the rock star as an ordinary person and their increasingly melodic music was criticised for being bland or derivative.<ref>{{Citation|last=A. Petridis |title=And the bland played on |journal=The Guardian |date=26 February 2004 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/feb/26/popandrock3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421164019/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/feb/26/popandrock3 |archive-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Post-Britpop bands like [[Travis (band)|Travis]] from ''[[The Man Who]]'' (1999), [[Stereophonics]] from ''[[Performance and Cocktails]]'' (1999), [[Feeder (band)|Feeder]] from ''[[Echo Park (album)|Echo Park]]'' (2001), and particularly [[Snow Patrol]] from ''[[Final Straw]]'' (2003), [[Keane (band)|Keane]] from their debut album ''[[Hopes and Fears]]'' (2004), and [[Coldplay]] from their debut album ''[[Parachutes (Coldplay album)|Parachutes]]'' (2000), achieved wider international success than many of the Britpop groups that had preceded them, and were some of the most commercially successful acts of the late 1990s and early 2000s.<ref name=AllMusicTravis/><ref name=AllMusicStereophonics>{{Citation|last=A. Ogg |title=Stereophonics |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/stereophonics-p225008/biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121024235/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/stereophonics-p225008/biography |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=AllMusicColdplay>{{Citation|last=A. Leahey |title=Coldplay |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/coldplay-p435023/biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114205200/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/coldplay-p435023/biography |archive-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://americansongwriter.com/4-of-the-best-post-britpop-bands-of-all-time/ |title=4 of the Best Post-Britpop Bands of All Time |work=American Songwriter |last=Donovan |first=Thom |date=5 September 2024 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>

===Post-hardcore and emo===
{{Main|Post-hardcore|Emo}}

{{See also|Screamo}}
Post-hardcore developed in the US, particularly in Chicago and Washington, D.C., in the 1980s, with bands that were inspired by the do-it-yourself ethics and guitar-heavy music of hardcore punk, but influenced by post-punk, adopting longer song formats, more complex musical structures and sometimes more melodic vocal styles.<ref name=AMPost-Hardcore>{{Citation|title=Post-hardcore |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/post-hardcore-d12962 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505171528/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/post-hardcore-d12962 |archive-date=5 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Emo also emerged from the hardcore scene in 1980s Washington, D.C., initially as "emocore", used as a term to describe bands who favored expressive vocals over the more common abrasive, barking style.<ref name=AllMusicEmo>{{Citation|title=Emo |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d4525|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wWXsBzzX?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4525 |archive-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> Emo broke into mainstream culture in the early 2000s with the platinum-selling success of [[Jimmy Eat World]]'s ''[[Bleed American]]'' (2001) and [[Dashboard Confessional]]'s ''[[The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most]]'' (2003).<ref name=DeRogatis2003>{{Citation|last=J. DeRogatis |title=True Confessional? |journal=Chicago Sun-Times |date=3 October 2003 |url=http://www.jimdero.com/News2003/Oct3LiveDashboard.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501150556/http://www.jimdero.com/News2003/Oct3LiveDashboard.htm |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The new emo had a much more mainstream sound than in the 1990s and a far greater appeal among adolescents than its earlier incarnations.<ref name=DeRogatis2003/> At the same time, use of the term emo expanded beyond the musical genre, becoming associated with fashion, a hairstyle and any music that expressed emotion.<ref>{{Citation |last=H.A.S. Popkin |title=What exactly is 'emo,' anyway? |publisher=MSNBC |date=26 March 2006 |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/what-exactly-emo-anyway-wbna11720603 |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807164925/http://www.today.com/popculture/what-exactly-emo-anyway-wbna11720603 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2003 post-hardcore bands had also caught the attention of major labels and began to enjoy mainstream success in the album charts.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} A number of these bands were seen as a more aggressive offshoot of emo and given the often vague label of [[screamo]].<ref name=AMScreamo>{{Citation | title = Screamo | journal = AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/screamo-d13459 | access-date = 25 May 2011 | archive-date = 21 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321210803/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/screamo-d13459 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Garage rock and post-punk revivals===
{{Main|Garage rock revival|Post-punk revival}}

[[File:TheStrokes.jpg|thumb|alt=a color photograph of members of the group the Strokes performing on stage|[[The Strokes]] performing in 2006]]
In the early 2000s, a new group of bands that played a stripped down and back-to-basics version of guitar rock, emerged into the mainstream. They were variously characterised as part of a garage rock, post-punk or [[new wave revival]].<ref>{{Citation|last=H. Phares |title=Franz Ferdinand: Franz Ferdinand (Australia Bonus CD) |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r690093|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wXTt4hOr?url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/franz-ferdinand-australia-bonus-cd-r690093/review |archive-date=16 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref>J. DeRogatis, ''Turn on your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock'' (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2003), {{ISBN|0-634-05548-8}}, p. 373.</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=New Wave/Post-Punk Revival |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d13761|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wXTJhkeb?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d13761 |archive-date=16 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref>M. Roach, ''This Is It-: the First Biography of the Strokes'' (London: Omnibus Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-7119-9601-6}}, p. 86.</ref> Because the bands came from across the globe, cited diverse influences (from traditional blues, through new wave to grunge), and adopted differing styles of dress, their unity as a genre has been disputed.<ref>E.J. Abbey, ''Garage Rock and its Roots: Musical Rebels and the Drive for Individuality'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7864-2564-4}}, pp. 108–12.</ref> There had been attempts to revive garage rock and elements of punk in the 1980s and 1990s; by 2000, scenes had grown up in several countries.<ref>P. Simpson, ''The Rough Guide to Cult Pop'' (London: Rough Guides, 2003), {{ISBN|1-84353-229-8}}, p. 42.</ref>

The commercial breakthrough from these scenes was led by four bands: [[the Strokes]], who emerged from the New York club scene with their debut album ''[[Is This It]]'' (2001); [[the White Stripes]], from Detroit, with their third album ''[[White Blood Cells (album)|White Blood Cells]]'' (2001); [[the Hives]] from Sweden after their compilation album ''[[Your New Favourite Band]]'' (2001); and [[The Vines (band)|the Vines]] from Australia with ''[[Highly Evolved]]'' (2002).<ref>P. Buckley, ''The Rough Guide to Rock'' (London: Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2003), {{ISBN|1-84353-105-4}}, pp. 498–99, 1024–26, 1040–41, 1162–64.</ref> They were dubbed by the media as "the saviours of rock 'n' roll".<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith |first=Chris |title=101 Albums That Changed Popular Music |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-537371-4 |page=240}}</ref> A second wave of bands that gained international recognition due to the movement included [[Yeah Yeah Yeahs]], [[the Killers]], [[Interpol (band)|Interpol]] and [[Kings of Leon]] from the US,<ref>S.J. Blackman, ''Chilling Out: the Cultural Politics of Substance Consumption, Youth and Drug Policy'' (Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International, 2004), {{ISBN|0-335-20072-9}}, p. 90.</ref> [[the Libertines]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Bloc Party]], [[Editors (band)|Editors]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]] and [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]] from the UK,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Else |first1=David |last2=Attwooll |first2=Jolyon |last3=Beech |first3=Charlotte |last4=Berry |first4=Oliver |last5=Dunford |first5=George |last6=Symington |first6=Andy |display-authors=1 |title=Lonely Planet Great Britain |year=2007 |edition=7th |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-74104-565-9 |page=75}}</ref> and [[Jet (band)|Jet]] and [[Wolfmother]] from Australia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smitz |first1=Paul |title=Lonely Planet Australia |year=2005 |edition=14th |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=[[Footscray, Victoria]] |isbn=978-1-74059-740-1 |page=58}}</ref>

===Digital electronic rock===
{{Main|Electronic rock}}

{{See also|Electroclash|Dance-punk|New rave|Synth-pop}}
In the 2000s, as computer technology became more accessible and [[music software]] advanced, it became possible to create high quality music using little more than a single laptop computer.<ref name="S. Emmerson, 2007 pp. 80-1">{{cite book|last=Emmerson |first=Simon |title=Living Electronic Music |year=2007 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |location=Aldershot, England |isbn=978-0-7546-5548-0 |pages=80–81}}</ref> This resulted in a massive increase in the amount of home-produced electronic music available to the general public via the expanding internet.<ref>R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), {{ISBN|0-415-34770-X}}, pp. 145–48.</ref> These techniques also began to be used by existing bands and by developing genres that mixed rock with digital techniques and sounds, including [[electroclash]], [[dance-punk]] and [[new rave]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===Metalcore===
{{Main|Metalcore}}

Metalcore originated in the late 1980s combining elements of [[extreme metal]] and [[hardcore punk]].<ref name=Trapp>{{cite web |last=Trapp |first=Philip |title=Is Metalcore Metal? |url=https://loudwire.com/is-metalcore-metal/ |website=Loudwire |date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Metalcore is noted for its use of [[Breakdown (music)|breakdowns]], which are slow, intense passages conducive to [[moshing]], while other defining instrumentation includes heavy and percussive [[pedal point]] guitar [[riff]]s and [[double bass drumming]]. In the late 1980s to early 1990s, pioneering bands such as [[Integrity (band)|Integrity]], [[Earth Crisis]] and [[Converge (band)|Converge]] were founded.<ref name=Trapp /> During the 1990s, the genre diversified, with [[the Dillinger Escape Plan]], [[Botch (band)|Botch]] and [[Coalesce (band)|Coalesce]] pioneering [[mathcore]].

In the 2010s and through to the 2020s, the genre saw even greater commercial success, with [[Bring Me the Horizon]]'s album ''[[Post Human: Survival Horror]]'' (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Albums Charton 29/1/2021 29 January 2021 - 4 February 2021 |website=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]] |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20210129/7502/ |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> and [[Architects (British band)|Architects]]' ''[[For Those That Wish to Exist]]'' (2021) both reaching number one in the UK album charts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Loftin |first1=Steven |title=The Ongoing Legacy of Architects |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/interviews/architects-ongoing-legacy |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>

==2010s–present: Commercial stagnation and revival scenes==
[[File:Ghost live 2015.jpg|thumb|228x228px|Swedish [[hard rock]] band [[Ghost (Swedish band)|Ghost]] performing in 2015]]
During the 2010s, rock music declined from its position as the major popular music genre, now sharing with [[electronic dance]] and [[hip hop music|hip hop]], the latter of which had surpassed it as the most consumed musical genre in the United States by 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/07/17/hip-hoprb-has-now-become-the-dominant-genre-in-the-u-s-for-the-first-time/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717161053/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/07/17/hip-hoprb-has-now-become-the-dominant-genre-in-the-u-s-for-the-first-time/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2017|title=Report: Hip-Hop/R&B Is The Dominant Genre In The U.S. For The First Time|last=McIntyre|first=Hugh|website=Forbes|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Geniuship">{{Cite web|title=Why Rock Can't Compete With Hip-Hop in 2017|url=https://genius.com/a/why-rock-can-t-compete-with-hip-hop-in-2017|access-date=15 August 2020|website=Genius|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920173604/https://genius.com/a/why-rock-can-t-compete-with-hip-hop-in-2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kdot">{{cite web|url=https://www.kdot.com/2018/05/15/why-did-rock-music-decline-and-can-it-make-a-comeback/|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711064345/https://www.kdot.com/2018/05/15/why-did-rock-music-decline-and-can-it-make-a-comeback/|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=dead|title=Why Did Rock Music Decline and Can It Make a Comeback?|last=Whitecloud|first=Shane|date=15 May 2018|publisher=[[KDOT (FM)|KDOT]]}}</ref> The rise of streaming and the advent of technology, which changed approaches toward music creation, were cited as major factors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dannyross1/2017/03/20/rock-n-roll-is-dead-no-really-this-time/|title=Rock 'N' Roll Is Dead. No, Really This Time.|last=Ross|first=Danny|website=Forbes|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409184139/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dannyross1/2017/03/20/rock-n-roll-is-dead-no-really-this-time/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ken Partridge of [[Genius (website)|Genius]] suggested that the stagnation of rock music and rising popularity of hip-hop is the result of changing social attitudes during the 2010s.<ref name="Geniuship"/> Bill Flanagan, in a 2016 opinion piece for ''[[The New York Times]]'', compared the state of rock during this period to the state of jazz in the early 1980s: "Its form is mostly fixed."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/is-rock-n-roll-dead-or-just-old.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Is Rock 'n' Roll Dead, or Just Old?|last=Flanagan|first=Bill|date=19 November 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920174045/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/is-rock-n-roll-dead-or-just-old.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The rock bands which had chart success in the 2010s were mostly associated with the trends that had been popular in the 2000s and earlier decades rather than reflecting new scenes and sounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ajournalofmusicalthings.com/if-were-going-to-be-honest-the-2010s-were-terrible-for-rock/|title=If we're going to be honest, the 2010s were terrible for rock (Part 2: The Fallout)|last=Cross|first=Alan|date=3 January 2020|publisher=A Journal of Musical Things}}</ref><ref name="Billboarddecadeend">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/hot-rock-songs|title=Hot Rock Songs – Decade-End|magazine=Billboard|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216120649/https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/hot-rock-songs|url-status=live}}</ref> Some [[pop rock]] and [[hard rock]] bands continued to see commercial success during this period, including [[Ghost (Swedish band)|Ghost]], [[Maroon 5]], [[Twenty One Pilots]], [[Fall Out Boy]], [[Imagine Dragons]], [[Halestorm]], [[Panic! at the Disco]], [[Greta Van Fleet]], and [[the Black Keys]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2020 |title=Maroon 5 |url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/artist/maroon-5/ |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=uDiscover Music |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328213730/https://www.udiscovermusic.com/artist/maroon-5/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McDermott |first=Maeve |title=News & views: How Imagine Dragons' faceless rock music became the genre's future |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2018/03/20/news-views-how-imagine-dragons-faceless-rock-music-became-genres-future/373989002/ |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=USA Today |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227231440/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2018/03/20/news-views-how-imagine-dragons-faceless-rock-music-became-genres-future/373989002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baltin |first=Steve |title=Why Twenty One Pilots Are Such A Vital Band For Rock |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevebaltin/2018/11/12/why-twenty-one-pilots-are-such-a-vital-band-for-rock/ |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Forbes |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708142115/https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevebaltin/2018/11/12/why-twenty-one-pilots-are-such-a-vital-band-for-rock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, [[Queens of the Stone Age]]'s album ''[[...Like Clockwork]]'' topped the charts in several countries.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Adam |last=England |date=12 July 2023 |title=The Genius Of... ...Like Clockwork by Queens of the Stone Age |url=https://guitar.com/features/opinion-analysis/the-genius-of-like-clockwork-queens-of-the-stone-age/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Guitar.com}}</ref>

=== Psychedelic and progressive revivals ===
{{Main|Neo-psychedelia|Neo-prog}}

[[File:Tame Impala Performing in NYC cropped.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Australian [[neo-psychedelia]] musician [[Kevin Parker (musician)|Kevin Parker]] of [[Tame Impala]] performing in New York in 2013]]
Psychedelic and progressive styles in rock have seen a resurgence in popularity during the 2010s and 2020s. Some of the most notable acts in neo-psychedelia originated in Australia, such as [[King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard]] and [[Kevin Parker (musician)|Kevin Parker]]'s [[Tame Impala]]. The latter released well received albums such as ''[[Lonerism]]'' (2012) and [[Currents (Tame Impala album)|''Currents'']] (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tame Impala: Lonerism |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17131-lonerism/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Jamieson |date=14 July 2015 |title=Review: Tame Impala's Currents is a journey to the center of a single mind |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/14/8963045/tame-impala-currents-album-review |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=The Verge}}</ref> This new Australian psychedelic music not only built on the [[psychedelic rock|psychedelic]] and [[progressive rock]] acts of the 1960s and 1970s, but also incorporated musical influences from [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[EDM music|EDM]], and [[world music]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Cup of Keith |date=9 October 2023 |title=King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard have Set a Path to World Domination |url=https://medium.com/@keithmiller1994/king-gizzard-and-the-lizard-wizard-have-set-a-path-to-world-domination-cf2ae378da71 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Medium}}</ref> A 2014 article in ''[[The Guardian]]'' described Australia as a place where "independently minded rock bands are free to develop at their own pace".<ref>{{Cite web |last=True |first=Everett |date=13 November 2014 |title=Tame Impala kickstart the Australian psychedelic explosion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/nov/13/tame-impala-australian-psychedelic-explosion |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Psychedelic trends in rock have also seen a revival in Europe,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panorama: A brief guide to Neo-psychedelia in Europe |url=https://www.europavox.com/news/panorama-brief-guide-neo-psychedelia-europe/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Europavox}}</ref> which has been described as "really good" for new psychedelic music, with many American [[stoner rock]] bands choosing to tour in Europe as opposed to North America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doomed & Stoned |url=https://doomedandstoned.com/post/113056338663/davewyndorf |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=doomedandstoned.com}}</ref>

===Post-punk and pop-punk revivals===
In the late 2010s and early 2020s, a new wave of post-punk bands from Britain and Ireland emerged.<ref name="perpetua">{{cite web |last1=Perpetua |first1=Matthew |title=The Post-Brexit New Wave |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/05/06/993931617/new-wave-post-punk-brexit-squid-dry-cleaning-black-country-new-road |publisher=NPR |access-date=7 December 2021 |date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Artists that have been identified as part of this wave include [[Squid (band)|Squid]], [[Fontaines D.C.]] and [[Idles]].<ref name="nmemark">{{cite web |last1=Beaumont |first1=Mark |title=Mark, My Words: I give you crank wave, the start of the subculture revival |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/mark-words-welcome-crank-wave-start-subculture-revival-2545963 |website=NME |access-date=7 December 2021 |date=10 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=DeVille |first1=Chris |title=We Dug Through The Pile Of British And Irish Buzz Bands On Callin Me Maybe |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2184403/callin-me-maybe-british-irish-buzz-bands/news/ |website=Stereogum |access-date=23 April 2022 |date=22 April 2022}}</ref> Post-punk artists that attained prominence in the 2010s and early 2020s from other countries besides the UK included [[Geese (band)|Geese]] (United States), [[Kælan Mikla]] (Iceland), and [[Viagra Boys]] (Sweden),<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Dolan|first=Jon|date=28 October 2021|title=Geese Are Legit Indie-Rock Prodigies, Straight Out of High School|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/geese-projector-1247383/|access-date=31 December 2021|magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 January 2021|title=Viagra Boys Set the Bar High with Brash Post-Punk Hijinks on 'Welfare Jazz' (Album Review)|url=https://glidemagazine.com/252192/viagra-boys-set-the-bar-high-with-brash-post-punk-hijinks-on-welfare-jazz-album-review/|access-date=31 December 2021|website=Glide Magazine |last1=Ferguson |first1=Neil }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-25 |title=Kaelan Mikla: Meet Icelandic Trio Turning Dark Folklore Into Cure-Approved Post-Punk |url=https://www.revolvermag.com/music/kaelan-mikla-meet-icelandic-trio-turning-dark-folklore-cure-approved-post-punk |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Revolver}}</ref> as well as the so-called "Russian [[doomer]] music" scene consisting of post-punk, [[coldwave]] and [[darkwave]] bands from post-Soviet countries like Russia and Belarus, most prominently [[Molchat Doma]] (Belarus).<ref>{{cite web |author=Cat Zhang |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/how-belarusian-post-punks-molchat-doma-became-a-tiktok-meme/ |title=How Belarusian Post-Punks Molchat Doma Became a TikTok Meme |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |date=2020-06-25 |access-date=2024-10-15}}</ref>

At the start of the 2020s, pop and rap music artists released successful pop-punk-influenced recordings, including [[Machine Gun Kelly (musician)|Machine Gun Kelly]]'s 2020 album ''[[Tickets to My Downfall]]'', which topped the ''Billboard'' 200, and [[Olivia Rodrigo]]'s number-one hit single "[[Good 4 U]]" (2021).<ref>{{cite news|last=Jefferson|first=J'na|date=5 June 2021|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2021/06/05/olivia-rodrigo-machine-gun-kelly-willow-smith-travis-barker-among-pop-punk-revivalists/7470100002/|title=Olivia Rodrigo, MGK and Willow Smith among pop-punk revivalists|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>

===Classic rock revival===
{{Main|Classic rock revival}}

During the mid-to-late 2010s, some bands gained notoriety for emulating rock styles of the late 1960s and 1970s popular on [[classic rock]] radio. ''[[Guitar World]]'' described this back-to-basics revival as "hard-hitting, swaggering, riff-driven rock 'n' roll built around a core vocal-guitar-bass-drum configuration".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Brad |last=Angle |date=2021-07-09 |title=The new wave of classic rock: 15 guitar bands you need to know about |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/features/new-wave-of-classic-rock |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Guitar World}}</ref> Groups considered to be a part of this trend include [[Greta Van Fleet]], [[Rival Sons]], and [[Larkin Poe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaffner |first=Lauryn|date=2023-01-17 |title=11 Bands That Are Leading the Classic Rock Revival |url=https://loudwire.com/bands-leading-classic-rock-revival/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Loudwire}}</ref>

==Social impact==
{{Main|Social effects of rock music}}

[[File:Woodstock redmond hair.JPG|thumb|alt=A color photograph showing people from the 1969 Woodstock Festival sitting on grass, in the foreground a back and a white male look at each other|[[Woodstock]], a three-day [[music festival]] held in [[Bethel, New York]], in August 1969, was seen as a celebration of the [[counterculture|countercultural]] lifestyle.]]
Different subgenres of rock were adopted by, and became central to, the identity of a large number of [[sub-culture]]s. In the 1950s and 1960s, respectively, British youths adopted the [[Teddy Boys|Teddy Boy]] and [[Rocker (subculture)|rocker]] subcultures, which revolved around US rock and roll.<ref name="Brake; 1990; 73-9"/> The [[counterculture of the 1960s]] was associated with much of the rock music of the era.<ref name="Brake; 1990; 73-9">M. Brake, ''Comparative Youth Culture: the Sociology of Youth Cultures and Youth Subcultures in America, Britain, and Canada'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 1990), {{ISBN|0-415-05108-8}}, pp. 73–79, 90–100.</ref> The mid- to late 1970s [[punk subculture]] began in the US and spread worldwide. The [[Goth subculture|goth]] and [[emo]] subcultures that grew later presented distinctive visual styles.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Goodlad |editor1-first=Lauren M. E. |editor2-last=Bibby |editor2-first=Michael |title=Goth: Undead Subculture |year=2007 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, NC |isbn=978-0-8223-3921-2}}</ref>

When an international rock culture developed, it supplanted cinema as the major source of fashion influence.<ref name="Bruzzi et al; 2000; 260">S. Bruzzi and P. C. Gibson, ''Fashion Cultures: Theories, Explorations, and Analysis'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2000), {{ISBN|0-415-20685-5}}, p. 260.</ref> However, followers of rock music have often mistrusted the world of fashion, which has been seen as elevating image above substance.<ref name="Bruzzi et al; 2000; 260"/> Rock fashions have been seen as combining elements of different cultures and periods, as well as expressing divergent views on sexuality and gender, and rock music in general has been noted and criticised for facilitating greater sexual freedom.<ref name="Bruzzi et al; 2000; 260"/><ref>G. Lipsitz, ''Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture'' (Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-8166-3881-0}}, p. 123.</ref> Rock has also been associated with various forms of drug use, including the [[amphetamine]]s taken by mods in the early to mid-1960s, the [[LSD]], [[mescaline]] and other hallucinogenic drugs linked with [[psychedelic rock]] in the mid- to late 1960s and early 1970s; and sometimes [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[cocaine]] and heroin, all of which have been eulogised in song.<ref>R. Coomber, ''The Control of Drugs and Drug Users: Reason or Reaction?'' (Amsterdam: CRC Press, 1998), {{ISBN|90-5702-188-9}}, p. 44.</ref><ref>P. Peet, ''Under the Influence: the Disinformation Guide to Drugs'' (New York: The Disinformation Company, 2004), {{ISBN|1-932857-00-1}}, p. 252.</ref>

Rock has been credited with changing attitudes to race by opening up [[African-American culture]] to white audiences. However, at the same time, rock has been accused of [[Cultural appropriation|appropriating]] and exploiting that culture.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fisher |first=Marc |title=Something in the Air: Radio, Rock, and the Revolution that Shaped a Generation |year=2007 |publisher=Random House |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-375-50907-0 |page=53}}</ref><ref>M.T. Bertrand, ''Race, Rock, and Elvis'' (Chicago IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000), {{ISBN|0-252-02586-5}}, pp. 95–96.</ref> Rock music has absorbed many influences and introduced Western audiences to different musical traditions,<ref>J. Fairley, "The 'local' and 'global' in popular music" in S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, ''The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-521-55660-0}}, pp. 272–89.</ref> and inherited the folk tradition of [[protest song]], making political statements on subjects such as war, religion, poverty, civil rights, justice and the environment.<ref>T.E. Scheurer, ''American Popular Music: The Age of Rock'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1989), {{ISBN|0-87972-468-4}}, pp. 119–20.</ref> Activism reached a mainstream peak with the "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]" single (1984) and [[Live Aid]] concert for Ethiopia in 1985, which, while raising awareness of world poverty and funds for aid, have also been criticised (along with similar events), for providing a stage for self-aggrandisement and increased profits for the rock stars involved.<ref>D. Horn and D. Bucley, "Disasters and accidents", in J. Shepherd, ''Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Media, Industry and Society'' (London: Continuum, 2003), {{ISBN|0-8264-6321-5}}, p. 209.</ref>

Since its early development, rock music has been associated with rebellion against social and political norms, most in early rock and roll's rejection of an adult-dominated culture, the counterculture's rejection of consumerism and conformity and punk's rejection of all forms of social convention;<ref>P. Wicke, ''Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edn., 1995), {{ISBN|0-521-39914-9}}, pp. 91–114.</ref> however, it can also be seen as providing a means of commercial exploitation of such ideas and of diverting youth away from political action.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yazicioglu |first1=E. T. |last2=Firat |first2=A. F. |contribution=Clocal Rock Festivals as Mirrors into the Futures of Cultures |date=7 June 2007 |editor1-last=Belk |editor1-first=Russell W. |editor2-last=Sherry |editor2-first=John F. |title=Consumer Culture Theory: Volume 11 |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |location=Bingley |isbn=978-0-7623-1446-1 |pages=109–114}}</ref>

===Role of women===
{{Main|Women in rock}}

[[File:Courtney Love Public Assembly Crop.png|thumb|[[Courtney Love]] performing with [[Hole (band)|Hole]] in 2012]]

According to Schaap and Berkers, playing in a band is a peer group experience "shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks".<ref name=SchaBerk101102 >J. Schaap and P. Berkers (2014), "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music", ''IASPM Journal'', vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 101–102.</ref> They write: "Several scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities ... Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated{{snd}}hence, inferior{{snd}}pop music, excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians".<ref name="SchaapandBerkers2014p104">J. Schaap and P. Berkers (2014), "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music", ''IASPM Journal'', vol. 4, no. 1, p. 104.</ref>

In the early decades of rock music, rebellion "was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and 60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personae, utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oglesbee |first=Frank W. |date=1999 |title=Suzi Quatro: A prototype in the archsheology of rock |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03007769908591731 |journal=Popular Music and Society |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=29–39 |doi=10.1080/03007769908591731 |issn=0300-7766 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Philip Auslander says that "although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music."<ref name="Auslander2004">{{cite journal |last=Auslander |first=Philip |date=28 January 2004 | title = I Wanna Be Your Man: Suzi Quatro's musical androgyny |journal=Popular Music |volume=23 |issue=1 | pages=1–16 |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/S0261143004000030 |s2cid=191508078 |access-date=25 April 2012 |url=http://lmc.gatech.edu/~auslander/publications/quatro.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524032035/http://lmc.gatech.edu/~auslander/publications/quatro.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2013 |issn=0261-1430}}</ref> Some women played instruments in American [[All-female band|all-female garage rock bands]], but none of these bands achieved more than regional success. When [[Suzi Quatro]] emerged in 1973, "no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader".<ref name="Auslander2004"/>

An [[all-female band]] is a musical group that is exclusively composed of [[female musician]]s. This is distinct from a girl group, in which the female members are vocalists, though this terminology is not universally followed.<ref>For example, vocalists [[Girls Aloud]] are referred to as a "girl band" in [http://www.ok.co.uk/fashion/view/8555/Meet-the-duo-dressing-Girls-Aloud ''OK'' magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101120717/http://www.ok.co.uk/fashion/view/8555/Meet-the-duo-dressing-Girls-Aloud |date=1 November 2012 }} and [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/nov/09/girlsaloud-thexfactor ''The Guardian''], while [[Girlschool]] are termed a "girl group" at the [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0320918/bio ''imdb''] and [https://archive.today/20120728103723/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/reviews/the-hedrons-13401497.html?startindex=-1 ''Belfast Telegraph''].</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Rock music}}
* [[Computational musicology]]
* [[Electronic dance music]]
* [[Gospel music]]
* [[List of rock genres]]
* [[Heavy metal genres]]
* [[Punk rock subgenres]]
* [[List of hardcore punk subgenres]]
* [[List of mainstream rock performers]]
* [[Lists of rock artists]]
* [[Soul music]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading and listening==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=rock music}}
{{sister project links|d=y|c=category:rock music|wikt=rock|s=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=no|b=Music_Theory/Rock}}

* {{cite book |editor1-first=V. |editor1-last=Bogdanov |editor2-first=C. |editor2-last=Woodstra |editor3-first=S. T. |editor3-last=Erlewine |title=All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul |location=Milwaukee, WI |publisher=Backbeat Books |edition=3rd |year=2002 |isbn=0-87930-653-X }}
* {{cite magazine|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|year=1992|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/music/ten-det.php|title=B.E.: A Dozen Moments in the Prehistory of Rock and Roll|magazine=[[Details (magazine)|Details]]}}
* {{Gilliland |show=55 |title=Crammer: A lively cram course on the history of rock and some other things }}
* Robinson, Richard. ''Pop, Rock, and Soul''. New York: Pyramid Books, 1972. {{ISBN|0-0515-2660-3}}.
* {{cite book |editor1-first=J. |editor1-last=Shepherd |title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Volume II: Performance and Production |location=New York |publisher=Continuum |year=2003 |isbn=0-8264-6322-3 }}
* Szatmary, David P. ''Rockin' in Time: a Social History of Rock-and-Roll''. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996. xvi, 320 p., ill., mostly with b&w photos. {{ISBN|0-13-440678-8}}.

{{Rock}}
{{BlackMusicHistory}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rock music| ]]
[[Category:Rock music genres| ]]
[[Category:20th-century music genres]]
[[Category:21st-century music genres]]
[[Category:Culture of the United States]]
[[Category:American styles of music]]
[[Category:African-American culture]]
[[Category:African-American music]]
[[Category:1950s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Popular music]]
[[Category:Music industry]]

Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)

2026-03-15T12:25:27Z

IraNguyen82392: Started

{{About|the 2016 Malayalam soap opera|the 2021 Malayalam soap opera|Kana Kanmani (2021 TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = Kana Kanmani 2016 TV series.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| producer = Thilok Chand Kothari
| writer = S.V.Roopesh
| director = Ratheesh Bhargav
| company = Thrisha Media Productions
| starring = [[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 99
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| country = India
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]] [[Kerala]]
| language = Malayalam
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|04|11}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|08|26}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''Kalyana Sougandhikam''
* ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Seetha]]''
}}
}}

'''''Kana Kanmani''''' (കാണാ കണ്മണി) is a 2016 Indian television series<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vinodadarshan.com/2016/02/kana-kanmani-serial-on-asianet.html|title=New series on Asianet|work=www.vinodadarshan.com}}</ref> airing on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] from 11 April 2016 to 26 August 2016. The series ended following its 99th episode. It is the story of Jayanthan Menon and his daughter Manasa.

Gowri Krishna and Dilsha Prasannan won the Best Debut award at the [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet Television Awards 2016]] marking their debut in Malayalam television along with South Indian television actor Sanjay Asrani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Adgully |date=2016-06-21 |title=Asianet Television Awards 2016 |url=https://www.adgully.com/asianet-television-awards-2016-67390.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
The family drama starts with Jayanthan Menon's assistant Kaimal meets Chitra (Jayanthan's wife) conveying his wish to meet his daughter Manasa before he dies. However Manasa and Chitra convey their hatred towards him as they were separated years ago because of misunderstandings and allegations. But her best friend Krishnendu appears in front of him as his daughter, Manasa and he recovered from his illness miraculously. At last Jayanthan Menon reunited with his wife Chitra and real Manasa after clearing misunderstandings and allegations.

== Recognition ==
Asianet TV awards 2016:

*Best debut – Gouri and Dilsha (nominated)
*Best Script
*Best Audiography
*Best Director
*Best editor

== Cast ==
* [[Gowri Krishnan]] as Krishnendu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatv.in/2016/03/kana-kanmani-serial-info/|title='Kana Kanmani' Serial Cast and Crew|work=www.keralatv.in}}</ref>
* [[Dilsha Prasannan]] as ''Manasa''
* [[Sanjay Kumar (actor)|Sanjay Kumar]] (Sanjay Asrani) / [[Risabawa]] as Jayanthan Menon
* Balaji Sharma as Jayaprakash Menon
* Anila Sreekumar as Thoolika Teacher
* [[Vijayalakshmi|Vijayakumari]] as Maheshwari
* Shivadas as Kaimal
* [[Arun G Raghavan]] as Giri
* Sarath Swamy as Sidharth
* Binny George as Mekha
* [[Anand Narayan (actor)|Anand Narayan]] as Ragesh
* Venu as Mukundan Menon
* Mithun as Manu
* Geetha as Chitra
* [[Arya Rohit]] as Sarayu
* Uma Devi Nair as Devayani
* Manka Mahesh as Muttashi

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Shital Shah

2026-03-15T04:36:27Z

IraNguyen82392: put up basic details needs work!

{{short description|Indian film and television actress, director, writer and editor (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shital Shah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|06|09|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modelspoint.com/sheetalshah |title=Sheetal Shah (Talent), Mumbai, India |publisher=Modelspoint.com |date= |accessdate=24 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024193615/http://www.modelspoint.com:80/sheetalshah |archive-date=24 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress, Director, Writer, Editor
| parents = {{ubl|''Ashok Shah'' (father)|''Dr. Hina Shah'' (mother)}}
| children = {{ubl|''Serena Shah'' (adopted daughter)|''Sara Shah'' (adopted daughter)}}
| relatives = ''Shaina Shah'' (sister)
| website = {{URL|https://www.thelimelightpictures.in/}}
| years_active = 2001–present
}}

'''Shital Shah''' is an [[Indian film]] and television actress, director, writer and editor, known for her works in [[Gujarati cinema]]. She is known for directing films such as Hutututu: Aavi Ramat Ni Rutu (2016), ''[[Duniyadari (2017 film) | Duniyadari]]'' (2017),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-the-makers-of-duniyadari/articleshow/55023187.cms|title=It's a wrap for the makers of 'Duniyadari'|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-17|date=13 January 2017}}</ref> and ''[[Saatam Aatham]]'' (2022).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/shital-shah/2144|title=Shital Shah|website=bookmyshow|access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Shital-Shah/movies|title=Shital Shah Movies|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-17|date=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/shital-shah-is-overwhelmed-by-the-audiences-response-to-saatam-aatham-exclusive/articleshow/92742166.cms|title=Shital Shah is overwhelmed by the audience's response to 'Saatam Aatham'- Exclusive!|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-18|date=8 June 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shital Shah has adopted two daughters named ''Serena Shah'' (born 2018) and ''Sara Shah'' (born 2023), in 2018 and in 2023 respectively. She is the daughter of ''Ashok Shah'' and ''Dr. Hina Shah''. She also has a younger sister named ''Shaina Shah''.

==Filmography==

=== Actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 2007 || ''My Friend Ganesha '' || Aarti
|-
| 2016 || ''Hutututu: Aavi Ramat Ni Rutu'' || Ashwarya
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Saatam Aatham]]'' || Chitra
|-
|}

=== Director ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! [[Film director|Director]]
! [[Film producer|Producer]]
! [[Screenwriter|Writer]]
|-
| 2016
| ''Hutututu: Aavi Ramat Ni Rutu''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2017
|''[[Duniyadari (2017 film) | Duniyadari]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Saatam Aatham]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1590550}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings

2026-03-08T17:59:06Z

IraNguyen82392: started first pg w/ refs

{{short description|Indian Legislative committee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox
| title = Committee on Public Undertakings
| abovestyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843; font-size: small;
| above = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee of the House]]
| headerstyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843;
| header = [[16th Punjab Assembly]]
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| data2 =
| subheader = '''<big>[[16th Punjab Assembly]]</big>'''
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = 
| label4 = State
| data4 = Punjab
| header5 = Leadership
| label6 = Chaiperson
| data6 = [[Budh Ram]]
| label7 = Chairperson party
| data7 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| label8 = Appointer
| data8 = [[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Assembly speaker]]
| header9 = Structure
| data10= {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
|image = [[File:India_Punjab_Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings_2022.svg|200px|alt=India Punjab Committee on Public Undertakings 2022.svg]]
|caption =
| title =
| label10 = Seats
| data10 = 12
| label11 = Political Parties
| data11 ={{legend2|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (10)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
}}
| label12 = Election criteria
| data12 = The members are elected every year from amongst its members of house according to the principle of proportional representation.
| label13 = Tenure
| data13 = 1 Year
| header14 = Jurisdiction
| label15 = Purpose
| data15 = Legislative oversight of Public Undertakings
| header16 =
| data17 =
| header18 = Rules & Procedure
| label20 = Applicable rules
| data20 = Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Punjab Legislative Assembly
}}
'''Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings''' of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] is constituted annually for a one-year period from among the members of the Assembly.<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=BATRA |first1=G.S. |last2=BHATIA |first2=B.S. |title=Accountability of Public Enterprises in India |journal=Pakistan Economic and Social Review |date=1993 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=76–101 |jstor=25825091 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25825091 |access-date=12 June 2022 |issn=1011-002X |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133722/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25825091 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: Despite Red Flags, Successive Govts Leased 300 Acres To Bharti and Del Monte Firm at Dirt Cheap Rate |url=https://thewire.in/political-economy/punjab-land-lease-del-monte-bharti-violation-auditor |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=The Wire |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203155906/https://thewire.in/political-economy/punjab-land-lease-del-monte-bharti-violation-auditor |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sep 26 |first1=TIMESOFINDIA COM / Updated |title=punjab: 15 ministers, 7 new faces: Punjab CM Channi's new cabinet {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/punjab-cabinet-expansion-15-congress-mlas-take-oath-as-ministers/articleshow/86529347.cms |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926121011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/punjab-cabinet-expansion-15-congress-mlas-take-oath-as-ministers/articleshow/86529347.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=3 Punjab Cong. MLAs quit panels after being 'ignored' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/3-punjab-cong-mlas-quit-panels-after-being-ignored/article23885406.ece |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=14 May 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/3-punjab-cong-mlas-quit-panels-after-being-ignored/article23885406.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Functions==
The functions of the Committee on Public Undertakings is:<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |title=Legislative Council in State Legislatures |date=1989 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-193-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165 |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133550/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Legislative_Council_in_State_Legislature/fRqrO0Hx0Y0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|
:(a) To examine the reports and accounts of the Public undertakings specified in Schedule II and of such other Public Undertakings as may be referred to the Committee by the Speaker for examination;
:(b) To examine the reports, if any, of the Comptroller and Auditor-General on the public undertakings;
:(c) To examine in the context of the autonomy and efficiency of public undertakings, whether the affairs of the public undertakings are being managed in accordance with sound business principles and prudent commercial practices; and
:(d) To exercise such other functions vested in the Committee on Public Accounts and the Committee on Estimates in relation to the Public undertakings mentioned above as are not covered by clauses (a), (b) and (c) above and as may be allotted to the Committee by the Speaker from time to time :

Provided that the Committee shall not examine and investigate any of the following, namely:-
:(i) Matters of major Government policy as distinct from business or commercial functions of the public undertakings;
:(ii) Matters of day-to-day administration;
:(iii) Matters for the consideration of which machinery is established by any special statue under which a particular public undertaking is established
}}

==Appointment ==
The speaker appoints the committee and its members every year for a one-year term according to the powers conferred by Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] read with section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] (37 of 1956), and in pursuance of Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Punjab Legislative Assembly.<ref name="Punjab Government Gazette 2021">{{cite web |title=Punjab Government Gazette Extraordinary, 4 March 2021 |url=https://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/punjab%20govt%20gaz.pdf |publisher=Government of Punjab |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

==Members==
For the 1-year period starting May 2022, the Committee on Public Undertakings of [[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|16th Punjab Assembly]] had following members:<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-12 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514035012/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HT Appointment 22">{{cite news |title=Punjab speaker appoints heads of House committees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Committee on Public Undertakings (2022–23)
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1. || [[Budh Ram]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|2. || [[Amarpal Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|3. || [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4. || [[Avtar Singh Junior]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5. || [[Fauja Singh Sarari]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|6. || [[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|7. || [[Gurlal Ghanaur]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|8. || [[Jai Krishan Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|9. || [[Jasbir Singh Sandhu]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|10. ||[[Manjinder Singh Lalpura]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|11. || [[Manwinder Singh Giaspura]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|12. ||[[Sarvan Singh Dhun]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Chairpersons ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Tenure
!Terms
!Name
! colspan="2" |Political party
|- align="center"
| [[15th Punjab Assembly#2021-2022|2017-18]]
|1
|[[Om Parkash Soni]]<ref name="Soni September 2021">{{cite news |last1=Sehgal |first1=Manjeet |title=Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa, OP Soni sworn in as Deputy CMs of Punjab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sukhjinder-singh-randhawa-brahm-mohindra-likely-to-be-punjab-deputy-cms-1854696-2021-09-20 |access-date=14 June 2022|date=20 September 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Capture date 29 Sep 2017">{{cite web |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |access-date=15 June 2022 |date=29 September 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929215332/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 | archive-date=2017-09-29 }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
| [[15th Punjab Assembly#2021-2022|2018-19]]
|1
|[[Rakesh Pandey (Punjab politician)|Rakesh Pandey]]<ref name="Capture date 18 November 2018">{{cite web |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118155916/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |access-date=15 June 2022| archive-date=2018-11-18 }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
| [[15th Punjab Assembly#2021-2022|2019-21]]
|2
|[[Kuljit Singh Nagra]]<ref name="jkjk">{{cite web |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805165851/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |access-date=15 June 2022| archive-date=2020-08-05 }}</ref><ref name="Capture 2020">{{cite web |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |access-date=15 June 2022 |date=5 August 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805165851/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 | archive-date=2020-08-05 }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
| [[15th Punjab Assembly#2021-2022|2021-22]]
|1
|[[Navtej Singh Cheema]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22-136750 |access-date=15 June 2022 |work=punjabnewsexpress.com |date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha Speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 – TheFactNews |date=29 April 2021|url=https://thefactnews.in/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22/ |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
| 2022–23
|1
|[[Budh Ram]]<ref name="HT Appointment 22" />
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Previous members==
For the one-year period before May 2022, the Committee on Public Undertakings of [[15th Punjab Assembly#Committees|15th Punjab Assembly]] had following members:

===2021–22===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Public Undertakings (2021–22)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-14 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514035012/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1. || Sardar Navtej Singh Cheema || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2. || Shri Aman Arora || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3. || Shri Arun Dogra || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4. || Sardar Bikram Singh Majithia || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5. || Shri Dalvir Singh Goldy || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6. || Shri Darshan Lal || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7. || Shri N.K. Sharma || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8. || Sardar Rajinder Singh || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9. || Sardar Sangat Singh Gilzian || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10. || Shri Sanjeev Talwar || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11. || Smt. Sarvjit Kaur Manuke || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12. || Sardar Sukhwinder Singh Danny || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13.
|Chaudhary Surinder Singh
|Member
|
|
|}

===2020–21===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Public Undertakings (2020–21)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183451/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1. || Sardar Kuljit Singh Nagra || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2. || Shri Aman Arora || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3. || Sardar Rajinder Singh || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4. || Shri Arun Dogra || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5. || Sardar Bikram Singh Majithia || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6. || Shri Dalvir Singh Goldy || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7. || Shri N.K. Sharma || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8. || Sardar Sukhwinder Singh Danny || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9. || Sardar Ramanjeet Singh Sikki || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10. || Sardar Sangat Singh Gilzian || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11. || Smt. Sarvjit Kaur Manuke || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12. || Shri Sanjeev Talwar || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13.
|Chaudhary Surinder Singh
|Member
|
|
|}

===2019–20===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Public Undertakings (2019–20)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-30 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230202848/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1. || Sardar Kuljit Singh Nagra || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2. || Shri Aman Arora || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3. || Sardar Amrinder Singh Raja warring || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4. || Sardar Darshan Singh Brar || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5. || Sardar Davinder Singh Ghubaya || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6. || Sardar Dilraj Singh Bhunder || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7. || Sardar Kanwar Sandhu || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8. || Shri Pawan Kumar Adia || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9. || Shri Pawan Kumar Tinu || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10. || Shri Rajinder Beri || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11. || Shmt Indu Bala || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12. || Sardar Santokh Singh || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13.
|Sardar Sukhwinder Singh Danny Bandala
|Member
|
|
|}

===2018–19===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Public Undertakings (2018–19)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-18 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118155916/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1. || Sh. Rakesh Panday || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2. || Sardar Amarjit Singh Sandoa || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3. || Sardar Angad Singh || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4. || Sardar Harinder Pal Singh Chandumajra || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5. || Sardar Kultar Singh Sandhwan || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6. || Sardar Nirmal Singh || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7. || Sardar Pargat Singh Powar || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8. || Sardar Parminder Singh Dhindsa || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9. || Sardar Randeep Singh Nabha || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10. || Dr. Raj Kumar Chabbewal || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11. || Smt. Satkar Kaur || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12. || Sh. Surinder Kumar Dawar || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13.
|Dr. Harjot Kamal Singh
|Member
|
|
|}

===2017–18===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Public Undertakings (2017–18)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-29 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929215332/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1. || Sh. Om Parkash Soni || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2. || Sardar Ajit Singh Kohar || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3. || Sh. Arun Dogra || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4. || Sardar Bikram Singh Majithia || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5. || Sardar Gurpreet Singh Kangar || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6. || Sardar Gurmeet Singh Meet Haher || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7. || Sardar Gurkirat Singh Kotli || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8. || Sardar Lakhvir Singh Lakha || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9. || Sardar Navtej Singh Cheema || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10. || Sardar Parminder Singh Pinki || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11. || Sardar Pargat Singh Powar || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12. || Sardar Sukhpal Singh Khaira || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13.
|Sardar Sukhpal Singh Bhullar
|Member
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Committees of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

Rajiv Nagar metro station

2026-03-07T18:13:40Z

IraNguyen82392: started initial details first draft

{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Red Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Rajiv Nagar
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| image =
| address = Jivraj Park, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380051
| coordinates = {{coord|23.00972921673227| 72.53686061320215|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Mahatma Mandir metro station|Mahatma Mandir]] / {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|GIFT City}} Platform-2 → [[APMC metro station|APMC]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|6 October 2022}}
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjstn|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Red|left=Jivraj Park|right=Shreyas}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Rajiv Nagar''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> This metro station was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 6 October 2022.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Ahmedabad: North-South corridor metro service to be operational from October 6 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-north-south-corridor-metro-service-to-be-operational-from-october-6-article-94664917 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Rajiv Nagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Shreyas}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Jivraj Park}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[APMC metro station|APMC]]'''Next Station:''' [[Jivraj Park metro station|Jivraj Park]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Mahatma Mandir metro station|Mahatma Mandir]]/[[GIFT City metro station|GIFT City]]
'''Next Station:''' [[Shreyas metro station|Shreyas]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly

2026-03-05T18:33:26Z

IraNguyen82392: quick fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Assam Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| legislature = 13th Legislative Assembly of Assam
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| members = 126
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]<ref name="fpp">{{cite web | last=Khaitan | first=Tarunabh | title=Ranked-choice voting system could deepen democracy, prevent polarisation | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 May 2019 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ | access-date=24 August 2025 |quote=Elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas take place under the first-past-the-post (FPP) system. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129155431/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ |archive-date=29 November 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| last_election1 = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| session_room = File:Assam Legislative Assembly complex with New Assembly Hall.jpg
| session_alt = Assembly building in Dispur, India
| meeting_place = Assam Legislative Assembly House, [[Dispur]], [[Guwahati]], Assam
| website = https://assambidhansabha.org
}}
[[File:IN-AS.svg|thumb|Location of Assam (highlighted in red) within India|alt=Map of India highlighting the location of Assam in the east]]
The [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the Indian state of [[Assam]]. It is housed in [[Dispur]], the capital of Assam, which is in the [[Lower Assam|Western Assam]] region. The Legislative Assembly has 126 members, directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is five years, unless dissolved early.

==History==
The number of constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] at the time of its inception on 7 April 1937 was 108. In 1957 it was reduced to 105. In 1962, the number of constituencies was enhanced to 114 and since 1972, it is 126. Since 1976, 8 constituencies are reserved for the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] candidates and 16 constituencies are reserved for [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]] candidates. [[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]] constituency in [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]] with 3.53 lakh voters is the largest constituency in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/KamrupMetro-plan-to-increase-voters-turnout/articleshow/51275206.cms|title=Kamrup(Metro) plan to increase voters' turnout|newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name=election2011>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4010-assam-2011/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2011 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

==Current constituencies==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Assam (2023-).svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The constituencies of Assam (after the 2023 delimitation) with their reservation status indicated by colour.]]

The following is the list of the constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly, since the delimitation of the legislative assembly constituencies in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies of Assam, 2023 |url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/Final_Order_and_Notification.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319053903/https://ceoassam.nic.in/Final_Order_and_Notification.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>

'''Reservation'''

{{Legend|#fef06d|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|Scheduled Castes]] (SC)}}
{{Legend|#fdcdb0|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Current constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly
! scope="col" | {{tooltip|#|Constituency number}}
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|SC]]/[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|ST]]/None)
! scope="col" | [[List of districts of Assam|District(s)]]
! scope="col" | [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
! scope="col" | Electors (2025)
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]
| None
| rowspan="5" |[[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| [[Dotma Assembly constituency|Dotma]]
| rowspan=2 style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| [[Kokrajhar Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| [[Baokhungri Assembly constituency|Baokhungri]]
| rowspan=2 | None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| [[Parbatjhora Assembly constituency|Parbatjhora]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| [[Golakganj Assembly constituency|Golakganj]]
| rowspan="7" | None
| rowspan="5" |[[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| [[Gauripur Assembly constituency|Gauripur]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| [[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| [[Birsing Jarua Assembly constituency|Birsing Jarua]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| [[Bilasipara Assembly constituency|Bilasipara]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]
| [[South Salmara-Mankachar district|South Salmara-Mankachar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| [[Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency|Jaleshwar]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| [[Goalpara West Assembly constituency|Goalpara West]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| [[Goalpara East Assembly constituency|Goalpara East]]
| None
| [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| [[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnai]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| [[Abhayapuri Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri]]
| rowspan="3" |None
| rowspan="3" |[[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| [[Srijangram Assembly constituency|Srijangram]]
| [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| [[Sidli–Chirang Assembly constituency|Sidli–Chirang]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| rowspan="2" |[[Chirang district|Chirang]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| [[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]]
| rowspan="4" |None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 21
| [[Bhowanipur–Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Bhowanipur–Sorbhog]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Bajali district|Bajali]]
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 22
| [[Mandia Assembly constituency|Mandia]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 23
| [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 24
| [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="3" |[[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 25
| [[Pakabetbari Assembly constituency|Pakabetbari]]
| rowspan="3" |None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 26
| [[Bajali Assembly constituency|Bajali]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Bajali district|Bajali]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 27
| [[Chamaria Assembly constituency|Chamaria]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 28
| [[Boko–Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Boko–Chaygaon]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 29
| [[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]
| None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 30
| [[Hajo–Sualkuchi Assembly constituency|Hajo–Sualkuchi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 31
| [[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]]
| rowspan="3" |None
| rowspan="2" |[[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 32
| [[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 33
| [[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 34
| [[Dimoria Assembly constituency|Dimoria]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 35
| [[New Guwahati Assembly constituency|New Guwahati]]
| rowspan="7" | None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 36
| [[Guwahati Central Assembly constituency|Guwahati Central]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 37
| [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 38
| [[Barkhetri Assembly constituency|Barkhetri]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 39
| [[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 40
| [[Tihu Assembly constituency|Tihu]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 41
| [[Manas Assembly constituency|Manas]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 42
| [[Baksa Assembly constituency|Baksa]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 43
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 44
| [[Goreswar Assembly constituency|Goreshwar]]
| rowspan="2" | None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 45
| [[Bhergaon Assembly constituency|Bhergaon]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 46
| [[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 47
| [[Majbat Assembly constituency|Majbat]]
| rowspan="5" | None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 48
| [[Tangla Assembly constituency|Tangla]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 49
| [[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 50
| [[Mangaldai Assembly constituency|Mangaldai]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 51
| [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 52
| [[Jagiroad Assembly constituency|Jagiroad]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="3" | [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 53
| [[Laharighat Assembly constituency|Laharighat]]
| rowspan="8" | None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 54
| [[Morigaon Assembly constituency|Morigaon]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 55
| [[Dhing Assembly constituency|Dhing]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 56
| [[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 57
| [[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]]
| [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 58
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
| [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 59
| [[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]
| [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 60
| [[Nagaon–Batadraba Assembly constituency|Nagaon–Batadraba]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 61
| [[Raha Assembly constituency|Raha]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 62
| [[Binnakandi Assembly constituency|Binnakandi]]
| rowspan="9" | None
| rowspan="3" | [[Hojai district|Hojai]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 63
| [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 64
| [[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 65
| [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 66
| [[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 67
| [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 68
| [[Rangapara Assembly constituency|Rangapara]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 69
| [[Nadaur Assembly constituency|Nadaur]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 70
| [[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 71
| [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 72
| [[Gohpur Assembly constituency|Gohpur]]
| rowspan="3" | None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 73
| [[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bihpuria]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 74
| [[Rongonadi Assembly constituency|Rongonadi]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 75
| [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 76
| [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 77
| [[Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency|Dhakuakhana]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 78
| [[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 79
| [[Sissiborgaon Assembly constituency|Sissiborgaon]]
| None
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 80
| [[Jonai Assembly constituency|Jonai]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 81
| [[Sadiya Assembly constituency|Sadiya]]
| rowspan="17" | None
| rowspan="6" | [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 82
| [[Doom Dooma Assembly constituency|Doom Dooma]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 83
| [[Margherita Assembly constituency|Margherita]]
| rowspan="10" | [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 84
| [[Digboi Assembly constituency|Digboi]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 85
| [[Makum Assembly constituency|Makum]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 86
| [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 87
| [[Chabua–Lahowal Assembly constituency|Chabua–Lahowal]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 88
| [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 89
| [[Khowang Assembly constituency|Khowang]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 90
| [[Duliajan Assembly constituency|Duliajan]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 91
| [[Tingkhong Assembly constituency|Tingkhong]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 92
| [[Naharkatia Assembly constituency|Naharkatia]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 93
| [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
| rowspan="10" | [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 94
| [[Mahmora Assembly constituency|Mahmora]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 95
| [[Demow Assembly constituency|Demow]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 96
| [[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 97
| [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 98
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| [[Majuli district|Majuli]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 99
| [[Teok Assembly constituency|Teok]]
| rowspan="9" | None
| rowspan="4" | [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 100
| [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 101
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 102
| [[Titabar Assembly constituency|Titabor]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 103
| [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 104
| [[Dergaon Assembly constituency|Dergaon]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 105
| [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 106
| [[Khumtai Assembly constituency|Khumtai]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 107
| [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 108
| [[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan]]
| rowspan="6" style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| rowspan="3" | [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 109
| [[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 110
| [[Diphu Assembly constituency|Diphu]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 111
| [[Rongkhang Assembly constituency|Rongkhang]]
| rowspan="2" | [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 112
| [[Amri Assembly constituency|Amri]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 113
| [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
| [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 114
| [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]
| rowspan="6" | None
| rowspan="7" | [[Cachar district|Cachar]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 115
| [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 116
| [[Katigorah Assembly constituency|Katigorah]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 117
| [[Borkhola Assembly constituency|Borkhola]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 118
| [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 119
| [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 120
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 121
| [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
| rowspan="5" | None
| rowspan="2" | [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 122
| [[Algapur–Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Algapur–Katlicherra]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 123
| [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Karimganj district|Sribhumi]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 124
| [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 125
| [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharkandi]]
| align=right |
|-
! scope="row" | 126
| [[Ram Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Ram Krishna Nagar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right |
|-
|}

==Former constituencies==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Assam.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Map of old assembly constituencies of Assam in 2021]]
Following is the list of previous constituencies in the state of [[Assam]] before delimitation in 2023.

'''Reservation'''

{{Legend|#fef06d|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|Scheduled Castes]] (SC)}}
{{Legend|#fdcdb0|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Former constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly
! scope="col" | {{tooltip|#|Constituency number}}
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|SC]]/[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|ST]]/None)
! scope="col" | [[List of districts of Assam|District(s)]]
! scope="col" | [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
! scope="col" | Electors ([[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]])
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| [[Ratabari Assembly constituency|Ratabari]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="5"|[[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:173974}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharkandi]]
| rowspan=9 |None
| align=right | {{formatnum:191022}}
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:199784}}
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:191328}}
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:162536}}
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:163505}}
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:180247}}
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| [[Algapur Assembly constituency|Algapur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:163204}}
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]
| rowspan="7"|[[Cachar district|Cachar]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:234821}}
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:184450}}
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:191374}}
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
| rowspan=4 |None
| align=right | {{formatnum:164213}}
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:166933}}
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| [[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:152761}}
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| [[Katigorah Assembly constituency|Katigorah]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:189031}}
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
| rowspan=5 style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|[[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency|Autonomous District]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:147384}}
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| [[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:150392}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| [[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:132468}}
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| [[Diphu Assembly constituency|Diphu]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:200287}}
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| [[Baithalangso Assembly constituency|Baithalangso]]
|[[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:210649}}
|-
! scope="row" | 21
| [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]
| rowspan=8 |None
| rowspan="2" |[[South Salmara district|South Salmara Mankachar]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:226709}}
|-
! scope="row" | 22
| [[Salmara South Assembly constituency|Salmara South]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:189264}}
|-
! scope="row" | 23
| [[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:196081}}
|-
! scope="row" | 24
| [[Gauripur Assembly constituency|Gauripur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:205588}}
|-
! scope="row" | 25
| [[Golakganj Assembly constituency|Golakganj]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:203940}}
|-
! scope="row" | 26
| [[Bilasipara West Assembly constituency|Bilasipara West]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:173884}}
|-
! scope="row" | 27
| [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:218549}}
|-
! scope="row" | 28
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:189510}}
|-
! scope="row" | 29
| [[Kokrajhar West Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar West]]
| rowspan=3 style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| align=right | {{formatnum:184635}}
|-
! scope="row" | 30
| [[Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar East]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:187298}}
|-
! scope="row" | 31
| [[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli]]
|[[Chirang district|Chirang]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:205936}}
|-
! scope="row" | 32
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
| rowspan=3 |None
|[[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
|[[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:177417}}
|-
! scope="row" | 33
| [[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]]
|[[Chirang district|Chirang]]
|[[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:162014}}
|-
! scope="row" | 34
| [[Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri North]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:182297}}
|-
! scope="row" | 35
| [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:207844}}
|-
! scope="row" | 36
| [[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnai]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| rowspan="4"|[[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
|[[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:207571}}
|-
! scope="row" | 37
| [[Goalpara East Assembly constituency|Goalpara East]]
| rowspan=11 |None
| rowspan="3" |[[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:223041}}
|-
! scope="row" | 38
| [[Goalpara West Assembly constituency|Goalpara West]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:175037}}
|-
! scope="row" | 39
| [[Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:159967}}
|-
! scope="row" | 40
| [[Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Sorbhog]]
|[[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:230013}}
|-
! scope="row" | 41
| [[Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bajali district|Bajali]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:148961}}
|-
! scope="row" | 42
| [[Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency|Patacharkuchi]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:146084}}
|-
! scope="row" | 43
| [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:208957}}
|-
! scope="row" | 44
| [[Jania Assembly constituency|Jania]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:212157}}
|-
! scope="row" | 45
| [[Baghbar Assembly constituency|Baghbar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:165903}}
|-
! scope="row" | 46
| [[Sarukhetri Assembly constituency|Sarukhetri]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:206383}}
|-
! scope="row" | 47
| [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:145283}}
|-
! scope="row" | 48
| [[Boko Assembly constituency|Boko]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="3"|[[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:237220}}
|-
! scope="row" | 49
| [[Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Chaygaon]]
| rowspan=13 |None
| align=right | {{formatnum:192780}}
|-
! scope="row" | 50
| [[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:158743}}
|-
! scope="row" | 51
| [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metro]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:204691}}
|-
! scope="row" | 52
| [[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:412114}}
|-
! scope="row" | 53
| [[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:239587}}
|-
! scope="row" | 54
| [[Gauhati West Assembly constituency|Gauhati West]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:297063}}
|-
! scope="row" | 55
| [[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:178022}}
|-
! scope="row" | 56
| [[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:180737}}
|-
! scope="row" | 57
| [[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:196103}}
|-
! scope="row" | 58
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]]
|[[Baksa district|Baksa]]
|[[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:215552}}
|-
! scope="row" | 59
| [[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
|[[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:207754}}
|-
! scope="row" | 60
| [[Barkhetry Assembly constituency|Barkhetry]]
|[[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:196918}}
|-
! scope="row" | 61
| [[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]]
|[[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:141911}}
|-
! scope="row" | 62
| [[Barama Assembly constituency|Barama]]
| rowspan=2 style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| rowspan="2"|[[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:169810}}
|-
! scope="row" | 63
| [[Chapaguri Assembly constituency|Chapaguri]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:161197}}
|-
! scope="row" | 64
| [[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]]
| rowspan=3 |None
|[[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:155719}}
|-
! scope="row" | 65
| [[Kalaigaon Assembly constituency|Kalaigaon]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:184450}}
|-
! scope="row" | 66
| [[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:178319}}
|-
! scope="row" | 67
| [[Mangaldoi Assembly constituency|Mangaldoi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:237615}}
|-
! scope="row" | 68
| [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:240796}}
|-
! scope="row" | 69
| [[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| rowspan="2"|[[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:158724}}
|-
! scope="row" | 70
| [[Majbat Assembly constituency|Majbat]]
| rowspan=9 |None
| align=right | {{formatnum:160324}}
|-
! scope="row" | 71
| [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency|Tezpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:217766}}
|-
! scope="row" | 72
| [[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:174036}}
|-
! scope="row" | 73
| [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:188449}}
|-
! scope="row" | 74
| [[Rangapara Assembly constituency|Rangapara]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:166718}}
|-
! scope="row" | 75
| [[Sootea Assembly constituency|Sootea]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:190981}}
|-
! scope="row" | 76
| [[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:165903}}
|-
! scope="row" | 77
| [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:125542}}
|-
! scope="row" | 78
| [[Gohpur Assembly constituency|Gohpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:204613}}
|-
! scope="row" | 79
| [[Jagiroad Assembly constituency|Jagiroad]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="3"|[[Marigaon district|Marigaon]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:238898}}
|-
! scope="row" | 80
| [[Marigaon Assembly constituency|Marigaon]]
| rowspan=2 |None
| align=right | {{formatnum:193079}}
|-
! scope="row" | 81
| [[Laharighat Assembly constituency|Laharighat]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:186704}}
|-
! scope="row" | 82
| [[Raha Assembly constituency|Raha]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| rowspan="8"|[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:221878}}
|-
! scope="row" | 83
| [[Dhing Assembly constituency|Dhing]]
| rowspan=14 |None
| rowspan="3" |[[Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency|Kaliabor]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:231325}}
|-
! scope="row" | 84
| [[Batadroba Assembly constituency|Batadroba]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:166352}}
|-
! scope="row" | 85
| [[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:202820}}
|-
! scope="row" | 86
| [[Nowgong Assembly constituency|Nowgong]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:189965}}
|-
! scope="row" | 87
| [[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:179641}}
|-
! scope="row" | 88
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency|Kaliabor]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:165045}}
|-
! scope="row" | 89
| [[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:147083}}
|-
! scope="row" | 90
| [[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Hojai district|Hojai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:221863}}
|-
! scope="row" | 91
| [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:266431}}
|-
! scope="row" | 92
| [[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:212304}}
|-
! scope="row" | 93
| [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency|Kaliabor]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:147846}}
|-
! scope="row" | 94
| [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:267596}}
|-
! scope="row" | 95
| [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:205586}}
|-
! scope="row" | 96
| [[Khumtai Assembly constituency|Khumtai]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:141259}}
|-
! scope="row" | 97
| [[Dergaon Assembly constituency|Dergaon]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:174870}}
|-
! scope="row" | 98
| [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]
| None
|[[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
|[[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:186273}}
|-
! scope="row" | 99
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|[[Majuli district|Majuli]]
|[[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:132403}}
|-
! scope="row" | 100
| [[Titabar Assembly constituency|Titabar]]
| rowspan=12 |None
| rowspan="3" |[[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:156559}}
|-
! scope="row" | 101
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:123568}}
|-
! scope="row" | 102
| [[Teok Assembly constituency|Teok]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:136829}}
|-
! scope="row" | 103
| [[Amguri Assembly constituency|Amguri]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:124891}}
|-
! scope="row" | 104
| [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:133974}}
|-
! scope="row" | 105
| [[Mahmara Assembly constituency|Mahmara]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:138108}}
|-
! scope="row" | 106
| [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:178790}}
|-
! scope="row" | 107
| [[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:116000}}
|-
! scope="row" | 108
| [[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:152087}}
|-
! scope="row" | 109
| [[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bihpuria]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
|[[Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency|Tezpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:153050}}
|-
! scope="row" | 110
| [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:227134}}
|-
! scope="row" | 111
| [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:190056}}
|-
! scope="row" | 112
| [[Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency|Dhakuakhana]]
| rowspan=3 style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
| align=right | {{formatnum:211004}}
|-
! scope="row" | 113
| [[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:248047}}
|-
! scope="row" | 114
| [[Jonai Assembly constituency|Jonai]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:312180}}
|-
! scope="row" | 115
| [[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]]
| rowspan=12 |None
| rowspan="7"|[[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:143170}}
|-
! scope="row" | 116
| [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:150348}}
|-
! scope="row" | 117
| [[Lahowal Assembly constituency|Lahowal]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:154651}}
|-
! scope="row" | 118
| [[Duliajan Assembly constituency|Duliajan]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:166137}}
|-
! scope="row" | 119
| [[Tingkhong Assembly constituency|Tingkhong]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:149731}}
|-
! scope="row" | 120
| [[Naharkatia Assembly constituency|Naharkatia]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:142035}}
|-
! scope="row" | 121
| [[Chabua Assembly constituency|Chabua]]
|[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:165934}}
|-
! scope="row" | 122
| [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:173562}}
|-
! scope="row" | 123
| [[Digboi Assembly constituency|Digboi]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:140259}}
|-
! scope="row" | 124
| [[Margherita Assembly constituency|Margherita]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:196210}}
|-
! scope="row" | 125
| [[Doom Dooma Assembly constituency|Doomdooma]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:152632}}
|-
! scope="row" | 126
| [[Sadiya Assembly constituency|Sadiya]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:189854}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam|*]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|Assam]]
[[Category:Assam politics-related lists]]
[[Category:Assam Legislative Assembly|Constituency ]]

Chase (2022 film)

2026-03-04T14:22:01Z

IraNguyen82392: new...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Short description|2022 Kannada-language film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chase
| image = Chase Kannada.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Vilok Shetty
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Manohar Suvarana
| starring = [[Radhika Narayan]] Avinash S Divakar
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ananth Urs
| editing =
| music = Karthik Acharya
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|6|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chase''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language crime drama film directed by Vilok Shetty. The film is a partial adaptation of the Korean film ''[[Blind (2011 film)|Blind]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chase-review-a-hardly-engaging-suspense-thriller/article65650374.ece/ | title='Chase' review: A hardly engaging suspense thriller | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 July 2022 | last1=Khajane | first1=Muralidhara }}</ref> The film stars [[Radhika Narayan]] and Avinash S Divakar.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Avinash Divakar doubles up as an actor and art director for Chase |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-avinash-divakar-doubles-up-as-an-actor-and-art-director-for-chase/articleshow/92783682.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716154005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-avinash-divakar-doubles-up-as-an-actor-and-art-director-for-chase/articleshow/92783682.cms |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=The Times of India|date=11 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: There are no unwanted interruptions in Chase: Director Vilok Shetty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-there-are-no-unwanted-interruptions-in-chase-director-vilok-shetty/articleshow/92882216.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718013351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-there-are-no-unwanted-interruptions-in-chase-director-vilok-shetty/articleshow/92882216.cms |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=The Times of India|date=14 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Gripping tale, a range of songs: Chase team reveals what's in store |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-gripping-tale-a-range-of-songs-chase-team-reveals-whats-in-store/articleshow/91667484.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706080412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-gripping-tale-a-range-of-songs-chase-team-reveals-whats-in-store/articleshow/91667484.cms |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=The Times of India|date=20 May 2022 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Radhika Narayan]] as Nidhi
* Avinash S Divakar as Avinash
* Sheetal Shetty as a doctor
* Arjun Yogesh Raj as Yash<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chase is the first Kannada film distributed by UFO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chase-is-the-first-kannada-film-to-be-distributed-by-ufo/articleshow/92654764.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710133814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chase-is-the-first-kannada-film-to-be-distributed-by-ufo/articleshow/92654764.cms |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2022 }}</ref>
* Sushant Pujari
*[[Aravind Bolar]]
*Arvind Rao as driver
*Swetha Sanjeevulu as Swetha<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: I'm the reason for all the mayhem in Chase: Swetha Sanjeevulu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-im-the-reason-for-all-the-mayhem-in-chase-swetha-sanjeevulu/articleshow/92633195.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706184423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-im-the-reason-for-all-the-mayhem-in-chase-swetha-sanjeevulu/articleshow/92633195.cms |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Rajesh Nataranga]]

== Production ==
Radhika Narayan learnt [[Krav Maga]] for the role.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Radhika Narayan learnt Krav Maga, shot with a dog for Chase |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-radhika-narayan-learnt-krav-maga-shot-with-a-dog-for-chase/articleshow/92729016.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726071328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-radhika-narayan-learnt-krav-maga-shot-with-a-dog-for-chase/articleshow/92729016.cms |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=The Times of India|date=8 July 2022 }}</ref> Actor Avinash Divakar also worked as an art director for the film.<ref name="auto" />

== Reception ==
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Chase is a good outing to the cinema hall, even though the film did take a while to hit the screens. It will definitely interest lovers of the thriller genre".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chase Movie Review: An interesting whodunit that keeps one intrigued, mostly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chase/movie-review/92897220.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718114817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chase/movie-review/92897220.cms |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "Honestly, contrary to the title, this is not at all a film that needs to be chased and watched".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Chase' Kannada film review: Not worth the chase |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/16/chase-kannada-film-review-not-worth-the-chase-2477017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719232107/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/16/chase-kannada-film-review-not-worth-the-chase-2477017.html |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 July 2022 }}</ref> Y Mahesswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' stated that "if you really want to watch this movie, make sure you are ready to cope with the post-intermission session, which can just end up testing your patience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chase (Kannada) movie review: Catch this movie, if you can |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/chase-kannada-movie-review-catch-this-movie-if-you-can-be-patient/articleshow/92910156.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722103359/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/chase-kannada-movie-review-catch-this-movie-if-you-can-be-patient/articleshow/92910156.cms |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7564016}}

[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural films]]

Kiladi Jodi

2026-03-03T22:22:02Z

IraNguyen82392: content fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kiladi Jodi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Rajendra Singh Babu|S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| producer = K. Venkatesh Dutt
| writer =
| screenplay = S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash
| editing = K. Balu
| studio = V. V. International
| released = {{Film date|1978}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Kiladi Jodi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕಿಲಾಡಿ ಜೋಡಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is 1978 Indian [[Kannada language]] action-adventure film directed by [[Rajendra Singh Babu|S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/kiladi-jodi-1978|title=Kiladi Jodi (1978) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|work=Chiloka}}</ref> Co-written by H. V. Subba Rao, the film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] (in a dual role), alongside guest appearances by [[Ambareesh]] and [[Jayamalini]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/kiladi-jodi.html|title=Kiladi Jodi Kannada Movie: Release Date, Cast, Story, Ott|work=Filmibeat}}</ref> Produced by K. Venkatesh Dutt under the V. V. International banner, it features cinematography by P. S. Prakash, editing by K. Balu, and a musical score composed by the duo Rajan–Nagendra.

Following the success of the film, Babu remade and directed the film in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Ek Se Bhale Do]]'', released in 1985.

== Plot ==
Jaggu (Srinath) and George Fernandes (Vishnuvardhan) are two small-time conmen who reform after meeting George’s lover, Jenny (Lakshmi). Jenny and her foster father Williams (M. P. Shankar) are in distress when a woman who resembles Jenny—Radha (also Lakshmi)—enters the scene, embroiled in personal and criminal troubles. Jaggu and George step in to help, leading to a complex web of mistaken identities, moral dilemmas, and family drama. Their loyalty and friendship are tested as they navigate this situation, culminating in a resolution that reunites lovers and brings justice.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as George Fernandes
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Jaggu
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] in dual role as Prema (Radha) and Jenny (Lakshmi)
* [[M. P. Shankar]] as Williams, Jenny's foster father
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as Elizabeth, William's wife
* [[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]] as Vishakantayya, Prema's foster father
* [[Uma Shivakumar]] as Parvathi, Vishakantayya's wife
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Sadaananda, father of Radha and Lakshmi
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Jaggu's mother
* [[Vajramuni]] as Venu
* Upasane Seetharam as a church father
* [[Shaktiprasad]] as Joseph Bonanza
* [[M. S. Umesh]] as Taxi driver
* [[Ambareesh]] (guest appearance)
* [[Jayamalini]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Rajan-Nagendra]] making their first collaboration with Babu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kiladi-jodi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1330483618|title=Kiladi Jodi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|work=itunes.com}}</ref> The songs were sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. J. Yesudas]] and [[S. Janaki]] while the lyrics were written by [[Chi. Udayashankar]] and [[Doddarange Gowda]]. The song "Naachike Inneke" was recreated in 2022 for the film ''Ranchi''. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jan/17/prabhu-mundkur-and-divya-uruduga-recreate-classic-song-nachike-inneke-2407554.html|title=Prabhu Mundkur and Divya Uruduga recreate classic song Nachike Inneke|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 January 2022}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Naachike Inneke
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udayashankar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kanasinali Nodidenu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udayashankar
| length2 =
| title3 = Krishnaswamy Ramaswamy
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udayashankar
| length3 =
| title4 = Kiladi Jodi Kiladi Jodi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udayashankar
| length4 =
| title5 = Aadabeku Karate
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics5 = [[Doddarange Gowda]]
| length5 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0444216|Kiladi Jodi}}

{{Rajendra Singh Babu}}

[[Category:1978 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajendra Singh Babu]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Nadan

2026-03-03T20:44:09Z

IraNguyen82392: starting some post needs work...

{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =nadan
| image = Nadan Free Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| producer = Anilkumar Ambalakkara
| writer = [[Suresh_Babu_(screenwriter)|S. Suresh Babu]]
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Remya Nambeesan]] [[Sajitha Madathil]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Neelakandan]]
| editing = [[K. Rajagopal (film editor)|K. Rajagopal]]
| studio = Ambalakkara Global Films
| released = {{Film date|2013|11|22}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nadan''''' (English: The actor) is a 2013 [[Malayalam]] drama film directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and written by [[Suresh_Babu_(screenwriter)|S. Suresh Babu]].<ref name=thehindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/on-location-drama-of-theatre/article5221075.ece|title=On location: Drama of theatre|author=Rasmi Binoy|work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Jayaram]] and [[Remya Nambeeshan]] play the lead roles, while the rest of the cast are former theatre artists that include [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[P. Balachandran]], [[Hareesh Peradi]] and [[Sasi Kalinga]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Nadan-A-tribute-to-Malayalam-theatre/2013/11/19/article1898165.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025402/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Nadan-A-tribute-to-Malayalam-theatre/2013/11/19/article1898165.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|title=Nadan: A tribute to Malayalam theatre|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It was produced by Anilkumar Ambalakkara under the banner of Ambalakkara Global Films.<ref name=thehindu/> ''Nadan'' features some famous scenes from the famous [[Kerala People's Arts Club]] (K P A C) dramas ''[[Ningalenne Communistakki]]'' and ''[[Mudiyanaya Puthran]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/93570.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607081147/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/93570.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2013|title=Jayaram is finally a Nadan|work=indiaglitz.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Nadan is the story of a popular drama troupe owned by Devadas Sargavedi, which was previously possessed by his father and grandfather in the past, and speaks about the problems faced by the owner and his survival.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Joy-Mathew-is-a-lyricist-in-Nadan/articleshow/24439504.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131119223857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-20/news-and-interviews/43219744_1_nadan-movie-lyricist|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-11-19|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Joy Mathew is a lyricist in Nadan}}</ref> The revival of this mighty art through the sustained effort of the talented theatre artists forms the crux of the narrative.

==Cast==
* [[Jayaram]] as Devadas Sargavedi
* [[Remya Nambeesan]] as Jyothi
* [[Sajitha Madathil]] as Sudharma
* [[Joy Mathew]] as G. Krishnakumar
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Radhamani
* [[P. Balachandran]] as Vikraman Pilla
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as KPAC Bharathan
* Mukundan as Babykuttan
* [[Malavika Menon]] as Priyamvada Devadas
* [[Chembil Ashokan]] as Abubacker
* [[Jayaraj Warrier]] as Kadavoor Manikandan
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]]
* Balaji Sarma
* [[Sudheer Karamana]]
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Malakha Johnson
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Mapranam Pappachan
* [[Divya Prabha]] as Haseena

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nadan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = November 2013
| recorded = Chetana Sound Studios, Thrissur
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = East Coast Audios
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The songs of Nadan were composed by [[Ouseppachan]] and penned by [[Prabha Varma]] and [[Dr Madhu Vasudevan|Madhu Vasudevan]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Song title !! Lyricist !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Ethu Sundara" || [[Prabha Varma]] || [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
| 2 || "Moolivarunna" || Madhu Vasudevan || G. Sreeram, [[Mridula Warrier]]
|-
| 3 || "Ottaykku Paadunna" || Madhu Vasudevan || [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
|-
| 4 || "Sargavedhikale" || Madhu Vasudevan || Sharath, Praveen, Rahul R. Nath, Lekshmi Priya
|-
| 5 || "Ethu Sundara" || Prabha Varma || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
| 6 || "Ottaykku Paadunna" || Madhu Vasudevan || Nishad
|-
| 7 || "Ottaykku Paadunna" (Violin) || || Bhavya Lakshmi
|}

==Awards==
; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyricist]] - [[Prabha Varma]] (for ''Ethu Sundara'') and Madhu Vasudevan (for ''Ottaykku Paadunna'')
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - [[Ouseppachan]] (for ''Ethu Sundara'' and ''Ottaykku Paadunna'')
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Female Singer]] - [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]] (for ''Ottaykku Paadunna'')

;[[Vayalar]] Film Awards<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/best-actor-jayaram-vayalar-film-awards-announced-full-list-of-awards-8378 | title=Vayalar Film awards announced | publisher=metromatinee.com | work=Jerin T Sam | date=7 May 2014 | accessdate=7 May 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061044/http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/best-actor-jayaram-vayalar-film-awards-announced-full-list-of-awards-8378 | archive-date=8 May 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Best Film - Anilkumar Ambalakkara
* Best Actor - Jayaram
* Best Music Director - Ouseppachan
* Best Male Singer - G. Sreeram
;Kerala-Film-Critics-Association-Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/jan/30/Drishyam-Bags-Kerala-Film-Critics-Association-Awards-570019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/jan/30/Drishyam-Bags-Kerala-Film-Critics-Association-Awards-570019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2017|title='Drishyam' Bags Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*Best sound editor - Tapas Nayik

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3558162|Nadan}}

{{Kamal (director)}}

[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal (director)]]

Harischandra (1999 film)

2026-03-03T18:22:04Z

IraNguyen82392: Started

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| caption =
| director = Thulasi Kumar
| producer = Kovela Shantha Nagulapati V. Raja Rajeshwari
| based_on = ''[[Harichandra (1998 film)|Harichandra]]'' (Tamil)
| starring = [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] [[Mantra (actress)|Raasi]] [[Brahmanandam]]
| music = Aghosh
| cinematography = V. Srinivasa Reddy
| editing = V. Nagireddy
| distributor = Chekravarthy Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|02|06}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Harischandra''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Thulasi Kumar, starring [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] and [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]. It is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Harichandra (1998 film)|Harichandra]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 1998 |title=More of the clones |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1998/dec/01ss.htm |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Harischandra falls in love with Nandini at the first sight. In order to impress her, he lies to her that he does not drink, smoke or even eat non-vegetarian food. Soon he is caught red-handed and she, Nandini forgives him. Now enters another girl in the scene and Nandini assumes that Harishchandra has an affair with the girl. What will happen now?

==Cast==
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Harischandra "Hari"
* [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Nandini
* [[Achyuth]] as Joseph
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Uttej]]
* [[Sivaji Raja]]
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]]
* Giridhar

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by Aghosh and all lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]].<ref name = "Harishchandra Songs">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/4TNnC6a8VFVv0uOEVElhAQ | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Harishchandra | date = 3 March 1999 | access-date = 18 February 2021}}</ref> All the tunes from the original Tamil film are retained.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Harishchandra Songs" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:20

| title1 = Daychey Dora
| extra1 = Gopal Rao, Srini
| length1 = 4:57

| title2 = Muvva Gopala
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:18

| title3 = Premante Tenela
| extra3 = Mano
| length3 = 5:25

| title4 = Chinna Saayam Cheyava
| extra4 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 5:14

| title5 = Shadi Mubharak
| extra5 = Gopal Rao, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length5 = 4:41

| title6 = Vinudu Vinudu Antha
| extra6 = Mano, Srini
| length6 = 5:42
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1999 comedy films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

List of forts in Karnataka

2026-03-03T12:10:14Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
In [[Karnataka]] there are thousands of forts, in [[Kannada]] called as {{lang|kn|ಕೋಟೆ}} ({{IAST|kōṭe}}) and {{lang|kn|ದುರ್ಗ}} ({{IAST|durga}}).

[[File:Front e view of Mirjan fort1.jpg|400px|thumb|right|[[Mirjan Fort]] in Karkala [[South Karnataka]]]]
{{Forts of Karnataka}}

==History of Forts of Karnataka==
The Forts in Karnataka belong to various dynasties, some of them are more than a thousand years old.
{{main |History of Karnataka}}

==Famous Forts in Karnataka==
*[[Basavakalyana Fort]]
*
*[[Bellary Fort]]
*[[Bidar Fort]]
*[[Chitradurga Fort]]
*[[Gajendragarh|Gajendragad Fort]]
*[[Gulbarga Fort]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/09/stories/2011010955200300.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115060000/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/09/stories/2011010955200300.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2011-01-15| work=[[The Hindu]]| title=Gulbarga fort to be restored| date=2011-01-09| accessdate=2013-04-18}}</ref>
*[[Kittur Fort]]
*[[Manjarabad Fort]]
*[[Mirjan Fort]]
*[[Mudgal|Mudgal Fort]]
*[[Raichur|Raichur Fort]]
*[[Savadatti Fort|Savadatti (Saundatti) Fort]]

==List of Forts in Karnataka==
{{See also|Battle of Raichur}}

Karnataka has a long history with forts. In 1294 A.D. the [[Raichur Fort]], built during the reign of [[Kakatiyas]] of Warangal, played a major role in the history of Karnataka. The ''Krishna-Tungabhadra Doab'' region witnessed many battles fought to capture and control the fort, several battles involving [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] kings, [[Bahmanis]] and [[Adilshahi]]s.

===Bagalkot District===
*[[Aihole|Aihole Fort]]
*Badami Fort
*[[Bagalkot|Bagalkot Fort]]

===Belgaum District===
*[[Kittur Fort]]
*[[Parasgad Fort]]
*[[Belgaum Fort]]
*[[Saundatti|Saundatti Fort]]
*[[Ramdurg|Ramdurg Fort]]
*[[Bailhongal|Bailhongal Fort]]
*[[Hooli|Hooli Fort]]
*[[Gokak|Gokak Fort]]
*[[Shirasangi|Shirasangi Fort]]
*[[Bhimgad Fort]]
*[[Vallabhgad Fort]]
*[[Torgal Fort]]
*[[Manolli|Manolli Fort]]

===Bellary District===
*[[Sanduru|Sanduru Fort]]
*[[Bellary Fort]]
*[[Tekkalakote| Tekkalakote Fort]]
*[[Malapanagudi| Malapanagudi Fort]]
*[[Kamalapura, Vijayanagara|Kamalapura Fort]]
* [[Hampi Fort]]
*[[Kurugodu Fort]]
*[[Gudekote fort]]
*[[Kampli Fort]]
*[[Biralgudda fort]]
*[[Jermali Fort]]

===Bengaluru Rural District===
*[[Devanahalli Fort]]
*[[Makalidurga]]
*[[Kabbaldurga]]

===Bengaluru urban District===
*[[Bangalore Fort]]

===Bidar District===
*[[Bidar Fort]]
*[[Basavakalyana Fort]]
*[[Bhalki| Bhalki Fort]]
*[[Manyakheta|Manyakheta Fort]]
*Bhatambra Fort
*Hankony Fort

===Bijapur District===
*[[Bijapur Fort]]
*[[Talikoti|talikote fort]]
* Kotnal Fort
* Halsangi Fort
* Nagabinal Fort
* Hiremural Fort
* Honahalli Fort

===Chikkaballapura District===
*[[Skandagiri]]
*[[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hill]]
*[[Gudibanda]]
*[[Gummanayakana Kote]]

===Chikkamagaluru District===
*[[Ballala Raayana Durga Fort]]

===Chitradurga District===
*[[Chitradurga Fort]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/03/stories/2011060353760500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130825/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/03/stories/2011060353760500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-06-06 | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Measures initiated to Renovate Chitradurga fort| date=2011-06-03 | accessdate=2013-04-18}}</ref>
*[[Hosadurga]]

===Dakshina Kannada District===
*[[Jamalabad|Jamalabad Fort]]

===Davanagere District===
*[[Uchangidurga| Uchangidurga Fort]]
*[[Channagiri|Channagiri Fort]]

===Gadag District===
*[[Gajendragad|Gajendrgad Fort]]
*[[Korlahalli|Korlahalli Fort]]
*[[Hammigi|Hammigi Fort]]
*[[Hemagudda|Hemagudda Fort]]
*[[Mundargi|Mundargi Fort]]
*[[Singatalur|Singatalur Fort]]
*[[Tippapura|Tippapura Fort]]
*[[Nargund|Nargund Fort]]
*[[Magadi, Gadag|Magadi Fort, Gadag]]
*[[Shrimantgarh Fort, Devihal, Shirahatti]]

===Gulbarga District===
*[[Gulbarga Fort]]
*[[Sedam|Sedam Fort]]
*Sonty Kullor Fort
*[[Malkhed Fort]]
*Ijeri Fort
*Chinmalla Fort
*Ferozabad Fort
*Modhul Manina Fort
*Chengta Fort
*Korwar Fort
*Martur Fort
*Alor B Fort
*Hollakonda Fort
*shahbad Fort
*Hovinhalli Fort
*Halkartti Fort

===Hassan District===
*[[Sakleshpur#Tourism|Manjarabad Fort]]
*Nagapura Fort
*[[Shravanabelagola Fort]]
*[[Halebeedu Fort]]
*[[Beluru Fort]]
*[[Garudanagiri Fort]]

===Haveri District===
*[[Bankapura|Bankapura Fort]]
*[[Savanur|Savanur Fort]]
*[[Havanur|Havanur Fort]]
*[[Airani Fort]]

===Kodagu District===
*[[Madikeri Fort]]

===Kolara District===
*[[Chintamani, Karnataka|Ambajidurga]]
*[[Budikote]]

===Koppal District===
*[[Koppal|Koppal Fort]]
*[[Anegundi|Anegundi Fort]]
*[[Kampli|Kampli Fort]]
*[[Irakalgada]]
*[[Kammatadurga]]

===Mandya District===
*[[Melkote]]
*[[Srirangapatna]]

===Raichur District===
*[[Raichur Fort]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3249415.ece?css=print| title=Fort in Raichur to be made a tourist attraction, says DC| website=[[The Hindu]]| publisher= | accessdate=2013-04-18}}</ref> (also known as ''Giridurga'')<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-rajyotsava-gift-for-tourists-visiting-raichur/article2566441.ece| title=A Rajyotsava gift for tourists visiting Raichur| website=[[The Hindu]]| publisher= | accessdate=2013-04-24}}</ref>
*[[Mudgal|Mudgal Fort]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/96167/ipl-2012.html| title=Mudgal's crumbling fortress| publisher= | accessdate=2013-04-19}}</ref>
*[[Malliabad|Malliabad Fort]]
*[[Jaladurga]]
*[[Kyadigera|Kyadigera Fort]]
* Hungunta Fort

===Ramanagara District===
*[[Savandurga]]
*[[Magadi]]

===Shivamogga District===
*[[Kavaledurga|Kavaledurga Fort]]
*[[Thirthalli Fort]]
*[[Kodachadri]]
*[[Nagara, Karnataka|Nagara Fort]]
*[[Kaanuru|Kaanuru Fort]]

===Tumkuru District===
*[[Huthridurga]]
*[[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]]
*[[Huliyurdurga]]
*[[Pavagada]]
*[[Madhugiri]]
*[[Devarayana Durga|Devarayanadurga]]
*[[Chennarayana Durga]]
*[[Shivagange]]
*[[Medigeshi]]
*[[Bhasmangi]]
*[[Nidagal Betta]]

===Udupi District===
*[[Barkur| Barkur Fort]]
*[[Malpe|Daria-Bahadurgad Fort]]
*[[Kapu, Karnataka|Kapu Fort]]

===Uttara Kannada District===
*[[Mirjan Fort]]
*[[Sadashivgad|Sadashivgad Fort]]
*[[Asnoti]]
*[[Basavaraja Durga Island|Basavaraja Fort]]
*[[Sanmudageri]]

===Yadagiri District===
*[[Vanadurga Fort]]
*[[Wagingera|Wagingera Fort]]
*[[Shapur Fort]]
*[[Yadagiri Fort]]
*[[Gurumatkal Fort]]
*[[Chandarki Fort]]
*[[Surpur Fort]]

===Kolar District===
*[[Tekal Fort]]
*[[Paparajanahalli Fort]]
*[[Avani Fort]]
*[[Mulbagal Fort]]
*[[Virupakshi Fort]]
*[[Kurudumale Fort]]
*[[Budikote Fort]]

{{Forts in Karnataka}}

==See also==
*[[Karnataka]]
*[[North Karnataka]]

==External links==
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/96167/ipl-2012.html Mudgal fort]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130825/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/03/stories/2011060353760500.htm Chitradurga fort]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110115060000/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/09/stories/2011010955200300.htm Kalaburagi Fort]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110310042712/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/05/stories/2011030561510500.htm 95 stone balls found in Raichur fort]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/146192/content/213935/fish-oil-may-hold-key.html Raichr region Forts]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Forts in Karnataka| ]]
[[Category:Lists of forts in India|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Karnataka|Forts]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Karnataka|Forts]]

Cicada (2024 film)

2026-03-03T09:37:53Z

IraNguyen82392: new...

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian survival thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Cicada (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sreejith Edavana
| writer = Sreejith Edavana
| producer = Vandana Menon, Gopakumar P
| starring = [[Rajith Menon]] Gayathri Mayura Jaise Jose
| cinematography = Naveen Raj
| music = Sreejith Edavana
| studio = Theerna Films and Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|08|09}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Cicada''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]] survival thriller film written and directed by Sreejith Edavana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title='Cicada': 24 tracks across four languages for Sreejith Edavana's debut as composer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Aug/21/cicada-24-tracks-across-four-languages-forsreejith-edavanas-debut-as-composer-2607175.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722003305/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Aug/21/cicada-24-tracks-across-four-languages-forsreejith-edavanas-debut-as-composer-2607175.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Meghana Raj Sarja and [[Prajwal Devaraj]] announced the movie in [[Kannada]].<ref name=":0" /> The film stars [[Rajith Menon]], Gayathri Mayura, and Jaise Jose.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=Cicada {{!}} പാന്‍ ഇന്ത്യന്‍ ചിത്രവുമായി ശ്രീജിത്ത് ഇടവന സംവിധാന രംഗത്തേക്ക്; ടൈറ്റിൽ പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/malayalam/kerala/entertainment/tv-and-theater/sreejith-edavana-directorial-debut-with-pan-indian-film-cicada/kerala20230722211905309309873 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ml |archive-date=2024-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722003306/https://www.etvbharat.com/malayalam/kerala/entertainment/tv-and-theater/sreejith-edavana-directorial-debut-with-pan-indian-film-cicada/kerala20230722211905309309873 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 9 August 2024.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajith Menon]]
* Gayathri Mayura
* Jaise Jose<ref name=":1" />
* [[Shalil Kallur]]
* Arun K Michael
* Merlin Reena
* Praveen Raveendran
* Adeline Simon Chittilappilly
* Stephy Santhu
* Mathayichan

== Production ==
The film is produced by Vandana Menon and Gopakumar P under the banner of Theerna Films and Entertainment. Srinath Ramachandran, Kevin Fernandez, Salman Faris, Gauri Timbal, Praveen Ravindran and others are co-producers.<ref>{{Cite web |title='സിക്കാഡ'; പാന്‍ ഇന്ത്യന്‍ ചിത്രം ടൈറ്റിൽ പോസ്റ്റർ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/news-cinema-26-07-2023/1106557 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml |archive-date=2024-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905063959/https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/news-cinema-26-07-2023/1106557 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=മലയാളത്തില്‍ നിന്ന് മറ്റൊരു സര്‍വൈവല്‍ ത്രില്ലര്‍; 'സിക്കാഡ' വരുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/cicada-malayalam-movie-from-august-9-sgdb0s |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=2024-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905064106/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/cicada-malayalam-movie-from-august-9-sgdb0s |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's music is composed by Sreejith Edavana, known for his work on ''[[Thirimali]], [[Shikari Shambu]],'' and ''[[Madhura Naranga]]'', among others. The movie features six tracks in four language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Cicada to have unique audio tracks for each language |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Sep/09/cicada-to-have-unique-audio-tracks-for-each-language-47498.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722003305/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Sep/09/cicada-to-have-unique-audio-tracks-for-each-language-47498.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title=Music Composer Sreejith Edavana Turns Writer-director For Pan-India Film CICADA |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/music-composer-sreejith-edavana-turns-writer-director-for-pan-india-film-cicada-8411821.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2020s survival films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language thriller films]]

Shikha Gautam

2026-02-26T07:14:10Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Shikha Gautam
| birth_name =
| image = Action Pic.jpg
| caption = Gautam in 2019
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|4|18}}
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], India
| height = 1.65 m
| weight = 55 kg
| years_active =
| handedness = Right
| coach =
| event = Women's singles & doubles
| highest_ranking = 148 (WS, 24 September 2019) 33 (WD, 20 December 2022)
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking = 52
| date_of_current_ranking = WD with [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|Ashwini Bhat]], 24 February 2026
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Dubai]] | Mixed team }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 77808
| bwf_id = 248CDA43-CD15-4830-8159-9AD25AE14B8B
}}

'''Shikha Gautam''' (born 18 April 1998) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Players: Shikha Gautam |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/77808/shikha-gautam |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref>

==Achievements==
===International Challenge / Series (3 titles, 4 runners-up)===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[Mauritius International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anura Prabhudesai]]
| align="left" | 21–8, 17–21, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanishq Mamilla Palli]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 20–22, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Women's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022 (III)
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|Ashwini Bhat]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arul Bala Radhakrishnan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Varshini Viswanath Sri]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Maldives International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwini Bhat
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Laksika Kanlaha]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Phataimas Muenwong]]
| align="left" | 22–24, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwini Bhat
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Tidapron Kleebyeesun]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nattamon Laisuan]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Dutch International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwini Bhat
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anna-Sofie Nielsen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mette Werge]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | [[Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwini Bhat
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Elsa Jacob]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Flavie Vallet]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 19–21, 10–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Shikha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]

Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve

2026-02-22T23:46:04Z

IraNguyen82392: Info

{{Short description|Tiger reserve in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
| native_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = The gaur bull near waterhole KMTR AJTJ.jpg
| image_caption = Gaur in Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|8|41|N|77|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| established = 1988
| area_km2 = 1,601.54
| elevation = 1800
| governing_body =
| website = {{URL|https://kmtr.co.in/}}
}}

'''Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve''' (KMTR) located in the [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]] in [[Tirunelveli district]] and [[Kanyakumari district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is the second-largest protected area in Tamil Nadu. It is part of the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Agasthyamala {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/india/agasthyamala/ |website=www.unesco.org |access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve was created in 1988 by combining [[Kalakad]] Wildlife Sanctuary (251 km2) and Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary (567 km2), both established in 1962. Notification of 77 km2 of parts of Veerapuli and Kilamalai Reserve Forests in adjacent [[Kanyakumari district]], added to the reserve in April 1996, is pending. A {{convert|400|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} core area of this reserve has been proposed as a [[National parks of India|national park]].<ref>ENVIS [https://web.archive.org/web/20070109172625/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/list_proposednp.pdf List of Proposed National Parks in India], 2006</ref>

The continuation of "[[Project Tiger]]" in Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve for fiscal year 2010–2011, at the cost of Rs. 19,433,000, was approved by the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] on 28 August 2010.<ref name="NTCA">{{citation
|url = http://projecttiger.nic.in/sanction/S2010/Sanction_KMTR_2010_11.pdf
|title = Centrally Sponsored Plan Scheme 'Project Tiger' Administrative Approval for funds release to Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu during 2010-11.
|work = No. 4-1(32)/2010-PT
|author = S.P. Yadav, Deputy Inspector General of Forests (PT)
|publisher = National Tiger Conservation Authority
|date = 28 August 2010
|place = New Delhi
|access-date = 2 February 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110106075115/http://projecttiger.nic.in/sanction/S2010/Sanction_KMTR_2010_11.pdf
|archive-date = 6 January 2011
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Thamirabarani.jpg|thumb|River Thamirabarani ]]
The reserve is located between latitude 8° 25' and 8° 53' N and longitude 77° 10' and 77° 35' E, about 45 km west of [[Tirunelveli]] City, and forms the [[Drainage basin|catchment area]] for 14 rivers and streams. Among these rivers and streams, the Ganga, [[Thamirabarani River|Thamirabarani]], Ramanadi, Karayar, Servalar, [[Manimuthar River (tributary of Thamirabarani)|Manimuthar]], Pachayar, Kodaiyar, [[Gadananathi River]], and Kallar form the backbone of the irrigation network and drinking water for the people of [[Tirunelveli]], Tuticorin and part of [[Kanyakumari District]]. Seven major dams—Karaiyar, Lower Dam, Servalar, Manimuthar, Ramanadi, [[Gadananathi River]] and Kodaiyar—owe their existence to these rivers.

The reserve spans a range of 40 to 1,800 m in elevation. [[Agasthiyamalai]] (1681 m.) is in the core zone of the reserve.<ref>Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. [http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/tr_kmtr.html Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227230650/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/tr_kmtr.html |date=27 December 2008 }}, 2007</ref>

== Conservation ==
KMTR forms part of the inter-state ([[Kerala]] and Tamil Nadu) [[Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>Samrakshan, PEACE–ELDF, "Lessons Learned from Eco-Development Experiences in India", June 2004, pp 255-275.[http://projecttiger.nic.in/pdf/peace.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005012/http://projecttiger.nic.in/pdf/peace.pdf|date=28 September 2007}}</ref> This part of [[Agastya Mala]] hills in the core of KMTR is considered one of the five centres of [[biodiversity]] and [[endemism]] in India by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN). The [[Western Ghats]], Agasthyamalai Sub-Cluster, including all of Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, is under consideration by the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site#World Heritage Committee Session|World Heritage Committee]] for selection as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO">UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster, Agasthyamalai. retrieved 20 April 2007 [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/ World Heritage sites, Tentative lists]</ref>

The [[Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment]] has developed and implemented a [[Wildlife conservation|conservation]] intervention program in KMTR to decrease local villagers' dependency on the forests for fuel to and build community awareness about the value of biodiversity in the area.<ref>Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment [http://www.atree.org/conliv_kmtr.html ATREE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315112150/http://www.atree.org/conliv_kmtr.html |date=15 March 2007 }}</ref>

[https://web.archive.org/web/20070628195712/http://www.atree.org/Agasthya_1-1.pdf "Agasthya"], the KMTR newsletter, includes updates on research projects and staff activities at KMTR. The contents of the first issue included: "A Sanctuary for ''[[Cycas]] circinalis''", "Tiger Almost", "Round in Agasthyamalai in Fourteen Days", "Corridors - It is Just Not for the Four Legged Furry Creatures", "Behaviour and Movement of [[Nilgiri Langur]] in the Upper [[Kodayar]] Range – KMTR", "[[Canopy (forest)|Canopy]] News", "Agasthya Village Commons and Backyards to Meet the [[Biomass]] Requirements: An Experiment with [[Panchayat Raj]] and Women [[Collective]]s", "Bi-Lingual Field Guide Test Run", "Snippets from the Field", "[[Cullenia]] exarillata: A Keystone Species for Birds?" and "Tea, Tiger and Oranges".<ref>Ganesh T. (March 2007) "''Agasthya''" ATREE, Bangalore, retrieved 3 April 2007 [http://atree.org/Agasthya_1-1.pdf "''Agasthya''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628195712/http://www.atree.org/Agasthya_1-1.pdf |date=28 June 2007 }}</ref>

Tigers are also protected in Tamil Nadu at [[Mudumalai National Park]], [[Indira Gandhi National Park|Indira Gandhi National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Mukurthi National Park]] and [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>Wildlife Institute of India, Species Database, National Wildlife Database, Status and Distribution of Tiger (Panthera tigris).[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222541/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/status_distribution_tiger.pdf National Wildlife Database].</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
[[File:Nilgiri Langur,Manjolai.jpg|thumb|Nilgiri langur in Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve ]]
[[File:Kottangathatti Kalakad hills April 1983 AJTJ.tif|thumb|Forest in Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]]
[[File:Feral buffaloes AJTJohnsingh.jpg|thumb|Feral water buffalos in Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]]
KMTR has at least 150 [[Endemism|endemic]] plants, 33 fish, 37 [[amphibians]], 81 [[reptiles]], 273 birds and 77 [[mammal]] species. As per the 2018 census, the tiger population is 16 to 18. Other animals in the tiger reserve include leopards, elephants, Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiri langur, wild boar, chithal, sambar deer, leopard cat, jungle cat and 67 other mammal species.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

Habitat use by the [[grey junglefowl]] (''Gallus sonneratii'') at Mundanthurai plateau, Tamil Nadu, was investigated from December 1987 to March 1988.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sathyakumar, S. |year=2006 |title=Habitat use by Grey Junglefowl ''Gallus sonneratii'' Temminck at Mundanthurai Plateau, Tamil Nadu |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=57–61 |url=http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/JBNHS_103_1/Sathyakumar.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=9 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706044828/http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/JBNHS_103_1/Sathyakumar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Settlements==
The Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve has a large number of employees of the Electricity Board and Public Works Department who stay in three colonies and work at Karayar, Upper Dam, Servalar and Upper Kodayar reservoirs within the reserve. [[Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation]] has a 33.88 km2 land in the core area of the reserve leased from singampatti zamin valid until 2028. The company has tea and coffee plantations and three factories, and employs about 10,000 workers in the reserve.

There are several small estates and five [[Kani tribe|Kani]] Tribal habitations, consisting of about 102 families. About 145 hamlets situated within 5 km of the 110 km eastern boundary of the reserve are inhabited by 100,000 people. There are about 50,000 cattle grazing out of these fringe villages, with a small number of cattle owned by the tea estate workers and residents of the electricity board colonies.<ref>Project Tiger, Reserve Guide: Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, retrieved 13 May 2007 [http://projecttiger.nic.in/kalakad.htm Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726142047/http://projecttiger.nic.in/kalakad.htm |date=26 July 2013 }}</ref>

On 18 January 2018, the state government passed instructions to the Tirunelveli district collector and the state forest department to notify the entire area that originates at [[Thamirabarani River|Thamirabharani]] river as a reserve forest. The state forest department sought the government to convert all tea estate areas leased out to private parties to be brought back under the forest cover. On 12 January 2018, the governor of the state declared new forest boundaries for Kalakad and Mundanthurai that caters water to five southern districts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190118/kmtr-to-be-free-without-human-habitation.html|title=KMTR to be free without human habitation|date=2018-01-19|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tiger reserves of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2018/jan/03/முண்டந்துறை-புலிகள்-சரணாலயத்தில்-சுற்றுலாவுக்கு-இணைய-சேவை-தொடக்கம்-2837635.html Dinamani - Website opened for Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]
*[https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/website-opened-thirunelveli-tiger-sanctuary-307253.html Oneindia - Tourism Website for Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]
*https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2334108.ece
*[https://kmtr.co.in/ Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]

{{Commons category|Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve}}

{{Tiger Reserves of India}}{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2008]]

Bihara

2026-02-21T00:40:22Z

IraNguyen82392: Started Post

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}

''' Bihara''' is a village in the outskirts of [[Silchar|Silchar Town]] in [[Cachar district]] of [[Assam]], India. This village is known for some major religious centers in the area.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) are the official languages of this place.<ref name="BnOff">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-from-barak-valley-114090901180_1.html |title=Govt withdraws Assamese as official language from Barak valley |agency=Press Trust of India |date=9 September 2014 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195116/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-from-barak-valley-114090901180_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Meitei">{{Cite news |last=Purkayastha |first=Biswa Kalyan |date=24 February 2024 |title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Bihara Station.jpg|alt=This Person May Share photo of Bihara|thumb|Bihara Station Selfie (Person)]]
Bihara Railway Station is situated in Chandranathpur, Assam. Station code of Bihara is BHZ. Here are some trains that are passing through Bihara railway station like
* 15615 – Guwahati Silchar Express
* 15616 – Silchar Guwahati Express
* 13173 – [[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjungha Express]]
* 13174 – Silchar-Sabroom Kanchanjungha Express
* 13175 – [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchanjungha Express]]
* 13176 – Silchar-Sealdah Kanchanjungha Express

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/bihara-bhz-station Bihara (BHZ) Railway Station] at NDTV

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Villages in Cachar district]]

Dhruv (singer)

2026-02-20T14:41:02Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{for|the actor and cricketer|Dhruv Sharma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dhruv
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dhruv Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|2|25}}
| birth_place = London, England
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| years_active = 2019–present
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[indie pop]]}}
| instrument =
| label = {{hlist|[[RCA Records|RCA]]|Little Worry}}
| website = {{URL|dhrvie.com}}
}}
'''Dhruv Sharma''' (born February 25, 1999), known [[mononym]]ously as '''Dhruv''', is a British-born singer-songwriter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Sophie|date=2022-08-17|title=Dhruv: TikTok storyteller blazing a trail for vital, anthemic queer pop|url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/dhruv-singer-songwriter-interview-tiktok-double-take-radar-3291273|access-date=2024-01-23|website=NME|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Feel the Love With dhruv|url=https://www.papermag.com/dhruv-double-take#rebelltitem9}}</ref> His 2019 single "[[Double Take (Dhruv song)|Double Take]]", became a [[sleeper hit]] after it went viral on [[TikTok]] two years after its release. In 2021, the song went No. 1 in the Philippines and Thailand, and reached the top five of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore's streaming charts.

==Early life==

Dhruv Sharma was born on February 25, 1999, in [[London]] to an [[India]]n Hindu family.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yuen|first=Michelle|date=2022-09-22|title=dhruv Proves the Globalization of Music Can Break New Artists|url=https://hmc.chartmetric.com/dhruv-globalization-music/#:~:text=Born%20in%20London%20to%20Indian,finding%20himself%20in%20London%20again.|access-date=2024-02-05|website=Chartmetric}}</ref> He moved to [[Singapore]] at the age of two. He learned the piano as a child and began writing melodies at a young age. Dhruv started pursuing and writing music seriously at the age of 15, and began uploading self-recorded demos to [[SoundCloud]] while living in Singapore. At the age of 18 he moved to [[New Haven, Connecticut]] to attend [[Yale University]].<ref name="Hadi">{{Cite magazine |last=Hadi |first=Eddino Abdul |date=8 February 2022 |title=Singer Dhruv On His Viral Hit "Double Take" And His Childhood In Singapore |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/life/celebrities/singer-dhruv-viral-hit-double-take-tiktok/ |access-date=1 February 2024 |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar#Harper's Bazaar Singapore|Harper's Bazaar Singapore]] |language=en}}</ref> During his time at Yale, Dhruv performed as a member of the Shades of Yale a cappella group. Dhruv would go on to pause his studies in 2020, prior to the virality of "[[Double Take (Dhruv song)|Double Take]]", in order to pursue music full time.<ref name="Hadi" />

== Career ==

Sharma released his debut single "double take" on May 24, 2019, while he was still a student at Yale University.<ref name=Hadi/> This was followed by the release of singles "moonlight" and "vulnerable" the following year. Sharma rose to prominence in 2021 when "double take" went viral on social media.<ref name=Hadi/> "double take" eventually debuted on the [[Billboard charts#Other international charts|Billboard Global Excl. US Chart]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Frankenberg |first=Eric |date=2021-08-06 |title=New Around the World: dhruv Draws a 'Double Take' With Global Debut |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/dhruv-double-take-global-debut/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Sharma was signed to [[RCA Records|RCA]] in October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruv |url=https://www.rcarecords.com/artist/dhruv/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=RCA Records |language=en-US}}</ref>

He released his extended play "rapunzel" on January 21, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SINGER/SONGWRITER DHRUV RELEASES RAPUNZEL EP TODAY VIA LITTLE WORRY/RCA RECORDS |url=https://www.sonymusic.ca/press_release/singer-songwriter-dhruv-releases-rapunzel-ep-today-via-little-worry-rca-records |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Sony Music Canada |language=en-US}}</ref> He later released a standalone single "Blur" in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title= Dhruv Shares New Single Blur |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Dhruv-Shares-New-Single-Blur-20220630|access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Broadway World|language=en-US}}</ref> and was a support act for [[Joji (musician)|Joji]] on his 2022 North American Smithereens Tour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joji Delivers New Album 'Smithereens' |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/joji-smithereens|access-date=2024-01-31 |website= Complex|language=en-US}}</ref>

On January 19, 2024, Dhruv released "Tragedy", the lead single from his forthcoming debut studio album, after taking a brief hiatus from releasing music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SINGER-SONGWRITER & PRODUCER DHRUV RELEASES NEW SINGLE "TRAGEDY" |url=https://www.rcarecords.com/news/singer-songwriter-producer-dhruv-releases-new-single-tragedy/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=RCA Records |language=en-US}}</ref>

Later in 2024, he released three more singles in "How?", "Speed of Light" and "Grieving".

On 31 May 2024, [[RCA Records]] announced that Dhruv's debut album "Private Blizzard" set for release on 23 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rcarecords.com/news/breakout-artist-dhruvs-debut-album-private-blizzard-out-august-23-via-little-worry-rca-records/ |title=Breakout Artist dhruv's Debut Album 'Private Blizzard' Out August 23 Via Little Worry/RCA Records |website=RCA Records |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref>

The "double take" singer has taken to his Instagram account and announced his sophomore album, which will be released in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DSFq8jMjq4j/?igsh=cjlxaXVqem82OGMz |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
* ''Private Blizzard'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/23/nx-s1-4970837/dhruv-channels-emotional-turbulence-into-private-blizzard-his-debut-album |title=Dhruv channels emotional turbulence into 'Private Blizzard,' his debut album |website=NPR |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref>

=== Extended Play ===
* ''rapunzel'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sonymusic.ca/press_release/singer-songwriter-dhruv-releases-rapunzel-ep-today-via-little-worry-rca-records |title=Singer-Songwriter dhruv Releases "Rapunzel" EP Today via Little Worry/RCA Records |website=Sony Music Canada |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref>

=== Singles ===
* ''[[Double Take (Dhruv song)|double take]]'' (2019)
* ''moonlight'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Mitali |date=2022-05-19 |title=Dhruv "Moonlight" Song Review |url=https://wknc.org/2022/05/19/dhruv-moonlight-song-review/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=WKNC 88.1 FM - North Carolina State University Student Radio |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''vulnerable'' (2020)
* ''airplane thoughts'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Robin |date=29 September 2021 |title=dhruv's 'airplane thoughts' Is A Song Of Longing |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/dhruvs-airplane-thoughts-is-a-song-of-longing/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash Magazine Music News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* ''stable life'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Panaligan |first=E. J. |date=2021-12-09 |title=The Deals: UTA Signs Bret Michaels; Dhruv Plots RCA Records Debut |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/deals-uta-bret-michaels-dhruv-rca-richie-quake-mass-appeal/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Blur'' (2022)
* ''Tragedy'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |last=dubiks |date=2024-01-19 |title=Dhruv releases new single "Tragedy" |url=https://dubiks.com/2024/01/19/dhruv-releases-new-single-tragedy/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=DUBIKS |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''How?'' (2024)
* ''Speed of Light'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharpe|first=Josh|title=Dhruv to Release Debut Album 'Private Blizzard'; Shares New Song|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Dhruv-to-Release-Debut-Album-Private-Blizzard-Shares-New-Song-20240531|access-date=2024-06-06|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Grieving (2024)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://dhrvie.com/}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/dhrvie?igsh=YWlmeHp2Mzdzam83 Dhruv] on [[Instagram]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhruv}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Queer singer-songwriters]]

{{US-singer-songwriter-stub}}
{{India-singer-stub}}

Glossary of the study of the caste system in India

2026-02-09T15:26:12Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{short description|none}}
This is a '''Glossary of the study of the caste system in India'''.
{{TOC}}
The [[glossary]] provides key figures, works, and concepts relevant to the sociology and ethnography of the study of the [[caste system in India]]. It includes early colonial administrators,<ref>Travel accounts by British administrators and ethnographers describing local societies, villages, and castes (e.g., F. S. Growse).</ref> missionaries, and ethnographers who documented caste hierarchies, social practices, and rural communities prior to 1900. Seminal works in older times include ''[[Jean-Antoine_Dubois#Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies|Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies]]'' by [[Jean-Antoine Dubois|Abbé Dubois]] (1770–1848), ''[[Castes and Tribes of Southern India]]'' (1909) by [[Edgar Thurston]] (1855–1935), and the ethnographic studies of [[William Crooke]] (1848–1923) and the caste surveys and racial classifications of the 'anthropologist and imperialist'<ref>cf. C. J. Fuller: ''Anthropologist and Imperialist: H. H. Risley and British India.'' Social Science Press, 2023 </ref> [[Herbert Hope Risley]] (1851–1911). Many of the former works (like those of Risley) are strongly connected with race theory and [[scientific racism]]. The glossary also covers major 20th-century contributions such as ''Caste in India''<ref>''Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins'' ([https://ia801502.us.archive.org/2/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.537023/2015.537023.Cast-In_text.pdf First edition 1946]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.261746/page/n1/mode/2up Forth edition, fifth impression 1980])</ref> by [[John Henry Hutton]] (1885-1968) and the sociological analyses of [[Louis Dumont]] (1911–1998), highlighting ideological interpretations and hierarchical structures. This glossary also acknowledges the contributions of Indian scholars who analyzed the caste system from within the society. Figures such as [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] (1848–1909) examined economic and social structures, while [[M. N. Srinivas]] (1916–1999) developed the concept of [[Sanskritisation]] to explain social mobility. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956) was one of the pioneers of Indian sociology.<ref>He refuted the thoughts of social scientists, such [[Émile Senart|Senart]], [[John Collinson Nesfield|Nesfield]], and [[Herbert Hope Risley|Risley]], and recognized thoughts of [[Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar|Ketkar]], [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]], [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]], [[Max Weber|Weber]], [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Gabriel Tarde|Tarde]], [[Ernest Renan|Renan]], and [[Lord Acton|Acton]] (cf. Vivek Kumar: ''Decoding Ambedkar'', 2025).</ref> Their work provides critical indigenous perspectives complementing colonial and European ethnographic studies. Foundational concepts, including ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varṇa]]'', ''[[Jāti|jāti]]'', and [[endogamy]]/[[exogamy]] rules, shaped social organization and occupational hierarchies. By compiling colonial surveys, travel accounts, and early ethnographic research alongside later theoretical works, this glossary serves as a reference for researchers, historians, and students exploring the origins and evolution of the study of the caste system in India and the colonial construction of Hinduism.

== Glossary ==
Note: The information provided does not claim to be complete or up-to-date.
{{Infobox
| title=Caste system in 19th century India
| image=
{{image array|perrow=2|width=135|height=100
| image1=Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India (18).jpg |caption1=Hindu musician
| image2=Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India (16).jpg |caption2=Muslim merchant
| image3=Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India (8).jpg |caption3=Sikh chief
| image4=Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India (5).jpg |caption4=Arab soldier
}}
|caption=Pages from ''[[:s:en:Seventy-two_Specimens_of_Castes_in_India| Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India]]'' according to Christian Missionaries in February 1837. They include Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Arabs as castes of India.
}}
=== A ===

* Administrative divisions (Province or State) of India during the [[British Raj]] (in the time of the study of [[John Henry Hutton|J. H. Hutton]] as used in his ''Caste in India'', [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.261746/page/198/mode/2up p. 199])

::Provinces: 1. [[Ajmer-Merwara|Ajmer Merwara]] 2. [[Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands|Andamans and Nicobars]] 3. [[Assam]] 4. [[Baluchistan]] (Districts & Administered Territories) 5. [[Bengal]] 6. [[Bihar and Orissa]] 7. [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] 8. [[Burma]] 9. [[Central Provinces and Berar]] 10. [[Coorg Province|Coorg]] 11. [[Delhi]] 12. [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] 13. [[North-West Frontier Province]] 14. [[Punjab]] 15. [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]

::''States and Agencies'': 16. Assam States 17. Baluchistan States 18. [[Baroda State]] 19. Bengal States 20. Bihar and Orissa States 21. Bombay States 22. [[Central India Agency]] 23. Central Provinces States 24. [[Gwalior State]] 25. [[Hyderabad State]] 26. [[Jammu and Kashmir State]] 27. [[Madras States Agency]] — [[Cochin State]] — [[Travancore State]] — Other Madras States 28. [[Mysore State]] 29. [[North-West Frontier Province]] (Agencies and Tribal Areas) 30. Punjab States 31. [[Punjab States Agency]] 32. [[Rajputana Agency]] 33. Sikkim State 34. United Provinces States 35. [[Western India States Agency]]

* [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar|M. Srinivasa Aiyangar]] (1874–1941); ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90500 Tamil Studies]'' (1914)

* [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956), Indian jurist, social reformer, and politician; drafted the Constitution of India and criticized the caste system; ''[[Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development]]'' (1916, published 1917); ''[[Annihilation of Caste]]'' (speech, 1936).

* ''[[Année Sociologique]]'' (Paris), see [[Célestin Bouglé]].

* [[Arjun Appadurai]] (born 4 February 1949), Indian-American anthropologist; ''Is Homo Hierarchicus? '' (Review article)

* ''[[:es:Asiatic Researches|Asiatic Researches]], or, Transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences and literature of Asia'' (journal), Calcutta 1788-1839

=== B ===

* [[François Bernier]] (1620–1688), French physician and traveller; ''Voyages de François Bernier Docteur en Médecine de la Faculté de Montpellier. Contenant la Description des Etats du Grand Mogol, de l'Hindoustan, du Royaume de Kachemire, &c. Où il est traitté des Richesses, des Forces, de la Justice & des causes principales de la decadence des Etats de l'Asie, & de plusieurs évenemens considérables''. Paul Marret, Amsterdam 1699-1709

* [[André Béteille]] (1934–), Indian sociologist known for work on social hierarchies, inequality, and the caste system.

* [[Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya]]: ''[https://archive.org/details/hinducastesands00bhatgoog Hindu castes and sects. An exposition of the origin of the Hindu caste system and the bearing of the sects toward each other and towards other religious systems].'' Calcutta 1896

* [[E. A. H. Blunt|Edward Blunt]] (1877–1941), British civil servant; ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.01185 The Caste System of Northern India with Special Reference to the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]''. London 1931

* [[Pramatha Nath Bose]] (1855–1934), Indian geologist and paleontologist; ''History of Hindu Civilisation during British Rule'' (4 vols.)

* [[Célestin Bouglé]] (1870–1940), French sociologist and student of [[Émile Durkheim]]; analyzed social hierarchies and classifications, including comparative studies of caste and racial theories; ''Essais sur le Régime des Castes'' (Travaux de l’Année Sociologique). Paris, 1908 (English ''[https://www.google.de/books/edition/Essays_on_the_Caste_System_by_Célestin/G9o8AAAAIAAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Hutton,+Sénart,+Risley&pg=PR9&printsec=frontcover Essays on the Caste System]'', translated with an introduction by [[David_Francis_Pocock |D. F. Pocock]])

* [[John Brough (orientalist)|John Brough]] (1917–1984), Scottish scholar; [https://archive.org/details/earlybrahmanicalsystemsofgotraanpravaragotrapravaramanjariofpurshottamajohnbroughoup_202003_875_K ''The Early Brahmanical System of Gotra and Pravara''] (Cambridge University Press, 1953)

* [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]] (1762–1829), ''A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar'' (1807)

=== C ===

* ''Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins'' (1946), book by [[John Henry Hutton|J. H. Hutton]], providing a detailed analysis of the caste system and discussing developments since earlier censuses.

* ''[[Castes and Tribes of Southern India]]'' (1909), by [[Edgar Thurston]]; early ethnographic survey including caste classifications and social practices.

* ''[[Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development]]'' (1916, published 1917), by [[B. R. Ambedkar ]]; sociological analysis of the ideology of the caste system.
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col1center col3right" style="float:right; font-size:90%;
! [[Census in British India|Census]] !! Census administrator
|-
| 1871 || [[William Chichele Plowden|W. C. Plowden]]
|-
| 1881 || [[William Chichele Plowden|W. C. Plowden]]
|-
| 1891 || [[Jervoise Athelstane Baines|J. A. Baines]]
|-
| 1901 || [[H. H. Risley]]
|-
| 1911 || [[E. A. Gait|E. A. Gait]]
|-
| 1921 || J. T. Marten
|-
| 1931 || [[John Henry Hutton|J. H. Hutton]]
|-
| 1941 || [[William Walter Murray Yeatts|W. W. M. Yeatts]]
|}

* [[Census in British India|Census of India 1891]], earlier British census that already collected caste information and formed the basis for later racial classifications.

* [[Census in British India|Census of India 1901]], see [[Herbert Hope Risley]].

* [[Census in British India|Census of India 1931]], the census in British India that aimed to systematically record castes and ethnic groups; served as an important source for ethnographic and sociological studies.

* [[Ramprasad Chandra]]: ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.213374 The Indo Aryan Races: A Study of the Origin of Indo-Aryan People and Institutions]'', Rajshah 1916

* [[Simon Charsley]]: ''‘Untouchable’: What is in a Name?'' (1996)

* [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]] (1765–1837): ''Enumeration of Indian Classes'' (1798)

* [[Criminal Tribes Act]] (1871)

* [[William Crooke]] (1848–1923), British ethnographer and folklorist who published numerous detailed studies on castes and tribes in India; emphasized material and occupational aspects of caste as opposed to racial approaches; ''The Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh.'' 4 vols., Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1896

* [[Alexander Cunningham]] (1814–1893), British archaeologist and civil servant; early observations of Indian social organization and historical context.
* Caste's impact on entrepreneurial ecosystems in India and businesses in general.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anand |first1=Pankaj |last2=Attri |first2=Pardeep Singh |last3=Sahasranamam |first3=Sreevas |date=2025-12-31 |title=Invisible Inequality in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: The Micro-Foundations of Navigating Marginalization |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503251407016 |journal=Business & Society |language=EN |article-number=00076503251407016 |doi=10.1177/00076503251407016 |issn=0007-6503|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bapuji |first1=Hari |last2=Chrispal |first2=Snehanjali |last3=Attri |first3=Pardeep Singh |last4=Ertug |first4=Gokhan |last5=Soundararajan |first5=Vivek |date=July 2024 |title=An Integrative Review of Management Research on Caste: Broadening Our Horizons |url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/annals.2022.0208 |journal=Academy of Management Annals |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=506–549 |doi=10.5465/annals.2022.0208 |issn=1941-6520|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== D ===

* Depressed Classes, see [[Dalit]]

* [[Govindbhai Hathibhai Desai]]: ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02336/page/n3/mode/2up A Glossary of Castes, Tribes, and Races in the Baroda State].'' 1912

* [[Shyama Charan Dube|S. C. Dube]] (1922–1996), Indian anthropologist; contributions to rural society and caste structure in India.

* [[Jean-Antoine_Dubois|Abbé J. A. Dubois]] (1765–1848), French missionary; author of ''[[Jean-Antoine_Dubois#Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies|Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies]]'', detailed ethnographic observations of Indian society, religion, and caste.

* [[Louis Dumont]] (1911–1998), French anthropologist known for his sociological interpretation of the Indian caste system; emphasized the ideology and hierarchy of purity and pollution; ''[[Homo Hierarchicus]]: The Caste System and Its Implications'' (French: ''Homo Hierarchicus: Essai sur le système des castes''; 1966).

* [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] (1848–1909), Indian historian and economist who examined India’s economic and social structure, addressing aspects of the caste system in his works; ''Origin and Growth of Caste in India''

=== E ===

* [[Verrier Elwin]] (1902–1964), British-born Indian anthropologist, ethnologist and tribal activist

* [[Endogamy]] – Marriage restricted within a social group; widely documented in 19th-century ethnographic reports.

* [[Reginald Edward Enthoven|R. E. Enthoven]] (1869–1952), administrator in the Indian Civil Service of the British Raj; author of ''The Tribes and Castes of Bombay'' (3 vols.) that formed a part of the Ethnographic Survey of India

* [[Ethnographic Survey of India]] project, formally instituted by the Government of [[British India]].

* [[Ethnography]] / [[Ethnographic mapping|Ethnographic survey]] – Method of detailed study of social groups, particularly in British censuses.

* [[Exogamy]] – Marriage rules requiring partners from outside a specified social group; described in early studies of Indian kinship systems.

=== G ===

* [[Edward Albert Gait]] (1863–1950), British Indian administrator (''Report on the Census of Bengal'', 1901)

* [[G. S. Ghurye]] (1893–1983), Indian sociologist; studied caste, religion, and social structure in India, author of ''[[Caste and class in India]]'' (1957), ''Caste and Race in India'' (first published 1932)

* [[Frederic Salmon Growse|F. S. Growse]] (1847–1911), British administrator and writer; published travelogues and accounts of Indian rural and social life; ''Mathura: A District Memoir''

=== H ===

* [[William John Hatch|W. J. Hatch]]: ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3960 The Land pirates of India: an account of the Kuravers a remarkable Tribe of hereditary criminals their extraordinary skill as thieves cattle-lifters and highwaymen and their manners and customs]'' (1928)

* Hierarchical social structure – Organization of society by rank, purity, or prestige; central aspect of the caste system.

* ''[[Jean-Antoine Dubois#Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies|Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies]]'', by [[Jean-Antoine Dubois|Abbé J. A. Dubois]]; classic ethnographic work on social and religious practices in India, including caste.

* ''[[Hobson-Jobson]]'' (1903 (edited by [[William Crooke|Crooke]]), first published in 1886), by [[Henry Yule|Yule]] and [[Arthur Coke Burnell|Burnell]], s.v. [https://archive.org/details/hobsonjobsonglos00yulerich/page/170/mode/2up Caste]

* [[Arthur Maurice Hocart|A. M. Hocart]] (1883–1939), British anthropologist; ''The Basis of Caste in India'' (in ''Acta Orientalia'', xiv. Leyden, 1936). ''Les Castes''. Traduit de l'anglais par E. J. Lévy et [[Jeannine Auboyer|J. Auboyer]] (P. Geuthner, 1938); ''[https://archive.org/details/routledge-revivals-a.-m.-hocart-caste-a-comparative-study-1950-2018-routledge-10/mode/2up Caste: A Comparative Study]'' (London: Methuen & Co., 1950; reprinted by Taylor & Francis in Routledge Revivals series, 2018)

* [[Thomas Callan Hodson|T. C. Hodson]] (1871–1953), social anthropologist; ''[https://openlibrary.org/b/OL6547630M/Meitheis The Meitheis]'' (D. Nutt, 1908); ''[https://archive.org/stream/nagatribesofmani00hods#page/n7/mode/2up The Naga Tribes of Manipur]'' (Macmillan 1911)

* ''[[Homo Hierarchicus|Homo hierarchicus: Essai sur le système des castes]]'' (1966; engl. 1970<ref>cf. Louis Dumont ''[https://books.google.de/books?id=XsOtRGdvIigC&q=homo+hierarchicus&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=homo_hierarchicus&f=false Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications]'' (1980)</ref>), by [[Louis Dumont]], criticized the functionalist and empiricist perspective of authors such as Hutton, Ghurye, and Srinivas.

* [[William Wilson Hunter|William W. Hunter]] (1840–1900), British civil servant and historian; wrote on India’s administration, society, and ethnography.

* [[John Henry Hutton]] (1885–1968), British ethnographer and civil servant; author of ''Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins'', a comprehensive study of the Indian caste system.

=== I ===

* [[Denzil Ibbetson]] (1847-1908), administrator in British India; ''[https://archive.org/details/panjabcastes00ibbe/page/n7/mode/2up Panjab castes]''. 1916

* Indian Antiquities, early compilations of social, religious, and ethnographic descriptions of Indian communities.

* [[Charles Alexander Innes]] (1874–1959), British civil servant and colonial administrator; '' Gazetteer of the Malabar and Anjengo Districts''. Edited by F. B. Evans. Madras 1908

=== J ===

* [[A. M. T. Jackson]] (1866–1909), British officer in Indian Civil Services; "Note on the History of the Caste System" (Journal of ... the Asiatic Society of Bengal, N. S. 3, 1907, pp. 509-515)

* [[Jāti]] – Subcaste or endogamous social group; in practice forms the basis of the caste system.

=== K ===

* [[Shivaram Vithal Karandikar]]: ''Hindu Exogamy.'' D. B. Taraporevala, 1929

* [[Irawati Karve]] (1905–1970), Indian anthropologist and social scientist, known for ethnographic studies on caste.

* [[Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar]] (1884-1937): ''The history of caste in India: evidence of the laws of Manu on the social conditions in India during the third century A.D.'' Taylor & Carpenter, Ithaca, N.Y. 1909-1911 (2 vols.)

=== L ===
* ''Laws of Manu '', see ''[[Manusmrti]]''

=== M ===

* [[Dhirendra_Nath_Majumdar|D. N. Majumdar]] (1903–1960), Indian anthropologist; ''Caste and Communication in an Indian Village''. Asia Publishing House 1958

* ''[[Manusmriti]]'', translated by [[Georg Bühler]] (1837-1898) with ''[https://archive.org/details/lawsofmanu00bh The laws of Manu]'' (''[[Sacred Books of the East|SBE]]''), used by the British to rule Hindus by relying on seemingly religiously justified laws

* [[McKim Marriott]] (1924–2024), American anthropologist who studied social organization and caste categorization, especially in North India, and their role in religious and economic practices.

* [[Samuel Mateer]] (1835-1893): ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33582 “The Land of Charity”: A Descriptive Account of Travancore and Its People, with Especial Reference to Missionary Labour]'' (1871); ''[https://archive.org/details/nativelifeintrav00samu/page/n1/mode/2up Native life in Travancore]''. 1883

* [[Adrian Curtius Mayer|Adrian C. Mayer]]: (1922-): ''Caste and Kinship in Central India: A Village and Its Region.'' London: Routledge; Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1960.

* [[James Philip Mills]] (1890–1960), member of the Indian Civil Service and ethnographer, author of an ethnological study of the Ao people of Nagaland; ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.143112/page/n1/mode/2up The Ao Nagas]'' (1926)

* [[John Chartres Molony|J. C. Molony]] (1877–1948), administrator and civil servant of the [[Indian civil service]]; ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7203 A book of South India]'' (Methuen, London 1926)

* [[Charles Seymour Mullan|C. S. Mullan]], Census Superintendent of [[Assam]] during the [[Census in British India|Census of India 1931]], British administrator responsible for recording caste information.

=== N ===

* [[John Collinson Nesfield]] (1836–1919), British civil servant and ethnographer; authored works on social and religious structures in India, including caste classification; ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5949/page/n1/mode/2up Brief view on the caste system of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh]'' (1882)

=== O ===

* Occupation-based hierarchy – Early ethnographers documented the link between profession and social rank, particularly in caste contexts.

* [[Samuel Pasfield Oliver|Pasfield Oliver]] (1838–1907) (editor): ''[https://archive.org/details/madagascarorrobe00defo/page/n7/mode/2up Madagascar]: Or, [[Robert Drury (sailor)|Robert Drury]]'s Journal During Fifteen Years' Captivity On That Island. And a Further Description of Madagascar by the [[Alexis-Marie de Rochon|Abbé Alexis Rochon]]''. 1890

* [[Lewis Sydney Steward O’Malley|L. S. S. O'Malley]] (1874-1941): ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277066 Indian Caste Customs]''. 1932

=== P ===

* ''[[The_People_of_India#The People of India (1908)|The People of India]]'' (1908), under the direction of [[Herbert Hope Risley]]; extensive ethnographic documentation of India’s population. The 2nd edition was edited by [[William Crooke]] (Thacker, Spink & Co, Calcutta & Simla, 1915).

=== R ===

* [[Racial theory]] / [[Historical race concepts|Race classification]] – Colonial concepts that interpreted castes and groups as biologically or genetically determined (e.g., [[H. H. Risley]]).

* [[C. Hayavadana Rao|Conjeeveram Hayavadana Rao]] (1865–1946): ''[https://books.google.de/books?id=wquBzTpndvkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Indian Caste System: A Study]''. Bangalore 1931

* [[Benudhar Rajkhowa]] (1872-1955), writer, poet and dramatist from Assam; ''Short Accounts of Assam'' (1915)

* [[Herbert Hope Risley]] (1851–1911), British civil servant in the [[Indian Civil Service]] and ethnographer; considered castes as biologically and racially determined; author of ''[[The_People_of_India#The People of India (1908)|The People of India]]'', in which he discusses 'physical types', social types, 'caste in proverbs and popular sayings', caste and marriage, religion, and the origins of the caste system. The author was Director of Ethnography for India, Officer D'Academie, France, Corresponding Member of the Anthropological Societies of Rome and Berlin, and of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland; ''The Tribes and Castes of Bengal'' (Calcutta, 1891–1892. V. 1–9)

* [[Horace Arthur Rose]] (1867–1933), administrator in the [[Indian Civil Service]], author of works related to India in the time of the [[British Raj]]; ''[[A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province]]''

* [[Sarat Chandra Roy]] (1871-1942): ''Caste, Race and Religion in India''.

* [[Robert Vane Russell|R. V. Russell]] (1873-1915): ''The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India''. 1916 (4 vols.)

* [[Bryce Ryan]]: ''[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7514/page/n5/mode/2up Caste in Modern Ceylon: The Sinhalese System in Transition]'', New Brunswick 1953

=== S ===

* [[Sanskritisation]] (or Sanskritization) – Process in which lower castes adopt the cultural practices of higher castes to improve social status ([[M. N. Srinivas]]).

* [[Émile Senart]] (1847–1928), French Indologist, Sanskritist, and historian; known for his studies on religion, society, and ethnography of India; provided theoretical foundations for classifying castes and social groups; ''Les Castes dans l'Inde. Les Faits et le Système'' (Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, Paris, 1927, first published in [https://archive.org/details/lescastesdanslin00sena/page/n7/mode/2up 1896], ''[[:s:fr:Annales du Musée Guimet#BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE VULGARISATION|Annales du Musée Guimet]]'').

* [[Matthew Atmore Sherring|M. A. Sherring]] (1826-1880): ''Hindu Tribes and Castes'', Calcutta: [[Thacker, Spink & Company|Thacker, Spink, & Co.]], 1872–1881. 3 volumes, as follows: Vol. 1: ''Hindu tribes and castes, as represented in Benares''; Vol. 2: ''Hindu tribes and castes; together with an account of the Mahomedan tribes of the North-West Frontier and of the aboriginal tribes of the Central Provinces''; Vol. 3: ''Hindu tribes and castes; together with three dissertations: on the natural history of Hindu caste; the unity of the Hindu race; and the prospects of Indian caste; and including a general index of the three volumes.''

* [[William Henry Sleeman]] (1788-1856): ''[https://archive.org/details/ramblesrecollect01sleeuoft Rambles and recollections of an Indian official]''. 1844

* [[Pierre Sonnerat]] (1748–1814): ''Voyage aux Indes orientales et à la Chine, fait depuis 1774 jusqu'à 1781''

* [[M. N. Srinivas]] (1916–1999), Indian sociologist known for studies on social mobility and caste; developed the concept of „[[Sanskritisation]]“, whereby lower castes adopt cultural practices of higher castes to gain social status.

* [[Status group]] – Term by [[Max Weber]] for analyzing social hierarchies, applicable to caste.

* [[Arthur Steele (author)|Arthur Steele]]: ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16052 The law and custom of Hindoo Castes]''. W. H. Allen, London 1868

* [[James Fitzjames Stephen]] (1829–1894); [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924017196027#page/n5/mode/2up ''The Indian evidence act (I. of 1872): With an Introduction on the Principles of Judicial Evidence.''] London: Macmillan and Co., 1872
* Social media and caste. “You Belong to Gutters, Not Facebook or Twitter”: Recovering Dalit Histories From the Shadows of Social Media <ref>“You Belong to Gutters, Not Facebook or Twitter”: Recovering Dalit Histories From the Shadows of Social Media https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00076503261415776</ref>

=== T ===

* [[Noshirwas Ardeshir Thoothi|N. A. Thoothi]]: ''The Vaishnavas of Gujarat: Being a Study in Methods of Investigation of Social Phenomena.'' Longmans, Green, 1935

* [[Edgar Thurston]] (1855–1935), British ethnographer; author of ''[[Castes and Tribes of Southern India]]'' (1875), documenting caste structures and occupations; ''[https://archive.org/details/omenssuperstitio00thur/page/12/mode/2up Omens and Superstitions of Southern India]'' (1912)

=== U ===

* [[Untouchability]] / [[Dalit]] – Social exclusion of groups at the bottom of the hierarchy, often synonymous with “untouchables.”

* ''[[The Untouchables (Ambedkar)|The Untouchables]]'', by [[B. R. Ambedkar]]; critical analysis of discrimination against “untouchables.”

=== V ===

* [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]] – Classical Vedic division of society into four main groups: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras.

* Village communities – Observed as basic units of rural social organization in India; analyzed in travel accounts and colonial reports.

=== W ===

* [[Archibald Wilfred Tisdall Webb|A. W. T. Webb]] (1899-1968); ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66782 These Ten Years. A Short Account of the 1941 Census Operations in Rajputana and Ajmer-Merwara Written Specially for the General Public. (Appendix B. The Gadiya Lohars of Rajputana.)]'' (1941)

* [[Max Weber]] (1864–1920), German sociologist who analyzed India’s caste system as a form of social order and integrated it into his theories of status groups and social structure.

* [[John Wilson (Scottish missionary)|John Wilson]] (1804-1875), Scottish Christian missionary and orientalist; ''History of the Suppression of Infanticide in Western India, under the Government of Bombay: Including Notices of the Provinces and Tribes in which the Practice has Prevailed''. 1855

* [[James Wise (civil surgeon)|James Wise]] (died 1886), British civil surgeon; ''[https://www.google.de/books/edition/Notes_on_the_Races_Castes_and_Trades_of/ba8Ov8huExoC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22Notes+on+the+Races,+Castes,+and+Trades+of+Eastern+Bengal%22&pg=PA2&printsec=frontcover Notes on the Races, Castes, and Trades of Eastern Bengal]''. Harrison and Sons, 1883

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Books about the caste system in India|Category:Books about the caste system in India]] (Wikipedia category)
* [[:Category:Indian castes|Category:Indian castes]] (Wikipedia category)
* [[List of Scheduled Castes]]

== References and notes ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* C. J. Fuller: [https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84172/1/Fuller_Ethnographic%20inquiry_2017.pdf Ethnographic inquiry in colonial India: Herbert Risley, William Crooke, and the study of tribes and castes]. [[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]], 23 (3, 2017). pp. 603-621.
* Vivek Kumar: ''Decoding Ambedkar: Ideas of Nation and Nation Building.'' Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2025, ISBN 9360805122
* J. C. Gomes da Silva: ''The Invention of Caste Hierarchy: Theory in Historical Perspective.'' Motilal Banarsidass International, 2024, ISBN 8197292329
* Dirk Bronger: ''Das Kastenwesen - die Identität Indiens?'' LIT, Berlin 2021 ([https://www.google.de/books/edition/Das_Kastenwesen_die_Identität_Indiens/iEowEAAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Caste+in+India:+Its+Nature,+Function,+and+Origins&pg=PA273&printsec=frontcover in partial view])
* Crispin Bates: [https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/2673943/1995_Bates.pdf Race, caste and tribe in central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry]. in P. Robb (ed.), ''The Concept of Race in South Asia''. Oxford University Press 1995, pp. 219-59
* ''[https://archive.org/details/b2231331x/page/n11/mode/2up Notes and queries on anthropology: for the use of travellers and residents in uncivilized lands]''. Edward Stanford, charing Cross, London 1874

== External links ==

* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/anthropology-terms-and-concepts/caste II. The Indian Caste System (Adrian C. Mayer)] – [[International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences]] (encyclopedia.com)
* [https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/caste/theories-of-caste-system-in-india/47378?utm_source=chatgpt.com Theories of Caste System in India]
* [https://www.hinduamerican.org/racist-history-caste-system The Racist History of the Caste System]
* [https://stophindudvesha.org/caste-and-colonialism-herbert-risleys-enduring-influence-on-indian-society/ Caste and Colonialism: Herbert Risley’s Enduring Influence on Indian Society]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glossary of the study of the caste system in India}}
[[Category:Glossaries]]
[[Category:Caste]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Mohor (TV series)

2026-02-05T18:12:06Z

IraNguyen82392: adjust section to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mohor.Jpg
| creator = Magic Moments Motion Pictures
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| story = Leena Gangopadhyay
| director = Saibal Banerjee Partha Dey
| creative_director = Leena Gangopadhyay
| starring = Sonamoni Saha [[Pratik Sen]]
| open_theme = ''"Notun Aloy Ke Dake Mohor"''
| language = Bengali
| end_theme =
| composer = Debajyoti Mishra
| country = India
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 783+2 special lockdown episodes
| executive_producer = Debolina Mukhopadhyay & Sumit Roy (Magic Moments Motion Pictures) Taniya & Nilanjan (Star Jalsha)
| producer = Saibal Banerjee
| editor = Samir & Soumen
| cinematography = Sanjoy Ghosh
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|10|28|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|04|03|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=অভিষেক আর নেই, এবার বন্ধ করা হল মোহর! প্রয়াত অভিনেতার ছবি আগলে শেষ দিনের শ্যুটিং |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/star-jalsha-s-hit-mega-mohor-to-end-it-s-journey-this-week-days-after-actor-abhisekh-chatterjee-s-sudden-demise-31648703036980.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401015236/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/star-jalsha-s-hit-mega-mohor-to-end-it-s-journey-this-week-days-after-actor-abhisekh-chatterjee-s-sudden-demise-31648703036980.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mohor''''' is an Indian Bengali [[Romantic drama]] television series that premiered on 28 October 2019 on [[Star Jalsha]] produced by [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]] (Leena Gangopadhyay and Saibal Banerjee), starring Sonamoni Saha<ref>{{Cite web |title=দেবী চৌধুরানী বদলে হয়ে গেল 'মোহর'? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/sonamoni-saha-and-pratik-sen-are-going-to-act-in-a-new-bengali-serial-mohor-dgtl-1.1058996 |website=anandabazar |language=bn}}</ref> and [[Pratik Sen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Pratik Sen to make a comeback with upcoming show 'Mohor' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-pratik-sen-to-make-a-comeback-with-upcoming-show-mohar/articleshow/71453258.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sonamoni-starrer-mohor-to-premiere-on-october-28/articleshow/71594142.cms|title=Sonamoni's upcoming show 'Mohor' to premiere on October 28 - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot ==
Mohor is an undergraduate student who aspires to be an educationist. When her father forces her to get married, she runs away from her arranged marriage and comes to a big city to study. Her life changes completely after she meets Shankhodip Roy Chowdhury (Sankho), her professor at the college who is also her teacher and mentor's son. The trials and tribulations the couple go through forms the rest of the plot.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sonamoni Saha]] as Mohor Basu Roy Chowdhury aka Maharani – Sameer and Basumati's younger daughter; Titir and Piklu's sister; Sankho's student turned wife
* [[Pratik Sen]] as Sankhodip "Sankho" Roy Chowdhury aka Maharaj – Adi and Aditi's son; Subhradip, Diya and Mayuri's cousin; Shrestha's ex-fiańcee and former love interest; Mohor's professor turned husband

===Recurring===
* [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] as Saraswati Basu – Sameer's mother; Titir, Piklu and Mohor's grandmother
* [[Sumanta Mukherjee]] as Sameer Basu – Saraswati's son; Basumati's husband; Titir, Piklu and Mohor's father
* [[Rita Dutta Chakraborty]] as Basumati Basu – Sameer's wife; Titir, Piklu and Mohor's mother
* [[Lovely Maitra]] as Titir Basu Roy Chowdhury – A Sarod specialist; Sameer and Basumati's elder daughter; Piklu and Mohor's sister; Gourab's ex-wife; Ishaan's wife
* [[Indrajit Chakraborty]] as Ishaan Roy Chowdhury – A Sarod specialist; Titir's love interest turned second husband
* [[Sujoy Saha (actor)|Sujoy Saha]] as Pratik "Piklu" Basu – Sameer and Basumati's son; Titir and Mohor's brother
* [[Santu Mukherjee]] / [[Dulal Lahiri]] as Anantadeb Roy Chowdhury – Adi and Ayoundeb's brother; Malobika's husband; Subhra's father
* [[Anusuya Majumdar]] / [[Moumita Gupta]] as Malobika Roy Chowdhury – Anantadeb's wife; Subhra's mother
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] as Adideb "Adi" Roy Chowdhury – Anantdeb and Ayondeb's brother; Aditi's husband; Sankho's father (Dead)
* [[Anushree Das]] as Dr. Aditi Roy Chowdhury – Mohor's college professor; Adi's widow; Sankho's mother
* [[Sourav Chakraborty (Bengali actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]] as Ayondeb Roy Chowdhury – A shrewd and corrupt college director; Anantdeb and Adi's brother; Joyeeta's husband; Diya and Mayuri's father
* [[Jayashree Mukherjee Kaul]] as Joyeeta Roy Chowdhury – Ayondeb's wife; Diya and Mayuri's mother
* [[Subhrajit Dutta]] as Subhradip "Subhra" Roy Chowdhury – Anantadeb and Malobika's son; Sankho, Diya and Mayuri's cousin; Shramana's estranged husband
* [[Rajanya Mitra]] as Shramana Roy Chowdhury – Subhra's estranged wife
* [[Ipshita Mukherjee]] / [[Priyanka Mitra]] as Diya Roy Chowdhury – Ayondeb and Joyeeta's elder daughter; Mayuri's sister; Subhra and Sankho's cousin
* [[Nishantika Das]] as Mayuri Roy Chowdhury – Ayondeb and Joyeeta's younger daughter; Diya's sister; Subhra and Sankho's cousin
* [[Madhurima Basak]] as Shrestha Ghosh Dasgupta – Sankho's former love interest and colleague; Ahir's wife
* [[Tathagata Mukherjee]] as ACP Ahir Dasgupta – A police commissioner; Mohor and Sankho's well wisher; Shrestha's husband
* [[Debottam Majumdar]] as Gourab Ghosh – Pramila and Mithilesh's son; Titir's first husband
* [[Tramila Bhattacharya]] / [[Rupali Rai Bhattacharya]] as Pramila Ghosh – Mithilesh's wife; Gourab's mother
* [[Diganta Bagchi]] as Mithilesh Ghosh – Pramila's husband; Gourab's father
* [[Shyamal Dutta (actor)|Shyamal Dutta]] as Shrestha's father
* [[Prasun Bandyopadhyay]] as police officer
* [[Saswati Majumder]] as Saswati Ghosh – Mohor's best friend
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Rahul Chatterjee – Shrestha's batchmate and friend; Mohor and Sankho's rival
* [[Debdut Ghosh]] as Guruji – Ishaan and Titir's music teacher
*[[Ankita Chakraborty]] as Kamalini – A lawyer
* [[Ujani Dasgupta]]
* [[Srijani Mitra]] as Anulekha Mitra – Sankho's distant cousin
* [[Sairity Banerjee]] as Arundhuti – A nun; Sankho's caretaker in the group of monks
* [[Suman Banerjee (actor)|Suman Banerjee]]
* [[Ashok Bhattacharya (actor)|Ashok Bhattacharya]]
* [[Chitra Sen]]

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="background:#00cc00; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#00cc00; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#00cc00; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#00cc00; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#00cc00; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#00cc00; width:24%;"| Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Mohor'' মোহর
|28 October 2019
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|3 April 2022
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''[[Sarasu (TV series)|Sarasu]]'' ಸರಸು<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV serial 'Mohor' to be remade in Kannada|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-serial-mohor-to-be-remade-in-kannada/articleshow/78928044.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|11 November 2020
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|28 August 2021
| rowspan="7" |Remake
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Guppedantha Manasu]]'' గుప్పెడంత మనసు
|7 December 2020
|[[Star Maa]]
|31 August 2024
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' शौर्य और अनोखी की कहानी
|21 December 2020
|[[StarPlus]]
|24 July 2021
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Koodevide (TV series)|Koodevide]]'' കൂടെവിടെ
|4 January 2021
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|22 July 2023
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]'' காற்றுக்கென்ன வேலி
|18 January 2021
|[[Star Vijay]]
|30 September 2023
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Swabhiman – Shodh Astitvacha]]'' स्वाभिमान – शोध अस्तित्वाचा
|22 February 2021
|[[Star Pravah]]
|6 May 2023
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]] - Season 2''
|28 June 2023
|[[StarPlus]]
|19 June 2024
|}

==Reception==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 37
|2020
|6.8
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 37 - DATA: Saturday, 12th September 2020 To Friday, 18th September 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930221425/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|2020
|6.3
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 38 - DATA: Saturday, 19th September 2020 To Friday, 25th September 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006082648/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 39
|2020
|6.5
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 39 - DATA: Saturday, 26th September 2020 To Friday, 2nd October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012161743/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|2020
|6.7
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 40 - DATA: Saturday, 3rd October 2020 To Friday, 9th October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020222315/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|2020
|5.6
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 42 - DATA: Saturday, 17th October 2020 To Friday, 23rd October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030073503/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 43
|2020
|5.4
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 43 - DATA: Saturday, 24th October 2020 To Friday, 30th October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107084103/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 44
|2020
|6.2
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 44 - DATA: Saturday, 31st October 2020 To Friday, 6th November 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113205617/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2020
|6.2
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 45 - DATA: Saturday, 7th November 2020 To Friday, 13th November 2020 |url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123214117/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 46
|2020
|6.1
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 46 - DATA: Saturday, 14th November 2020 To Friday, 20th November 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201140746/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights#currencydata|archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2020
|7.0
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/khorkuto-gives-a-stiff-competition-to-other-tv-shows-bags-second-spot-on-trp-charts/articleshow/78827837.cms|title='Khorkuto' gives a stiff competition to other TV shows; bags second spot on TRP charts|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|2020
|6.8
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 48 - DATA: Saturday, 28th November 2020 To Friday, 4th December 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216171146/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 49
|2020
|6.4
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 49 - DATA: Saturday, 5th December 2020 To Friday, 11th December 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223173246/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2020
|6.0
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 50 - DATA: Saturday, 12th December 2020 To Friday, 18th December 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231053446/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 51
|2020
|5.6
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 51 - DATA: Saturday, 19th December 2020 To Friday, 25th December 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107061032/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-01-07|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2020
|5.8
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 52 - DATA: Saturday, 26th December 2020 To Friday, 1st January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210114033403/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-01-14|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2021
|4.8
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 1 - DATA: Saturday, 2nd January 2021 To Friday, 8th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210120175842/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-01-20|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 2
|2021
|5.5
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 2 - DATA: Saturday, 9th January 2021 To Friday, 15th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210126034641/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-01-26|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2021
|5.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 3 - DATA: Saturday, 16th January 2021 To Friday, 22nd January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210202164715/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-02-02|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2021
|5.5
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 4 - DATA: Saturday, 23rd January 2021 To Friday, 29th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210163703/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-02-10|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2021
|4.9
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 5 - DATA: Saturday, 6th February 2021 To Friday, 12th February 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325044546/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-03-25|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2021
|5.2
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 6 - DATA: Saturday, 6th February 2021 To Friday, 12th February 2021|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights#currencydata|archive-date=29 January 2021|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2021
|4.7
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 7 - DATA: Saturday, 13th February 2021 To Friday, 19th February 2021|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights#currencydata|archive-date=28 February 2021|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2021
|4.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 8 - DATA: Saturday, 20th February 2021 To Friday, 26th February 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210310070659/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-03-10|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12100298}}

{{Magic Moments Motion Pictures}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]

World Cricket Tsunami Appeal

2026-02-03T19:32:50Z

IraNguyen82392: clean up

{{Short description|Fundraiser in response to the Indian Ocean tsunami}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
[[File:World Cricket Tsunami Appeal.jpg|right|thumb|World Cricket Tsunami Appeal logo.]]

The '''World Cricket Tsunami Appeal''' was an effort by the [[International Cricket Council]] to raise funds to support the humanitarian relief efforts following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Indian Ocean tsunami]] of 26 December 2004. It was scheduled to be held over two games but was reduced to one due to an over-crowded international playing schedule and concerns for players' health playing in the April heat in [[Kolkata]]. The match was played at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] on 10 January 2005.

The tsunami affected several leading cricketing nations. [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] were the affected [[Test cricket|Test match]] playing nations, as were [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]], [[Thailand national cricket team|Thailand]], the [[Maldives national cricket team|Maldives]] and [[Indonesia national cricket team|Indonesia]] among the other associate & affiliate members of the ICC.

==One-Day Internationals==
The centrepiece of world [[cricket]]'s efforts to support the victims of the tsunami was to have been a two-match [[One-day cricket|one-day]] series between a World XI and an Asian XI. The first of these games was played at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], Australia on 10 January 2005. The match was [[Broadcasting|telecast]] in at least 122 countries. The second was to be held in [[Kolkata]], India, originally scheduled for 13 February, but on 28 January 2005 the ICC announced it would instead be played in the second half of April. The second match was cancelled on 28 February.

[[Travelex Group|Travelex]] sponsored the first match, which was a 78,000 sell-out, for [[Australian Dollar|A$]]1 million. Two [[C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] aircraft, similar to those used by the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] to carry supplies to regions devastated by the massive earthquake and resulting tsunamis, flew over the MCG during the break between innings. The first ODI, which the World XI won by 112 runs, raised approximately A$17 million, while original estimations suggested only A$5 million would be raised from the Australians.

The games were designated as [[One Day International]]s by the ICC, the first time a game between teams not representing separate cricketing nations was so designated. This designation attracted criticism from cricket statisticians.

===Teams for the first ODI===

World XI squad:
{| class="wikitable"
! [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|World XI]] {{small|Coach:{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Steve Waugh]]}}
! [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|Asia XI]] {{small|Coach:{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bob Woolmer]]}}
|-
|valign=top|
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ricky Ponting]] ([[Captain (cricket)|C]])
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Dwayne Bravo]]
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Chris Cairns]]
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Stephen Fleming]]
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Chris Gayle]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Gilchrist]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Darren Gough]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Hayden]]
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Brian Lara]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Glenn McGrath]]
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Daniel Vettori]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]]
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Dwayne Bravo]] (12th man)
|
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav Ganguly]] ([[Captain (cricket)|C]])
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Dravid]]
* {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zaheer Khan]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anil Kumble]]
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Kumar Sangakkara]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Virender Sehwag]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Chaminda Vaas]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)|Mohammad Yousuf]]
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Alok Kapali]] (12th man)
|}

===Match officials===
The onfield [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]]s were [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ). [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] (Eng) was the match referee. [[Bob Parry]] (Aus) was the TV umpire. All the match officials waived their match fees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Razzak replaces Shoaib for tsunami benefit tie |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=AWGLNB&req_dat=1054640702C8DBC0&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F1077ADFBEBBCAE30 |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=Indo-Asian News Service |via=Newsbank |date=7 January 2005 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

On 7 January 2005 five of the World XI players, Darren Gough, Chris Cairns, Daniel Vettori, Chris Gayle and Dwayne Bravo sent messages of hope and called on cricket fans to support the Appeal.<ref>http://www.icc-cricket.com/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/151185_ICCMEDIA_07JAN2005.html{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==First ODI==

===World XI innings===

World XI captain Ponting won the toss and chose to bat, a decision which looked to have backfired early when opener Chris Gayle was caught behind off Zaheer Khan for only 1. Big hitting Adam Gilchrist (24) hit the first six of the match, which by itself earned A$50,000 for the appeal courtesy of [[Toyota]].

Gilchrist was himself caught behind off Zaheer shortly thereafter. The ensuing Ponting/Brian Lara partnership saw both players reach half-centuries, with Lara's 50 coming in 76 balls, a relatively slow speed compared with the power-hitting to be seen later. Lara was dismissed for 52, due to a well-taken Chaminda Vaas catch in the deep off Anil Kumble. Ponting, who was closing in on his century, was then forced to play second-fiddle to a whirlwind innings by New Zealand all-rounder Chris Cairns, who at one point had contributed more than 40 runs off a 60 run partnership. Kumble bore the brunt of this attack, with several balls disappearing into the crowd for 6. Cairns also contributed the shot of the match, a straight-driven 6 off Muttiah Muralitharan from halfway down the pitch.

Ponting's century was the cue for him to cut loose, hitting two consecutive 6s before being stumped off Kumble. This resulted in the surprising appearance of professional tailender Glenn McGrath at number 6 on the back of his "brilliant" 61 against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] earlier that summer–ahead of both Stephen Fleming and Australian opener Matthew Hayden. Commentators were barely able to keep straight faces as "the newest all-rounder in world cricket" attempted to slog Muralitharan for 6 on the first ball, unfortunately misjudging the spin of the delivery and being easily caught by Yousuf Youhana.

Cairns completed his blazing 50 and became even more cavalier with his wicket, eventually being stumped off Muralitharan as well, but the damage had already been done with the World XI looking at a score well above 300. Stephen Fleming contributed a quickfire 30, losing batting partner Hayden for only 2 (stumped off Muralitharan again), before being clean bowled by Vaas. The final over featured a partnership between spinners Daniel Vettori (27 not out) and Shane Warne (2 not out), with Warne's comeback to limited-overs cricket being greeting rapturously by the fans.

The innings ended on a somewhat farcical note, as Warne miscounted the number of balls left in the final over and began leaving the field with Vaas having one delivery left. Rising to the occasion, umpire Bowden issued Warne with a "yellow card", to cheers from the crowd. Warne was recalled to the wicket and the World XI finished with a total of 344 for 8. As match sponsors [[Travelex Group|Travelex]] were pledging a donation of A$1,000 per run, and [[Toyota]] A$50,000 for each for the six sixes, the World XI had earned A$644,000.

===Asian XI innings===

The ACC Asian XI were faced with the challenge of rewriting history, since no team had made a successful run chase of 345 in cricket history (the highest total in 50-over ODI's successfully chased – at the time – being 326 runs). Openers Jayasuriya, whose mother had been injured in the tsunami, and Sehwag made a good start, with Sehwag hitting another 6, but the introduction of Cairns into the attack proved Jayasuriya's undoing, with the Sri Lankan (28) captain edging a soft catch to Fleming at first slip. The next wickets all fell to spin, with Warne claiming Sehwag (48) via a boundary catch by Gayle. The dismissal was almost a carbon-copy of the way in which Sehwag fell in the Boxing Day Test of 2003.

Vettori was able to get Sourav Ganguly (22) to hit an easy catch to Darren Gough at mid-off, while Yousuf Youhana fell for just 4 as Ponting took another catch off Warne's bowling. The partnership between Rahul Dravid (71 not out) and keeper-batsman Kumar Sangakkara (24) was seen as potentially a ray of hope, as both men were capable of remaining calm and playing shots, however Sangakkara edged a Gough delivery to Gilchrist. Pakistani all-rounder Abdul Razzaq (11) began promisingly, but became another victim of the desire to raise the scoring rate, being stumped by Gilchrist off Vettori.

The tail provided only sporadic resistance, with Vaas (7) being caught by Gayle off Vettori. Zaheer Khan (0) achieved the unwanted distinction of being run out without facing a ball as he fell to a well-executed Chris Gayle throw.

Steve Waugh, the World XI coach/manager also came onto the field for a spot of fielding. Wild cheers erupted whenever he fielded the ball; a brilliant diving save showed that he could still play despite a year out of the international arena.

Kumble (11) held on for 7 balls before "all-rounder" McGrath finally claimed his only wicket for the match, clean-bowling him. Gayle was given the job of bowling the 40th over, which featured a moment of indecision by Rahul Dravid as Vettori swooped on the ball, while Dravid was able to avoid being run out, his batting partner Muralitharan – running to the danger end – was not so lucky and fell for a duck, completing the Asian XI's innings of 232.

With one six in the innings, the ACC Asian XI had won A$282,000 from the sponsors, bringing the total being paid by [[Travelex Group|Travelex]] and [[Toyota]] for the teams' performances to A$926,000.

=== Scorecard ===

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 10 January 2005
| time = 14:15 [[UTC+11]]
| daynight = yes
| team1 = ICC World XI
| score1 = 344/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 232 (39.5 overs)
| team2 =Asia XI
| runs1 = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ricky Ponting]] 115 (102)
| wickets1 = {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 3/59 (10 overs)
| runs2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Dravid]] 75[[not out|*]] (71)
| wickets2 = {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Daniel Vettori]] 3/58 (10 overs)
| result = ICC World XI won by 112 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66387.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], Melbourne, Australia
| umpires = {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Billy Bowden]] and {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Rudi Koertzen]]
| motm = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ricky Ponting]] (World XI)
| toss = ICC World XI won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Designated charity===
Money from the match went to [[World Vision International]], a charity that helps children and their communities worldwide.

===Media coverage===
In Australia, the game was televised on the [[Nine Network]] (and its regional affiliates – [[WIN Television|WIN]] and [[NBN Television|NBN]] networks), and on [[ABC Local Radio]]. The game was broadcast to 122 countries. In the United Kingdom the game was being shown live on [[Sky Sports]] Xtra.

==Other fundraising==
Cricket also engaged in other fundraising efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/news/tsunami/initiatives.html |title=ICC - World Cricket Tsunami Appeal |access-date=8 January 2005 |archive-date=21 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050121233103/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/news/tsunami/initiatives.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===New Zealand vs FICA World XI one-day series===
Notable among these was a series of three one-day matches in late January between [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] and a FICA World XI. Unlike the World XI vs Asian XI matches, these three games were not granted official status as One-Day Internationals.

At the time of the tsunami, the Sri Lankan national team was touring New Zealand (the two sides were at the time ranked second and third in the world in one-day cricket). The departure of the team not only saw a desperate need for fundraising, but also saw the New Zealand team faced with an absence of an international cricket series. In order to fill the gap in the schedule and provide more funds for disaster relief, a series was hastily arranged between the New Zealand national team and a team drawn from top international players from overseas, captained by Australia's [[Shane Warne]].

The three matches raised a total of $NZ 1,088,563 ($US 772,000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nz.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/153413_AUS_11JAN2005.html|title=Warne leads World XIs in New Zealand | ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 January 2005|archive-date=17 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317015810/http://nz.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/153413_AUS_11JAN2005.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nz.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/168464_NZ_26JAN2005.html|title=Fun and games as NZ fundraising series ends | ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 January 2005|archive-date=17 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317023205/http://nz.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/168464_NZ_26JAN2005.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====The first match====
The first match, at [[Jade Stadium]], [[Christchurch]] on 21 January 2005, was a one-sided match. The world team batted first and lost early wickets. At one stage they were reduced to 20 for the loss of four wickets, before a partnership by [[Graeme Hick]] and [[Jonty Rhodes]] helped the team a less embarrassing, yet still low, total of 158. Any fear that spectators would not get their money's-worth from a truncated match were soon allayed by an astonishing innings from New Zealand captain [[Stephen Fleming]], who bludgeoned the bowling in scoring 106 from just 57 deliveries, including nine sixes and ten fours. [[Muttiah Muralitharan]], arguably the world's best spin bowler, came in for most of the punishment, being hit for seven sixes in just three overs. New Zealand reached the winning total for the loss of only one wicket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nz.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/164014_NZ_22JAN2005.html|title=Fleming crushes World XI with a 54-ball century | ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2005|archive-date=17 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317020937/http://nz.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/164014_NZ_22JAN2005.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====The second match====
The second match was a more even affair. It was held at [[Westpac Stadium]], [[Wellington]], on 24 January. New Zealand batted first and scored well in the early stages, but lost wickets at vital times, much of the damage being done by bowlers [[Andrew Bichel]] and [[Lance Klusener]]. Only [[Nathan Astle]] was able to produce a big score, finishing on 109. New Zealand were all out for 256, a respectable score, but less than they would have wanted on what was a good batting pitch. The total was never going to be enough, however, especially after [[Matthew Elliott (cricketer)|Matthew Elliott]] and [[Nick Knight (cricketer)|Nick Knight]] got the World XI off to a flying start. Elliott was particularly belligerent, his 57 runs including three sixes. Although the World XI lost several wickets, their batting continued at a fast pace, and they reached the required target in the 48th over for the loss of seven wickets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nz.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/166021_NZ_24JAN2005.html|title=Elliott and Sangakkara help World XI level series | ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

====The third match====
The third match was somewhat disappointing. It was played at Westpac Trust Park, [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], on 26 January. The World XI struggled to deal with a variable pitch, and were bowled out for 81 in 20.5 overs. [[Nick Knight (cricketer)|Nick Knight]] scored 43, but the rest of the batsmen fell quickly. [[Chris Cairns]] took 6 for 12 and [[Jeff Wilson (sportsman)|Jeff Wilson]] 3 for 6. The New Zealand batsmen did not find conditions much easier, as [[Ian Harvey]] took 4 for 17, but managed to reach 83 for 6 in the 16th over, winning the series 2–1.

To compensate the crowd for the unusually short game, the players agreed to play a 10 over-a-side match later in the day. More than 30 sixes were hit, as the game finished in a tie with both sides scoring 178.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nz.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/168167_NZ_26JAN2005.html|title=New Zealand scrape through to victory | ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===MCC vs International XI (14 June)===
'''''Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) won by 112 runs'''''

In a charity match at [[Lord's]], [[Brian Lara]] came to regret the decision to bowl first, although the match was hardly to be taken seriously. [[Andy Flower]], the old Zimbabwe stalwart, made a quickfire 55 near the end of the innings, [[Stephen Fleming]] smashed some lovely cover drives on his way to a 46-ball fifty before edging [[Makhaya Ntini]] to third man for 62, and [[Jacques Kallis]] also made 62 as he paired up well with [[VVS Laxman]]. The deep batting order, aided by Lara's willingness to utilise his bowlers – the pick of the International XI, [[Chaminda Vaas]], who utilised the English conditions as he took two for 19, only got to bowl seven overs, while Lara himself bowled two and the International XI used all their available bowlers – and the MCC made 327 for 7.

In reply, the International XI got off to a blazing start, as [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] and [[Graeme Smith]] lifted them to 65 for 1 after ten overs. With Lara coming in at four and looking settled, things looked good, but the wheels fell off in their chase of the massive total. Lara charged [[Anil Kumble]] to [[Shoaib Akhtar]] for 42, no other International batsman passed 20, and the team crumbled to 189 for 7 – Smith stumped for 68. [[Chris Gayle]] redeemed his poor batting effort by removing the tail, and the International XI were all out for 215.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/ENG_LOCAL/OTHER/INT-XI_MCC_TSUNAMI_14JUN2005.html|title=MCC vs IntXI Cricket Scorecard at London, June 14, 2005}}</ref>

===Asia vs Rest of the World Twenty20 match===
[[Surrey County Cricket Club]] hosted a [[Twenty20]] game between Asia and the Rest of the World in aid of the tsunami appeal on 20 June 2005 at [[the Oval]]. The game won approval from the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] and the [[International Cricket Council]]. The Asia XI won the toss and decided to bat, but the International XI won by 6 wickets with Australian Greg Blewett declared man of the match for his innings of 91 not out. The match attracted a crowd of 23,000 and raised £1.1 million.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/perl/iccnews.cgi?story=/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/161842_ENG_19JAN2005.html |title=ICC - News |access-date=19 January 2005 |archive-date=16 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050316134053/http://www.icc-cricket.com/perl/iccnews.cgi?story=/db/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2005/JAN/161842_ENG_19JAN2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4108956.stm|title=Blewett, Hollioake hit high notes|date=20 June 2005|via=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216145246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4108956.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Football for Hope]]
*[[IRB Rugby Aid Match]]
*[[The Big Appeal|The Big Appeal (Bushfire Relief Cricket Match)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Related links==
*[http://www.wvi.org World Vision website]
*[http://search.ebay.com/_W0QQgotopageZ1QQsassZcricketQ5faustraliaQQsorecordsperpageZ50QQsosortpropertyZ1 List of items being sold by Cricket Australia on ebay]
*[http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/OTHERS/TSUNAMI/ Series homepage on Cricinfo]

==Other reference==
*[http://www.surreycricket.com Surrey County Cricket Club website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309183556/http://www.surreycricket.com/ |date=9 March 2021 }}

[[Category:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2005]]

Anandamath

2026-02-03T11:46:39Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{Short description|Novel by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee}}
{{About|the novel|the film based on it|Anand Math}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

{{infobox book
| name = Anandamath
| author = [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| country = Chuchurah, West Bengal, India
| genre = Nationalist
| publisher = Ramanujan University Press, India
| isbn = |
| title_orig = আনন্দ মঠ
| translator = [[Julius J. Lipner]]
| image = File:আনন্দমঠ (দ্বিতীয় সংস্করণ, ১৮৮৩).djvu
| image_size = 200px
| alt = Title page of the second edition of the books
| caption = Title page of the second edition of the books
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| series =
| release_date = 1882
| english_release_date = 2005, 1941, 1906
| media_type = Print (Paperback)
| pages = 336 pp
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Anandamath''''' ({{langx|bn|আনন্দমঠ}} {{IPA|bn|ˈanonˌdomɔʈʰ|}}; {{lit|The Abbey of Bliss}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] Indian-nationalist historical novel, written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] and published in 1882. It is inspired by and set in the background of the [[Sannyasi Rebellion]] and [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]]. It is considered one of the most important novels in the history of Bengali and Indian literature.<ref>{{cite book|last=Julius|first=Lipner|title=Anandamath|year=2005|publisher=OUP|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-517858-6|pages=27–59}}</ref>

''[[Vande Mataram]]'', which means "Hail to the Motherland ", the first song to represent India as the [[Motherland]], was published in this novel. After [[India]] gained independence in 1947, it was adopted as the national song of the Republic of India in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Sabyasachi|title=Vande Mataram|year=2003|publisher=Penguin|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-14-303055-3|pages=68–95}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
The book is set in the years during the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770|famine in Bengal in 1770 CE]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeforecast.org/MIDDLEEAST/BENGAL.html|title=Bengal famine of 1770|website=cambridgeforecast.org|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> It starts with introduction to a couple, Mahendra and Kalyani, who are stuck in their village ''Padachinha'' without food and water in a time of famine. They decide to leave their village and move to the next closest city where there is a better chance of survival. While doing so, the couple become separated and Kalyani has to run through the forest with her infant to avoid getting caught by robbers. After a long chase, she loses consciousness at the bank of a river. A Hindu "Santana" (who were not true sanyasis but common people who took the symbol of sanyasis and left their household so as to rebel against the British [[East India Company]]) named Jiban takes the infant to his home, handing her to his sister, while he moves Kalyani to his ashram.

The husband, Mahendra, at this point is more inclined towards joining the brotherhood of the monks and serving the Mother Nation. Kalyani wants to help him attain his dreams by trying to kill herself, thereby relieving him of worldly duties. At this point, Mahatma Satya joins her but before he can help her, he is arrested by the East India Company soldiers, because other monks were fuelling the revolt against Company rule. While being dragged away he spots another monk who is not wearing his distinctive robes and sings,
{{blockquote| ''"In mild breeze, by the bank of the river,'' ''In the forest, resides a respectable lady."''}}

The other monk deciphers the song, rescues Kalyani and the baby, and takes them to a rebel monk hideout. Concurrently, Mahendra is also given shelter by the monks; thus Mahendra and Kalyani are reunited. The leader of the rebels shows Mahendra the three faces of ''[[Bharat Mata]]'' (Mother India) as three goddess idols being worshipped in three consecutive rooms:
# What Mother was – an idol of goddess [[Jagaddhatri]], referring to the past glory of Bengal/India
# What Mother has become – an idol of goddess [[Kali]], a reference to the economic exploitation of the land & the famine
# What Mother will be – an idol of goddess [[Durga]], referring to their vision for a future India.

Gradually, the rebel influence grows and their ranks swell. Emboldened, they shift their headquarters to a small brick fort. The East India Company troops attack the fort with a large force. The rebels blockade the bridge over the nearby river, but they lack any artillery or military training. In the fighting, the troops make a tactical retreat over the bridge. The ''Sanyasis''' unorganised army, lacking military experience, chases the troops into the trap. Once the bridge is full of rebels, the East India Company artillery opens fire, inflicting severe casualties.

However, some rebels manage to capture some of the cannons, and turn the fire back on to the East India Company lines. The East India Company troops are forced to fall back, the rebels winning their first battle. The story ends with Mahendra and Kalyani building a home again, with Mahendra continuing to support the rebels.

The song [[Vande Mataram]] is sung in this novel. Vande Mataram means "I bow to thee, Mother". It inspired freedom fighters in the 20th century and its first two stanzas became the national song of India after independence.

== Characters ==
* '''Mahendra''': A zamindar from Padachihna, who later joins the freedom struggle. A wealthy Zamindar (landed gentry), living in Padachihna with his wife (Kalyani) and daughter (Sukumari). They are forced to leave the village to find a new mode of living. Mahendra is initiated to the Anandamath by Mahatma Satya. The Guru orders Mahendra to use his wealth to manufacture ammunition for the Anandamath.
*'''Mahatma Satyananda''': An ascetic who leads a band of rebels. The founder and main Guru of Anandamath, a rebel group to oppose [[Company rule in India]]. His disciples are required to renounce their attachments until India is freed. Mahatma Satyananda was acting upon the orders of his Guru, a mysterious saint, who explains his true motives. The Guru explains Mahatma Satyananda that Indians need objective knowledge from the East India Company to once more understand the subtle truths of the ancient scriptures. Mahatma Satya goes with his Guru to the Himalayas for penances.
*'''Bhavananda''': A brave commander of Anandamath who dies during the battle against the East India Company.
*'''Jivananda''': A member of the band of rebels and a brave warrior. The most accomplished and loyal disciple of Mahatma Satya . He rescues Mahendra's family and reunites them. His wife and lover, Shanti, later becomes the first and only woman to join the Anandamath and fights alongside Jivananda. In the end Jivananda is grievously injured in battle but is revived by Shanti. The young married couple decide to go on a pilgrimage and live as ascetics.
*''' Navin a.k.a. Shanti''': She is the tomboyish daughter of a Brahmin and is well educated. Shanti was orphaned at a young age and became physically fit and strong. Shanti met Jivananda who married her out of pity as Shanti had no one to take care of her. Jivananda left Shanti as a part of renouncing his attachments and to fight for Anandamath. Shanti is left in the care of Jivannanda's married sister, Nimai . However, Shanti is deeply in love with her husband and cannot bear to live away from him. She disguises herself as a man and joins Anandamath as a freedom fighter. Mahatma Satyananda tries to forbid her from entering, but he is shocked at Shanti's physical strength when she strings a mighty bow which only he, Jivananda, Bhavananda and Jivananda were the only Sannyasis to be able to do so. Mahatma Satyananda also allows Shanti to stay and gives her the name Navin . Shanti rescues Kalyani from dacoits. She gathers intelligence from the East India Company and fights in battles alongside her husband. At the end of the battle, at nightfall, Shanti discovers Jivananda's seemingly lifeless body and grieves for him. Mahatma Satyananda gives Shanti a herb, with which she revives Jivananda. Shanti suggests Jivananda that they go on a pilgrimage and live together in a forest as ascetics, to which her husband reluctantly agrees.

==Commentary==
The story's setting was based on the time period around the devastating [[Bengal famine of 1770]] during the period of [[Company rule in India]] and unsuccessful [[Sannyasi rebellion]]. In the book, Chatterjee imagines an [[Alternate history|alternative history]] where untrained Sannyasi soldiers defeat the experienced [[Presidency armies|East India Company forces]].

The novel holds pro-British sentiments, and argues that the British rulers are the savior of India and Indians cannot overcome arrogance without the British rule.<ref name="m795">{{cite book |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |title=Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |date=2012-01-01 |isbn=978-81-208-2932-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&pg=PA124 | page=124}}</ref><ref name="k829">{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Meenakshi |title=Early Novels in India |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |date=2002 |isbn=978-81-260-1342-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPJ7jqVSl34C&pg=RA1-PA144&dq= |page=144}}</ref> The novel has been also noted to have included anti-Muslim bias, on which [[Mirza Rashid Ali Baig|M. R. A. Baig]] commented; "If the book is anti - Muslim , which it is , it was because the Hindus of that period were anti - Muslim. Bankim Chatterji was a novelist; not a propagandist."<ref name="i138">{{cite book | last=Baig | first=M. R. A. | title=The Muslim Dilemma in India | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | date=1974 | isbn=978-0-7069-0311-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3MsAAAAMAAJ | page=36}}</ref>

==In adaptation==
===Film===
The novel was later adapted into a film, ''[[Anand Math]]'' in 1952, directed by [[Hemen Gupta]], starring [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Bharat Bhushan Bhalla|Bharat Bhushan]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] and [[Geeta Bali]]. The music was composed by [[Hemant Kumar]], who gave a version of the [[Vande Mataram]] sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], which became a cult success.<ref name=red>[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/jun/02dinesh.htm Pradeep Kumar] [[Rediff.com]].</ref>

=== Other ===
It was adapted as a comic in the [[List of Amar Chitra Katha comics|655th and 10028th issue]] and also in a Special Issue [[List of Amar Chitra Katha comics|Great Indian Classic]] of the Indian comic book series, [[Amar Chitra Katha]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3BYDgAAQBAJ&q=anand+math|title=Anand Math|date=April 1971 |publisher=[[Amar Chitra Katha]]|isbn=978-81-8482-012-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.amarchitrakatha.com/id005835278/Ananda-Math|title=Anand Math}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite book |last= Chattopadhyay|first= Bankim Chandra|editor= Lipner, J. J.|title= Anandamath, or The Sacred Brotherhood |date=April 2006|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]], India|location= India|isbn= 978-0-19-568322-6}}
*Online edition of English translation of [https://archive.org/details/anandamath_202402/mode/2up ''Anandamath''], Oxford University Press

{{Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1882 novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Literature of Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1771]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1770s]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Famines in British India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement fiction]]

Yashodhara Dasappa

2026-01-18T09:45:04Z

IraNguyen82392: adjusted section as per guidelines based on references

{{Short description|Indian independence activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yashodhara Dasappa
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1905|5|28}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/70247/10/10_chapter%205%20the%20role%20and%20contributions%20of%20the%20backward.pdf | title=The Role of Women ,in the Freedom Movement of Princely Mysore | publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in | access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1980
| occupation = Social reformer Politician [[Indian independence activist]] [[Gandhian]]
| spouse = [[H. C. Dasappa]]
| children = [[Ramdas Dsappa, Tulasidas Dasappa, Prabha Mohan Champa ]]
| alma_mater = [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai|Queen Mary's College]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Yashodhara Dasappa''' (1905-1980) was an [[Indian independence activist]], [[Gandhian]], social reformer and a Minister in the state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Tulasidas Dasappa, former MP, passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/20/stories/2005042012060400.htm | title=Tulasidas Dasappa, former MP, passes away | date=20 April 2005 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=4 April 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She was politically aligned with the [[Indian National Congress]] and served as a Minister in the Karnataka state governments headed by [[S. R. Kanthi]] (1962)<ref name="Position of women in governance still weak">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/position-of-women-in-governance-still-weak/article138081.ece | title=Position of women in governance still weak | work=The Hindu | date=12 November 2009 | access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> and [[S. Nijalingappa]] (1969).<ref name="Tulasidas Dasappa is no more">{{cite web | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr202005/national223292005419.asp | title=Tulasidas Dasappa is no more | publisher=Deccan Herald | date=20 April 2005 | access-date=4 April 2016 | archive-date=15 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415134302/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr202005/national223292005419.asp | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Yashodhara Dasappa was born on May 28, 1905, in Bangalore to a [[Vokkaliga]] family.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gowda|first=H.H.Annaiah|date=5 September 1971|title=Vokkaligas|magazine=The Illustrated Weekly Of India Vol.92, No.27-39(july-sept)1971|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110098/page/n617/mode/1up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bombay|publisher=Times of India Press|pages=11–13}}</ref> She was the daughter of K.H.Ramaiah, a well-known social worker, important founder of vokkaligara sangha. Despite being born in a well-to-do family chose to become a social activist and join the [[Indian Freedom Struggle|Indian freedom struggle]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.inuth.com/india/women-freedom-fighters-of-india/yashodhara-dasappa-the-firebrand-gandhian-from-bengaluru-who-brought-in-women-into-the-satyagraha-movement/|title=Yashodhara Dasappa: The firebrand Gandhian from Bengaluru who brought in women into the Satyagraha movement|date=2017-08-12|work=InUth|access-date=2017-08-19|language=en-US}}</ref> She was a student of [[United Mission School|London Mission School]] and later in [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai|Queen Mary's College]] in [[Madras]]. Yashodara was married to [[H. C. Dasappa]], a former minister in the ministry under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Union-cabinet-reshuffle-Karnataka-gets-lions-share-in-Singhs-ministry/articleshow/20634868.cms|title=Union cabinet reshuffle: Karnataka gets lion's share in Singh's ministry|date=17 June 2013|work=Anil Kumar M|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> and the younger son of the couple, [[Tulasidas Dasappa]], was a Union Minister of state, in the [[Charan Singh ministry]].<ref name="Tulasidas Dasappa, former MP, passes away" />

She died in 1980.

== Political career ==
She was reported to have been active in the Indian independence struggle as well as several social movements such as the ''[[Forest Satyagraha]] Movement'' of the 1930s which resulted in the imprisonment of over 1200 people,<ref name="Shashidhar">{{cite book|author=Dr. Melkunde Shashidhar|title=A HISTORY OF FREEDOM AND UNIFICATION MOVEMENT IN KARNATAKA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG1mCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-329-82501-7|pages=157–}}</ref> and the ''[[Vidurashwatha]] episode'' of 1938 where 35 people were killed in a police firing.<ref name="FREEDOM FIGHTER AND SOCIAL REFORMER SMT. YASHODHARAMMA DASAPPA">{{cite web | url=http://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/2014/08/21/freedom-fighter-and-social-reformer-smt-yashodharamma-dasappa/ | title=FREEDOM FIGHTER AND SOCIAL REFORMER SMT. YASHODHARAMMA DASAPPA | publisher=Karnataka Ithihasa Academy | date=2014 | access-date=4 April 2016 | archive-date=25 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125200702/http://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/2014/08/21/freedom-fighter-and-social-reformer-smt-yashodharamma-dasappa/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> For partaking in this movement, she was jailed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/2014/08/21/freedom-fighter-and-social-reformer-smt-yashodharamma-dasappa/|title=Freedom fighter and social reformer Smt. Yashodharamma Dasappa|last=itihasaacademy|date=2014-08-21|website=Karnataka Itihasa Academy|access-date=2017-08-19|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819150644/https://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/2014/08/21/freedom-fighter-and-social-reformer-smt-yashodharamma-dasappa/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Her home was a meeting point for underground Satyagrahi (independence struggle) activity. She wrote and gave many aggressive speeches against the government when it decided to name a building after Hamilton, who was known for his brutality against the protesters agitating for freedom.<ref name=":0" />

While serving as a senior minister in the Nijalingappa ministry, she made news by resigning from the post in protest against the lifting of [[prohibition]] in the state of Karnataka.<ref name="Position of women in governance still weak" /> The Government of India awarded her the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1972, for her contributions to society.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=770 | title=Padma Bhushan Awardees | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | access-date=4 April 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083320/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=770 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[H. C. Dasappa]]
* [[Tulasidas Dasappa]]
{{portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal | url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5GbasXByROQRHFRTXZ3TnMtUms/edit | title=Yashodharamma Dasappa — Biography | author=Dr. Mahadevi | journal=Karnataka Ithihasa Academy | year=2010 | volume=25}}
* {{cite book|title=March of Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97YeAQAAIAAJ|access-date=4 April 2016|year=1966|page=106}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasappa, Yashodhara}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Women educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social workers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Asoda

2026-01-17T16:50:19Z

IraNguyen82392: correct formatting after review and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}

'''Asoda''' is a village in [[Jalgaon District]], [[Maharashtra]] state in western India, located on the northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] Plateau.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Asoda Population - Jalgaon, Maharashtra |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/527192-asoda-maharashtra.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref> It is {{convert|5|km}} from [[Jalgaon]], located within the irrigated agricultural region of [[Khandesh]]. The main occupation of people in Asoda is farming of [[cotton]], [[Vigna mungo|black gram]], [[Mung bean|green gram]].

==Geography==
Its geographical coordinates are 21° 2' 0" North, 75° 36' 0" East. Asoda is surrounded by Jalgaon, Bhadli, Mamurabad and Tarsod.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} Indian [[census]], Asoda has a population of 10,000. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.

==Transport==
Most people depend on public transport [[MSRTC]], commonly known as "ST", and private vehicles like auto-rickshaw for commuting to district and taluka places like Jalgaon & [[Bhusawal]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalgaon district]]

Ogo Nirupoma

2026-01-13T21:01:03Z

IraNguyen82392: started basic pg w/ sources...

{{short description|Indian Bengali television period drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ogo nirupoma2020 star jalsha.png
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|romance]]
| caption =
| creator = [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]
| based_on =
| developer = [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Souvik Chakraborty
| screenplay = Rishita Bhattacharya
| story = Acropoliis Creative Team
| director = Argha Paik
| creative_director = Prasen (Acropoliis)
| starring = Arkoja Acharya Gourab Roy Choudhury
| theme_music_composer = Shantajit Shubham
| opentheme = ''"Ogo Nirupama....."''
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 297+1(Special)
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Arnab (Acropoliis) Shamajita, Shaptara & Dipanita (Star Jalsha)
| producer = Snigdha Basu [[Sani Ghose Ray]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Sandip Das
| editor = Nilanjan Arunaditya
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|10|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|08|01|df=yes}}
| company = [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]
| image_size = 220
}}

'''''Ogo Nirupoma''''' is an Indian Bengali language [[romantic drama]] television series which was premiered on 5 October 2020 on Bengali Entertainment Channel [[Star Jalsha]] and ended on 1 August 2021. It is also available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] even before telecast. The show is produced by [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gourab Roy Chowdhury and Arkaja starrer ‘Ogo Nirupoma’ to launch on October 5 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/gourab-roy-chowdhury-and-arkaja-starrer-ogo-nirupoma-to-launch-on-october-5/articleshow/78361873.cms|access-date=2021-05-12|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> and it stars Arkoja Acharya and Gourab Roy Choudhury in lead roles. It is the remake of [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]'s [[Malayalam]] show [[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]

== Plot ==
The story follows Abir and Nirupama. Abir is a handsome and successful businessman and managing director of 'Mohini's Beauty World'- a renowned cosmetics company, whereas Nirupama is a bank employee who is not a good looking woman. The story focuses on the importance of one's character and quality, and not the superficial.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-02|title=Bangla news of New Bengali serial: Star Jalsha's new show Ogo Nirupama to start from 5th October|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/star-jalshas-new-show-ogo-nirupama-to-start-from-5th-october/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==

===Main===
* Arkoja Acharya as Nirupama Roychowdhury (née Dutta) aka Rupu / Sanjukta Roychowdhury<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gourab Roy Chowdhury and Arkaja starrer ‘Ogo Nirupoma’ to launch on October 5 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/gourab-roy-chowdhury-and-arkaja-starrer-ogo-nirupoma-to-launch-on-october-5/articleshow/78361873.cms|access-date=2021-05-12|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>- an ugly looking woman who was kind-hearted, a former bank employee and a model (as Sanjukta), Abir's wife
* [[Gourab Roy Chowdhury]] as Abir Roychowdhury / Prithviraj<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Gourab Roy Chowdhury to play the lead in 'Ogo Nirupoma' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-gourab-roy-chowdhury-to-play-the-lead-in-ogo-nirupoma/articleshow/78191443.cms|access-date=2021-05-12|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>- Nirupoma's husband; a businessman, M.D. of Mohini's Beauty World, a renowned cosmetics company, a singer. He was a man who judges a book by its cover (i.e. judges a woman by her looks, not by her heart).

===Recurring===
* [[Tulika Basu]] as Mohini Roychowdhury- Shalini's younger twin sister, Supratim's second wife, Abir's step mother, Mainak, Ena and Rishab mother; a former model; a greedy and corrupt businesswoman / Shalini Roychowdhury- Mohini's elder twin sister, Abir's biological mother, Supratim's first and estranged wife, a kind-hearted businesswoman who was her sister's opposite<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Tulika Bose to play a meaty role in ‘Ogo Nirupoma’ - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-tulika-bose-to-play-a-meaty-role-in-ogo-nirupoma/articleshow/78406388.cms|access-date=2021-05-12|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arghya Mukherjee]] as Supratim Roychowdhury- Abir's father; a retired businessman; Shalini and Mohini's husband, Nayana's elder son.
* [[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]] as Nayana Roychowdhury- Abir's grandmother; Supratim and Sudip's mother
* [[Mainak Dhol]]<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Ogo Nirupama’ will give you a feel-good vibe, says actor Gourab Roy Chowdhury - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ogo-nirupama-will-give-you-a-feel-good-vibe-says-actor-gourab-roy-chowdhury/articleshow/78487053.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> as Mainak Roychowdhury- Abir's youngest half-brother; Urmi's husband (as they reconciles at last); Kajal's fake husband
* [[Ujani Dasgupta]] as Prerona Roychowdhury- Rishab's wife; Kajal's elder sister
* Pritam Das<ref>{{cite news |title=Pritam Das bags a role in Ogo Nirupoma - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pritam-das-bags-a-role-in-ogo-nirupoma/articleshow/78530079.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> as Rishav Roychowdhury- Abir's younger half-brother; Prerona's husband
* [[Prarona Bhattacharya]] as Sneha Roychowdhury- Abir's aunt, Sudip's wife
* Subhrajit Dutta<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhrajit Datta is busy helping COVID-hit families in his para - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subhrajit-datta-is-busy-helping-covid-hit-families-in-his-para/articleshow/83006816.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> as Sudip Roychowdhury- Abir's uncle, Sneha's husband, Nayana's younger son.
* Sneha Bose as Kajal- Abir's former girlfriend; Mainak's fake wife, Nirupoma's appointed model of Mohini's Beauty World.
* Priyanka Chakraborty as Ena Roychowdhury- Abir's half-sister; Harry's ex-girlfriend; Arup's wife.
* [[Tanuka Chatterjee]] as Bijaya Dutta- Nirupoma's mother
* Bikash Bhowmik as Nirmal Dutta- Nirupoma's father
* Soumi Ghosh as Urmimala Roychowdhury (née Dutta) / Urmi - a greedy girl; Nirupoma's sister; Abir's ex-fiancée; Mainak's wife
* Dipayan Mukherjee as Anuj- Nirupoma's brother
* [[Poushmita Goswami]] as Deepa- Nirupama's Aunt
* Sharbani Chatterjee as Bela - Mohini's cunning friend turned enemy
* Prosun Saha as Sishir- Abir's friend; Piya's love-interest
* Purbasha Debnath as Piya- Nirupoma's close friend and colleague; Shishir's love-interest
* Anujit Sarkar as Harry- Ena's boyfriend
* [[Manoj Ojha]] as Arup- Nirupoma's friend who likes her despite her looks; Ena's husband
* Moumita Chakraborty as Arup's mother

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]'' കസ്തൂരിമാൻ
| 11 December 2017
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 27 March 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Chhatriwali]]'' छत्रीवाली
| 18 June 2018
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 21 September 2019
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Bayasade Bali Bande'' ಬಯಸದೆ ಬಲಿ ಬಂದೆ
| 25 February 2019
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 10 April 2020
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Ogo Nirupoma'' ওগো নিরুপমা
| 5 October 2020
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 1 August 2021
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Acropoliis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.}}

[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Acropoliis films]]

Naiṇī Devī

2026-01-12T22:02:25Z

IraNguyen82392: starting a details needs work...

{{Short description|Local Himalayan Hindu Goddess}}

'''Naiṇī''', '''Nāgnī''' or '''Nāginā Devī''' is the name of nine [[Devi|Hindu Goddess]]es belonging to the shape-shifting serpent deities or [[Nāgas]], who rule as goddesses and mothers over the lower part of the Pindar river valley in the [[Garhwal Himalayas|Garhwal Himalaya]] region of [[Uttarakhand]], India. Seven of these goddesses establish the rule over their territory through a journey ([[Yatra|''yātrā'']]) of six months, during which they are carried around, embodied in the shape of a bamboo pole clothed with [[sari]]s.
[[File:Naiṇī Devī of Rains.jpg|thumb|Naiṇī ''devī'' of the village Rains, accompanied by Bhumiyāl ''devtā'', the guardian of the land, walks through her territory in her "journey to meet her out-married sisters" (''dhyāṇī milan dhyorā yātrā'')]]

Through their ''yātrā''s, the Naiṇīs re-establish their family ties to those women of their respective village who have married into other villages. In the Indian Western Himalaya, this is a common way of establishing divine kingship and territory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sax |first=William|date=2003 |editor-last=Michaels |editor-first=Axel |title=Sacred Landscape of the Himalaya. Proceedings of an International Conference at Heidelberg 25-27 May 1998 |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |pages=177–194 |chapter=Divine Kingdoms in the Central Himalayas |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-7001-3109-0}}</ref> These journeys take place only two times a century: the Naiṇī of the village Ratura went on her journey from September 2010 to March 2011 after 54 years, the Naiṇī of the village Rains "came out" ([[Hindi]] ''nikaltī huī'') in September 2016 after 42 years,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lange |first1=Gerrit (ethnographic film) |title=''A Goddess as Guest'' |url=https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLojnLIMl5imPhu_XN5B_pN-0wO0J2J3qs&si=srIS3hon3hHOSP2V |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> and the journey of the Naiṇī of the village Bhattiyana started in September 2023, 38 years after her last journey.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhandari |first1=Sukhdev (youtube video) |title=''The beginning of the 177 days long dyorā yātrā of Nāgnī mātā'' (177 दिवसीय नागनी माता द्योरा यात्रा शुरू) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YclQPbQgkjM&ab_channel=UttarakhandSe |website=Uttarakhand Se (Youtube user) |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

The main goal of the rituals, festivals and processions devoted to the Naiṇīs is to entertain them, to "make them dance and play" (''nacānā aur khilānā'') in their bamboo bodies, in male dancers in evening performances wearing cobra-shaped diadems, and in possessed mediums. The six months of Naiṇī's journey begin by summoning her from the [[Underworld|Netherworld]], called Pātāllok or [[nagaloka|Nāglok]], the "world of serpents". This world is identified with or represented by an earthen vessel buried under a [[Toona]] tree, which stands in an intimate connection to the goddess. The ritual journeys end with the making of a rope (''śirā''), which is several kilometers long and consists of ''babulū'' grass. This rope is explicitly intended to resemble a snake, whose head “runs” (i.e., is carried) uphill and the tail downhill on the last day of the ''yātrā''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Gerrit |title=Cobra Deities and Divine Cobras: The Ambiguous Animality of Nāgas |journal=Religions |date=2019 |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=4–6 |doi=10.3390/rel10080454 |doi-access=free }}</ref> On the day before that final event, a more naturalistic serpent puppet is made for the ''kaṃṣ phaṭnā'' ceremony, the enactment of a local story about [[Krishna|Kṛṣṇa]] bringing the longest snake from the Nāglok to this world.

The mythological stories about the Naiṇīs name various Nāga kings as their father, alternatively [[Vasuki|Vāsuki]] or [[Kaliya|Kāliya]], which are main characters of the classical Sanskrit epics, especially the first book of the [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]] and the [[Harivamsa|Harivaṃśa]]. While there is a huge variety of stories about the Naiṇīs within their villages, most agree that they were brought onto the "world of mortals" (''Mṛtyulok'') by the seven primordial sages ([[Maharishi|''mahārśi'']]) to participate in a sacrificial ritual ([[Yajna|''yagya'']]). In this ritual, nine virgin girls ([[Kumari (goddess)|''kuṃvārī'']]) were needed to personify the nine aspects of goddess Durgā, as it is done during the [[Navaratri|Navarātrī]] festival. One of the ''mahārśis'', Bāṅkuṛā Ṛṣi, who knew the language of the Nāgas, had to go to the Nāglok and bring a group of nine girls in the age of nine years to the surface of earth. Finally, he was able to convince their parents to let them come with him – on the condition that they would not be offered earthly food, because that would pollute them and prevent them from coming back to Nāglok. However, they could not resist tasting a sweet rice pudding ([[Kheer|''khīr'']]) they were offered. Thus, they were bound to this world, the World of Mortals. However, the nine girls liked it here on Earth, they frolicked and played around on the large flat hillside called Kob, and enjoyed the beautiful scenery. There, however, a shepherd named Hansa Bugalya saw them and planned to catch them to marry them to his nine grandsons. He threw a blanket over them, but they escaped into all directions. One of them fell down a cliff and another one sunk in a swamp - these were the two sisters who do not go on journeys, because they either died or reentered their subterranean realm, the Nāglok.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chopta |first1=Jagmohan |last2=Negi |first2=Thakur Singh |title=Kaṛākoṭ. Paramparā, saṃskṛti, itihās aur janjīva kā sā sājhā dastāvez ("Kaṛākot. A communal documentation of the traditions, culture, history and way of life"). |date=2017 |publisher=Kaṛākot Śikṣā evam Vikās Samiti |location=Dehradun |pages=66–70}}</ref> The others found refuge in villages, where they were treated with respect and established friendship with the villagers by letting springs of water emerge from the ground.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lange |first=Gerrit |date=2024 |editor-last1=Hegewald |editor-first1=Julia |editor-last2=Gymnich|editor-first2=Marion |title=Images and Stories of the Origin(s) of the World and Humankind |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |pages=178–204 |chapter=Chapter 7: Creating a Landscape through Myths. The Journey of Naiṇī or Nāginā Devī, a Nine-fold Western Himalayan Hindu Goddess |location=Tübingen |isbn=978-3-16-162737-8}}</ref>
[[File:Temple and nine springs of the Sankot Naiṇī.jpg|thumb|The Naiṇī of the village Sankot is believed to dwell in nine springs in her village, which supply water for the local agriculture (Photo by Gerrit Lange, September 2018)]]

The Naiṇīs share one main aspect with other Nāgas of Uttarakhand: they are intimately related to springs and irrigation channels (''dhārā''), crucial for the water supply to the rice fields. In the Himalaya the Nāglok is identified as the place where the subterranean water comes from, whereas, in other parts of India, termite heaps are considered to be their portal to Earth's surface. In Garhwal, there is barely a spring or mountain lake without a Nāg temple.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Gerrit |title=Western Himalayan Nāgs as Guardians of Water Resources |journal=Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature & Culture |date=2017 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=361–378 |doi=10.1558/jsrnc.33600}}</ref> Especially well-known is the temple of Kṛṣṇa Nagarjā, the serpent king, in Sem Mukhem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jassal |first1=Aftab Singh |title=Awakening the Serpent King. Ritual and Textual Ontologies in Garhwal, Uttarakhand |journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies |date=2020 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=101–121 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hiaa009}}</ref> Also mount [[Nag Tibba|Nāg Tibbā]], various lakes and villages in the upper [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]] valley, the [[Berinag]] area of [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]], and many springs and lakes in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Kashmir]] are places of their worship.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Handa |first1=Om Chand |title=Naga cults and traditions in the western Himalaya |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Pub. Co. |location=New Delhi |isbn=8173871612 |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/3015}}</ref>

The journeys of the Naiṇīs and the complex rituals involved are similar to other deities of Garhwal, which are not explicitly marked as Nāgas. However, many of the local [[Chandi|Cāṇḍikā]], Jākh or Ghaṇḍiyāl deities are also said to be children of Nāg princesses such as Ulūpī, Ucchī or Vasudanta.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sax |first1=William |title=Dancing the Self. Personhood and Performance in the Pandav Lila of Garhwal |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195139143 |pages=68, 100}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nāgas]]

Bombing of the Vatican

2026-01-08T23:53:58Z

IraNguyen82392: quick update

#REDIRECT [[Bombing of Rome in World War II#Bombing of Vatican City]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:1940s in Rome]]
[[Category:1943 in Vatican City|Bombing]]
[[Category:1944 in Vatican City|Bombing]]
[[Category:Airstrikes]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1943]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1943]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1944]]
[[Category:False flag operations]]
[[Category:March 1944 in Europe]]
[[Category:World War II strategic bombing by populated place|Vatican]]
[[Category:Vatican City in World War II|Bombing]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)]]

Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation

2026-01-05T22:40:42Z

IraNguyen82392: put up some page v1

{{Short description|Municipal corporation in Bihar}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| term_limits = 5 years
| new_session =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2020}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Raunak Jahan Parwez
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Ashutosh Kumar
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| seats =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| political_groups1 =

| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| voting_system1 =
| last_election1 =
| next_election1 =
| motto =
| website = https://sitamarhimunicipal.net/bmc/public
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing [[India]]n city of [[Sitamarhi]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==
Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation was formed in year 2020 to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="si2">{{cite news |title=सीतामढ़ी नगर निगम का निर्माण है प्रस्तावित |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-sitamarhi-municipal-corporation-is-proposed-to-be-constructed-3698589.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=Hindustan |date=22 December 2020 |language=hindi}}</ref>
Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation has been categorised into 46 wards<ref name="si1">{{cite news |title=सीतामढ़ी नगर निगम में बन गए 46 वार्ड, जानिए अब किस वार्ड का कहलाएगा आपका घर, देखें ल‍िस्‍ट |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-46-wards-have-been-made-in-sitamarhi-municipal-corporation-now-know-which-ward-will-be-called-your-house-22647151.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=Dainik Jagran |date=21 April 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.

Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor and administered by Municipal Commissioner Mumukshu Kumar Chaudhary.<ref name="si3">{{cite news |title=पांच हजार की आबादी पर बनेगा नगर निगम क्षेत्र का एक वार्ड |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-a-ward-of-municipal-corporation-area-will-be-built-on-a-population-of-five-thousand-5771136.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=Hindustan |date=8 February 2022 |language=hindi}}</ref>

== Functions ==
Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="si9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="si10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of [[Urban forestry|Urban Forestry]] and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="si11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="si12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="si13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* [[Entertainment tax]].
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== See also ==
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/udhd/CitizenHome.html;jsessionid=MlpRvF0MhYP7h6fXT911STzV7QTQphlytJPJK0LKj3d102hdYT9Q!2078880516 Official Website]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Bihar]]

Udhayveer Sidhu

2026-01-05T22:17:48Z

IraNguyen82392: put up initial stub initial version!

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Udhayveer Sidhu
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|06|21}}
| birth_place = [[Mansa, Punjab]], India
| residence =
| other_names =
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Shooting sports|Shooter]]
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| event = [[25 meter rapid fire pistol]], [[25 meter pistol]], [[25 meter standard pistol]] [[10 meter air pistol]]
| height =
| weight =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Pistol shooting]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Shooting Championships|ISSF World Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2018 Changwon]] | 25m Pistol Jr. Men (Teams)}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2018 Changwon]] | 25m Pistol Jr. Men}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2022 Cairo]] | 25m Standard Pistol Jr. Men}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2022 Cairo]] | 25m Pistol Jr. Men}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2022 Cairo]] | 25m Rapid Fire Jr. Men (Teams)}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 Asian Shooting Championships|2019 Doha]]|25m Standard Pistol Men (Teams)}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 Asian Shooting Championships|2019 Doha]]|25m Standard Pistol Men}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF Junior World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 ISSF Junior World Championships|2021 Lima]] | 25m Standard Pistol}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 ISSF Junior World Cup|2019 Suhl]] | 25 m Standard Pistol}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 ISSF Junior World Cup|2019 Suhl]] | 25 m Standard Pistol (Teams)}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|2018 Suhl]] | 25 m Pistol (Teams)}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 ISSF Junior World Cup|2022 Suhl]] | 25 m Standard Pistol Mixed Team}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2019 ISSF Junior World Cup|2019 Suhl]] | 25 m Rapid Fire Pistol}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|2018 Suhl]] | 25 m Pistol}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Shooting at the Summer Universiade|World University Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Shooting at the 2021 Summer World University Games|2021 Chengdu]] | {{nowrap|25 m rapid fire pistol team}}}}
}}

'''Udhayveer Sidhu''' is an Indian [[Shooting sports|sport shooter]] who competes in the [[25 meter rapid fire pistol]], [[25 meter pistol]], [[25 meter standard pistol]] and [[10 meter air pistol]]. He won a twenty plus international medals representing India. He is in the Indian Shooting Team since 2018. In [[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup]] he won the 25m pistol bronze at the Junior World Cup in Suhl, Germany, and he and his twin brother [[Vijayveer Sidhu]], along with Raj Kanwar Singh, claimed the Indian team's historic gold medal in the event with a world record score of 1747.<ref>{{cite news|title = ISSF World Championship: Twins Udhayveer Sidhu, Vijayveer Sidhu on the podium
|publisher = IndianExpress|date = 2018-09-14|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/issf-world-championship-two-of-a-kind-on-the-podium-5355347/}}</ref> He won two golds in [[2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships]].
In 2019 he won two golds and a bronze in [[2019 ISSF Junior World Cup]]<ref>{{cite news|title = Udhayveer Sidhu wins double gold at Junior shooting World cup
|publisher = orissapost|date = 2019-07-13|url = https://www.orissapost.com/udayveer-sidhu-wins-double-gold-in-junior-shooting-world-cup/}}</ref> and later at [[2019 Asian Shooting Championships]] in [[25 meter standard pistol]] he won a gold and a silver. In 2021 at [[2021 ISSF Junior World Championships]] he won an individual gold. In 2022 at ISSF Junior World Cup held at Suhl, Germany he won the silver in 25 meter standard pistol open junior mixed team and later at [[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships]] he won two golds and a bronze.
<ref>{{cite news|title = ISSF World Championship: Udhayveer Sidhu, Esha Singh win junior gold medals
|publisher = theHindu|date = 2022-10-15|url =https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/issf-world-championship-udhayveer-sidhu-esha-singh-win-junior-gold-medals/article66015291.eces}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title = ISSF Rifle/Pistol World Championship 2022: Esha Singh, Udhayveer Sidhu win gold medals in junior pistol events|publisher = Olympics|date = 2022-10-16|url =https://olympics.com/en/news/issf-rifle-pistol-world-championship-2022-gold-junior-pistol-esha-udhayveer}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title = ISSF Rifle/Pistol World Championship 2022: India finish with 34 medals - list of all medallists
|publisher = Olympics|date = 2022-10-22|url = https://olympics.com/en/news/issf-rifle-pistol-world-championship-2022-cairo-india-medal-winners}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ISSF|SHINDM2106200201}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2021 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:Summer World University Games medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Manmohan Attavar

2026-01-05T10:52:26Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{Short description|Indian horticulturist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manmohan Attavar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 12 July 1932
| birth_place = Karkala [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = 12 December 2017
| death_place = Bengaluru
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Plant breeder Horticulturist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Indo American Hybrid Seeds
| spouse = Mamtha
| domesticpartner =
| children = Two children
| parents =
| website = www.indamseeds.com
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Rajyotsava Award]] Dr. M. H. Marigowda National Award APEDA Award ICA Golden Jubilee International Award ISF Award
}}
'''Manmohan Attavar''' ( 12 July 1932 - 12 December 2017) was an Indian horticulturist, plant breeder, writer and the founder of Indo American Hybrid Seeds (IAHS). He received the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India in 1998 for his contributions to the field of Horticulture.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== Work ==
He founded an organization IAHS, engaged in scientific plant breeding and horticulture.<ref name="Genetic Resources and Seed Enterprises: Management and Policies">{{cite book |author1=Hari Har Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziSukXKhYSYC&q=Manmohan+Attavar&pg=PA335 |title=Genetic Resources and Seed Enterprises: Management and Policies |author2=Rakesh Yadav |publisher=New India Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=9788189422653 |pages=335 of 984}}</ref> and also the enterprise in 1965 and the organization, headquartered in [[Bengaluru]], has grown to include 9 regional centres across India.<ref name="INTRODUCTION TO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjKe8ahRDhcC&q=Manmohan+Attavar%3B&pg=PA258 | title=INTRODUCTION TO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE | publisher=PHI Learning | author=Sunil D. Purohit | year=2012 | pages=258 of 324 | isbn=9788120346772}}</ref> He has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the [[Ministry of Commerce (India)|Ministry of Commerce]] and the Federation of International Seedsmen, Switzerland and has been a director of the National Horticultural Board.<ref name="Managing Director - Indo - American Hybrid Seeds">{{cite web | url=http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/bazaarbuzz/brandpersonality1.php | title=Managing Director - Indo - American Hybrid Seeds | publisher=Bangalore Best | date=2015 | access-date=October 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624150828/http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/bazaarbuzz/brandpersonality1.php | archive-date=24 June 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has co-authored a book, ''Floriculture: technology, trades, and trends'', which was published by Oxford and IBH Publishing House in 1994.<ref name="Floriculture : technology, trades, and trends">{{cite book | title=Floriculture : technology, trades, and trends | publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co |author1=J Prakash |author2=K R Bhandary |author3=Manmohan Attavar | year=1994 | pages=667 | isbn=9788120408203| oclc=30361863 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
He received the Padma Shri in 1998 from the government of India. Attavar is a recipient of several awards such as Dr. M. H. Marigowda National Award, APEDA Award, Golden Jubilee International Award of the International Chrysanthemum Society, California and ISF Award.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The Government of Karnataka awarded him the [[Rajyotsava Prashasthi]] in 1991.<ref name="Genetic Resources and Seed Enterprises: Management and Policies" />

== Personal life ==
Attavar was married to Mamtha who has since died, leaving him with their two children.<ref name="Managing Director - Indo - American Hybrid Seeds" />

Subsequent to her death, he donated a women's theatre block to ''CSI Lombard Memorial Hospital'', Udupi and the hospital has named the facility as ''Martha Mamatha Attavar Memorial Block''.<ref name="Newly-Built Ladies Theatre Block to be Launched at CSI Lombard Memorial Hospital">{{cite web | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/printer.asp?nid=101893 | title=Newly-Built Ladies Theatre Block to be Launched at CSI Lombard Memorial Hospital | publisher=Daiji World | date=13 May 2011 | access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Commons category|Indo American Hybrid Seeds (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attavar, Manmohan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian horticulturists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 1991]]
[[Category:Plant breeding]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:1932 births]]

{{India-botanist-stub}}

Sikki grass craft

2025-12-20T22:29:59Z

IraNguyen82392: basic corrected information for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Sikki_grass_craft.jpg|200px|thumb|Sikki grass handicrafts]]
'''Sikki grass crafts''' are various [[handicrafts]] that are made from a special kind of grass known as sikki found in the [[Mithilanchal]] of
[[India]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umsas.org/en/bihar-arts-crafts/sikki-craft/ |title=Upendra Maharathi Shilp Anusandhan Sansthan | Sikki Craft |accessdate=2013-12-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227072459/http://www.umsas.org/en/bihar-arts-crafts/sikki-craft/ |archivedate=2013-12-27 }}</ref> The art of making items from sikki grass is an ancient one .

== History ==
[[Tharu people|Tharu]] women in the southern plains of [[Nepal]] have been weaving traditional baskets from sikki grass for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farwestnepal.org/local-arts-and-crafts/|title=Local arts and crafts|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007034200/https://www.farwestnepal.org/local-arts-and-crafts/|archive-date=7 October 2019|access-date=}}</ref> Nowadays, many [[Tharu people|Tharu]] women are engaged in producing sikki handicrafts through collaborative networks. Dhakiyas which are also known as Mauni, Daliya depending upon the place are baskets made from sikki or [[Panicum virgatum|moonj grass]] plays an important role in everyday household activities of the Tharu community. Dhakiya has been used in every rituals of Tharu community from the birth to death. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Central Department of Sociology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal |first=Babu Ram Tharu |title=Handicraft Making Practices of Dangaura Tharu: A Study of Hariharpur Village of Banke District, Nepal |url=https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstream/123456789/16800/1/Full%20thesis.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhuju |first=Kriti |title=Tharu sikki / thatch grass / mujella {{!}} The Encyclopedia of Crafts in WCC-Asia Pacific Region (EC-APR) |url=https://encyclocraftsapr.com/tharu-sikki-thatch-grass-mujella/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Procedure==
Sikki is dried and the flower head is cut off. The resulting fine golden fibre is used in weaving to make toys, dolls, and baskets (''dolchi''). Items are sometimes painted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-05 |title=Step-by-Step Sikki Grass Work in Bihar 2021 - Swadesi |url=https://swadesi.org/bihar-sikki-handicraft/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Boxes made of sikki known as ''pauti'' are given to daughters by parents on the occasion of their wedding. The boxes are used to hold ''sindoor'', ornaments, and jewellery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Sikki |url=https://gaatha.com/sikki-grass-craft-bihar/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=gaatha.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Famous Artists==
[[Meera Thakur]] in India practices and teaches sikki grass craft. She has received the [[Seal of Excellence for Handicrafts]] from [[UNESCO]] and the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bihar}}

[[Category:Tharu culture]]
[[Category:Nepal]]
[[Category:Fine Arts of Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Bihar]]

Balasaheb Vikhe Patil

2025-12-12T12:05:41Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balasaheb Vikhe Patil
| image = Balasaheb Vikhe Patil accepting Padma Bhushan (cropped).jpg
| caption = Patil in 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|4|10}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]
| residence = [[Ahmednagar]](Ahilyanagar)
| office = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises]] [[Government of India]]
| primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start = 1 July 2002
| term_end = 24 May 2003
| predecessor = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| successor = [[Subodh Mohite]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in Ministry of Finance]] [[Government of India]]
| primeminister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start1 = 13 October 1999
| term_end1 = 1 July 2002
| predecessor1 = [[V. Dhananjay Kumar]]
| successor1 = [[Anant Geete]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament]] [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 6 October 1999
| term_end2 = 17 May 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Prasad Tanpure]]
| successor2 = '''Constituency Abolished'''
| constituency2 = [[Kopargaon (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Kopargaon]]
| term_start3 = 10 March 1998
| term_end3 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor3 = Maruti Devaram Shelke
| successor3 = [[Dilip Kumar Gandhi]]
| constituency3 = [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
| term_start4 = 1971
| term_end4 = 1991
| predecessor4 = [[Annasaheb Shinde]]
| successor4 = [[Shankarrao Kale]]
| constituency4 = [[Kopargaon (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Kopargaon]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]
| father = [[Vithalrao Vikhe Patil]]
| spouse = Sindhutai
| children = 5 including Ashok Vikhe Patil, [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] & Rajendra Vikhe Patil,
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| source =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|12|30|1932|4|10|df=y}}
| death_place = Loni, Pravaranagar (District [[Ahmednagar]]), [[Maharashtra]]
}}

'''Eknathrao''', alias '''Balasaheb Vikhe Patil''' (10 April 1932 – 30 December 2016), was an Indian politician and former [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]] and [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of state of Finance]] in [[Government of India]]. He served as a Member of Parliament of [[Lok Sabha]] variously representing [[Kopargaon Lok Sabha constituency|Kopargaon]] and [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/825563/former-union-minister-balasaheb-vikhe-patil-dies-at-84|title = Former Union minister Balasaheb Vikhe Patil died aged 84}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] but later joined [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]. He was appointed Pro-tem Speaker of 14th Lok Sabha.

==Political career==
He was a prominent political leader in [[Maharashtra]]. He was a Minister in the [[Third Vajpayee Ministry]].
He served seven terms as a [[Lok Sabha]] MP representing [[Kopargaon Lok Sabha constituency|Kopargaon]] and [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]].
He won his Lok Sabha seat in 1998 as a candidate for Shiv Sena. As a supporter of the NDA government he was appointed [[Minister of State]] in [[Ministry of Finance (India)]] and later on appointed [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]] in the [[Government of India]]. He rejoined the Indian National Congress in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Union minister Balasaheb Vikhe Patil dies at 84 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/825563/former-union-minister-balasaheb-vikhe-patil-dies-at-84 |access-date=3 September 2024 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was the eldest son of [[Vithalrao Vikhe Patil]], who started Asia's first Co-operative sugar factory at Loni in Maharashtra.

==Awards==
* The '''Jeevan Sadhana Gaurav Award''' from Pune University for lifetime achievement in the field of education and rural development in 2007
* [[Padma Bhushan]] by [[Government of India]] on 31 March 2010 for his outstanding work in the field of Social Work.<ref name=Times>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aamir-Rahman-awarded-Padma-Bhushan/Article1-525510.aspx Former Union Minister Balasaheb Vikhe Patil got Padma Bhushan for social work] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044500/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aamir-Rahman-awarded-Padma-Bhushan/Article1-525510.aspx |date=5 June 2011 }}</ref>
* '''D.Sc - Doctor of Science''' Award awarded in the year 2013 by Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13MH40.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikhe-Patil, Balasaheb}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Pro tem speakers of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]

Hariharpara (community development block)

2025-11-29T05:07:31Z

IraNguyen82392: cleanup

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hariharpara
| other_name = হরিহরপাড়া
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Hariharpara in Murshidabad.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.03|N|88.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal deomocracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 252.80
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 22
| population_total = 257,571
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy]] (2011)
| demographics2_info2 = 69.20%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742166 (Hariharpara) 742182 (Choa)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03472
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hariharpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hariharpara]],
| website = {{URL|murshidabad.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hariharpara''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Berhampore subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Hariharpara is located at {{coord|24.03|N|88.45|E|format=dms|}}

Hariharpara CD block lies in the Ganges-Bhagirathi Basin, which is a long and narrow river valley. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. It has fertile soil suitable for cultivation.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref>

The Bagri or the eastern part of the district is a low-lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plain with the shape of an [[isosceles triangle]]. The Ganges/Padma and the Bhagirathi form the two equal sides; the [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]] forms the entire base; other offshoots of the Ganges meander within the area. It is liable to be flooding by the Bhagirathi and other rivers.<ref name=river>{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Hariharpara CD block is bounded by [[Raninagar I]] CD block in the north, [[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]] CD block in the east, [[Naoda (community development block)|Naoda]] CD block in the south and [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] and [[Beldanga I]] CD blocks in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html |title = Tehsil Map of Murshidabad |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 6 August 2017}}</ref>

Hariharpara CD block has an area of 253.14 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 181 gram sansads (village councils), 63 [[mouza]]s and 55 inhabited villages. [[Hariharpara#Police station|Hariharpara]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.1,2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Hariharpara.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Hariharpara block/ panchayat samiti are: Beharia, Choa, Dharampur, Hariharpara, Humaipur, Khidirpur, Malopara, Raipur, Rukunpur, Swaruppur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 August 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hariharpara CD block had a total population of 257,571, all of which were rural. There were 131,634 (51%) males and 125,937 (48%) females. The population in the age range 0-6 years numbered 30,693. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 16,403 (6.37%)and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,040 (1.18%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2015}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Hariharpara block has a total population of 221,701, out of which 114,524 were males and 107,185 were females. Hariharpara block registered a population growth of 19.50 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 23.70 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 8 June 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 – Mushidabad district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205646/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref name="Census Commission of India">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

The decadal growth of population in Hariharpara CD block in 2001-2011 was 16.16%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

'''Decadal Population Growth Rate (%)'''
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart
| group 1 = 0 : 0 : 19.50 : 16.16
| group 2 = 25.5 : 28.2 : 23.8 : 21.1
| group 3 = 23.2: 24.6 : 17.84 : 13.9

| colors = olive : yellow : violet
| group names = Hariharpara CD block : Murshidabad district : West Bengal
| x legends = 1971-1981 : 1981-1991: 1991-2001: 2001-2011
}}

Sources:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/census2011/decadal-growth-rate.html | title = Decadal Growth Rate | publisher = Mps of India | access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Census Commission of India"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm | title = Population explosion in West Bengal: a survey | work = Table 1.1 Population in West Bengal 1941-1991 | publisher = South Asian Research Society | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808081840/http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | title = Final Population Totals West Bengal | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902053520/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | archive-date = 2 September 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Villages===
Large villages in Hariharpara CD block were (2011 census population figures in brackets): Bochadanga (4,260), Raypur (6,203), Masurdanga (4,760), Baruipara (7,663), Khidirpur (6,638), Kismad Imadpur (16,604), Lal Nagar (6,918), Jagannathpur (6,235), Biharia (12,2883), Tehatta (4,713), Pratappur (10,430), Rukunpur (18,663), Hariharpara (14,827), Dasturpara (6,235), Sankarpur (4,721), Lochanmati Dangapara (5,226), Tartipur (8,058), Swaruppur (9,835), Padmanabhpur (8,194), Choa (17,672), Sripur (7,973), Gaznipur (5,936) and Shahjadpur (6,602).<ref name=census2011/> Bhajarampur

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Hariharpara CD block was 157,008 (69.20% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 81,326 (69.97% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 75,682 (68.39% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 1.58%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Murshidabad district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Hariharpara CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|80.70}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|19.04}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.26}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 207,860 and formed 80.70% of the population in Hariharpara CD block. Hindus numbered 49,032 and formed 19.04% of the population. Others numbered 679 (0.26% of the population).<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In Hariharpara CD block while the proportion of Muslims increased from 76.65% in 1991 to 79.35% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 23.35% in 1991 to 20.50% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Murshidabad | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Coordination, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Murshidabad district had 4,707,573 Muslims who formed 66.27% of the population, 2,359,061 Hindus who formed 33.21% of the population, and 37, 173 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.52% of the population, in the 2011 census. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 61.40% in 1991 to 63.67% in 2001, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 38.39% in 1991 to 35.92% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title = Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate|publisher= The Times of India, 26 August 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.68% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the [[rural poverty]] ratio in Murshidabad district was 46.12%. Purulia, Bankura and Birbhum districts had higher rural poverty ratios. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999-2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf|title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 | work= Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district |publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 November 2018 }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
In Hariharpara CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 27.78%, agricultural labourers 44.59%, household industry workers 6.82% and other workers 20.82%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Coordination, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 55 inhabited villages in Hariharpara CD block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 19 villages (34.55%) have post offices. 52 villages (94.55%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 23 villages (41.82%) have a pucca approach road and 18 villages (32.73%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 5 villages (9.09%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (12.73%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Hariharpara CD block'''
|value1 = 5.35
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 14.35
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 4.01
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 26.58
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 49.72
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Harihapara CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 4,237 (5.35%,) patta (document) holders 11,371 (14.35%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3,178 (4.01%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 21,060 (26.58%) and agricultural labourers 39,400 (49.72%).<ref name=handbook2014/>

Hariharpara CD block had 73 fertiliser depots, 2 seed stores and 52 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Hariharpara CD block produced 17,353 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 6,200 hectares, 12,990 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,712 hectares, 1,844 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 751 hectares, 39,962 tonnes of wheat from 12,982 hectares, 21 tonnes of maize from8 hectares, 213,511 tonnes of jute from 14,892 hectares, 6,076 tonnes of potatoes from 322 hectares and 68 tonnes of sugar cane from 1 hectare. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Hariharpara CD block was 13,077 hectares, out of which 151 hectares were irrigated with tank water, 1,072 hectares by river lift irrigation, 865 hectares by deep tube wells, 16 hectares by shallow tube wells, and 10,973 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Silk and handicrafts===
Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [[Mulberry]] cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.<ref name=handicrafts>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 22-23: Industry | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur. [[Beedi]] making has flourished in the Jangipur subdivision.<ref name=handicrafts/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#4 | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district | work = Handicrafts and Silk Industry | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | access-date = 17 August 2017}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Hariharpara CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 26 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Hariharpara CD block has 16 ferry services and 6 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 22 km from the CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Baharampur-Patikabari Ghat Road passes through this block.<ref>Google maps</ref>

Lochanmati Dangapara Road Passes This Block

==Education==
In 2013-14, Hariharpara CD block had 123 primary schools with 12,455 students, 20 middle schools with 1,667 students, 6 high school with 5,026 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 24,330 students. Hariharpara CD block had 1 general college with 1,399 students and 367 institutions for special and non-formal education with 18,614 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Hazi A.K. Khan College]] was established at [[Hariharpara]] in 2008. Affiliated with the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, history and education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.haziakkhancollege.in/ | title = Haji A.K, Khan College | publisher = HAKKC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/HaziAKKhanCollege/HaziAKKhanCollege.shtml | title = Haji A.K.Khan College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
In Hariharpara CD Block, amongst the 55 inhabited villages, 2 villages do not have a school, 33 villages have more than 1 primary school, 30 villages have at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 17 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 901-902, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Hariharpara CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 2 private nursing homes with total 56 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 37 family welfare subcentres. 5,953 patients were treated indoor and 267,972 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Hariharpara CD block has Hariharpara Block Primary Health Centre at [[Hariharpara]] (with 20 beds), Baharan [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] at Baruipara (with 10 beds), Choa PHC (with 6 beds), and Ghoramara-Mahismara PHC at Mahismara (with 6 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Hariharpara CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All but one of the 26 blocks of Murshidabad district have arsenic contamination above the WHO level, all but two of the blocks have arsenic concentration above the Indian Standard value and 17 blocks have arsenic concentration above 300 mg/litre. The maximum concentration in Hariharpara CD block is 1,160 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Murshidabad district]]

Delhi football team

2025-11-26T11:02:26Z

IraNguyen82392:

{{About|the men's team|the women's team|Delhi women's football team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Delhi
| current =
| image = Dehli_Soccer_Association_Logo.png
| image_size = 300px
| fullname = Delhi football team
| nickname =
| founded = {{start date and age|1941}}
| ground = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| capacity = 60,254
| owner = [[Delhi Soccer Association]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Mohammad Sabir
| league = [[Santosh Trophy]]
| season = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
| position = Quarter-finals
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 0000CD
| body1 = 0000CD
| rightarm1 = 0000CD
| shorts1 = 0000CD
| socks1 = 0000CD
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FF8C00
| body2 = FF8C00
| rightarm2 = FF8C00
| shorts2 = FF8C00
| socks2 = FF8C00
}}

The '''Delhi football team''' is an Indian [[association football|football]] team representing [[Delhi]] in Indian state football competitions including the [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/491|title=Football Delhi (Delhi Soccer Association)}}</ref> Selection is mostly done through [[Delhi Football League]] system.

They have appeared in the Santosh Trophy finals twice, and have won the trophy only once, in 1944-45.

Most recently, a 20-member Delhi football team in the final round of the 69th Senior National Football Championship for Santosh Trophy, that held at Jalandhar and Ludhiana from 1 to 15 March.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rawat-to-lead-delhi-football-team-in-santosh-trophy-115022600937_1.html | title= Rawat to lead Delhi football team in Santosh Trophy | date=26 February 2015 | author=PTI | access-date=7 July 2018 }}</ref>

==Honours==
===State (senior)===
* '''[[Santosh Trophy]]'''
** Winners (1): 1944–45
** Runners-up (1): 1941–42

*'''[[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]]'''
** Bronze medal (1): [[2025 National Games of India|2025]]

===State (youth)===
* '''Swami Vivekananda NFC'''
** Winners (1): 2023–24<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/delhi-crowned-inaugural-swami-vivekananda-u-20-mens-nfc-champions-on-penalties |title=Delhi crowned inaugural Swami Vivekananda U-20 Men's NFC champions on penalties |website=AIFF |date=22 May 2024 }}</ref>

* '''[[B.C. Roy Trophy]]'''
** Winners (2): 1962–63, 1964–65

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Football in Delhi]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy teams]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}
{{Delhi-stub}}

Santosh Rana

2025-11-13T07:18:12Z

IraNguyen82392: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian politician (1942–2019)}}
{{for|the CPI politician|Santosh Rana (CPI)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santosh Rana
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date|1942}}
| birth_place = Gopiballavpur, West Bengal, India
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2019|6|29|76|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Deshapriya Park]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| prime minister1 =
| president1 =
| office2 = General Secretary of [[Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|PCC-CPIML]]
| constituency1 = [[Gopiballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopiballavpur]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| term_end1 = 1982
| term_start2 = 1972
| term_end2 = 2016
| office3 = Central Committee member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)|CPIML]]
| term_start3 = 1969
| term_end3 = 1971
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| prime minister2 =
| president2 =
| party = [[Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|PCC-CPIML]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/CPIML-MLA-Santosh-Rana-quits-party/articleshow/50986771.cms|title=CPI(ML) MLA Santosh Rana quits party|website=Times of India|date=14 February 2016 |access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref> [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)|CPIML]](1969-71)
| spouse = Jayarsri (divorced)
| college =
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[University of Calcutta]], Raja Bazar Science College
| faculty =
| website =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}

'''Santosh Rana''' (1942 – 29 June 2019) was an Indian politician. In the 1960s, he was a prominent figure in the armed struggle of the [[Naxalite]]s led by [[Charu Majumdar]]. Rana received [[Ananda Puraskar]] for his book ''Rajnitir Ek Jibon'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/west-bengal-news-santosh-rana-s-rajnitir-ek-jibon-honored-with-ananda-purashkar-1.774498|title=উত্তাল রাজনীতির অকপট স্মৃতিকে আনন্দ-অভিবাদন|website=anandabazar.com|access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref>

==Agrarian revolutionary==
In the 1960s, Santosh Rana was a research scholar at [[University of Calcutta]], Rajabazar Science College. He was preparing for his PhD in physics. Politically he was a supporter of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. The first [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] government came to power in West Bengal in 1967 and in 1969 [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI(ML)]] heralded the launch of a new revolutionary party. The call of revolution inspired Santosh Rana. He left his PhD unfinished, returned to his village in Gopiballavpur and joined the agrarian revolution.<ref name=rana1>{{cite web| url = https://blogger-source.blogspot.com/2011/04/santosh-rana-firebrand-naxal-leader-of.html|title = Santosh Rana| first=Arindam |last= Chaudhuri| date=19 April 2011 | publisher = |access-date = 2011-05-19 }}</ref><ref name=karat>{{cite web | url = http://cpim.org/marxist/198501_marxist_naxalism_Prakash.htm | title = Naxalism Today; At an Ideological {{sic|nolink=y|Deadend}} | first = Prakash | last = Karat | work = The Marxist, Vol. 3, no. 1, January–March 1985 | access-date = 2011-05-19 | archive-date = 9 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110809041700/http://www.cpim.org/marxist/198501_marxist_naxalism_Prakash.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.littlemag.com/security/santoshrana.html|title = Democracy spells security| publisher =the little magazine |access-date = 2011-05-19 }}</ref>

Under his leadership, [[Debra, Paschim Medinipur|Debra]], Gopiballavpur, [[Nayagram]] and [[Lodhasuli]] blocks of [[Midnapore district]] and adjoining areas in [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]) and [[Orissa]] were 'virtually liberated'. In an interview Santosh Rana said, "In the seventies, we began our work not in forest areas like Nayagram, Binpur or Lalgarh. But mainly in densely populated Debra-Gopiballavpur along the bank of [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] river where class contradictions were sharp over land and wage questions. We endeared ourselves to poor peasants and landless by focusing on land issues as well as exploitation by the money-lenders." He recollects, "During my time, a mass of about 15,000 to 20,000 people, armed with [[Fighting stick|lathis]], stormed into the houses of the landlords who possessed firearms, and seized the arms. That was a big blow for the landlords or [[jotdar]]s and they failed to resist our move to grab ceiling-excess land and distribute it among the landless [[bargadar]]s. This was not violence, it was people’s revolt. Such pressure is always required in remote villages where landlords maintain personal armies."<ref name=rana1/><ref name=rana2>{{cite web| url = http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv15/interviewsr.htm |title = interview with Santosh Rana | publisher = Seminar, March 2010 (issue on Red Resurgence) |access-date = 2011-05-19 }}</ref>

==CPI(ML) reorganisation ==
The CPI(ML) movement began to splinter by the early seventies and by 1971 or 1972, it was in shambles. Santosh Rana broke with Charu Majumdar in 1971 and later joined the group led by Satyanarayan Singh, a prominent leader, who also rebelled against Charu Majumdar in 1971, leading to a split in the CPI(ML). In April 1973 Satyanarayan Singh's party was reorganized. The [[Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|PCC, CPI (ML)]] evolved out of the group loyal to [[Satyanarayan Singh (Bihar politician, died 1984)|Satyanarayan Singh]]. Subsequently, Santosh Rana became general secretary of this party. This faction was amongst the earliest Naxalites to take part in elections.<ref name=karat/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://list-naxal.blogspot.com/ |title = List of Major Naxalist Parties in India| first= |last= | work =Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) | publisher = |access-date = 2011-05-19 }}</ref>

==Electoral efforts==
Contesting as an independent, Rana won the [[Gopiballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopiballavpur]] seat in 1977, but lost it in 1982.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp230.htm |title =230 - Gopiballavpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

==Maoists==
Rana disagreed with the actions of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]] in the [[Jungle Mahals]]. He said, "Differences between the original CPI(ML) and today’s [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI(Maoist)]] are too many. Despite our criticism of Charu Majumdar’s line of annihilation campaign, I must point out that he never asked us for indiscriminate killings like today’s Maoists. In 1969-71, I was active in Debra-Gopiballavpur region, close to Lalgarh, now a major base of the Maoists. We killed around 120 people, most of them landlords or their henchmen … Today, I feel most of these killings were unnecessary. But unlike the CPI(Maoist), we killed not a single tribal, Dalit and poor people in the seventies in Debra-Gopiballavpur."<ref name=rana2/>

He further says, "The CPI(ML) is alarmed at the situation in Jangalmahal where in some areas armed CPI(M) supporters are capturing villages with the help of Joint Forces while in others, the Trinamool Congress is capturing villages with the help of Maoist squads. None of them has any respect for the democratic rights of the people. The CPI(ML) has been active in the area for over forty years and led innumerable struggles of the workers, peasants, Dalits and Adivasis on the issues of wages, land, irrigation, forest rights and Dalit-Adivasi rights. In recent times, it has organized the people against atrocities by Joint Forces and against pollution of sponge iron factories."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.radicalsocialist.in/articles/statement-radical-socialist/news/223-statement-of-santosh-rana-general-secretary-of-pcc-cpiml-on-jangalmahal |title = Statement of Santosh Rana, General Secretary of PCC CPI(ML) on Jangalmahal| first= |last= | publisher = Radical Socialist 29 August 2010 |access-date = 2011-05-19 }}</ref>

==References==
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{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Santosh}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]

Miuniku

2025-10-30T18:21:41Z

IraNguyen82392: starting first pg nd citations

{{Short description|Indian womenswear business}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2017}}

'''MIUNIKU''' is a Mumbai-based luxury womenswear clothing and accessories label designed by sisters Nikita and Tina Sutradhar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miuniku|url=https://www.notjustalabel.com/miuniku|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.notjustalabel.com|language=en}}</ref> Miuniku's design is inspired by a unique blend of modernity and tradition and India-inspired colors and mixed with western cuts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141130/jsp/graphiti/19085312.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117045705/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141130/jsp/graphiti/19085312.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2016|title=Going for the globe|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref>

==History==

The sisters attended [[London College of Fashion]] and completed a BA (Hons) in Womenswear graduating in June 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arts.ac.uk/fashion/people/alumni/profiles/tina-nikita-sutradhar/|title=Tina and Nikita Sutradhar – London College of Fashion – UAL|last=Team|first=University of Arts London, Web|website=www.arts.ac.uk|language=en-uk|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref>

In 2014, Miuniku were recipients of the Special Prize at the inaugural [[LVMH Prize]], receiving 100,000 Euros and one year mentorship with LVMH.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elle.com/fashion/a12743/designers-nikita-tina-sutradhar-interview/|title=Miuniku: The Mumbai-Based Line Already Getting Love From Lagerfeld|date=2014-07-02|work=ELLE|access-date=2017-03-22|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official Site|https://www.miuniku.com}}

[[Category:Clothing brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 2013]]

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{{fashion-company-stub}}