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Over-the-top media services in India

2023-10-13T12:19:18Z

Ipriyanshu rohila: Repair CS1 error(s), replaced: website=https://www. → website=www., typo(s) fixed: In 19 March 2023 → On 19 March 2023, tv → TV

{{short description|Online streaming platforms in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
There are currently about 46 providers of '''[[over-the-top media services]] (OTT) in India''', which distribute [[streaming media]] over the Internet.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} In fiscal year 2018, the OTT market in India was worth {{Currency|2150|INR}} [[crore]]. The streaming market in India is predicted to be worth $15 billion by 2030, with $12.5 billion coming from the video market and $2.5 billion from audio. The OTT market in fiscal year 2020 was estimated to be worth $1.7 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/indias-streaming-market-to-be-worth-15-billion-by-2030/amp-11626350404092.html|title=Indian OTT Market Valuation|website=livemint|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128092957/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/indias-streaming-market-to-be-worth-15-billion-by-2030/amp-11626350404092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menon |first=Devadas |date=1 March 2022 |title=Purchase and continuation intentions of over -the -top (OTT) video streaming platform subscriptions: a uses and gratification theory perspective |journal=Telematics and Informatics Reports |language=en |volume=5 |pages=100006 |doi=10.1016/j.teler.2022.100006 |s2cid=247248868 |issn=2772-5030 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==History and growth==
The first dependent Indian OTT platform was [[BIGFlix]], launched by [[Reliance Entertainment]] in 2008.<ref name="I.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/business/reliance-entertainment-launches-bigflix-indias-first-global-multi-language-hd-movie-platform-2074662/|title=Reliance Entertainment launches BIGFLIX, India's first global multi-language HD movie platform|first=Sandhya|last=Dangwal|date=27 April 2017|website=India.com|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224302/https://www.india.com/business/reliance-entertainment-launches-bigflix-indias-first-global-multi-language-hd-movie-platform-2074662/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2010 Digivive launched India's first OTT mobile app called nexGTv, which provides access to both live TV and [[Video on demand|on–demand content]]. nexGTV is the first app to live–stream [[Indian Premier League]] matches on smart phones and did so during 2013 and 2014. The livestream of the IPL since 2015, when rights were won,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Arzoo Dina,Vidhi|date=10 February 2015|title=Star unit wins Internet, mobile rights for IPL|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/7k4StgIy78lBYCdzFYMyeJ/Star-unit-wins-Web-mobile-rights-for-IPL.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204415/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/7k4StgIy78lBYCdzFYMyeJ/Star-unit-wins-Web-mobile-rights-for-IPL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> played an important role in the growth of another OTT platform, Hotstar (now Disney+ Hotstar) in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaidya|first=Jaideep|title=With the rise of OTT platforms, are more Indians watching the IPL on their phones than television?|url=https://scroll.in/field/834321/with-the-rise-of-ott-platforms-are-more-indians-watching-the-ipl-on-their-phones-than-television|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121144354/https://scroll.in/field/834321/with-the-rise-of-ott-platforms-are-more-indians-watching-the-ipl-on-their-phones-than-television}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2019|reason=Determine whether this has continued to the present}}
OTT gained significant momentum in India when both [[DittoTV]] (Zee) and [[Sony Liv]] were launched in the Indian market around 2013. Ditto TV was an aggregator platform containing shows across all media channels including Star, Sony, Viacom, Zee, etc.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

=== Hotstar ===
[[Hotstar]], (now Disney+ Hotstar), is the most subscribed–to OTT platform in India, owned by [[Star India]] as of July 2020, with around 300 million active users and over 350 million downloads.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/hotstar-to-invest-rs-120-crore-in-generating-original-content/articleshow/67534513.cms?from=mdr|title=Hotstar to invest Rs 120 crore in generating original content|first=Gaurav|last=Laghate|date=15 January 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224302/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/hotstar-to-invest-rs-120-crore-in-generating-original-content/articleshow/67534513.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Hotstar's India Watch Report 2018, 96% of watch time on Hotstar comes from videos longer than 20 minutes, while one–third of Hotstar subscribers watch television shows.<ref name="exchange4media.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/video-ott-revenue-in-india-expected-to-reach-rs-13-800-crore-by-fy-2023-92262.html|title=Video OTT revenue in India expected to reach Rs 13,800 crore by FY 2023 – Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042004/https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/video-ott-revenue-in-india-expected-to-reach-rs-13-800-crore-by-fy-2023-92262.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Hotstar began investing {{Currency|120|INR|linked=no}} crore in generating original content such as "Hotstar Specials." 80% of the viewership on Hotstar comes from drama, movies and sports programs.<ref name="auto" /> Hotstar has the exclusive streaming rights of [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] in India, which is one of the biggest sporting event in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Harsh|date=25 September 2020|title=Disney+Hotstar records 6 Mn installs in first 5 days of IPL|url=https://entrackr.com/2020/09/disneyhotstar-records-6-mn-installs-in-first-5-days-of-ipl/|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Entrackr|language=en-US|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703201412/https://entrackr.com/2020/09/disneyhotstar-records-6-mn-installs-in-first-5-days-of-ipl/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Netflix ===
American streaming service [[Netflix]] entered India in January 2016. In April 2017, it was registered as a [[limited liability partnership]] (LLP) and started commissioning content. It earned a net profit of ₹2020,000 (₹2.02 million) for fiscal year 2017. In fiscal year 2018, Netflix earned revenues of ₹580 million.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/netflix-leases-space-for-india-headquater-in-bkc/articleshow/67280626.cms?from=mdr|title=Netflix leases space for India Headquarter in BKC|first1=Kailash|last1=Babar|first2=Gaurav|last2=Laghate|date=28 December 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221225525/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/netflix-leases-space-for-india-headquater-in-bkc/articleshow/67280626.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Morgan Stanley]] Research, Netflix had the highest average watch time of more than 120 minutes but viewer counts of around 20 million in July 2018.<ref name="exchange4media.com" /> As of 2018, Netflix has six million subscribers, of which 5–6% are paid members.<ref name="androidcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.androidcentral.com/netflix-getting-crushed-india-and-its-because-amazon-and-hotstar|title=Netflix is getting crushed in India, and it's all because of Amazon and Hotstar|date=2 February 2018|website=Android Central|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224253/https://www.androidcentral.com/netflix-getting-crushed-india-and-its-because-amazon-and-hotstar|url-status=live}}</ref>

India was not affected by Netflix's July 2018 increase in subscription rates for the US and Latin America. Netflix has stated its intent to invest ₹600 crore in the production of Indian original programming.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1525269/amazon-prime-hotstar-rival-netflix-didnt-raise-prices-in-india/|title=Netflix hasn't increased prices in India probably because it can't afford to|first1=Ananya|last1=Bhattacharya|website=Quartz India|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224223/https://qz.com/india/1525269/amazon-prime-hotstar-rival-netflix-didnt-raise-prices-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> In late 2018, Netflix bought {{convert|150000|sqft|m2}} of office space in Bandra–Kurla Complex (BKC) in Mumbai as their head office. As of December 2018, Netflix has more than 40 employees in India.<ref name="auto1" />

Netflix faces tough competition with other OTT platforms in India such as [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]], each of which charge lower subscription rates than Netflix.<ref name="androidcentral.com" />

=== Other OTT providers ===

AAO NXT, the first independent OTT platform that originated from Odisha, is a flagship product of Kaustav DreamWorks. Apart from the website, they also have application for Android mobiles and TVs. The content library of AAO NXT is unique in terms of originality of the content irrespective of the language. Short films, movies, and web series can be viewed in their original language along with English subtitles.

nexGTv is the flagship product of Digivive Services Pvt Ltd. Its app offers users entertainment across multiple devices. It streams over 200 live TV channels and on-demand content, including movies, TV Shows and videos. In 2015, nexGTv launched India's first mobile talent discovery platform, called SPOTLight, with director [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]. In 2016 nexGTV, launched its first original series ''In My City'' with [[Priyanka Chopra]] making her mobile series debut.

[[Sun NXT]] is an Indian [[video on demand]] service run by [[Sun TV Network]]. It was launched in June 2017, streaming in [[Tamil language]] and six other Launguages. The platform has more than 4,000 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil movies]] and 200 Tamil shows, as well as regional movies and shows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=SUN NXT Upcoming Tamil Movies List – OTT STOP |url=https://ottstop.com/sun-nxt-upcoming-tamil-movies-list/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sun NXT also streams a large library of its own [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] shows and movies. In India Sun NXT launched its TV shows and movies also in Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Marathi.

[[Amazon Video|Amazon Prime Video]] was launched in 2016. The platform has{{When|date=September 2019}} 2,300 titles available including 2,000 movies and about 400 shows. It has announced that it will invest ₹20 billion in creating original content in India. Besides English, Prime Video is available in six Indian languages as of December 2018.<ref name="theweek.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/lifestyle/2018/12/27/The-rise-and-rise-of-India-online-streaming-services.html|title=The rise and rise of India's online streaming services|website=The Week|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224214/https://www.theweek.in/leisure/lifestyle/2018/12/27/The-rise-and-rise-of-India-online-streaming-services.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Amazon India launched Amazon Prime Music in February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/amazon-to-launch-prime-video-channels-in-india/|title=Amazon to launch Prime Video Channels in India – TelevisionPost|date=23 January 2019|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041815/https://www.televisionpost.com/amazon-to-launch-prime-video-channels-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Neestream is a streaming media service owned by NeST Technologies Corp., which is part of the US-based JKH Holdings. It is the first OTT platform targeting the global Malayalee diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/neestream-bets-big-on-malayali-diaspora-200422|title=Neestream bets big on Malayali diaspora|language=en|date=22 April 2020|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320014842/https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/neestream-bets-big-on-malayali-diaspora-200422|url-status=live}}</ref> In the aftermath of the COVID pandemic and the subsequent lockdown, OTT platforms had become the only avenue for film releases, redefining the movie watching experience for several viewers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/nov/08/ott-vs-theatres-mollywood-faces-battle-for-film-viewership-2380704.html|title=OTT vs theatres: Mollywood faces battle for film viewership=en|date=8 November 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127114115/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/nov/08/ott-vs-theatres-mollywood-faces-battle-for-film-viewership-2380704.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Single-language OTT sites, like Aha Video in Telugu<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2022|title=Aha Tamil Upcoming Movies 2022 List – OTT STOP|url=https://ottstop.com/aha-tamil-upcoming-movies/|access-date=2022-02-11|language=en-US|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319005836/https://ottstop.com/aha-tamil-upcoming-movies/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 January 2022|title=Aha Tamil Bags Digital Rights of Pa. Ranjith's Writer, Film to Stream Soon|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aha-tamil-bags-digital-rights-of-pa-ranjiths-writer-film-to-stream-soon-4683752.html|access-date=2022-02-11|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205112906/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aha-tamil-bags-digital-rights-of-pa-ranjiths-writer-film-to-stream-soon-4683752.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is the first time that the platform is diversifying into another language, while CityShor.TV in Gujarati, Neestream in Malayalam, Hoichoi in Bengali and Planet Marathi in Marathi are streaming movies and shows for people in those languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/can-singlelanguage-ott-platforms-take-on-the-streaming-giants-in-india/66521/1|title=Can single-language OTT platforms take on the streaming giants in India?|language=en|date=17 February 2021|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915001729/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/can-singlelanguage-ott-platforms-take-on-the-streaming-giants-in-india/66521/1|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Eros Now]], an OTT platform launched by [[Eros International plc|Eros International]], has the most content among the OTT providers in India, including over 12,000 films, 100,000 music tracks and albums, and 100 TV shows. Eros Now was named the Best OTT Platform of the Year 2019 at the British Asian Media Awards.{{When|date=September 2019}} It has 211.5 million registered users and 36.2 million paying subscribers as of September 2020.<ref name="businesswire.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201118005177/en/Eros-Now-Reaches-36.2-million-Paying-Subscribers#:~:text=DOUGLAS%2C%20ISLE%20OF%20MAN%2D%2D(,million%20registered%20users%20worldwide%20as/|title=Eros Now Reaches 36.2 million Paying Subscribers|date=18 November 2020|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913012125/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201118005177/en/Eros-Now-Reaches-36.2-million-Paying-Subscribers#:~:text=DOUGLAS%2C%20ISLE%20OF%20MAN%2D%2D(,million%20registered%20users%20worldwide%20as/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Apart from these, [[Balaji Telefilms]]–owned [[ALTBalaji]] and [[Viacom 18]]–owned [[Voot]] are popular because of the unique content they provide. [[Jio|Reliance Jio]]–owned [[JioCinema]] and JioTV, [[Times Group]]–owned [[MX Player]], and [[Asianet Satellite Communications]]- owned [[Asianet Mobile TV]] are other OTT service providers in India.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Hoichoi is the first dedicated regional–language OTT service in India. It has launched 30 new shows and 12 original films in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and has acquired about 200 Bengali films and dubbed content from English, Hindi and Arabic. In 2018 it entered Bangladesh as well as the United Arab Emirates, adding a prospective customer base of 180 million.<ref name="theweek.in" />

In June 2017, [[Sun TV Network]] launched their [[Sun NXT]] regional OTT service in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sun-tv-networks-launches-multilingual-digital-platform/article9728472.ece|title=Sun TV Networks launches multilingual digital platform|website=@businessline|date=16 June 2017|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111073951/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sun-tv-networks-launches-multilingual-digital-platform/article9728472.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2020, [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] OTT platform was launched, broadcasting exclusively [[Telugu language|Telugu]] content.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/in-other-news/110220/aha-a-new-ott-channel-to-watch-out-for.html|title=Aha! A new OTT channel to watch out for|language=en|date=11 February 2020|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522072205/https://asianage.com/entertainment/in-other-news/110220/aha-a-new-ott-channel-to-watch-out-for.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Planet Marathi OTT became the first OTT platform dedicated to [[Marathi language|Marathi]] content in India, including web-series, films, music, theater, fiction and non-fiction reality shows. It is available for both Android and iOS mobile devices along with Android TV and Amazon Fire TV devices. Bollywood actress [[Madhuri Dixit]] helped launch the platform.<ref name="jagran">{{cite web|url=https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/planet-marathi-madhuri-dixit-launches-indias-first-marathi-ott-platform-10031466|website=english.jagran.com|title=Planet Marathi: Madhuri Dixit launches India's first Marathi OTT platform|date=September 2021|access-date=2021-12-26|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326093702/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/planet-marathi-madhuri-dixit-launches-indias-first-marathi-ott-platform-10031466|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/marathi-ott-service-planet-marathi-outsources-ad-sales-subscriber-monetisation-to-adds2ott/articleshow/78934648.cms?from=mdr|title=Marathi OTT service Planet Marathi outsources ad sales, subscriber monetisation to adds2OTT|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-12-26|last1=Laghate|first1=Gaurav|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104122607/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/marathi-ott-service-planet-marathi-outsources-ad-sales-subscriber-monetisation-to-adds2ott/articleshow/78934648.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

With rising interest for [[Korean drama]]s, [[Viki (streaming service)|Rakuten Viki]] saw its biggest jump of web traffic from India in 2020 due to [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], which lead to ad localization on the platform.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhatt|first=Shephali|title=How K-pop and Korean drama had their biggest breakthrough in India amid the pandemic|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/how-k-pop-and-korean-drama-had-their-breakthrough-moment-in-india-amid-the-pandemic/articleshow/78954150.cms|access-date=2021-04-05|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031203212/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/how-k-pop-and-korean-drama-had-their-breakthrough-moment-in-india-amid-the-pandemic/articleshow/78954150.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mane|first=Anwaya|date=7 April 2021|title=K Dramas dubbed in Hindi; Is it a boon or a bane?|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/k-dramas-dubbed-hindi-it-boon-or-bane-687796|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408180001/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/k-dramas-dubbed-hindi-it-boon-or-bane-687796}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sajmedia.in/top-10-popular-ott-platforms-in-india/|title=Top 10 Popular OTT Platforms in India|language=en|date=7 June 2021|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331104900/https://www.sajmedia.in/top-10-popular-ott-platforms-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===SonyLIV and ZEE5===
In December 2021, [[Sony Pictures Networks India|Sony]] and [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee]] merged, and announced plans to merge their OTT platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/indias-zee-entertainment-approves-merger-with-sony-unit-2021-12-22/ |title=Sony, Zee lock India merger to create mega TV network |first=Chandini |last=Monnappa |date=22 December 2021 |website=Reuters |access-date=2022-02-17 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912160541/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/indias-zee-entertainment-approves-merger-with-sony-unit-2021-12-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===OTT services launched as Amazon Prime video channels===

The list is by alphabetical order, not by rank or popularity.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! data-sort-type="alphabet"|Name !! Parent !! Active years
!Languages!! Notes/Ref.
|-
|[[Acorn TV]]
|[[RLJE Films|RLJ Entertainment, Inc.]]||2011–present
|English
|<ref name="amc">{{cite web|date=27 June 2022|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/06/amazon-prime-video-and-amc-networks-collaborate-to-launch-amc-and-acorn-tv-on-prime-video-channels-in-india|title=Amazon Prime Video and AMC Networks collaborate to launch AMC+ and Acorn TV on Prime Video channels in India|website=Best Media Info|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714180633/https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/06/amazon-prime-video-and-amc-networks-collaborate-to-launch-amc-and-acorn-tv-on-prime-video-channels-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[AMC+]]
|[[AMC Networks]]||2020–present
|English
|<ref name="amc"/>
|-
|[[ShortsTV]]
|Shorts International Ltd||2006–present
|English
|<ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 2021|url=https://shorts.tv/en/press/shortstv-and-amazon-announce-partnership-to-launch-shortstv-on-amazon-prime-video-channels-in-india|title=ShortsTV and Amazon Announce Partnership to Launch ShortsTV on Amazon Prime Video Channels in India|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702120646/https://shorts.tv/en/press/shortstv-and-amazon-announce-partnership-to-launch-shortstv-on-amazon-prime-video-channels-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Content regulation and legal action ==
In India, whether it is [[Sex in film|sex scenes]] or [[Kiss|kiss scenes]] in [[film]]s, both have always been a [[taboo]] and [[Controversy|controversial]] subject among the people. The [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] government also said, [[Obscenity|obscene]] and [[Perversion|perverted]] matterials had “no place in [[Culture of India|Indian culture.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Central Board of Film Certification |date=2023-09-08 |url=https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Board_of_Film_Certification&oldid=1174492728 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-09-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=mrandmrs55 |date=2015-01-04 |title=The History of Kissing in Bollywood: Timeline of a Taboo |url=https://mrandmrs55.com/2015/01/04/the-history-of-kissing-in-bollywood-timeline-of-a-taboo/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Mr. & Mrs. 55 – Classic Bollywood Revisited! |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-01 |title=Sex and Bollywood through the decades |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sex-and-relationships/sex-and-bollywood-through-the-decades/story-rNo4cs1CVUFjPOt9gorDKJ.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-05-17 |title=6 states in India ban sex ed to preserve culture |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18723555 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

===Regulation medium===
* All the content released in [[Movie theater|cinema halls]] is regulated by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]].
* [[Central Board of Film Certification|Indian Censor Board]] does not allow any kind of [[Perversion|nudity and obscenity]] in [[Cinema of India|Indian films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fifty Shades of Grey banned in India despite removal of nudity {{!}} Fifty Shades of Grey {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/05/fifty-shades-of-grey-banned-in-india-despite-removal-of-nudity |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-10 |title=CBFC reportedly bans film titled X Zone due to graphic love making scenes, nudity-Entertainment News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/cbfc-reportedly-bans-film-titled-x-zone-due-to-graphic-love-making-scenes-nudity-4027513.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
* All the content released on [[television]] is regulated by [[Indian Broadcasting Foundation|IBF]] under the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|I&B ministry]].
* [[Television in India|Indian television]] has the [[Strict liability|Strictest]] content code, even [[Kiss|kissing scenes]] and [[Bikini|small outfits]] are not allowed in [[Drama (film and television)|Indian drama]] or [[Serial (radio and television)|Indian serial]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |first=Web |title=Why are kissing scenes still a taboo on Indian television? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/why-are-kissing-scenes-still-a-taboo-on-indian-television--237552 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Mid-day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Sushmita |date=2018-06-09 |title=Why public display of affection is such a big NO NO in India |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/opinion/why-public-display-affection-such-big-no-no-india-19863 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
*

===OTT regulation===
* On 25 Feb 2021, [[Government of India|Indian govt]] introduced [[Information Technology Rules, 2021|Self-Regulation rules]] for OTT platforms to stop [[Obscenity|Obscene content]] and [[Abuse|abusive]] language.
* On 19 March 2023, I&B minister [[Anurag Thakur]] said that, [[Self-regulatory organization|self regulation]] does not mean that OTT should show [[Nudity|obscenity and nudity.]] The government is serious about increasing [[obscenity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-03-19 |title=Government concerned about vulgarity on OTT platforms, says Anurag Thakur |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/government-concerned-about-vulgarity-on-ott-platforms-says-anurag-thakur-11679238269770.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=https://twitter.com/ianuragthakur/status/1637437856800030720?t=RBIi80-HGhmdH7m4H0Oelw&s=19 |url=https://twitter.com/ianuragthakur/status/1637437856800030720?t=RBIi80-HGhmdH7m4H0Oelw&s=19 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>
* On 26 April 2023, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|MIB India]] said that if [[Nudity in film|nudity and obscenity]] is seen on any OTT platform, [[Strict liability|strict]] action will be taken against it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deep |first=Aroon |date=2023-04-26 |title=Despite court stay, OTT platforms face pressure on content |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-targets-obscenity-on-streaming-platforms-despite-few-complaints/article66781070.ece |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* On 16 May 2023, Don't show obscene content, [[Parliament|parliamentary panel]] told to [[Netflix]] and [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon prime video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-16 |title=No obscene content, please: Parliamentary panel tells Netflix, Amazon Prime, Disney Hotstar, Zee5, other OTT platforms |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/no-obscene-content-please-parliamentary-panel-tells-netflix-amazon-prime-disney-hotstar-zee5-other-ott-platforms-381410-2023-05-16 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Business Today |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Don't show obscene content: Parliamentary panel tells OTT platforms - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/dont-show-obscene-content-parliamentary-panel-tells-ott-platforms/amp_articleshow/100259906.cms |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>
* On 20 June 2023, [[Government|Govt]] has told [[Netflix, Inc.|Netflix]], [[Disney+ Hotstar|Disney]] and all other [[Streaming media|streaming services]] that their content should be [[Regulation|independently reviewed]] for [[obscenity]] and [[violence]] before being shown online.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalra |first=Aditya |last2=Vengattil |first2=Munsif |last3=Kalra |first3=Aditya |last4=Vengattil |first4=Munsif |date=2023-07-14 |title=Exclusive: Worried about obscenity, India asks streamers for content checks |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/worried-about-obscenity-india-asks-streamers-content-checks-2023-07-14/ |access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref>
* On 18 July 2023, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|I&B minister]] said in a meeting with all [[Stakeholder (corporate)|OTT stakeholders]] that, Demeaning [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] will not be tolerated. OTT can't show [[vulgarity]] and [[Nudity in film|nudity]] in the garb of ‘[[Creativity|creative expression]]’.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Won't allow OTT platforms to demean Indian culture, says Minister Anurag Thakur |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/wont-allow-ott-platforms-to-demean-indian-culture-says-minister-anurag-thakur-17256211.htm |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Will not allow OTT platforms to demean Indian culture, society in name of creative freedom: Anurag Thakur |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/will-not-allow-ott-platforms-to-demean-indian-culture-society-in-name-of-creative-freedom-anurag-thakur-1238366.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* On 22 August 2023, [[Government of India|Indian government]] assured that it will bring [[Regulation|rules and regulation]] to regulate [[Profanity|Vulgar]] and [[Pornography|obscene content]] on social media and OTT platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thathoo |first=Chetan |date=2023-08-22 |title=Govt To Frame Regulations To Curb Vulgar Language On OTT Platforms & Social Media |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/will-frame-rules-to-tame-vulgar-language-on-ott-platforms-social-media-govt-to-delhi-hc/ |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre To Bring Rules To Check Vulgar Content On Social Media, Streaming Platforms |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-to-bring-rules-to-check-vulgar-content-on-social-media-streaming-platforms-4319332 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

===Content Controversy===
Due to the absence of any rules and regulation regarding OTT content, many OTT providers were accused of showing [[Nudity in film|nudity]], [[vulgarity]] and [[obscenity]] and hurting [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|Hindu religious sentiments]] in their shows.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title=Attack on 'Ashram' set: Organization of Sadhus blames Bollywood for 'defaming' culture, hurting sentiments |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/news/attack-on-ashram-set-organization-of-sadhus-blames-bollywood-for-defaming-culture-hurting-sentiments-742516 |website=India Tv |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209124635/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/news/attack-on-ashram-set-organization-of-sadhus-blames-bollywood-for-defaming-culture-hurting-sentiments-742516 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=ALTBalaji and other OTT platforms, websites booked for obscene content |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/mumbai/altbalaji-and-other-ott-platforms-websites-booked-for-obscene-content |website=The Free Press Journal |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129120456/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/mumbai/altbalaji-and-other-ott-platforms-websites-booked-for-obscene-content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-07 |title=Actor Gehana Vasisth latest to be arrested for role in porn movie racket |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/actor-gehana-vasisth-arrested-for-allegedly-shooting-and-uploading-porn-videos-7178058/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118193437/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/actor-gehana-vasisth-arrested-for-allegedly-shooting-and-uploading-porn-videos-7178058/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ArticleTwo">{{cite web |title=Think beyond sex and abuse': Netflix, Amazon Prime, other OTT platforms stare at new challenge |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/amp/latest/trends/story/govt-regulation-on-netflix-amazon-prime-to-hamper-freedom-of-storytelling-278382-2020-11-11 |website=businesstoday.in |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030181644/https://www.businesstoday.in/amp/latest/trends/story/govt-regulation-on-netflix-amazon-prime-to-hamper-freedom-of-storytelling-278382-2020-11-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Series which were the focus of controversy include [[Four More Shots Please!]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The women of Four More Shots Please 3 react to criticism that the show is 'all about sex' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/four-more-shots-please-3-actors-react-to-criticism-that-the-show-is-all-about-sex-8218407/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106064758/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/four-more-shots-please-3-actors-react-to-criticism-that-the-show-is-all-about-sex-8218407/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tandav (web series)|Tandav]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Tandav' controversy: Two scenes changed after makers apologise |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tandav-controversy-two-scenes-changed-after-makers-apologise-141934%3famp |website=The News Minute}}</ref> [[Paatal Lok]],<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Paatal Lok Web Series Controversies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/paatal-lok-controversies-everything-that-has-happened-6428414/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173920/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/paatal-lok-controversies-everything-that-has-happened-6428414/lite/ |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=Indianexpress}}</ref> [[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]],<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Secred Games series that Sparked Controversies |url=https://timesofindia.com/web-series/news/hindi/family-man-2-tandav-sacred-games-web-series-that-sparked-controversies/amp_etphotostory/83532145.cms |website=Timesofindia}}</ref> [[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=HC quashes FIR against 'Mirzapur' web series producers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/court-quashes-fir-against-mirzapur-web-series-producers-7667095/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172348/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/court-quashes-fir-against-mirzapur-web-series-producers-7667095/lite/ |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=Indianexpress}}</ref> [[Lust Stories 2|Lust stories franchise]], and [[Rana Naidu|Rana naidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Nani on fans’ objection to Venkatesh’s cuss words in Rana Naidu: ‘I am so glad he did something very shocking’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-on-fans-objection-to-venkateshs-cuss-words-in-rana-naidu-8522480/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Legal action on Obscenity===
* [[Pornography in India]] is restricted and [[Wrongdoing|illegal]] in all form including [[Mass media|print media]], [[electronic media]], and [[digital media]] (OTT).
* Several [[website]]s and [[Over-the-top media service|OTT Platforms]] has been [[Ban (law)|banned]] by the [[Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre|Cyber Crime Branch]] for streaming [[Pornographic film|Pornographic and obscene content]] on their platform.<ref name="Adult">{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Owners of two apps arrested, police hint at Singapore link to portal streaming adult movies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-owners-of-two-apps-arrested-police-hint-at-singapore-link-to-portal-streaming-adult-movies-7425417/lite/ |website=Indian Express |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172355/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-owners-of-two-apps-arrested-police-hint-at-singapore-link-to-portal-streaming-adult-movies-7425417/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cyber Crime Team Cracks Down On Apps Showing Porn |url=https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/indian-porn-ott-app-boom-pandemic-lockdown-hotshots-hothit-fliz-movies |website=The Quint |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204183755/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/indian-porn-ott-app-boom-pandemic-lockdown-hotshots-hothit-fliz-movies |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The owners of several OTT platforms on which [[Pornographic Film|Obscene content]] was streamed were [[arrest]]ed and all their [[bank account]]s were also frozen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-27 |title=Mumbai: Owners of two apps arrested, police hint at Singapore link to portal streaming adult movies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-owners-of-two-apps-arrested-police-hint-at-singapore-link-to-portal-streaming-adult-movies-7425417/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehgal |first=Diganth Raj |date=2021-08-04 |title=All you need to know about the Raj Kundra pornography case |url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/need-know-raj-kundra-pornography-case/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=iPleaders |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Porn racket case: Actress Gehana Vasisth claims Mumbai Police demanded Rs 15 lakh to avoid her arrest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/porn-racket-case-actress-gehana-vashishth-mumbai-police-15-lakh-avoid-arrest-1835115-2021-07-31 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* On 27 June 2023, [[Information Technology Rules, 2021|DPCGC]] took [[Punishment|punitive action]] against [[Ullu]] for streaming Obscene content and asked them to remove all their [[Vulgarity|explicit shows]] or remove all [[Sex in film|adult scenes]] within 15 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=DPCGC Takes Action Against OTT Content! More To Follow? |url=https://www.binged.com/news/dpcgc-takes-action-against-ott-content-more-to-follow/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Binged |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=Regulatory body tells OTT platform ULLU to take down 'obscene' content: The TL;DR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/regulatory-body-ott-platform-ullu-take-down-obscene-content-8687977/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Judicial opinion===
* [[Supreme Court of India]] said that, OTT regulations is a [[Necessity (criminal law)|necessity]] as some even showing [[nudity]] and [[pornography]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-05 |title=OTT regulations a necessity as some even show porn, says SC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ott-regulations-a-necessity-as-some-even-show-porn-says-sc-101614892661756.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Srishti |date=2021-03-23 |title="Online Web Platforms Need To Be Regulated By Statutory Body In The Interest Of Public Morality And Decency " : NGO Submits Before Supreme Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/ott-platforms-supreme-court-netflix-amazon-prime-regulated-by-statutory-body-171562 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref>
* In March 2023, the [[Delhi High Court]] had said framing rules and regulations to regulate the content on social media and OTT platforms needs [[Attention|urgent attention]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2023-04-17 |title=Delhi High Court Seeks Union Govt's Response On Steps To Regulate Content On OTT Platforms, Social Media |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-union-govt-content-ott-platforms-social-media-226465 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref>

===Criticism===
IAMAI again pledges self-regulation for OTT platforms. Content creators and producers in India, as mentioned in the report, already face many challenges, including the multiplicity of legislation and forums for filing complaints. The study paper by The Dialogue Internet and IAMAI found that these challenges lead to compliance uncertainties, self-censorship, and unwarranted economic burden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-08-27 |title=OTTs pledge self-regulation amid scrutiny |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/otts-pledge-self-regulation-amid-scrutiny-11693149231460.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kondalamahanty |first=Aditya |date=2019-01-23 |title=OTT Companies, Internet Lobbies Oppose Regulation Demand By Telcos |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/ott-companies-internet-lobbies-oppose-regulation-demand-by-telcos/ |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OTT platforms against new proposal for additional layer in self regulation |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/ott-platforms-against-new-proposal-for-additional-self-regulatory-body-10550.htm |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=www.storyboard18.com |language=en}}</ref>

==List of OTT platforms in India==

The list is by alphabetical order, not by rank or popularity.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! data-sort-type="alphabet" | Name !! Parent !! Active years
! Languages !! Notes/Ref.
|-
| AAO NXT || Kaustav DreamWorks || 2019–present
| Odia, Bengali, Hindi ||<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://aaonxt.com/|title = AAO NXT |date = 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Addatimes]] || [[Surinder Films]]|| 2016–present
| Bengali ||
|-
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] || Arha Media & Broadcasting Pvt. Ltd. || 2020–present
| Telugu, Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://tv9telugu.com/ramu-rao-jupally-and-allu-aravind-lunches-aha-ott-digital-platform-197777.html/amp|title = మై హోం సంస్థ, అల్లు అరవింద్‌ల 'ఆహా'|date = 8 February 2020|access-date = 8 April 2023|archive-date = 16 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201116200511/https://tv9telugu.com/ramu-rao-jupally-and-allu-aravind-lunches-aha-ott-digital-platform-197777.html/amp|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| [[ALTBalaji]] || [[Balaji Telefilms]] || 2017–present
| Bhojpuri, Hindi, Tamil ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcircle.vccircle.com/2015/08/14/tv-serials-movie-producer-balaji-telefilms-launches-online-platform-with-original-digital-content|title=TV serials & movie producer Balaji Telefilms launches online platform with original digital content|date=14 August 2015|website=Techcircle|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041940/https://techcircle.vccircle.com/2015/08/14/tv-serials-movie-producer-balaji-telefilms-launches-online-platform-with-original-digital-content|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amazon Video|Amazon Prime Video]] || [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] || 2016–present
| Marathi, English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Odia, Punjabi, Gujarati ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/HrRSNfsQaONsfvVh8dU1ZI/Amazon-Prime-Video-launched-in-India.html|title=Amazon Prime Video launched in India|first=Vidhi|last=Choudhary|date=14 December 2016|website=livemint.com|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220234744/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/HrRSNfsQaONsfvVh8dU1ZI/Amazon-Prime-Video-launched-in-India.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/news/amazon-prime-video-launched-in-india-all-you-need-to-know-1637714|title=Amazon Prime Video, Netflix's Biggest Rival, Has Gone Live in India|first1=Gopal|last1=Sathe|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224105/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/news/amazon-prime-video-launched-in-india-all-you-need-to-know-1637714|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Apple TV+]] || [[Apple Inc]] || 2019–present
| English,Hindi ||<ref>{{cite news
|last1 = Jha
|first1 = Lata
|last2 = Pandley
|first2 = Navadha
|date = 12 September 2019
|title = Apple TV+ undercuts rivals but still faces a tough task in India
|url = https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/apple-tv-late-entrant-in-india-s-cluttered-streaming-market-1568192733982.html
|work = [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]
|location =
|access-date = 28 March 2022
|archive-date = 28 March 2022
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220328043407/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/apple-tv-late-entrant-in-india-s-cluttered-streaming-market-1568192733982.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Arre (brand)|Arre]] || UDigital || 2015–present
| Hindi, English ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/features/startup-watchlist-top-media-entertainment-startups-to-look-out-for-in-2019/|title=Startup Watchlist: Top Media & Entertainment Startups to Look Out for in 2019|date=11 February 2019|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307174018/https://inc42.com/features/startup-watchlist-top-media-entertainment-startups-to-look-out-for-in-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asianet Mobile TV]] || [[Asianet Satellite Communications]] || 2015–present
| Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Hindi ||
|-
| [[BIGFlix]] || [[Reliance Entertainment]] || 2008–2022
| Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Marathi || India's first movie on demand service<ref name="I.com" />
|-
| [[Crunchyroll]] || [[Sony]] || 2006–present
| English, Chinese, Arabic, Hindi, Castillian, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, German, French and Russian ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://animeindia.in/list-of-crunchyroll-anime-in-india/|title=List Of Crunchyroll Anime In India|date=10 July 2020|website=animeindia.in|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412124608/https://animeindia.in/list-of-crunchyroll-anime-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=List of Crunchyroll Hindi Dubbed Anime in India – MightyAnime |url=https://mightyanime.com/crunchyroll-hindi-dubbed-anime/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Mighty Anime |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Discovery+]] || [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] || 2020–present
| Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Marathi || {{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|-
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]] || [[Star India]] ([[The Walt Disney Company India]]) || 2015–present
| Hindi, English, Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Malayalam, Bengali, Kannada, Odia || India's most subscribed OTT platform<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/|title=Home Main|website=Media News 4 U|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221212738/https://www.medianews4u.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2019}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/star-india-rejigs-hotstar-service-to-drive-growth/articleshow/65685631.cms|title=Star India rejigs Hotstar service to drive growth|first=Gaurav|last=Laghate|date=5 September 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152314/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/star-india-rejigs-hotstar-service-to-drive-growth/articleshow/65685631.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[dittoTV]] || [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] || 2012–2018
| English, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi and Bengali || Dissolved and Integrated into Zee5
|-
| Dangal Play || [[Enterr10 Television Network]] || 2022–present
| Hindi, Bhojpuri, Bengali || Only for Entertainment content
|-
| [[Eros Now]] || [[Eros International]] || 2015–present
| Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi || Titled as 'Best OTT Platform of the Year 2019' at the British Asian Media Awards<ref name="medianama.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/|title=Eros Now has 13M paid subscribers in Q3FY19; now at 128M registered users|date=8 February 2019|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021209/https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[ETV Telugu|ETV Win]] || [[ETV Network]] || 2019–present
| Telugu ||
|-
| [[Hayu (subscription service)|Hayu]] || [[NBCUniversal]] || 2016–present
| English ||<ref>{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=6 December 2021|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/new-ott-platform-hayu-launched-in-india-11638766427771.html|title=New OTT platform hayu launched in India|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=20 June 2022|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620182607/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/new-ott-platform-hayu-launched-in-india-11638766427771.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Hoichoi || [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] || 2017–present
| Bengali, Bhojpuri, Hindi || Bengali Content
|-
| [[Hooq]] || [[Sony Pictures]], [[Warner Bros.]] and [[Singtel]] || 2015–2020
| English || Dissolved in 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/singtel-start-netflix-competitor-asia-partners-sony-pictures-warner-bros|title=Tech in Asia – Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|website=techinasia.com|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227060642/https://www.techinasia.com/singtel-start-netflix-competitor-asia-partners-sony-pictures-warner-bros|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama Play]] ||[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]] || 2015–present
| Bhojpuri, Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kanth|first=K. Rajani|date=24 July 2015|title=Hungama launches on-demand movies app Hungama Play|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hungama-launches-on-demand-movies-app-hungama-play-115072400136_1.html|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026075150/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hungama-launches-on-demand-movies-app-hungama-play-115072400136_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[JioTV]] || [[Jio Platforms]] || 2016–present
| Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, English, French, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu || Only available for [[Jio]] Subscribers<ref name="play.google.com">{{Cite web|title=JioCinema: Movies TV Originals – Apps on Google Play|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jio.media.ondemand&hl=en_US&gl=US|access-date=2020-10-12|website=play.google.com|language=en|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102065258/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jio.media.ondemand&hl=en_US&gl=US|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[JioCinema]] || [[Jio Platforms]] || 2016–present
| English, Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Odia, Punjabi, Gujarati || Now available to all irrespective of network<ref name="play.google.com" />
|-
| Kanccha Lannka || [[Akshay Parija]] || 2021–present
| Odia ||<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.kancchalannka.com/|title = Kanccha Lannka|date = 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Klikk]] || Angel Television Private Limited || 2020–present
| Bengali || Bengali Content
|-
| [[Lionsgate Play]] || [[Lionsgate]] || 2020–present
| English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |first=Suhani |last=Singh |title=How Lionsgate Play is betting big on India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-lionsgate-play-is-betting-big-on-india-1851131-2021-09-09 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723103405/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-lionsgate-play-is-betting-big-on-india-1851131-2021-09-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[MX Player]] || [[Times Internet]] || 2018–present
| Bhojpuri, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Punjabi, Odia, Gujarati, English ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/mx-player-reportedly-bought-200-million/|title=MX Player, Reportedly Bought by Indian Media Giant for $200 Million|date=28 June 2018|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224208/https://www.xda-developers.com/mx-player-reportedly-bought-200-million/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[ManoramaMAX]] || Malayala Manorama TV Ltd. || 2019–present
| Malayalam || Malayalam content<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/09/02/manorama-max-launched-entertainment-news-app.html|title=ManoramaMax' news and entertainment app launched, download now|website=onmanorama.com|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201042505/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/09/02/manorama-max-launched-entertainment-news-app.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]] || Mubi Inc. || 2019–present
| English, Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/18/mubi-india-launch/|title=Mubi launches streaming service in India|website=techcrunch.com|date=19 November 2019|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207144812/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/18/mubi-india-launch/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| date = 22 June 2020
| title = MUBI unveils huge selection of local language cinema coming to MUBI INDIA, including films in Tamil, Malayalam and Bengali
| url = https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/mubi-unveils-huge-selection-of-local-language-cinema-coming-to-mubi-india-including-films-in-tamil-malayalam-and-bengali/articleshow/76507000.cms
| work = [[Business Insider]]
| location =
| access-date = 28 March 2022
| archive-date = 28 March 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220328041735/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/mubi-unveils-huge-selection-of-local-language-cinema-coming-to-mubi-india-including-films-in-tamil-malayalam-and-bengali/articleshow/76507000.cms
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Gomes
| first = Mikhail
| date = 22 January 2020
| title = Streaming service MUBI is our new-found goldmine for Bollywood classics
| url = https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/culture/entertainment/binge-watch-mubi-is-our-newly-found-goldmine-for-nostalgic-indian-cinema/
| work = Lifestyle Asia
| location =
| access-date = 28 March 2022
| archive-date = 13 September 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220913012125/https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/culture/entertainment/binge-watch-mubi-is-our-newly-found-goldmine-for-nostalgic-indian-cinema/
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Netflix]] || Netflix Inc. || 2015–present
| English, Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inc42.com/resources/the-arrival-of-netflix-in-india/|title=The Arrival Of Netflix In India: All That You Need To Know|website=inc42.com|date=7 January 2016|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318124331/https://inc42.com/resources/the-arrival-of-netflix-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Niri9 || Niri Media OPC Private Limited || 2020–present
| Assamese, Hindi, Bengali ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidechronicle.com/entertainment/assams-new-ott-platform-niri-9-launched-in-guwahati-with-grand-web-series-trailers|title=New OTT platform NIRI 9 Launched in Guwahati with grand web series trailers|date=30 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[OHO Gujarati]] || [[OHO Gujarati]] || 2021–present
| Gujarati || Gujarati Content
|-
| Planet Marathi || Planet Marathi || 2021–present
| Marathi || Marathi Content<ref>{{Cite web|title=Planet Marathi {{!}} World's First Marathi OTT Platform|url=https://planetmarathi.com/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Planet Marathi|language=en|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801133325/https://www.planetmarathi.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Quibi]] || Independent || 2018–2020
| English || Dissolved 2020
|-
| [[ShemarooMe]] || [[Shemaroo Entertainment]] || 2019–present
| Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Gujarati ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2019|title=Shemaroo Announces the Launch of New OTT Platform ShemarooMe|url=https://www.dqindia.com/shemaroo-announces-launch-new-ott-platform-shemaroome/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=DATAQUEST|language=en-US|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206213353/https://www.dqindia.com/shemaroo-announces-launch-new-ott-platform-shemaroome/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[SonyLIV]] || [[Culver Max Entertainment]] || 2013–present
| Hindi, Telugu, English, Tamil, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Punjabi ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/pti-stories?time=1550757962|title=PTI Stories – Business Standard|website=Business Standard|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222043326/https://www.business-standard.com/pti-stories?time=1550757962|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brightcove.com/en/company/press/sonyliv-powers-ott-video-streaming-30-million-users-brightcove|title=SonyLIV Powers OTT Video Streaming for 30 Million Users with Brightcove|website=Brightcove|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152327/https://www.brightcove.com/en/company/press/sonyliv-powers-ott-video-streaming-30-million-users-brightcove|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Spuul]] || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || 2012–present
| Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, English ||
|-
| [[The Viral Fever|TVFPlay]] || Contagious Online Media Network Private Limited || 2015–present
| Hindi, Tamil, Telugu ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/this-iit-kharagpur-alumnus-is-the-brain-behind-the-viral-fever-media/articleshow/46142385.cms|title=This IIT Kharagpur alumnus is the brain behind The Viral Fever Media|first=Aditi|last=Saxena|date=6 February 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205956/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/this-iit-kharagpur-alumnus-is-the-brain-behind-the-viral-fever-media/articleshow/46142385.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Blunt]]
|Dramashop Media Private Limited
|2020 –
present
|Hindi and English
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Sangri |date=2023-08-21 |title=Welcome to The Blunt – Where Good Vibes Meet Great Stories! |url=https://www.sangritoday.com/welcome-to-the-blunt-where-good-vibes-meet-great-stories |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Sangri Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sun NXT]] || [[Sun Group]] || 2017–present
| Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Marathi ||
|-
| [[TarangPlus]] || [[Odisha Television Network]] || 2019–present
| Odia ||<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://tarangplus.in/|title = Tarang Plus|date = 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ullu App]] || [[Ullu App]] || 2018–present
| Hindi ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ullu-apps-ceo-vibhu-agarwal-talks-about-up-coming-web-series-the-bull-of-dalal-street/21594194|title=Ullu was launched globally on December 25, 2018, and the content is created by some of the best talents of the entertainment industry|date=23 August 2019|website=Midday|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929233548/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ullu-apps-ceo-vibhu-agarwal-talks-about-up-coming-web-series-the-bull-of-dalal-street/21594194|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Viki (streaming service)|Viki]] || [[Rakuten]] || 2010–present
| English || Web and mobile<ref>{{Cite web|title=ViKi Raises $4.3 Million from VC All-Stars to Translate the World's Video|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2010/12/08/viki-raises-4-3-million-from-vc-all-stars-to-translate-the-worlds-video/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=TechCrunch|date=8 December 2010|language=en-US|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408180906/https://techcrunch.com/2010/12/08/viki-raises-4-3-million-from-vc-all-stars-to-translate-the-worlds-video/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=International Video Site ViKi Debuts iPhone App, Will Partner With Samsung For Android App|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2011/09/23/international-video-site-viki-debuts-iphone-app-will-partner-with-samsung-for-android-app/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=TechCrunch|date=23 September 2011|language=en-US|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408180914/https://techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/GettyImages-1250813563.jpg?w=600&h=347&crop=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]] || [[HK Television Entertainment]] || 2015–2021
| Hindi, Tamil, Telugu ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalnewsasia.com/pccw-looks-viu-just-start|title=PCCW looks at Viu as just the start|date=4 April 2016|website=Digital News Asia|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033331/https://www.digitalnewsasia.com/pccw-looks-viu-just-start|url-status=live}}</ref> Stopped its services in India in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/viu-india-to-shut-its-operation|title=Viu to shut India operations|date=16 December 2019|website=afaqs!|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208134845/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/viu-india-to-shut-its-operation|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Voot]] || [[Viacom 18]] || 2016–2023
| English, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Odia, Punjabi, Gujarati ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/viacom18-launches-video-on-demand-platform-voot/articleshow/51606120.cms|title=Viacom18 launches video-on-demand platform Voot|date=29 March 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412083352/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/viacom18-launches-video-on-demand-platform-voot/articleshow/51606120.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Merge With JioCinema
|-
| [[Vuclip]] || [[PCCW]] || 2008–present
| Hindi, Tamil, Telugu ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.casbaa.com/media-and-resources/news-center/casbaa-news/8051-pccw-embarks-on-strategic-expansion-of-ott-video-business|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316033922/http://www.casbaa.com/media-and-resources/news-center/casbaa-news/8051-pccw-embarks-on-strategic-expansion-of-ott-video-business|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2015|title=PCCW embarks on strategic expansion of OTT video business|date=16 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[YuppTV]] || [[YuppTV]] || 2007–present
| Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Kannada ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151027005834/en/YuppTV-Launches-in-India-Revolutionizes-the-Way-People-Watch-Television|title=YuppTV Launches in India: Revolutionizes the Way People Watch Television|date=27 October 2015|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326093659/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151027005834/en/YuppTV-Launches-in-India-Revolutionizes-the-Way-People-Watch-Television|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[ZEE5]] || [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] || 2018–present
| Bhojpuri, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Punjabi, Odia, Gujarati, English ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-with-ditto-tv-zee-eyes-a-game-changer-1656839|title=With Ditto TV, Zee eyes a game-changer|date=1 March 2012|website=dna|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913211431/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-with-ditto-tv-zee-eyes-a-game-changer-1656839|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==List of podcast platforms in India==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: auto; margin: auto auto;"
|+
! Name
! Free access
! Selective streaming
! [[Lossless compression|Lossless]] (Hi-Fi)
! Track download
! Tracks (millions)
! Active users (millions)
! Paying users (millions)
! First launched
! Login required
|-
|[[Amazon Music]]
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|title = Amazon.com Help: What is Amazon HD|website = Amazon|url = https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=G8X4YJYLED87FSH2|access-date = 20 September 2019|archive-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161202/https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=G8X4YJYLED87FSH2|url-status = live}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|title = Amazon.com Help: Download Prime Music for Offline Playback|website = Amazon|url = https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201535240|access-date = 31 July 2015|archive-date = 19 September 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133959/https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201535240|url-status = live}}</ref>
| 50 (Unlimited), 2 (Prime Music)<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.amazon.co.uk/b/ref=dm_hf_lp_fourpack?ie=UTF8&node=11741995031|title = Amazon Music Unlimited FAQ|website = Amazon UK|access-date = 18 November 2016|archive-date = 28 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210928071825/https://www.amazon.co.uk/b/ref=dm_hf_lp_fourpack?ie=UTF8&node=11741995031|url-status = live}}</ref>
|16<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.midiaresearch.com/blog/amazon-music-the-dark-horse-comes-out-of-the-shadows/|title=Amazon Music: The Dark Horse Comes Out Of The Shadows {{!}} MIDiA Research|date=20 October 2017|work=MIDiA Research|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317192640/http://www.midiaresearch.com/blog/amazon-music-the-dark-horse-comes-out-of-the-shadows/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
| Yes
|-
| [[Apple Music]]
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|[https://www.apple.com/au/apple-music/ 60]
|60<ref name=":6">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-music-on-track-to-overtake-spotify-in-u-s-subscribers-1517745720|title=Apple Music on Track to Overtake Spotify in U.S. Subscribers|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=5 February 2018|access-date=6 February 2018|last1=Steele|first1=Anne|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206001518/https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-music-on-track-to-overtake-spotify-in-u-s-subscribers-1517745720|url-status=live}}</ref>
|60<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/28/pandora-takes-on-spotify-with-dozens-of-personalized-playlists-built-using-its-music-genome/|title=Pandora takes on Spotify with dozens of personalized playlists built using its Music Genome – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=28 March 2018|access-date=20 May 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124145/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/28/pandora-takes-on-spotify-with-dozens-of-personalized-playlists-built-using-its-music-genome/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| June 2015
| Yes
|-
| [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
| Yes
|-
| [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
| Yes
|-
| [[JioSaavn]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|30<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Saavn, 'India's Spotify', Reveals It Has 11M Monthly Users And Hires Ex-Google Exec|url = https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/21/saavn-11-million-mau/|website = TechCrunch|access-date = 29 August 2015|first = Jon|last = Russell|date = 22 January 2015|archive-date = 24 August 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150824170857/http://techcrunch.com/2015/01/21/saavn-11-million-mau/|url-status = live}}</ref>
| 20<ref name=":2" />
|
|
| Yes
|-
| [[SoundCloud]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Partial}}
| {{Partial|Limited}}
| 200+<ref>{{cite magazine | title=SiriusXM Acquires Minority Stake in SoundCloud With $75 Million Investment | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8550690/siriusxm-invests-75-million-into-soundcloud | date=11 February 2019 | access-date=8 April 2023 | archive-date=30 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430195401/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8550690/siriusxm-invests-75-million-into-soundcloud | url-status=live }}</ref>
|175<ref>{{Cite news|title = SoundCloud's Valuation Could Top Billion With New Fundraising|url = https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/12/09/soundclouds-valuation-could-top-1-2-billion-with-new-fundraising/|website = WSJ Blogs – Digits|date = 9 December 2014|access-date = 9 August 2015|first1 = Evelyn M.|last1 = Rusli|first2 = Hannah|last2 = Karp|first3 = Douglas|last3 = MacMillan|archive-date = 14 August 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150814035711/http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/12/09/soundclouds-valuation-could-top-1-2-billion-with-new-fundraising/|url-status = live}}</ref>
|
|
| No
|-
| [[Spotify]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| 50<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.spotify.com/2019-08-19/upgraded-spotify-premium-family-plan-value-the-entire-household-will-love/|title=Upgraded Spotify Premium Family Plan: Value the Entire Household Will Love|date=19 August 2019|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820165810/https://newsroom.spotify.com/2019-08-19/upgraded-spotify-premium-family-plan-value-the-entire-household-will-love/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 289<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/29/spotify-q1-beats-on-sales-of-2b-with-monthly-active-users-up-31-to-286m/|title=Spotify Q1 beats on sales of $2B with monthly active users up 31% to 286M|date=29 April 2020|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331095701/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/29/spotify-q1-beats-on-sales-of-2b-with-monthly-active-users-up-31-to-286m/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 130
| October 2008
| Yes
|-
| [[Wynk]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
| Yes
|-
| [[YouTube Music]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|50<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Music is making it simple to transfer over your Google Play Music library|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2020/05/youtube-music-transfer-google-play-music-library.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Official YouTube Blog|language=en|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512183516/https://youtube.googleblog.com/2020/05/youtube-music-transfer-google-play-music-library.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
| November 2015
| No
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Broadcasting in India]]
[[Category:History of telecommunications|OTT in India]]

Devara - I

2023-10-06T10:17:15Z

Ipriyanshu rohila: Created page with '{{Short description|upcoming action-drama film directed by Koratala Siva}} {{Infobox film | name = Devara - I | image = Devara.jpg | caption = Devara First Look | director = Koratala Siva | producer = Sudhakar Mikkilineni Kosaraju Harikrishna | writer = Koratala Siva | starring = {{ubl|N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Saif Ali Khan|Janhvi Kapoor}} | music = Anirudh (composer)|Anirudh Ravic...'

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian action-drama film}}
{{History merge |originalpage=Devara|details=Maybe it would also be OK to just delete this, undo Devara and re-do the move?}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devara - I
| image = Devara.jpg
| caption = Devara First Look
| director = [[Koratala Siva]]
| producer = Sudhakar Mikkilineni Kosaraju Harikrishna
| writer = Koratala Siva
| starring = {{ubl|[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]|[[Saif Ali Khan]]|[[Janhvi Kapoor]]}}
| music = [[Anirudh (composer)|Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Yuvasudha Arts [[N. T. R. Arts]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|04|05}} (First Part)
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹300 crore
| gross =
}}

'''''Devara - I''''' ({{translation|meaning [[God]]}}) is an upcoming Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama|action-drama]] film written and directed by [[Koratala Siva]]. Produced by Sudhakar Mikkilineni and Kosaraju Harikrishna under the banners Yuvasudha Arts and [[N. T. R. Arts]], the film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Janhvi Kapoor]] in the lead roles with [[Saif Ali Khan]] as the main antagonist. [[Anirudh (composer)|Anirudh Ravichander]] is composing the soundtrack, while [[R. Rathnavelu]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] are handling cinematography and editing respectively. National award-winning production designer, [[Sabu Cyril]], famous for his epic set design in the ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]'' duology and ''[[RRR]]'', has been roped in as the production designer. ''Devara'' marks the [[Telugu cinema]] debut of Janhvi Kapoor. On October 4, 2023, the team officially announced that the film will be releasing in two parts.

The first installment of the film is scheduled for a worldwide release on 5 April 2024, in 5 languages.

== Cast ==

* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as Devara
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Bhaira<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The makers of NTR 30 welcome Saif Ali Khan on board alongside Jr NTR and Janhvi Kapoor |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/the-makers-of-ntr-30-welcome-saif-ali-khan-on-board-alongside-jr-ntr-and-janhvi-kapoor-57988.html |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Janhvi Kapoor]]
* [[Prakash Raj]]
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]]
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-22 |title=Shine Tom Chacko confirms being a part of Jr NTR- Koratala Siva’s ‘Devara’ |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shine-tom-chacko-confirms-being-a-part-of-jr-ntr-koratala-sivas-devara/article66997841.ece |access-date=2023-06-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]]
* [[Kalaiyarasan]]
* [[Murali Sharma]]
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]]

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In February 2020, it was officially announced that [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Trivikram Srinivas]] would be coming together for a second film tentatively titled as ''NTR30'' with producers [[S. Radha Krishna]] and [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram|Kalyan Ram]] under the banners Haarika & Hassine Creations and [[N. T. R. Arts]]''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=NTR 30: Trivikram Srinivas confirms directing Tarak's next |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ntr-30-trivikram-srinivas-confirms-directing-taraks-next-806413.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> However, the film was later shelved in early 2021. In April 2021, it was announced that instead Rama Rao and Koratala Siva would be collaborating for a second time for ''NTR30'' with a tentative release date of 29 April 2022''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-12 |title=Jr NTR joins hands with Koratala Siva for NTR 30: ‘We will cross boundaries this time’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntr-joins-hands-with-koratala-siva-for-ntr-30-7270561/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However the film was delayed due to the filming and post-production of ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]].'' In May 2022, the rest of the crew was announced with [[Anirudh (composer)|Anirudh Ravichander]] composing the soundtrack, along with [[R. Rathnavelu]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] handling cinematography and editing while [[Sabu Cyril]] was brought on board for the production design.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR 30: Jr NTR and Koratala Siva’s film announced ahead of the actor’s birthday. See motion poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ntr-30-jr-ntr-and-koratala-diva-s-film-announced-ahead-of-the-actor-s-birthday-see-motion-poster-1951555-2022-05-19 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=NTR 30 teaser: Jr NTR is set to unleash his fury in his next pan-India movie |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ntr-30-teaser-jr-ntr-pan-india-movie-7926419/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However the start of production was delayed further due to unknown reasons. In December 2022, it was announced that filming would commence from February 2023 with a tentative release date of 5 April 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jr NTR is to begin shooting for NTR30 next month. Movie to release in April 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-is-to-begin-shooting-for-ntr30-next-month-movie-to-release-in-april-2024-2315941-2023-01-01 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-01-01 |title=‘RRR’ Star NTR Jr to Commence 30th Film in February, 2024 Release Date Set |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/ntr-jr-ntr-30-rrr-1235477016/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2023, Rama Rao stated that the film would be officially launched later that month with filming commencing in mid March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR gives an update about #NTR30 |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/ntr-gives-an-update-about-ntr30 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-02-05 |title=అప్‌డేట్ ఉంటే భార్య కంటే ముందు మీకే చెప్తా - ఫ్యాన్స్‌కు ఎన్టీఆర్ క్లాస్! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/jr-ntr-takes-class-to-fans-in-amigos-pre-release-event-and-gives-ntr30-update-76552 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref> In March 2023, it was announced that [[Janhvi Kapoor]] was cast aside Rama Rao as the female lead.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-03-06 |title=‘NTR 30’: Janhvi Kapoor joins Jr NTR-Koratala Siva film |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr-30-janhvi-kapoor-joins-jr-ntr-koratala-siva-film/article66586596.ece |access-date=2023-03-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-19 |title=NTR 30, starring Jr. NTR, Janhvi Kapoor, to be launched soon; Check date, key details |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ntr-30-starring-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-to-be-launched-soon-check-date-key-details/articleshow/98769571.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-23 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Due to the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]] campaign for ''RRR,'' the film was further delayed with it officially launching on 23 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Jr NTR is back to work, to launch NTR30 on March 23 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/jr-ntr-is-back-to-work-to-launch-ntr30-on-march-23-489471 |website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref> In April 2023, it was announced that [[Saif Ali Khan]] was cast in the film.<ref name=":2" /> In May 2023, the film's title was officially announced to be ''Devara''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2023-05-19 |title=‘RRR’ Star NTR Jr’s 30th Film Title Confirmed As ‘Devara’; First Look Revealed |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-star-ntr-jr-n-t-rama-rao-jr-devara-first-look-1235373127/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-05-19 |title=‘RRR’ Star NTR Jr’s 30th Film Title Revealed as ‘Devara’ |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/ntr-jr-devara-rrr-1235618869/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2023, it was announced that [[Shine Tom Chacko]] was cast in the film.<ref name=":3" />

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced in late March 2023 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-03-31 |title=NTR30 shoot begins tonight in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ntr30-shoot-begins-tonight-in-hyderabad |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-01 |title=Jr NTR Declares 'Aa Raha Hoon Main' As He Starts Shooting For NTR30 With Director Koratala Siva. WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/jr-ntr-declares-aa-raha-hoon-main-as-he-starts-shooting-for-ntr30-with-director-koratala-siva-watch-article-99173295 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Jr NTR walks into the sets of NTR 30 in style, starts shooting for Koratala Siva's directorial |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-jr-ntr-walks-into-the-sets-of-ntr30-in-style-starts-shooting-for-koratala-siva-s-directorial-3033738 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In June 2023, a schedule was wrapped up in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Jr NTR Wraps Up Devara's 14-Days Action-Packed Shooting Schedule In Hyderabad; Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntr-wraps-up-devaras-14-days-action-packed-shooting-schedule-in-hyderabad-deets-inside-8156185.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It was reported that an action sequence was shot in extreme low light.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2023-06-26 |title=NTR Jr shoots Devara action sequence in extremely low-light |url=https://www.filmcompanion.com/news/ntr-jr-shoots-devara-action-sequence-in-extremely-low-light |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's [[soundtrack album]] and [[Background Score|background score]] are composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] in his fourth Telugu project after ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018), ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' (2019)'','' and ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]'' (2019). Anirudh started the work on the film's music in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-20 |title=NTR30: Anirudh Ravichander teams up with Jr NTR; Begins music discussion with Koratala Siva |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/anirudh-ravichander-koratala-sivas-deep-talk-on-music-for-jr-ntr-starrer-ntr30-dont-miss-trophies-in-pic-1199780 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Devara- I'' is scheduled for a theatrical release on 5 April 2024, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]], the film will release in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]].<ref name=":0" />

==Future==
On October 4, 2023, the production company ''Yuvasudha Arts'' released two videos (one in Telugu & another in English) featuring [[Koratala Siva]], the director of the film explained about the big scale & backdrop of the film required more runtime and thereby announced officially that ''Devara'' will be a two-part film and first part of the film will be released on scheduled date (April 5, 2024).
{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

== References ==
<references />

West Bengal State Haj Committee

2023-09-08T22:26:00Z

Ipriyanshu rohila: Page authored.

{{orphan}}

{{Infobox government agency
| name = West Bengal State Haj Committee
| native_name = पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य हज कमिटी
| type = Statutory body
| formed = 2002
| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = Writer’s Building, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] - 700001
| chief1_name = Shaikh Nurul Islam
| chief1_position = Chairman
| parent_department = Ministry of Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education
| website = https://wbhaj.com/
}}

'''West Bengal State Haj Committee''' is a statutory body for Haj pilgrimage under the Ministry of Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education in the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Number of Haj pilgrims from Bengal to be halved in 2021: Haj Committee Member |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/number-of-haj-pilgrims-from-bengal-to-be-halved-in-2021-haj-committee-member/articleshow/79278684.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=First batch of Haj pilgrims fly out of Kolkata |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/first-batch-of-haj-pilgrims-fly-out-of-kolkata/articleshow/100421373.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=» West Bengal State Haj Committee |url=https://wbminorityaffairs.gov.in/Organisation/west-bengal-state-haj-committee/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal State Haj Committee under Government of West Bengal |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/notice/Inspection_and_meeting_on_Haj_Arrangement-2017_(Phase-II).pdf |website=www.wbhealth.gov.in}}</ref> It is under the Haj Committee Act, 2002 and established on the principles of [[Haj Committee of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=সিদ্দিকী |first=কাজী গোলাম গউস |title=এ রাজ্যের হজযাত্রীরা সুস্থই আছেন, আশা কমিটির |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-haj-committee-hopes-bengal-haj-pilgrims-are-ok-after-the-disaster-in-mecca-1.213631 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.anandabazar.com}}</ref> The Committee runs a [[Hajj House Kolkata|Hajj House]] at [[New Town, Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haj Houses in different states to be utilised as COVID-19 care centres: Naqvi |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/haj-houses-in-different-states-to-be-utilised-as-covid-19-care-centres-naqvi-11619444040428.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First Haj Flight carrying 421 pilgrims to depart from Kolkata Airport on July 17, 2018 {{!}} ummid.com |url=https://www.ummid.com/news/2018/July/05.07.2018/first-haj-flight-carrying-421-pilgrims-to-depart-from-kolkata-airport-on-july-17-2018.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.ummid.com/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of Haj Pilgrims from Bengal to be Halved in 2021 Due to Pandemic: Committee |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/number-of-haj-pilgrims-from-bengal-to-be-halved-in-2021-due-to-pandemic-committee-3092351.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The committee practices for the Haj at Mecca.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hajj 2022: مغربی بنگال حج کمیٹی کی جانب سے حج تربیتی کیمپ کا آغاز |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/west-bengal/hajj-training-camp-started-by-state-hajj-committee-from-may-10/na20220511084940213213683 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=urdu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य हज कमेटी के तत्वावधान में पवित्र हज-2021 हेतु आवेदन प्रक्रिया शुरू |url=https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-application-process-for-holy-haj-2021-started-under-the-aegis-of-west-bengal-state-haj-committee-21059127.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The committee is headed by Haji Shaikh Nurul Islam since 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naveen thanks Mamata |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Social works ==

* The Committee provides free classes to the West Bengal Civil Services Exam and accommodations to applicants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |title=State Haj body starts offering free coaching for WBCSE |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/state-haj-body-starts-offering-free-coaching-for-wbcse-432036 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |title=Haj committee to offer accommodation to students |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/haj-committee-to-offer-accommodation-to-students-421876 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hajj pilgrimage from India]]
[[Category:Government organizations related to the Hajj]]

Joel Wilson (umpire)

2023-08-13T08:20:21Z

Ipriyanshu rohila: Removing protection

{{short description|Cricket umpire (born 1966)}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Joel Wilson
| image = Poised for the start of Day 4 of the 3rd Test of the 2019 Ashes; umpire Joel Wilson (48630622833) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Wilson umpiring during the 2019 Ashes
| country = West Indies
| fullname = Joel Sheldon Wilson
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|12|30}}
| birth_place = [[Siparia]], [[Trinidad]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| role = [[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]]
| umpire = true
| testsumpired = 34
| umptestdebutyr = 2015
| umptestlastyr = 2023
| odisumpired = 85
| umpodidebutyr = 2011
| umpodilastyr = 2023
| t20isumpired = 43
| umpt20idebutyr = 2012
| umpt20ilastyr = 2022
| wodisumpired = 13
| umpwodidebutyr = 2014
| umpwodilastyr = 2022
| wt20isumpired = 16
| umpwt20idebutyr = 2012
| umpwt20ilastyr = 2021
| date = 5 May 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/387601.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Joel Sheldon Wilson''' (born 30 December 1966) is an international [[umpire (cricket)|cricket umpire]] from [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Player profile: Joel Wilson from West Indies |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/289/289158/289158.html |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Wilson is currently a member of the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]], representing the [[West Indies Cricket Board|West Indies]].<ref name="elite">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1297090 | title=ICC names two new umpires in elite panel for 2019-20 | publisher=International Cricket Council | access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> He stands in matches of all the three formats of [[international cricket]] – [[Test cricket|Tests]], [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) and [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20Is).

==Umpiring career==
Joel Wilson was one of the twenty umpires selected to stand in matches during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] hosted by [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/news/2015/media-releases/84934/icc-announces-umpire-and-match-referee-appointments-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015 |title=ICC announces match officials for ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 |publisher=ICC Cricket |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404183530/http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/news/2015/media-releases/84934/icc-announces-umpire-and-match-referee-appointments-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wilson served as an on-field umpire in three matches in [[Australia]] during the tournament. A few months later, Wilson stood in his first [[Test cricket|Test match]] as an umpire in the match between [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]] and [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] at [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium|Chittagong]] from 21–25 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/817213.html |title=South Africa tour of Bangladesh, 1st Test: Bangladesh v South Africa at Chittagong, Jul 21-25, 2015 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date= 21 July 2015}}</ref>

In April 2019, he was named as one of the sixteen umpires to stand in matches during the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1198051 |title=Match officials for ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2019 announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1182149.html |title=Umpire Ian Gould to retire after World Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> In July 2019, Wilson was promoted to the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]] following the retirement of [[Ian Gould]] and the exclusion of [[Sundaram Ravi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27285035/michael-gough-joel-wilson-added-icc-elite-umpires-panel-s-ravi-omitted |title=Michael Gough, Joel Wilson added to ICC Elite umpires panel; S Ravi omitted |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket umpires]]
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires|List of ODI cricket umpires]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires|List of T20I cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=387601}}
* {{CricketArchive|id=289158}}

{{Elite Panel of ICC Umpires}}
{{International Panel of ICC Umpires}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Joel}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago cricket umpires]]
[[Category:West Indian Test cricket umpires]]
[[Category:West Indian One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:West Indian Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]

Bengal Sultanate

2023-05-27T09:35:39Z

Ipriyanshu rohila: Generated a fresh page.

{{Short description|1352–1576 Islamic state in Bengal}}
{{Other uses|Bengal (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Bengal Sultanate
| native_name = শাহী বাঙ্গালা {{Nastaliq|سلطنت بنگاله}}
| today = [[Bangladesh]] [[India]] [[Myanmar]] [[Nepal]]
| life_span = 1332–1539 1554–1576
| status = [[Sultanate]]
| event_start = Unification
| year_start = 1352
| date_start =
| event_end = [[Battle of Raj Mahal]]
| year_end = 1576
| date_end =
| event1 = [[Bengal Sultanate–Delhi Sultanate War|Independence from Delhi]]
| date_event1 = 1353–1359
| event2 = [[Raja Ganesha]]'s rebellion
| date_event2 = 1414
| event3 = [[Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War|Bengal–Jaunpur War]]
| date_event3 = 1415–1420
| event4 = [[Reconquest of Arakan]]
| date_event4 = 1429–1430
| event5 = [[Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516|Conquest of Chittagong]]
| date_event5 = 1512–1516
| event6 = [[Suri Empire|Suri]] invasion
| date_event6 = 1539
| event7 = Restoration
| date_event7 = 1554
| event8 = [[Mughal invasion of Bengal|Mughal invasion]]
| date_event8 = 1572–1576
| event9 = [[Baro-Bhuyan]] resistance
| date_event9 = 1576–1611
| p1 = Delhi Sultanate
| flag_p1 = Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png
| p2 = Sonargaon#Sonargaon Sultanate, 14th century {{!}} Sonargaon Sultanate
| p3 = Saptagram#Independence from Delhi Sultanate {{!}} Satgaon Sultanate
| p4 = Kingdom of Mrauk U
| p5 = Kingdom of Twipra
| p6 = Pratapgarh Kingdom
| p7 = Chandradwip
| p8 = History of Odisha#Bengal (Karrani) rule{{!}}Karrani rule in Orissa
| s1 = Mughal Empire
| s2 = Bengal Subah{{!}}*Bengal Subah
| s3 = Suri Empire
| s4 = Kingdom of Twipra
| s5 = Pratapgarh Kingdom
| s6 = Baro-Bhuyan
| s7 = Kingdom of Mrauk U
| flag_s1 = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
| flag_s2 =
| flag_s3 =
| flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| symbol =
| symbol_type =
| image_map_caption = The Bengal Sultanate (deep red) under the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]], along with key regional powers circa 1500.
| capital = [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] {{small|(1352–1450)}} [[Sonargaon]]<ref group=note>Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah held his court in Sonargaon.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sonargaon|title=Sonargaon |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> {{small|(1390–1411)}} [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]] {{small|(1450–1565)}} [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] {{small|(1565–1576)}}
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Arabic]]
| religion = '''[[State religion]]:''' [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi]]) '''[[Minority religion]]s:''' [[Hinduism]] [[Buddhism]]
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| leader1 = [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] {{small|(first)}}
| year_leader1 = 1342–1358
| leader2 = [[Daud Khan Karrani]] {{small|(last)}}
| year_leader2 = 1572–1576
| title_leader = [[List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Bengal_Sultanate_era|Sultan]]
| currency = [[History of the taka|Taka]]
| legislature =
| image_flag =
}}
{{South Asia in 1400||The Bengal Sultanate and contemporary South Asian polities in 1400 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (c)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>}}
The '''Bengal Sultanate''' ([[Middle Bengali language|Middle Bengali]]: শাহী বাঙ্গালা ''Shahī Baṅgala'', [[Classical Persian]]: {{Nastaliq|سلطنت بنگاله}} ''Saltanat-e-Bangālah'')<ref>{{cite web | title=History | quote=Shah-i-Bangalah, Shah-i-Bangaliyan and Sultan-i-Bangalah | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History | website=Banglapedia | access-date=23 September 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929104319/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History | archive-date=29 September 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> was a [[Sunni Muslim]] empire<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA139|title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries|last=Wink|first=André|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004135611}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica|last=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|year=2003|page=151}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|last=Embree|first=Ainslie|publisher=Asia Society|year=1988|page=149}}</ref> based in [[Bengal]] for much of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. It was the dominant power of the [[Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta]], with a network of mint towns spread across the region. The Bengal Sultanate had a circle of [[vassal states]] in [[the subcontinent]], including parts of [[Odisha]] in the southwest, [[Arakan]] in the southeast,<ref name="Ooi2004">{{cite book |author=Keat Gin Ooi |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA171 |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |page=171}}</ref> and [[Tripura]] in the east.<ref name="Eaton1996">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA64|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|pages=64–}}</ref> Its raids and conquests reached [[Nepal]] in the north, [[Assam]] in the east, and [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] and [[Varanasi]] in the west. The Bengal Sultanate controlled large parts of the north, east and northeast Indian subcontinent during its five dynastic periods, reaching its peak under [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]]. It was reputed as a thriving trading nation and one of Asia's strongest states. Its decline began with an [[interregnum]] by the [[Suri Empire]], followed by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Bengal Subah|conquest]] and disintegration into petty kingdoms.

The Bengal Sultanate was a Sunni Muslim monarchy with [[Bengalis|Bengali]], [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]], [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] and [[Habshi|Abyssinian]] elites.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/gaur-and-pandua-architecture|title=Gaur and Pandua Architecture|website=Sahapedia}}</ref> The most prominent dynasties were the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi]], [[House of Ganesha]] and [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]]. The empire was known for its religious pluralism where non-Muslim communities co-existed peacefully. While [[Persian language|Persian]] was used as the primary official, diplomatic and commercial language, it was under the Sultans that [[Bengali language|Bengali]] first received court recognition as an official language.<ref name=stars/><ref>{{cite book|year=1978|author=Saikia, Mohini Kumar|title=Assam-Muslim Relation and Its Cultural Significance|publisher=Luit Printers|page=20}}</ref> The cities of the Bengal Sultanate are termed as Mint Towns where the [[History of the taka|historical taka]] was [[Mint (facility)|minted]]. These cities were adorned with stately medieval buildings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/once-upon-a-fort-gaurs-firoz-minar-is-still-an-imposing-sight/article26407049.ece|title=Once upon a fort: Gaur's Firoz Minar is still an imposing sight|first=Rana|last=Safvi|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In 1500, the royal capital of [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]] was the fifth-most populous city in the world.<ref name="ft" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential|title=Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world – as a viral video reminds us|last=Kapadia|first=Aparna|website=Scroll.in|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> Other notable cities included the initial royal capital of [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], the economic hub of [[Sonargaon]], the [[Mosque City of Bagerhat]], and the seaport and trading hub of [[Chittagong]]. The Bengal Sultanate was connected to states in Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Europe through maritime links and overland trade routes. The Bengal Sultanate was a major trading center on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. It attracted immigrants and traders from different parts of the world. Bengali ships and merchants traded across the region, including in Malacca, China, and the Maldives.

The Bengal Sultanate was described by contemporary European and Chinese visitors as a prosperous kingdom. Due to the abundance of goods in Bengal, the region was described as the "richest country to trade with". The Bengal Sultanate left a strong architectural legacy. Buildings from the period show foreign influences merged into a distinct Bengali style.<ref name="auto1"/> The Bengal Sultanate was also the largest and most prestigious authority among the independent medieval Muslim-ruled states in the [[history of Bengal]].<ref name="AndayaAndaya2015">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Watson Andaya|author2=Leonard Y. Andaya|title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88992-6|page=114}}</ref>

==History==
===Background (13th and 14th centuries)===
Bengal was gradually absorbed into the [[Delhi Sultanate]] during the 1200s. It began with [[Bakhtiar Khilji]]'s conquest of Gauda between 1202 and 1204 during the reign of [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. After the assassination of Bakhtiar Khalji by his own officer Ali Mardan in 1206, Bengal was administered by various Maliks belonging to the Khalji tribe (except a brief interregnum by Ali Mardan himself) until Delhi Sultan [[Iltutmish]] sent forces under his son, Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, to bring Bengal under the direct control of the Delhi Sultans.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Minhaj-ud-din|first=Maulana Abu' Umar-i-Usman|title=Tabakat-i-Nasiri translated from Original Persian texts by Maj. H. G. Raverty|publisher=The Asiatic Society|year=1881|location=Kolkata|pages=572–595}}</ref> Iltutmish declared Bengal as a province of Delhi in 1225. The Delhi Sultans attempted to govern Bengal through appointed governors, however, Delhi could not succeed given the considerable overland distance with Bengal. Ambitious governors rebelled and ruled as independent rulers until being suppressed militarily by the Delhi Sultanate. However, there were capable rulers among the rebels, including Yuzbak Shah (1257), Tughral Khan (1271–1282), and [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]] (1301–1322). The latter achieved the [[Conquest of Sylhet]] and established a strong administration in eastern and south-western Bengal. In 1325, the Delhi Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] reorganized the province into three administrative regions, with [[Sonargaon]] ruling eastern Bengal; [[Gauda (city)|Gauda]] ruling northern Bengal; and [[Satgaon]] ruling southern Bengal. Even this arrangement broke down. By 1338, the three administrative regions had separatist [[Sultan]]s, including [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]] in Sonargaon; [[Alauddin Ali Shah]] in Gauda, and [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] in Satgaon.<ref name="Kunal Chakrabarti 2013 p. 12">Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-8024-5}}.</ref> Fakhruddin conquered Chittagong in 1340 and was succeeded by his son [[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]] in 1349. Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah (or just ''Ilyas Shah'') defeated Alauddin Ali Shah and secured control of Gauda. He then defeated Ikhtiyaruddin of Sonargaon. By 1352, Ilyas Shah emerged victorious among the Bengali triad.

===Early Bengal Sultanate (14th and 15th centuries)===
[[File:Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 07.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[Adina Mosque]], the largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent, in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], the first capital of the Bengal Sultanate.]]
[[File:DG 36 - 08 GRAVE YARD OF SULTAN GIAS UDDIN AZAM SHAH 14 CENTURY MUGRA PARA SONARGAON IMG 5650.jpg|thumb|The 14th-century tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in [[Sonargaon]]]]
Ilyas Shah established his capital in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]]. He unified the [[Bengal delta|delta]] of Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers into the Sultanate of Bengal. Ilyas Shah waged wars and raids against several city-states and kingdoms in the eastern subcontinent. He conquered eastern Bengal and northern Bihar. He led the first Muslim army into [[Nepal]], raided the [[Kathmandu Valley]], and returned to Bengal with treasures.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah |title = Iliyas Shah |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> He controlled an area stretching from Assam in the east to [[Varanasi]] in the west.<ref name="Kunal Chakrabarti 2013 p. 12"/> In 1353, Ilyas Shah was defeated by Delhi Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] in the Siege of Ekdala Fort during the [[Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War]]. Bengal agreed to pay a tribute to the Delhi Sultan. Despite losing control of many conquered areas, Ilyas Shah remained in firm control of Bengal.<ref name="Kunal Chakrabarti 2013 p. 12"/>

Ilyas Shah founded the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] which ruled Bengal for fifteen decades. His son and successor [[Sikandar Shah]] defeated Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq during the second Siege of Ekdala Fort in 1359. A peace treaty was signed between Delhi and Bengal, with the former recognizing the independence of the latter. Firuz Shah Tughluq gave a golden [[Crown (headgear)|crown]] estimated to be worth 80,000 [[History of the taka|taka]] to Sikandar Shah. The peace treaty ensured Bengal's independence for two centuries.<ref>Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 73. {{ISBN|978-0-14-341678-4}}.</ref>

Sikandar Shah's reign lasted for three decades. The [[Adina Mosque]] was built during his reign. The mosque's design was based on the [[Great Mosque of Damascus]]- a style used during the introduction of Islam in new areas. During this time, much of the agricultural land was controlled by Hindu [[zamindar]]s, which caused tensions with Muslim [[taluqdar]]s.<ref name="Lewis2011">{{cite book|author=David Lewis|title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50257-3|pages=44–45}}</ref>

Bengal became the eastern frontier kingdom among medieval Islamic states.<ref>Richard M. Eaton (31 July 1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-20507-9}}.</ref> In the 14th century, Islamic kingdoms stretched from [[Muslim Spain]] in the west to the Indian subcontinent in the east. The Islamic kingdoms had [[multiethnic]] elites. Persian and Arabic were used alongside local languages. Persian was used as a diplomatic and commercial language. Arabic was the liturgical language of the clergy. In Bengal, the Bengali language became a court language and was the main vernacular language under Muslim rule.<ref name=stars>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/cover-story/news/evolution-bangla-1705177|title=Evolution of Bangla|website=The Daily Star|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

The third Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] began expanding Bengal's influence abroad. He began to send embassies to [[Ming China]], which continued as a tradition during the reigns of his successors. Ghiyasuddin also sponsored construction projects in [[Arabia]]. He exchanged letters and poetry with the Persian poet [[Hafez]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah | title=Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The Bengal Sultans pledged nominal allegiance to the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] in Cairo. The coins of the Bengal Sultans often bore the name of the contemporary Abbasid Caliph.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coins |title = Coins |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah held his court in the central Bengali city of Sonargaon, in addition to Pandua. The travel accounts of Chinese envoys state that the Sultan lived in a palace near the [[river port]] of Sonargaon. The river port had shipping links to China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. In 1406, Ma Huan found Sonargaon as a large metropolis. Other Chinese envoys provided descriptions of a fortified walled city. Sonargaon was a center of [[Sufi]] education and Persian literature and Azam Shah even invited Hafez to settle there. The institutions founded by [[Abu Tawwama]] during the Delhi Sultanate were maintained by his successors in the Bengal Sultanate, including the Sufi preachers [[Ibrahim Danishmand]], Saiyid Arif Billah Muhammad Kamel, Saiyid Muhammad Yusuf and others.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sonargaon | title=Sonargaon |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

===Rise of nativists (15th century)===
[[File:Sixty dome mosque in the evening.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sixty Dome Mosque]] is a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
[[File:Map of Ming Chinese empire 1415 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Map of Asia in 1415 showing Bengal and other regional states]]
[[File:India in 1525 Joppen.jpg|thumb|upright|The Indian subcontinent in 1525, with Bengal in the east]]
During the early 15th century, the Ilyas Shahi rule was challenged by [[Raja Ganesha]], a powerful Hindu landowner, who managed to place his son (a convert to Islam), [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]], on the throne. Jalaluddin had a relatively short-lived but significant reign, during which he helped an Arakanese king to achieve the [[Reconquest of Arakan]]. Jalaluddin established control over [[Faridpur District|Fatehabad]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah}}</ref> Jalaluddin also promoted more native Bengali elements into the architecture and governance of the sultanate. Jalaluddin was initially loyal to the Abbasid Caliph but later declared himself as the Caliph in a sign of Bengali Muslim independence.<ref>Eaton, Richard M. (31 July 1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. {{ISBN|9780520205079}}.</ref> The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was restored in 1432.

Nine kings ruled Bengal from Pandua over the course of ten decades. They built palaces, forts, bridges, mosques, and mausoleums.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/cover-story/2018/06/25/pandua-the-lost-capital-of-the-sultanate-of-bengal |title = Pandua: The Lost Capital of the Sultanate of Bengal}}</ref> Chinese envoy [[Ma Huan]] described the city at the time in his travel accounts, which state that "the city walls are very imposing, the bazaars well-arranged, the shops side by side, the pillars in orderly rows, they are full of every kind of goods". Pandua was an export center for cloth and wine. At least six varieties of fine [[muslin]] and four types of wine were found in Pandua. High-quality paper was produced from the bark of Pandua's mulberry trees.<ref>María Dolores Elizalde; Wang Jianlang (6 November 2017). China's Development from a Global Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 57–70. {{ISBN|978-1-5275-0417-2}}.</ref> Sultan [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal]] shifted the capital from Pandua to Gaur in 1450. One of the probable reasons behind the move was a change in the course of nearby rivers.<ref>Aniruddha Ray (13 September 2016). Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey. Taylor & Francis. p. 165. {{ISBN|978-1-351-99731-7}}.</ref>

The reign of Mahmud Shah witnessed greater control over the [[Sundarbans]]. The governor of the Sundarbans, [[Khan Jahan Ali]], built the mint town of [[Mosque City of Bagerhat|Khalifatabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321 | title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat}}</ref> Like many other officials, Khan Jahan had settled in Bengal after [[Timur]]'s sack of Delhi. During the reign of [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]], the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] conquered Chittagong. The late 1480s saw four usurper Sultans from the [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinian]] mercenary corps. Tensions between different Muslim communities often affected the sultanate.<ref name="Lewis2011"/>

===Regional empire (15th and 16th centuries)===
[[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] gained control of Bengal in 1494 when he was prime minister. He brought end to a period of instability. As Sultan, Hussain Shah ruled until 1519. The [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|dynasty]] he founded reigned until 1538. Muslims and Hindus jointly served in the royal administration during the Hussain Shahi dynasty. This era is often regarded as the golden age of the Bengal Sultanate, in which Bengali territory included areas of Arakan, Orissa, Tripura, and Assam.<ref name="Lewis2011"/> Under the order of Hussain Shah, [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] commanded the Bengali forces in the [[Conquest of Kamata]], conquering large parts of Assam. After overthrowing the Hindu [[Khen dynasty]], Prince [[Shahzada Danyal|Danyal]] was appointed the governor of the new region. Hussain Shah also restored Bengali sovereignty in Chittagong and northern Arakan after the [[Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516]]. Hussain Shah minted coins with the proclamation "conqueror of Kamrupa, Kamata, Jajnagar and Orissa".<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Kamata-Kamatapura}}</ref> According to an inscription in Sonargaon from 1513, Hussain Shah annexed large parts of the [[Twipra Kingdom]].<ref name="Majumdar, R.C. 2006 pp.215-20">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.215-20</ref> The [[Pratapgarh Kingdom]] came under Bengali [[suzerainty]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |script-title=bn:শ্রীহট্রের ইতিবৃত্ত: উত্তরাংশ |title=Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho |wslink=পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_উত্তরাংশ.pdf/৪৮৪ |wslanguage=bn |last=Choudhury |first=Achyut Charan |author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury |year=1917 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Katha |page=484}}</ref><ref>Bangladesh Itihas Samiti, Sylhet: History and Heritage, (1999), p. 715</ref> Hussain Shah also waged several campaigns against the [[Gajapati rulers]] of Orissa and secured control of northern Orissa.<ref name="Majumdar, R.C. 2006 pp.215-20"/> Hussain Shah extended Bengali territory in the west beyond Bihar, up to Saran in [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]]. The Sultan of Jaunpur took refuge in Bengal after an invasion by the [[Lodi dynasty]] of Delhi. The Delhi Sultan attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur Sultan. Unable to make headway, the Delhi Sultan withdrew after concluding a peace treaty with Bengal.<ref name="Hasan2007p16-17">{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA16 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=16–17 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan."}}</ref>

Embassies from [[Portuguese India]] frequented Bengal after the landing of [[Vasco Da Gama]] in the principality of Calicut.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Portuguese, The}}</ref> Individual Portuguese merchants are recorded to have lived in the Bengal Sultanate's capital of Gaur. Portuguese politics played out in Gaur as a reflection of contradictions in contemporary Portugal.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org"/> The Portuguese provided vivid descriptions of Gaur. They compared the affluence of Gaur with [[Lisbon]]. The city included a citadel, a royal palace and [[Durbar (court)|durbar]], mosques, houses for the rich, and bustling bazaars. Portuguese historian Castenhada de Lopez described the houses of Gaur as being one-storeyed with ornamental floor tiles, courtyards, and gardens. Gaur was the center of regional politics. The Sultan of Bengal gave permission for establishing the [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong]]. During the period of the [[Iberian Union]], there was no official Portuguese sovereignty over Chittagong. The Portuguese trading post was dominated by [[pirate]]s who allied with the Arakanese against Bengal.
[[File:Babur crossing the river Son.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Babur]] crossing the Son River. The river was the western boundary of the Bengal Sultanate during the Karrani dynasty]]

===Decline (16th century)===
The absorption of Bengal into the [[Mughal Empire]] was a gradual process. It began with the defeat of Bengal forces under Sultan [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]] by the first Mughal ruler [[Babur]] at the Battle of Ghaghra. The second Mughal ruler [[Humayun]] occupied the Bengal capital of Gaur during the invasion of [[Sher Shah Suri]] against both the Mughals and Bengal Sultans. Humayun later took refuge in the [[Safavid Empire]] in Persia. Sher Shah Suri succeeded in conquering Bengal and began renovating the [[Grand Trunk Road]].<ref name="Elisseeff1998">{{cite book|author=Vadime Elisseeff|title=The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC&pg=PA161|year=1998|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-221-6|page=161|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014103/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC&pg=PA161|archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> The [[Suri Empire|Suri government]] appointed successive governors to administer Bengal. The third governor [[Muhammad Khan Sur]] declared independence after the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]]. Muhammad Khan ended the interrupting period of Delhi's rule and re-established the Bengal Sultanate.

The [[Pashtun]] [[Karrani dynasty]] was the last ruling dynasty of the sultanate. According to the ''[[Riyaz-us-Salatin]]'', Sultan [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] shifted the capital from Gaur to [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] in 1565.<ref>Eaton, Richard M. (1993). ''The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760''. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 140–2. {{ISBN|0-520-20507-3}}.</ref> Sulaiman Khan Karrani annexed large parts of Orissa. During his reign, the Bengal Sultanate's territory extended from [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] in the north to [[Puri]] in the south and from the [[Son River]] in the west to the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the east. The Mughals became determined to bring an end to the expansionism of the Bengal Sultanate; while eager to absorb the Bengal region for its riches. The [[Battle of Tukaroi]] in Orissa saw Mughal forces led by [[Akbar]] overwhelm the Bengal Sultanate's forces led by the last Sultan [[Daud Khan Karrani]], resulting in the Treaty of [[Cuttack]]. Mughal rule formally began with the [[Battle of Raj Mahal]] when the last reigning Sultan of Bengal was defeated by the forces of Akbar. The Mughal province of [[Bengal Subah]] was created. The eastern deltaic [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region remained outside of Mughal control until being absorbed in the early 17th century. The delta was controlled by a confederation of twelve aristocrats of the former sultanate, who became known as the [[Baro Bhuyans]]. Their leader was [[Isa Khan]], a zamindar and a former nobleman of the sultanate through his mother Princess [[Syeda Momena Khatun]]. The confederation was made up of [[petty kingdoms]]. The Mughal government eventually suppressed the remnants of the sultanate in the Bhati area and brought all of Bengal under full Mughal control.

==Administration==
[[File:Inside Kusumba Mosque (02).jpg|thumb|The Sultan's Throne in [[Kusumba Mosque]]. Many mosques across the sultanate had an in-built throne for the Sultan. The mosques served as royal courts.]]
[[File:Silver Coin of Jalaluddin.jpg|thumb|Silver coin of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah with a lion inscription]]
The Bengal Sultanate was an [[absolute monarchy]], and took influence from [[Persianate society|Persianate]] traditions. Its revenue system was maintained in the [[Bengali language]] throughout the course of its history.<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal|title=BENGAL|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180854/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal|archive-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> The government employed both Muslims and Hindus, promoting a form of religious pluralism.<ref>"He founded the Bengali Husayn Shahi dynasty, which ruled from 1493 to 1538, and was known to be tolerant to Hindus, employing many on them in his service and promoting a form of religious pluralism" {{cite book|author=David Lewis|title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50257-3|pages=44–45}}</ref> In addition to the royal family and government body, the Sultan also relied on the support of the ''[[ulama]]'' (Islamic scholars).<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Nur Qutb Alam|author=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]}}</ref>

The Sultanate was divided into administrative subdivisions such as ''arsa'' and ''iqlim'', which were further divided into ''mahals'', ''[[thana]]s'' and ''[[qasba]]s''.<ref name=dani>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126929/page/n125|title=Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol-ii|author=Ahmad Hasan Dani|author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani|chapter=Analysis of the Inscriptions|year=1957 |pages=114-116}}</ref>

===Mint towns===
[[File:Bengal Sultanate.png|thumb|Extent of the Bengal Sultanate under Sultan [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] in 1500]]
Mint towns consisted of royal and provincial capitals where taka coins were minted, thus developing the areas as important economic urban centres within the Sultanate. With the expansion of the empire, the number of mint towns increased gradually. The following is a partial listing of mint towns:<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Mint Towns}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# Jannatabad ([[Lakhnauti]])
# Muzzamabad ([[Sonargaon]])
# Ghiyaspur ([[Mymensingh]])
# [[Satgaon]]
# Firuzabad ([[Hazrat Pandua]])
# Shahr-i-Naw (Hazrat Pandua)
# Fathabad ([[Faridpur District|Faridpur]])
# Chatgaon ([[Chittagong]])
# Mahmudabad ([[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]])
# Barbakaabad ([[Dinajpur]])
# Muzaffarabad (Pandua)
# Muhammadabad
# Husaynabad ([[24 Parganas]])
# Chandrabad ([[Murshidabad district]])
# Nusratabad ([[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]])
# [[Khalifatabad]]/Badarpur (Bagerhat district)
# Sharifabad ([[Birbhum district]])
# [[Tanda, Bengal|Khwaspur Tandah]] (Malda district)
# Rotaspur ([[Bihar]])
}}

===Vassal states===
[[Vassal states]] were a number of tributary states and [[protectorate]]s on the periphery of the Bengal Sultanate under the [[suzerainty]] of the Sultan of Bengal. Direct control was not established over these territories for various reasons. Vassal states had Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist rulers. The following illustrates the most notable vassal states.

====Arakan====
[[File:Muhghazi.jpg|thumb|Coinage from Arakan during its vassalage to the Bengal Sultanate]]
In the southeast, [[Arakan]] was a prominent vassal of the Bengal Sultanate. In 1430, the Bengal Sultanate restored the Arakanese throne in [[Mrauk U]] after driving out Burmese invaders who came from [[Bagan]]. The [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] paid tributes to the Sultan of Bengal for a sustained period, with the timeframe ranging between estimates of a century or a few decades.<ref name="Eaton1996p64">{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |year=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/64 64–] |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/64 }}</ref><ref name="Ooi2004" /> Arakanese rulers replicated the Sultan's governing techniques, including adopting the title of ''[[Shah]]'' and minting coins in Arabic and Bengali inscriptions. A close cultural and commercial relationship developed across the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Joshua Hammer |title=The Hidden City of Myanmar |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/ |magazine=Smithsonian |access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> Eventually, Arakan asserted its independence. The Kingdom of Mrauk U became a formidable coastal power.

====Chandradwip====
In southern Bengal, the island of [[Chandradwip]] hosted remnants of the pre-Islamic Hindu [[Deva dynasty]]. The kingdom was a vassal state of the Bengal Sultanate until the reign of the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]], when it was formally annexed by the sultanate.<ref name="Hasan1987">{{cite book |author=Sayed Mahmudul Hasan |title=Muslim monuments of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vdtAAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Islamic Foundation Bangladesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: District census report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7C3wpNgX4C |year=1979 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh}}</ref>

====Pratapgarh====
In the northeastern [[Barak Valley]], the ruler Bazid of the [[Pratapgarh Kingdom]] declared himself as a Sultan on par with the Sultan of Bengal. This invited the retribution of [[Alauddin Husain Shah]], who dispatched [[Majumdars of Sylhet|Sarwar Khan]] to suppress the newly formed sultanate in Pratapgarh. Bazid was defeated and agreed to pay a tribute to the Sultan of Bengal. He was also made to relinquish his claims over [[Sylhet]], which was under direct Sultanate rule.<ref>{{cite conference |year=1999 |editor=Sharif Uddin Ahmed |book-title=Sylhet: History and Heritage |publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti |isbn=978-984-31-0478-6 |page=715|title=Sylhet: History and Heritage }}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |script-title=bn:শ্রীহট্রের ইতিবৃত্ত: উত্তরাংশ |title=Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho |wslink=পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_উত্তরাংশ.pdf/২৮৮ |wslanguage=bn |last=Choudhury |first=Achyut Charan |author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury |year=1917 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Katha |page=288}}</ref>

====Tripura====
In the east, [[Tripura]] was vital to Bengal for the supply of gold, silver and other commodities. Tripura had coarse gold mines and mountain trade networks linked to the Far East. In 1464, the Sultan of Bengal helped [[Ratna Manikya I]] assume the Tripuri throne. Tripura was a prominent vassal of Bengal.<ref name="Eaton1996p64" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Rila Mukherjee |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA34 |year=2011 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |pages=34– |quote=The ''Sri Rajmala'' indicates that the periodic invasions of Tripura by the Bengal sultans were part of the same strategy [to control the sub-Himalayan routes from the south-eastern delta]. Mines of coarse gold were found in Tripura.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |publisher=I.B.Tauris |page=16 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Husayn Shah] reduced the kingdoms of ... Tripura in the east to vassalage."}}</ref>

====Orissa====
In the southwest, Orissa was prominent in the military history of the Bengal Sultanate. The first Bengali Sultan Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah defeated the rulers of Orissa and extended his realm up to [[Chilika Lake]]. He raided [[Jajpur]] and Cuttack. Ilyas Shah returned to Bengal with plunders from Orissa, including 44 elephants.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iliyas Shah}}</ref> During the reign of Alauddin Hussain Shah, Orissa was a vassal state of Bengal.<ref name="Eaton1996p64" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |publisher=I.B.Tauris |page=13 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Ilyas Shah] extended his domain in every direction by defeating the local Hindu ''rajas'' (kings)—in the south to Jajnagar (Orissa)."}}</ref> Northern Orissa was directly ruled by Bengal. During the Karrani dynasty, Orissa was the scene of the Battle of Tukaroi and the Treaty of Cuttack between the Mughals and Bengal Sultanate in 1575.{{citation needed}}

==Military==
[[File:Attributed to Hiranand - Illustration from a Dictionary (unidentified)- Da'ud Receives a Robe of Honor from Mun'im Khan - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Sultan Daud Khan Karrani receives a robe of honour from Mughal general Munim Khan]]
The Sultans had a well-organised army, including cavalry, artillery, infantry and war elephants; and a navy. Due to the riverine geography and climate, it was not feasible to use cavalry throughout the year in Bengal. The cavalry was probably the weakest component of the Bengal Sultanate's army, as the horses had to be imported from foreign countries. The artillery was an important section. Portuguese historian [[João de Barros]] opined that the military supremacy of Bengal over Arakan and Tripura was due to its efficient artillery. The artillery used cannons and guns of various sizes.<ref name="banglapedia2">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Military}}</ref> The ''paiks'' formed the vital part of the Bengal infantry during this period. There were occasions when the paiks also tackled political situations. The particular battle array of the foot-soldiers who used bows, arrows and guns attracted the attention of Babur.<ref name="banglapedia2"/>

[[War elephant]]s played an important part in the Bengal army. Apart from carrying war materials, elephants were also used for the movement of the armed personnel. In riverine Bengal the usefulness of elephants, though very slow, could not be minimised. The navy was of prime necessity in riverine Bengal. In fact, the cavalry could ensure the hold over this country for a period of six months whereas the boats backed by the paiks could command supremacy over the other half of the year. Since the time of Iwaz Khalji, who first organised a naval force in Islamic Bengal, the war boats played an important role in the political affairs of the country. The chief of the admiralty had various responsibilities, including [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding]], river transport, to fit out strong boats for transporting war elephants; to recruit seamen; to patrol the rivers and to collect tolls at ghats. The efficiency of the navy eroded during the Hussain Shahi dynasty. The Sultans also built forts, including temporary mud walled forts.<ref name="banglapedia2"/>
[[File:Defeat of the last Bengal Sultan by Akbar.jpg|thumb|Akbar leads his army into battle against Daud Khan Karrani, the last Sultan of Bengal]]

===Bengal–Delhi Wars===
{{Main|Bengal Sultanate–Delhi Sultanate War}}
In 1353, the Sultan of Delhi attacked the newly formed Bengal Sultanate. After the siege of Ekdala Fort, Bengal agreed to pay a tribute to the Sultan of Delhi. In 1359, Delhi again invaded Bengal after the previous peace treaty collapsed. However, negotiations ultimately resulted in a new treaty in which Delhi recognized the independence of Bengal.<ref name="Kunal Chakrabarti 2013 p. 12"/> The Bengal Sultans also received support from South Indian allies. During the 16th century, the Lodi dynasty of Delhi again attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Sultan of Jaunpur. The Lodis eventually agreed to a peace treaty with Bengal.

===Bengal–Jaunpur War===
{{Main|Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War}}
The Jaunpur Sultanate attacked Bengal during the 15th century. With diplomatic help from Ming China and the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] ruler of [[Herat]], Bengal fended off the Jaunpuri invasion.<ref>Richard M. Eaton (1996). ''The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760''. University of California Press. p. 53. {{ISBN|978-0-520-20507-9}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |publisher=I.B.Tauris |page=15 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="He also wrote to Sultan Ibrahim Sharqi of the neighbouring kingdom of Jaunpur imploring him to invade Bengal and rid them of Raja Ganesh, but the Raja was able to deal successfully with the invader."}}</ref>

===Campaigns in Arakan and Assam===
{{See also|Reconquest of Arakan|Conquest of Kamata|Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516}}
[[File:Rangamati Mosque.jpg|thumb|The [[Panbari Mosque]] was commissioned by Sultan Husain Shah to commemorate the successful [[Conquest of Kamata]] in 1498.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rupkamal |url=http://itsmynortheast.com/2011/06/a-forgotten-chapter-of-history-panbari-mosque/#comment-502 |title=A forgotten chapter of history – Panbari mosque |publisher=Its my northeast |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404144612/http://itsmynortheast.com/2011/06/a-forgotten-chapter-of-history-panbari-mosque/#comment-502 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
Arakan and the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] was often subjected to Bengali invasions. The Bengal Sultanate defeated [[Bamar people|Burmese]] forces in Arakan and restored [[Min Saw Mon]] as a vassal king in 1430. However, conflict later emerged between Arakan and Bengal based on the control of [[Chittagong]]. Arakan asserted its independence as a coastal power. Under [[Alauddin Husain Shah]], Bengali sovereignty was restored in Chittagong and northern Arakan. However, the [[Maghs|Arakanese]] persisted to fight over Chittagong, often allying with [[Portuguese people|Portuguese pirates]].

During Husain Shah's rule, Bengali control over Assam reached its zenith. Under the military command of [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]], the Bengali army overthrew the [[Kamata Kingdom]]'s Hindu [[Khen dynasty]] in 1498, extending the Sultanate as far as [[Hajo]] and preparing to advance towards central Assam. [[Baro-Bhuyan|Assamese Bhuyans]] eventually overthrew the local administrations within a few years and restored local rule.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nath|first=D.|title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615|place=Delhi|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1989|isbn=8170991099|page=70}}</ref>

===Sher Shah Suri's invasion===
{{See also|Sur Empire}}
Bengal was overwhelmed during the pan-Indian invasion of [[Sher Shah Suri]] and became part of the Suri Empire. The invasion prompted the Mughal Empire to occupy parts of Bengal. Both the Mughals and Bengal Sultanate were overrun by the Suri forces. Bengal regained its independence after Suri governors rebelled and re-established the sultanate.

===Bengal–Mughal Wars===
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Bengal}}
The first Mughal emperor Babur turned his sights on Bengal after the Battle of Panipat in 1526. At the Battle of Ghaghra in 1529, Bengal reached a peace treaty with Babur. During the invasion of Sher Shah Suri, the second Mughal emperor Humayun occupied [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]]. The third Mughal emperor Akbar launched a war against Bengal at the Battle of Tukaroi in 1575. Akbar finally defeated the last Sultan of Bengal at the Battle of Raj Mahal in 1576.

==Economy==
{{See also|Muslin trade in Bengal|History of the taka}}
[[File:Chinese porcelain and coins of Bengal Sultans in British Museum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Porcelain|Chinese porcelain]] and coins from the Bengal Sultanate in the [[British Museum]]]]
[[File:Maritime links of the Sultanate of Bengal.png|thumb|Maritime links of the Bengal sultanate]]
[[File:Sd2-baggala.JPG|thumb|The [[Baghlah]] was a type of ship widely used by traders in the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea]]
The economy of the Bengal Sultanate inherited earlier aspects of the Delhi Sultanate, including mint towns, a salaried bureaucracy and the [[jagirdar]] system of land ownership. The production of silver coins inscribed with the name of the Sultan of Bengal was a mark of Bengali sovereignty.<ref name=iranica>{{cite web |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=Bengal |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103102347/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |archive-date=3 January 2018}}</ref> Bengal was more successful in perpetuating purely silver coinage than Delhi and other contemporary Asian and European governments. There were three sources of silver. The first source was the leftover silver reserve of previous kingdoms. The second source was the tribute payments of subordinate kingdoms which were paid in silver bullion. The third source was during military campaigns when Bengali forces sacked neighboring states.<ref>John H Munro (6 October 2015). ''Money in the Pre-Industrial World: Bullion, Debasements and Coin Substitutes''. Routledge. p. 176. {{ISBN|978-1-317-32191-0}}.</ref>

The apparent vibrancy of the Bengal economy in the beginning of the 15th century is attributed to the end of tribute payments to Delhi, which ceased after Bengali independence and stopped the outflow of wealth. [[Ma Huan]]'s testimony of a flourishing shipbuilding industry was part of the evidence that Bengal enjoyed significant seaborne trade. The expansion of [[muslin]] production, [[sericulture]] and the emergence of several other crafts were indicated in Ma Huan's list of items exported from Bengal to China. Bengali shipping co-existed with Chinese shipping until the latter withdrew from the Indian Ocean in the mid-15th century. The testimony of European travelers such as [[Ludovico di Varthema]], [[Duarte Barbosa]] and [[Tomé Pires]] attest to the presence of a large number of wealthy Bengali merchants and shipowners in [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]].<ref name="Habib2011">{{cite book |author=Irfan Habib |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA185 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-2791-1 |page=185 |author-link=Irfan Habib}}</ref> Historian Rila Mukherjee wrote that ports in Bengal may have been [[entrepot]]s, importing goods and re-exporting them to China.<ref name="Mukherjee2011">{{cite book |author=Rila Mukherjee |year=2011 |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA30 |publisher=Primus Books |page=30 |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |quote="some of them [items exported from Bengal to China] were probably re-exports. The Bengal ports possibly functioned as entrepots in Western routes in the trade with China."}}</ref>

A vigorous riverine shipbuilding tradition existed in Bengal. The shipbuilding tradition is evidenced in the sultanate's naval campaigns in the Ganges delta. The trade between Bengal and the Maldives, based on rice and cowry shells, was probably done on Arab-style [[baghlah]] ships. Chinese accounts point to Bengali ships being prominent in Southeast Asian waters. A vessel from Bengal, probably owned by the Sultan of Bengal, could accommodate three tribute missions- from Bengal, [[Brunei]] and Sumatra- and was evidently the only vessel capable of such a task. Bengali ships were the largest vessels plying in those decades in Southeast Asian waters.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |editor1=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor1-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor2=Irfan Habib |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |year=1982 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=130 |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9}}</ref>

All large business transactions were done in terms of silver taka. Smaller purchases involved [[shell currency]]. One silver coin was worth 10,250 cowry shells. Bengal relied on shiploads of cowry shell imports from the Maldives. Due to the fertile land, there was an abundance of agricultural commodities, including bananas, jackfruits, pomegranate, sugarcane, and honey. Native crops included rice and sesame. Vegetables included ginger, mustard, onions, and garlic among others. There were four types of wines, including coconut, rice, ''tarry'' and ''kajang''. Bengali streets were well provided with eating establishments, drinking houses and bathhouses. At least six varieties of fine muslin cloth existed. Silk fabrics were also abundant. [[Pearling in Bangladesh|Pearls]], rugs and [[ghee]] were other important products. The finest variety of paper was made in Bengal from the bark of [[mulberry]] trees. The high quality of paper was compared with the lightweight white muslin cloth.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |author1=María Dolores Elizalde |author2=Wang Jianlang |title=China's Development from a Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2 |pages=57–70}}</ref>

Europeans referred to Bengal as "the richest country to trade with".<ref>{{cite book |author=J. N. Nanda |year=2005 |title=Bengal: the unique state |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=10 |isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 |quote="Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with."}}</ref> Bengal was the eastern pole of Islamic India. Like the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] in the western coast of India, Bengal in the east was open to the sea and accumulated profits from trade. Merchants from around the world traded in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Markovits2004">{{cite book |editor=Claude Markovits |year=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1994 as Histoire de L'Inde Moderne |title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA37 |publisher=Anthem Press |page=37 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4}}</ref> Cotton textile exports were a unique aspect of the Bengali economy. [[Marco Polo]] noted Bengal's prominence in the textile trade.<ref name=trade>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Chaudhury, Sushil|article=Trade and Commerce}}</ref> In 1569, Venetian explorer Caesar Frederick wrote about how merchants from [[Pegu]] in Burma traded in silver and gold with Bengalis.<ref name=trade/> Overland trade routes such as the Grand Trunk Road connected Bengal to northern India, Central Asia and the Middle East.

==Foreign relations==
The Bengal Sultanate had robust [[foreign relations]]. Records show that the Bengal Sultanate exchanged embassies with states in China, Europe, Africa, Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Diplomatic allies helped Bengal to fend off invasions from neighbouring kingdoms. For example, the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler of Herat and the [[Ming]] emperor of China helped bring an end to the [[Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War]]. Bengal was also active in regional diplomacy. For example, the ship of the Bengali embassy to China also transported the envoys of [[Bruneian Empire|Brunei]] and [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]] ([[Sumatra]]) to China.<ref name="auto2"/> Bengal gave consent to envoys from [[Portuguese India]] for setting up Portuguese trading posts in coastal areas.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org"/> Other European visitors included [[Niccolo De Conti]], [[Ludovico di Varthema]] and Caeser Fredrick from the [[Republic of Venice]] and [[Bologna]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Conti, Nicolo de}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Frederick, Caeser}}</ref>

In the Islamic world, the sultanate pledged allegiance to the contemporary [[Abbasid Caliphate]], which was at the time held by the [[Mamluk Egypt|Mamluk Sultan]] of [[Cairo]]. The Abbasid caliph was still considered to be the symbolic leader of Sunni Islam at the time, despite dwindling territory under direct caliphate rule. For the Bengali Sultans, relations with the caliphate provided legitimacy among the Muslim clergy. For example, the [[religious conversion|converted Sultan]] [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] received recognition from [[Al-Mu'tadid II]], which strengthened Jalaluddin's legitimacy in the eyes of the clergy.<ref name="banglapedia.org1"/> Many coins minted by the Bengal Sultanate bore the names of both the Bengali Sultans and the Abbasid Caliphs.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Coins}}</ref>
[[File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg|thumb|200px|Chinese manuscript ''Tribute Giraffe with Attendant'', depicting a giraffe presented by Bengali envoys to the Ming court (Philadelphia Museum of Art)]]
Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] sponsored the construction of [[madrasa]]s (Islamic theological schools) in the pilgrimage cities of [[Makkah]] and [[Madinah]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA47|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|page=47|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106124647/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC|archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> The schools became known as the [[Ghiyasia Madrasa]] and Banjaliah Madrasa. [[Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi|Taqi al-Din al-Fasi]], a contemporary Arab scholar, was a teacher at the madrasa in Makkah. The madrasa in Madinah was built at a place called Husn al-Atiq near the [[Prophet's Mosque]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Abdul Karim|article=Ghiyasia Madrasa}}</ref> Several other Bengali Sultans also sponsored madrasas in the [[Hejaz]].<ref name="banglapedia.org1"/>

In Africa, Sultan [[Barsbay|Ashraf Barsbay]] of Egypt sent the Bengali Sultan a robe of honour and a letter of recognition.<ref name="Eaton1993">{{cite book|author=Richard Maxwell Eaton|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08077-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/57 57]}}</ref> There are also records of envoys from the East African city-state of [[Malindi]] being hosted in the Bengali court.<ref name="Sobania2003">{{cite book|author=N. W. Sobania|title=Culture and Customs of Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00soba|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31486-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00soba/page/14 14]}}</ref> Animals constituted a significant part of tributes in medieval courts.<ref name="MaBrakel2016"/> The East African envoys brought giraffes, which were also noticed by the Chinese envoys in Bengal.<ref name="Sobania2003"/> In Central Asia, there are records of contacts between Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah and Sultan [[Shahrukh Mirza]] of the Timurid Empire. In Southeast Asia, European accounts refer to the presence of a large number of Bengali merchants in the [[Malacca Sultanate]]. The merchants were wealthy shipowners. It is yet to be ascertained whether these merchants had a significant role in the Sultan's court.<ref name="Habib2011"/> Ship-owning merchants were often royal envoys.<ref>{{cite book|author1=María Dolores Elizalde|author2=Wang Jianlang|title=China's Development from a Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2|page=68}}</ref> Contacts between Bengal and the Bruneian Empire and the Sumatran Aceh Sultanate are recorded in Chinese accounts.<ref name="auto2"/>

Within the subcontinent, Bengal had both tense and peaceful relations with the Delhi Sultanate and the Jaunpur Sultanate. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] initially received tributes from the Bengal Sultanate between 1353 and 1359. Tributes stopped after a war and peace treaty in 1359. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam sent envoys to the neighboring [[Jaunpur Sultanate]]. He sent elephants as gifts to Sultan Malik Sarwar Khwajah-i-Jahan.<ref name="banglapedia.org"/> The two sultanates fought a war between 1415 and 1420. The end of the war brought a long period of peace between the neighbouring states. In 1494, the Jaunpuri Sultan Hussain Shah Sharqi was given refuge in Bengal after being defeated by the [[Lodi dynasty]] of Delhi.<ref name="Hasan2007p16-17" />

On the coastline of the Bay of Bengal, the Bengal Sultanate became influential in the control of Arakan. [[Min Saw Mon]], a deposed Arakanese king, fled to Bengal after a Burmese invasion. With the support of Bengali forces led by a Pashtun general, he regained control of his country during the [[Reconquest of Arakan]]. The restored Arakanese realm became a vassal state of Bengal. A war with Arakan in 1459 led to the defeat of Bengali Sultan [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]]. The Arakanese developed an alliance with [[Portuguese Chittagong]] against Bengal. Despite achieving independence from the Sultans of Bengal, the Arakanese kings continued to fashion themselves after the Bengali Sultans by copying clothes, coins, titles and administrative techniques. Bengali Muslim influence on Arakan lasted for 350 years.<ref name="TopichLeitich2013">{{cite book|author1=William J. Topich|author2=Keith A. Leitich|title=The History of Myanmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35725-1|page=20}}</ref> In the Indian Ocean, the Bengal Sultanate was involved in trading with the Maldives where Bengali rice was exchanged for Maldivian shell currency.

Historians have focused on Bengal's relations with Ming China during the early 15th century. For example, ''Trade and Diplomacy in India-China Relations: A Study of Bengal During the Fifteenth Century'' chronicles the relationship between the Bengal Sultanate and Ming China.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/trade-and-diplomacy-in-indiachina-relations-a-study-of-bengal-during-the-fifteenth-century-by-ray-haraprasad-pp-ix-221-3-maps-new-delhi-radiant-publishers-london-sangam-books-1993-rs-200/BE39CDDE8F973EED2E7AC4BA9A22D6AD|title=Trade and Diplomacy in India-China Relations: A Study of Bengal During the Fifteenth Century. By Haraprasad Ray. pp. ix, 221, 3 maps. New Delhi, Radiant Publishers; London, Sangam Books, 1993. Rs 200.|first=Roderich|last=Ptak|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=5|issue=2|pages=300–303|via=Cambridge Core|doi=10.1017/S1356186300015637|s2cid=164048218 }}</ref> This relationship was also noted by Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru in his book ''[[The Discovery of India]]''.<ref name="Nehru1985">{{cite book|author=Jawaharlal Nehru|title=The discovery of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BSjQhakjAAC|year=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-562359-8|page=198}}</ref> Political relations between China and the Indian subcontinent became nonexistent after the decline of Buddhism in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-821-9|page=109|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014104/https://books.google.com/books?id=hrA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> In the 15th century, the Bengal Sultanate revived the subcontinent's relations with China through regular contacts. Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] began sending envoys to the [[Ming dynasty]]. He sent ambassadors in 1405, 1408 and 1409.<ref name="banglapedia.org">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah}}</ref> Emperor [[Yongle]] of China responded by sending ambassadors to Bengal between 1405 and 1433, including members of the [[Treasure voyages]] fleet led by [[Admiral Zheng He]].<ref name="sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Church |first1=Sally K. |s2cid=161549135 |year=2016 |title=The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China |journal=The Medieval History Journal |volume=7 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.1177/097194580400700101}}</ref> The exchange of embassies included the gift of an East African giraffe by Sultan [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]] to the Chinese emperor in 1414.<ref name="MaBrakel2016">{{cite book|author1=Lin Ma|author2=Jaap van Brakel|title=Fundamentals of Comparative and Intercultural Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPjSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-6017-8|page=135}}</ref><ref name="RielloBiedermann2017">{{cite book|author1=Giorgio Riello|author2=Zoltán Biedermann|author3=Anne Gerritsen|title=Global Gifts: The Material Culture of Diplomacy in Early Modern Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-41550-7|page=18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014104/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="sagepub.com"/> China also mediated an end to the Bengal-Jaunpur War after a request from Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah.<ref name="banglapedia.org1">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah}}</ref> Ming China considered Bengal to be "rich and civilized" and one of the strongest countries in the entire chain of contacts between China and Asian states during the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book|author1=María Dolores Elizalde|author2=Wang Jianlang|title=China's Development from a Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2|page=70}}</ref> Sino-Bengali contacts was the main feature of relations between China and the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century.

==Culture and society==
[[File:Codice Casanatense Bengalis.jpg|thumb|"People of the Kingdom of Bengal", 16th-century Portuguese illustration]]
The [[Bengali language]] was the most spoken language while [[Persian language|Persian]] was an administrative and commercial language. Men wore white shirts, cotton fabrics of various colors, turbans, sarongs, lungis, dhutis, leather shoes, and belts to wrap their robes on the waist. Women wore cotton saris. Upper-class women wore gold jewelry. There were various classes of artisans, as well as physicians and fortune tellers. There was a class of musicians who would gather by the houses of the rich during dawn and play music; and they would be rewarded with wine, food and money during breakfast hours. Some men would have performances with a chained tiger. The [[Hindu]] minority did not eat beef. The streets and markets included bathing areas, eating and drinking places, and dessert shops. [[Betel nut]] was offered to guests. The population included royalty, aristocrats, natives and foreigners. Many of the rich built ships and went abroad for trade. Many were agriculturalists. Punishments for breaking the law included expulsion from the kingdom, as well as bamboo flogging.<ref name="auto3"/>

Bengal received settlers from North India, the Middle East and Central Asia. They included Turks, Afghans, Persians and Arabs.<ref name="Khan2013">{{cite book|author=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|publisher=Kube Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-84774-062-5|pages=5–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014104/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> An important migrant community were Persians. Many Persians in Bengal were teachers, lawyers, scholars and clerics.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iranians, The}}</ref> Mercenaries were widely imported for domestic, military and political service. One particular group of mercenaries were the Abyssinians.<ref name="auto"/>

==Arts==
===Literature and painting===
[[File:Sharafnama of Nizami, Bengal.jpg|thumb|A Bengali Persian manuscript showing [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] sharing his throne with Queen Nushabah. The scene is based on [[Nizami Ganjavi]]'s Iskandar Nama (Book of Alexander). The manuscript was published by Sultan Nusrat Shah who reigned between 1519 and 1538. (British Library)]]
Muslim poets were writing in the Bengali language by the 15th century. By the turn of the 16th century, a vernacular literature based on concepts of [[Sufism]] and [[Islamic cosmology]] flourished in the region. Bengali Muslim mystic literature was one of the most original in Islamic India.<ref name="Markovits2004"/>
{{blockquote|And with the three washers [cups of wine], this dispute is going on.

All the parrots [poets] of India have fallen into a sugar shattering situation (become excited)

That this Persian candy [ode], to Bangalah [Bengal] is going on. 
-An excerpt of a poem jointly penned by [[Hafez]] and Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] in the 14th century.<ref name=abumusa/>}}
With Persian as an [[official language]], Bengal witnessed an influx of [[Persian people|Persian]] scholars, lawyers, teachers and clerics. It was the preferred language of the aristocracy and the [[Sufi]]s. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The earliest Persian work compiled in Bengal was a translation of Amrtakunda from Sanskrit by Qadi Ruknu'd-Din Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad al-'Amidi of Samarqand, a famous Hanafi jurist and Sufi. During the reign of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, the city of Sonargaon became an important centre of [[Persian literature]], with many publications of prose and poetry. The period is described as the "[[golden age]] of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature is illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence with the Persian poet Hafez. When the Sultan invited Hafez to complete an incomplete [[ghazal]] by the ruler, the renowned poet responded by acknowledging the grandeur of the king's court and the literary quality of Bengali-Persian poetry.<ref name=abumusa>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Persian|author=Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah}}</ref>

Manuscript paintings depict the fashion and architecture of the Bengal Sultanate. Persian manuscripts with paintings are a key artistic hallmark of the Bengal Sultanate. One of the best-known examples of this heritage is the ''Sharafnama'' published by Sultan [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah|Nusrat Shah]] in the middle of the 16th century. It includes epic poetry by [[Nizami Ganjavi]] about the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Grabar1989">{{cite book|author=Oleg Grabar|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0NCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58|year=1989|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-09050-7|pages=58–72|author-link=Oleg Grabar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama|title=ESKANDAR-NĀMA|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

In the 15th century, the court scholar [[Nur Qutb Alam]] pioneered [[Bengali Muslim]] poetry by establishing the [[Dobhashi]] tradition, which saw poems written half in Persian and half in colloquial Bengali. The invocation tradition saw Islamic figures replacing the invocation of Hindu gods and goddesses in Bengali texts. The literary romantic tradition saw poems by [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]] on [[Yusuf and Zulaikha]], as well as works of Bahram Khan and Sabirid Khan. The ''Dobhashi'' culture featured the use of [[Arabic]] and Persian words in Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim stories. [[Epic poetry]] included ''Nabibangsha'' by [[Syed Sultan]], ''Janganama'' by [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]] and ''Rasul Bijay'' by Shah Barid. Sufi literature flourished with a dominant theme of [[cosmology]]. Bengali Muslim writers produced translations of numerous Arabic and Persian works, including the [[Thousand and One Nights]] and the [[Shahnameh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |title=The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule |access-date=22 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050525/https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Sufi Literature}}</ref>

Hindu poets from the period included [[Maladhar Basu]], [[Bipradas Pipilai]] and [[Vijay Gupta (poet)|Vijay Gupta]].

===Architecture===
{{See also|Bengali architecture|Islamic architecture}}
A majority of the Bengal Sultanate's mint towns and surviving structures are found in Bangladesh. These structures have been studied in the book ''Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh'' by Perween Hasan, who completed her PhD at [[Harvard University]] and has taught Islamic history and culture at the University of Dhaka.<ref name="HasanGrabar2007">{{cite book|author1=Perween Hasan|author2=Oleg Grabar|title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-84511-381-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-36880|title=Royalty, aesthetics and the story of mosques|website=The Daily Star}}</ref> The Indian state of West Bengal is home to two of the sultanate's former capitals Gaur and Pandua, as well as several notable structures including a watchtower, fortified walls and mausolea. The oldest mosque in the Indian state of Assam dates from the Bengal Sultanate. A 15th-century sultanate-era mosque lies in ruins and covered with vegetation in Myanmar's Rakhine State.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/|title=The Hidden City of Myanmar|first=Joshua|last=Hammer|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>

====Urban architecture====
Cities in the Bengal Sultanate had stately medieval architecture, particularly in the royal capitals of Gaur and Pandua. In 1500, the royal capital of Gaur had the fifth-largest urban population in the world after Beijing, [[Vijayanagara]], Cairo and Canton. It had a population of 200,000 (at the time, the global population is estimated to have ranged between 400 and 500 million).<ref name="ft">{{Citation|title=Bar chart race: the most populous cities through time|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMs5xapBewM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/pMs5xapBewM| archive-date=17 November 2021 | url-status=live|work=Financial Times|access-date=31 December 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential|title=Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world – as a viral video reminds us|last=Kapadia|first=Aparna|website=Scroll.in|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref><ref>Data from History Database of the Global Environment. K. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on pg. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.</ref><ref>Data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a) World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.
Estimates prior to 1950: (b) "The World at Six Billion", 1999.
Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c) "Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950–2100", 2013. Archived 19 November 2016, at the Wayback Machine
2014: (d) http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043800/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf }} "2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014.]
2015: (e) http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm }} "2015 World Urbanization Prospects", 2015.]</ref> The Portuguese historian Castenhada de Lopez described houses in Gaur as being one-storeyed with ornamental floor tiles, courtyards and gardens. The city had a citadel, [[Durbar (court)|durbar]], watchtowers, canals, bridges, large gateways, and a city wall.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Gaur, City}}</ref> The royal palace was divided into three compartments. The first compartment was the royal court. The second was the living quarter of the Sultan. The third was the harem. A high wall enclosed the palace. A moat surrounded the palace on three sides and was connected to the Ganges. The city of Pandua developed from a small hamlet into a military garrison. It included imperial mosques and mausolea. Urban architecture in the Bengal Sultanate was based on Arab, Bengali, Persian, Indo-Turkish, and Byzantine influences. A glimpse of houses in the Bengal Sultanate can be seen in the ''Iskandar Nama'' (Book of Alexander) published by Sultan Nusrat Shah.<ref name="Grabar1989"/> There were significant indigenous developments. The [[Bengal roofs]] began appearing in concrete forms during the 15th century. These roofs were later widely replicated in the Mughal Empire and the Rajput kingdoms of the northwestern Indian subcontinent.
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Urban architecture in the Bengal Sultanate" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180">
"DAKHIL DARWAZA, GOUR".jpg|Dakhil Doorway
Baisgazi Wall 03.jpg|Baisgazi Wall was a city wall
Firoz Minar.JPG|The [[Firoz Minar]] was a watchtower
Gumti Gate at Gaur in Malda District 03.jpg|Fading enameled bricks on Gumti Gate
</gallery>

====Mosque architecture====
According to Perween Hasan in a book edited by [[Oleg Grabar]], the mosques of the Bengal Sultanate have several common features, including pointed arches, multiple [[mihrab]]s, engaged corner towers, and [[terracotta]] and stone decoration.<ref name="Grabar1989"/> In particular, the art of the mihrab is meticulous and unique to Bengal's mosque architecture.<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/badshah-ka-takth-and-the-gem-bengal-kusumba-mosque-1840753|title=Badshah-ka Takth and the gem of Bengal, Kusumba Mosque|website=The Daily Star|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> Mosques were either rectangular and multi-domed or square and single-domed. The large number of mosques built during the Bengal Sultanate indicates the rapidity with which the local population converted to Islam. The period between 1450 and 1550 was an intensive mosque building era. These mosques dotted the countryside, ranged from small to medium sizes and were used for daily devotion. [[Ponds]] were often located beside a mosque. Arabic inscriptions in the mosques often include the name of the patron or builder. The most commonly cited verse from the Quran in inscriptions was Surah 72 ([[Al-Jinn]]).<ref name="Grabar1989"/> The buildings were made of brick or stone. The brick mosque with terracotta decoration represented a grand structure in the Bengal Sultanate. They were often the gift of a wealthy patron and the fruit of extraordinary effort, which would not be found in every Muslim neighborhood.<ref name="Grabar1989"/> Mosques were built across the length and breadth of the Bengal Sultanate. The highest concentration of mosques from the Bengal Sultanate can be found in the [[North Bengal]] regions of Bangladesh and Indian West Bengal. A [[Mosque City of Bagerhat|mosque city]] developed near the southwestern Bengali Sundarbans forest as a result of the patronization of Governor Khan Jahan Ali. In 1985, UNESCO designated the city as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> In central areas, the [[Pathrail Mosque]] in Faridpur is one of the best-preserved sultanate-era structures. In the northeast, the [[Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid]] in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] is a well-preserved structure of the Bengal Sultanate. In the northeastern Indian state of [[Assam]], the [[Panbari Mosque]] was built during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Hussain Shah. Other mosques can be found in coastal areas of West Bengal and parts of [[Bihar]], such as the [[Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque]]. In the southeast, the Santikan Mosque (built in the 1430s) stands in ruins in Rakhine State (formerly Arakan) of [[Myanmar]] (formerly Burma).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150625-myanmar-burma-rohingya-refugees-archaeology-world/|title=Lost Myanmar Empire Is Stage for Modern Violence|website=National Geographic News|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

Imperial mosques had an in-built throne for the Sultan. These thrones are termed as ''Badshah-e-Takht'' (King's Throne). The Sultans sat on the elevated throne and addressed his subjects below. The Sultans also administered justice and managed government affairs while sitting on these thrones. Mosques served as royal courts.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/> Mosques across the Bengal Sultanate had these thrones. The Sultans traveled from one town to another and hosted royal court activities in mosques with a Badshah-e-Takht. The Badshah-e-Takht in [[Kusumba Mosque]] is heavily decorated with a small intrinsically designed mihrab. The Adina Mosque has one of the largest royal galleries in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/>
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Mosque architecture in the Bengal Sultanate" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180">
Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 13.jpg|Badshah-e-Takht in Adina Mosque
Darashbari Mosque PRG 8155.jpg|Multiple [[mihrab]]s in [[Darasbari Mosque]]
ছোট সোনা মসজিদ 5.jpg|Pointed arches and a Bengal roof in [[Choto Sona Mosque]]
Nine Dome Mosque, Bagerhat(নয় গম্বুজ মসজিদ, বাগেরহাট) (7).jpg|Engaged corner tower in [[Nine Dome Mosque]]
Chapai KhaniaDighiMosque 03Jun16 MG 4937.jpg|Terracotta [[arabesque]] of Khania Dighi Mosque
</gallery>

====Tomb architecture====
Mausoleums of the Bengal Sultanate are an important architectural hallmark. Initially, [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] were erected based on Iranian models, such as the [[Tomb of Cyrus]]. Sarcophagi would include mihrabs and arches resembling the architecture in Adina Mosque. For example, the tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in Sonargaon has features similar to the architecture of Adina Mosque built by his father Sultan Sikandar Shah. An indigenous Islamic mausolea style developed with the [[Eklakhi Mausoleum]], which is the royal tomb chamber of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. Other mausolea, such as the Tomb of Fateh Khan in Gaur, featured a Bengal roof.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Tomb Architecture}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Tomb architecture in the Bengal Sultanate" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180">
Eklakhi Mausoleum at Pandua in Malda district 02.jpg|[[Eklakhi Mausoleum]] in Pandua
Tomb of Fateh Khan.JPG|Bengal roof on the Tomb of Fateh Khan in Gaur
Chapai ChotoSonaMashjidShomadhi MG 5051.jpg|Tombs of Choto Sona Mosque
বাঘা মসজিদের সম্মুখভাগের মাজার (৩).jpg|Cemetery of [[Bagha Mosque]]
</gallery>

====Legacy====
The architecture of the Bengal Sultanate has influenced [[modern architecture]] in Bangladesh. The sultanate era inspired the [[Baitur Rauf Mosque]], which won the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/architect-marina-tabassum-on-her-aga-khan-award-winning-design-for-the-bait-ur-rouf-mosque-in-dhaka-1.160592|title=Architect Marina Tabassum on her Aga Khan Award-winning design for the Bait Ur Rouf mosque in Dhaka|website=The National}}</ref>

==List of dynasties==
;Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414)
{{Main|Ilyas Shahi dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]]
| 1342–1358
| Became the first sole ruler of whole [[Bengal]] comprising [[Sonargaon]], [[Satgaon]] and [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]].
|-
| [[Sikandar Shah]]
| 1358–1390
| Assassinated by his son and successor, [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
| 1390–1411
|
|-
| [[Saifuddin Hamza Shah]]
| 1411–1413
|
|-
| Muhammad Shah bin Hamza Shah
| 1413
| Assassinated by his father's slave [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]] on the orders of the landlord of [[Dinajpur]], [[Raja Ganesha]]
|-
| [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]]
| 1413–1414
|Assassinated by [[Raja Ganesha]]
|-
| [[Alauddin Firuz Shah I]]
| 1414
| Son of Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah. Assassinated by Raja Ganesha
|}

;House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435)
{{Main|Ganesha dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| 1414–1415
|
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
| 1415–1416
| Son of Raja Ganesha and converted into Islam
|-
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| 1416–1418
| Second Phase
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
| 1418–1433
| Second Phase
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah]]
| 1433–1435
|
|}

;Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–1487)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah I]]
|1435–1459
|
|-
| [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]]
| 1459–1474
|
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah]]
| 1474–1481
|
|-
| [[Sikandar Shah II]]
| 1481
|
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah]]
| 1481–1487
|
|}

;Habshi rule (1487–1494)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Shahzada Barbak]]
| 1487
|
|-
| [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah]]
| 1487–1489
|
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah II]]
| 1489–1490
|
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]]
| 1490–1494
|
|}

;Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)
{{Main|Hussain Shahi dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]]
| 1494–1518
|
|-
| [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]]
| 1518–1533
|
|-
| [[Alauddin Firuz Shah II]]
| 1533
|
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]]
| 1533–1538
|
|}

;Governors under Suri rule (1539–1554)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Khidr Khan(Bengal)|Khidr Khan]]
| 1539–1541
|Declared independence in 1541 and was replaced
|-
| [[Qazi Fazilat]]
| 1541–1545
|
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
| 1545–1554
|Declared independence upon the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]]
|}

;Muhammad Shahi dynasty (1554–1564)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
| 1554–1555
| Declared independence and styled himself as ''Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah''
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II]]
| 1555–1561
|
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah]]
| 1561–1563
|
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III]]
| 1563–1564
|
|}

;Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)
{{Main|Karrani dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Taj Khan Karrani]]
| 1564–1566
|
|-
| [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]]
| 1566–1572
| Defeated by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Gajpatis]] & [[Bhurshut]] allianced marry his daughter to Bhurshut Maharaj brother and his conversion to [[Islam]]
Rise of [[Kalapahar]]
|-
| [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]]
| 1572
|
|-
| [[Daud Khan Karrani]]
| 1572–1576
|
|}

==Family Trees==
===Ilyas Shahi Dynasty (1342-1414)===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Ilyas Shahi Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah|Ilyas Shah]]''' ?-1358 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1342-1358 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |!| | | | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Sikandar Shah|Sikandar Shah I]]''' ?-1390 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1358-1390 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |!| | | | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah|Azam Shah]]''' ?-1411 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1390-1411 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |!| | | | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Saifuddin Hamza Shah|Hamza Shah]]''' ?-1412 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1411-1412 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | |A01='''[[Muhammad Shah (Ilyas dynasty)|Muhammad Shah I]]''' ?-1413 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1412-1413 |A02='''[[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah|Bayazid Shah]]''' ?-1414 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1413-1414 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |!| | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | A01 | |A01='''[[Alauddin Firuz Shah I|Firuz Shah II]]''' ?-1414 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1414 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}
===Ganesha Dynasty (1414-1436)===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Ganesha Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | |A01='''[[Raja Ganesha|Ganesha]]''' ?-1418 '''Raja of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1414-1415, 1416-1418 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |!| | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | |A01='''[[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah|Muhammad Shah II]]''' ?-1433 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1415-1416, 1418-1433 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |!| | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | |A01='''[[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah|Ahmad Shah]]''' 1419-1436 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1433-1436 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

===Restored Ilyas Shahi Dynasty (1436-1487)===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Restored Ilyas Shahi Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01='''[[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Mahmud Shah I]]''' ?-1459 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1436-1459 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | |A01='''[[Ruknuddin Barbak Shah|Barbak Shah I]]''' ?-1474 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1459-1474 |A02='''[[Nuruddin Sikandar Shah|Sikandar Shah II]]''' ?-1481 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1481 |A03='''[[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah|Fateh Shah]]''' ?-1487 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1481-1487 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A03=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |!| | | | | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''[[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah|Yusuf Shah]]''' ?-1481 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1474-1481 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}
===Habshi Rule (1487-1494)===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Habshi Rulers}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | |A01='''[[Shahzada Barbak|Barbak Shah II]]''' ?-1487 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1487 |A02='''[[Saifuddin Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah III]]''' ?-1489 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1487-1489 |A03='''[[Mahmud Shah II]]''' ?-1490 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1489-1490 |A04='''[[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah|Muzaffar Shah]]''' ?-1494 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1490-1494 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A03=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A04=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}
===Hussain Shahi Dynasty (1494-1538)===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Hussain Shahi Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01='''[[Alauddin Husain Shah|Hussain Shah]]''' ?-1519 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1494-1519 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | |A01='''[[Danyal (Hussain Shahi dynasty)|Daniyal]]''' ?-1515 |A02='''[[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah|Nasrat Shah]]''' ?-1533 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1519-1533 |A03='''[[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah|Mahmud Shah III]]''' ?-1538 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1533-1538 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A03=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01='''[[Alauddin Firuz Shah II|Firuz Shah IV]]''' ?-1533 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1533 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

===Muhammad Shahi Dynasty (1554-1564)===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Muhammad Shahi Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01='''[[Muhammad Khan Sur|Muhammad Shah III]]''' ?-1555 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1554-1555 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | |A01='''[[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II|Bahadur Shah II]]''' ?-1561 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1555-1561 |A02='''[[Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah|Jalal Shah]]''' ?-1563 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1561-1563 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |!| | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | | | | |A01='''[[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III|Bahadur Shah III]]''' ?-1564 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1563-1564 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}
===Karrani Dynasty (1564-1576)===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Karrani Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | A01 | | | |A01=Unnamed}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | |A01='''[[Taj Khan Karrani|Taj Khan]]''' ?-1565 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1564-1565 |A02='''[[Sulaiman Khan Karrani|Sulaiman Khan]]''' ?-1572 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1565-1572 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|-|-|(| | }}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | A01 | | A02 | |A01='''[[Bayazid Khan Karrani|Bayazid Khan]]''' ?-1572 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1572 |A02='''[[Daud Khan Karrani|Daud Khan]]''' ?-1576 '''Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]''' R.1572-1576 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
{{History of Bangladesh}}
{{Bengal Sultanate}}
* [[Bengal Subah]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[List of medieval great powers]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Yegar |first=Moshe |year=2002 |title=Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Lexington Books |pages=23–24 |isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2}}
* Hussain, Syed Ejaz (2003). The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins, A.D. 1205–1576. Manohar. {{ISBN|978-81-7304-482-3}}.
* ''The Grammar of Sultanate Mosque in Bengal Architecture'', Nujaba Binte Kabir (2012)

{{coord|24|52|0|N|88|8|0|E|region:IN_type:country|display=title}}

[[Category:Bengal Sultanate| ]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 14th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1570s]]
[[Category:Former empires]]

Battle of Multan

2022-02-03T00:49:10Z

Ipriyanshu rohila: Shared an influential publication.

#REDIRECT [[Siege of Multan (1818)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Pmonradio.nic.in

2022-01-21T10:39:59Z

Ipriyanshu rohila: Just finished drafting a new page.

#REDIRECT [[Mann Ki Baat]]