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Tarakeswar Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T00:13:47Z

Inventaa: Put Up A Post Needs Work

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
'''Tarakeswar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tarakeswar
| type = SLA
| Incumbent_image =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Tarakeswar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Tarakeswar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Santu Pan
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
| constituency_no = 198
| established = 1951
| electors = 221,972
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished =
}}

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 55.56
| value2 = 22.22
| value3 = 16.67
| value4 = 5.55
| label1 = [[Marxist Forward Bloc]] (10 times)
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress]] (4 times)
| label3 = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (3 time)
| label4= [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1 time)
| color1 = {{party color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color3 = {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|color4 = {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| caption = Most Successful parties from Tarakeshwar assembly
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 198 [[Tarakeswar]] Assembly constituency, also spelt Tarakeshwar, is composed of the following: [[Tarakeswar Municipality]], [[Tarakeswar (community development block)|Tarakeswar]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Bhanderhati I, Bhanderhati II, Gopinathpur I, Gopinathpur II and Perambua Sahabazar [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Dhaniakhali (community development block)|Dhaniakhali]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Tarakeswar Assembly constituency is part of No. 29 [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency]] (SC).<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="3"|Parbati Charan Hazra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Ram Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Balai Lal Sheth
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ram Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Santi Chatterjee
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Pratim Chatterjee]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rachhpal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Ramendu Sinharay]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Santu Pan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarakeswar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Santu Pan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=116,901|percentage=52.76|change={{Increase}}9.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramendu Sinharay]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=85,902|percentage=38.77|change={{Decrease}}8.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abesh Khamrui|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=9,616|percentage=4.34|change={{Decrease}}2.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhabani Prasad Mondal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,077|percentage=0.49|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,485|percentage=0.67|change={{Decrease}}0.67}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31,999|percentage=14.44|change={{Increase}}10.81}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=221,578|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarakeswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ramendu Sinharay]]
|votes = 96,698
|percentage = 46.96
|change = {{decrease}}3.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Swapan Dasgupta]]
|votes = 89,214
|percentage = 43.33
|change = {{increase}}33.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Surajit Ghosh
|votes = 14,595
|percentage = 7.09
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,752
|percentage = 1.34
|change = {{decrease}}0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party of India (Athawale)
|candidate = Sanju Chakraborty
|votes = 1,697
|percentage = 0.82
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukumar Khanra
|votes = 961
|percentage = 0.47
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,484
|percentage = 3.63
|change = {{decrease}}10.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,05,917
|percentage = 85.86
|change = {{decrease}}0.76
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarakeswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Rachhpal Singh]]
|votes = 97,588
|percentage = 50.75
|change = {{decrease}}4.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Surajit Ghosh
|votes = 69,898
|percentage = 36.35
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jagannath Das
|votes = 17,989
|percentage = 9.36
|change = {{increase}}6.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,983
|percentage = 2.07
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Palash Hansda
|votes = 2,818
|percentage = 1.47
|change = {{decrease}}0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 27,690
|percentage = 14.40
|change = {{decrease}}0.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,92,276
|percentage = 86.62
|change = {{decrease}}2.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarakeswar<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=198| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164436/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=198| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Tarakeswar| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Rachhpal Singh]]
|votes = 97,022
|percentage = 55.10
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Pratim Chatterjee]]
|votes = 71,550
|percentage = 40.64
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ganesh Chakraborty
|votes = 4,504
|percentage = 2.56
|change = {{decrease}}32.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Palash Hansda
|votes = 2,996
|percentage = 1.70
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 25,472
|percentage = 14.46
|change = {{decrease}}9.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,76,072
|percentage = 89.21
|change = {{increase}}1.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Marxist Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarakeswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Marxist Forward Bloc
|candidate = [[Pratim Chatterjee]]
|votes = 74,849
|percentage = 58.10
|change = {{increase}}3.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Bhattacharjee
|votes = 44,578
|percentage = 34.60
|change = {{increase}}24.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajit Kumar Ghosh
|votes = 9,400
|percentage = 7.30
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,271
|percentage = 23.50
|change = {{increase}}0.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,28,827
|percentage = 87.60
|change = {{increase}}4.56
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Marxist Forward Bloc
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarakeswar<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=198|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164436/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=198| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Tarakeswar| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Marxist Forward Bloc
|candidate = [[Pratim Chatterjee]]
|votes = 69,186
|percentage = 54.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohan Ghosh
|votes = 40,274
|percentage = 31.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rakhal Chandra Das
|votes = 12,434
|percentage = 9.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Debasish Chatterjee
|votes = 3,325
|percentage = 2.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prabir Pal
|votes = 1,615
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 28,912
|percentage = 22.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,26,834
|percentage = 83.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Marxist Forward Bloc
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
Tarakeswar has been a base of [[Marxist Forward Bloc]] but officially their candidates are often shown as Independent. In 1996, the candidate was shown as belonging to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001 and 1996, Pratim Chatterjee, Independent/ CPI(M), won the 185 Tarakeswar assembly seat defeating Krishna Bhattacharjee of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislativer Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 185|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Mohan Ghosh of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Ajit Kumar Ghosh of Congress in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 185|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Santi Chatterjee, Independent, defeated Balailal Sheth of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 185| publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 185|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Ram Chatterjee, Independent, defeated Bimal Kanti Ghosh of [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 185|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Ajit Bose Mullik of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp185.htm |title =185 - Tarakeswar Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Balai Lal Sheth of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Ram Chatterjee of Marxist Forward Block/ Independent won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 180|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 180 |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 180|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Parbati Charan Hazra of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]],<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Barharia Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T17:50:26Z

Inventaa: created a article.

{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Barharia
|type= SLA
| map_image = 110-Barharia constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Indradev Patel 
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district =
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 310,094
|abolished = 
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{coord|26|18|13|N|84|27|11|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}
'''Barharia Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Siwan district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 110 Barharia Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Pachrukhi [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; [[Tarwara]], Kunwa, Rasulpur, Padrauna Khurd, Habibpur ,Koirigawa, Balapur, Madhopur, Barasara, Barharia, Sadarpur, Tetahli, Nawalpur, Bahuara Kadir, Bahadurpur, Hardobara, Bhamopali, Rachhopali, Rampur, Bhopatpur, Sikandarpur, Bhaluara, Hariharpurlalgarh, Chaukhi Hasan and Dindayalpur [[gram panchayat]]s of Barharia CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Barharia Assembly constituency is part of No. 18 [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> Habibpur is also a big village in barharia constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Barharia Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/barharia.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Saghirul Haque
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1952^
|B. P. Singh
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Quamrul Haque
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ram Raj Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Abdul Jalil
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Raj Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Abdul Jalil
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1977-2010: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shyam Bahadur Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Bachcha Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Indradev Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barharia<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Indradev Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:93600}}
|percentage = 47.51
|change = {{increase}}7.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Arun Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:81464}}
|percentage = 41.35
|change = {{decrease}}0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyam Bahadur Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4692}}
|percentage = 2.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Shekh Shahnawz Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:3750}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hareram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3229}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Jitendra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2175}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3932}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change = {{decrease}}0.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12136}}
|percentage = 6.16
|change = {{increase}}4.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196995}}
|percentage = 63.53
|change = {{increase}}6.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barharia<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bachcha Pandey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:71793}}
|percentage = 41.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Shyam Bahadur Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:68234}}
|percentage = 39.55
|change = -2.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Birbahadur Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5065}}
|percentage = 2.94
|change = -29.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Bandana Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:4837}}
|percentage = 2.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Muzaffer Imam
|votes = {{formatnum:3312}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjeet Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3005}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. Ashraf Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:2710}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rizwan Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:2699}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anil Kumar Giri
|votes = {{formatnum:1597}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4231}}
|percentage = 2.45
|change = +0.6
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3559}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change = -7.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172508}}
|percentage = 57.14
|change = +0.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barharia<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Shyam Bahadur Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65168}}
|percentage = 41.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Bachha Panday
|votes = {{formatnum:50585}}
|percentage = 32.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mantu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:7258}}
|percentage = 4.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahadeo Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:6022}}
|percentage = 3.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalasa Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:5340}}
|percentage = 3.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Irfan Ahmed
|votes = {{formatnum:3107}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dhananjay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2481}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dhananjay Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:2351}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Niraj Kr. Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:2060}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Rijwan Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:2014}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|candidate = Abdul Gafar Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:1613}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Umesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1446}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2871}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14583}}
|percentage = 9.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155404}}
|percentage = 56.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|candidate = Abdul Gafar Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:1613}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Siwan district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Sena dynasty

2026-05-04T22:26:15Z

Inventaa:

{{short description|Hindu dynasty of Bengal (1070–1230)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Sena dynasty
| common_name = Senas
| country =
| era = [[Middle Kingdoms of India]]
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = 1070
| date_start =
| event1 = [[Sena revolution of Bengal|Sena Revolution]]
| date_event1 = 1070–1179
| event2 = [[Sena-Gahadavala Conflicts]]
| date_event2 = 1155–1206
| event3 = [[Ghurid conquest of Bengal]]
| date_event3 = 1205
| event_end =
| year_end = 1230
| date_end =
| p1 = Pala Empire
| p2 = Varman Dynasty (Bengal){{!}}Varman dynasty
| p3 = Samatata
| s1 = Deva dynasty
| s2 = Khalji dynasty of Bengal
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms]]
| image_map = Map of the Senas.png
| map_width = 270px
| image_map_caption = Map of the Senas of Bengal<ref name="JS">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library|author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=185&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0|page=147, Map "f"}}</ref>
| capital = [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], [[Bikrampur]], [[Nabadwip]], [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
| religion = [[Vaisnavism|Hinduism]]
| common_languages = [[Old Bengali]], [[Sanskrit]]
| year_leader5 = 1179–1206 CE
| leader5 = [[Lakshmana Sena]]
| year_leader6 = 1206–1225 CE
| leader6 = [[Vishvarupa Sena]]
| year_leader7 = 1225–1230 CE
| leader7 = [[Keshava Sena]]
| leader8 = [[Surya Sena]]<ref name="Raj Kumar 340">{{cite book | author= Raj Kumar |title= Essays on Medieval India |year= 2003 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB-B7Hk_35AC&q=samanta+sena&pg=PA340| page=340|publisher= Discovery Publishing House |isbn= 9788171416837 }}</ref>
| leader9 = [[Narayana Sena]]<ref name="Raj Kumar 340"/>
| leader10 = [[Laksmana Sena II]]<ref name="Raj Kumar 340"/>
| leader11 =
| year_leader11 =
| title_leader = Mahārājādhirāja Vaṅgapati
| year_leader1 = 1070–1095 CE
| leader1 = [[Samanta Sena]]
| year_leader2 = 1095–1096 CE
| leader2 = [[Hemanta Sena]]
| year_leader3 = 1096–1159 CE
| leader3 = [[Vijaya Sena]]
| year_leader4 = 1159–1179 CE
| leader4 = [[Ballala Sena]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| legislature =
| today =
}}

The '''Sena dynasty''', or the '''Senas''', was a [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties|Hindu dynasty]] during the [[Classical India|early medieval period]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], that ruled from [[Bengal]] through the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mehta|1979|p=70}}"Mean-while, the dawn of the eleventh century saw the rise of a Sena dynasty in Eastern Bengal"</ref>The empire at its peak covered much of the north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. The [[Pala Empire|Palas of Bengal]] were succeeded by the Sena Dynasty.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287/page/n269/mode/1up |title=History of Ancient Bengal |publisher=G. Bharadwaj, Calcutta |year=1971}}</ref>

The dynasty's founder was Samanta Sena. After him came Hemanta Sena, who usurped power and styled himself king in 1095 AD. His successor [[Vijaya Sena]] ({{Reign|1096|1159}}) helped lay the foundations of the dynasty and had an unusually long reign of over 60 years. [[Ballala Sena]] conquered [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]] from the Pala, became the ruler of the Bengal Delta, and made [[Nadia district|Nadia]] the capital as well. Ballala Sena married Ramadevi a princess of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] which indicates that the Sena rulers maintained close social contact with south India.<ref>''Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib'' by Nitish K. Sengupta, p. 51.</ref> [[Lakshmana Sena]] succeeded Ballala Sena in 1179, ruled Bengal for approximately 20 years, and expanded the Sena dynasty to [[Odisha]], possibly up to [[Varanasi]]. In 1203–1204 AD, [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutbuddin Aibak]]'s ({{Reign|1206|1210}}) protégé, Muhammad Bin [[Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khalji]], a general under the [[Ghurid Empire]], [[Ghurid invasion of Bengal|launched an invasion]] and captured the capital city of Nadia. However Navadvip was not the permanent capital of the Sena rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApVjzgEACAAJ |title=The History of Bengal |publisher=University of Dacca |year=1976 |volume=2 |pages=5}}</ref> The detailed account of this invasion is given in ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287/page/n284/mode/1up |title=History Of Ancient Bengal |publisher=G.Bharadwaj, Calcutta |publication-date=1971 |pages=234–235}}</ref>

==Origins==
{{History of Bengal}}
The rulers of the Sena Dynasty traced their origin to the south of India.{{Sfn|Mehta|1979|p=70}} [[Deopara Prashasti]] described the founder of Sena dynasty Samanta Sena, as a migrant [[Brahmakshatriya|Brahmaksatriya]] from [[Karnataka]].{{Sfn|Sen|1999|p=287}} The epithet 'Brahma-Kshatriya' suggests that Senas were Brahmins by caste who took the profession of arms and became Kshatriyas.<ref name=":4" /> The Sena kings were also probably [[Baidya]]s, according to historian P.N. Chopra.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Pran Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAtuAAAAMAAJ|title=Religions and Communities of India|publisher=East-West Publications|year=1982|isbn=978-0-85692-081-3|page=78|quote=The Sena kings were probably Baidyas. The evidence of inscriptions shows that a dynasty of Baidya kings ruled over at least a part of Bengal from 1010 AD to 1200 AD. The most famous of these kings is Ballal Sena}}</ref>

A copper plate suggests that the Senas settled in western Bengal before the birth of Samantasena.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287/page/n270/mode/1up |title=History of Ancient Bengal |publisher=G. Bharadwaj, Calcutta |year=1971 |pages=220}}</ref> The Senas entered into the service of Palas as ''sāmantas'' in Rāḍha, probably under Samantasena.<ref name="sen">{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|publisher=Primus Books|year=2013|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4|pages=35–36}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Furui |first1=Ryosuke |title=Land and Society in Early South Asia: Eastern India 400–1250 AD |date=2 July 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-08480-1 |pages=188|language=en|chapter=6: Towards Brahmanical Systematisation: c. 1100–1250 AD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lM6gDwAAQBAJ&q=Towards+Brahmanical+Systematisation:+c.+1100%E2%80%931250+AD}}</ref> With the decline of the Pālas, their territory had expanded to include Vaṅga and a part of Varendra by the end of Vijayasena's reign.<ref name=":0" /> The Palas were ousted in totality, and their entire territory annexed sometime after 1165.<ref name=":0" />

==Inscription of Keshava Sena==
A copperplate was found in the Adilpur or Edilpur [[pargana]] of [[Faridpur District]] in 1838 AD and was acquired by the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]], but now the copperplate is missing from the collection. An account of the copperplate was published in the ''[[Dacca Review]]'' and ''Epigraphic Indica''. The copperplate inscription is written in [[Sanskrit]] and the characters dated to about the end of the twelfth century AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mukherji |first1=Ramaranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Pu_wwEACAAJ |title=Corpus Of Bengal Inscriptions Bearing on History and Civilization of Bengal |last2=Maity |first2=Sachindra Kumar |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1967 |volume=1 |pages=333}}</ref> In the Asiatic Society's proceeding for January 1838, an account of the copperplate states that three villages were given to a [[Brahmin]] in the third year of [[Keshava Sena]]. The grant was given with the landlord rights, which include the power of punishing the ''Chandrabhandas'' or [[Sundarban]]s, a tribe that lived in the forest.<ref name="BangChit">{{Citation | last = Hunter | first = William Wilson | contribution = A statistical account of Bengal, Volume 1 | title = [[Google Books]] | publisher = Murry and Gibbs | place = Edinburgh | year = 1875 | contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9WEOAAAAQAAJ&q=adilpur+copperplate&pg=PA379| access-date = 3 October 2009}}</ref> The land was granted in the village of Leliya in the Kumaratalaka mandala, which is situated in shatata-padamavati-visaya. The copperplate of Keshava Sena records that the king Vallala Sena carried away, from the enemies, the goddesses of fortune on palanquins ([[Ashvamedha|Shivaka]]), which elephant tusk staff supported; and also states that Vallala Sena's son, Lakshmana Sena (1179–1206), erected pillars of victory and sacrificial posts at Varanasi, Allahabad, and Adon Coast of the South Sea. The copperplate also describes the villages with smooth fields growing excellent paddy, the dancing and music in ancient Bengal, and ladies adorned with blooming flowers. The Edilpur copperplate of Keshava Sena records that the king made a grant in favour of Nitipathaka Isvaradeva Sarman for the inside of the ''subha-varsha''.

==Society==
The Sena rulers consolidated the caste system [[Kulinism]] in Bengal.{{sfn|Siddiq|2015|p=35}}

==Architecture==
The Sena dynasty is notable for building [[Hindu temple]]s and monasteries.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}} King [[Ballāla Sena]] built the [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] in 12-century CE in what is now [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Orum |first1=Anthony M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz1OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA449 |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies |date=15 April 2019 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-56845-3 |page=449 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tambling |first1=Jeremy |title=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban Literary Studies |date=29 October 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-319-62419-8 |page=546 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha2YEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA546}}</ref>
[[File:Dhakeswari Mata Idol.jpg|thumb|Dhakeswari Mata Idol]]

In Kashmir, the dynasty also likely built a temple knows as Sankara Gaureshwara.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Rajendralala |date=1865 |title=On the Sena Rajas of Bengal |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/128113#page/195/mode/1up |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=34 part 1 |issue=3 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |pages=141–142}}</ref>[[File:Bengala, epoca pala-sena, vishnu vasudeva, xii sec.JPG|thumb|200px|left|A sculpture of the [[Hindu deity]] [[Vishnu]] from the Sena period.]]

==Coinage==
In the political history of Bengal, Sena dynasty was a mighty ruling dynasty in power. Various currency names have been regularly mentioned in the Sena writings, such as ''[[Purana]], Dharan, Dramma''. These terms were used to mean a silver coin weighing 32 ratis (56.6 grains) or a karshapan weighing scale. The term '''Kapardaka Purana''' is seen as a medium of exchange in the writings of the Sena kings and other contemporary kings. Karpadak means [[cow]]; And 'Purana' is definitely a kind of silver coin. The conjunction ‘kapardaka-purana’ refers to a medium of exchange whose quality is equal to that of a purana or silver coin (56.6 grains), but which is actually calculated by the proportional denominator. The table found in the traditional arithmetic of Bengal contained 1260 cowries instead of one [[silver coin]] (Purana or Dramma). That is, the ratio of Purana and Kapardaka is 1: 1280. Reliable evidence of the widespread use of cowrie in early medieval Bengal has been found in excavations at [[Paharpur, India|Paharpur]] and Kalgang (Bihar near [[Bhagalpur]]). Early medieval Bengal saw the scarcity of precious coins and the widespread circulation of cowries. Scholars have long sought to explain the virtual limitations of coins at this time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Coins |title=Coins |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

== Decline ==
{{South Asia in 1175}}
Downfall of Sena dynasty was destined under the rule of weak rulers of this dynasty. This dynasty started declining during the rule of Lakshmana Sena who was the last significant Sena king. He was succeeded by his two sons [[Vishvarupa Sena]] and [[Keshava Sena]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287/page/n286/mode/1up |title=History Of Ancient Bengal |publisher=G.Bharadwaj, Calcutta |year=1971 |pages=236}}</ref> Probably they ruled till at least 1230 AD.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287/page/n288/mode/1up |title=History Of Ancient Bengal |publisher=G.Bharadwaj, Calcutta |year=1971 |pages=238}}</ref> However it was learnt from Tabaqat-i-Nasiri that the descendants of Lakshmana Sena ruled in Bengal (Bang) till at least 1245 AD or 1260 AD.<ref name=":5" />

== Legacy ==
{{See also|Sena-Gahadavala Conflicts}}
The Senas and their descendants merged into the [[Bengali Kayastha|Kayastha]] caste-group, heralding them as the neo-Kshatriyas of Bengal — hence, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]] would write that Bengal had always been ruled by Kayasthas.<ref name="AlHind">{{cite book|author=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1991|isbn=978-90-04-09509-0|page=269|accessdate=3 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="RiseofIslam">{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard Maxwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-52020-507-9|pages=102–103}}</ref> The actual caste-status of Senas —{{Nbsp}}notwithstanding the anachronism{{Nbsp}}— remain contested in popular memory: premodern Baidya genealogies claim the Senas as their own which are agreed upon by some Brahmin genealogies but rejected by Kayastha ones.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Kumkum|date=1 October 2010|title=Scribal elites in Sultanate and Mughal Bengal|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946461004700402|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=47|issue=4|pages=445–472|doi=10.1177/001946461004700402|issn=0019-4646|s2cid=143802267|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Kumkum|date=1 September 2005|title=Communities, Kings and Chronicles: The Kulagranthas of Bengal|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/025764300502100203|journal=Studies in History|language=en|volume=21|issue=2|pages=173–213|doi=10.1177/025764300502100203|issn=0257-6430|s2cid=144413665|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sircar|first=Dineschandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=P216|title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India|date=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-2790-5|language=en|quote=It may be added that the Senas themselves came to be regarded as Vaidyas in the Vaidya Kula-pañjikās.}}</ref>

===Nepal===
{{Main|Senas of Makwanpur}}
In the 16th century, a dynasty emerged in the southern parts of [[Nepal]] near the border with [[Bihar]] which used the Sena surname and claimed descent from the Senas of Bengal. One of their branches formed the [[Senas of Makwanpur|Sena dynasty of Makwanpur]] which ruled from the fort of [[Makwanpur Gadhi]].<ref name=Das2014>{{cite journal | title=The Sena Dynasty: From Bengal to Nepal | author= Basudevlal Dad | journal=Academic Voices |volume = 4| year=2014}}</ref> This branch of the Sena dynasty adopted the local language of the region, [[Maithili language|Maithili]] which became their state language.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Basudevlal |title=Maithili in Medieval Nepal: A Historical Apprisal |journal=Academic Voices |date=2013 |volume=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.3126/av.v3i1.9704 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Family tree ==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Sena dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Hemanta Sena|Hemanta Sena]]''' (1) r. 1095-1096|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vijaya Sena|Vijaya Sena]]''' (2) r. 1096-1159|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ballāla Sena|Ballala Sena]]''' (3) r. 1159-1179|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Lakshmana Sena|Lakshmana Sena]]''' (4) r. 1179-1206|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vishvarupa Sena|Vishvarupa Sena]]''' (5) r. 1206-1225|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Keshava Sena|Keshava Sena]]''' (6) r. 1225-1230|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

==Literature==
[[File: WLA lacma Bangladesh Dinajpur District Dancing Ganesha.jpg|thumb|right|Art of the Senas, 11th century.]]
The Sena rulers were also great patrons of literature. During the Pala dynasty and the Sena dynasty, the development of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was witnessed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerji |first=Rakhal Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZg6vwEACAAJ |title=The Origin of the Bengali Script |publisher=Nababharat Publishers |year=1973 |pages=81}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sen|1999|p=285}}Among the poets at the court of Lakshmana Sena were:
* Govardhana
* Sarana
* Jayadeva
* Umapati
* Dhoyi/[[Dhoyin]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287/page/n407/mode/1up |title=History Of Ancient Bengal |publisher=G. Bharadwaj, Calcutta |year=1971 |pages=357}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dhakeshwari Mata Temple, Kumortuli]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Edilpur Copperplate]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
'''Sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* Early History of India 3rd and revised edition by Vincent A Smith
* {{citation |last=Siddiq |first=Mohammad Yusuf |title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture:Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205–1494) |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series}}
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=History of Ancient Bengal |year=1971 |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bhardwary & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oBDAAAAYAAJ |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India : 1000-1526 A.D |date= |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-39101-920-1}}{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=AM |year=2012 |chapter=Sena Dynasty |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sena_Dynasty |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Bengal dynasty
| years =
| before = [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]]
| after = [[Deva dynasty]] [[Khalji dynasty of Bengal|Khalji dynasty]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Sena dynasty| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 11th century]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1230]]

Girija Shankar Ray

2026-05-04T22:10:23Z

Inventaa:

{{BLP sources|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian politician in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Natabari Assembly constituency|Natabari]]
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Mihir Goswami]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Girija Shankar Ray''' is a politician from West Bengal. He is a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], from [[Natabari Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":TOI">{{cite web |title=Poll Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S258.htm |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=4 May 2026 |date=4 May 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Ajay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

2007–2008 world food price crisis

2026-04-24T00:21:10Z

Inventaa: created a pg

{{Short description|World food prices increased dramatically in 2007 and the 1st and 2nd quarter of 2008}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}{{About|the food price crisis in 2007 to 2008|food crises across the world beginning in 2022|2022–2023 global food crises}}
[[File:GlobalTrade wheat coarse grain soy 2008 usda.png|300px|thumb|Chart of global trade volume in wheat, coarse grain and soybeans 1990 to 2008, and projected to 2016. [[United States Department of Agriculture]], 2008.]]
[[File:Stocks to use ag Indicators market 1977 2007.png|300px|thumb|right|Chart of the United States stock to use ratio of soybeans, maize and wheat, from 1977 to 2007, and projected to 2016. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2007.]]
[[File:FAO Food Price Index.png|300px|thumb|right|World food [[price index]], 1990–2012. Record high prices occurred during the food price crisis followed by another surge in prices since 2010. [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations.]]

World [[food prices]] increased dramatically in 2007 and the first and second quarter of 2008,<ref name=WFSFAO>{{cite web|title=World Food Situation|url=http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/en/|publisher=FAO|access-date=24 April 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110429085859/http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/en/| archive-date= 29 April 2011| url-status= live}}</ref> creating a [[International crisis|global crisis]] and causing political and [[economic instability]] and social unrest in both [[Poor countries|poor]] and [[developed nations]]. Although the media spotlight focused on the riots that ensued in the face of high prices, the ongoing crisis of [[food insecurity]] had been years in the making.<ref name="ICTSD">[http://www.ictsd.org/themes/agriculture/research/how-do-food-prices-affect-producers-affect-producers-and-consumers-in How do Food Prices Affect Producers and Consumers in Developing Countries?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602170909/https://www.ictsd.org/themes/agriculture/research/how-do-food-prices-affect-producers-affect-producers-and-consumers-in |date=2 June 2018 }}, ICTSD, Information Note Number 10, September 2009</ref><ref name="FAO2009">UN Food and Agriculture Organization (2009). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009. Rome.</ref> Systemic causes for the worldwide increases in food prices continue to be the subject of debate. After peaking in the second quarter of 2008, prices fell dramatically during the [[late-2000s recession]] but increased during late 2009 and 2010, reaching new heights in 2011 and 2012 (see [[2010–2012 world food price crisis]]) at a level slightly higher than the level reached in 2008.<ref name=WFSFAO /><ref>{{cite news |last=Rahman |first=M. Mizanur |date=11 August 2011 |title=Food price inflation: Global and national problem |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=198044 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> Over the next years, prices fell, reaching a low in March 2016 with the deflated [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) food price index close to the pre-crisis level of 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/|title=FAO Food Price Index|access-date=2 May 2017|publisher=FAO}}</ref>

The initial causes of the late-2006 price spikes included droughts in grain-producing nations and [[2000s energy crisis|rising oil prices]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/opinion/10thu1.html | work=The New York Times | title=The World Food Crisis | date=10 April 2008| access-date=29 July 2011}}</ref> Oil price increases also caused general escalations in the costs of [[fertilizer]]s, food transportation, and [[industrial agriculture]]. Root causes may be the increasing use of [[biofuel]]s in developed countries (see also [[food vs fuel]]),<ref>{{cite news |date=11 April 2008 |title=Biofuels major cause of global food riots |url=http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=162989 |newspaper=Kazinform (Kazakhstan National Information Agency) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126180447/http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=162989 |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref> and an increasing demand for a more varied diet across the expanding middle-class populations of Asia.<ref name="BBC16Oct2008">{{cite news |date=16 October 2008 |title=The cost of food: Facts and figures |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7284196.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Leo |title=Fear of food riots as surge in demand hits nations across the Far East |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/IF0503631298/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=95ae484b |work=Times |location=London |date=8 April 2008 |page=47}}</ref> The FAO also raised concerns about the role of [[hedge fund]]s [[food speculation|speculating]] on prices leading to major shifts in prices.<ref>{{cite news |author=Katie Allen |date=18 July 2010 |title=Hedge funds accused of gambling with lives of the poorest as food prices soar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jul/19/speculators-commodities-food-price-rises |work=The Guardian}}</ref> These factors, coupled with falling world-food stockpiles, all contributed to the worldwide rise in food prices.<ref name="gm" />[[File:Wheat yields in developing countries 1951-2004.png|thumb|300px|Wheat yields in developing countries, 1950 to 2004, kg/HA baseline 500. The steep rise in [[crop yield]]s in the US began in the 1940s. The percentage of growth was fastest in the early rapid growth stage. In developed counties the yield growth slowdown has been less for maize than for wheat and soybeans. In developing countries maize yields are still rapidly rising.<ref>
{{ Cite journal
| last1 =Fischer
| first1 =R. A.
| last2 =Byerlee
| first2 =Eric
| last3 =Edmeades
| first3 =E. O.
| title =Can Technology Deliver on the Yield Challenge to 2050
| journal =Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World
| pages =12
| publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
| url =http://www.fao.org/3/ak977e/ak977e.pdf
}}
</ref>]]

== Drastic price increases and possible causes ==
[[File:Commodity Prices.webp|thumb|450px|right|Commodity Prices
{{legend-line|#35DB3F solid 3px|[[soybean]]}}
{{legend-line|#DBC67D solid 3px|[[wheat]]}}
{{legend-line|yellow solid 3px|[[corn]]}}
{{legend-line|#E8A02C solid 3px|[[copper]]}}
]]
Between 2006 and 2008 average world prices for rice rose by 217%, wheat by 136%, [[corn]] by 125% and soybeans by 107%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Callieri |first1=Chris |last2=Hauff |first2=Jochen |last3=Mahler |first3=Daniel |last4=O'Keefe |first4=James |last5=Aulisi |first5=Andrew |last6=Cassara |first6=Amy |last7=Davis |first7=Crystal |last8=Nogueron |first8=Ruth |last9=Rodgers |first9=Jeff |last10=Sauer |first10=Amanda |display-authors=4 |title=Rattling Supply Chains: The Effect of Environmental Trends on Input Costs for the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Industry |date=November 2008 |publisher=World Resources Institute |isbn=978-1-56973-702-6 |page=3 |url=http://pdf.wri.org/rattling_supply_chains.pdf}}</ref> In late April 2008 rice prices hit 24 cents (US) per US pound, more than doubling the price in just seven months.<ref name=cyclone/>

===World population growth===
[[File:Food production per capita.svg|thumb|Growth in food production was greater than population growth since 1961.]]
Although some commentators have argued that this food crisis stems from unprecedented [[World population|global]] [[population growth]],<ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/world-in-grip-of-food-crisis_10035221.html World in grip of food crisis]. ''IANS'', Thaindian News. 7 April 2008.
</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burgonio |first=TJ |date=30 March 2008 |title=Runaway population growth factor in rice crisis—solon |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080330-127349/Runaway-population-growth-factor-in-rice-crisissolon |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |location=Manila |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828190402/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080330-127349/Runaway-population-growth-factor-in-rice-crisissolon |archive-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> others point out that world population [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate|growth rates]] have dropped dramatically since the 1980s,<ref>
[https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpopinfo.html World Population Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314045232/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpopinfo.html |date=14 March 2010 }}. United States Census Bureau. Data updated 27 March 2008.
</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/Files/WPP2012_HIGHLIGHTS.pdf |title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision |date=2013 |website=Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division |publisher=United Nations |page=4}}</ref> and grain availability has continued to outpace population.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

To prevent price growth, food production should outpace population growth, which [[World population estimates|was about 1.2% per year]]. But there was a temporary drop in food production growth:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/datacenter/xls/indicator3_2013_03.xlsx |title=World Grain Production and Consumption, 1960–2012 |website=Earth Policy Institute |quote=The 2006 world grain harvest of 2,005 million tons, from the USDA Production, Supply, & Distribution database, was down 11 million tons from last year, or roughly 0.5%.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/datacenter/xls/indicator3_2006_4.xls |title=U.S. Corn Production and Use for Fuel Ethanol and for Export, 1980–2006, with Projection to 2007 |format=Excel |website=Earth Policy Institute}}</ref> for example, wheat production during 2006 and 2007 [[International wheat production statistics|was 4% lower]] than that in 2004 and 2005.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

World population has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 7.5 billion today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/ |title=International Programs |website=United States Census Bureau |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819022202/http://www.census.gov/population/international/ |archive-date=19 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ |title=World Population Clock: 7.3 Billion People (2015) – Worldometers |work=worldometers.info}}</ref>

===Increased demand for more resource intensive food===
The head of the [[International Food Policy Research Institute]], stated in 2008 that the gradual change in diet among newly prosperous populations is the most important factor underpinning the rise in global food prices.<ref>von Braun, "High and Rising Food Prices", 2008, p 5, slide 14</ref> Where food consumption has increased, it has largely been in processed ("[[value added]]") foods, sold in developing and developed nations.<ref>
[http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai465e/ai465e04.htm "World cereal supply could improve in 2008/09"], [[FAO]]: Global cereal supply and demand brief, ''Crop Prospects and Food Situation'', No. 2., April 2008. The report notes that: "[O]n a per capita basis, wheat and rice consumption levels decline marginally in the developing countries, mostly in favour of higher intakes of more value-added food, especially in China."
</ref> Total grain utilization growth since 2006 (up three percent, over the 2000–2006 per annum average of two percent) has been greatest in non-food usage, especially in feed and biofuels.<ref>
[http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai465e/ai465e04.htm Crop Prospects and Food Situation, No. 2, April 2008]: Global cereal supply and demand brief, Growth in cereal utilization in 2007/08. ''Food and Agriculture Organization''. United Nations. April 2008.
</ref><ref name="Wahlberg-2008">{{Cite web |last=Wahlberg |first=Katarina |date=2008-03-03 |title=Are We Approaching a Global Food Crisis? Between Soaring Food Prices and Food Aid Shortage |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/hunger/general/2008/0303foodcrisis.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422035616/http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/hunger/general/2008/0303foodcrisis.htm |archive-date=2009-04-22 |website=Global Policy Forum}}</ref>

One kilogram of beef requires seven kilograms of feed grain.<ref>[http://blogs.ft.com/wolfforum/2008/04/food-crisis-is-a-chance-to-reform-global-agriculture/#comment-11083 Comment] by [[Paul Collier]] on 2 May 2008 to the ''[[Financial Times]]'' ''The Economists' Forum'' blog post [http://blogs.ft.com/wolfforum/2008/04/food-crisis-is-a-chance-to-reform-global-agriculture "Food crisis is a chance to reform global agriculture]" by [[Martin Wolf]], 30 April 2008</ref> These reports, therefore, conclude that usage in industrial, feed, and input intensive foods, not population growth among poor consumers of simple grains, has contributed to the price increases. Rising meat consumption due to changes in lifestyle can in turn lead to higher energy consumption due to the higher energy-intensity of meat products, for example, one kilogram of meat uses about 19 times as much energy to produce it as the same amount of apple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://truecostblog.com/2010/02/24/list-of-foods-by-environmental-impact-and-energy-efficiency/|title=List of Foods By Environmental Impact and Energy Efficiency|work=True Cost – Analyzing our economy, government policy, and society through the lens of cost-benefit|date=25 February 2010}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|+2005/1990 ratios of per-capita consumption<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/20080411jvbfoodprices.pdf |title=High and Rising Food Prices: Why Are They Rising, Who Is Affected, How Are They Affected, and What Should Be Done? }}, presentation by Joachim von Braun to the [[U.S. Agency for International Development]] conference ''Addressing the Challenges of a Changing World Food Situation: Preventing Crisis and Leveraging Opportunity'', Washington, D.C., 11 April 2008, p. 3, slide 7</ref>
|-
!
! India
! China
! Brazil
! Nigeria
|-
| Cereals
| 1.0
| 0.8
| 1.2
| 1.0
|-
| Meat
| 1.2
| 2.4
| 1.7
| 1.0
|-
| Milk
| 1.2
| 3.0
| 1.2
| 1.3
|-
| Fish
| 1.2
| 2.3
| 0.9
| 0.8
|-
| Fruits
| 1.3
| 3.5
| 0.8
| 1.1
|-
| Vegetables
| 1.3
| 2.9
| 1.3
| 1.3
|}

Although, the vast majority of the population in Asia remains rural and poor, the growth of the middle class in the region has been dramatic. For comparison, in 1990, the middle class grew by 9.7 percent in India and 8.6 percent in China, but by 2007 the [[Population growth rate|growth rate]] was nearly 30 percent and 70 percent respectively.<ref name="gm"/> The corresponding increase in Asian affluence also brought with it a change in lifestyle and eating habits, particularly a demand for greater variety, leading to increased competition with western nations for already strained agricultural resources.<ref name="BBC16Oct2008" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.cibcwm.com/economic_public/download/smay08.pdf |title=The New Inflation |website=CIBC World Markets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114200344/http://research.cibcwm.com/economic_public/download/smay08.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref> This demand exacerbates dramatic increases in [[commodity]] prices such as oil.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Another issue with rising affluence in India and China was reducing the "shock absorber" of poor people who are forced to reduce their resource consumption when food prices rise. This reduced price elasticity and caused a sharp rise in food prices during some shortages. In the media, China is often mentioned as one of the main reasons for the increase in world food prices. However, China has to a large extent been able to meet its own demand for food, and even exports its surpluses in the world market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/June08/Features/ChinaFeed.htm |title=USDA ERS – Who Will China Feed? |author=Bryan Lohmar, Fred Gale |work=USDA |access-date=15 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011190210/http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/June08/Features/ChinaFeed.htm |archive-date=11 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Effects of petroleum and fertilizer price increases===
[[File:Fertilizer prices.webp|thumb|325px|right|Fertilizer prices
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 3px|[[Diammonium phosphate|DAP]]}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|[[Potassium chloride]]}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|[[Phosphorite]]}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|[[Superphosphate|Triple Superphosphate]]}}
{{legend-line|#FF2600 solid 3px|[[Urea]]}}
]]
[[File:Natural gas prices.webp|thumb|325px|right|Natural gas prices 2000 – May 23, 2022]]
[[File:Food Price Index.webp|thumb|325px|right|
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 4px|Food Price Index}}
{{legend-line|#FF2600 solid 3px|[[Vegetable oil|Oils]]}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|[[Cereals]]}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|[[Dairy product|Dairy]]}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|[[Meat]]}}
{{legend-line|#D41876 solid 3px|[[sugar]]}}
]]
Starting in 2007, the prices of fertilizers of all kinds increased dramatically, peaking around the summer of 2008 (see graphs by the [[International Fertilizer Industry Association]]). Prices approximately tripled for [[ammonia]], [[urea]], [[diammonium phosphate]], [[muriate of potash]] (KCl -potassium chloride), and [[sulfuric acid]] (used for making phosphate fertilizer), and then fell just as dramatically in the latter part of 2008. Some prices doubled within the six months before April 2008.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2008 |title=Fertilizer cost rising sharply: Result will be higher food prices |url=http://www.sunherald.com/business/story/493854.html |newspaper=Sun Herald |agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=16 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421010500/http://www.sunherald.com/business/story/493854.html |archive-date=21 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Part of the cause for these price rises was the [[Oil price increases since 2003|rise in the price of oil]], since most fertilizers require petroleum or [[natural gas]] to manufacture.<ref name="gm"/> Although the main fossil fuel input for fertilizer comes from natural gas to generate hydrogen for the [[Haber–Bosch process]] (see: [[Ammonia production]]), natural gas has its own supply problems similar to those for oil. Because natural gas can substitute for petroleum in some uses (for example, [[natural gas liquids]] and [[Fossil fuel power plant|electricity generation]]), increasing prices for petroleum lead to increasing prices for natural gas, and thus for fertilizer.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Oil_prices_to_gas_prices_graph.png|270px|thumb|right|[[West Texas Intermediate|Crude oil]] prices and gas prices]]
Costs for fertilizer raw materials other than oil, such as [[potash]], have been increasing<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bradsher |first1=Keith |last2=Martin |first2=Andrew |title=Shortages Threaten Farmers' Key Tool: Fertilizer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/30/business/worldbusiness/30fertilizer.html |work=The New York Times |date=30 April 2008}}</ref> as increased production of staples increases demand. This is causing a boom (with associated [[volatility (finance)|volatility]]) in agriculture stocks.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The major [[International Food Policy Research Institute|IFPRI]] ( International Food Policy Research Institute) Report launched in February 2011 stated that the causes of the 2008 global food crisis were similar to that of the 1972–1974 food crisis, in that the [[1970s energy crisis]] was the major driver, as well as the shock to cereal demand (from biofuels this time), low interest rates, devaluation of the dollar, declining stocks, and some adverse weather conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr165.pdf|title=Reflections on the Global Food Crisis: How Did It Happen? How Has It Hurt? And How Can We Prevent the Next One?}}</ref> Unfortunately the IFPRI states that such shocks are likely to recur with several shocks in the future; compounded by a long history of neglecting agricultural investments.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Declining world food stockpiles===
In the past, nations tended to keep more sizable food stockpiles, but more recently, due to a faster pace of food growth and ease of importation, less emphasis is placed on high stockpiles. For example, in February 2008 wheat stockpiles hit a 60-year low in the United States (see also [[2008 global rice crisis]]).<ref name="gm"/> Stocks are often calculated as a residual between production and consumption, but it becomes difficult to discriminate between a de-stocking policy choices of individual countries and a deficit between production and consumption.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Financial speculation===
Destabilizing influences, including indiscriminate lending and real estate speculation, led to a crisis in January 2008 and eroded investment in food commodities.<ref name="gm"/>

Foreign investment drives productivity improvements, and other gains for farmers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barrows, Roth|title=Land Tenure and Investment in African Agriculture: Theory and Evidence|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|year=1990|volume=20|issue=2|pages=265–297|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00054458|s2cid=154056385 |url=http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/34120}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/apdj_10_2/mahadevan.pdf |title=Productivity Growth in Indian Agriculture: The Role of Globalization and Economic Reform |date=December 2003 |website=United Nations ESCAP |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130144655/http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/apdj_10_2/mahadevan.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Linking Globalization, Economic Growth and Poverty: Impacts of Agribusiness Strategies on Sub-Saharan Africa|journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics|date=August 2001|volume=83|issue=3|pages=722–729|jstor=1245106|doi=10.1111/0002-9092.00197 | last1 = Weatherspoon | first1 = Dave|hdl=10419/23480|url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/23480/1/sp0106.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==== Commodity index funds ====
{{main|Commodity index fund}}

Goldman Sachs' entry into the commodities market via the [[Goldman Sachs Commodity Index]] has been implicated by some in the 2007–2008 world food price crisis. In a 2010 article in Harper's magazine, Frederick Kaufman accused Goldman Sachs of profiting while many people went hungry or even starved. He argued that Goldman's large purchases of long-options on wheat futures created a [[demand shock]] in the wheat market, which disturbed the normal relationship between [[supply and demand]] and price levels. He argues that the result was a '[[contango]]' wheat market on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, which caused prices of wheat to rise much higher than normal, defeating the purpose of the exchanges (price stabilization) in the first place.<ref>[http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/07/0083022 The Food Bubble: How Wall Street Starved Millions and got away with it], by Frederick Kaufman, Harper's, 2010 July</ref><ref>[http://www.pacificfreepress.com/news/1/6629-the-great-food-bubble-swindle-starving-the-multitudes-for-fun-and-profit.html Democracy Now (radio show)], Amy Goodman and Juan Gonzales, Interview with Frederick Kaufman, 2010 7 17</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pacificfreepress.com/news/1/6154-a-global-food-bubble.pdf |title=Global Food Bubble |date=6 May 2010|publisher=Pacific Free Press |author=TRNN – Jayati Ghosh |access-date=30 July 2010}}</ref> however, a report by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] – using data from the [[Commodity Futures Trading Commission]] – showed tracking funds (of which Goldman Sachs Commodity Index was one) did not cause the bubble. For example, the report points out that even commodities without futures markets also saw price rises during the period.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=2512631&story_id=16432870 Clearing the usual suspects], Buttonwood, The Economist, 2010 6 24</ref> Some commodities ''without'' futures markets saw their prices rise as a consequence of the rising prices of commodities ''with'' futures markets: the World Development Movement (WDM, now [[Global Justice Now]]) stated there was strong evidence that the rising price of wheat caused the price of rice to subsequently rise as well.<ref name=wdm>{{cite web |url=http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/Tricky%20questions_06.10%20FINAL.pdf |title=WDM food speculation campaign: Questions and answers (June 2010)|website=World Development Movement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403113921/http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/Tricky%20questions_06.10%20FINAL.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>

===Effects of trade liberalization===
Some theorists, such as [[Martin Khor]] of the Third World Network,<ref name="MK">[[Khor, Martin]]. ''[http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/books/Ghanarevised.htm The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Agriculture in Developing Countries: The Experience of Ghana]'', Third World Network(2008) {{ISBN|978-983-2729-31-0}}</ref> point out that many developing nations have gone from being food independent to being net food importing economies since the 1970s and 1980s [[International Monetary Fund]] (and later the [[World Trade Organization]]'s [[Agreement on Agriculture]]) [[free market economics]] directives to debtor nations. In opening developing countries to [[developed world]] food imports subsidised by Western governments, [[developing nations]] can become more dependent upon food imports if local agriculture does not improve.<ref name="MK"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Moseley | first1 = W.G. | last2 = Carney | first2 = J. | last3 = Becker | first3 = L. | year = 2010 | title = Neoliberal Policy, Rural Livelihoods and Urban Food Security in West Africa: A Comparative Study of The Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 107 | issue = 13| pages = 5774–5779 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0905717107| pmid = 20339079 | pmc = 2851933 | bibcode = 2010PNAS..107.5774M | doi-access = free }}</ref>

While developed countries pressured the developing world to abolish subsidies in the interest of trade liberalization, rich countries largely kept subsidies in place for their own farmers. United States government subsidies for 2008 pushed production toward biofuel rather than food.<ref name="gm"/>

===Effects of food for fuel===
[[File:Corn vs Ethanol production.webp|thumb|350px|Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States
{{legend|#FFD932|Total corn production ([[bushel]]s) (left)}}
{{legend|B51700|Corn used for [[Ethanol fuel]] (bushels) (left)}}
{{legend-line|#313131 solid 3px|Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)}}
]]
{{Main|Food vs fuel}}
One systemic cause for the price rise is held to be the diversion of food crops (maize in particular) for making [[first-generation biofuel]]s.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/04/19/stories/2008041950260800.htm Paying the price for ignoring the real economy G. CHANDRASHEKHAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213005213/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/04/19/stories/2008041950260800.htm |date=13 February 2009 }}, [[The Hindu]], 18 April 2008.</ref> An estimated 100 million tons of grain per year are being redirected from food to fuel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/43377/newsDate/31-Jul-2007/story.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412234817/http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/43377/newsDate/31-Jul-2007/story.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 April 2008 |title=Planet Ark : Biofuels to Keep Global Grain Prices High – Toepfer |publisher=Planetark.com |access-date=3 October 2008}}</ref> (Total worldwide grain production for 2007 was just over 2000 million tons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5539 |title=Grain Harvest Sets Record, But Supplies Still Tight |publisher=Worldwatch.org |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922231702/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5539 |archive-date=22 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) As farmers devoted larger parts of their crops to fuel production than in previous years, land and resources available for food production were reduced correspondingly.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

This has resulted in less food available for human consumption, especially in [[Developing country|developing]] and [[least developed countries]], where a family's daily allowances for food purchases are extremely limited. The crisis can be seen, in a sense, to dichotomize [[North–South divide in the World|rich and poor nations]], since, for example, filling a tank of an average car with [[biofuel]], amounts to as much maize (Africa's principal food staple) as an African person consumes in an entire year.<ref name="gm">{{cite news |last=Reguly |first=Eric |date=12 April 2008 |title=How the cupboard went bare |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com//servlet/story/LAC.20080412.FOOD12/TPStory/International/ |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415055334/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20080412.FOOD12/TPStory/International/ |archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref>

Brazil, the world's second largest producer of ethanol after the US, is considered to have the world's first sustainable biofuels economy<ref name="Apollo">{{Cite book | author1 = Inslee, Jay | author2 = Bracken Hendricks | title = Apollo's Fire | year = 2007 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/apollosfireignit00insl/page/153 153]–155, 160–161 | publisher = [[Island Press]], Washington, D.C. | id = . ''See Chapter 6. Homegrown Energy.'' | isbn = 978-1-59726-175-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/apollosfireignit00insl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/10/world/americas/10brazil.html?pagewanted=1&sq=Bush%20Brazil%20ethanol&st=nyt&scp=5 |title=With Big Boost From Sugar Cane, Brazil Is Satisfying Its Fuel Needs |author=Larry Rother|work=The New York Times|date=10 April 2006|access-date=28 April 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090425044808/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/10/world/americas/10brazil.html?pagewanted=1&sq=Bush%20Brazil%20ethanol&st=nyt&scp=5| archive-date=25 April 2009| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Econon06_08">{{cite news |date=26 June 2008 |title=Biofuels in Brazil: Lean, green and not mean |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2008/06/26/lean-green-and-not-mean |newspaper=The Economist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221121038/http://www.economist.com/node/11632886 |archive-date=21 February 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> and its government claims Brazil's sugar cane based ethanol industry has not contributed to the 2008 food crises.<ref name="Econon06_08"/><ref name="Veja_30_04">{{Cite news|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/300408/p_058.shtml |title=Ele é o falso vilão |author=Julia Duailibi |work=Veja Magazine |language=pt |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=28 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506103110/http://veja.abril.com.br/300408/p_058.shtml |archive-date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[World Bank]] policy research working paper released in July 2008<ref name="WorldBank_07_08">{{Cite web | url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/07/28/000020439_20080728103002/Rendered/PDF/WP4682.pdf|title=A note on Rising Food Crisis|publisher=[[The World Bank]]| author=Donald Mitchell |access-date=29 July 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214631/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/07/28/000020439_20080728103002/Rendered/PDF/WP4682.pdf| archive-date= 19 August 2008| url-status= live |date=July 2008}}Policy Research Working Paper No. 4682. Disclaimer: This paper reflects the findings, interpretation, and conclusions of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank</ref> concluded that "...large increases in biofuels production in the United States and Europe are the main reason behind the steep rise in global food prices", and also stated that "Brazil's sugar-based ethanol did not push food prices appreciably higher".<ref name="Veja_28_07">{{Cite news |url=http://vejaonline.abril.com.br/notitia/servlet/newstorm.ns.presentation.NavigationServlet?publicationCode=1&pageCode=1&textCode=145568&date=currentDate |title=Etanol não influenciou nos preços dos alimentos |publisher=[[Editora Abril]] |work=[[Veja Magazine]] |language=pt |date=28 July 2008 |access-date=29 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210110110/http://vejaonline.abril.com.br/notitia/servlet/newstorm.ns.presentation.NavigationServlet?publicationCode=1&pageCode=1&textCode=145568&date=currentDate |archive-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N28615016.htm|title=Biofuels major driver of food price rise-World Bank |publisher=Reuters|date=28 July 2008|access-date=29 July 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080829070302/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N28615016.htm| archive-date= 29 August 2008| url-status= live}}</ref> An economic assessment published in July 2008 by the [[OECD]]<ref name="OECD_07_08"/> disagrees with the World Bank report regarding the negative effects of subsidies and trade restrictions, finding that the effect of biofuels on food prices are much smaller.<ref name="OECDweb08"/>

A report released by [[Oxfam]] ( Oxford Committee for Famine Relief)in June 2008<ref name="Oxfampdf">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/files/bp114-inconvenient-truth-biofuels-0806.pdf |title=Another Inconvenient Truth: Biofuels are not the answer to climate or fuel crisis |website=[[Oxfam]] |author=Oxfam |date=25 June 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214631/http://www.oxfam.org/files/bp114-inconvenient-truth-biofuels-0806.pdf |archive-date= 19 August 2008 |access-date=30 July 2008}} Report available in pdf</ref> criticized biofuel policies of rich countries and concluded that, of all biofuels available in the market, Brazilian sugarcane ethanol is "far from perfect" but it is the most favorable biofuel in the world in term of cost and [[Greenhouse gas|GHG]] balance. The report discusses some existing problems and potential risks and asks the Brazilian government for caution to avoid jeopardizing its environmental and social sustainability. The report also says that: "Rich countries spent up to $15 billion last year supporting biofuels while blocking cheaper Brazilian ethanol, which is far less damaging for global [[food security]]."<ref name="Oxfam08">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/pressroom/pressrelease/2008-06-25/another-inconvenient-truth-biofuels-are-not-answer |title=Another Inconvenient Truth: Biofuels are not the answer to climate or fuel crisis |publisher=[[Oxfam]] |author=Oxfam |date=26 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031143804/http://www.oxfam.org/pressroom/pressrelease/2008-06-25/another-inconvenient-truth-biofuels-are-not-answer |archive-date=31 October 2008 |access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/reporterbbc/story/2008/06/080625_biocombustiveisrelatorio|title=ONG diz que etanol brasileiro é melhor opção entre biocombustíveis |publisher=BBCBrasil|language=pt |date=25 June 2008|access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> (See [[Ethanol fuel in Brazil]])

German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] said the rise in food prices is due to poor agricultural policies and changing eating habits in developing nations, not biofuels as some critics claim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL1721113520080417?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews |title= Bad policy, not biofuel, drive food prices: Merkel|author=Gernot Heller |publisher= Reuters|date=17 April 2008|access-date=1 May 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080430000738/https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL1721113520080417?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews| archive-date= 30 April 2008| url-status= live}}</ref> On 29 April 2008, US President [[George W. Bush]] declared during a press conference that "85 percent of the world's food prices are caused by weather, increased demand and energy prices", and recognized that "15 percent has been caused by ethanol".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/04/20080429-1.html |title=Press Conference by the President |publisher= The White House|date=29 April 2008|access-date=1 May 2008}}</ref> On 4 July 2008, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that a leaked World Bank report estimated the rise in food prices caused by biofuels to be 75%.<ref name="Chakrabortty-2008">{{cite news |last=Chakrabortty |first=Aditya |date=4 July 2008 |title=Secret report: biofuel caused food crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jul/03/biofuels.renewableenergy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417165950/http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jul/03/biofuels.renewableenergy |archive-date=17 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> This report was officially released in July 2008.<ref name="WorldBank_07_08"/>

Since reaching record high prices in June 2008, corn prices fell 50% by October 2008, declining sharply together with other commodities, including oil. As ethanol production from corn has continued at the same levels, some have argued this trend shows the belief that the increased demand for corn to produce ethanol was mistaken. "Analysts, including some in the ethanol sector, say ethanol demand adds about 75 cents to $1.00 per bushel to the price of corn, as a rule of thumb. Other analysts say it adds around 20 percent, or just under 80 cents per bushel at current prices. Those estimates hint that $4 per bushel corn might be priced at only $3 without demand for ethanol fuel."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2338007820081023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111200731/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2338007820081023|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2009|title=Ethanol no longer seen as big driver of food price|author=Sam Nelson|publisher=Reuters|date=23 October 2008|access-date=26 November 2008}}</ref> These industry sources consider that a [[speculative bubble]] in the [[commodity markets]] holding positions in corn [[Futures contract|futures]] was the main driver behind the observed hike in corn prices affecting food supply.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Second- and third-generation biofuels (such as [[cellulosic ethanol]] and [[algae fuel]], respectively) may someday ease the competition with food crops, as can grow on marginal lands unsuited for food crops, but these advanced biofuels require further development of farming practices and refining technology; in contrast, ethanol from maize uses [[mature technology]] and the maize crop can be shifted between food and fuel use quickly.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Biofuel subsidies in the US and the EU===
The World Bank lists the effect of biofuels as an important contributor to higher food prices.<ref>[http://go.worldbank.org/3YYF4BOSN0 "The Effects of High Food Prices in Africa – Q&A"], [[World Bank]]. Retrieved 6 May 2008</ref> The [[FAO]]/ECMB has reported that world land usage for agriculture has declined since the 1980s, and subsidies outside the United States and EU have dropped since the year 2004, leaving supply, while sufficient to meet 2004 needs, vulnerable when the United States began converting agricultural commodities to [[biofuels]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Corcoran |first=Katherine |date=24 March 2008 |title=Food Prices Soaring Worldwide |url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hY6QytGQclZ5k8yFlaDr0VZin6IwD8VJULF00 |agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331195822/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hY6QytGQclZ5k8yFlaDr0VZin6IwD8VJULF00 |archive-date=31 March 2008}}</ref> According to the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA), global wheat imports and stocks have decreased, domestic consumption has stagnated, and world wheat production has decreased from 2006 to 2008.<ref>[http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdgetreport.aspx?hidReportRetrievalName=BVS&hidReportRetrievalID=686&hidReportRetrievalTemplateID=8 Regional Wheat Imports, Production, Consumption, and Stocks (Thousand Metric Tons)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172225/https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/app/index.html |date=13 January 2019 }}, United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service 3 November 2008.</ref>

In the United States, government subsidies for ethanol production have prompted many farmers to switch to production for biofuel. Maize is the primary crop used for the production of ethanol, with the United States being the biggest producer of maize ethanol. As a result, 23 percent of United States maize crops were being used for ethanol in 2006–2007 (up from 6 percent in 2005–2006), and the USDA expects the United States to use 81 million tons of maize for ethanol production in the 2007–2008 season, up 37 percent.<ref name="Wahlberg-2008" /> This not only diverts grains from food, but it diverts agricultural land from food production.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Nevertheless, supporters of ethanol claim that using [[corn]] for ethanol is not responsible for the worst [[food riot]]s in the world, many of which have been caused by the price of rice and oil, which are not affected by biofuel use but rather by supply and demand.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

However, a World Bank policy research working paper released in July 2008<ref name="WorldBank_07_08" /> says that [[biofuel]]s have raised food prices between 70 and 75 percent. The study found that higher oil prices and a weak dollar explain 25–30% of total price rise. The "month-by-month" five-year analysis disputes that increases in global grain consumption and droughts were responsible for price increases, reporting that this had had only a marginal effect and instead argues that the EU and US drive for biofuels has had by far the biggest effect on food supply and prices. The paper concludes that increased production of biofuels in the US and EU were supported by subsidies and tariffs on imports, and considers that without these policies, price increases would have been smaller. This research also concluded that Brazil's sugar cane based ethanol has not raised sugar prices significantly, and suggest to remove tariffs on ethanol imports by both the US and EU, to allow more efficient producers such as Brazil and other developing countries to produce ethanol profitably for export to meet the mandates in the EU and the US.<ref name="Veja_28_07" /><ref name="Reuters" />

The Renewable Fuel Association (RFA) published a rebuttal based on the version leaked before the formal release of the World Bank's paper.<ref name="Chakrabortty-2008" /> The RFA critique considers that the analysis is highly subjective and that the author "estimates the effect of global food prices from the weak dollar and the direct and indirect effect of high petroleum prices and attributes everything else to biofuels".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethanolrfa.org/objects/documents/1812/lecg_work_bank_critique.pdf |title=Critique of World Bank Working Paper "A Note of Rising Food Prices" |author=John M. Urbanchuk |date=11 July 2008 |publisher=Renewable Fuel Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214631/http://www.ethanolrfa.org/objects/documents/1812/lecg_work_bank_critique.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=29 July 2008}}</ref>

An economic assessment report also published in July 2008 by the [[OECD]]<ref name="OECD_07_08">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/62/41007840.pdf |title=Economic Assessment of Biofuel Support Policies |author=Directorate for Trade and Agriculture, OECD |publisher=[[OECD]] |date=16 July 2008 |access-date=1 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718170926/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/62/41007840.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead }} Disclaimer: This work was published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The views expressed and conclusions reached do not necessarily correspond to those of the governments of OECD member countries.</ref> agrees with the World Bank report regarding the negative effects of subsidies and trade restrictions, but found that the effect of biofuels on food prices are much smaller. The OECD study is also critical of the limited reduction of [[Greenhouse gas|GHG]] emissions achieved from biofuels produced in Europe and North America, concluding that the current biofuel support policies would reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport fuel by no more than 0.8 percent by 2015, while Brazilian ethanol from sugar cane reduces greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 percent compared to fossil fuels. The assessment calls on governments for more open markets in biofuels and feedstocks to improve efficiency and lower costs.<ref name="OECDweb08">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/document/28/0,3343,en_2649_37401_41013916_1_1_1_1,00.html|title=Biofuel policies in OECD countries costly and ineffective, says report |author=Directorate for Trade and Agriculture, OECD |publisher=[[OECD]]|date=16 July 2008|access-date=1 August 2008}}</ref>

===Idled farmland===
According to the ''New York Times'' on 9 April 2008, the United States government pays farmers to [[fallow|idle their cropland]] under a conservation program. This policy reached a peak of {{convert|36800000|acre|km2}} idled in 2007, that is 8% of cropland in United States, representing a total area bigger than the state of New York.<ref>"As Prices Rise, Farmers Spurn Conservation Program" New York Times 9 April 2008.
In England thousands of acres of land were "set-a-side" in hope to encourage wild birds and insects. This has had detrimental effects on the amount of food in England. Stockpiles of grain is virtually nil, which has made the price of bread excel over the past couple of months.</ref>

===Agricultural subsidies===
The global food crisis has renewed calls for removal of distorting [[agricultural subsidies]] in developed countries.<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/sustainability/food-crisis-set-weigh-cap-reform/article-172484 Food crisis set to weigh on CAP Reform] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609192138/http://www.euractiv.com/en/sustainability/food-crisis-set-weigh-cap-reform/article-172484 |date=9 June 2011 }}, EurActiv, 20 May 2008</ref> Support to farmers in OECD countries totals US$280 billion annually, which compares to official development assistance of just US$80 billion in 2004, and farm support depresses global food prices, according to OECD estimates.<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/document/45/0,2340,fr_2649_201185_35738477_1_1_1_1,00.html Doha Development Round, Understanding the Issues] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612183045/http://www.oecd.org/document/45/0%2C2340%2Cfr_2649_201185_35738477_1_1_1_1%2C00.html |date=12 June 2008 }} OECD, Doha Development Round</ref> These [[agricultural subsidies]] lead to underdevelopment in rural developing countries, including the [[least developed countries]]; meanwhile subsidised food increases [[overconsumption]] in developed countries. The US Farm Bill brought in by the Bush Administration in 2002 increased agricultural subsidies by 80% and cost the US taxpayer US$190 billion.<ref>[http://www.foodfirst.org/node/52 Giving away the farm, the 2002 Farm Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624223823/http://www.foodfirst.org/node/52 |date=24 June 2008 }} Food First, 8 July 2002</ref> In 2003, the EU agreed to extend the [[Common Agricultural Policy]] until 2013. Former UNDP Administrator Malloch Brown renewed calls for reform of the farm subsidies such as the CAP.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/may/10/food.unitednations Perfect Storm, The Rocketing Price of Food] Guardian, 10 May 2008</ref>

===Distorted global rice market===
Japan is forced to import more than 767,000 tons of rice annually from the United States, Thailand, and other countries due to [[WTO]] rules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/rice/ecopolicies.htm#japon |title=Japan rice policy |website=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130131309/http://www.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/rice/ecopolicies.htm#japon |archive-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> Japan is not allowed to re-export this rice to other countries without approval. This rice is generally left to rot and then used for [[Fodder|animal feed]]. Under pressure, the United States and Japan are poised to strike a deal to remove such restrictions. It is expected 1.5 million tons of high-grade American rice will enter the market soon.{{When|date=December 2025}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Leo |date=17 May 2008 |title=Japan's silos key to relieving rice shortage |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article3948493.ece |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612060238/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article3948493.ece |archive-date=12 June 2011}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=January 2009}}

===Crop shortfalls from natural disasters===
Several distinct weather- and climate-related incidents have caused disruptions in crop production. Perhaps the most influential is the [[Drought in Australia#Rainfall deficiencies in 2006|extended drought in Australia]], in particular the fertile [[Murray-Darling Basin]], which produces large amounts of wheat and rice. The drought has caused the annual rice harvest to fall by as much as 98% from pre-drought levels.<ref>
[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/business/worldbusiness/17warm.html?n=Top/News/Science/Topics/Global%20Warming Drought in Australia reduces Australia's rice crop by 98 percent.]
The New York Times, 17 April 2008.
</ref>

Australia is historically the second-largest exporter of wheat after the United States, producing up to 25 million tons in a good year, the vast majority for export. However, the 2006 harvest was 9.8 million.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7289194.stm "Australia's food bowl lies empty"], ''BBC News'', 11 March 2008</ref> Other events that have negatively affected the price of food include the [[2006 North American heat wave|2006 heat wave]] in California's [[San Joaquin Valley]], which killed large numbers of farm animals, and unseasonable 2008 rains in [[Kerala]], India, which destroyed swathes of grain. These incidents are consistent with the effects of [[climate change]].<ref>
[https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/GlobalWarming/Story?id=2277893&page=1 Food Prices Could Rise as Farmers in California's Prolific San Joaquin Valley Feel the Effects of Global Warming]
ABC News, 5 August 2006.
</ref><ref>
[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Economy/Rs_39333_cr_in_crops_lost_due_to_rains/articleshow/2935708.cms Crops lost due to unseasonal rains in Kerala]
The Economic Times, 8 April 2008.
</ref>

The effects of [[Cyclone Nargis]] on Burma in May 2008 caused a spike in the price of rice. Burma has historically been a rice exporter, though yields have fallen as government [[price controls]] have reduced incentives for farmers. The [[storm surge]] inundated rice paddies up to {{convert|30|mi|km}} inland in the [[Irrawaddy Delta]], raising concern that the salt could make the fields infertile. The FAO had previously estimated that Burma would export up to 600,000 tons of rice in 2008, but concerns were raised in the cyclone's aftermath that Burma may be forced to import rice for the first time, putting further upward pressure on global rice prices.<ref name=cyclone>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7387251.stm "Cyclone fuels rice price increase"], ''BBC News'', 7 May 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/07/AR2008050700642.html?hpid=topnews "Scant Aid Reaching Burma's Delta"] by Amy Kazmin and Colum Lynch, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 8 May 2008</ref>

[[Stem rust]] reappeared in 1998<ref name=cornell>{{cite web |url=https://www.wheatrust.cornell.edu/about/index.html |title=About this project |website=Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat |publisher=Cornell}}</ref> in Uganda (and possibly earlier in Kenya)<ref name=CIMMYT>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070729144609/http://www.globalrust.org/uploads/documents/SoundingAlarmGlobalRust.pdf An assessment of race UG99 in Kenya and Ethiopia and the potential for impact in neighbouring regions and beyond]. By expert panel on the stem-rust outbreak in Eastern Africa. 29 May 2005.</ref> with the particularly virulent [[Stem rust#Ug99|UG99]] fungus. Unlike other rusts, which only partially affect crop yields, UG99 can bring 100% crop loss. Up to 80% yield losses were recently recorded in Kenya.<ref name=KARI>Effect of a new race on wheat production/use of fungicides and its cost in large vs small scale farmers, situation of current cultivars. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, 2005. Njoro. Cited in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070729144609/http://www.globalrust.org/uploads/documents/SoundingAlarmGlobalRust.pdf CIMMYT 2005 study].</ref>

As of 2005 stem rust was still believed to be "largely under control worldwide except in Eastern Africa".<ref name = CIMMYT/> But by January 2007 an even more virulent strain had gone across the Red Sea into Yemen. FAO first reported on 5 March 2008 that Ug99 had now spread to major wheat-growing areas in Iran.<ref name=FAOmar08>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2008/1000805/index.html |title=Wheat killer detected in Iran |website=FAO |date=5 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310013919/http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2008/1000805/index.html |archive-date=2008-03-10}}</ref>

These countries in North Africa and Middle East consume over 150% of their own wheat production;<ref name = cornell/> the failure of this staple crop thus adds a major burden on them. The disease is now expected to spread over China and the Far-East. The strong international collaboration network of research and development that spread disease-resistant strains some 40 years ago and started the [[Green Revolution]], known as [[CGIAR]], was since slowly starved of research funds because of its own success and is now too atrophied to swiftly react to the new threat.<ref name = cornell/>

=== Soil and productivity losses ===
Sundquist<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.alltel.net/bsundquist1/se0.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008022016/http://home.alltel.net/bsundquist1/se0.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2003 |title=Soils and Croplands Degradation |publisher=Home.alltel.net |access-date=3 October 2008 }}</ref> points out that large areas of croplands are lost year after year, due mainly to [[soil erosion]], water depletion and urbanisation. According to him "60,000 km2/year of land becomes so severely degraded that it loses its productive capacity and becomes wasteland", and even more are affected to a lesser extent, adding to the crop supply problem.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Additionally, agricultural production is also lost due to [[water depletion]]. Northern China in particular has depleted much of its non-renewables [[aquifer]]s, which now impacts negatively its crop production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skmconsulting.com/news/2006/Managing+Chinas+Shrinking+Groundwater+Reserves.htm |title=Managing China's Shrinking Groundwater Reserves |publisher=Skmconsulting.com |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009162239/http://www.skmconsulting.com/news/2006/Managing%2BChinas%2BShrinking%2BGroundwater%2BReserves.htm |archive-date=9 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Urbanisation is another, smaller, difficult to estimate cause of annual cropland reduction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.alltel.net/bsundquist1/se6.html |title=Chapter 6 – Urbanization-caused topsoil loss |publisher=Home.alltel.net |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011193251/http://home.alltel.net/bsundquist1/se6.html |archive-date=11 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rising levels of ozone===
One possible environmental factor in the food price crisis is rising background levels of ground-level [[tropospheric ozone]] in the atmosphere. Plants have been shown to have a high sensitivity to ozone levels, and lower yields of important food crops, such as wheat and soybeans, may have been a result of elevated ozone levels. Ozone levels in the [[Yangtze Delta]] were studied for their effect on [[oilseed rape]], a member of the cabbage family that produces one-third of the vegetable oil used in China. Plants grown in chambers that controlled ozone levels exhibited a 10–20 percent reduction in size and weight ([[biomass]]) when exposed to elevated ozone levels. Production of seeds and oil was also reduced.<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/541362/ Lower Crop Yields Due to Ozone a Factor in World Food Crisis] Newswise. Retrieved 15 July 2008.</ref> The Chinese authors of this study also reported that rice grown in chambers that controlled ozone levels exhibited a 14 to 20 percent reduction in [[biomass]] yield when exposed to ozone levels over 25 times higher than was normal for the region.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60050-9 | volume=20 | issue=3 | title=Effects of elevated ozone on growth and yield of field-grown rice in Yangtze River Delta, China | year=2008 | journal=Journal of Environmental Sciences | pages=320–325 | last1 = Chen | first1 = Zhan | last2 = Wang | first2 = Xiaoke | last3 = Feng | first3 = Zhaozhong | last4 = Zheng | first4 = Feixiang | last5 = Duan | first5 = Xiaonan | last6 = Yang | first6 = Wenrui| pmid=18595399 | bibcode=2008JEnvS..20..320C | url=http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/21831 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>

==Rising prices==
From the beginning of 2007 to early 2008, the prices of some of the most basic international food commodities increased dramatically on international markets.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Timmer|first=Peter C.|title=Reflections on food crises past|journal=Food Policy|year=2010|volume=35|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2009.09.002}}</ref> The international market price of wheat doubled from February 2007 to February 2008 hitting a record high of over US$10 a [[bushel]].<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7148374.stm Wheat breaks through $10 a bushel], BBC, 17 December 2007.</ref> Rice prices also reached ten-year highs. In some nations, milk and meat prices more than doubled, while [[soy]] (which hit a 34-year high price in December 2007<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7149079.stm Corn's key role as food and fuel], Adam Brookes BBC News, 17 December 2007.</ref>) and maize prices have increased dramatically.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Total food import bills rose by an estimated 25% for developing countries in 2007. Researchers from the Overseas Development Institute have suggested this problem will be worsened by a likely fall in food aid. As food aid is programmed by budget rather than volume, rising food prices mean that the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP) needs an extra $500 million just to sustain the current operations.<ref name = "bpdnsw">[http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1009&title=rising-food-prices-global-crisis Rising Food Prices: A Global Crisis], Overseas Development Institute, 22 April 2008.</ref>

To ensure that food remains available for their domestic populations and to combat dramatic price inflation, major rice exporters, such as China, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia and Egypt, imposed strict export bans on rice.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2008 |title=The global food crisis and the Indian situation |url=http://www.navhindtimes.com/articles.php?Story_ID=04147 |newspaper=[[Navhind Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625010620/http://www.navhindtimes.com/articles.php?Story_ID=04147 |archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref> Conversely, several other nations, including Argentina, Ukraine, Russia, and Serbia either imposed high tariffs or blocked the export of wheat and other foodstuffs altogether, driving up prices still further for net food importing nations while trying to isolate their internal markets. North Korea suffered from the food crisis to such extent that a North Korean official was quoted in June '08 with saying "Life is more than difficult. It seems that everyone is going to die".{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} This nation however is solely relying on food assistance to cope with the crisis.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2002 |title=North Korea faces 'looming' food crisis |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1921634.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref>


=== In developed countries ===
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}

====United States====
{{see also|2022 food crises}}
[[File:Food Price Index US.webp|thumb|280px|right|Food Price Index [[United States|US]]]]
A May 2008 national survey found that food banks and pantries across the US were being forced to cut back on food distribution as 99 percent of respondents reported an increase in the number of people requesting services. Rising food and fuel prices, inadequate food stamp benefits, unemployment, underemployment, and rent or mortgage costs were factors reported as forcing an average of 15–20 percent more people.<ref>[http://www.secondharvest.org/news_room/2008_press_releases/051208.html "New Survey Underscores Urgent Need For Farm Bill As Demands Are Up, Food Down"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704054250/http://www.secondharvest.org/news_room/2008_press_releases/051208.html|date=4 July 2008}}, "[[America's_Second_Harvest]]", 12 May 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.</ref> Compounding this issue, USDA bonus foods have declined by $200 million and local food donations were down nationally about 9 percent over the same period. According to the California Association of Food Banks, which is an umbrella organization of nearly all food banks in the state, food banks are at the "beginning of a crisis".<ref>[http://www.cafoodbanks.org/docs/crisis/Food_Crisis_FB%20(2).pdf "International Food Crisis: Food Bank Clients in Peril"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214632/http://www.cafoodbanks.org/docs/crisis/Food_Crisis_FB%20(2).pdf |date=19 August 2008 }}, California Association of Food Banks, 2008-6. Retrieved 18 June 2008.</ref>

==Effects on farmers==
If global price movements are transmitted to local markets, farmers in the developing world could benefit from the rising price of food. According to researchers from the Overseas Development Institute, this may depend on farmers' capacity to respond to changing market conditions. Experience suggests that farmers lack the credit and inputs needed to respond in the short term. In the medium or long term, however, they could benefit, as seen in the Asian [[Green Revolution]] or in many African countries in the recent past.<ref name = "bpdnsw"/>

=== Relationship with 2008 Chinese milk scandal ===
{{Further|2008 Chinese milk scandal}}
As grain prices increased, China's numerous small-holding milk farmers, as well as producers of feed for cattle, were unable to exist economically. As a result, they turned to putting additives into the feed and milk, including [[melamine]], to boost the measured level of protein. Hundreds of thousands of children became ill, China's milk exports virtually ended, executives and officials were arrested and some executed, and companies went bankrupt.<ref name="tele1">{{cite news |author=Malcolm Moore |date=2008-12-03 |title=China milk scandal: Families of sick children fight to find out true scale of the problem |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3545733/China-milk-scandal-Families-of-sick-children-fight-to-find-out-true-scale-of-the-problem.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=2010-11-10}}</ref>

==Unrest and government actions in individual countries and regions==
The price rises affected parts of [[Economy of Asia|Asia]] and [[Economy of Africa|Africa]] particularly severely with Burkina Faso,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180928121446/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL08851567._CH_.2400 Burkina general strike starts over cost of living] Mathieu Bonkoungou: Reuters, 8 April 2008</ref> Cameroon, Senegal, Mauritania, Côte d'Ivoire,<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7325733.stm Riots prompt Ivory Coast tax cuts], BBC, 2 April 2008.
[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77538 Cote D'Ivoire: Food price hikes spark riots], 31 March 2008 (IRIN)</ref> Egypt<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7288196.stm Egyptians hit by rising food prices], BBC, 11 March 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411015845/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L08810639.htm Two die after clashes in Egypt industrial town] Gamal: Reuters, 8 April 2008. Archived from the [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L08810639.htm original] on 28 September 2018.
</ref> and Morocco seeing protests and [[List of riots|riot]]s in late 2007 and early 2008 over the unavailability of basic food staples. Other countries that have seen food riots or are facing related unrest are: Mexico, Bolivia, Yemen, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh,<ref>[http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?q=5021.3306.0.0 "Soaring Food Prices Spark Unrest"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174511/http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?q=5021.3306.0.0 |date=20 April 2008 }}, ''[[The Philadelphia Trumpet]]'', 11 April 2008</ref> Pakistan,<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516080345/http://www.independent-bangladesh.com/200804013859/business/pakistan-heading-for-yet-anther-wheat-crisis.html "Pakistan heading for yet another wheat crisis"]}}, ''[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]]'', 1 April 2008</ref> Sri Lanka,<ref>[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/apr2008/sril-a11.shtml "Anger grows over rising prices in Sri Lanka"], ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'', 11 April 2008</ref> and South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boyle |first=Brendan |date=13 April 2008 |title=SA must grow food on all arable land, says Manuel |url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=747211 |newspaper=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |location=Johannesburg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111091639/http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=747211 |archive-date=11 January 2009}}</ref>

===Tunisia===
{{main|2008 Tunisian protests}}
Popular protests plagued [[Gafsa]] and other rural towns in the country of [[Tunisia]] in 2008 against the deaths of two miners and high unemployment rates in the government. Anti-government riots were suppressed and two people died. Unemployed demonstrators and food shortages protests erupted in towns near Gafsa in inspiration but was suppressed harshly.

===Morocco===
A popular movement unfolded as a series of violent at times but nonviolent demonstrations and events throughout [[Morocco]] in 2007–2008 after strikes took place. Unfortunately, during riots in [[Sidi Ifni]], 10 demonstrators died after police cursed the protests in June 2008. In November–December, a wave of strikes and protests and violence hit the country as scattered protests broke out against food prices and shortages. The movement was quelled violently with a swift response by the authorities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Morocco protests Polisario meeting|date=13 December 2007|agency=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/12/13/morocco-protests-polisario-meeting}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
10,000 workers rioted close to the Bangladeshi capital [[Dhaka]], smashing cars and buses and vandalising factories in anger at high food prices and low wages. Dozens of people, including at least 20 police officials, were injured in the violence. Ironically, the country achieved food self-sufficiency in 2002, but food prices increased drastically due to the reliance of agriculture on oil and fossil fuels.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2008 |title=Bangladesh workers riot over soaring food prices |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080412/wl_sthasia_afp/bangladeshtextile_080412095619 |newspaper=Yahoo News |agency=Agence France-Presse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424010543/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080412/wl_sthasia_afp/bangladeshtextile_080412095619 |archive-date=24 April 2008}}</ref>

Economists estimate 30 million of the country's 150 million people could go hungry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/news/234144.php|title=Bangladesh in critical shape as people desperate for food|author=Julhas Alam The Associated Press|work=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref>

===Brazil===
In April 2008, the Brazilian government announced a temporary ban on the export of rice. The ban was intended to protect domestic consumers.<ref>Olle, N. 2008, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080609183219/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/25/2227615.htm?section=business 'Brazil halts rice exports as world food prices climb'], ''ABC News'' (Aust.), 25 April. Retrieved 28 April 2008.</ref><ref>The Real News 2008, [http://therealnews.com/web/index.php?thisdataswitch=0&thisid=1408&thisview=item&renewx=2008-04-26+01%3A04%3A51 'Brazil bans rice exports, protests in Peru'], ''The Real News'', 26 April. Retrieved 28 April 2008. (Video.)</ref>

===Burkina Faso===
One of the earlier food riots took place in [[Burkina Faso]], on 22 February, when rioting broke out in the country's second and third largest cities over soaring food prices (up to a 65 percent increase), sparing the capital, [[Ouagadougou]], where soldiers were mobilized throughout strategic points. The government promised to lower taxes on food and to release food stocks. Over 100 people were arrested in one of the towns.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=76905 "Burkina Faso: Food riots shut down main towns"], ''[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]'', 22 February 2008</ref> Related policy actions of the Burkinabe government included:
* The removal of customs duty on rice, salt, dairy-based products and baby foods
* The removal of value added tax on durum wheat, baby foods, soap and edible oils
* Establishing negotiated prices with wholesalers for sugar, oil and rice
* Releasing food stocks
* Strengthening of community grain banks
* Food distribution in-kind
* Reduction of electricity cost, partial payment of utility bills for the poor
* Enacting special programs for schools and hospitals
* Fertilizer distribution and production support.

A ban was also imposed on exportation of cereals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://knol.google.com/k/sergey-polovinkin/food-crisis-and-food-security-policies/cju5lr97z6h4/32 |title=Polovinkin, Sergey. Food Crisis and Food Security Policies in West Africa: An Inventory of West African Countries' Policy Responses During the 2008 Food Crisis. Version 9. Knol. 2010 Apr 11. |access-date=12 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414173303/http://knol.google.com/k/sergey-polovinkin/food-crisis-and-food-security-policies/cju5lr97z6h4/32 |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Cameroon ===
{{main|2008 Cameroonian anti-government protests}}
Cameroon, the world's fourth largest [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] producer, saw large scale rioting in late February 2008 in Douala, the country's commercial capital. Protesters were against inflating food and fuel prices, as well as the attempt by President [[Paul Biya]] to extend his 25-year rule. Protesters set up barricades, burned tires, and targeted businesses that they believed belonged to the Biya family, high members of the ruling party, the government, or France.<ref name="Amin 2012 20–43">{{cite journal|last=Amin|first=J.|title=Understanding the Protest of February 2008 in Cameroon|journal=Africa Today|year=2012|volume=58|issue=4|pages=20–43|doi=10.2979/africatoday.58.4.21|s2cid=143510423}}</ref> It became the first protest in the nation's history in which minute- by-minute events were covered by social media. By 27 February, a strike was taking place in thirty-one cities, including Yaoundé, Douala, Bamenda, Bafoussam, Buea, Limbe, Tiko, Muea, Mutengene, and Kumba.<ref name="Amin 2012 20–43"/> At least seven people were killed in the worst unrest seen in the country in over fifteen years.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2008 |title=Anti-government rioting spreads in Cameroon |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/02/27/africa/27cameroon.php |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]] |agency=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310021014/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/02/27/africa/27cameroon.php |archive-date=10 March 2009}}</ref> This figure was later increased to 24.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} Youths were mobilized in ways that had not been seen since the days of the villes mortes.<ref name="Amin 2012 20–43"/> Part of the government response to the protests was a reduction in import taxes on foods including rice, flour, and fish. The government reached an agreement with retailers by which prices would be lowered in exchange for the reduced import taxes. As of late April 2008, however, reports suggested that prices had not eased and in some cases had even increased.<ref>IRIN 2008, [http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=77971 'CAMEROON: Lifting of import taxes fails to reduce food prices'], 29 April. Retrieved 30 April 2008.</ref>

On 24 April 2008, the government of Cameroon announced a two-year emergency program designed to double Cameroon's food production and achieve food self-sufficiency.<ref>IRIN 2008, [http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=77931 'Cameroon: Food self-sufficient in two years?'], ''IRIN'', 25 April. Retrieved 27 April 2008.</ref>

=== Côte d'Ivoire ===
On 31 March, Côte d'Ivoire's capital [[Abidjan]] saw police use tear gas and a dozen protesters injured following food riots that gripped the city. The riots followed dramatic hikes in the price of food and fuel, with the price of beef rising from US$1.68 to $2.16 per kilogram, and the price of gasoline rising from $1.44 to $2.04 per liter, in only three days.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200803311850.html "Côte d'Ivoire: Food Price Hikes Spark Riots"], ''[[AllAfrica.com]]'', 31 March 2008.</ref>

===Egypt===
{{main|2008 Egyptian general strike}}
In Egypt, a boy was killed from a gunshot to the head after Egyptian police intervened in violent demonstrations over rising food prices that gripped the industrial city of [[El-Mahalla El-Kubra|Mahalla]] on 8 April 2008. Large swathes of the population have been hit as food prices, and particularly the price of bread, have doubled over the last several months as a result of producers exploiting a shortage that has existed since 2006.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 April 2008 |title=Egyptian boy dies from wounds sustained in Mahalla food riots |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/08/africa/ME-GEN-Egypt-Protest-Death.php |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]] |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623012845/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/08/africa/ME-GEN-Egypt-Protest-Death.php |archive-date=23 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Steavenson|first=Wendell|title=It's the baladi, stupid|work=[[The Australian Financial Review]]|page=Perspectives Review supplement (pp. 3–5)|date=9 January 2009|quote=The difference between the subsidised and market price of bread [in Egypt] is exploited at every stage of production and sale, by importers, millers, warehousers, traders, bakers and consumers alike.}}</ref>

===Ethiopia===
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
Drought and the food price crisis threatened thousands in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news|title=4.5 million drought-stricken Ethiopians need food aid: govt |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080603-45-million-drought-stricken-ethiopians-need-food-aid-govt |work=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse|date=3 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609224205/http://www.france24.com/en/20080603-45-million-drought-stricken-ethiopians-need-food-aid-govt |archive-date=9 June 2008 |url-status=dead|access-date=3 October 2008 |quote=Addis Ababa says the number of Ethiopians in need of emergency food aid in drought-affected regions has risen to 4.5 million }}</ref>

===Haiti===
On 12 April 2008, the Haitian Senate voted to dismiss Prime Minister [[Jacques-Édouard Alexis]] after violent food riots hit the country.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 April 2008 |title=Haiti PM ousted over soaring food prices |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hL0HvIfNZQ2nMgFdy9dSKLZ7t2Gw |newspaper=Google News |agency=Agence France-Presse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714050611/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hL0HvIfNZQ2nMgFdy9dSKLZ7t2Gw |archive-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> The food riots caused the death of five people.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} Prices for food items such as rice, beans, fruit and condensed milk have gone up 50 percent in Haiti since late 2007 while the price of fuel has tripled in only two months.<ref>[http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080413/focus/focus1.html "The world food crisis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421030612/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080413/focus/focus1.html |date=21 April 2008 }}, ''[[Jamaica Gleaner]]'', 13 April 2008</ref> Riots broke out in April due to the high prices, and the government had been attempting to restore order by subsidizing a 15 percent reduction in the price of rice.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN15226767 "Price of rice prompts renewed anger in Haiti"], [[Reuters]], April 15, 2008</ref>

=== India ===
India exports two kinds of rice: common and higher quality [[basmati]]. In October 2007, the country imposed a minimum export price on common rice in order to increase domestic stocks by reducing exports. In December 2007, they had raised the price, but exports had not declined. Consequently, in March 2008, the government banned the export of common rice. In response to criticism from some rice-importing countries, India made exceptions to allow exports to neighbors Bangladesh and Bhutan and some low-income African countries, but a limited amount was actually exported. The export ban was lifted in September 2011.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saini |first1=Shweta |last2=Gulati |first2=Ashok |author2-link=Ashok Gulati |editor1-last=Kalkuhl |editor1-first=Matthias |editor2-last=von Braun |editor2-first=Joachim |editor3-last=Torero |editor3-first=Maximo |title=Food price volatility and its implications for food security and policy |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-28199-5 |pages=337–339 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNhCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337 |chapter=India's Food Security Policies in the Wake of Global Food Price Volatility}}</ref>

===Indonesia===
Street protests over the price of food took place in Indonesia<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1386/3041/html/ieconomy.htm#s287070 "Indonesia takes action over soyabeans"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710075729/http://www.iran-daily.com/1386/3041/html/ieconomy.htm#s287070 |date=10 July 2007 }}, ''Iran Daily'', 16 January 2008</ref> where food staples and gasoline have nearly doubled in price since January 2008.<ref name="gm-I">{{cite news |last=Coren |first=Michael |date=12 April 2008 |title=Food beyond the reach of the poor |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/food-beyond-the-reach-of-the-poor/article17983702/ |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref>

===Latin America===
In April 2008, the Latin American members of the United Nations' FAO met in [[Brasília]] to confront the issues of high food prices, scarcities and violence that affect the region.<ref>[http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/1223/68/ Latin America: Food or Fuel – That Is the Burning Question] Upside Down World, 15 April 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091029192153/http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/1223/68/ Archived] 21 May 2009.</ref>

===Mexico===
The president of Mexico, [[Felipe Calderón]], with industry representatives and members of the Confederation of Industrial Chambers (Concamin), agreed to freeze prices of more than 150 consumer staples, such as coffee, sardines, tuna, oil, soup or tea, among others, until the end of December 2008. The measure was carried out in an attempt to control inflation, which stood at an annual rate of 4.95%, the highest increase since December 2004.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Mexican baking company [[Grupo Bimbo]]'s CEO, [[Daniel Servitje]], announced in the 19th Plenary Meeting of the Mexico–China Business Committee that Bimbo agreed to freeze their product prices, despite a 20% rise in production costs.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 August 2015 |title=Bimbo busca mantener sus precios durante 2009 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/finanzas/69118.html |newspaper=El Universal}}</ref> Bimbo is one of the most important baking companies worldwide, having recently expanded to China. Bimbo has also acquired five bakeries in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2002 |title=Company News; Grupo Bimbo of Mexico Buys 5 Bakeries in United States |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/23/business/company-news-grupo-bimbo-of-mexico-buys-5-bakeries-in-united-states.html |newspaper=The New York Times | access-date=22 April 2010}}</ref>

===Mozambique===
In mid February, rioting that started in the Mozambican rural town of [[Chokwe, Mozambique|Chokwe]] and then spread to the capital, [[Maputo]], has resulted in at least four deaths. The riots were reported in the media to have been, at least in part, over food prices and were termed "food riots". A biofuel advocacy publication, however, claimed that these were, in fact, "fuel riots", limited to the rise in the cost of diesel, and argued that the "food riot" characterization worked to fan "anti-biofuels sentiment".<ref>[http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/blog2/2008/02/19/mozambique-diesel-riots-reported-in-western-media-as-food-riots-fanning-anti-biofuels-sentiment/ "Mozambique diesel riots reported in Western media as "food riots", fanning anti-biofuels sentiment"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421001450/http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/blog2/2008/02/19/mozambique-diesel-riots-reported-in-western-media-as-food-riots-fanning-anti-biofuels-sentiment/ |date=21 April 2008 }}, ''Biofuel Digest'', 19 February 2008</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
The [[Pakistan Army]] has been deployed to avoid the seizure of food from fields and warehouses. This hasn't stopped the food prices from increasing. The new government has been blamed for not managing the countries food stockpiles properly.<ref>[http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidANA145104100629 zawya.com] (need to be login first)</ref>

=== Myanmar ===
{{main|Saffron Revolution}}
Once the world's top rice producer, has produced enough rice to feed itself until now. Rice exports dropped over four decades from nearly 4 million tons to only about 40,000 tons last year, mostly due to neglect by Myanmar's ruling generals of infrastructure, including irrigation and warehousing.
On 3 May 2008 [[Cyclone Nargis]] stripped Myanmar's rice-growing districts, ruining large areas with salt water. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that these areas produce 65 percent of Myanmar's rice. Worries of long-term food shortages and rationing are rife. The military regime says nothing about the rice crisis, but continues to export rice at the same rate.

"...at least the next two harvests are going to be greatly affected and there'll be virtually no output from those areas during that time. So we're likely to see considerable food and rice shortages for the next couple of years. The damage to the economy is going to be profound." said economist and Myanmar expert Sean Turnell, of Australia's Macquarie University. (interviewed in "The Irriwaddy", Tuesday, 27 May 2008)

On 22 February 2007, a small group of individuals protested the current state of consumer prices in the country. On 15 August 2007 the government removed subsidies on fuel causing a rapid and unannounced increase in prices. Protests grew into what became known as the ''Saffron Revolution''.

===Panama===
In Panama, in response to higher rice prices the government began buying rice at the high market price and selling rice to the public at a lower subsidized price at food kiosks.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Philippines===
In the Philippines, the [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|Arroyo government]] insisted on 13 April that there would be no food riots in the country and that there could be no comparison with Haiti's situation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Palace assures no food riots in RP |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/net/2008/04/13/palace.assures.no.food.riots.in.rp.(7.03.p.m.).html |work=SunStar |date=13 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421214434/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/net/2008/04/13/palace.assures.no.food.riots.in.rp.(7.03.p.m.).html |archive-date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Chief Presidential Legal Counsel, [[Sergio Apostol]] stated that: "Haiti is not trying to solve the problem, while we are doing something to address the issue. We don't have a food shortage. So, no comparison..."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080424101443/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/13/content_7969073.htm "Official: Philippines not comparable with Haiti in food crisis"], [[Xinhua]], 13 April 2008</ref> Comments by the Justice Secretary, [[Raul M. Gonzalez|Raul Gonzalez]], the following day, that food riots are not far fetched, were quickly rebuked by the rest of the government.<ref>[http://www.upiasiaonline.com/Economics/2008/04/14/food_riots_to_hit_manila_soon/6830/ "Food riots to hit Manila soon?"], [[United Press International]], 14 April 2008</ref>

On 15 April, the Philippines, the world's largest rice importer, urged China, Japan, and other key Asian nations, to convene an emergency meeting, especially taking issue with those countries' rice export bans. "Free trade should be flowing", Philippine Agriculture Secretary Arthur Yap stated.<ref>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=17&art_id=64446&sid=18492523&con_type=1 "Manila calls for Asian summit over food crisis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614225623/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=17&art_id=64446&sid=18492523&con_type=1 |date=14 June 2013 }}, ''[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]'', 15 April 2008</ref> In late April 2008, the Philippines government requested that the World Bank exert pressure on rice exporting countries to end export restrictions.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2008 |title=Manila urges end to rice export ban |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/84B4ED9E-DD71-4C2D-BA12-626A80052D09.htm |work=Al Jazeera English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709000237/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/84B4ED9E-DD71-4C2D-BA12-626A80052D09.htm |archive-date=9 July 2008 |access-date=29 April 2008}}</ref>

===Russia===
The Russian government pressured retailers to freeze food prices before key elections for fear of a public backlash against the rising cost of food in October 2007.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2007 |title=Kremlin orders a freeze on food prices as country gets set for polls |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2741064.ece |newspaper=Times Online |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904175555/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2741064.ece |archive-date=4 September 2011}}</ref> The freeze ended on 1 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last=Titova |first=Irina |date=12 May 2008 |title=Food Prices Forecast to Keep Rising |url=http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=25957 |work=The St. Petersburg Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407215715/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=25957 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>

===Senegal===
On 31 March 2008, Senegal had riots in response to the rise in the price of food and fuel. Twenty-four people were arrested and detained in a response that one local human rights group claimed included "torture" and other "unspeakable acts" on the part of the security forces.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=77539 "Senegal: Heavy handed response to food protesters"], ''[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]'', 31 March 2008</ref> Further protests took place in [[Dakar]] on 26 April 2008.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2008 |title=Food costs spark protests in Senegal |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/6239F12A-AE9B-44FC-A6CD-1A01A9F3586E.htm |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=27 April 2008}}</ref>

=== Somalia ===
Riots in Somalia occurred on 5 May 2008 over the price of food, in which five protesters were killed. The protests occurred amid a serious humanitarian emergency due to the [[Ethiopian war in Somalia]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

=== Tajikistan ===
In 2008, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', neweurasia, and other media observers predicted that a nascent hunger crisis would erupt into a full [[famine]] as a consequence of [[2008 Central Asia energy crisis|energy shortages]] at the time.<ref name=neweurasia>{{cite web|title=Hunger to replace energy crisis|work=neweurasia|author=Vadim|date=4 March 2008|url=http://tajikistan.neweurasia.net/2008/03/04/hunger-to-replace-energy-crisis/| access-date=3 March 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090114031922/http://tajikistan.neweurasia.net/2008/03/04/hunger-to-replace-energy-crisis/| archive-date=14 January 2009| url-status= dead}}</ref> UN experts announced on 10 October that almost one-third of Tajikistan's 6.7 million inhabitants were at risk of running out of food during the winter of 2008–09.<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav100708.shtml Tajikistan: Almost One-Third of the Population Is in Danger of Going Hungry This Winter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422210454/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav100708.shtml |date=22 April 2009 }}, EurasiaNet</ref>

===Yemen===
Food riots in southern Yemen that began in late March and continued through early April, saw police stations torched, and roadblocks were set up by armed protesters. The army has deployed tanks and other military vehicles. Although the riots involved thousands of demonstrators over several days and over 100 arrests, officials claimed no fatalities; residents, however, claimed that at least one of the fourteen wounded people has died.<ref>[http://www.inteldaily.com/?c=148&a=5876 "Food riots rock Yemen"], ''The Intelligence Daily'', 4 April 2008.</ref>

==Projections and early mitigation efforts==
The FAO released a study in December 2007 projecting a 49 percent increase in African cereal prices, and 53 percent in European prices, through July 2008.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7244382.stm Cereal prices hit poor countries], BBC, 14 February 2008. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7148880.stm UN warns on soaring food prices], 17 December 2007.</ref> In April 2008, the World Bank, in combination with the [[International Monetary Fund]], announced a series of measures aimed at mitigating the crisis, including increased loans to African farmers and emergency monetary aid to badly affected areas such as Haiti.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7344892.stm World Bank tackles food emergency], BBC, 14 April 2008.</ref> According to FAO director [[Jacques Diouf]], however, the [[World Food Programme]] needed an immediate cash injection of at least $1700 million,<ref name="gm"/> far more than the tens of million-worth in measures already pledged. On 28 April 2008, the United Nations Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] established a Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis [https://www.un.org/issues/food/taskforce/] under his chairmanship and composed of the heads of the United Nations specialized agencies, funds and programmes, Bretton Woods institutions and relevant parts of the UN Secretariat to co-ordinate efforts to alleviate the crisis.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7372393.stm UN Sets up food crisis task force], BBC, 29 April 2008.</ref>

==After the crisis==
{{See also|2022 food crises}}
2013 research concluded that the spike was the result of an unusual combination of circumstances and prices in the future will be higher than before the spike, depending on [[oil prices]], [[climate change]], and future diets. WDM noted in 2010 that after the spike in prices in 2008, prices of wheat, maize and rice lowered but were still higher than before the crisis.<ref name=wdm /> The impacts of the spike on poor people were concentrated in low-income countries and may have been less severe than once thought, thanks to rising rural wages in some countries. The researchers called on developing countries to ensure good data on the key indicators of distress and to strengthen [[social protection]], and on those involved in international development to continue increasing focus on reducing child [[malnutrition]] and stimulating agricultural development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/7384-look-back-peering-forward-food-price-spike |title=Looking back, peering forward: what has been learned from the food-price spike of 2007–2008? |author1=Steve Wiggins |author2=Sharada Keats |date=July 2013 |website=Overseas Development Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017004815/https://www.odi.org/publications/7384-looking-back-peering-forward-what-has-been-learned-food-price-spike-2007-2008 |archive-date=2020-10-17}}</ref>

== Actions by governments ==
[[IFAD]] is making up to US$200 million available to support poor farmers boost food production in face of the global food crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifad.org/media/press/2008/25.htm|title=US$200 million from IFAD to help poor farmers boost food production in face of food crisis|work=ifad.org|access-date=28 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427191030/http://www.ifad.org/media/press/2008/25.htm|archive-date=27 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 2 May 2008, US President [[George W. Bush]] said he was asking Congress to approve an extra $770 million funding for international food aid.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2008 |title=Bush offers $770m for food crisis |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7378807.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=3 October 2008}}</ref> On 16 October 2008, in a speech at a United Nations gathering on [[World Food Day]], former US president [[Bill Clinton]] criticized the bipartisan coalition in Congress that blocked efforts to make some aid donations in cash rather than in food.<ref name="sfgate.com">{{cite news|last=Hanley |first=Charles J. |date=23 October 2008 |title='We blew it' on global food, says Bill Clinton |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/10/23/international/i142025D32.DTL |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028071414/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F10%2F23%2Finternational%2Fi142025D32.DTL |archive-date=28 October 2008 |access-date=3 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Referring in part to policies that had pressured African governments to reduce subsidies for fertilizer and other agricultural inputs, Clinton also said:<blockquote>We need the World Bank, the IMF, all the big foundations, and all the governments to admit that, for 30 years, we all blew it, including me when I was President. We were wrong to believe that food was like some other product in international trade, and we all have to go back to a more responsible and sustainable form of agriculture.<ref>Bill Clinton, [http://www.clintonfoundation.org/news/news-media/speech-united-nations-world-food-day "Speech: United Nations World Food Day"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110605130326/http://www.clintonfoundation.org/news/news-media/speech-united-nations-world-food-day |date=5 June 2011 }}, 13 October 2008</ref></blockquote>The release of Japan's rice reserves onto the market may bring the rice price down significantly. As of 16 May, anticipation of the move had already lowered prices by 14% in a single week.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article3943779.ece |title=Rice price dives as US and Japan set to unlock grain pact – Times Online |work=The Times |location=London |author=Leo Lewis |date= 16 May 2008|access-date=3 October 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080923190555/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article3943779.ece| archive-date= 23 September 2008| url-status= dead}}</ref>

On 30 April 2008, Thailand announced an agreement in principle to create the [[Organization of Rice Exporting Countries]] (OREC) with the potential to develop a price-fixing [[cartel]] for rice.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200804/s2232076.htm?tab=asia%7cRadio |title=Mekong nations to form rice price-fixing cartel |work=Radio Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611151618/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200804/s2232076.htm?tab=asia%7cRadio |archive-date=2008-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tunyasiri |first=Yuwadee |date=1 May 2008 |title=PM floats idea of five-nation rice cartel |url=https://pressreader.com/article/281509336916142 |url-access=registration |work=Bangkok Post}}</ref>

In June 2008 the FAO hosted a [[High-Level Conference on World Food Security]], in which $1.2 billion in food aid was committed for the 75 million people in 60 countries hardest hit by rising food prices.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7435265.stm "UN increases food aid by $1.2bn"], ''BBC News'', 4 June 2008</ref>

In June 2008, a sustained commitment from the [[G8]] was called for by some humanitarian organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgdev.org/content/general/detail/16244 |title=Center for Global Development : Food Crisis Requires Sustained Commitment from the G8 |publisher=Cgdev.org |access-date=3 October 2008}}</ref>

==Food price decreases==

In December 2008, the [[Late-2000s recession|global economic slowdown]], [[2000s energy crisis#Falling prices in late 2008|decreasing oil prices]], and speculation of decreased demand for commodities worldwide brought about sharp decreases in the price of staple crops from their earlier highs. Corn prices on the [[Chicago Board of Trade]] dropped from US$7.99 per bushel in June to US$3.74 per bushel in mid-December; wheat and rice prices experienced similar decreases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601012&sid=aFEkJtgBWsSA|title=Corn Caps Record Week, Soybeans Drop on Shifts in U.S. Planting|publisher=Bloomberg|date=12 December 2008|access-date=14 December 2008}}</ref> The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization, however, warned against "a false sense of security", noting that the [[subprime mortgage crisis|credit crisis]] could cause farmers to reduce plantings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d125dbf2-ac2c-11dd-aa46-000077b07658|title=Another food crisis year looms, says FAO|work=Financial Times|date=6 November 2008|access-date=14 December 2008}}</ref> FAO convened a [[World Summit on Food Security]] at its headquarters in Rome in November 2008, noting that food prices remained high in developing countries and that the global [[food security]] situation has worsened.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

By early 2010, food prices had risen again to surpass the record highs of 2008. Some commentators saw this as the resumption of the price spike seen in 2007–08.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://jn.nutrition.org/content/140/1/143S.abstract|title=Medium- to Long-Run Implications of High Food Prices for Global Nutrition|journal=Journal of Nutrition|date=31 January 2010|doi=10.3945/jn.109.110536 |access-date=3 November 2011 |last1=Webb |first1=Patrick |volume=140 |pages=143S–147S |pmid=19923389 }}</ref> Prices had dropped after good weather helped increase grain yields while demand had dropped due to the recession.<ref name=Brown>{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=Lester|title=The New Geopolitics of Food|journal=Foreign Policy|date=May–June 2011|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/25/the_new_geopolitics_of_food?page=full|access-date=7 June 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110624094608/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/25/the_new_geopolitics_of_food?page=full| archive-date= 24 June 2011| url-status= live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[2000s commodities boom]]
* [[2020s commodities boom]]
* [[Agreement on Agriculture]]
* [[Agribusiness]]
*[[World food crises (2022–2023)]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation Food and Agriculture Organization FAO World Food Situation Portal] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
** [http://www.fao.org/giews/english/index.htm FAO Global Information and Early Warning System]
* [http://www.fao.org/wsfs/world-summit/en/ World Summit on Food Security 2009]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080404121257/http://www.reuters.com/news/globalcoverage/agflation Reuters] – Special Coverage: [[Agflation]]
* [http://www.ifpri.org/book-776/ourwork/researcharea/food-prices International Food Policy Research Institute] – Research Area: Food Prices
* [http://dinarstandard.com/challenges/state-of-food-insecurity-opportunities-in-oic-countries/ Research Brief: State of Food Insecurity & Opportunities in Muslim Countries] – DinarStandard Research Brief
* [http://nacla.org/node/4593 Anti-Hunger Protests Rock Haiti]. 2008. North American Congress on Latin America, by Jeb Sprague
* [http://www.alertnet.org/db/topics/HUNGER.htm?v=in_detail Crisis briefing on food and hunger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213102233/http://www.alertnet.org/db/topics/HUNGER.htm?v=in_detail |date=13 February 2009 }} from [[Reuters AlertNet]]
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/7/16/the_food_bubble_how_wall_street The Food Bubble: How Wall Street Starved Millions and Got Away With It] – video report with Frederick Kaufman by ''[[Democracy Now!]]''

{{2008 economic crisis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2007-2008 world food price crisis}}
[[Category:2000s in economic history]]
[[Category:2007 in economic history|World food price crisis]]
[[Category:2008 in economic history|World food price crisis]]
[[Category:Biofuels]]
[[Category:Global economic crises]]
[[Category:Economy of Africa]]
[[Category:Economic history of Asia]]
[[Category:Energy crops]]
[[Category:Food politics]]
[[Category:Great Recession]]
[[Category:2000s energy crisis]]

1993 Sopore massacre

2026-04-23T14:06:02Z

Inventaa: created a article.

{{Short description|1993 killing of civilians in Kashmir, India}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1993 Sopore Massacre
| location = [[Sopore]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| date = {{start date and age|1993|1|6}}
| partof = [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| target = [[Civilians]]
| type = [[Massacre]], [[Incendiary device|Incendiary]], [[Arson]], [[Mass shooting]]
| fatalities = 43–57
| injuries = 20–80 wounded
| perpetrator = {{flagdeco|India}} [[Border Security Force]]
}}

{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
The '''Sopore massacre''' refers to the mass killing of at least 43 civilians by [[India]]n [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) who were travelling on a bus from [[Bandipore|Bandipur]] to [[Sopore]] in [[Kashmir]] on 6 January 1993.<ref name="hrw_sopore">{{Cite web |title=India – Human Rights Developments |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Asia-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030109013531/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Asia-05.htm |archive-date=2003-01-09 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.hrw.org |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA937.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209141050/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA937.PDF |archive-date=2009-02-09 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.hrw.org |publisher=The Human Rights Watch |pages=63–68}}</ref> According to some reports as many as 57 people were killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MUHAMMAD |first=GHULAM |date=2019-01-06 |title=SOPORE MASSACRE: When 57 civilians were killed, 400 shops and 75 houses burnt down |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/sopore-massacre-when-57-civilians-were-killed-400-shops-and-75-houses-burnt-down |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Sopore]] is a major town in [[Kashmir]] within the [[Baramulla district]], located {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-west from [[Srinagar]]. On the morning of 6 January 1993, a group of 7–8 armed [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|JKLF]] militants attacked a platoon of [[Border Security Force]] soldiers at Baba Yousuf Lane near Sopore and killed at least one soldier.<ref name="hrw_sopore"/><ref name="time_sopore">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977469,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210092812/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977469,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2008|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=Blood Tide Rising|date=18 January 1993}}</ref>

==Firing==
On this bloody Wednesday, some shopkeepers were not allowed to come out and they were burned alive inside shops.<ref name="independent_sopore">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/outcry-in-delhi-over-kashmir-massacre-1477194.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/outcry-in-delhi-over-kashmir-massacre-1477194.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Outcry in Delhi over Kashmir massacre|last=McGirk|first=Tim|date=8 January 1993|work=The Independent|accessdate=10 April 2009|location=UK}}</ref><ref name="hrw_sopore"/> In all, official [[Government of India|Indian Government]] reports state that 250 shops and 50 homes were burned down although other sources claim as many as 450 buildings were burned down by the border security force.<ref name="independent_sopore"/> ''[[The Independent]]'' reported:<blockquote>The Border Security Forces sprayed a public coach with machine-gun fire, killing the driver and more than 15 passengers, said witnesses. Three other cars were also fired on, and then the paramilitary forces set the vehicles ablaze. Next, they began herding the native Kashmiris into shops and houses, said witnesses. Then the security forces shot them, splashed paraffin over the bodies and set the buildings alight.<ref name="independent_sopore"/></blockquote>

==Response==
The Indian government claimed that the high casualties were the result of an intense gun battle between the BSF soldiers and militants in which an explosives cache belonging to the militants exploded and spread the fire to nearby buildings. However, the government later initiated a judicial inquiry into the matter and suspended several BSF officers due to the publicity the incident had generated.<ref name=hrw_sopore /> The day after the [[massacre]], thousands of Kashmiris, defying a government-imposed curfew, protested against the actions of the BSF soldiers on the streets of Sopore.<ref name="time_sopore"/>

Then-[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] ordered [[List of Governors of Jammu and Kashmir|State Governor]] [[Girish Chandra Saxena|Girish Saxena]] to visit Sopore and announced a compensation of {{INRconvert|100000}} for the relatives of the deceased.<ref name=independent_sopore/> However, Muslim leaders, [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] politicians and human rights organizations criticized Saxena for failing to stop human rights violations by the security forces in Kashmir and demanded a parliamentary delegation be sent to assess the destruction.<ref name=independent_sopore />

==See also==
* [[Bijbehara massacre]]
* [[Kupwara massacre]]
* [[Zakoora and Tengpora massacre]]
* [[1990 Gawkadal massacre|Gawkadal massacre]]
* [[Hawal massacre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sopore massacre, 1993}}
[[Category:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:1993 murders in India]]
[[Category:January 1993 crimes]]
[[Category:January 1993 in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1993]]
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sopore|Massacre, 1993]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Arson in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Arson in 1993]]
[[Category:1990s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on buses]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]
[[Category:Arson deaths]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1993 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims]]

Usha Maurya

2026-04-22T01:37:37Z

Inventaa: Put Up A Data Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Usha Maurya
| image = File:Usha Maurya.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = '''Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ranvendra Pratap Singh]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2007-2021) [[Samajwadi Party]] (2021-Current)
| spouse = [[Munna Lal Maurya]]
| children =
| parents =
| constituency = [[Husainganj (Assembly constituency)|Husainganj]]
}}
'''Usha Maurya''' also known as '''Anila Maurya'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.electwise.in/politician/usha-devi-alias-anila-maurya/|title=Elections Result|website=Elect Wise|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925044730/https://www.electwise.in/politician/usha-devi-alias-anila-maurya/|url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian politician. She was elected to [[Husainganj (Assembly constituency)|Husainganj]] in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the Samajwadi Party.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/results | title=Uttar Pradesh Election Results 2022 | publisher=NDTV | accessdate=12 March 2022 | archive-date=12 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312060141/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/results | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/all-winners/ | title=ALL WINNERS LIST UTTAR PRADESH ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS 2022 | publisher=News18 | accessdate=12 March 2022 | archive-date=12 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312143716/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/all-winners/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurya, Usha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Eva Shirali

2026-04-21T05:32:47Z

Inventaa:

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1980)}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eva Shirali
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Eva Shirali
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|07|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| website =
| imagesize =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2002–present
| domesticpartner =
}}

'''Eva Shirali''' (born 16 July 1980) is an Indian Hindi actress from Mumbai, best known for her roles in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and Hindi [[soap opera]]s.<ref name="Soaps" /> She played the role of Garima in ''[[Divya Drishti]]'' and Gayatri Alok Sabharwal in ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' on [[Star Plus]]. She is currently seen in ''[[Kismat Ki Lakiro Se]]''.

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Instant Khichdi]]''
| Priya
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|
| Cameo Role
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]''
|
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Chhuta Chheda]]''
| Alka
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''<ref name="Soaps" />
| Swati
| Cameo Role
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''[[Hamari Devrani]]''<ref name="Soaps" />
| Vrinda Mohan Nanavati
|
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]''
| Komal
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Ramleela – Ajay Devgn Ke Saath]]''<ref name="Soaps" />
| Maharani [[Kaushalya]]
|
|-
| 2012; 2016
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''<ref name="Bolega India 11-03-12">{{cite news|last1=staff|title=सावधान – सिनेमा – रफ़्तार|url=http://movies.raftaar.in/movie/savdhan/4114|language=hi|access-date=3 November 2015|work=The Times of India|publisher=Raftaar|date=27 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828044004/http://movies.raftaar.in/movie/savdhan/4114|archive-date=28 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Multiple characters
| Separate episodics
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Gustakh Dil]]''<ref name="Soaps">{{cite news | url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/tv-actress/eva-ahuja | title= Eva Ahuja | work=NetTV4u | access-date=3 November 2015 | author=staff}}</ref>
| Anjali
|
|-
| ''[[Khelti Hai Zindagi Aankh Micholi]]''
| Nisha
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Yam Kisi Se Kam Nahin]]''
| Mandira
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Saam Daam Dand Bhed (TV Series)|Saam Daam Dand Bhed]]''
| Sadhana Namdhari
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Divya Drishti]]''
| Garima
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Tara From Satara]]''
| Sarita Sachin Mane
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]''
| Gayatri Alok Sabharwal
|
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Sirf Tum (TV series)|Sirf Tum]]''
| Sudha Rakesh Sharma
|
|-
| 2022–2024
| ''[[Kismat Ki Lakiro Se]]''
| Naina Dilip Tripathi
|
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Apollena – Sapno Ki Unchi Udann]]''
| Madhu Shukla
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Ishq Jabariya]]''
| Mrs. Tiwari
|
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Mann Atisundar]]''
|Rajani Mittal
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirali, Eva}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]

Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages

2026-04-20T23:44:28Z

Inventaa: added basic stub v1

{{Short description|Branch of Kuki-Chin-Naga languages}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Northwestern Kuki-Chin
| altname = Old Kuki
| region = [[Northeast India]]
| ethnicity = [[Old Kukis]] and [[Naga people|Naga]]s
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]]
| fam5 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
| glottorefname = Northwestern Kuki-Chin
| glotto = oldk1252
}}

The '''Northwestern Kuki-Chin''' languages, originally called '''Old Kuki''' languages, is a branch of [[Kuki-Chin languages]].<ref name="DeLancey">DeLancey, Scott; Krishna Boro; Linda Konnerth; Amos Teo, [https://www.academia.edu/12707329/Tibeto_Burman_Languages_of_the_Indo_Myanmar_borderland Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo-Myanmar borderland]. 31st South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable, 14 May 2015.</ref><ref name="Thurgood">{{citation |last=Thurgood |first=Graham |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |page= |pages=22–23 |year=2016 |editor1=Graham Thurgood |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDglDwAAQBAJ |chapter=Sino-Tibetan: Genetic and Areal Subgroups |edition=2 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781315399492 |editor2=Randy J. LaPolla}}</ref>

Most speakers identify as part of tribes traditionally grouped as [[Old Kukis]], but some identify as [[Naga people|Naga]]s. Andrew Hsiu (2019) also uses the label "Southern Naga" for Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Hsiu |title=Kuki-Chin-Naga languages |website=Sino-Tibetan Branches Project |url=https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/central/kuki-chin-naga |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420134214/https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/central/kuki-chin-naga |archive-date=20 April 2019 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2025|reason=unpublished}}

==Languages==
[[Scott DeLancey]] et al. (2015) and Graham Thurgood (2016) list the following languages as Northwestern Kuki-Chin.
*[[Aimol language|Aimol]]
*[[Anal language|Anal]]
*[[Chiru language|Chiru]]
*[[Chothe language|Chothe]]
*[[Kharam language|Kharam]]
*[[Koireng language|Koireng]]
*[[Kom language (India)|Kom]]
*[[Lamkang language|Lamkang]]
*[[Monsang language|Monsang]]
*[[Moyon language|Moyon]]
*[[Purum language|Purum]]
*[[Sorbung language|Sorbung]]
*[[Tarao language|Tarao]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* DeLancey, Scott (ed) [https://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/sala-31/doc/ABSTRACTBOOK-maincontent.pdf Panel session: Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo-Myanmar borderland]. Lancaster University, 2015.
* Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. ''Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley'', 189-209. Leiden: Brill.
* VanBik, Kenneth. 2009. ''Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages''. STEDT Monograph 8. {{ISBN|0-944613-47-0}}.
* {{citation |title=Languages of South Asia : a guide |last=Zograf |first=Georgiĭ Aleksandrovich |year=1982 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/languagesofsouth0003zogr |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Zograf, Languages of South Asia|1982}}}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kuki-Chin languages]]

Nawal Kishore Singh

2026-04-20T05:50:36Z

Inventaa: stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nawal Kishore Singh
| image =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 1952–1957
| predecessor = N/A
| successor = Saryoo Nandan Prasad Singh
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mor, [[Mokama]], [[Patna District]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
}}

'''Nawal Kishore Singh''' was an Indian politician. Born in village Mor, Mokama<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/174942957/ |title=Nawal Kishore Singh @ Dr. Nawal ... Vs the State of Bihar & Ors on 9 November, 2017 |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105134646/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/174942957/ |url-status=live }}</ref> he was a Landlord of [[Mokama]] and belong to Bhumihar caste. He was elected to the First Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama]].

==Attributed state-run institutions and monuments==
*Naval Kishore College, [[Mokama]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://codepin.in/naval-kishore-college-mokama-pin-code |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105134649/https://codepin.in/naval-kishore-college-mokama-pin-code |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Naval Kishore Balika High School]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiainfo.net/places-in/bihar-803302-area-of-barawan-803302/page/14 |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105134649/https://www.indiainfo.net/places-in/bihar-803302-803221-area-of-barawan-803302/page/14 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mokama]], [[Patna]]
* Naval Kishore High School, Patna<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.studyapt.com/school-project-n-k-g-h-school-mokama-mokama-patna |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105134641/https://www.studyapt.com/school-project-n-k-g-h-school-mokama-mokama-patna |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Nawal Kishore}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

LGBTQ rights in India

2026-04-17T17:26:03Z

Inventaa: created stub

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox LGBT rights
| location_header = India | image = India (orthographic projection).svg | caption = Area controlled by [[India]] shown in dark green; disputed regions shown in light green | legal_status = [[Homosexuality]] legal since 2009-2013, again since 2018 (''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'') | gender_identity_expression = a [[non-binary|third gender]] (non-binary) is recognised.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghrd.org/transgender-rights-in-india/|title=Global Human Rights Defence|website=Ghrd.org|access-date=26 January 2021|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113145339/https://www.ghrd.org/transgender-rights-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nalsajudgement">{{cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wc40012.pdf |title=National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|access-date=2014-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527105348/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wc40012.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-27 }}</ref> (''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'')
| recognition_of_relationships = [[recognition of same-sex unions in India|No recognition of same-sex unions]]
| adoption = Adoption by single LGBT people is recognised, but not by same-sex couples
| military = Openly homosexual people are banned<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gurung |first=Shaurya Karanbir |date=2019-01-11 |title=Homosexuality and adultery unacceptable in Army: Bipin Rawat |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/homosexuality-and-adultery-unacceptable-in-army-bipin-rawat/articleshow/67480500.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| discrimination_protections = Explicit gender identity protections and indirect constitutional protections for sexual orientation ([[#Discrimination protections|see below]])|union=|recognition=}}
{{LGBT rights}}
{{LGBTQ sidebar}}

[[Lesbian]], [[gay]], [[Bisexuality|bisexual]], [[transgender]] and [[queer]] ([[LGBTQ]]) rights in [[India]] have expanded in the 21st century, although much of India's advancements on LGBT rights have come from the judiciary and not the legislature. LGBTQ people in India face [[LGBTQ rights by country or territory|legal]] and [[social]] challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ people.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LGBTQIA+ and their situation in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/xpresblogs/lgbtqia-and-their-situation-in-india-44668/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> There are no legal restrictions on sex [[Sexual practices between men|between men]] or [[Sexual practices between women|between women]]. India does not currently provide for [[same-sex marriage]], [[civil union]] or [[unregistered cohabitation]].<ref name="Mathur 14989–14995">{{Cite journal |last=Mathur |first=Vaishali |date=June 2020 |title=Homosexual Live-in relationship in India: Socio Legal Dimension in reference to Right to life or Social stigma |url=https://psychosocial.com/article/29168 |journal=International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=14989–14995 |issn=1475-7192 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105150337/https://www.psychosocial.com/article/29168 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="humanrightspulse.com">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=Indian High Court Reaffirms Same-sex Couples' Right to Cohabitation |url=https://www.humanrightspulse.com/mastercontentblog/indian-high-court-reaffirms-same-sex-couples-right-to-cohabitation |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Human Rights Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kelleher |first1=Patrick |title=India's LGBTQ+ community 'must demand' equality, following crushing same-sex marriage blow |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/10/18/india-supreme-court-marriage-equality/ |website=[[PinkNews]] |date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

The [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]] recognises the right to self-perceived [[gender identity]], and new identification documents confirming the change of gender can be issued by government agencies once a certificate is provided by a relevant medical official.<ref name="trans rights guide">{{cite web |title=Guide on the Rights of Transgender Persons in India |url=https://nyaaya.org/resource/guide-on-the-rights-of-transgender-persons-in-india/ |website=Nyaaya |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> [[Transgender]] citizens have a constitutional right to register themselves under a third gender.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-96386-6 |title=Transgender India: Understanding Third Gender Identities and Experiences |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-030-96385-9 |editor-last=Vakoch |editor-first=Douglas A. |editor-link=Douglas Vakoch |location=Cham, Switzerland |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-96386-6|s2cid=213383859 }}</ref>

Some [[States and union territories of India|states]] protect ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijras]]'', a traditional [[third gender]] population in [[South Asia]] [[Housing in India|through housing programmes]], and offer welfare benefits, pension schemes, free operations in government hospitals as well as other programmes designed to assist them. The [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] recorded approximately {{lakh|4.8}} transgender people in India.<ref name="bill" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/18/india-prosecute-rampant-honor-killings|title=India: Prosecute Rampant 'Honor' Killings|date=18 July 2010|work=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/sAYrieZdZKEybKzhP8FDbP/Being-LGBT-in-India-Some-home-truths.html|title=Being LGBT in India: Some home truths|last1=Patel|first1=Rashmi|date=27 August 2016|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint.com]]}}</ref>

According to research in 2024, 79% of gay men and 44% of bisexual men have experienced verbal abuse or physical violence.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Butani |first1=Ashna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/high-prevalence-of-sexual-violence-among-gay-bisexual-men-across-six-cities-study/article68856217.ece|title=High prevalence of sexual violence among gay, bisexual men across six cities: study|website=thehindu.com|date=11 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-11}}</ref>

According to a 2025 data from the [[Pew Research Center]], opposition to homosexuality in India remains high, with 59% of respondents labeling it "morally unacceptable".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2026/03/05/in-25-country-survey-americans-especially-likely-to-view-fellow-citizens-as-morally-bad/|title=In 25-Country Survey, Americans Especially Likely To View Fellow Citizens as Morally Bad|website=pewresearch.org|access-date=2026-03-05}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|LGBTQ history in India}}
{{See also|Homosexuality in India}}
There were no legal restrictions on homosexuality or transsexuality for the general population prior to early modern period and [[colonialism]]. However, certain moral codes forbade [[sexual misconduct]] (of both heterosexual and homosexual nature) among priests and monks, and religious codes of non-Hindu religions such as [[Christianity in India|Christianity]] and [[Islam in India|Islam]] forbade homosexuality among their followers.<ref>{{Citation |last=Nash |first=Jo |title=Sexuality and Buddhism |date=2014 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion |pages=1627–1630 |editor-last=Leeming |editor-first=David A. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_9090 |access-date=2024-01-26 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_9090 |isbn=978-1-4614-6086-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phramahā Yota Payutto |first=Chaiworamankul |date=27 January 2014 |title=Sexual Misconduct (Kāmesumicchācāra) and the Philosophical Implications of Sexual Deviance in Buddhist Literature and Contemporary Buddhist Sexual Ethics |url=https://rk.mcu.ac.th/rbAcademic/FILES/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89.pdf |department=Department of Philosophy |journal=International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Culture |location=Graduate School of Philosophy and Religious Studies |publisher=Assumption University |volume=22 |issue=February 2014 |pages=145–61 |doi=10.16893/IAFBTAC.22.8 |doi-broken-date=3 July 2025 |via=MCU eJournals System |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415164410/https://rk.mcu.ac.th/rbAcademic/FILES/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Celibacy and religious traditions |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530632-3 |editor-last=Olson |editor-first=Carl |location=Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |title=The illustrated encyclopedia of Hinduism. 1: A - M |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |edition=1. |location=New York}}</ref>

===Hinduism===
[[Hinduism]] describes a [[third gender]] that is equal to other genders, as documented in ancient Hindu and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] medical texts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Shiva Prakash |last2=Chandrasekaran |first2=Sruti |date=2020 |title=Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology |journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20 |doi-access=free |issn=2230-8210 |pmc=7539026 |pmid=33083261}}</ref> The term "third gender" is sometimes viewed as a specifically South Asian term, and this third gender is also found throughout South Asia and East Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrés Hueso, Salma Khan, Santa Khurai, Archana Patkar, Priya Nath, Marielle Snel, Kopila Thapa |first=Paul Boyce, Sarah Brown, Sue Cavill, Sonalee Chaukekar, Beatrice Chisenga, Mamata Dash, Rohit K Dasgupta, Noemie De La Brosse, Pawan Dhall, Julie Fisher, Marli Gutierrez-Patterson, and Oinam Hemabati |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488 |title=Transgender-inclusive sanitation: insights from South Asia |date=23 April 2018 |journal=Waterlines |edition=37:2 |location=London, United Kingdom |publication-date=23 April 2018 |pages=102–117 |doi=10.3362/1756-3488 |language=English |issn=0262-8104|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Human Rights Campaign |language=en-US}}</ref>

There are certain characters in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' who, according to some versions of the epic, change genders, such as [[Shikhandi]], who is sometimes said to be born as a female but identifies as male and eventually marries a woman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharathiramanachar |first=Sri Hari and Dr M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HOODwAAQBAJ |title=Epic Characters of Mahabharata |date=2019-03-23 |publisher=Bharatha Samskruthi Prakashana |isbn=978-93-89028-70-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Bahuchara Mata]] is the goddess of fertility, worshipped by ''hijras'' as their patroness.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Devor |first1=Aaron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QTHEAAAQBAJ |title=Transgender: A Reference Handbook |last2=Haefele-Thomas |first2=Ardel |date=2019-02-15 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-15716-8 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Nāradasmṛti]]'' and the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', two important [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit texts]] relating to [[dharma]] and [[medicine]], respectively, declare homosexuality to be unchangeable and forbid homosexuals from marrying a partner of the opposite sex.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |title=Would ancient India have supported Section 377? |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/would-ancient-india-have-supported-section-377/20180717.htm |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gahlot |first=Dr Rishabh |date=2023-07-12 |title=LGBT in India: A Social Understanding |url=https://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/jiphr/article/view/1111 |journal=Journal of Intellectual Property and Human Rights |language=en |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=9–29 |issn=2720-6882}}</ref>

The Nāradasmṛti lists fourteen types of ''panda'' (men who are impotent with women); among these are the ''mukhebhaga'' (men who have oral sex with other men), the ''sevyaka'' (men who are sexually enjoyed by other men) and the ''irshyaka'' (the voyeur who watches other men engaging in sex).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Birinder |date=March 2020 |title=HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE DEPRIVED SEXES: WOMEN AND MEMBERS OF THE LGBTQ COMMUNITY |url=https://supremoamicus.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Vol-16..v16up.pdf |journal=Supremo Amicus |volume=16 |pages=178 |doi=10.53724/ambition/v6n2.03 |issn=2456-9704 |via=Research Ambition}}</ref>

The ''[[Kama Sutra]]'', a [[Sanskrit]] text on [[human sexuality]], uses the term ''tritiya-prakriti'' to define men with homosexual desires and describes their practices in great detail.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2018/03/06/tritiya-prakriti-hinduism-hijras/ |title=Tritiya Prakriti: the hidden third gender in Hinduism |last=Mathur |first=Tasha |date=March 6, 2018 |website=Pink News |access-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502025152/https://www.thepinknews.com/2018/03/06/tritiya-prakriti-hinduism-hijras/ |archive-date=May 2, 2023}}</ref> Likewise, the ''Kama Sutra'' describes lesbians (''svairini'', who engage in aggressive lovemaking with other women), bisexuals (referred to as ''kami'' or ''paksha''), transgender and [[intersex]] people.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Ancient Hindu gurus often offered social guidance, but this was not usually adopted in general law and custom,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Jyoti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXmAAAAAQBAJ&dq=manusmruti+homosexuality&pg=PA180 |title=Woman, Body, Desire in Post-Colonial India: Narratives of Gender and Sexuality |date=2002-09-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96266-1 |language=en}}</ref> and often referred to conduct for the upper class of monks and priests, rather than for lay people.<ref name=":522">{{Cite web |title=Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Human Rights Campaign |language=en-US}}</ref> The ''Sushruta Samhita'' and the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' delve further into the issue of homosexuality, stating that homosexuals are conceived when the father's semen is scanty and transgender people are conceived when the father and mother reverse roles during intercourse (''purushayita'', "woman on top").<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hidden in History: Female Homoeroticism and Women of a "Third Nature" in the South Asian Past |last=Penrose |first=Walter |date=January 2001 |publisher=University of Texas Press |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1353/sex.2001.0018 |jstor=3704787 |s2cid=142955490}}</ref> In the ''[[Manusmriti]]'', there are proposals for various punishments for certain acts of homosexual and heterosexual sex. A mature woman having sex with a maiden girl was punished by having her head shaved or two fingers cut off, and was also made to ride on a donkey. The Manusmriti dictated that homosexual or heterosexual coupling in a bullock cart was a source of ritual pollution. Scholars doubt that Manusmitri law was implemented prior to colonialism, after which it became the basis of British colonial law for Hindus (parallel to Sharia Law for Muslims).<ref>David Buxbaum (1998), ''Family Law and Customary Law in Asia: A Contemporary Legal Perspective'', Springer Academic, {{ISBN|978-94-017-5794-2}}, p. 204
</ref>

The Hindu [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho temples]], famous for their erotic sculptures, contain several depictions of homosexual activity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travelpast50.com/erotic-sculptures-khajuraho-india/ |title=The erotic sculptures at Khajuraho, India |last=Bartel |first=Tom |date=April 11, 2019 |website=Travel Past 50 |access-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126125337/https://travelpast50.com/erotic-sculptures-khajuraho-india/ |archive-date=November 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/36839106 |title=The sacred and the sensual: experiencing erotica in the temples of Khajuraho |last=Vijayakumar |first=Swetha |date=2018 |website=Academia |doi=10.4000/viatourism.1792 |access-date=April 16, 2025}}</ref> Historians have long argued that pre-colonial Indian society did not criminalise same-sex relationships, nor did it view such relations as immoral or sinful. [[Hinduism]] has [[Hinduism and LGBT topics|traditionally portrayed homosexuality]] as natural and joyful, though some texts do contain injunctions against homosexuality specially among priests.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism |title=Stances of faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism |website=Human Rights Campaign |access-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110185029/https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism |archive-date=January 10, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/april-may-june-2011/2011-04-point-counterpoint-homosexuality-in-hinduism/ |title=Point-Counterpoint: Homosexuality in Hinduism |last=Aksharananda |first=Swami |date=April 1, 2011 |website=Hinduism Today |access-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201113134/https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/april-may-june-2011/2011-04-point-counterpoint-homosexuality-in-hinduism/ |archive-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref>

The Pali Canon of Buddhism, a legal code of conduct for sangha monks and nuns, forbade both homosexual and heterosexual relations, and required that acts of soft homosexual sex (such as [[masturbation]] and [[interfemoral sex]]) do not entail punishment but must be confessed to the superior.<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Silva |first=A. L. |url=https://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebdha100.htm |title=Homosexuality and Theravada Buddhism |publisher=Buddhist Council of New South Wales, Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Derrett |first=J. Duncan M. (John Duncan Martin) |date=2006 |title=Monastic Masturbation in Pali Buddhist Texts |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_sexuality/v015/15.1derrett.html |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1353/sex.2006.0050 |issn=1535-3605|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Pali Canon was largely written in Sri Lanka but based on the teaching of Buddha in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pali canon {{!}} Definition, Contents, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tipitaka |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Homosexuality in Khajuraho sculpture.jpg|thumb|right|Erotic sculptures of two men (centre) at the Khajuraho monuments.]]

===Mughal empire===
The [[Mongol Empire]] under [[Genghis Khan]] imposed anti-homosexual law throughout the empire and introduced harsh discrimination against LGBTQ+ in much of Asia, including its derivatives such as [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan China]] and the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2007 |title=Genghis Khan's constitutional ban on homosexuality revealed |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2007/08/29/genghis-khans-constitutional-ban-on-homosexuality-revealed/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Onon |first=Urgunge |title=The secret history of the Mongols : the life and times of Chinggis Khan |date=2001 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=0-7007-1335-2 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey |oclc=50664183 |quote=And anyone found indulging in homosexual practices should be executed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Desai |first1=Meghna |last2=Rehren |first2=Thilo |date=2023-10-10 |title=Estimating carbon content in crucible steel using image analysis |journal=Historical Metallurgy |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=print |doi=10.54841/hm.664 |issn=2755-0249 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

During the [[Mughal Empire]], a number of the pre-existing [[Delhi Sultanate]] laws were combined into the [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]], mandating several types of punishments for homosexuality.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kugle|first1=Scott A|title=Sufis and Saints' Bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality, and Sacred Power in Islam|date=1 Sep 2011|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-7277-2 |at=p. 309 Note 62-63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ1vpC_SeLcC&pg=PA309|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> These could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/810007/from-bulleh-shah-and-shah-hussain-to-amir-khusro-same-sex-references-abound-in-islamic-sufi-poetry|title=From Bulleh Shah and Shah Hussain to Amir Khusro, same-sex references abound in Islamic poetry|work=Scroll.in|date=17 June 2016|access-date=7 September 2018|last=Khalid|first=Haroon|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.diarna.org/site/detail/public/1931/|title=Sarmad Kashani Tomb in Jami Masjid, New Delhi, India - Archive - Diarna.org|website=Archive.diarna.org}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32|title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman|author=V. N. Datta|quote=Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love [sic]; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship|isbn=978-81-291-2662-7|date=2012-11-27|publisher=Rupa Publications }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jewishstudies.washington.edu/global-judaism/sarmad-kashani-sufi-jewish/|title=Of Genizahs, Sufi Jewish Saints, and Forgotten Corners of History - UW Stroum Center for Jewish Studies|website=Jewishstudies.washington.edu|date=1 March 2016}}</ref>

=== British empire ===
Codification of criminalisation of homosexual activity was enacted by of [[Section 377]] by the British, which stood for more than 70 years after [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]].<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/india-decriminalises-gay-sex-landmark-verdict-180906051219637.html|title=India decriminalises gay sex in landmark verdict|date=6 September 2018|website=Aljazeera.com}}</ref> The [[Goa Inquisition]] once prosecuted the capital crime of [[sodomy]] in [[Portuguese India]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66330/xavier-aware-brutality-inquisition.html|title=Xavier was aware of the brutality of the Inquisition|date=27 April 2010|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiafacts.org/the-portuguese-inquisition-in-goa-a-brief-history/|title=The Portuguese Inquisition in Goa: A brief history|last1=Sharma|first1=Jai|date=2015-04-09|website=Indiafacts.org|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> but not lesbian activity,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxqzbYdSeuYC&pg=PA45|title=Ambiguous Gender in Early Modern Spain and Portugal: Inquisitors, Doctors and the Transgression of Gender Norms|last1=Soyer|first1=Francois|date=2012|isbn=978-90-04-22529-9|page=45|publisher=BRILL |access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> whereas the [[British Raj]] criminalised [[anal sex]] and [[oral sex]] (for both heterosexuals and homosexuals) under Section 377 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], which entered into force in 1861, and made it an offence for a person to voluntarily have "carnal intercourse against the order of nature". Scholars have also argued that the original intention of Section 377 was to act as a means by which the British Raj could further police and control the body of the colonial subject. In colonial [[Victorian era]] morality, these subjects were seen as erotically perverse and in need of the imposition.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Nagar|first1=Ila|last2=DasGupta|first2=Debanuj|date=December 2015|title=Public koti and private love: Section 377, religion, perversity and lived desire|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=23|issue=4|pages=426|doi=10.1080/09584935.2015.1056092|s2cid=147176959}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last1=Sathyanarayana Rao|first1=T. S.|last2=Jacob|first2=K S|date=2014|title=The reversal on Gay Rights in India|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=56|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.124706|issn=0019-5545|pmc=3927237|pmid=24574551 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1884, a court in north India, ruling on the prosecution of a ''hijra'', commented that a physical examination of the accused revealed she "had the marks of a habitual [[catamite]]" and commended the police's desire to "check these disgusting practices".<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Mayur |title=This is the start of a new era for India's LGBT communities {{!}} Mayur Suresh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/06/india-lgbt-homophobia-section-377 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In 1871, the British labeled the ''hijra'' population as a "criminal tribe".<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha|date=2016|title=Disgust or Equality? Sexual Orientation and Indian Law|url=http://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/7A93092D-3017-413A-AB4E-4D7A1752A854.%20Nussbaum.pdf|journal=Journal of Indian Law and Society}}</ref>
<gallery widths="220" heights="220">
File:Ardhanari Gangaikonda.jpg|[[Ardhanarishvara]] in [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
File:Two women embracing and using carrots as dildoes. Gouache Wellcome L0033073.jpg|Two women using carrots as dildos, 20th century [[gouache]] painting.
</gallery>

===Post independence===
{{see also|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India}}
The Delhi High Court decision in ''[[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi]]'' of 2009 found Section 377 and other legal prohibitions against private, adult, consensual, and non-commercial same-sex conduct to be in direct violation of fundamental rights provided by the Indian Constitution. Section 377 stated that: "Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with [imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine," with the added explanation that: "Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section."<ref>{{cite web |title=India: The Indian Penal Code |url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=201592 |website=Wipo.int |language=en}}</ref>

According to a previous ruling by the Indian Supreme Court, decisions of a high court on the constitutionality of a law apply throughout India, and not just to the state over which the high court in question has jurisdiction.<ref name="Kusum Ingots v 2004">''Kusum Ingots v. Union of India'', (2004) 6 SCC 254: "An order passed on a writ petition questioning the constitutionality of a Parliamentary Act, whether interim or final, keeping in view the provisions contained in Clause (2) of Article 226 of the Constitution of India, will have effect throughout the territory of India subject of course to the applicability of the Act."</ref>

There have been incidents of harassment of LGBTQ groups by authorities under the law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Crackdown-on-gay-party-in-Saharanpur-13-held/articleshow/7175530.cms|title=Crackdown on gay party in Saharanpur, 13 held|date=28 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author=Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui|access-date=20 January 2011}}</ref>

On 23 February 2012, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] expressed its opposition to the decriminalisation of homosexual activity, stating that in India, homosexuality is seen as being immoral.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-23/news/31091001_1_decriminalisation-judgement-hc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200416/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-23/news/31091001_1_decriminalisation-judgement-hc|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2014|title=Centre opposes decriminalisation of homosexuality in SC|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|date=23 February 2012|newspaper=Economic Times|publisher=[[Times Internet]]|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> The Central Government reversed its stance on 28 February 2012, asserting that there was no legal error in decriminalising homosexual activity. The shift in stance resulted in two judges of the Supreme Court reprimanding the Central Government for frequently changing its approach to the issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/supreme-court-pulls-up-centre-for-flipflop-on-homosexuality/917743|title=Supreme Court pulls up Centre for flip-flop on homosexuality|date=28 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref>

Since 2012, 2 July has been celebrated as the [[Indian Coming Out Day]] to mark the 2009 ''[[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi]]'' judgment that decriminalised homosexual sexual activity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai's LGBTQIA+ community is coming out in order to take down Section 377 |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2018/jul/04/chennais-lgbtqia-community-is-coming-out-in-order-to-take-down-section-377-3341.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Edex Live |date=4 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coming Out Day |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sexuality/column-indian-coming-out-day-2490270 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-12 |title=First LGBTQIA cultural festival in Ahmedabad on July 2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/first-lgbtqia-cultural-festival-in-abad-on-july-2/articleshow/92155324.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 11 December 2013 the Supreme Court set aside the 2009 Delhi High Court order decriminalising consensual homosexual activity within its jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://barandbench.com/comment/44159|title=Supreme Court sets aside Delhi High Court judgment in Naz Foundation; Declares S.377 to be constitutional|access-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131211173739/http://barandbench.com/comment/44159%23.UqifDPRDtrA|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's top court upholds law criminalising gay sex|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10509952/Indias-top-court-upholds-law-criminalising-gay-sex.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10509952/Indias-top-court-upholds-law-criminalising-gay-sex.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=11 December 2013|location=London|first=Dean|last=Nelson|date=11 December 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court makes gay sex punishable offence, again; Twitter war breaks out between those for and against the verdict|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-blow-to-gay-rights-activists-as-supreme-court-upholds-article-377-makes-gay-sex-punishable-offence-1933110|publisher=DNA India|access-date=11 December 2013|date=2013-12-11}}</ref><ref name="court1">{{cite news |last=Mahapatra |first=Dhananjay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-makes-homosexuality-a-crime-again/articleshow/27230690.cms |work=The Times Of India |title=Supreme Court makes homosexuality a crime again |date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/190889099/Sc-Verdict-on-Article-377|title=Sc Verdict on Article 377 - Homosexuality - Virtue|website=Scribd.com}}</ref>

[[Human Rights Watch]] expressed concerns that the Supreme Court ruling would render same-sex couples and individuals that had become open about their sexuality following the High Court's ruling vulnerable to police harassment and blackmail,<ref name=":42"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/apex-court-ruling-disappointing-rights-body-113121100338_1.html|title=Apex court ruling disappointing: rights body|last=IANS|date=2013-12-11|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref> stating that "the Supreme Court's ruling is a disappointing setback to human dignity, and the basic rights to privacy and non-discrimination"<ref>{{cite news|author=Harmit Shah Singh|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/11/world/asia/india-same-sex-relationship/|title=India's Supreme Court declares homosexual sex illegal | work=CNN|date=11 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust|Naz Foundation]] stated that it would file a [[petition for review]] of the court's decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-naz-foundation-to-file-review-petition-against-sc-order-on-section-377-1933374|title=Naz Foundation to file review petition against SC order on section 377|date=11 December 2013|website=DNA India}}</ref> The activist group Kavi's Humsafar Trust have reported that two-fifths of homosexuals in the country had faced blackmail after the 2013 ruling.<ref name="aljazeera"/>

On 28 January 2014 the [[Supreme Court of India]] dismissed the review petition filed by the [[Central government of India|Central Government]], the Naz Foundation and several others against its 11 December verdict on Section 377.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court refuses overruling its Verdict on Section 377 and Homosexuality|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/supreme-court-refuses-overruling-its-verdict-on-article-377-and-homosexuality/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref> The bench explained the ruling by claiming that: "While reading down Section 377, the High Court overlooked that a minuscule fraction of the country's population constitutes lesbians, gays, bisexuals or transgender people, and in the more than 150 years past, less than 200 persons have been prosecuted for committing offence under Section 377, and this cannot be made a sound basis for declaring that Section ultra vires Articles 14, 15 and 21."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-sets-aside-delhi-hc-verdict-decriminalising-gay-sex/article5446939.ece?homepage=true|title=Supreme Court sets aside Delhi HC verdict decriminalising gay sex|author=J Venkatesan|access-date=2013-12-12|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 December 2013}}</ref>

On 18 December 2015 [[Shashi Tharoor]], a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, introduced a bill for the repeal of [[Section 377]], but it was rejected in the House by a vote of 71-24.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/south-central-asia/116433-india-blocks-mp-vote-decriminalize-gay-sex|title=India parliament blocks MP's bill to decriminalize gay sex|website=Rappler.com|date=18 December 2015 }}</ref>

On 2 February 2016 the Supreme Court decided to review the criminalisation of homosexual activity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/indias-top-court-examine-gay-rights-36659702 |title=India's Top Court to Re-Examine Gay Rights |last=Sharma |first=Ashok |date=February 2, 2016 |website=ABC News |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref> In August 2017 the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the right to individual privacy is an intrinsic and fundamental right under the Indian Constitution. The Court also ruled that a person's sexual orientation is a privacy issue, giving hopes to LGBTQ activists that the Court would soon strike down Section 377.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/24/indias-supreme-court-upholds-right-privacy |title=India's Supreme Court Upholds Right to Privacy |last=Ganguly |first=Meenakshi |date=August 24, 2017 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref>

In January 2018 the Supreme Court agreed to refer the question of Section 377's validity to a large bench,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-homosexuality-legalise-law-gay-lgbt-couples-supreme-court-ruling-a8148896.html |title=India's supreme court could be about to decriminalise gay sex in major victory for LGBT rights |work=The Independent |date=8 January 2018}}</ref> and heard several petitions on 1 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livelaw.in/six-new-petitioners-in-sc-seeking-scrapping-of-section-377ipc-hearing-on-tuesday/ |title=Six New Petitioners In SC Seeking Scrapping Of Section 377IPC: Hearing On Tuesday |publisher=Live Law |date=27 April 2018}}</ref> In response to the court's request for its position on the petitions,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/20-iitians-from-the-lgbt-community-move-sc-challenging-section-377 |title=SC Seeks Govt's Reply on IITians' Petition Scrapping Homosexuality |date=14 May 2018 |newspaper=Thequint |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref> the Government announced that it would not oppose the petitions, and would leave the case "to the wisdom of the court".<ref name="independent">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-gay-rights-lgbt-homosexuality-supreme-court-decision-section-377-a8447361.html |title=India on brink of biggest gay rights victory as Supreme Court prepares to rule on gay sex ban |work=The Independent |date=14 July 2018}}</ref> A hearing began on 10 July 2018,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhruv |first1=Rushabh |title=Just In: Supreme Court to start hearing section 377 case from July 10 |url=https://www.in.com/news/other-news/just-in-supreme-court-to-start-hearing-section-377-case-from-july-10-153545.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183006/https://www.in.com/news/other-news/just-in-supreme-court-to-start-hearing-section-377-case-from-july-10-153545.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2018 |work=In.com |date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SC to hear petition against Section 377 next week |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/sc-to-hear-petition-against-section-377-next-week201807060353070001/ |website=Aninews.in |agency=Asian News International |date=6 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> with a verdict expected before October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://paperdabba.com/2018/07/17/section-377-sc-reserves-order-verdict-on-constitutional-validity-likely-before-october/|title=Section 377: SC reserves order, verdict on constitutional validity likely before October|work=Paperdabba|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183432/https://paperdabba.com/2018/07/17/section-377-sc-reserves-order-verdict-on-constitutional-validity-likely-before-october/|archive-date=17 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Activists view the case as the most significant and "greatest breakthrough for gay rights since the country's independence", and it could have far-reaching implications for other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries that still outlaw homosexuality.<ref name="independent"/>

[[File:Kolkata Pride Parade 2018.jpg|thumb|2018 [[Kolkata]] march on the occasion of the Supreme Court ruling]]
On 6 September 2018 the Supreme Court issued its verdict.<ref name="toi-judgement2018">{{cite news |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Dhananjay |last2=Choudhary |first2=Amit Anand |date=7 September 2018 |title=SC decriminalises Section 377, calls 2013 ruling 'arbitrary and retrograde' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-decriminalises-section-377-calls-2013-ruling-arbitrary-and-retrograde/articleshow/65712063.cms}}</ref> The Court unanimously ruled that Section 377 is unconstitutional as it infringed on the fundamental rights of autonomy, intimacy and identity, thus legalising homosexuality in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=NAVTEJ SINGH JOHAR v. UNION OF INDIA MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE SECRETARY. [2018] INSC 746 (6 September 2018) |url=http://www.liiofindia.org/in/cases/cen/INSC/2018/746.html |publisher=Legal Information Institute of India |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Section 377 verdict: Here are the highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/section-377-supreme-court-verdict-gay-lgbtq-5343225/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 September 2018}}</ref> The Court explicitly overturned its 2013 judgment.
{{blockquote|Criminalising carnal intercourse is irrational, arbitrary and manifestly unconstitutional.|author=Chief Justice [[Dipak Misra]]<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45429664 |title=India court legalises gay sex in landmark ruling |website=BBC News |date=6 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|History owes an apology to these people and their families. Homosexuality is part of human sexuality. They have the right of dignity and free of discrimination. Consensual sexual acts of adults are allowed for [the] LGBT community.|author=Justice [[Indu Malhotra]]}}
{{blockquote|It is difficult to right a wrong by history. But we can set the course for the future. This case involves much more than decriminalizing homosexuality. It is about people wanting to live with dignity.|author=Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]}}

Furthermore, it ruled that any discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is a violation of the Indian Constitution:<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |last1=Misra |first1=Dipak |title=Navtej Singh Johar and Ors. vs Union Of India Ministry Of Law and Justice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article24880700.ece/binary/Sec377judgment.pdf |page=160 |website=The Hindu |access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Sexual orientation is one of the many biological phenomena which is natural and inherent in an individual and is controlled by neurological and biological factors. The science of sexuality has theorized that an individual exerts little or no control over who he/she gets attracted to. Any discrimination on the basis of one's sexual orientation would entail a violation of the fundamental right of freedom of expression.}}

The Supreme Court also directed the Government to take all measures to properly broadcast the fact that homosexuality is not a criminal offence, to create public awareness and eliminate the stigma members of the LGBTQ community face, and to give the police force periodic training to sensitise them about the issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition-m.cnn.com/2018/09/06/asia/india-gay-sex-ruling-intl/index.html?r=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ch%2F&rm=1|title=India's top court decriminalizes gay sex in landmark ruling|website=CNN|date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-verdict-on-section-377-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/65695884.cms|title=Supreme Court decriminalises Section 377: All you need to know|website=The Times of India|date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality|title=Indian supreme court decriminalises homosexuality|website=The Guardian|date=6 September 2018}}</ref>

The judgement also included an inbuilt safeguard to ensure that it cannot be revoked again under the "Doctrine of Progressive Realisation of Rights".<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/377-verdict-has-inbuilt-firewall/article24914104.ece|title= 377 verdict has inbuilt firewall|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 September 2018|last1= Rajagopal|first1= Krishnadas}}</ref>

Legal experts have urged the Government to pass legislation reflecting the decision, and frame laws to allow same-sex marriage, adoption by same-sex couples and inheritance rights.<ref name="livemint">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Shaswati |title=Historic verdict holds hope for same-sex marriages, adoption |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/fEiZSRM7ng7Ja4ssTyfl8J/Historic-verdict-holds-hope-for-samesex-marriages-adoption.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint.com]] |date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

Non-consensual sex (rape) and bestiality remain criminal offences. Initially, it was unknown whether the Supreme Court ruling extended to the former state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], which was governed by its own criminal law, the [[Ranbir Penal Code]] (RPC). Legal opinion was divided on whether the Supreme Court judgment applied to the state or not. Per a 1995 judgment of the state [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court|High Court]], when an IPC (Indian Penal Code) provision is struck down on grounds of violating the Constitution, its corresponding provision in the Ranbir Penal Code too would be struck down.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/high-courts-1995-ruling-offers-hope-to-jammu-and-kashmirs-lgbt-community/articleshow/65727555.cms|title=High Court's 1995 ruling offers hope to Jammu and Kashmir's LGBT community|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=10 September 2018|last1=Singh|first1=Dalip|last2=Rautray|first2=Samanwaya}}</ref> On 31 October 2019 the state was split into the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], which apply the IPC. The RPC was abolished.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-reorganised-into-uts-of-jk-ladakh-security-centres-ambit-state-constitution-ranbir-penal-code-abolished-7579091.html|title=J&K reorganised into UTs of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh: Security under Centre's ambit; state constitution, Ranbir Penal Code abolished|work=First Post|date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

In September 2021 the Chennai-based Madras High Court, which has jurisdiction over Tamil Nadu, ruled that queerphobia was rampant in medical education and directed the medical institutions and police to revamp their services to support LGBTQ individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-02|title='Queerphobia' rampant in medical education, need revamp, says Madras high court|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/queerphobia-rampant-in-medical-education-need-revamp-says-madras-high-court-101630526546584.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

On 10 April 2022 the Madras High Court directed Tamil Nadu Government to conduct sensitisation of school teachers on LGBTQ issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajeev |first=Upasana |date=2022-04-10 |title=Madras High Court Directs Sensitization Of School Teachers On LGBTQIA+ Students Issues |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/madras-high-court-sensitization-of-school-teachers-for-dealing-with-lgbtqia-issues-196277 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> The court also recommended a glossary or style-sheet to be used by Media for writing about LGBTQ community. The court asked the Tamil Nadu Government to adopt the glossary developed by community members till a time it can come up with its own version.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Suresh Kumar|date=Dec 28, 2021 |title=Madras Hc Proposes Media Glossary For Lgbtq+ Community {{!}} Chennai News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-proposes-media-glossary-for-lgbtq-community/articleshow/88532717.cms |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In the early weeks of January 2023 the leader of the highly influential Hindu group called [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], often labelled as a far-right organisation that provides grassroots support for the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], backed LGBTQ rights and stated that LGBTQ rights were supported in the native Hindu culture and history. However, it stopped short of recognizing the right to civil registration of same-sex relationships.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Rupam |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Arpan |date=2023-01-11 |title=Leader of influential Hindu group backs LGBT rights in India |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/leader-influential-hindu-group-backs-lgbt-rights-india-2023-01-11/ |access-date=2023-01-28}}</ref>

In April 2024, as per the direction of the Supreme Court in the ''Supriyo'' verdict, the Modi government established a six-person commission to evaluate and receive feedback on the needs of the LGBTQ community at the federal level.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-forms-panel-to-ensure-queer-community-gets-access-to-services-welfare-schemes/article68073328.ece |date=April 17, 2024 |title=Centre forms panel to ensure queer community gets access to services, welfare schemes |access-date=April 16, 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416211009/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-forms-panel-to-ensure-queer-community-gets-access-to-services-welfare-schemes/article68073328.ece |archive-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref> Headed by the Cabinet Secretary, the commission comprises the Secretaries of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]], [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] and the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]].

The ruling government of the BJP/NDA's position on recognition of same-sex relationships is to address the "human concerns" about same-sex couples within the context of Hinduism while opposing any form of civil unions. Two government sources stated that the recognition of same-sex relationships would require backing from all religious groups in India.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

On 28 August 2024, the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] issued an advisory declaring that persons from the LGBTQ community face no restrictions in opening joint bank accounts or nominating their partners as beneficiaries.<ref>{{cite web |date= 30 August 2024 |title=LGBTQ persons can open joint bank accounts, nominate partner|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/lgbtq-persons-can-open-joint-bank-accounts-nominate-partners-as-beneficiaries/articleshow/112911015.cms |access-date= 28 September 2024 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Recognition of same-sex relationships==
India provides some legal recognition of homosexual partnerships as live-in relationships and cohabitation is legal as per the judiciary. It does not provide for legal marriages, common law marriages or civil unions,<ref name="Mathur 14989–14995"/><ref name="humanrightspulse.com"/> though same-sex couples can obtain rights and benefits as a live-in couple as per [[Supreme Court of India]] [[landmark]] decision [[Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal]] in August 2022.<ref name="Times of India3">{{Cite news |title=In a first, Gurgaon court recognizes lesbian marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/In-a-first-Gurgaon-court-recognizes-lesbian-marriage/articleshow/9401421.cms |access-date=2017-01-31 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="ThePrint2020" /> There are number of companies that provide services to homosexuals in live-in relationships such as financial services<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-24 |title=Insurance for same-sex partners? Here's how it works |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/personal-finance/insurance-for-same-sex-partners-heres-how-it-works-4237361.htm |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> and healthcare services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-06-07 |title=HealthySure to include LGBTQ+ in group health insurance policy |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/healthysure-to-include-lgbtq-in-group-health-insurance-policy-11654582750260.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Hinduism traditionally believed that there is no role for the state in marriage and that it was a private/societal issue to be dealt with locally. Marriage was codified into the legal system through the Hindu Marriage Law by the British Raj, though this was not a perfect interpretation of the original marriages conducted before that time and was to deal with divorce proceedings, and the colonial laws only allowed for heterosexual marriages to be performed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menski |first=Werner |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/9238 |title=Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity |date=2009-06-01 |chapter=Hindu Marriage Law |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908029-8 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195699210.001.0001}}</ref> Despite the legal requirement to register a marriage with the government, the vast majority of Hindu marriages are not registered with government and are instead conducted through unwritten common law.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2015-08-13 |title=Most marriages not registered despite Act making it mandatory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/most-marriages-not-registered-despite-act-making-it-mandatory/articleshow/48460991.cms |access-date=2023-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Johari |first=Aarefa |date=2017-07-16 |title=Should marriage registration be mandatory? Only if the process is simplified, say couples |url=https://scroll.in/article/843571/should-marriage-registration-be-mandatory-only-if-the-process-is-simplified-say-couples |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=India: Supreme Court Rules on Mandatory Marriage Registration |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2007-11-02/india-supreme-court-rules-on-mandatory-marriage-registration/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>

Several same-sex couples have married in traditional Hindu ceremonies; however, these marriages were not able to be registered and couples do not attain any rights and benefits as heterosexual married couples.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite web |date=7 December 2020 |title=Jharkhand: Same sex couple ties knot at Koderma temple, says they plan to legalise marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/same-sex-couple-ties-knot-at-koderma-temple-says-they-plan-to-legalise-marriage/articleshow/79596765.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="hindu3">{{Citation |last=AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan |title=Less than Gay: A Citizens' Report on the Status of Homosexuality in India |date=1991 |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1585664/less-than-gay-a-citizens-report-on-the-status-of.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110430/https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1585664/less-than-gay-a-citizens-report-on-the-status-of.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Buddhism considers marriage to be a secular issue or a social contract, and therefore not a religious matter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Buddhism Teaches About Romantic Love and Marriage |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/love-marriage-and-buddhism-449586 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Learn Religions |language=en}}</ref> There is no official marriage service and marriage customs are often adopted from local cultural traditions, for example with Andi Fian arguing that prohibitions against homosexual marriage in Confucianism may have influenced Chinese Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexuality and gender |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/28469/chapter/229097470 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fian |first=Andi |date=2 December 2022 |title=BUDDHISM AND CONFUCIANISM ON HOMOSEXUALITY: THE ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION BASED ON THE ARGUMENTS OF RELIGIOUS TEXTS |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/ALFBAC |journal=Journal of Religious Studies |language=English |publisher=Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies (CRCS) |publication-place=Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Gadjah Mada |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=73–82 |via=Phil}}</ref>

A two-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India in August 2022, while giving a ruling on an unrelated matter (maternity leave), made a non-binding observation that the definition of a family unit includes opposite-sex and same-sex live-in relationships, declaring them equally entitled to social welfare benefits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-08-28 |title=Supreme Court on unmarried partnerships, queer relationships: 'Family unit..' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/supreme-court-on-unmarried-partnerships-queer-relationships-family-unit-as-real-as-read-here-11661705797437.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 October 2023 the Supreme Court of India unanimously voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage, but reiterated the rights of LGBTQ citizens under the constitution and empowered parliament or state legislatures to enact their own laws to "meet challenges" faced by the LGBTQ community and regulate rights.<ref name="Ahsan">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Sofi |date=2023-10-17 |title=States free to enact laws recognising same-sex marriage in absence of central law: Supreme Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/states-free-enact-laws-recognising-same-sex-marriage-absence-central-law-supreme-court |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=The Wire |date=17 October 2023 |title=SC Doesn't Legalise Marriage Equality, 2 of 5 Judges Says Queer Couples Must Be Given Legal Rights |url=https://thewire.in/law/marriage-equality-supreme-court-decision |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017073042/https://thewire.in/law/marriage-equality-supreme-court-decision |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref>

The ruling government of the BJP/NDA's position on recognition of same-sex relationships is to address the "human concerns" about same-sex couples within the context of Hinduism by providing equal financial and legal rights. The sources stated that the recognition of same-sex marriage would require the backing from all religious groups.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=India to consider more LGBTQ rights but not legalising same-sex marriage - sources |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2023/10/20/india-to-consider-more-lgbtq-rights-but-not-legalising-same-sex-marriage---sources |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The Star |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=A. |date=2023-10-20 |title=India to consider more LGBTQ rights but not legalising same-sex ... |work=US News |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2023-10-20/india-to-consider-more-lgbtq-rights-but-not-legalising-same-sex-marriage-sources |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>

=== Case law ===
In 2011 a [[Haryana]] court granted legal recognition to a same-sex marriage involving two women.<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/In-a-first-Gurgaon-court-recognizes-lesbian-marriage/articleshow/9401421.cms|title=In a first, Gurgaon court recognizes lesbian marriage |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> After marrying, the couple began to receive threats from friends and relatives in their village. The couple eventually won family approval.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Lesbian-couples-parents-accept-their-relationship/articleshow/9630216.cms|title=Lesbian couple's parents accept their relationship - The Times of India|date=17 August 2011|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
<blockquote>Their lawyer said the court had served notice on 14 of Veena's relatives and villagers who had threatened them with "dire consequences". Haryana has been the centre of widespread protests by villagers who believe their village councils or [[khap]]s should be allowed to impose their own punishments on those who disobey their rulings or break local traditions – mainly honour killings of those who marry within their own [[gotra]] or sub-caste, regarded in the state as akin to incest. Deputy Commissioner of Police Dr. Abhe Singh told ''The Daily Telegraph'': "The couple has been shifted to a safe house and we have provided adequate security to them on the court orders. The security is provided on the basis of threat perception and in this case the couple feared that their families might be against the relationship."<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Dean |title=India's first married lesbian couple given 24-hour protection |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8662082/Indias-first-married-lesbian-couple-given-24-hour-protection.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8662082/Indias-first-married-lesbian-couple-given-24-hour-protection.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=26 July 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref></blockquote>

On 12 June 2020 the [[Uttarakhand High Court]] acknowledged that while same-sex marriage may not be legal, cohabitation and "live-in relationships" are protected by the law.<ref name="ThePrint">{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/cant-marry-but-same-sex-couples-have-right-to-live-together-uttarakhand-high-court/444706/ |title=Can't marry, but same sex couples have right to live together: Uttarakhand High Court |last=Mandhani |first=Apoorva |date=June 19, 2020 |newspaper=ThePrint |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref> A ruling by the Supreme Court of India in 2022 widened the definition of families to live-in couples inclusive of LGBT, thereby providing LGBTQ couples rights and benefits equal to that of married couples.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schmall |first1=Emily |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=2022-08-30 |title=India's Supreme Court Widens Definition of 'Family' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/world/asia/india-supreme-court-same-sex.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[Madras High Court]] in 2023 suggested to the Tamil Nadu government to consider adopting a "deed of familial association" for recognising same-sex relationships.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/madras-hc-order-on-deed-of-familial-association-gives-lgbtqia-community-a-glimmer-of-hope/articleshow/105519236.cms?from=mdr|title=Madras HC order on 'deed of familial association' gives LGBTQIA+ community a glimmer of hope|newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 November 2023}}</ref>

==== ''Supriyo v. Union of India'' ====
{{Main|Supriyo v. Union of India}}
On 25 November 2022 the [[Supreme Court of India]] agreed to hear the case that could legalise same-sex marriage as the nine petitions pending before the Kerala and Delhi High Courts are transferred to the Supreme Court for a uniform ruling.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-seeks-centres-response-on-legalising-same-sex-marriages/articleshow/95774460.cms|title=SC seeks Centre's response on legalising same-sex marriages
|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> The matter is scheduled to be heard by the Supreme Court on 13 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=Delhi HC To Hear Pleas Seeking Recognition Of Same-Sex Marriages On April 24 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/delhi-hc-to-hear-pleas-seeking-recognition-of-same-sex-marriages-on-april-24-news-242917 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=Delhi HC to hear pleas seeking recognition of same-sex marriages on April 24 |website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-hc-to-hear-pleas-seeking-recognition-of-same-sex-marriages-on-april-24/1251115/ |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>

On 19 December 2022 [[Sushil Modi]], a prominent [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] lawmaker, told Parliament that "India is the country of 1.4 billion people and two judges cannot just sit in a room and decide on such a socially significant subject. Instead, there should be a debate in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] as well as the society at large" he added.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://time.com/6247937/india-same-sex-marriage-supreme-court/ | title=How India's Supreme Court Could Make Same-Sex Marriage Legal | date=18 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/same-sex-marriage-will-cause-havoc-sushil-modi-objects-to-legalising-gay-marriages20221220085111/ | title=Same-sex marriage will cause havoc: Sushil Modi objects to legalising gay marriages }}</ref>

On 14 March 2023, during the press conference at the end of [[Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha]], [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] General Secretary [[Dattatreya Hosabale]] backed the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led Union Government's opposition to the extension of the [[Right to family life|right to marry]] for same-sex couples. He said marriage is an institution for the benefit of the family and society, not for physical and sexual enjoyment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwary |first=Deeptiman |date=2023-03-14 |title=RSS backs govt stand on same-sex marriage, says 'in Hindu philosophy, marriage a sanskar' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rss-backs-govt-stand-on-same-sex-marriage-against-our-culture-8496625/ |access-date=2023-03-15}}</ref>

On 24 March 2023 a group of 21 retired judges of various High Courts have issued an open letter stating that legalisation of same-sex marriage will change the entire gamut of all personal laws from marriage to adoption and succession. The law-making power is vested with the Parliament and not with the judiciary, especially in matters exclusively within social and political domain, the judges have mentioned. The letter also noted, "Instead of having wide-range discussions amongst stakeholders, such a hasty judicial intervention is unfortunate, and totally unwarranted. The court should not interfere in sensitive issues like same-sex marriage. The subject is related to society and the opinion of society on these matters is important. Parliament is paramount in making laws and the MPs elected to Parliament represent the people of the country." retired Justice of [[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]] added.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theleaflet.in/bharatiya-marriage-traditions-threatened-by-legalisation-of-same-sex-marriage-former-high-court-judges-claim-in-public-statement/ | title='Bharatiya marriage traditions' threatened by legalisation of same-sex marriage, former high court judges claim in public statement – the Leaflet | date=31 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://lawbeat.in/top-stories/legalising-same-sex-marriage-will-have-devastating-impact-society-former-hc-judges-open-letter | title="Legalising same-sex marriage will have devastating impact on society": Former HC Judges in an open letter | date=30 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/court-shouldnt-interfere-on-same-sex-marriage-law-let-parliament-decide-former-judge20230329225740/ | title=Court shouldn't interfere on same-sex marriage law, let Parliament decide: Former judge }}</ref>

On 1 April 2023 [[Mahmood Madani|Mahmood Asad Madani]] representing the [[Islam]]ic organisation [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] sought to [[Intervention (law)|intervene]] as an opponent to legalising same-sex marriage in India. Several other Islamic organisations including Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, All India Muslim Personal Law Board, and Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council also voiced their opposition to legalising same-sex marriage.<ref>{{Citation |title=Jamaat-e-Islami Hind opposes same-sex marriages |date=2023-03-15 |url=https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/jamaat-e-islami-hind-opposes-same-sex-marriages/ |type=Press Release |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315110125/https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/jamaat-e-islami-hind-opposes-same-sex-marriages/ |publisher=[[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] |archive-date=2023-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shamsi |first=Mohammed Safi |date=2023-03-15 |title=AIMPLB backs Centre's stance against same-sex marriage |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/aimplb-backs-centres-stance-against-same-sex-marriage-1200503.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316111813/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/aimplb-backs-centres-stance-against-same-sex-marriage-1200503.html |archive-date=2023-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parab-Pandit |first=Shefali |date=2023-03-16 |title=Mumbai: Religious leaders decry same-sex unison |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-religious-leaders-decry-same-sex-unison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316034904/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-religious-leaders-decry-same-sex-unison |archive-date=2023-03-16}}</ref>

Oral arguments began on 18 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-17 |title=Supreme Court: India court hears historic same sex marriage case |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65061266 |access-date=2023-04-18}}</ref> During the hearings Solicitor General [[Tushar Mehta]], who represented the government, noted that five individuals should not decide for the entire nation and issues related to human relationships, such as marriage, should be addressed by parliament. The Chief Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|Dhananjaya Yashwant Chandrachuda]] responded: "There is no absolute concept of a man or a woman at all. You can't tell us what to do. I won't allow this in my court".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/centres-multiple-attempts-to-delay-hearing-on-same-sex-marriages-2362029-2023-04-19|title=Centre's multiple attempts to delay hearing on same-sex marriages|website=India Today|date=19 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2023 |title=Centre Questions SC's Rights In Adjudicating Over Same-Sex Marriages |url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/centre-questions-scs-rights-in-adjudicating-over-same-sex-marriages/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420144526/https://www.vibesofindia.com/centre-questions-scs-rights-in-adjudicating-over-same-sex-marriages/ |archive-date=20 April 2023 |work=Vibes of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Same-sex marriage: Only parliament can decide on it, says GoI |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2023/04/18/same-sex-marriage-only-parliament-can-decide-on-it-says-goi/ |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |work=Free Press Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2023 |title=CJI Chandrachud Faces Backlash For 'Notion Of Man, Woman Not Absolute Based On Genitals' |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/cji-chandrachud-faces-backlash-for-notion-of-man-woman-not-absolute-based-on-genitals-news18-7589077.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

On 20 April 2023 a five-judge [[Constitution bench (India)|Constitution bench]] led by Chief Justice [[D. Y. Chandrachud]] hinted at their intention to legalise same-sex marriage, despite objections by the Indian government and religious groups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Same-sex marriage: SC hints at expanding ambit of Special Marriage Act, says 'society and law have evolved' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/same-sex-marriage-sc-hints-at-expanding-ambit-of-special-marriage-act-says-society-and-law-have-evolved/videoshow/99639255.cms |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=The Economic Times |date= 20 April 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/five-judge-bench-led-by-cji-to-hear-pleas-seeking-recognition-of-same-sex-marriage20230415192502/ | title=Five-judge bench led by CJI to hear pleas seeking recognition of same-sex marriage }}</ref>

On 21 April 2023 [[Bhupender Yadav]], an influential [[Union Council of Ministers of India|Minister]] and the National [[General Secretary]] of the ruling BJP, stated that "the issue of marriage concerns society and society's opinion on this issue cannot be excluded. The voice of society is best reflected in Parliament".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-21 |title=Parliament, not courts, best place to debate same-sex marriage, India minister says |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/parliament-not-courts-best-place-debate-same-sex-marriage-india-minister-says-2023-04-21/ |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title=Parliament, not courts, best place to debate same-sex marriage, India minister says {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2023-04-21 21:00:00 |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4870704 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Taiwan News}}</ref>

Kanav Sahgal, who works for the Vidhi Center for Legal Policy, noted that "homosexuality is not perceived very well in large parts of India. No matter what is decided by the Supreme Court, India's majority does not support the legalisation of same-sex marriage".<ref>{{Cite web |title=How does India perceive homosexuality? – DW – 04/18/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-does-india-perceive-homosexuality/a-65345146 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}</ref>

The State Governments of [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Government of Assam|Assam]], [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]], [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] have opposed the legal recognition of same-sex marriages and not a single Indian State Government has expressed support for same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/assam-andhra-and-rajasthan-opposed-legalising-same-sex-marriage-centre-tells-sc/1566438/ | title=Assam, Andhra and Rajasthan opposed legalising same-sex marriage: Centre tells SC | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=10 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Against mass sentiments, disorder: Here's what opposing states said on same-sex marriage |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/opposing-states-rajasthan-assam-andra-pradesh-same-sex-lesbian-gay-marriage-lgbtq-2377369-2023-05-10 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Legislation ===
In October 2017 a group of citizens proposed a draft of a new [[Uniform Civil Code]] that would legalise same-sex marriage to the [[Law Commission of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chishti |first1=Seema |date=18 October 2017 |title=Drafting change: What the new 'progressive' intervention in Uniform Civil Code debate entails |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/drafting-change-what-the-new-progressive-intervention-in-uniform-civil-code-debate-entails/}}</ref><blockquote>It defines marriage as "the legal union as prescribed under this Act of a man with a woman, a man with another man, a woman with another woman, a transgender with another transgender, or a transgender with a man or a woman. All married couples in partnership entitled to adopt a child. Sexual orientation of the married couple or the partners not to be a bar to their right to adoption. Non-heterosexual couples will be equally entitled to adopt a child".<ref name="Catch News">{{Cite news |title=A new UCC for a new India? Progressive draft UCC allows for same sex marriages |newspaper=Catchnews |url=http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/a-new-ucc-for-a-new-india-progressive-draft-ucc-allows-for-same-sex-marriages-85386.html |access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref> </blockquote>

On 1 April 2022, [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] [[Supriya Sule]] introduced a private member's bill to legalise same-sex marriages under the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=NCP's Supriya Sule brings Bill to legalise same-sex marriage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ncps-supriya-sule-brings-bill-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage-7848768/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Discrimination protections==
Article 15 of the [[Constitution of India]] states that:<ref name="article15">{{cite web |title=Article 15 in The Constitution Of India 1949 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/609295/ |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth 
:(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them
:(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to
::(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or
::(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public

In the case of [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]], the Supreme Court ruled that the Indian Constitution bans discrimination based on sexual orientation via the category of "sex". Similarly in the case of ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'', the Supreme Court held that discrimination on the basis of [[gender identity]] is constitutionally prohibited.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wc40012.pdf |title=Judgment |access-date=May 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |publisher=Supreme Court of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527105348/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wc40012.pdf |archive-date=May 27, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:During Coronavirus. Nine transgender members of the Mangalmurti Sevabhavi Trust of Kenner AKHADA, Nashik Road are seen helping the police maintain law & order amid the global health crisis.jpg|thumb|Transgender women helping police in Maharashtra]]
{{blockquote|Gender identity, in our view, is an integral part of sex and no citizen can be discriminated on the ground of gender identity, including those who identify as third
gender. We, therefore, conclude that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity includes any discrimination, exclusion, restriction or preference, which has the effect of nullifying or transposing equality by the law or the equal protection of laws guaranteed under our Constitution. (p. 73)|author=Supreme Court Judge [[K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan]]}}
{{blockquote|Sex as it occurs in Article 15, is not merely restricted to the biological attributes of an individual, but also includes their "sexual identity and character".|author=Supreme Court of India}}

Despite these constitutional interpretations, no legislative law has been enacted to ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment since Article 15 only extended to discrimination from the state or government bodies.<ref name="article15"/> However, on 4 February 2021 the [[Allahabad High Court]] ruled that firing and discriminating against a person in employment on the basis of sexual orientation is a violation of [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]] ruling of the Supreme Court, hence extending the anti-discriminatory provisions to employment everywhere.<ref name="discrimination protection">{{cite web |url=https://newsd.in/allahabad-hc-reinstated-the-home-guard-who-was-sacked-for-being-gay/ |title=Allahabad HC reinstated the home guard who was sacked for being gay |date=February 10, 2021 |website=newsd |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="sack">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/homosexuality-not-a-ground-to-sack-employee-allahabad-high-court-1767795-2021-02-10 |title=Homosexuality not a ground to sack employee, rules Allahabad High Court |last=Mishra |first=Abhishek |date=February 10, 2021 |website=India Today |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref> In case of physical attacks against LGBTQ people, Section 307 (Attempt to murder) or Section 323 (voluntarily causing hurt) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] is used against the perpetrator. In case of hate speech, Section 153 A (Hate Speech Law) of the code has been previously used.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE INDIAN PENAL CODE|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1860-45.pdf|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kamaal R Khan booked for passing 'vulgar' remarks against the LGBTQ community ►|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kamaal-r-khan-booked-for-passing-vulgar-remarks-against-the-lgbtq-community/articleshow/67010098.cms|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The [[Allahabad High Court]] in a landmark decision in [[Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh]] stated that a Constitutional Court has a duty to monitor and observe the constitutional morality as well as the rights of the citizens which are under threat only on account of the sexual orientation. In August, 2018, the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] set up the LGBTI core group and appointed openly gay politician [[Harish Iyer]] in its 15 members committee in a bid to enforce human rights related legislations pertaining to LGBTQ people and counter discrimination.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cjp.org.in/nhrc-sets-up-lgbti-core-group-ropes-in-activist-harish-iyer/ | title=NHRC sets up LGBTI Core Group, ropes in activist Harish Iyer | date=14 August 2018 }}</ref>
{{wikisource|Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019}}
Adopted in 2019, the ''[[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]]'' bans discrimination against transgender people in educational establishment and services, employment, healthcare services, access to the "use of any goods, accommodation, service, facility, benefit, privilege or opportunity dedicated to the use of the general public or customarily available to the public", the right to movement, the right to "reside, purchase, rent or otherwise occupy any property", the opportunity to stand for or hold public or private office, and in government or private establishments.<ref name="bill1">{{cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/TG%20bill%20gazette.pdf|title=Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019|work=socialjustice.nic.in|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate, and because of lack of awareness and lack of sensitivity to the issue among local public officials.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nath |first1=Damini |title=Transgender Persons Act comes into effect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/transgender-persons-act-comes-into-effect/article30545336.ece |date=January 11, 2020 |website=The Hindu |publisher=N. Ravi |location=Chennai |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticised the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognised as transgender. They also criticised the inequality inherent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pathak |first1=Sushmita |title=India Just Passed A Trans Rights Bill. Why Are Trans Activists Protesting It? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/12/04/784398783/india-just-passed-a-trans-rights-bill-why-are-trans-activists-protesting-it |date=December 4, 2019 |website=npr |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

LGBTQ activists are encouraging people who have faced discrimination because of their sexual orientation or gender identity in other non-state areas to mount challenges in court, seeking to [[Legal tests|test]] the jurisprudence set by the two rulings.<ref name="livemint"/>

===Discrimination and bullying in higher education===
Discrimination, bullying and [[ragging]] targeted at a student on the ground of their sexual orientation or gender identity is prohibited under the ''UGC Regulation on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions (Third Amendment), 2016''.<ref name="ugc">{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/7823260_Anti-Ragging-3rd-Amendment.pdf|title=UGC Regulation on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions (Third Amendment), 2016|website=Ugc.ac.in|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>

===Military service===
LGBTQ people are banned from openly serving in the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="military">{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Amrita |title=Indian Army is worried now that men can legally have sex with other men |url=https://theprint.in/security/indian-army-is-worried-now-that-men-can-legally-have-sex-with-other-men/113644|work=The Print |date=7 September 2018}}</ref> In late December 2018, Member of Parliament [[Jagdambika Pal]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) introduced a bill to the Indian Parliament to amend the ''Army Act, 1950'', the ''Navy Act, 1957'' and the ''Air Force Act, 1950'' that would allow LGBTQ people to serve in the Armed Forces.<ref name="military1">{{cite news |title=Parliament winter session: Bills seek ban on non-veg food at official events, rights to LGBT to serve in armed forces|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/Dec/28/parliament-winter-session-bills-seek-ban-on-non-veg-food-at-official-events-rights-to-lgbt-to-serv-1917748.html|work=The New Indian Express |date=28 December 2018}}</ref> The bill was lapsed in the [[Lok Sabha]].

===Incidents===
The actor [[Kamaal R. Khan]] was processed by the police on 9 December 2018 for making obscene comments against the LGBTQ community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kamaal-r-khan-booked-for-passing-vulgar-remarks-against-the-lgbtq-community/articleshow/67010098.cms|title=Kamaal R Khan booked for passing 'vulgar' remarks against the LGBTQ community|date=2018-09-12}}</ref>

==Transgender rights==
[[File:Hidras of Panscheel Park-New Delhi-1994-2.jpg|thumb|right|Three ''hijras'' in [[New Delhi]]]]
India has traditionally recognised a third gender population, considered by society as neither male or female.<ref name=":0" /> Such individuals are known as ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]s'' or alternatively ''hijaḍaas''.<ref>Dacho Furtad, ''Konkani-English dictionary''. Asian Educational Services, 1999</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Chandrani |title=Manipur Elections 2017: Why is the transgender community of the state backing Irom Sharmila |url=https://www.inuth.com/elections/manipur-assembly-elections-2017/manipur-elections-2017-transgender-community-of-the-state-backs-prja-says-irom-will-bring-change/ |work=InUth |date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Grierson |first1=George Abraham |title=A dictionary of the Kashmiri language |url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/grierson_query.py?qs=napumsakh&searchhws=yes |website=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia |date=1932 |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626103935/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/grierson_query.py?qs=napumsakh&searchhws=yes |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bronson |first1=Miles |title=A dictionary in Assamese and English |date=1867 |publisher=Sibsagor, American Baptist mission press |page=311 |url=https://archive.org/stream/adictionaryinas00brongoog#page/n322/search/eunuch}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Santali-English dictionary |date=1899 |publisher=Santal Mission Press |page=86 |url=https://archive.org/stream/asantalienglish00campgoog#page/n98/search/eunuch |language=sat}}</ref> In English-language publications, these terms are given to [[eunuch]]s, [[intersex]] people, or [[transgender]] people.

''Hijras'' were legally granted voting rights as a [[Third gender|third sex]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite news | last=Shackle | first=Samira | title=Politicians of the third gender: the "shemale" candidates of Pakistan | url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2013/05/politicians-third-gender-shemale-candidates-pakistan | access-date=2013-05-11 | newspaper=New Statesman}}</ref> Due to alleged legal ambiguity of the procedure, Indian transgender individuals have difficulties accessing safe medical facilities for surgery.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Crystallising Queer Politics-The Naz Foundation Case and Its Implications For India's Transgender Communities|journal=NUJS Law Review|year=2009|url=http://www.manupatra.co.in/newsline/articles/Upload/F643E753-F822-4FE8-9B38-11279EB7B342.pdf|access-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092221/http://www.manupatra.co.in/newsline/articles/Upload/F643E753-F822-4FE8-9B38-11279EB7B342.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 April 2014 the [[Supreme Court of India]] declared transgender people a socially and economically suppressed class entitled to reservations in education and jobs, and also directed union and state governments to frame welfare schemes for them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court's Third Gender Status to Transgenders is a landmark|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/supreme-courts-third-gender-status-to-transgenders-is-a-landmark/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> The Court ruled that transgender people have a fundamental constitutional right to change their gender without any sort of surgery, and called on the Union Government to ensure equal treatment for transgender people. The Court also ruled that the Indian Constitution mandates the recognition of a third gender on official documents, and that Article 15 bans discrimination based on gender identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Position of India's Transgender - Third Gender |url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1837-the-position-of-india-s-transgender-third-gender.html |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref> In light of the ruling, government documents, such as voter ID cards, passports and bank forms, have started providing a third gender option alongside male (M) and female (F), usually designated as "other" (O), "third gender" (TG) or "transgender" (T).<ref name="O">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/state-s-first-transgender-passport/cid/1391219|title=State's first transgender passport|work=The Telegraph|date=4 November 2017|last=Mallick|first=Lelin}}</ref>

In 2013 the transgender and gender activists [[S. Swapna]] and [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] from [[Srishti Madurai]] staged a protest in the [[Madurai]] collectorate on 7 October 2013 demanding reservation and to permit alternate genders to appear for examinations conducted by [[TNPSC]], [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]], SSC and Bank exams.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Transgenders-protest-demanding-name-change-in-certificates/articleshow/34351467.cms |work=The Times Of India |title=Transgenders protest demanding name change in certificates |date=April 29, 2014 |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-08/madurai/42828401_1_transgenders-gender-variants-collectorate | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016103336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-08/madurai/42828401_1_transgenders-gender-variants-collectorate | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Transgenders stage protest at collectorate | date=8 October 2013}}</ref> Swapna, incidentally, had successfully moved the [[Madras High Court]] in 2013 seeking permission to write the TNPSC Group II exam as a female candidate. Swapna is the first transgender person to clear TNPSC Group IV exams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Transgender-Clears-TNPSC-Group-IV-Exam/2014/02/09/article2046310.ece#.Uvc-CPmSycw|title=Transgender Clears TNPSC Group IV Exam|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117232220/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Transgender-Clears-TNPSC-Group-IV-Exam/2014/02/09/article2046310.ece#.Uvc-CPmSycw|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 24 April 2015 the [[Rajya Sabha]] unanimously passed the ''[[Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014]]'' guaranteeing rights and entitlements, reservations in education and jobs (2% reservation in government jobs), legal aid, pensions, unemployment allowances and skill development for transgender people. It also contained provisions to prohibit discrimination in employment as well as prevent abuse, violence and exploitation of transgender people. The bill also provided for the establishment of welfare boards at the centre and state level as well as for transgender rights courts. The bill was introduced by DMK MP [[Tiruchi Siva]], and marked the first time the upper house had passed a private member's bill in 45 years. However, the bill contained several anomalies and a lack of clarity on how various ministries would coordinate to implement its provisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rajya-sabha-passes-private-bill-to-protect-the-rights-of-transgenders/99/|title=Rajya Sabha passes historic private bill to promote transgender rights|date=25 April 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The bill was never brought to a vote in the lower house.

Social Justice and Empowerment Minister Thaawar Chand Gehlot stated on 11 June 2015 that the Union Government would introduce a new comprehensive bill for transgender rights in the Monsoon session of Parliament. The bill would be based on the study on transgender issues conducted by a committee appointed on 27 January 2014. According to Gehlot, the Government sought to provide transgender people with all rights and entitlements currently enjoyed by scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/2015/fullnews-72086.html|title=Bills on transgenders, disabled in monsoon session: Gehlot|access-date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222518/http://www.newkerala.com/news/2015/fullnews-72086.html|archive-date=30 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ''Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016'', which was initially introduced to Parliament in August 2016, was re-introduced to Parliament in late 2017.<ref name="bill">{{cite news |last1=Abraham |first1=Rohan |title=All you need to know about the Transgender Persons Bill, 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-transgender-persons-bill-2016/article21226710.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 November 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Some transgender activists have opposed the bill because it does not address issues such as marriage, adoption and divorce for transgender people. [[Akkai Padmashali]] criticised the bill's definition of transgenderism, which states that transgender people are "based on the underlying assumption of [[biological determinism]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/211117/centres-transgender-bill-ridiculous-laments-activist-akkai-padmashali.html|title=Centre's Transgender Bill ridiculous, laments activist Akkai Padmashali|date=2017-11-21|website=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en}}</ref> The bill passed the [[Lok Sabha]] on 17 December 2018 with 27 amendments, including a controversial clause prohibiting transgender people from begging.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lok-sabha-passes-transgender-rights-bill-1411420-2018-12-17|title=Lok Sabha passes transgender rights Bill|date=17 December 2018|work=India Today}}</ref> The bill was sent to a parliamentary committee, but lapsed with the dissolution of the 16th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/transgender-rights-bill-might-be-reintroduced-this-parliament-session-say-mps/story-xeDqVuWnQ4Q8sAQYYGrqlJ.html |title=Transgender rights bill might be reintroduced this Parliament session, say MPs|work=Hindustan Times|date=22 June 2019|location=New Delhi |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Protest against Transgender Bill in Mumbai, India.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the transgender community protest against the 2019 transgender bill in Mumbai, December 2018.]]
A government bill, the ''Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019'', was reintroduced to Parliament after the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/controversial-transgender-bill-to-be-reintroduced-to-indias-parliament/|title=Controversial transgender bill to be reintroduced to India's parliament|work=Gay Star News|date=6 June 2019|last=Glauert|first=Rik|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730065529/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/controversial-transgender-bill-to-be-reintroduced-to-indias-parliament/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bill was approved on 10 July by the [[Cabinet of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cabinet-approves-transgender-bill-5824338/|title=Cabinet approves transgender bill|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 July 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/union-cabinet-approves-transgender-bill-protection-of-rights-2019-1566257-2019-07-10|title=Union Cabinet approves Transgender Rights Bill|work=India Today|date=10 July 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The bill defines transgender persons as those "whose gender does not match the gender assigned to that person at birth and includes trans-men or trans-women, persons with intersex variations, gender-queers, and persons having socio-cultural identities such as kinnar, hijras, aravani and jogta".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mynation.com/india-news/begging-by-transgender-community-no-more-a-crime-bill-amended-puochd|title=Begging by transgender community no more a crime; Bill amended|work=My Nation|date=15 July 2019}}</ref> A person would have the right to choose to be identified as male, female or "transgender". However, transgender people are required to go to a district magistrate to have their gender identity certified, and require proof of any medical intervention, such as [[Gender-affirming hormone therapy|hormone replacement therapy]], psychotherapy or [[Sex reassignment surgery|gender reassignment surgery]], if they are seeking to be identified as male or female. This mechanism is separate for passport changes, which require a certificate of surgery.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-01-10 |title=Centre outlines process for transgender citizens returning to India after gender affirmation surgery abroad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-outlines-process-for-transgender-citizens-returning-to-india-after-gender-affirmation-surgery-abroad/article69085556.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The bill prohibits discrimination against transgender people in nine fields, such as education, employment and healthcare. However, transgender activists criticised that the bill is silent on a real remedy or mechanism to integrate transgender people into public spaces and improve the quality of their lives, or on how the State intends to enforce this, or about what the State will do, if and when such discrimination does occur.<ref name="indiatoday"/> The bill was also criticised for not taking into account any of the suggestions made by transgender activists; namely that it only provides for transgender persons to receive identity certificates recognising them as "transgender" and therefore, excludes other gender identities. Although it includes terms such as "trans-men", "trans-women", "persons with intersex variations" and "gender-queers" in its definition of transgender persons, these terms are not defined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-transgender-bill-must-focus-on-equity-and-dignity/story-NHGer1jef0E6UdZhZzVirO.html|title=The transgender bill must focus on equity and dignity|work=Hindustan Times|date=14 July 2019|last=Reddy|first=Apsara}}</ref>

The bill aims to set up a "National Council for Transgender" that would comprise a host of government and community representatives, and is meant to advise the [[Government of India|Union Government]] on formulation of policies with respect to transgender persons, monitor and evaluate the impact of said policies, coordinate the activities of all departments dealing with these matters and redress the grievances of transgender persons. A controversial clause that would have criminalised begging by transgender people was removed from the bill. Another controversial clause that would have made transgender people subject themselves to certification by a district screening committee to be acknowledged as transgender was also struck out. The legislation received further criticism concerning the issue of sexual assault; it provides for maximum two years' imprisonment for sexually assaulting a transgender person, whereas the minimum penalty for raping a cisgender woman is 10 years.<ref name="bill"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/transgender-beggary-bill-1568764-2019-07-14|title=Provision that criminalised beggary by transgender people from bill|work=India Today|date=14 July 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 5 August 2019 by a [[voice vote]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/lok-sabha-passes-transgender-persons-protection-of-rights-bill-4291561.html|title=Lok Sabha passes Transgender persons protection of rights bill|work=Moneycontrol|date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-passes-transgender-persons-protection-of-rights-bill/article28822526.ece|title=Lok Sabha passes transgender protection Bill|work=The Hindu|date=5 August 2019}}</ref> and by the Rajya Sabha on 25 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1756897/indias-transgender-rights-bill-disappoints-the-lgbtq-community/|title=What next for transgender people, as India clears a bill that activists call "murder of gender justice"?|work=QuartzIndia|date=27 November 2019|last=Lalwani|first=Vijayta}}</ref> It was signed into law by President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] on 5 December, becoming the ''[[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]]''.<ref name="bill1"/>

On 22 April 2019 the Madras High Court, the high court of [[Tamil Nadu]], ruled that the term "bride" under the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]] includes trans women. Specifically, it directed the authorities to register a marriage between a man and a transgender woman.<ref name="Live Law.in" /><ref name="The News Minute" /><ref name="The Times of India" />

On the eve of the [[2024 Indian general election]], the ruling party of the BJP expanded the coverage of the Ayushman Bharat scheme in order to cover all members of the LGBTQ community.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-14 |title='Transgender community, senior citizens to come under Ayushman Bharat scheme': PM Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/transgender-community-senior-citizens-to-come-under-ayushman-bharat-scheme-pm-modi/articleshow/109286994.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2026, the Modi government passed the ''Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Bill, 2026'', which removes a transgender person's right to determine their own gender and proposes a medical board examination to determine one's gender.

The amendment retains specific sociocultural identities, such as aravani, hijra or kinner, and adds the identity of eunuch, as valid classes of transgender persons. It also adds a class of transgender persons who were forced by coercion to assume a transgender identity as valid under the protections of the bill. It furthermore removes explicit identification of trans women and trans men outside of these identities, and adds the surgical requirement as a prerequisite of document updates. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-transgender-persons-protection-of-rights-amendment-bill-2026 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

The bill was opposed by opposition MPs.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/transgender-bill-in-lok-sabha-government-hails-reform-opposition-criticism/article70780013.ece</ref> MPs from the INC, the DMK, NCP, Shiv Sena (UBT), RJD, SP and AITC held a walkout during the voice vote of this bill in the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Not Reform But Regression': Opposition Stages Walkout as Lok Sabha Passes Transgender Bill |url=https://thewire.in/rights/not-reform-but-regression-opposition-slams-lok-sabha-passing-transgender-bill-in-2-5-hours |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

===State laws===
{{See also|LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu|LGBT rights in Kerala#Transgender rights}}
The states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] were the first [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] to introduce a transgender welfare policy. According to the policy, transgender people can access free [[Gender-affirming surgery|sex reassignment surgery]] in [[Public hospital|government hospitals]] (only for male-to-female), free housing, various citizenship documents, admission in government colleges with full scholarship for higher studies, alternative sources of livelihood through formation of self-help groups (for savings) and initiating income-generation programmes (IGP). Tamil Nadu was also the first state to form a transgender welfare board with representatives from the transgender community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/tamil-nadu-once-a-pioneering-state-for-welfare-of-transgenders-now-shuns-the-third-gender-3476538.html|title=Tamil Nadu, once a pioneering state for welfare of transgenders, now shuns the third gender|work=Firspost|date=25 May 2017|last=Karthikeyan|first=Divya}}</ref> Kerala started providing free surgery in government hospitals in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/804496/why-keralas-free-sex-change-surgeries-will-offer-a-new-lifeline-for-the-transgender-community|title=Why Kerala's free sex-change surgeries will offer a new lifeline for the transgender community|last=Devasia|first=TK|website=Scroll.in|date=19 March 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-19}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-kerala-left-the-country-behind-on-transgender-rights-2145017|title=How Kerala left the country behind on transgender rights|website=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-19|date=2015-11-14}}</ref>

The state of [[West Bengal]] set up a transgender welfare board in 2015 to coordinate all policy decisions and development work pertaining to the transgender population in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://clpr.org.in/blog/the-transgender-welfare-development-board-west-bengal-a-wasted-potential-2/|title=The Transgender Welfare Development Board, West Bengal – A Wasted Potential|website=Centre for Law & Policy Research|date=13 April 2017}}</ref> The board, however, has been labelled an "all-around failure" by several transgender activists. Supposed to meet once every month with representatives from numerous state government departments, the board has only met five times as of July 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/bengal-s-transgender-development-board-all-around-failure-alleges-member/story-8YZ4xiM8DMkd9DBYRj5FVI.html |title=Bengal's Transgender Development Board All-Around Failure, Alleges Member |author=Sumanta Ray Chaudhuri |website=Hindustan Times |date=4 July 2017 |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref>

In July 2016 the state of [[Odisha]] enacted welfare benefits for transgender people, giving them the same benefits as those living below the poverty line. This was aimed at improving their overall social and economic status, according to the Odisha Department of Social Security.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dash |first1=Jatindra |title=Odisha becomes first state to give welfare to transgender community |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-odisha-lgbt-poverty/odisha-becomes-first-state-to-give-welfare-to-transgender-community-idINKCN0YO1S7 |work=Reuters |date=2 June 2016 |language=en-IN |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128061541/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-odisha-lgbt-poverty/odisha-becomes-first-state-to-give-welfare-to-transgender-community-idINKCN0YO1S7 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] has set up medical boards at the district and state level for assisting transgender people. The state has also enacted various schemes providing pension, skill development, scholarship and financial support for parents of transgender people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/himachal-pradesh-to-bring-transgenders-under-social-security-net-3018937/|title=Himachal Pradesh to bring transgenders under social security net|website=The Indian Express|date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://himachal.nic.in/index1.php?lang=1&dpt_id=9&level=0&linkid=2835&lid=7696|title=Welfare of Transgender|website=himachal.nic.in}}</ref>

In April 2017 the [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]] instructed states to allow transgender people to use the public toilet of their choice.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first= Kuheena |date=6 April 2017 |title=Sanitation ministry allows transgender people use public toilets, wants them recognised as equal citizens |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/transgender-public-toilets-ministry-of-drinking-water-and-sanitation-969945-2017-04-06 |work=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

A transgender board was established in [[Chandigarh]] on 22 August 2017. The board comprises members from the police department, the social welfare department, the education department and the law department, health professionals, and representatives of [[Panjab University]], and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandigarh-gets-its-first-transgender-welfare-board-with-14-members-4820148/|title=Chandigarh gets its first Transgender Welfare Board with 14 members|website=Indian Express|date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

In October 2017 the [[Karnataka]] Government issued the "State Policy for Transgenders, 2017", with the aim of raising awareness of transgender people within all educational institutions in the state. Educational institutions will address issues of violence, abuse and discrimination against transgender people. It also established a monitoring committee designed with investigating reports of discrimination.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transgender policy cleared by Karnataka cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/transgender-policy-cleared-by-karnataka-cabinet-4909196/ |work=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

On 28 November 2017 [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], the [[Chief Minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], announced the enactment of pension plans for transgender people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.abplive.in/india-news/cm-naidu-announces-pension-scheme-for-state-s-transgenders-609165/amp|title=CM Naidu announces pension scheme for state's transgenders|last=ANI|website=ABP Live|date=2017-11-28|access-date=28 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080853/http://m.abplive.in/india-news/cm-naidu-announces-pension-scheme-for-state-s-transgenders-609165/amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 December 2017 the Andhra Cabinet passed the policy. According to the policy, the State Government will provide an amount of ₹1,500 per month to each transgender person above the age of 18 for social security pensions. The Government will also construct special toilets in public places, such as malls and cinema halls, for transgender people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Apparasu |first1=Srinivasa Rao |title=Transgenders to get pension, ration and more in Andhra; govt clears welfare policy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/transgenders-to-get-pension-ration-education-in-andhra-govt-clears-welfare-policy/story-ZZ92gJGL0gvP9ZZFlFEvgJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In addition, the state has also established a transgender welfare board.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andhra-pradesh-launches-welfare-board-transgender-persons-community-welcomes-move-60742|title=Andhra Pradesh launches welfare board for transgender persons, community welcomes move|website=The News Minute|date=26 April 2017}}</ref>

In January 2018 the Kashmiri Finance Minister introduced a proposal to the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] that would grant transgender people free life and medical insurance, and a monthly sustenance pension for those aged 60+ and registered with the Social Welfare Department. Transgender activists have criticised aspects of the bill, including its requirement to establish medical boards to issue "transgender certificates".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naqash |first1=Rayan |title=For the first time, Kashmir government recognises needs of transgender community. But is it enough? |url=https://scroll.in/article/865317/for-the-first-time-government-recognises-needs-of-kashmirs-transgender-community-is-it-enough |work=Scroll.in |date=4 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jammu-and-kashmir-transgender-community-welcomes-steps-taken-by-mehbooba-mufti-government-2574903|title=Jammu and Kashmir: Transgender community welcomes steps taken by Mehbooba Mufti government|date=12 January 2018}}</ref>

The [[Government of Delhi]] announced its intention in May 2018 to establish a seven-member committee to review issues surrounding the transgender community, including concerns of sexual abuse, discrimination at work as well as other societal problems. "We will have a dedicated cell for transgender people, which will be headed by a representative from the community. The commission receives a lot of complaints of abuse against them. The cell will enable us to focus on issues faced by [transgender people] and providing members greater support and safety.", said Swati Maliwal, chief of the Delhi Commission for Women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-commission-for-women-to-have-a-dedicated-transgender-cell/story-qOsSY7Rpey21J8KyHlmU3J.html|title=Delhi Commission for Women to have a dedicated transgender cell|website=Hindustan Times|date=8 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ddc.delhi.gov.in/establishing-delhi-transgender-welfare-board/|title=Establishing Delhi Transgender Welfare Board|work=Government of Delhi|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117181140/https://ddc.delhi.gov.in/establishing-delhi-transgender-welfare-board/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In July 2018 the [[Rajasthan]] Transgender Welfare Board (RTWB) announced it would begin issuing "multi-purpose identity cards" to about 75,000 transgender people in the state to help them access government schemes and benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/in-rajasthan-transgenders-to-get-identity-cards-soon-to-avail-of-scheme-benefits/story-p5PpZy10QUX5eHoHLBwleM.html|title=In Rajasthan, transgenders to get identity cards soon to avail of scheme benefits|website=Hindustan Times|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>

The [[Uttarakhand]] High Court directed the [[Government of Uttarakhand|State Government]] in late September 2018 to provide reservation for transgender people in educational institutions, and to frame social welfare programmes for the betterment of transgender people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/uttarakhand-hc-directs-state-to-provide-reservation-to-transgenders-in-educational-institutions-1538381858-1|title=Uttarakhand HC directs state to provide reservation to transgenders in educational institutions|website=Jagran Josh|date=1 October 2018}}</ref>

In early 2019 the Social Welfare Department of [[Assam]] published a draft "transgender policy" with numerous objectives, including providing transgender people access to educational institutions, providing shelter and sanitation for the homeless, raising awareness, and issuing self-identification identity cards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://socialwelfare.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/sw_webcomindia_org_oid_3/menu/document/draft_transgender.pdf|title=Draft Policy for Transgender.|website=Social Welfare Department of Assam|date=3 February 2019}}</ref> The All Assam Transgender Association has criticised certain aspects of the policy, namely its definition of the term "transgender".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-government-criticized-giving-bad-definition-transgender.html|title=Assam government criticized for giving a bad definition of transgender|website=Ne Now News|date=14 January 2019}}</ref>

In February 2019 the [[Maharashtra]] Government set up a "Transgender Welfare Board" to conduct health programmes and provide formal education and employment opportunities to transgender people. The board provides skill development programmes to help transgender people find a job and free accommodation for those seeking scholarships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-government-sets-up-transgender-welfare-board-1998189|title=Maharashtra Government Sets Up Transgender Welfare Board|website=NDTV|date=23 February 2019}}</ref> A similar board was also set up in the neighbouring state of [[Gujarat]] that same month. The Gujarat board provides various welfare programmes for employment and education, and coordinates with state departments to ensure that the transgender community is able to take advantage of government schemes. An educational campaign was also established in order to sensitise the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/news/gujarat-transgender-board/|title=Gujarat Govt Establishes Transgender Welfare Board; Housing, Education & Other Issues To Be Taken Care Of|website=The Logical Indian|date=19 February 2019}}</ref>

In July 2019 the [[Bihar]] Government announced the creation of a transgender welfare board, which would investigate and report on social and legal challenges faced by transgender people in the state and provide financial assistance of up to ₹{{lakh|1.5}} for [[sex reassignment surgery]]. In addition, those who refuse house on rent or medical facilities to transgender individuals would be eligible for imprisonment ranging between six months to two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/get-inspired/bihar-transgender-rights/|title=Bihar Govt Establishes Transgender Welfare Board, To Give Rs 1.5 Lakh For Sex Change Operation|website=The Logical Indian|date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/16/bihar-to-help-transgenders-with-rs-15-lakh-for-sex-change-operation-2004729.html|title=Bihar to help transgenders with Rs 1.5 lakh for sex change operation|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

In August 2019 the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] announced its intention to set up a welfare board for the transgender community in the near future. Issues will include a monthly allowance to parents of intersex children, provisions for job reservations for transgender persons in government and separate public toilets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-to-roll-out-welfare-policy-for-transgenders/story-dewBj0EdfPaokkokMy1vzN.html|title=Madhya Pradesh to roll out welfare policy for transgenders|website=Hindustan Times|date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

===Third gender literature and studies===
''Vaadamalli'' by the novelist [[Su. Samuthiram]] is the first [[Tamil language|Tamil]] novel about the local ''[[aravani]]'' community in Tamil Nadu, published in 1994. The transgender activist [[A. Revathi]] became the first ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'' to write about ''hijra'' issues and gender politics in Tamil. Her works have been translated into more than eight languages and act as a primary resource on gender studies in Asia. Her book is part of a research project for more than 100 universities. She is the author of ''Unarvum Uruvamum'' ("Feelings and Form"), the first of its kind in English from a member of the ''hijra'' community.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dspace.flinders.edu.au/jspui/bitstream/2328/27270/1/Revathi_Prabhu.pd |title=Writing a Life Between Gender Lines: Conversations with A. Revathi about Her Autobiography ''The Truth About Me: A Hijra Life Story'' |last=Prabhu |first=Gayathri |date=2014 |access-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208072133/https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/27270/Revathi_Prabhu.pd;jsessionid=8B256B766C29FD7B39F16DA32D6DD4AB?sequence=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/hope-floats/article802665.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. M. | last=Umair | title=Hope floats | date=29 September 2010}}</ref> She also acted and directed several stage plays on gender and sexuality issues in Tamil and [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. ''The Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story'' by A. Revathi is part of the syllabus for final year students of [[American College, Madurai]]. The American College is the first college in India to introduce [[third gender]] literature and studies with research-oriented seminars.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maraikkappatta Pakkangal: மறைக்கப்பட்ட பக்கங்கள்|last=Winter|first=Gopi Shankar|year=2014 |publisher=Srishti Madurai |isbn=978-1-5003-8093-9 |oclc=703235508 }}</ref> Naan Saravanan's ''Alla'' (2007) and Vidya's ''I Am Vidya'' (2008) were among early [[trans woman]] autobiographies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/my-life-my-way/article3978249.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Pushpa | last=Achanta | title=My life, my way | date=9 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/89595/doraiswamy-revathi-tamil-writer-activists.html|title=Doraiswamy to Revathi: A Tamil writer-activist's alternative journey|work=Deccan Herald|date=2010-08-18}}</ref> [[Kalki Subramaniam]]'s'' Kuri Aruthean'' ("Phallus, I cut") is a collection of Tamil poems about transgender lives.

The American College in Madurai also introduced ''Maraikappatta Pakkangal'' ("Hidden Pages") as a course book for "Genderqueer and Intersex Human Rights studies" as part of the curriculum for Tamil and English department students in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madurai-colleges-intersex-course-to-cover-58-genders/articleshow/65537361.cms|title=Madurai college's 'intersex' course to cover 58 genders|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.out.com/popnography/2018/8/28/students-will-study-58-distinct-gender-identities-college-india|title=Students Will Study 58 Distinct Gender Identities at College in India|work=Out Magazine|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> It is the first book on the LGBTQ community in the Tamil language, launched by [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] and state [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Vanathi Srinivasan]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/BJP-leader-launches-LGBT-rights-book-in-TN/articleshow/38157614.cms|title=BJP leader launches LGBT rights book in TN|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref><ref name="thehindu5">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-more-under-siege/article5247859.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|title=No more under siege - The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-28|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 October 2013|last1=Shrikumar|first1=A.}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Madurai-student-pens-book-on-gender-variants/articleshow/20419621.cms|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Madurai student pens book on gender variants - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref>

==Conversion therapy==
In February 2014 the [[Indian Psychiatric Society]] (IPS) issued a statement in which it stated that there is no evidence to prove that homosexuality is unnatural: "Based on existing scientific evidence and good practice guidelines from the field of psychiatry, the Indian Psychiatric Society would like to state that there is no evidence to substantiate the belief that homosexuality is a mental illness or a disease."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Malathy |title=Homosexuality is not a disease, psychiatrists say |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Homosexuality-is-not-a-disease-psychiatrists-say/articleshow/29965430.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2014}}</ref> In June 2018, IPS reiterated its stance on homosexuality saying: "Certain people are not cut out to be heterosexual and we don't need to castigate them, we don't need to punish them, to ostracise them".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/indias-biggest-psychiatric-body-declares-homosexuality-is-not-an-illness/|title=India's biggest psychiatric body declares homosexuality is not an illness|last1=Power|first1=Shannon|date=8 June 2018|website=Gay Star News|access-date=11 June 2018|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730202657/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/indias-biggest-psychiatric-body-declares-homosexuality-is-not-an-illness/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/stop-treating-homosexuality-as-an-illness-says-indian-psychiatric-society/story-EqoFV1KjFE0mxAxOimX8oN.html|title=Stop treating homosexuality as an illness, says Indian Psychiatric Society|last1=Pratap|first1=Aayushi|date=6 June 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>

Despite this statement from the IPS, [[conversion therapy]] is still performed in India. These practices usually involve [[electroconvulsive therapy]] (which may lead to memory loss), hypnosis, the administration of nausea-inducing drugs, or more commonly [[talk therapy]] where the individual is told that homosexuality is caused by "insufficient male affirmation in childhood" or "an uncaring father and an overbearing mother". Conversion therapy can lead to depression, anxiety, seizures, drug use and suicidal tendencies for the individuals involved.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Amrita |title=From Shock Treatment To Yoga, Conversion Therapy Is A Disturbing Reality Around The World |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/youth-ki-awaaz-/how-therapy-to-convert-qu_b_10201948.html |work=HuffPost India |date=1 June 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2022 the [[National Medical Commission]] banned the practice of 'conversion therapy'.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perappadan |first1=Bindu Shajan |title='Conversion therapy' is misconduct, declares National Medical Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nmc-declares-conversion-therapy-to-be-professional-misconduct/article65842557.ece |access-date=2022-09-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2022-09-02}}</ref>

=== ''S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police'' ===
{{Main|S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police}}

On 28 April 2021 [[Madras High Court]] Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]] passed interim orders in response to a petition filed by two young women with same-sex orientation. In an unprecedented move, he decided to undergo psycho-education before penning a judgment on same-sex relationships.<ref name=":03">{{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|pinpoint=W.P.No. 7284 of 2021|url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2021-06/cbae3182-93ff-4d60-a3d9-83dbfa849cf9/S_Sushma_v_Commissioner_of_Police.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Emmanuel|first=Meera|title="I am not fully 'woke' on this aspect:" Madras High Court Judge fixes appointment with psychologist to understand same-sex relationships better|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/same-sex-relationships-madras-high-court-judge-education-session|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=28 April 2021 |language=en
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|last=S
|first=Mohamed Imranullah
|date=2021-04-29
|title=Judge wants to learn about same sex relationships before penning judgment
|language=en-IN
|work=The Hindu
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/judge-wants-to-learn-about-same-sex-relationships-before-penning-judgment/article34434837.ece
|access-date=2021-06-08
|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{Blockquote|text=Ignorance is no justification for normalizing any form of discrimination|author=Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]]|source=Page number 49 out of 104}}Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]] said that psycho-educative counseling on queer issues helped him shed his personal ignorance and prejudices. He clearly stated in the judgment that the responsibility to change, the burden of unlearning stigma, and learning about the lived experience of the LGBTQ people lies on the society and not the queer individuals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Karan|date=2021-06-07|title=Society Needs to Change, Not the LGBTQIA+ Couples: Madras HC|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/society-needs-to-change-not-the-lgbtqia-couples-madras-hc|access-date=2021-06-08|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=It was I (us), who has to set off on a journey of understanding them and accepting them and shed our notions, and not they who have to turn themselves inside out to suit our notions of social morality and tradition|author=Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]]|source=Page number 50 out of 104}}

The court recognised that there is an absence of a specific law to protect the interests of queer people and acknowledged it is the responsibility of the constitutional courts to fill this vacuum with necessary directions to ensure the protection of same-sex couples from harassment sourced from stigma and prejudices.<ref name=":2" />

{{Blockquote|text=Till the legislature comes up with an enactment, the LGBTQIA+ community cannot be left in a vulnerable atmosphere where there is no guarantee for their protection and safety.|author=Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]]|source=Page number 55 out of 104}}

On 7 June 2021, in delivering the verdict on this case, Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]] prohibited [[conversion therapy]].<ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-court-calls-sweeping-reforms-respect-lgbt-rights-2021-06-07/|title=Indian court calls for sweeping reforms to respect LGBT rights|date=7 June 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref> He suggested comprehensive measures to sensitise the society and various branches of the state including the police and judiciary to remove prejudices against the LGBTQ community. He suggested that changes should be made to the curricula of schools and universities to educate students on understanding the LGBTQ community.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|title=[BREAKING] Madras High Court bans medical attempts to cure sexual orientation; suggests changes to school curricula to educate students on LGBTQ|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/madras-high-court-bans-medical-attempts-cure-sexual-orientation-changes-school-curricula-lgbtq|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=7 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Madras High Court bans medical attempts to "cure" sexual orientation, issues guidelines for LGBTQIA+ community safety|url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/courts-news/madras-high-court-bans-medical-attempts-to-cure-sexual-orientation-issues-guidelines-for-lgbtqia-community-safety/|access-date=2021-06-08|website=India Legal|language=en-US}}</ref>

However, despite the historic and seminal rulings by the courts, conversion therapy is still practised and openly advertised in India. Human-rights activists claim the regulation is too weak.<ref name="news.sky.com">{{cite web | url=https://news.sky.com/story/i-can-make-you-straight-in-three-months-inside-indias-gay-conversion-industry-12928455 | title='I can make you straight in three months': Inside India's gay conversion industry }}</ref>

==Living conditions==
[[File:Anjali gopalan.jpg|thumb|Asia's first Genderqueer Pride Parade in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] (2012). [[Anjali Gopalan]] is seen in the foreground.<ref name="One Who Fights For an Other">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130306/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2015|title=One Who Fights For an Other|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>]]
[[File:Bhopal pride Queermitra 04.jpg|thumb|right|Participants at the 2018 [[Bhopal]] Pride parade, in [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]
There are many avenues for the LGBTQ community in metro cities for meeting and socialising. These include GayBombay ([[Mumbai]]), Good as You ([[Bangalore]]), HarmlessHugs ([[Delhi]]), [[Orinam]] ([[Chennai]]), [[Queerala]] ([[Kochi]]), Queerythm ([[Thiruvananthapuram]]), [[LGBT culture in Hyderabad|Mobbera]] ([[Hyderabad]]), Queer Nilayam ([[Hyderabad]]), Parichay Collective ([[Bhubaneswar]]) and Sahodaran (Chennai). Groups focused on LGBTQ women include ASQ (Bangalore), Labia (Mumbai), Sappho for Equality ([[Kolkata]]), [[Sahayathrika]] ([[Thrissur]]), Chennai Queer Cafe, among others. Trans-specific groups that are focused on support and advocacy include Sampoorna, Tweet Foundation, Telangana Hijra Trans Intersex Samiti and many others. Recently, a queer dating platform named "Amour Queer Dating" was launched to help LGBTQ people find long-term partners.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sawant |first1=Anagha |title=Now, a dating platform for LGBT community |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-now-a-dating-platform-for-lgbt-community-2236832 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=22 July 2016}}</ref>

There have been many reports of abuse, harassment and violence over the years directed against LGBTQ people. In 2003 a ''hijra'' was gang-raped in [[Bangalore]], and then gang-raped by the police. Testimonies provided to the Delhi High Court in 2007 documented how a gay man abducted by the police in [[Delhi]] was raped by police officials for several days and forced to sign a "confession" saying "I am a gandu [a derogatory term, meaning one who has anal sex]". In 2011 a [[Haryana]] lesbian couple was murdered by their nephews for being in an "immoral" relationship.<ref name="guardian"/> According to reports from activist group Kavi's Humsafar Trust, two-fifths of homosexuals in the country had faced blackmail after the 2013 Supreme Court ruling.<ref name="aljazeera"/> [[Suicide attempt]]s are common. In early 2018 a lesbian couple committed suicide and left a note reading: "We have left this world to live with each other. The world did not allow us to stay together."<ref name="guardian"/>

In February 2017 the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] unveiled resource material relating to health issues to be used as a part of a nationwide adolescent peer-education plan called ''Saathiya''. Among other subjects, the material discusses homosexuality. The material states, "Yes, adolescents frequently fall in love. They can feel attraction for a friend or any individual of the same or opposite sex. It is normal to have special feelings for someone. It is important for adolescents to understand that such relationships are based on mutual consent, trust, transparency and respect. It is alright to talk about such feelings to the person for whom you have them but always in a respectful manner."<ref>{{cite web|title=Same-sex attraction is OK, boys can cry, girl's no means no|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/same-sex-attraction-is-ok-boys-can-cry-girls-no-means-no-health-ministry-sex-education-4535410/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=21 February 2017|language=en|date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Homosexual attraction is OK; 'NO' means no: Health Ministry rises above Indian stereotypes|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/jobs/homosexual-attraction-is-ok-no-means-no-health-ministry-rises-above-indian-stereotypes/560227/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=21 February 2017|date=21 February 2017}}</ref>

In 2017 Delhi held its tenth pride parade, attended by hundreds of people.<ref name="delhi">{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/International/wireStory/hundreds-join-pride-march-india-gay-sex-illegal-51095191 |title=Hundreds of gay rights activists join pride march in Delhi |date=November 12, 2017 |website=ABC |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112145911/https://abcnews.go.com/amp/International/wireStory/hundreds-join-pride-march-india-gay-sex-illegal-51095191 |archive-date=November 12, 2017}}</ref> Chennai has held pride parades since 2009,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Priya |title=A decade of Pride in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-decade-of-pride-in-chennai/articleshow/64421312.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 June 2018}}</ref> while [[Goa]] held its first pride parade in October 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=A walk to remember for the LGBT community |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-walk-to-remember-for-the-lgbt-community/articleshow/61313127.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2017}}</ref> [[Bhubaneswar]] organised its first in September 2018,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?destination=%2fworld%2fasia_pacific%2fas-india-awaits-a-historic-gay-rights-ruling-a-city-holds-its-first-pride-march%2f2018%2f09%2f05%2fe7a14ce4-b0fa-11e8-a810-4d6b627c3d5d_story.html%3f |title=As India awaits a historic gay rights ruling, a city holds its first pride march|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=5 September 2018}}</ref> and [[Guwahati]] held its first [[Queer Pride Guwahati|pride event]] in February 2014. The first such event in [[Sikkim]] was held in January 2019 in the city of [[Gangtok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/first-queer-pride-walk-of-sikkim-on-January-27/|title=First Queer Pride Walk of Sikkim on January 27|website=Northeast Today|date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

On 17 May 2018, the International Day Against Homophobia, activities were held throughout the country, including in [[Bhopal]], Delhi, [[Mumbai]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Lucknow]]. Numerous foreign embassies ([[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Croatia]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Iceland]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], [[Mexico]], [[New Zealand]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Portugal]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]]) expressed support for LGBTQ rights in India, and reaffirmed their countries' commitment to promote human rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dayagainsthomophobia.org/india-idahotb-2018-country-page |title=India – IDAHOTB 2018 Country Page |website=Day Against Homophobia |access-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001323/https://dayagainsthomophobia.org/india-idahotb-2018-country-page/ |archive-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

According to a 2018 survey, a third of Indian gay men were married to women who were unaware that they are secretly gay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/indian-men-gay/|title=A third of Indian gay men are married to women who have no idea they're gay|work=Gay Star News|date=25 October 2018|last=Besanvalle|first=James|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731034554/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/indian-men-gay/}}</ref>

===Politics===
The All India Hijra Kalyan Sabha fought for over a decade to get voting rights, which they finally got in 1994. In 1996 Kali stood for office in [[Patna]] under the then Judicial Reform Party. Munni ran in the elections as well for [[South Mumbai]] that year. They both lost.<ref>{{cite news |title=Accept history and move on |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/may/16/accept-history-and-move-on-49825.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

After the defeat of Kali and Munni, three years later, [[Kamla Jaan]] was elected Mayor of [[Katni]]. [[Shabnam Mausi]] was elected to the Legislative Assembly of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 1998. Over the next few years, multiple other transgender candidates won office. These include Heera who won a seat on the City Council of [[Jabalpur]] and Gulshan who was elected to the City Council in [[Bina Etawa]]. In December 2000 Asha Devi became Mayor of [[Gorakhpur]], and Kallu Kinnar was elected to the City Council in [[Varanasi]].

[[Shabnam Mausi]] is the first transgender Indian to be elected to public office. She was an elected member of the Madhya Pradesh State Legislative Assembly from 1998 to 2003. In 2003, ''hijras'' in Madhya Pradesh announced the establishment of their own political party called "Jeeti Jitayi Politics" (JJP; {{langx|hi|जीती जिताई पालिटिक्स}}), which literally means "politics that has already been won". The party also released an eight-page election manifesto which it claims outlines why it is different from mainstream political parties.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/668042.stm | work=BBC News | title=Eunuch MP takes seat | date=6 March 2000}}</ref>

In the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]] the transgender activist Kalki Subramaniam unsuccessfully challenged a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] ticket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article452450.ece?service=print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407140507/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article452450.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2014 |title=Transgender activist Kalki to seek DMK ticket |date=March 5, 2011 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref> In March 2014 Kalki announced in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] that she would contest a seat in an election in the [[Villupuram]] constituency in neighbouring Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/transgender-kalki-in-poll-race/article5840745.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first1=C. | last1=Jaisankar | first2=A. V. | last2=Raghunathan | title=Transgender Kalki in poll race}}</ref>

On 4 January 2015 the [[Independent politician|independent]] transgender candidate [[Madhu Kinnar|Madhu Bai Kinnar]] was elected Mayor of [[Raigarh]], [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/3656348/india-transgender-mayor/ |first=Charlotte | last=Alter | title=India's First Openly Transgender Mayor Elected | date=6 January 2015 |magazine=Time |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/01/07/indias-first-openly-transgender-mayor-in-her-own-words/ | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=India's First Openly Transgender Mayor in Her Own Words | date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-transgender-idUSKBN0KE0MT20150105 | work=Reuters | title=First transgender mayor elected in central India: media | date=5 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/05/transgender-woman-elected-mayor-india-chhattisgarh|title=Transgender woman is elected district mayor in Indian state of Chhattisgarh|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2015-01-05|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>

[[Manabi Bandopadhyay]] became India's first transgender college principal on 9 June 2015 when she assumed the role of principal of the Krishnagar Women's College in [[Nadia district]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-s-first-transgender-college-principal-starts-work-115060901323_1.html|title=India's first transgender college principal starts work|author=IANS|date=9 June 2015|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>

On 5 November 2015 K. Prithika Yashini became the first out transgender police officer in the state of Tamil Nadu. At the time, the Tamil Nadu police had three transgender constables, but Yashini became the first transgender person to hold the rank of officer in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madras-hc-orders-appointment-of-a-transgender-as-sub-inspector/|title=With a little help from Madras HC, Tamil Nadu gets its first transgender police officer|date=7 November 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Transgender men are an integral part of the police force in many states of India. Many of them remain in the women police force and fear changing their legal name and gender as this could pose a risk to their employment.

On 12 February 2017 two transgender people were appointed by the [[Kolhapur]] District Legal Services Authority (KDLSA) as panel members for the local Lok Adalat (People's Court). 30 panels were appointed to settle general local disputes that arise within the community. Members of the KDLSA have stated this appointment was their "main achievement".<ref>{{cite news|title=Lok Adalat makes history, appointed two transgenders as panelist|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/lok-adalat-makes-history-appointed-two-transgenders-as-panelist/articleshow/57102434.cms|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=The Times of India|date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

In July 2017 [[Joyita Mondal]] was appointed to the [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]] [[Lok Adalat]], becoming [[West Bengal]]'s first transgender judge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jul/22/indias-first-transgender-judge-joyita-mondal-wants-jobs-for-her-community-1632169--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013213248/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jul/22/indias-first-transgender-judge-joyita-mondal-wants-jobs-for-her-community-1632169--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2017|title=India's first transgender judge Joyita Mondal wants jobs for her community|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2018, Swati Bidham Baruah became the first transgender judge in [[Assam]]. Swati, founder of the All Assam Transgender Association, was appointed to the [[Guwahati]] [[Lok Adalat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam gets its first transgender judge |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-gets-its-first-transgender-judge/articleshow/64994335.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=Asian News International |date=15 July 2018 |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818104309/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-gets-its-first-transgender-judge/articleshow/64994335.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Transgender representation was particularly noticeable in the [[2019 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections of 2019]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orinam.net/resources-for/lgbt/queering-india-elections-2019/|title=Queering the Indian Elections 2019|work=Orinam}}</ref> with many candidates running in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Most major parties mentioned LGBTQ rights in their election manifestos. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) ran on a platform of greater rights for the transgender community, adding that it "will ensure self-employment and skill development avenues for transgender youth". The [[Indian National Congress]]' manifesto states that the party "recognises the sexual diversity among people and promises equality and equal protection of the laws to people with different sexual orientations and gender identities", specifically advocating for a transgender bill drafted in consultation with LGBTQ groups and gender sensitivity training in all government departments. In addition, the Indian National Congress manifesto promised to hold a discussion on enacting same-sex [[civil union]]s if it gained control of the [[Lok Sabha]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]].

In the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]], lawyer [[Menaka Guruswamy]] became India's first openly LGBTQ+ national-level member of Parliament, elected on behalf of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-menaka-guruswamy-set-to-become-india-first-openly-lgbtq-parliamentarian/article70687017.ece|title=Menaka Guruswamy, TMC’s pick for Rajya Sabha, could become India’s first LGBTQ+ parliamentarian|publisher=The Hindu|date=February 28, 2026}}</ref>

==Intersex rights==
[[File:Protection of intersex children from harmful practices.svg|thumb|right|260px|
{{legend|#002255|Legal prohibition of non-consensual [[Intersex medical interventions|medical interventions]]}}
{{legend|#0066FF|Regulatory suspension of non-consensual medical interventions}}]]
{{further|Intersex human rights|Intersex medical interventions}}
[[File:Inclusion of sex characteristics in anti-discrimination law.svg|thumb|right|260px|
{{legend|#002255|Explicit protection from [[Discrimination against intersex people|discrimination]] on grounds of [[sex characteristics]]}}
{{legend|#0066FF|Explicit protection on grounds of intersex status}}
{{legend|#9FCFFF|Explicit protection on grounds of intersex within attribute of sex}}]]

Intersex issues in India may often be perceived as [[third gender]] issues. The most well-known third gender groups in India are the ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijras]]''. After interviewing and studying ''hijras'' for many years, [[Serena Nanda]] writes in her book, ''Neither Man Nor Woman: The hijras of India'', as follows: "There is a widespread belief in India that hijras are born [[Third Gender]]s [intersex] and are taken away by the hijra community at birth or in childhood, but I found no evidence to support this belief among the hijras I met, all of whom joined the community voluntarily, often in their teens."<ref>Nanda, Serena. Neither Man Nor Woman: The hijras of India, p. xx. Canada: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999</ref> [[Sangam literature]] uses the word ''pedi'' to refer to people born intersex, but the indigenous gender minorities in India were clear about intersex people and referred to them as ''mabedi usili'' and gave a distinct identity to denote them.<ref name="Indian Women Blog">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianwomenblog.org/read-why-gopi-shankar-calls-attention-of-arundhati-roy-to-intersex-community/|publisher= Indian Women Blog.Org|title=Read Why Gopi Shankar Calls Attention Of Arundhati Roy To Intersex Community|access-date=2018-02-03|date= 2017-11-24}}</ref>

=== Physical integrity and bodily autonomy ===
{{See also|Intersex human rights}}
[[Intersex]] persons are not protected from violations to [[Bodily integrity|physical integrity and bodily autonomy]].

Cases of [[infanticide]] have been reported involving infants with obvious intersex conditions at birth, along with a failure to thrive by infants assigned female.<ref name="warne2008">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s11154-008-9084-2| issn = 1389-9155| volume = 9| issue = 3| pages = 227–236| last1 = Warne| first1 = Garry L.| last2 = Raza| first2 = Jamal| title = Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in different cultures| journal = Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders| date = September 2008| pmid=18633712| citeseerx = 10.1.1.469.9016| s2cid = 8897416}}</ref> Medical reports suggest that parents in India prefer to assign infants with intersex conditions as male, with [[intersex medical interventions|surgical interventions]] taking place when parents can afford them.<ref name="rajendran1995">{{Cite journal| volume = 32| last1 = Rajendran| first1 = R| last2 = Hariharan| first2 = S| title = Profile of Intersex Children in South India| journal = Indian Pediatrics| date = 1995| issue = 6| pages = 666–71| pmid = 8613335}}</ref><ref name="sharma2014">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Radha |title=Parents prefer male child in intersex operations in Gujarat |date=February 5, 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=May 10, 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/parents-prefer-male-child-in-intersex-operations-in-gujarat/articleshow/29879738.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.4103/2230-8210.102994| pmid = 23226638| pmc = 3510963| issn = 2230-8210| volume = 16| issue = 6| pages = 935–8| last1 = Gupta| first1 = Devendra| last2 = Sharma| first2 = Shilpa| title = Male genitoplasty for 46 XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients presenting late and reared as males| journal = Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|date = 2012| doi-access = free}}</ref>

In a reply to a letter from the intersex rights activist [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]], the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] replied that "Any kind of invasive medical procedure including sex reassignment operations are done only after thorough assessment of the patient, obtaining justification for the procedure planned to be conducted with the help of appropriate diagnostic test and only after taking a written consent of the patient/guardian".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/activists-say-surgical-correction-intersex-babies-birth-wrong-govt-doesnt-listen-56739 | title = Activists say surgical 'correction' of intersex babies at birth wrong, govt doesn't listen | first = Ragamalika | last = Karthikeyan | work = The News Minute | date = February 3, 2017}}</ref>

Besides male and female, [[Indian passport]]s are available with an [[Legal recognition of intersex people|"O"]] [[Gender identity|sex descriptor]] (for "Other").<ref name="O"/>

On 22 April 2019 the [[Madras High Court]] issued a landmark judgment in which it upheld the marriage rights of transgender women,<ref name="Live Law.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467 |title="Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment] |last=Sebastian |first=Manu |date=April 23, 2019 |website=Live Law |access-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423135248/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467 |archive-date=April 23, 2019}}</ref> and directed the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] to ban [[Intersex medical interventions|sex-selective surgeries on intersex infants]]. Based on the works of intersex activist Gopi Shankar,<ref name="The News Minute">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ban-sex-reassignment-surgeries-intersex-infants-madras-hc-tells-tn-govt-100565|title="Ban sex reassignment surgeries on intersex infants Madras High Court tells Tamil Nadu Govt" - The News Minute|date=23 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> the Court took note of the rampant practice of compulsory medical interventions performed on intersex infants and children.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/ruling-on-intersex-infants-madurai-activist-comes-in-for-praise-by-hc/articleshow/69016201.cms|title=Ruling on intersex infants: Madurai activist comes in for praise by High Court|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> The court further cited examples from Hindu mythology in its ruling, namely the story of [[Iravan]].

===Protection from discrimination===
{{main|Discrimination against intersex people}}

Multiple Indian athletes have been subjected to humiliation, discrimination and loss of work and medals following sex verification.<ref name="kaira2012">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.4103/2230-8210.102980| pmid = 23226629| pmc = 3510954| issn = 2230-8210| volume = 16| issue = 6| pages = 873–5| last1 = Kalra| first1 = Sanjay| last2 = Kulshreshtha| first2 = Bindu| last3 = Unnikrishnan| first3 = Ambika Gopalakrishnan| title = We care for intersex: For Pinky, for Santhi, and for Anamika| journal = Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|date = 2012| doi-access = free}}</ref> The middle-distance runner [[Santhi Soundarajan]], who won the silver medal in [[800 metres]] at the [[2006 Asian Games]] in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]], was stripped of her medal,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/18/asia/AS_SPT_ATH_India_Medalist_Challenged.php| title=Indian silver medalist female runner at Asian Games fails gender test| date=18 December 2006|publisher=International Herald Tribune}}</ref> and later attempted suicide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/news/story?id=2701018 |title=Indian runner fails gender test, loses medal |website=ESPN |date=2006-12-18 |access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061218/asp/sports/story_7153292.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051749/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061218/asp/sports/story_7153292.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 May 2014 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Shanti fails Doha gender test | date=18 December 2006}}</ref> The track athlete [[Pinki Pramanik]] was accused by a female roommate of rape and later charged, gender tested and declared male, though she and other medical experts dispute these claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-14/athletics/35111300_1_pinki-pramanik-medical-experts-medical-report|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103180851/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-14/athletics/35111300_1_pinki-pramanik-medical-experts-medical-report|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Medical experts doubt Pinki Pramanik can rape|date=14 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> The athlete [[Dutee Chand]] won a case against the [[IAAF]] in 2015, enabling women athletes with high testosterone levels to compete as women, on the basis that there is no clear evidence of performance benefits.<ref name="cas2015">{{cite web| publisher = [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]]| last = Court of Arbitration for Sport| title = CAS 2014/A/3759 Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)| date = July 2015| url = http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/award_internet.pdf| access-date = 3 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170704221029/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/award_internet.pdf| archive-date = 4 July 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2016 some sport clinicians stated: "One of the fundamental recommendations published almost 25 years ago ... that athletes born with a [[disorders of sex development|disorder of sex development]] and raised as females be allowed to compete as women remains appropriate".<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.11850| pmid = 27490137| issn = 0098-7484| last1 = Genel M| last2 = Simpson J| last3 = de la Chapelle A| title = The olympic games and athletic sex assignment| journal = JAMA| date = August 4, 2016| volume=316| issue = 13| pages = 1359–1360}}</ref>

===Intersex people in Indian politics===
[[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] was one of the youngest, and the first openly [[intersex]] and [[genderqueer]], candidate to run in an Indian election, contesting a seat in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/intersex-person-to-contest-from-madurai-north/article8539185.ece|title=Intersex person to contest from Madurai North|date=30 April 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="champion">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/3rd-gender-gets-a-new-champion-in-Tamil-Nadu-poll-ring/articleshow/51935940.cms |title=3rd gender gets a new champion in Tamil Nadu poll ring |last=Menon |first=Priya |date=April 22, 2016 |website=The Times of India |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="bodahub">{{cite web|url=http://www.bodahub.com/third-gender-genderqueer/|publisher=bodahub.com|title=Meet and Understand The First Genderqueer Candidate in Indian Politics|access-date=2017-05-12|date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415151724/http://www.bodahub.com/third-gender-genderqueer/|archive-date=15 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/intersex-person-contesting-tn-polls-ze-wants-change-your-mind-sexual-minorities-42103|title=This intersex person is contesting TN polls, 'ze' wants to change your mind on sexual minorities - The News Minute|date=24 April 2016}}</ref>

==Public opinion==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Public opinion on same-sex marriage (2023) based on [[Pew Research Center]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/06/13/how-people-in-24-countries-view-same-sex-marriage/|title=How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage|website=PewResearchCenter|access-date=June 13, 2023}}</ref>
| label1 =Strongly favor
| value1 =28
| color1 = #025
| label2 =Somewhat favor
| value2 =25
| color2 = #06F
| label3 =Not sure
| value3 =4
| color3 =lightgrey
| label4 =Somewhat oppose
| value4 =12
| color4 =red
| label5 =Strongly oppose
| value5 =31
| color5 =darkred
}}

The data on public opinion on LGBTQ rights is limited in India. One of the recent study was conducted by the multinational research firm [[Ipsos]] between 23 April and 7 May 2021. They released a report titled "LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey". Indian participants to survey were selected and polled online.<ref name=":1">{{Cite report
|url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2021-06/LGBT%20Pride%202021%20Global%20Survey%20Report_3.pdf
|title=LGBT+ Pride 2021Global Survey
|date=June 9, 2021
|publisher=Ipsos
|access-date=June 12, 2021}}</ref>{{Efn|The report noted that participants of online surveys from India "tend to be more urban, educated,
and/or affluent than the general population."|group=online}}

According to a 2025 data from the [[Pew Research Center]], opposition to homosexuality in India remains high, with 59% of respondents labeling it "morally unacceptable".

Acceptance towards LGBTQ people is reportedly far higher in top universities, such as the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Delhi University]] and the [[Indian Institutes of Management]]. According to a poll conducted at [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]] in 2015, 72% of respondents agreed that "being homosexual is normal as being heterosexual".<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 17, 2015 |author=Shreya Roy Chowdhury |title=Gay is 'normal' for 72% in IIT-D |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Gay-is-normal-for-72-in-IIT-D/articleshow/49428540.cms|access-date=2019-08-17|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Many institutes have their own LGBTQ clubs, namely ''IKQRAAR'' at [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata|IISER Kolkata]], ''Saathi'' at [[IIT, Bombay|IIT Bombay]], [[Indradhanu: IIT Delhi|''Indradhanu'']] at IIT Delhi, ''Ambar'' at [[IIT KGP|IIT Kharagpur]], ''Unmukt'' at [[IITK|IIT Kanpur]], ''Satrangi'' at [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune|IISER Pune]], ''Anchor'' at [[BITS Pilani]], ''HCQC'' at [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] and more.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Homegrown|title=8 Schools And Colleges In India With In-Campus LGBTQ Support Groups|url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/53174/8-schools-and-colleges-in-india-with-in-campus-lgbt-support-groups|access-date=2019-08-17|website=homegrown.co.in|language=en}}</ref> Another survey in 2019 revealed that over 69% of Indian respondents want same-sex marriages to be legalised.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2020|title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/|access-date=21 December 2020|newspaper=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

=== Visibility and exposure ===

==== 2021 ====
According to Ipsos' online LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey, 59% of the surveyed Indians support LGBTQ people being open about their sexual orientation or gender identity with everyone, 39% support LGBTQ people displaying affection in public (e.g., kissing or holding hands), 56% support openly lesbian, gay and bisexual athletes in sports teams, 55% support more LGBTQ characters on TV, in films and in advertising. The same survey found that 17% of the Indians have a relative, friend or colleague who is [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] (Including [[Gay men|gay]] and [[lesbian]]), 21% have a relative, friend or colleague who is [[Bisexuality|bisexual]], 10% have a relative, friend or colleague who is [[transgender]], 12% have a relative, friend or colleague who is [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]], [[Gender variance|non-conforming]] or [[gender-fluid]].<ref name=":1" />

==== 2022 ====
According to a 2022 survey by the [[World Values Survey]], 62% of Indians "would not like to have homosexuals as neighbors".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp|title=WVS Database|website=worldvaluessurvey.org|access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref>

==== 2023 ====
A poll by [[Gallup, Inc.]] in June 2023 found that 43% of Indians thought that their country was a good place to live for gay people, with a sharp decline compared to the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mccarthy |first=Justin |date=2024-06-28 |title=Almost Half of the World Sees Their Area as Gay-Friendly |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/646646/almost-half-world-sees-area-gay-friendly.aspx |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref>
The percentage of Indian respondents who supported same-sex marriage increased to 53%, including 28% who strongly supported same-sex marriage, whereas the percentage who opposed same-sex marriage decreased to 43%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global survey finds broad acceptance of same-sex marriage in India |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/global-survey-finds-broad-acceptance-of-same-sex-marriage-in-india-604710 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=WION |date=15 June 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Anti-discrimination ===

==== 2017 ====
According to a 2017 poll carried out by [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|ILGA]], 58% of the surveyed Indians agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should have the same rights as straight people, while 30% disagreed. The poll reported that 59% agreed that they should be protected from workplace discrimination. The poll reported that 39% of Indian respondents said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be charged as criminals, while a plurality of 44% disagreed. As for transgender people, 66% agreed that they should have the same rights, 62% believed they should be protected from employment discrimination and 60% believed they should be allowed to change their legal gender.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 2017|title=ILGA-RIWI Global attitudes survey|url=https://ilga.org/what-we-do/ilga-riwi-global-attitudes-survey/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523101715/https://ilga.org/what-we-do/ilga-riwi-global-attitudes-survey/|archive-date=23 May 2018|access-date=7 September 2018|website=igla.org|publisher=The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association}}</ref>

==== 2021 ====
According to Ipsos' LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey, 53% of Indian respondents support laws banning discrimination against LGBTQ people when it comes to employment, access to education, housing and social services, etc. 58% of the surveyed Indians support companies and brands actively promoting equality for LGBTQ people and 53% support transgender athletes competing based on the gender they identify with rather the sex they were assigned at birth.

=== Same-sex marriage ===

According to Ipsos' LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey, 44% of Indian respondents were in favor of legalising same-sex marriage, 14% were in support of allowing some kind of legal recognition for same-sex couples with 18% opposed and 25% chose not to give their opinion.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, the survey found that 56% of the surveyed Indian's current views on same-sex marriage are different than they were five years ago.<ref name=":1" />

According to a 2016 poll by the [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]], 35% of Indian respondents were in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage, with a further 35% opposed.<ref name="ILGA">{{cite web|title=ILGA/RIWI Global Attitudes Survey on LGBTI People|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/Ilga_Riwi_Attitudes_LGBTI_survey_Logo_personal_political.pdf|website=Ilga.org|publisher=International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|date=31 December 2016}}</ref> A survey by the [[Varkey Foundation]] conducted between September and October 2016, found that support for same-sex marriage was higher among 18-21 year old respondents at 53%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/02/daily-chart-10?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/ed/youngpeopleandfreespeech | newspaper=The Economist | title=Young people and free speech | date=15 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Adoption rights ===

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Public opinion on Adoption Rights (2021)<ref name="auto"/>
| label1 = Same-sex couples should have the same adoption rights as opposite-sex couples
| value1 = 66
| color1 = #025
| label2 = Same-sex couples should not have the same adoption rights as opposite-sex couples
| value2 = 21
| color2 = red
| label3 = Not sure
| value3 = 13
| color3 = lightgrey
}}

According to Ipsos LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey, 66% of Indian respondents believed that same-sex couples should have the same adoption rights as opposite sex couples, 21% disagreed and 13% were unsure. Similarly, 59% of Indian respondents think that the same-sex couples are just as likely as other parents to successfully raise children, 26% disagreed and 16% were unsure.<ref name=":1" />

=== Developments in 2023 ===
In 2023 the issue of same-sex marriage and adoption rights was raised before the [[Supreme Court of India]] by the LGBTQ community but the Supreme Court held that it is a matter to be decided by parliament and judiciary cannot frame laws on this subject.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's top court rejects appeal to legalise same-sex marriage |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/17/indias-top-court-rules-against-allowing-same-sex-marriage |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Public support ==
The supportive actions of the larger public for the LGBTQ rights has been documented in the recent study conducted online by the multinational research firm [[Ipsos]] between April 23 and May 7, 2021. They released report titled "LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey".{{Efn|The report noted that participants of online surveys from India "tend to be more urban, educated,
and/or affluent than the general population."|group=online}}

=== Political support ===
Since 2019 Pink List India has provided for the country's first political archive of LGBTQIA stances of Indian politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pink List India |url=https://www.pinklistindia.com/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Pink List India |language=en}}</ref> 116 MPs in the [[Lok Sabha]] have come out in support of LGBTQ rights, most of this support has devolved into limited support for transgender individuals but discussion on same-sex unions tend to be silent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pink List Docket |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vtN1zLxx8vnbLm3jAYwdiYjSLvDIK3Qk/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> The [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]] was passed in parliament with mixed responses from LGBTQIA activists, condemning the act for being regressive, it provided lower penalties for trans women who experienced sexual assault and requires medical intervention for gender change. Despite the little talk on same-sex unions, many MPs have come out against [[Section 377]] and some parties still have shown support for same-sex unions or marriage. The [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party Of India (Marxist)]] are the only parties to come out in support of same-sex unions with the latter including it in its 2019 manifesto<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-28 |title=CPI(M) Election Manifesto 17th Lok Sabha |url=https://cpim.org/pressbriefs/cpim-election-manifesto-17th-lok-sabha |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |language=en}}</ref> and the former releasing a statement at the time a same-sex marriage case was pending before the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EastFx |date=2023-03-16 |title=Protect Rights of LGBTQIA+ Community: CPI - Communist Party of India |url=https://communistpartyofindia.com/protect-rights-of-lgbtqia-community-cpi/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> As of 2019, both parties have a majority of seats in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and are part of the governments in several other states but there seems to be no political will to push for any legislation. The [[Indian National Congress]] has shown some limited support for LGBTQ individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=Securing support for same-sex marriage in India |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2023/07/01/securing-support-for-same-sex-marriage-in-india/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=East Asia Forum |language=en}}</ref> After an October 2023 ruling from the Supreme Court on marriage rights, the party made a statement saying it will have a response subsequently on the verdict.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-17 |title=Always stood with citizens to protect their freedoms and choices: Congress on SC's same sex marriage verdict |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-on-sc-same-sex-marriage-verdict/article67430947.ece |access-date=2023-10-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== 2021 ====
According to Ipsos LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey, 21% of Indians have attended a public event in support of LGBTQ people (e.g., a [[Pride parade|Pride march]]).<ref name=":1" />

=== Social support ===

==== 2021 ====
According to Ipsos LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey, 18% of Indians have attended [[same-sex wedding]], 19% visited a bar or nightclub that primarily caters to LGBTQ people, and 30% have spoken against someone who was being prejudiced against LGBTQ people.<ref name=":1" />

LGBTQ rights activists from India: This category is for people who have specifically been involved in activism around LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) issues. It should ''not'' include LGBTQ people who have been prominent in ''other'' areas of activism. Notable persons like [[Anjali Gopalan]], Shrushti Chavan, Shravani Chavan and [[Celina Jaitly]] who are not LGBTQ persons but their efforts made the Indian Government to decriminalise [[IPC 377]] on 6 September 2018.

== Opposition ==

While there has been support for LGBTQ rights across the nation, there has been equal opposition. Several right-wing organisations like [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]], Karni Sena and many others have opposed rights for same-sex couples. According to the VHP, several leaders classify homosexuality as mental disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/homosexuality-is-a-mental-disease-needs-cure-vhp/|title= Homosexuality is a 'mental disease', needs cure: VHP|date= 17 December 2013|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Several VHP and Bajrang Dal activists have violently targeted LGBTQ parades as well as Pride events across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.newsclick.in/play-about-queers-cancelled-vhp-and-right-wing-organsations-protest|title= Play about Queer Identity Cancelled, As VHP and Right Wing Organisations Protest|date= 15 October 2018}}</ref> The VHP and Bajrang Dal objected on allowing same-sex marriages by calling it a Western attack on Indian culture and supported the Supreme Court's judgment in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.outlookindia.com/national/-same-sex-marriage-sc-s-haste-not-appropriate-could-lead-to-new-disputes-says-vhp-news-280830|title= Vishwa Hindu Parishad's Legal Cell Passes Resolution Against Same-sex Marriage In Two-day Long National Meet|date= 24 April 2023}}</ref>

== Summary table ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Right
! Yes/No
! Note
|-
! colspan="3" | Same-sex sexual activity
|-
| Same-sex sexual activity legal
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| Since 2009-2013, again in 2018 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-to-deliver-verdict-on-consensual-gay-sex-today-all-you-need-to-know-about-section-377/story-cDHgoUNGbm2HzYrveZ3ejP.html | title=Gay sex now a legal right: All you need to know about Section 377 | date=6 September 2018 }}</ref> (''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'')
|-
| Equal age of consent (18)
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| Since 2009-2013, again in 2018<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/now-confusion-over-age-of-consent/articleshow/4739382.cms | title=Now, confusion over age of consent {{pipe}} India News | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="3" | Discrimination protections regarding sexual orientation
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in employment
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]/[[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
| <ref name="discrimination protection"/><ref name="sack"/><ref name="main.sci.gov.in">{{cite web |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2016/14961/14961_2016_Judgement_06-Sep-2018.pdf |title=Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. versus Union of India Thr. Secretary Ministry of Law and Justice |date=2016 |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=June 6, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703201150/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2016/14961/14961_2016_Judgement_06-Sep-2018.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBTI discrimination in employment |url=https://database.ilga.org/discrimination-employment-lgbti |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=ILGA World Database}}</ref>
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
| [[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://database.ilga.org/discrimination-goods-and-services-lgbti |title=Legal Frameworks: Protection against discrimination in the provision of goods and services}}</ref>
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (indirect discrimination and other acts of discrimination)
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]/[[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
|
Only from state and government bodies. The supreme court has interpreted prohibition of discrimination against 'sex' in the [[Indian Constitution]] extends to 'sexual orientation'.<ref name="main.sci.gov.in"/>
|-
! colspan="3" | Recognition of same-sex relationships
|-
| [[Same-sex marriages]]
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
| 1 same-sex marriage recognised back in 2011<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/states-free-enact-laws-recognising-same-sex-marriage-absence-central-law-supreme-court | title=States free to enact laws recognising same-sex marriage in absence of central law: Supreme Court | website=BarandBench | date=17 October 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Civil union|Recognition of same-sex couples]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| Since 2020, limited cohabitation rights granted by some courts <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/lesbian-couple-seeks-protection-from-rajasthan-hc/articleshow/68177532.cms | title=Lesbian couple seeks protection from Rajasthan HC | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=27 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ThePrint2020">{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/cant-marry-but-same-sex-couples-have-right-to-live-together-uttarakhand-high-court/444706/ | title=Can't marry, but same sex couples have right to live together: Uttarakhand High Court|website=Theprint.in | date=19 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/same-sex-couple-fears-threat-from-kin-hc-orders-security/articleshow/79329939.cms | title= Same-sex couple fears threat from kin, Punjab and Haryana HC orders security | newspaper= The Times of India | date= 21 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-high-court-reunites-same-sex-couple-separated-by-parents-101654023669105-amp.html | title=Kerala high court reunites same sex couple separated by parents | date=June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/calcutta-hc-order-gives-homosexual-couples-double-reason-to-celebrate-valentines-day-this-time-2036855.html | title=Calcutta High Court ruled that consensual cohabitation between two adults of the same sex is not illegal. | date=14 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/love-knows-no-bound-has-expanded-its-bounds-to-include-same-sex-relationships-orissa-hc-allows-same-sex-live-in-couple-161947 | title=Orissa HC Allows Same-Sex Live-In Couple To Stay Together | date=25 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/allahabad-hc-gives-same-sex-couple-in-live-in-relationship-cop-cover/articleshow/87790436.cms | title=Allahabad HC gives same-sex couple in live-in relationship cop cover |author=Rajesh Kumar Pandey |date=19 November 2021 |website=Times of India |access-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119003918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/allahabad-hc-gives-same-sex-couple-in-live-in-relationship-cop-cover/articleshow/87790436.cms |archive-date=November 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gujarat-lesbian-police-couple-knocks-hc-seeking-safety-from-family-865815.html | title=Gujarat: Lesbian police couple knocks HC seeking safety from family | date=26 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-hc-grants-protection-to-same-sex-interfaith-couple-fearing-threats-from-family/article66924115.ece/ | title=Delhi HC grants protection to same-sex interfaith couple fearing threats from family | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-news-bombay-hc-orders-police-to-provide-protection-to-same-sex-couple | title=Bombay HC Orders Police To Provide Protection To Same-Sex Couple | newspaper=The Free Press Journal | date=5 July 2023 }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=June 2025}}
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | Adoption and family planning
|-
| Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
|
|-
| [[LGBT adoption|Adoption by LGBTQ individuals]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
|
|-
| [[LGBT adoption|Joint adoption by same-sex couples]]
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
|
|-
| International joint adoption by same-sex couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
|
|-
| Access to In vitro fertilization for lesbians
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px]]
| Since 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhi-ivf.com/same-sex-parenting-in-india/#|title=No law prohibits lesbians from adopting child after the decriminalization of homosexuality|website=Delhi IVF|access-date=June 15, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Commercial surrogacy for LGBTQ individuals/ couples
|[[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
| Commercial surrogacy prohibited regardless of sexual orientation
|-
| Altruistic [[surrogacy]] for LGBTQ individuals/ couples
| [[File: X mark.svg|15px|No]]
| Court decision pending<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/ivf-specialist-moves-supreme-court-challenging-provisions-of-surrogacy-regulation-act-art-act-207695| title="Infringes Reproductive Rights" : IVF Specialist Moves Supreme Court Challenging Provisions Of Surrogacy Regulation Act & ART Act|date=28 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| Automatic parenthood on birth certificates for children of same-sex couples
| [[File: X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Gender identity
|-
| Right to change legal gender
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| Since 2014;<ref name="nalsajudgement"/> Medical intervention required <ref>{{cite web | url=https://transgender.dosje.gov.in/Applicant/FAQ/Index | title=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India }}</ref>
|-
| Coverage for sex reassignment surgery
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px]]
| Since 2022<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-to-roll-out-transgender-scheme-tomorrow/articleshow/89490336.cms|title=Ayushman Bharat would cover all aspects of transition related healthcare for TG persons, including coverage for hormone therapy, sex re-assignment surgery inclusive of post operation formalities.|newspaper=The Times of India|date=11 February 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Intersex]] minors protected from invasive surgical procedures
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px]]/[[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
| Banned only in the state of Tamil Nadu;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/%3famp|title=1st in India & Asia, and 2nd globally, Tamil Nadu bans sex-selective surgeries for infants|website=ThePrint|access-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref> pending in Delhi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/intersex-infants-hc-gives-govt-time-to-consider-dcpcrs-view/articleshow/93222641.cms|title=HC gives govt 8 weeks time to consider Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights's view|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 July 2022 |access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Third gender]] option
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| Since 2014<ref name="nalsajudgement"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27031180 | title=India court recognises transgender people as third gender | work=BBC News | date=15 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws covering gender identity and gender expression in all aspects.
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px]]
| Since 2019
|-
| Trans women protected under [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005|Domestic Violence Act]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| Since 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/india/bombay-hc-transgender-person-becoming-woman-after-surgery-can-seek-relief-under-domestic-violence-act-7431607.html|title=Transgender Person Becoming Woman After Surgery Can Seek Relief Under Domestic Violence Act|website=News18|date=31 March 2023 |access-date=April 1, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="3" | Other rights
|-
| Homosexuality declassified as an illness
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px]]
| rowspan="2" |Never classified as illnesses by the Indian Psychiatric Society<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianpsychiatricsociety.org/ips-position-statement-regarding-lgbtq/|title=IPS: Position statement regarding LGBTQ|website=Indian Psychiatric Society|access-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Transgender identity declassified as an illness
| [[File: Yes check.svg|15px]]
|-
| LGBTQ individuals allowed to serve openly in the military
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
| Court decision pending, proposed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/talks-on-in-armed-forces-on-possible-entry-of-transgenders-study-group-formed-9025524/|title=Talks on in Armed Forces on possible entry of transgender persons, study group formed|website=TheIndianExpress|date=14 November 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Hate crime laws include sexual orientation and gender identity
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
|
|-
| [[Conversion therapy]] banned
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px]]/[[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
| Medical professionals are barred from practicing conversion therapy since 2022. However, it is still widely practiced due to absence of a law.<ref name="news.sky.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/cure-therapy-ban-to-training-for-police-madras-high-court-reaches-out-to-lgbtq-7348680/lite/|title='Cure therapy' ban to training for police: Madras HC reaches out to LGBTQ|website=IndianExpress|date=8 June 2021 |access-date=June 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="reuters.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2021-06/cbae3182-93ff-4d60-a3d9-83dbfa849cf9/S_Sushma_v_Commissioner_of_Police.pdf|title=IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS DATED : 07.06.2021 : CORAM THE HON'BLE MR.JUSTICE N.ANAND VENKATESH|website=Images.assettype.com|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/national-medical-commission-forbids-conversion-therapy/articleshow/89736068.cms | title=National Medical Commission forbids conversion therapy {{pipe}} India News | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=22 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Men who have sex with men|MSMs]] allowed to donate blood
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px]]
| Court decision pending <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/do-guidelines-on-blood-donation-stigmatise-transgender-persons-supreme-court-asks | title=Do guidelines on blood donation stigmatise transgender persons? Supreme Court asks|website=BarandBench|date=14 May 2025 |access-date=May 17, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|India|LGBTQ}}
* [[Human rights in India]]
* [[Anish Gawande]], first openly gay individual to be appointed as a national spokesperson of a major political party in India
* [[LGBTQ rights in Asia]]
* [[LGBTQ culture in India]]
* [[National Council for Transgender Persons]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|group=online}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|pinpoint=W.P.No. 7284 of 2021|url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2021-06/cbae3182-93ff-4d60-a3d9-83dbfa849cf9/S_Sushma_v_Commissioner_of_Police.pdf}}
* [https://qamra.in/?p=3299 SECTION 377 IPC], archival collection at QAMRA

{{LGBT in India}}{{LGBT Rights Case Law in India|state=collapsed}}{{Asia topic|LGBTQ rights in}}
{{India topics}}
{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India| ]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Human rights in India]]

Bhaijaan Elo Re

2026-04-15T12:58:15Z

Inventaa:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhaijaan Elo Re
| image = Bhaijaan Elo Re film poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ashok Dhanuka]] || [[Himanshu Dhanuka]]}}
| screenplay = Pele Bhattacharya [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shakib Khan]] || [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] || [[Payel Sarkar]] || [[Rajatabha Dutta]] || [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] || Saruar Abedin}}
| music = {{ubl|[[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] || Dolaan Maainnakk}}
| editing = [[Rabiranjan Moitra]]
| studio = FB Ltd Productions
| distributor = [[Eskay Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|06|15|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Bhaijaan Elo Re''''' ({{Translation|Dear Brother is Coming}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Bengali language|Bangla-language]] [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Joydip Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/1438001/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF |script-title=bn:‘শিকারি’ জুটির নতুন ছবি |newspaper=Prothom Alo |date=24 February 2018 |language=bn|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/dhallywood/popular-actor-shakib-khan-srabanti-chatterjee-bhaijaan-elo-re-1581547|title='Bhaijaan Elo Re'|date=26 May 2018|work=The Daily Star|access-date=1 June 2018|language=en}}</ref> A remake of [[Ranjit Mallick]] starrer 1982 film ''[[Shathe Shathyang]]'', film stars [[Shakib Khan]] and [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/srabanti-to-shoot-for-bhaijaan-elo-re-in-london/articleshow/63532261.cms|title=Srabanti to shoot for Bhaijaan Elo Re in London|last=Ganguly|first=Ruman|date=29 March 2018|website=Times of India|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.thedailynewnation.com/news/169697/srabanti-to-shoot-for-bhaijaan-elo-re-in-london |title=Srabanti to shoot for Bhaijaan Elo Re in London |newspaper=New Nation |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043603/http://m.thedailynewnation.com/news/169697/srabanti-to-shoot-for-bhaijaan-elo-re-in-london |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Payel Sarkar]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/110440/shakib-khan-srabanti-sign-new-film-bhaijaan-elo-re|title=Shakib Khan-Srabanti sign new film Bhaijaan Elo Re|website=dailyasianage.com|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bhaijaan-elo-re-poster-shakib-khan-stars-alongside-srabanti-and-paayel/articleshow/64105195.cms|title='Bhaijaan Elo Re' poster: Shakib Khan stars alongside Srabanti and Paayel|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 May 2018 |access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ittefaq.com.bd/entertainment/2018/02/23/148249.html |script-title=bn:শ্রাবন্তী-পায়েলের সাথে শাকিবের ‘ভাইজান’ |newspaper=The Daily Ittefaq |language=bn |access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> The cast also includes [[Rajatabha Dutta]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], Shahed Ali, [[Monira Mithu]], Saruar Abedin and [[Deepa Khandakar]]. The film is produced by FB Ltd Productions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sonalinews.com/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%C2%A0/40025 |script-title=bn:শাকিবের চালবাজ শুটিং হবে লন্ডনে |date=11 January 2018 |work=Sonalinews.com |access-date=16 January 2018|language=bn}}</ref>

The film marks the fourth collaboration between [[Shakib Khan]] and director [[Joydeep Mukherjee]] and also the second collaboration between Khan and actress Srabanti after the film ''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]'', which was directed by Mukherjee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/news/171586/Shakib-Srabanti-to-pair-up-once-again|title=Shakib, Srabanti to pair up once again |date=11 May 2018|work=Prothom Alo|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Separated at birth, after 28 years Bhai and Jaan grow up to be as different from each other as can be. While Bhai is outspoken and a little bit of a troublemaker a daring costume designer, Jaan is quite shy and timid. After years of being apart, fate brings the two brothers together, and things take an interesting turn from this point.

==Cast==
* [[Shakib Khan]] as Ajaan/Ujaan
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] as Hiya
* [[Payel Sarkar]] as Runa
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Hiya's Father
* [[Deepa Khandakar]] as Ajaan and Ujaan's Didi
* [[Monira Mithu]] as Shanti
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as Sudhir Mukharjee
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Ajaan's friend
* Mridul Sen
* Sourav Ghosh
* Chitrabhanu Basu
* Donna Preston
* Sukanya Bhattacharya
* Kiriti Karjilal
* Jayanta Hore
* Amitabh Bhattacharya as Doctor
* Poltu Polle
* Somor Pal
* Anindo Sarkar
* Dola Chakraborty
* Nibedita Bagchi
* Barun Chakraborty
* Sudip Mitra
* [[Mousumi Saha]]
* Lee Nicholas Harris as Police officer
* Richard Banks as Police officer 3
* Olga Savic as Plane Passenger
* Iman Zand as Police officer 2
* Romel Onuoha as Mugger
*

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] and in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2018/03/01/bhaijan-elo-re-shooting-kolkata-uk/|title='Bhaijan Elo Re' shooting in Kolkata and UK|date=11 May 2018|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhaijaan Elo Re
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Savvy Gupta]] & Dolaan Maainnakk
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Eskay Movies]]
| producer = {{flat list|
[[Savvy Gupta]]
}}
| prev_title = Chaalbaaz
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = Dolaan Maainnakk
| type = sountrack
| prev_title = Kuheli
| prev_year = 2016
| title = Bhaijaan Elo Re
| year = 2018
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
}}

The soundtrack of ''Bhaijaan Elo Re'' is composed by [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] & Dolaan Mainnakk. The first song from the soundtrack, "[[Baby Jaan]]", is sung by [[Nakash Aziz]] & [[Antara Mitra]]. The music video of "[[Baby Jaan]]" received an overwhelming response on [[YouTube]], creating a record of becoming the fastest [[Bengali language]] music video to reach 1 million (10 lakh) views within 24 Hours. The second song from the soundtrack, "Tor Naam", also became popular among audiences in [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]]. The title track has been sung by popular [[Bollywood]] singer [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]].

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Baby Jaan]]
| length1 = 3:30
| lyrics1 = Dolaan Maainnakk
| music1 = Dolaan Maainnakk
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]] & [[Antara Mitra]]
| title2 = Likhechhi Tor Nam
| lyrics2 = Dolaan Maainnakk
| music2 = Dolaan Maainnakk
| extra2 = Raj Burman
| length2 = 3:48
| title3 = [[Bhaijaan Eid E Elo Re (Title Song)]]
| note3 =
| length3 = 3:32
| lyrics3 = Rajiv Dutta
| music3 = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| extra3 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
| title4 = Hati Hati Paye Paye
| length4 = 3:24
| lyrics4 = Dolan Mainaak
| music4 = Dolan Mainaak
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & Madhuraa Bhattacharya
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length =
}}Notes

* "Baby Jaan" is programmed by Dolaan Maainnakk, mixed and mastered by Subhadeep Mitra, and features guitars played by Shomu Seal.
* "Tor Naam" is programmed by Dolaan Mainnakk, mixed and mastered by Subhadeep Mitra, and features guitars played by Raja Choudhury and additional vocals by Kinjal Chattopadhyay.
* "Bhaijaan Eid E Elo Re" is programmed by Praveen Paul, mixed and mastered by Subhadeep Mitra, and features guitars played by Somu Seal.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt8051738|title=Bhaijaan Elo Re}}

{{Joydip Mukherjee}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaijaan Elo Re}}
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joydip Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Films about twins]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:2018 masala films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:British Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films about telepathy]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works of a series]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Eskay Movies films]]

Danta Ramgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:15Z

Inventaa: started new details - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Danta Ramgarh
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-36-Danta Ramgarh.svg
| mla = Virendra Singh
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Sikar]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 36
}}

'''Danta Ramgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency]].

Danta Ramgarh constituency covers all voters from [[Dantaramgarh|Danta Ramgarh tehsil]] excluding [[Losal Municipal Board]], [[Bhagatpura]], [[Bheema, Sikar|Bheema]], [[Jana, Sikar|Jana]], [[Sangalia]] and [[Khood]] of [[Losal|ILRC Losal]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!#
! Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1. ||1951 || [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}<ref name="election1951">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_Raj.pdf 1951 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2. ||1957 || [[Madan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 3. ||1962 || [[Jagan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 4. ||1967 || [[Madan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 5. ||1972 || [[Narayan Singh Burdak]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 6. ||1977 || Madan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 7. ||1980 || [[Narayan Singh Burdak]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 8. ||1985 || [[Narayan Singh Burdak]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 9. ||1990 || [[Ajay Singh Chautala]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 10. ||1993 || [[Narayan Singh Burdak]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 11. ||1998 || [[Narayan Singh Burdak]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 12. ||2003 || [[Narayan Singh Burdak]]<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 13. ||2008 || [[Amra Ram]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 14. ||2013 || [[Narayan Singh Burdak]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|15
|2018
|[[Virendra Singh (Danta Ramgarh)|Virendra Singh Burdak]]
|-
|16. ||2023
|[[Virendra Singh (Danta Ramgarh)|Virendra Singh Burdak]]<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.153.31/result2018/Rpt_Result_ConstituencyWise_Detail.aspx?cid=36&rURL=1|title=Assembly Elections 2018|website=164.100.153.31|access-date=2018-12-17|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202328/http://164.100.153.31/result2018/Rpt_Result_ConstituencyWise_Detail.aspx?cid=36&rURL=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
* Virendra Singh (Congress) : 105,000 votes. won by 7,000 votes near incumbent candidate
* BJP’s Gajanand Kumawat : 98,000 votes.
* Virendra Singh's wife, JJP’s Rita Chaudhary, was a distant fourth, polling 1,597

{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Virendra Singh Burdak
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:99413}}
|percentage = 45.03
|change = +10.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gajanand Kumawat
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:91416}}
|percentage = 41.41
|change = +7.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Amra Ram]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:20891}}
|percentage = 9.46
|change = -14.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1400}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = +0.0
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7997}}
|percentage = 3.62
|change = +3.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:220759}}
|percentage = 76.13
|change = +2.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Danta Ramgarh<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Virendra Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:64931}}
|percentage = 34.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harish Chand Kumawat
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:64011}}
|percentage = 33.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Amra Ram]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:45186}}
|percentage = 23.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kalu Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3661}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijendra
|votes = {{formatnum:2782}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hanuman Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1750}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1188}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:920}}
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188701}}
|percentage = 73.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Danta Ramgarh<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Narayan Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 60926
|percentage = 36.84
|change = +5.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Harish Chandra
|votes = 60351
|percentage = 36.49
|change = +11.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Amra Ram]]
|votes = 30142
|percentage = 18.23
|change = -16.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1999
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Danta Ramgarh<ref name="election2008"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Amra Ram]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 45909
|percentage = 34.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narayan Singh
|votes = 40990
|percentage = 31.1
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|27.26|75.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Sikar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Satish Kumar Sah

2026-04-12T00:59:06Z

Inventaa: Put Up Some Biography From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satish Kumar Sah
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Bihar Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Laukaha Assembly constituency|Laukaha]]
| term_start1 = 2025
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Bharat Bhushan Mandal]]
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations = Hari Prasad Sah (Father)
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''Satish Kumar Sah''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). He is from the Laukaha of the [[Madhubani district]], Bihar. He studied up to the 8th standard in a school located in Nirmali Supaul. Belonging to the [[Janata Dal (United)]] party (JDU), he contested and won the [[Laukaha Assembly constituency|Laukaha assembly constituency]] general election of Bihar Legislative Assembly in the year 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=2761 |title=Bihar 2025 |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Laukaha<ref>{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0440.htm | access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/bihar/laukaha-constituency-result-4040 | title=Laukaha Assembly Election 2025 | accessdate=24 November 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Satish Kumar Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:111761}}
|percentage = 48.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bharat Bhushan Mandal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86250}}
|percentage = 37.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5755}}
|percentage = 2.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25511}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230783}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gurinder Singh Garry Birring

2026-04-07T14:02:05Z

Inventaa: started biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gurinder Singh Garry Birring
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Amloh Assembly constituency|Amloh]]
| majority = 24,663
| predecessor = [[Randeep Singh Nabha]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Mandi Gobindgarh
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = India
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education = [[Masters in Business Administration]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Gurinder Singh Garry Birring''' is an Indian Politician and a member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Amloh Assembly constituency]] since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Debutante politician, who ran school at Singhu border during farmer protests wins Amloh for AAP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/debutante-politician-who-ran-school-at-singhu-border-during-farmer-protests-wins-amloh-for-aap-101646911786881.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Amloh Punjab Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates : Gurinder Singh of AAP wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/amloh-punjab-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-4857377.html |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amloh, Punjab Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/story/amloh-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922898-2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amloh, Punjab Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/amloh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-punjab-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425385-2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Amloh Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Accounts|Committee on Public Accounts]]<ref name="List Public Accounts">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=35&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Amloh Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Amloh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Amloh
| before= [[Randeep Singh Nabha]] (INC)
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garry, Gurinder Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Sanjivani Jadhav

2026-04-06T15:43:22Z

Inventaa: Put Up Initial Data First Draft

{{short description|Indian long-distance runner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox Sportsperson
| name = Sanjivani Jadhav
| image = Women 5000M Bronze Medalist Sanjivani Jadhav.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|07|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| residence =
| height = 1.54 m
| weight = 38 kg
| sport = [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]
| event = [[5000 m]], [[10,000 m]]
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Bhubaneswar]]|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 5000 metres|5000 m]]}}
{{Medal|Competition | [[Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]] }}
{{Medal|Silver | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | 3000 m }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Summer Universiade|Universiade]]}}
{{Medal|Silver |[[2017 Summer Universiade|2017 Taipei]]|10000m}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Cross Country Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2017 Asian Cross Country Championships|2018 Guiyang]]|Senior Race}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2014 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|2014 Taipei]]|3000m}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships|2019 Doha]]|[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 10000 metres|10,000 m]]}}

| show-medals = yes
| education = [[University of Pune]]<ref>[https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/eng/zb/engzb_athletics-athlete-profile-n163138-jadhav-sanjivani-baburao.htm 2017 Universiade bio]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}
'''Sanjivani Baburao Jadhav''' (born 12 July 1996) is an Indian long-distance athlete at 5000m and 10,000m.<ref name="ban">{{Cite web |last=Y.B.Sarangi |title=Sanjivani gets two-year doping ban, to lose her Asian medal |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/sanjivani-jadhav-long-distance-runner-handed-two-year-suspension-for-doping/article28590718.ece |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Sportstar |date=19 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She had won a bronze medal at 5000m at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]].

==Life==
Jadhav was born in [[Nashik]] which is a city in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="sportsn">{{Cite web|url=http://sportsnest.org/athletes/|title=Athletes|website=sportsnest.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-13|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415053440/http://sportsnest.org/athletes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She attended [[Bhonsala Military College]] where she combined her ambition for sport with that of becoming a civil servant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-silver-winning-sanjeevani-jadhav-from-maharashtra-at-olympiad-wants-to-become-civil-servant-1931496|title=Silver-winning Sanjeevani Jadhav from Maharashtra at Olympiad wants to become civil servant|date=2013-12-08|work=dna|access-date=2017-07-13|language=en-US}}</ref> She had initially tried her hand in wrestling and even participated in National level tournaments before taking the plunge to track and field after coach Vijender Singh convinced her parents. She was identified as an outstanding athlete and supported by SportsNest who nurture sports athletes. In 2013 she won three medals at the 1st Asian School Athletics Meet. She came second in the 2016 Delhi marathon.<ref name=sportsn/>

She is coached by Vijender Singh who trained [[Kavita Raut]]. In 2017 she won a bronze medal at the Asian Athletic games in Odisha during the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 5000 metres]].<ref name="express">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/another-middle-distance-star-emerges-from-nashik-4739302/|title=Sanjivani Jadhav: Another middle-distance star emerges from Nashik|date=2017-07-07|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-13|language=en-US}}</ref> She was fifth in the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 10,000 metres|Women's 10,000 metre at the same event]]. In 2018 she took a bronze medal in the 8 km event as part of the [[Asian Cross Country Championships]] in Guiyang. The gold and silver were taken by [[Li Dan (runner)|Li Dan]] of China and Japanese [[Abe Yukari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/sanjeevani-jadhav-wins-bronze-in-asian-cross-country-championship/story-euicVEXZykXbzMrDQdsKpK.html|title=Sanjeevani Jadhav wins bronze in Asian Cross Country Championship|date=2018-03-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref>

In 2018, she has received the Shiv Chhatrapati Award from the Government of Maharashtra.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Sanjivani}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Athletes from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2017 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Vedavathi Alladhu Seetha Jananam

2026-04-05T10:40:54Z

Inventaa: Put Up Initial Page With Sources

{{Blacklisted-links|1=
*https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf
*:''Triggered by <code>\bfiles\.wordpress\.com\b</code> on the global blacklist''|bot=Cyberbot II|invisible=true}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vedavathi or Seetha Jananam
| image = Vedavathi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[T. R. Raghunath]]
| producer = Raja Chandrasekar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|[[Ramayana]] Indian Epic}}
| starring = M. R. Krishnamoorthy R. Balasubramaniam [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[M. G. Chakrapani]] [[K. Thavamani Devi]] Kolar Rajam
| narrator =
| music = T. K. Jeyarama Iyer
| cinematography = T. E. Cooper
| editing =
| studio = Shyamala Pictures<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1941.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20161121155516/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1941.asp|archivedate=21 November 2016}}</ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1941|1|11|India}}<ref name=poster1>[https://archive.org/details/VedavathiCast Vedavathi cast]</ref>
| runtime =
| country = [[British Raj|India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vedavathi Alladhu Seetha Jananam''''' ({{translation|Birth of Vedavathi or [[Sita]]}}) is a 1941 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by T. R. Raghunath.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=653 |url=https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf}}</ref> The film featured M. R. Krishnamoorthy and [[K. Thavamani Devi]] in the lead roles.

==Cast==
The names in this list were adapted from the film poster.<ref name=poster1 />
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*M. R. Krishnamoorthi as Naradar
*[[R. Balasubramaniam]] as Ravanan
*P. G. Venkatesan as Vibhishanan
*[[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. Ramchandar]] as Indrajit
*V. S. Mani as Ramar - Vishnu
*V. Nataraj as Bhrahaspathi - Naradar
*[[M. G. Chakrapani]] as Janakar - Kuberan
*[[P. S. Veerappa]]n as Indran
*S. Nandaram as Yaman
*K. S. Velayutham as Nandhi - Hanuman
*N. S. Velappan as Nalakooparan
*V. Srinivasa Sastri as Agni
*K. Ramaswamy Iyer as Kumbakarnan
*S. Ramudu as Varunan
*P. Govindasamy as Sivan
*T. V. Krishnaswamy as Sooriyan
* P. Lakshmanasami as Lakshmanan
*M. Sankararaman as Vaayu
*A. C. Sundaram as Messenger
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*Kolar Rajam as Mandodhari
*[[K. Thavamani Devi]] as Vedavathi - Seetha
*[[Kumari Rukmini]] as Rambai
*M. S. Saroja as Menaka
*T. N. Sundaramma as Lakshmi
*M. V. Kunjammal as Urvasi
*M. S. Sundarambal as Thilothama
*G. S. Saraswathi as Bhoodevi
*V. S. Kausalya as Parvathi
*Visalakshi as Soorpanagai
;Aakasa Vani
*[[N. S. Krishnan]]
*[[T. A. Mathuram]]
{{col-end}}

==Crew==
The names in this list was adapted from the film poster.<ref name=poster2>[https://archive.org/details/VedavathiCrew Vedavathi crew]</ref>
*Producer – Raja Chandrasekar
*Director – [[T. R. Raghunath]]
*Cinematography – T. E. Cooper
*Audiography – A. Krishnaiyer
*Art – F. Nagoor
*Studio – Newtone

==Production==
Most of the early films in Tamil were reproduction of stage dramas. Some films even opened with a screen going up. The stage dramas usually had a main title and an alternate title. Thus this film also had two titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilelibrary.org/teliwp/archives/25|title=Evolution of Tamil Stage Plays to Silent Movies to Present Cinema|publisher=tamilelibrary.org|author=Kalyan|date=6 April 2008|accessdate=13 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412235741/http://tamilelibrary.org/teliwp/archives/25|archivedate=12 April 2017}}</ref>

A comedy short film titled ''Aakaasa Vaani'' featuring [[N. S. Krishnan]] and [[T. A. Mathuram]] was included in the film.<ref name=poster1 />

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by T. K. Jeyarama Iyer while the lyrics were penned by [[Papanasam Sivan]] and P. R. Rajagopala Iyer.<ref name=poster2 /> M. R. Krishnamoorthy and K. Thavamani Devi sang most of the songs.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Maara Janaka... Sri Ramana" || rowspan=2|M. R. Krishnamoorthy || || 03:16
|-
| 2 || "Idhu Enna Urakkam" || || 03:23
|-
| 3 || "Prema Sanga Sugam" || rowspan=2|P. G. Venkadesan || || 03:39
|-
| 4 || "Ulagile" || || 03:41
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{youTube|8DPv445rtdk|Sree Ramana}}
*{{youTube|yRqdc3H32bc|Idhu Enna Urakkam}}
*{{IMDb title|0259086}}

[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Raghunath]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1941 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]

Saurabh Shukla

2026-03-27T08:42:48Z

Inventaa: reworked citations for accuracy and corrected details

{{short description|Indian actor (born March 1963)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Saurabh Shukla graces the screening of Sonata.jpg
| caption = Shukla at the screening of Sonata
| alt = Saurabh Shukla
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|5 March 1963}}{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor, film director, screenwriter
| yearsactive = 1984–present
| website =
}}

'''Saurabh Shukla''' (born 5 March 1963) is an Indian actor, screenwriter, and film director who works in [[Hindi]] and a few [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He is best known for his roles in ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998), ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak: The Real Hero]]'' (2001), ''[[Yuva]]'' (2004), ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006), ''[[Barfi!]]'' (2012), ''[[Jolly LLB]]'' (2013); for the latter, he won the [[61st National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name=diff>{{cite web |title=61st National Film Awards For 2013 |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf# |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |date=16 April 2014 |access-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Other notable films are ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' (2014), ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014), ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]'' (2017)'' and [[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]'' (2018). He has also worked in a short documentary with Ruth Agnihotri and Rachael Agnihotri in [[Goa]].

==Early life==
Born to Jogamaya Shukla, who was the first female tabla player of India and Shatrughan Shukla, a vocalist from [[Agra gharana|Agra Gharana]], Shukla's family left [[Gorakhpur]] for [[Delhi]] when he was two years old. He completed his schooling from Ludlow Castle No 3 (behind I P College) [[Delhi]] and did graduation from [[SGTB Khalsa College|S.G.T.B. Khalsa College]], Delhi. His professional career began in 1984 with entry into the theatre.<ref name="rediff-1998-interview">[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/sep/18sau.htm Fat lot of good] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127032335/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/sep/18sau.htm |date=27 January 2009 }} Rediff, 1998.</ref>

==Career==
Shukla began pursuing theatre in 1986 with roles in plays like ''[[A View From The Bridge]]'' ([[Arthur Miller]]), ''[[Look Back in Anger]]'' ([[John Osborne]]), ''[[Ghashiram Kotwal]]'' ([[Vijay Tendulkar]]) and ''Hayvadan''. In 1991, he joined the NSD Repertoire Company – the professional wing of the [[National School of Drama]] – as an actor.<ref name="rediff-1998-interview" /> The following year, he got his first break when [[Shekhar Kapur]], impressed with his work, roped him in for a role in ''[[Bandit Queen]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/19shukla.htm |title=Shekhar Kapur told me to remain an actor |access-date=14 November 2006 |archive-date=22 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322045852/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/19shukla.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shukla also played the role of [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]'s [[sidekick]] Gopi in the 1994 [[Doordarshan]] [[crime drama]] ''[[Tehkikaat]]''. The series was directed by [[Karan Razdan]], but Shekhar Kapur directed the first episode. He also wrote and acted in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[9 Malabar Hill]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/red-alert/1038066/|title=Red alert - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2016-07-06|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011202959/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/red-alert/1038066/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He also appeared in a recurring albeit a short role of an Aamir's Jasoos (chieftain's spy) in the 1990s Doordarshan TV serial [[Mulla Nasiruddin]], which had [[Raghubir Yadav]] in the lead role. The series was based on the folklore of Mulla Nasiruddin.

Shukla is also a part of a comic theater play ''2 to Tango, 3 to Jive.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saurabh Shukla hits a century with his play '2 To Tango 3 To Jive'!|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saurabh-shukla-hits-a-century-with-his-play-2-to-tango-3-to-jive-2443327|date=18 May 2017|website=DNA India|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203000/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saurabh-shukla-hits-a-century-with-his-play-2-to-tango-3-to-jive-2443327|archive-date=11 October 2020|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

===Breakthrough (1998–present)===
Shukla's biggest break came when he co-wrote the script for [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s 1998 cult classic ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' and played the role of gangster Kallu Mama in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/24shukla.htm |title=Beyond Kallu Mama |access-date=19 June 2008 |archive-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726200710/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/24shukla.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He won the [[Star Screen Awards|Star Screen Award]] for Best Screenplay alongside [[Anurag Kashyap (director)|Anurag Kashyap]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=20th Annual Life OK Screen Awards/ Winners|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-winners-24/|website=The Indian Express|date=2014-01-31|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>

"Why do I make realistic films, like Satya? Because that's the kind of films I like to do. Capturing reality is very difficult and challenging," he said in a 2000 interview to [[Rediff.com]], making it clear that he prefers realism in his scripts. In the same interview he also talked about his preferred genre of film making – [[comedy]]:
{{cquote|If you carefully see my work, it is all [comedy]. We usually categorize subjects as comedy and serious. But there is more than just this. Like when we laugh, we sometimes also cry. There can be certain viciousness to this action if there is too much of it. It is the same with romance, which gets too much after a point. There is always a comic element in every situation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/broadband/2000/sep/29lead.htm |title=The Black Comedy of Saurabh Shukla |access-date=14 November 2006 |archive-date=22 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322050207/http://www.rediff.com/broadband/2000/sep/29lead.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

In 2003, he wrote the screenplay for ''[[Calcutta Mail]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saurabh Shukla on screenwriting - “I don’t think that words alone carry meaning”|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/interview-saurabh-shukla-on-screenwriting-i-don-t-think-that-words-alone-carry-meaning-101649673568643.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2022-04-11|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref> He received his first award for this film, the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay]]. In 2008, he acted in his first international film, the [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] and [[Academy Award]]-winning ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', as the character Constable Srinivas. In 2013, he appeared as policeman Sudhanshu Dutta in ''[[Barfi!]]'', a film through which director [[Anurag Basu]] and co-actor [[Ranbir Kapoor]], he said, "revived [him] as an actor".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Sampada|title=From gaining popularity as a credible actor to winning a National Award, Saurabh Shukla's journey has been tremendous|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saurabh-shukla-kallu-mama-jolly-llb-5085421/|access-date=5 March 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=5 March 2018|archive-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305041307/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saurabh-shukla-kallu-mama-jolly-llb-5085421/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Hindi films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-1982|| ''[[Gandhi]]''|| Extra
| 1994 || ''[[Bandit Queen]]''|| Kailash ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]'' || Vilas Pandey ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''[[Kareeb]]'' || Birju's father ||
|-
| ''[[Zakhm]]'' || Gurdayal Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' || Kallu Mama ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999 || ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' || Banerjee ||
|-
| ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Saxena ||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' || Mr. Malhotra "Chhotey" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2000 || ''[[Hey Ram]]'' || Manohar Lalwani || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar!!]]'' || Gaitonde ||
|-
| ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' || Sanjana's father ||
|-
| ''Snip!'' || Munna ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001 || ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak: The Real Hero]]'' || Pandurang ||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Teraa Ghar Yeh Meraa Ghar]]'' || Mama Kaanden ||
|-
| ''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]'' || Kale ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' || Lachhu Mama ||
|-
| ''[[Karz: The Burden of Truth]]'' || Suraj's drunk friend || Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2003 || ''[[Yeh Dil]]'' || Economics Teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Calcutta Mail]]'' || Ghatak ||
|-
| ''[[Raghu Romeo]]'' || Mario ||
|-
| ''[[Xcuse Me]]'' || Hotel Manager||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Matinee]]'' || Nitin Kapoor ||
|-
| ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'' || Senior Bihari Constable ||
|-
| ''[[Mudda - The Issue]]'' || Dinanath ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Yuva]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005 || ''[[Mumbai Xpress (2005 film)|Mumbai Xpress]]'' || Kishore Mehta ||
|-
| ''[[Yakeen (2005 film)|Yakeen]]'' || Chamanlal ||
|-
| ''[[Home Delivery]]'' || Pandey ||
|-
| ''[[Kal: Yesterday and Tomorrow]]'' || Rajesh Jalan ||
|-
| ''[[Chehraa]]'' || Director ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Mixed Doubles (2006 film)|Mixed Doubles]]'' || Sammy ||
|-
| ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' || Batuk Maharaj ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]'' || Dotcom Paaji ||
|-
| ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]'' || Producer Khosa ||
|-
| ''[[Showbiz (2007 film)|Showbiz]]'' || Inder Raj Bahl ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2008 || ''[[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)|My Name is Anthony Gonsalves]]'' || Murthy ||
|-
| ''[[Mithya (film)|Mithya]]'' || Shetty ||
|-
| ''[[De Taali]]'' || Godbole ||
|-
| ''[[Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors]]'' || Diesel ||
|-
| ''[[Dasvidaniya]]'' || Dasgupta ||
|-
| ''Oh, My God'' || God ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''[[Luck By Chance]]'' || Nand Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Love Khichdi]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Chintu Ji]]'' || Malkani ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Tera Kya Hoga Johnny]]'' || Begum ||
|-
| ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]'' || Madhav Suri ||
|-
| ''[[Paathshaala]]'' || Lallan Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Mirch]]'' || Satish ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011 || ''[[Utt Pataang]]'' || Nandu Pandey ||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Saali Zindagi]]'' || Mehta ||
|-
| ''[[Aarakshan]]'' || Mantri Baburao ||
|-
| ''[[Shakal Pe Mat Ja]]'' || Vijay Dinanath Chauhan ||
|-
| ''[[Pappu Can't Dance Saala]]'' || Producer of dance album ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012 || ''[[Staying Alive (2012 film)|Staying Alive]]'' || Shaukat Ali ||
|-
| ''[[I M 24]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Barfi!]]'' || Sudhanshu Dutta || Nominated—[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
Nominated— [[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]] for [[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| ''[[Delhi Safari]]'' || Bharela || Voice only
|-
| ''[[The Last Act (film)|The Last Act]]'' || Theatre troupe director ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]'' ||David's father ||
|-
| ''[[Jolly LLB]]'' || [[Judge|Justice]] Sunderlal Tripathi || [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated—[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| ''[[Phata Poster Nikhla Hero]]'' || Gundappa Das ||
|-
| ''Kalpvriksh'' || Shankar Dada ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014 || ''[[Gunday]]'' || Kaali Kaka ||
|-
| ''[[Main Tera Hero]]'' || Balli ||
|-
| ''[[Gang of Ghosts]]'' || Bhoothnath Bhaduri ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Tho Chance]]'' || TBA ||
|-
| ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' || Brijesh Mehra ||
|-
| ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' || Tapasvi Maharaj ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Kaun Kitne Paani Mein]]'' || Braj Singh Deo ||
|-
| ''[[Mohalla Assi]]'' || Upadhyay Pandit ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]'' || Justice Sunderlal Tripathi ||
|-
| ''The Wishing Tree'' || Dhaba Owner ||
|-
| ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' || Ex IB Officer Sinha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]'' || Rameshwar "Rajaji" Singh a.k.a. "Tauji" ||
|-
| ''[[Sabaash Naidu|Shabhash Kundu]]'' || Robin Roy ||
|-
| ''[[Daas Dev]]'' || Awadesh Pratap Chauhan ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2019 || ''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]'' || Murari Chaurasia ||
|-
| ''[[Family Of Thakurganj]]'' || Baba Bhandari ||
|-
| ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (2019 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyun Aata Hai?]]'' || Nayyar ||Remake of classic ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (1980 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]''<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=6 March 2019|number=1103226358522556416|title=Manav Kaul, Nandita Das and Saurabh Shukla... #AlbertPintoKoGussaKyunAataHai - an official remake of the cult classic by Saeed Akhtar Mirza - to release on 12 April 2019... Directed by Soumitra Ranade... The 1980 classic starred Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil. https://t.co/e3JaquzPMI}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Zoya Factor (film)|The Zoya Factor]]''
| Yashwant Khoda
|
|-
|''[[Ujda Chaman]]''
|Guruji
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ujda-chaman-trailer-ayushmann-khurranas-bala-to-face-competition-from-sunny-singhs-ujda-chaman/articleshow/71388372.cms |title='Ujda Chaman' trailer: Ayushmann Khurrana's 'Bala' to face competition from Sunny Singh's 'Ujda Chaman' |publisher=Times of India |date=1 October 2019 |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104012107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ujda-chaman-trailer-ayushmann-khurranas-bala-to-face-competition-from-sunny-singhs-ujda-chaman/articleshow/71388372.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]''
|Hari Shukla
|
|-
|''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]''||Raja Sahab
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=BazmeeAnees| author=Anees Bazmee|date=10 March 2019|number = 1104628671019573251 |title=Meet Raja Sahab aka @saurabhshukla_s ! #pagalpantionset @TSeries @PanoramaMovies @AnilKapoor @TheJohnAbraham @ArshadWarsi @PulkitSamrat @Ileana_Official @UrvashiRautela @kriti_official https://t.co/Qw17g2fUNh}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aadhaar (film)|Aadhaar]]''
| Parmanand Singh
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Chhalaang]]''
| Mr. Shukla
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Madam Chief Minister]]''
| Master Suraj Bhan
|
|-
|''[[The Big Bull]]''
|Manu Malpani
|
|-
|''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2021|title=Tadap 2021 Film - Best Supporting Performance From Saurabh Shukla|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/tadap/ET00307544}}</ref>
|Ishana's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| ''[[Shamshera]]''
| Doodh Singh
|
|-
|''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
|Murad Ali
|
|-
|''[[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]''
|Bagga
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|[[Raid 2 (film)|''Raid 2'']]
|Rameshwar Singh "Tauji"
|
|-
|''[[Maalik (2025 film)|Maalik]]''
| Minister Shankar Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Jolly LLB 3]]''
| Justice Sunderlal Tripathi
|
|-
|2026
| ''[[Subedaar]]'' || Prabhakar||
|-
|{{TBA}}|| ! style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''Identity Card'' {{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}} || Ghulam Nabi || Post-production
|-
|{{TBA}}|| ! style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''No Rules for Fools'' {{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}} || TBA || Post-production
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|[[Manohar Pandey]]}}
|TBA
|
|}

===Other language films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Hey Ram]]'' || Manohar Lalwani || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Balu ABCDEFG]]'' || Khan's brief || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Anniyan]]'' || Ethirajan Naidu || Tamil || Dubbed as ''Aparichitudu'' in Telugu and ''Aparichit'' (2006) in Hindi
|-
| ''[[Allari Bullodu]]'' || Karim Lala || Telugu ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Care of Footpath]]'' || Ranga|| [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' || Head Constable Srinivas || [[English language|English]] ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' || Kajal's father || Tamil || Dubbed as ''Raj Mahal 3'' in Hindi.
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Platform
! Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[The Verdict - State vs Nanavati]]''
|[[Russi Karanjia]]
|[[ALTBalaji]] and [[ZEE5]]
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]''
| Akheraj Awasthi "Vidrohi", Purva's Father
| [[Netflix]]
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Pop Kaun?]]''
|KBC
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Bindiya Ke Bahubali (TV series)|Bindiya Ke Bahubali]]''
| Badaa Davan
|[[MX Player|Amazon MX Player]]
|
|}

===As writer and director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Producer
!Screenwriter
!class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1998
|''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|[[Star Screen Awards]] for Best Screenplay with [[Anurag Kashyap]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2000
|''[[Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar!!]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|2003
|''[[Raghu Romeo]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Calcutta Mail]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
| Nominated—[[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay]]
|-
|''[[Mudda - The Issue]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2005
|''[[Chehraa]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Mumbai Xpress (2005 film)|Mumbai Xpress]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2007
|''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
|''[[Mithya (film)|Mithya]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2009
| ''[[Acid Factory]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Raat Gayi Baat Gayi?]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|New York South Asian International Film Festival for Best Film with [[Rajat Kapoor]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2011
|''[[Utt Pataang]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Pappu Can't Dance Saala]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2012
|''[[Fatso!]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[I M 24]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Dry Day]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|-
|2026
|''[[Jab Khuli Kitaab]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|}

===As lyricist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Mixed Doubles (2006 film)|Mixed Doubles]]'' ||
|}

==Awards==
Shukla won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] and the [[Screen Award]] for the Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance in ''[[Jolly LLB]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ship-of-theseus-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-win-national-awards-509404?pfrom=home-topstories |title=Ship of Theseus, Bhaag Milkha Bhaag win National Awards | NDTV Movies.com |access-date=16 April 2014 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416114423/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ship-of-theseus-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-win-national-awards-509404?pfrom=home-topstories |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0795661}}
{{National Film Award Best Supporting Actor}}
{{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Saurabh}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Delhi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]

Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster Returns

2026-03-26T13:16:06Z

Inventaa: small improved structure as per guidelines and added references

{{Use British English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns
| image = Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
| producer = Tigmanshu Dhulia [[Rahul Mittra]] Nitin Tej Ahuja
| writer =
| screenplay = Tigmanshu Dhulia Kamal Pandey
| story = Tigmanshu Dhulia
| starring = [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] [[Mahi Gill]] [[Irrfan Khan]] [[Soha Ali Khan]]
| music = [[Sandeep Chowta]] [[Mukhtar Sahota]]
| cinematography = Yogesh Jani
| editing = Rahul Srivastava
| studio = [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] BrandSmith Motion Pictures Moving Pictures Tigmanshu Dhulia Films
| distributor = Viacom 18 Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|3|8|}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 124 minutes
| budget = {{INR|19 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=866|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706130942/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=866|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|28.80 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=866|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706130942/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=866|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns''''' ({{Translation|The master, the wife and the gangster returns}}; {{IPA|hi|saːɦeːb biːbiː ɔːɾ}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written and directed by [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]. It is the sequel to the 2011 film, ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster]]'' and the second installment of the ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster (film series)|Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster film series]]''. The film stars [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] and [[Mahi Gill]], who reprise their roles from the previous film, while new additions to the cast include [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Soha Ali Khan]]. The film was released on 8 March 2013.<ref name="SBAGR Reviews">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-will-overwhelm-you/story-mOBjZevmoMpmShyBjkgfhO.html|title=Critics' review: Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns will overwhelm you|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 March 2013|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101043816/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-will-overwhelm-you/story-mOBjZevmoMpmShyBjkgfhO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jimmy Shergill won Best Actor Award for this film at 11th Norway Bollywood Film Festival in [[Oslo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tigmanshu Dhulia wins Best Director at Norway Bollywood film festival|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tigmanshu-dhulia-wins-best-director-at-norway-bollywood-film-festival/story-gTzmRXgZOnJ0J2w0sVqLWO.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=18 September 2013|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101182924/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tigmanshu-dhulia-wins-best-director-at-norway-bollywood-film-festival/story-gTzmRXgZOnJ0J2w0sVqLWO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A sequel titled ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3]]'' was released on 27 July 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-3-movie-review-sanjay-dutt-rating-5278833/|title=Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster 3 movie review: The weakest link is Sanjay Dutt's gangster|date=27 July 2018|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114232837/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-3-movie-review-sanjay-dutt-rating-5278833/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The Royal Scandal, the war for power, and the fight for money continue with the return of Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster. Aditya Pratap Singh is crippled and is trying to recover from his physical disability and his wife's betrayal. The lover and seductress Madhavi Devi is now an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]; her relationship with Aditya may have broken into shambles, but her relationship with alcohol is deep, dark, and daunting. Indrajeet Singh ([[Irrfan Khan]]), a ragged prince who has lost everything but his pride, pledges to get back his family's respect, which was once destroyed by Aditya's ancestors. Ranjana is a modern, ambitious girl who is madly in love with Indrajeet Singh. The story takes a new turn when Aditya falls in love with Ranjana and forces Birendra, her father, into their marriage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns|website=[[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2362778/plotsummary?ref_=tt_stry_pl#synopsis|accessdate=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101214149/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2362778/plotsummary?ref_=tt_stry_pl#synopsis|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Aditya Pratap Singh / Sahab
*[[Mahi Gill]] as Madhavi Devi
*[[Irrfan Khan]] as Indrajeet Pratap Singh aka Raja Bhaiyya
*[[Soha Ali Khan]] as Ranjana
*[[Pravesh Rana]] as Param Pratap Singh
*[[Deepraj Rana]] as Kanhaiya
*[[Raj Babbar]] as Birendra Pratap aka Bunny
*Rajiv Gupta as MLA Prabhu Tiwari
*Charanpreet Singh as A journalist
*Sujay Shankarwar as Rudy
*[[Anjana Sukhani]] as item number
*[[Mugdha Godse]] in the item number "Media Se" (special appearance)
*Santosh Maurya as Thakur

==Production==

===Casting===
The sequel was announced following the huge critical success of the first part, ''[[Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster]]''. It was announced that [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] and [[Mahi Gill]] would be reprising their roles from the original film. In January 2012, [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] was signed on to play the new gangster. However, due to differences between Mukesh and the film's producers, Mukesh was dropped from the part and [[Irrfan Khan]] was cast instead.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neil out, Irrfan in Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/neil-out-irrfan-in-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-2/articleshow/11564070.cms|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]/[[The Times of India]]|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=18 December 2012|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101182351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/neil-out-irrfan-in-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-2/articleshow/11564070.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in March, [[Soha Ali Khan]] was confirmed to play Irrfan Khan's love interest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Soha Ali Khan to play Irrfan's wife in 'Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster' sequel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/soha-ali-khan-to-play-irrfans-wife-in-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-sequel/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 February 2012|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101182350/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/soha-ali-khan-to-play-irrfans-wife-in-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-sequel/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raj Babbar]] was soon cast to play the role of Soha Ali's father. Actress [[Neha Dhupia]] was to appear in an item number, but due to date issues, [[Mugdha Godse]] was signed instead.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neha Dhupia to sizzle in 'Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster 2'|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/neha-dhupia-to-sizzle-in-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-2-hollywood-news-84949|date=20 August 2012|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101182352/https://www.indiaglitz.com/neha-dhupia-to-sizzle-in-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-2-hollywood-news-84949|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mugdha replaces Neha in item song of Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mugdha-replaces-neha-in-item-song-of-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns/|date=12 January 2012|accessdate=1 November 2022|archivedate=28 June 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044427/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mugdha-replaces-neha-in-item-song-of-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns/}}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming began in April 2012 in [[Gujarat]] in Santarampur and [[Devgadh Baria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmapia.com/where-is-it-shot/films/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns|title=Shooting Locations for Saheb Biwi aur Gangster Returns|publisher=Filmapia|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101182352/https://www.filmapia.com/where-is-it-shot/films/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns|url-status=live}}</ref> It was wrapped in October 2012.<ref name=budget>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-the-return-of-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-1639572|last=Biswas|first=Dipannita Ghosh|title=The return of Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster|date=21 November 2013|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101182351/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-the-return-of-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-1639572|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
The film was well received by critics. The performances of the main cast and the dialogues especially met with universal acclaim. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|83|6.5|6|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/saheb_biwi_aur_gangster_returns |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 3.5/5 stars praising the performances of the main cast and the intricate character developments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns/critic-review/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-movie-review/|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|authorlink=Taran Adarsh|title=Review: Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=8 March 2013|accessdate=1 November 2022|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927133813/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns/critic-review/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Raja Sen of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 4/5 stars and said ''Saheb. Biwi Aur Gangster Returns'' is better, sharper and more assured than the prequel. He called the dialogues "applause seeking" and also added, "Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns is a theatrically indulgent entertainer, one that makes no bones about its pulpiness and stays well and truly juicy."<ref name="Saheb. Biwi Aur Gangster Returns Review">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-in-style/20130308.htm|title=Review: Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns in grand style|author=Sen, Raja|website=[[Rediff.com]]|accessdate=8 March 2013|archive-date=11 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311035910/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-in-style/20130308.htm|url-status=live}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref>
Ananya Bhattacharya of [[Zee News]] gave the film 4/5 stars and called it a 'masterpiece'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-review-a-ghamasan-return-this-one_129503.html|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ananya|title='Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns' review: Tigmanshu Dhulia's 'ghamasan' return!|accessdate=8 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225214205/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-review-a-ghamasan-return-this-one_129503.html|archivedate=25 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Anupama Chopra]] of [[Hindustan Times]] gave the film 3/5 stars saying that the film should be seen for its characters and dialogue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Sahib-Biwi-Aur-Gangster-Returns/Article1-1023419.aspx|title=Anupama Chopra's review: Sahib Biwi Aur Gangster Returns|access-date=8 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130310030854/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Sahib-Biwi-Aur-Gangster-Returns/Article1-1023419.aspx| archive-date= 10 March 2013| df= dmy-all}}</ref>
[[Rajeev Masand]] of [[IBN Live]] gave the film 3/5 stars saying that the film is an engaging watch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-review-earthy-cocktail-of-power-games-and-bedroom-politics/377519-47-84.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310065747/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-review-earthy-cocktail-of-power-games-and-bedroom-politics/377519-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2013|title='Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns' review: Earthy cocktail of power games and bedroom politics|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref>
Rummana Ahmed from [[Yahoo india.com|Yahoo India]] awarded the film 4.5/5 stars, praising Irrfan Khan's performance and calling the film overall "a compelling watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/yahoo-movies-review-sahib-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-112501870.html|title=Yahoo! Movies Review: Sahib Biwi Aur Gangster Returns|accessdate=8 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310011925/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/yahoo-movies-review-sahib-biwi-aur-gangster-returns-112501870.html|archivedate=10 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns'' had a slow start but grew up as time proceed and managed {{INR|3.22 crore}} on its opening day while around {{INR|11.91 crore}} in its first weekend to make a good total.<ref name="1st weekend">{{cite web|title=Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=866|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706130942/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=866|url-status=live}}</ref> It eventually netted {{INR|28.72}} in domestic market.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Top Ten Till Date|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5599&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=20 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422221820/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5599&nCat=|archivedate=22 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It managed $15,000 from overseas. The movie worldwide grossed {{INR|28.80 crore}}.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
|name = Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns
|type = Album
|artist = [[Sandeep Chowta]]
|released = {{start date|df=yes|2013|2|10}}
|genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
|label = Junglee Music
}}

The film's soundtrack was released on 10 February 2013. The album contains five songs composed by [[Sandeep Chowta]] with lyrics by [[Sandeep Nath]]. A bonus song was later added to the film cut, "Dukh Thor Ditte Jugni", by music director [[Mukhtar Sahota]], which became the opening song of the film.

===Track list===
{{track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|title1 = Idhar Gire
|extra1 = [[Sowmya Raoh]]
|length1 = 04:24
|title2 = Jugni
|extra2 = [[Jazzy B]]
|length2 = 03:28
|title3 = Media Se
|extra3 = Paroma Dasgupta
|length3 = 03:22
|title4 = Bas Chal Kapat
|extra4 = Piyush Mishra
|length4 = 04:03
|title5 = Kona Kona Dil Ka
|extra5 = Devaki Pandit
|length5 = 04:56
|title6 = Dukh Thor Ditte Jugni (Music - [[Mukhtar Sahota]])
|extra6 = Harbhajan Shera
}}

==Sequel==
After two successful films director and producer planned a third installment of this series. ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3]] ''released on July 27, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-producer-plans-to-make-a-third-part/articleshow/19272737.cms|last=Misra|first=Shree|title='Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster' producer plans to make a third part|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2013|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101182349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/saheb-biwi-aur-gangster-producer-plans-to-make-a-third-part/articleshow/19272737.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2362778}}
{{Tigmanshu Dhulia}}
{{Vaicom18 Studios}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mukhtar Sahota]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sandeep Chowta]]
[[Category:2013 masala films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia]]

Kadambini Ganguly

2026-03-26T06:55:31Z

Inventaa: created entry

{{Short description|Indian physician (1861–1923)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kadambini Bose
| honorific-prefix = [[Medical doctor|Doctor]]
| native_name = কাদম্বিনী বসু
| image = Kadambini Ganguly.jpg
| signature = Kadambinj Ganguly Signature.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kadambini Bose
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|18 July 1861}}
| birth_place = [[Bhagalpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1923|10|3|1861|7|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
| occupation = Physician
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Dwarkanath Ganguly]]|1883|1898|end=d.}}
| children = 8
| education = {{Ubl
| [[University of Calcutta]]
| [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]]
}}
}}

'''Kadambini Bose Ganguly''' (18 July 1861 – 3 October 1923<ref name="Sen">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sep-oct-2014/07%20Art_Kadambini%20Ganguly...by_B%20K%20Sen_Pg.271.pdf |title=Kadambini Bose Ganguly - An Illustrious Lady |last=Sen |first=B.K. |date=September 2014 |website=Science and Culture - Indian Science News Organization |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329110255/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sep-oct-2014/07%20Art_Kadambini%20Ganguly...by_B%20K%20Sen_Pg.271.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>) was the first Indian female doctor of [[western medicine]] along with [[Anandi Gopal Joshi|Anandibai Joshi]]. Both got their degree in Western medicine in 1886. However, she was India's first practicing lady doctor, as Anandibai died soon after receiving the degree. She was India's first practicing female doctor in [[Medicine|modern medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadambini Ganguli |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?28760}}</ref> Ganguly was the first woman to gain admission to [[Calcutta Medical College]] in 1884, subsequently trained in [[Scotland]], and established a successful medical practice in India. She was the first woman speaker in the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Early life ==
Kadambini was born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Kulin Kayastha]] family<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paranjape |first=Makarand R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC&dq=kadambini+ganguly+brahmin&pg=PA108 |title=Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority |date=3 September 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-4661-9 |language=en |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903174955/https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC&dq=kadambini+ganguly+brahmin&pg=PA108 |url-status=live}}</ref> as Kadambini Basu who was the daughter of [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo]] reformer Braja Kishore Basu. She was born on 18 July 1861<ref>{{cite journal |last=Karlekar |first=Malavika |year=2012 |title=Anatomy of a Change: Early Women Doctors |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |pages=95–106 |jstor=24394278}}</ref> at [[Bhagalpur]], Bengal Presidency (modern day Bihar) in [[British Raj|British India]]. The family was from [[Gournadi Upazila|Chandshi]], in [[Barisal District|Barisal]] which is now in [[Bangladesh]]. Her father was headmaster of Bhagalpur School. He and Abhay Charan Mallick started the movement for women's emancipation at Bhagalpur, establishing the women's organization Bhagalpur Mahila Samiti in 1863, the first in India.

Despite coming from an upper caste Bengali community that did not support women's education,<ref name="Kadambini Ganguly – UncoverED">{{Cite web |title=Kadambini Ganguly – UncoverED |url=http://uncover-ed.org/kadambini-ganguly/ |access-date=26 March 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109210228/http://uncover-ed.org/kadambini-ganguly/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kadambini initially received English education at the Brahmo Eden Female School, Dacca; subsequently at Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya, Calcutta which was renamed as Banga Mahila Vidyalaya in 1876. She became the first woman to pass the [[University of Calcutta]] entrance examination. In 1882, along with [[Chandramukhi Basu]], she passed the examination of the [[Bachelor of Arts]] (BA) degree from the University of Calcutta. She and Chandramukhi became the first female graduates in the country.{{efn|Female students were admitted into [[Oxford University]] in 1879, one year after the admission of female students for undergraduate studies at the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/aboutoxford/women.shtml |title=Women at Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018054149/http://www.ox.ac.uk/aboutoxford/women.shtml |archive-date=18 October 2006 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 November 2006}}</ref> The [[tripos]] was opened to women at Cambridge only in 1881.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Davis/Indexes/yCambridge.html |title=Numbers of graduates of the University of Cambridge |work=MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive |access-date=5 November 2006 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104926/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Davis/Indexes/yCambridge.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news |title=A Convocation for the conferring of Degrees |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 March 1883 |page=9 |quote=Among the recipients of the B.A. degrees were two young ladies of the Bethune Female School, Miss Chandramukhi Basu and Miss Kadambini Basu, who were loudly cheered. The Vice-Chancellor [of Calcutta University] (the Hon. H. J. Reynolds) presided.}}</ref>

After graduating, Kadambini Devi decided to study medicine. In 1883, she enrolled at [[Calcutta Medical College]]. She was awarded the GBMC (Graduate of Bengal Medical College) degree in 1886. She was the first Indian woman to be allowed to practice Western medicine.

== Politics ==
After studying at a medical college for five years, she worked for a while at [[Lady Dufferin Hospital]] in 1888 for a monthly salary of 300 rupees before going to England. In 1895, she went to Nepal for the treatment of the Queen Mother. In 1889, Kadambini was one of the first six women delegates elected to the Fifth Session of the Congress in Bombay. The following year, she spoke at the Sixth Session of the Congress in Calcutta. Kadambini was the first woman speaker at the Congress. Kadambini was the first president of the [[Transvaal Indian Association]], founded by Gandhiji's colleague [[Henry Pollock]], and a member of the Women's Conference held in Calcutta in 1907. In 1914, she presided over the General Brahmo Samaj session in Calcutta. This session was organized in honour of Mahatma Gandhi.

== Personal life ==
[[File:Residence of Kadambini Ganguly.jpg|thumb|Residence of Kadambini Ganguly]]
Kadambini Bose married Dwarakanath Ganguly on 12 June 1883, 11 days before joining Calcutta Medical College.<ref>Star Jalsha, Prothoma Kadambini</ref> As the mother of eight children, she had to devote considerable time to her household affairs. She was deft in [[needlework]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |title=Kadambini Ganguly, India's first female doctor who made Calcutta Medical College start admitting women |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/kadambini-ganguli-india-s-first-female-doctor-who-made-calcutta-medical-college-start-admitting-women-1570858-2019-07-18 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=India Today |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519131256/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/kadambini-ganguli-india-s-first-female-doctor-who-made-calcutta-medical-college-start-admitting-women-1570858-2019-07-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> Among her children, Jyotirmayee was a freedom fighter and Prabhat Chandra was a journalist. Her stepdaughter was married to [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]], grandfather of filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]].

[[File:Statue of Kadambini Ganguly.jpg|thumb|Statue of Kadambini Ganguly, Birla Industrial & Technological Museum, Kolkata, West Bengal, India]]
American historian [[David Kopf]]<ref name="kopf">{{cite web |url=http://www.hist.umn.edu/faculty/kopf.html |title=David Kopf |access-date=5 November 2006 |work=History at Minnesota |publisher=Regents of the University of Minnesota |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516060014/http://www.hist.umn.edu/faculty/kopf.html |archive-date=16 May 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> notes that Ganguly "was appropriately enough the most accomplished and liberated Brahmo woman of her time", and her relationship with her husband [[Dwarkanath Ganguly]] "was most unusual in being founded on mutual love, sensitivity and intelligence." Kopf argues that Ganguly was highly unusual even among emancipated women of contemporary Bengali society, and that "her ability to rise above circumstances and to realize her potential as a human being made her a prize attraction to Sadharan Brahmos dedicated ideologically to the liberation of Bengal's women."<ref name="kopfbook">{{Cite book |last=Kopf |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUcY_IRKDHQC&pg=PA125 |title=The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-691-03125-5 |location= |pages=125 |language=en}}</ref>

Ganguly died on 3 October 1923, after having conducted an operation the same day.<ref name="Sen" />

==Criticism from conservative quarters==
Ganguly was heavily criticized by the conservative society of her time. After returning to India from Edinburgh and campaigning for women's rights, she was indirectly called a 'whore' in the Bengali magazine ''Bangabashi''. Her husband Dwarkanath Ganguly took the case to court and won, with a jail sentence of 6 months meted out to the editor Mahesh Pal.<ref name="The Life and Work of Dr. Kadambini Ganguly, the First Modern Indian Woman Physician">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(18)31285-0/abstract |title=The Life and Work of Dr Kadambini Ganguly, the First Modern Indian Woman Physician |journal=The Journal of Urology |date=April 2007 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(18)31285-0 |access-date=5 April 2007 |last1=Rao |first1=Amrith R. |last2=Karim |first2=Omer |last3=Motiwala |first3=Hanif G. |doi-access=free |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211035308/https://www.auajournals.org/article/S0022-5347%2818%2931285-0/abstract |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dwarakanath Ganguly – A Forgotten Hero – The Indian Messenger Online |date=3 April 2018 |url=http://im.thesadharanbrahmosamaj.org/2018/04/03/dwarakanath-ganguly-a-forgotten-hero/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722103526/http://im.thesadharanbrahmosamaj.org/2018/04/03/dwarakanath-ganguly-a-forgotten-hero/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
A Bengali television serial ''[[Prothoma Kadambini]]'' based on Ganguly's biography was telecast on [[Star Jalsha]] beginning in March 2020, starring [[Solanki Roy]] and [[Honey Bafna]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prothoma Kadombini to launch on March 16 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/prothoma-kadombini-to-launch-on-march-16/articleshow/74604692.cms |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212144822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/prothoma-kadombini-to-launch-on-march-16/articleshow/74604692.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Another Bengali series named ''[[Kadambini (TV series)|Kadambini]]'', starring [[Ushasi Ray]] as Ganguly, was telecast on [[Zee Bangla]] in 2020.

On 18 July 2021, Google celebrated Ganguly's 160th birth anniversary with a [[Google Doodle|doodle]] on its homepage in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2021 |title=Kadambini Ganguly, India's First Female Doctor, Honoured by Google Doodle |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/kadambini-ganguly-indias-first-female-doctor-honoured-by-google-doodle-3976013.html |access-date=17 July 2021 |work=News18 |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717194323/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/kadambini-ganguly-indias-first-female-doctor-honoured-by-google-doodle-3976013.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadambini Ganguly's 160th Birthday |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/kadambini-gangulys-160th-birthday/ |access-date=18 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718013925/https://www.google.com/doodles/kadambini-gangulys-160th-birthday |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |year=2012 |chapter=Ganguly, Kadambini |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ganguly,_Kadambini |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:কাদম্বিনী গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় |trans-title=Kadmini Gangopadhyay |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/Samsad-Bangali-Charitabhidhan-Ed2/page/%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AF/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |page=79–80}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Ganguly-Ray family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganguly, Kadambini}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bihar]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bethune College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:People from Chandsi]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Barisal Division]]

Drushyam

2026-03-24T10:06:30Z

Inventaa: started stub - done

{{short description|2014 film by Sripriya}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Drushyam
| image = Drushyam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = {{plainlist|
*[[Paruchuri Brothers]]
*'Darling' Swamy
}}
| story = [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| based_on = ''[[Drishyam]]'' by Jeethu Joseph
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[D. Suresh Babu]]
*[[Rajkumar Sethupathi]]
}}
| director = [[Sripriya]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
*[[Nadhiya]]
* [[Kruthika Jayakumar]]
*[[Esther Anil]]
}}
| music = [[Sharreth]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[Suresh Productions]]
*Rajkumar Theatres Pvt Ltd
*Wide Angle Creations
}}
| distributor = Suresh Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|7|11}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|6 crore|link=yes}}
| gross = ₹20 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2014
|url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2014/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Drushyam''''' ({{translation|Visual}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[Sripriya]] and produced by [[D. Suresh Babu]] and [[Rajkumar Sethupathi]]. A remake of the 2013 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Drishyam]]'', the film stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Esther Anil]], and [[Kruthika Jayakumar]]. Venkatesh and Kruthika portray the roles played by [[Mohanlal]] and [[Ansiba Hassan|Ansiba Hasan]] in the original, whereas Meena and Esther reprises their roles. The film tells the story of Rambabu, a middle-class cable TV operator, and his family. They come under suspicion when Varun, the son of the [[Inspector-general of police]] (IG), goes missing soon after harassing Rambabu's daughter. The rest of the film reveals how Varun disappeared and what Rambabu does to keep his family from going to prison.

[[Sharreth]] composed the soundtrack, while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[S. Gopal Reddy]] and [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]] respectively. [[Principal photography]] commenced on 8 March 2014 and lasted 3 months. It was shot primarily in [[Kerala]], like the original, and also took place in [[Araku]], [[Simhachalam]], [[Vizianagaram]], and [[Hyderabad]].

''Drushyam'' released on 11 July 2014 to positive reviews from critics. It went on to become one of the [[List of Telugu films of 2014|highest-grossing Telugu films of the year]], collecting a distributor's share of {{INR}}200 million worldwide. A sequel titled ''[[Drushyam 2]]'', a remake of ''[[Drishyam 2]]'', was released in November 2021 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].

== Plot ==
Rambabu is a cable network operator who lives in Rajavaram, a village located in the [[Araku Valley|Araku region]], with his wife Jyothi and their daughters – Anju, a twelfth-grade student, and Anu, who is in primary school. Through his job, Rambabu spends a lot of time watching films in multiple languages. He does so with much interest that it prompts him to take major life decisions by subconsciously taking on the behaviors of characters from these films.

During a school trip to a camp, a nude video of Anju is taken on a cell phone camera hidden in the bathroom. The culprit is revealed as Varun, the spoiled son of the [[Inspector-general of police]], Geetha. When Varun meets Anju later to extort her for sexual favors, she breaks his cell phone and inadvertently kills him. With her mother's help, she hides his body in a [[compost]] pit that was originally made for [[manure]]. Unknown to them, this is witnessed by Anu. Jyothi tells Rambabu about the incident and he devises a plan to save his family from imprisonment. He gets rid of the broken cell phone. However, as he is disposing of Varun's car, Rambabu is seen by a corrupt [[police constable]] named Veerabhadra, who holds a grudge against him. Rambabu then takes his family out on a trip to [[Vizianagaram]], where they attend a religious meeting, watch a movie and dine at a restaurant.

Meanwhile, Geetha starts an investigation when she realizes that her son has gone missing. After a preliminary investigation, Geetha calls Rambabu and his family in for [[interrogation|questioning]]. Rambabu, predicting that this would happen, coaches his family on how to present their [[alibi]]. As a result, when questioned individually, their responses are consistent. They also produce the restaurant receipt, the movie tickets, and the tickets for the bus journey as proof of their alibi. The statements of the people who own the establishments that the family visited in Vizianagaram further solidify Rambabu's alibi. However, after a thorough investigation, Geetha realizes that Rambabu had acquired the tickets and the receipt on the day of the incident, made an acquaintance with the owners, and had only actually taken the trip a day later with his family.

Geetha arrests Rambabu and his family, and Veerabhadra uses force to beat the truth out of them. As Rambabu, Jyothi and Anju are severely injured, Geetha's husband, Prabhakar, asks her to put a stop to this. Out of fear, Anu reveals what she saw and Varun's friend describes the transgression at the camp. After digging up the compost pit, the police find the carcass of a pig instead of Varun's body, indicating that Rambabu had already moved it. Jyothi's brother, Rajesh, and her father call the media and Anu complains to them about Veerabhadra's ill-treatment of her family. After Veerabhadra manhandles Rambabu and his relatives, he is beaten by the local people who learn about him from the media. Rambabu's goodwill remains intact and all the locals extend their support to him. Veerabhadra is suspended, the remaining staff transferred, and Geetha resigns from her post as IG.

Before leaving for the [[United States]], Geetha and Prabhakar meet Rambabu to apologize for their deeds and express their hope that Varun will return someday. But Rambabu indirectly tells them that he killed Varun to save his family and asks them to forgive him.

The film comes to an end with Rambabu signing a register at the newly constructed Rajavaram police station. As he leaves, a flashback shows him during the construction of the station with a shovel in hand, indicating that Varun's body is hidden in the building's [[foundation (architecture)|foundation]].

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Rambabu
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Jyothi
*[[Kruthika Jayakumar]] as Anju
*[[Esther Anil]] as Anu
*[[Nadhiya]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Geetha Prabhakar
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Prabhakar
*[[Ravi Kale]] as [[Constable]] Veerabhadram
*[[Roshan Basheer]] as Varun Prabhakar
*[[Sameer Hasan]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Naveen Kumar
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Head Constable
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Simhadri
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Jyothi's father
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Jyothi's mother
*[[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Rajesh
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Benerjee]] as New [[Sub Inspector]]
*[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Restaurant Owner
*[[Uttej]] as Theatre Operator
*[[Chitram Seenu]] as Bus Owner Murali
*Jogi Naidu as Hotel Manager
*Kadambari Kiran as Bus Conductor
*Naidu Gopi as Hotel Babai{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Rajkumar Sethupathi]] acquired the rights to remake [[Jeethu Joseph]]{{'s}} [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Drishyam]]'' (2013), which starred [[Mohanlal]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Asha Sarath]]. Following [[Kamal Haasan]]{{'s}} suggestion, Sethupathi chose [[Daggubati Venkatesh]] to play the lead role in the Telugu version.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140615/entertainment-tollywood/article/kamal-haasan-suggests-venkatesh%E2%80%99s-name-movie|title=Kamal Haasan suggests Venkatesh's name for a movie|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=15 June 2014|access-date=10 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511030653/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140615/entertainment-tollywood/article/kamal-haasan-suggests-venkatesh%E2%80%99s-name-movie|archive-date=11 May 2015 }}</ref> Haasan previously met Venkatesh in [[Goa]] and advised him to act in a film that challenges him as an actor. Venkatesh, along with his brother [[Daggubati Suresh Babu]], then watched ''Drishyam''. Suresh Babu joined Sethupathi as a co-producer, while [[Sripriya]] was approached to direct the film. This was Venkatesh's first collaboration with a female director. It was also his first [[non-commercial]] film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Broken_star_trappings_with_Drishyam_Venkatesh_Interview-431608/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |title=Broken star trappings with 'Drishyam': Venkatesh (Interview) |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511030651/http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news%2FBroken_star_trappings_with_Drishyam_Venkatesh_Interview-431608%2FENTERTAINMENT%2F15 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Based on Sripriya's and Sethupathi's previous collaboration with [[Suresh Balaje]] and George Pius's Wide Angle Creations (on ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]''), the production house was given the contract for this film.<ref name="Sify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/drishyam-in-telugu-venkatesh-in-the-lead-news-malayalam-obileFjgegdsi.html|title=Drishyam in Telugu, Venkatesh in the lead!|website=[[Sify]]|date=8 January 2014|access-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511030701/http://www.sify.com/movies/drishyam-in-telugu-venkatesh-in-the-lead-news-malayalam-obileFjgegdsi.html|archive-date=11 May 2015 }}</ref>

After ''Drishyam''{{'s}} Telugu remake was confirmed, Haasan called Venkatesh to tell him that he was happy that Venkatesh was going to play Mohanlal's role from the original.<ref name="Daughters">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-am-protective-of-my-daughters/article6148339.ece|title=I am protective of my daughters|last=Sunita Chowdary|first=Y.|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 June 2014|access-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511031036/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-am-protective-of-my-daughters/article6148339.ece|archive-date=11 May 2015 }}</ref> After considering other potential titles, ''Drushyam'' was finalised because of its relevance to the film's storyline. 'Darling' Swami and the [[Paruchuri Brothers|Paruchuri brothers]] wrote the dialogues.<ref name="Daughters" /> The film had its formal launch ceremony on 21 February 2014 in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Drishyams-Telugu-remake-launched/articleshow/30796339.cms|title=Drishyam's Telugu remake launched|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2014|access-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511031029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Drishyams-Telugu-remake-launched/articleshow/30796339.cms|archive-date=11 May 2015 }}</ref> [[Sharreth]] composed the music. [[S. Gopal Reddy]] took charge of the film's cinematography and [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]] its editing.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} With this film, Suresh Productions completed its [[golden jubilee]] in Telugu cinema as a production and distribution company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/With_Drishyam_we_celebrate_50_years_in_production_Suresh_Babu-431484/Business/Economy |title=With 'Drishyam' we celebrate 50 years in production: Suresh Babu |publisher=IANS |date=8 July 2014 |access-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629061526/http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news%2FWith_Drishyam_we_celebrate_50_years_in_production_Suresh_Babu-431484%2FBusiness%2FEconomy |archive-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{blockquote| quote = When I played Anu in the Malayalam version I found it very difficult, because the character is complex. However, it was easier when I did the Telugu one because I had done the same role once before. One of our associate directors happens to be a Malayali and he would write out my dialogues in Malayalam for me. Everybody else would help me with the pronunciation.| source = Esther, in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' in July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/i-like-being-normal/article6197042.ece|title=I like being normal|last=Rajendra|first=Ranjani|work=The Hindu|date=10 July 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512060442/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/i-like-being-normal/article6197042.ece|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>}}
[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] reprised her role from the original, marking her comeback to Telugu cinema after sixteen years. It was her fifth collaboration with Venkatesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140709/entertainment-tollywood/article/meena%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98mature%E2%80%99-welcome-back|title=Meena's 'mature' welcome back|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=9 July 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511074907/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140709/entertainment-tollywood/article/meena%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98mature%E2%80%99-welcome-back|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> She called her character "innocent, vulnerable, emotional, sweet, funny and strong all at the same time", adding that she was initially sceptical to play a mother to adolescents because Telugu film sensibilities were different from that of Malayalam ones, but accepted it due to the script's novelty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/back-to-familiar-ground/article6193309.ece|title=Back to familiar ground|last=Rajendra|first=Ranjani|work=The Hindu|date=9 July 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511074906/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/back-to-familiar-ground/article6193309.ece|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> [[Nadhiya]] was selected to play [[Asha Sarath]]'s role of a police officer from the original.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Meena-Nadia-Join-Telugu-Remake-of-Drishyam/2014/02/17/article2061744.ece|title=Meena, Nadia Join Telugu Remake of 'Drishyam'|author=IANS|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=17 February 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511074904/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Meena-Nadia-Join-Telugu-Remake-of-Drishyam/2014/02/17/article2061744.ece|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> She confirmed later that she would be playing an Inspector General of Police, which is a role she found being "almost like a role of a lioness that is trying to protect her family and yet is ferocious from the inside", calling it a "challenging and different" one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/I-enjoyed-working-with-Venkatesh-Nadiya/articleshow/37265276.cms|title=I enjoyed working with Venkatesh: Nadiya|author=IANS|work=The Times of India|date=26 June 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511080743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/I-enjoyed-working-with-Venkatesh-Nadiya/articleshow/37265276.cms|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref>

A casting call was announced by Suresh Productions for the roles of Venkatesh's daughters in the film.<ref name="call">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/castingcall-drishyam.html|title=Casting Call from Suresh Productions : Do you want to be a part of the next BIG Tollywood film?|publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=17 February 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511075453/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/castingcall-drishyam.html|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> They were looking for a girl aged 14–17 years to play the role of the elder daughter named Anjali, and another aged 8–12 years to play her younger sibling, Anu.<ref name="call"/> [[Esther Anil]] was confirmed to reprise her role as the younger sister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/The-Little-Girl-Who-Made-it-Big-with-Drishyam/2014/07/18/article2335298.ece|title=The Little Girl Who Made it Big with 'Drishyam'|last=Srinivasan|first=Deepthi|work=The New Indian Express|date=18 July 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511080745/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/The-Little-Girl-Who-Made-it-Big-with-Drishyam/2014/07/18/article2335298.ece|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> Kruthika Jayakumar, a 17-year-old science student from [[Bangalore]], was selected to play the role of elder sister in the film. This happened when a Malayalam filmmaker visited her dance performance in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and was struck by her expressions and photogenic features. He suggested that she pursue a career in the film industry.<ref name="Kruthika">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/films-by-chance/article6197038.ece|title=Films by chance|last=Rajendra|first=Ranjani|work=The Hindu|date=10 July 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511080800/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/films-by-chance/article6197038.ece|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> She referred to her character as a simple and vulnerable girl, who gets exploited. Her family is her world and she is particularly attached to her father.<ref name="Kruthika"/> [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] was initially reported to reprise his role of a corrupt police officer from the original,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Shajon-in-Telugu-Drishyam/articleshow/32009054.cms|title=Shajon in Telugu Drishyam|last=C. Pillai|first=Radhika|work=The Times of India|date=14 March 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511080937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Shajon-in-Telugu-Drishyam/articleshow/32009054.cms|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> but Ravi Kale was chosen instead.

[[Chaitanya Krishna]] confirmed his inclusion in the cast by the end of March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chaitanya-Krishnas-short-film-goes-to-Cannes/articleshow/32730365.cms|title=Chaitanya Krishna's short film goes to Cannes|last=Kumar|first=Hemanth|work=The Times of India|date=26 March 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081608/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chaitanya-Krishnas-short-film-goes-to-Cannes/articleshow/32730365.cms|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> In late April 2014, [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] was chosen to play an important role in the film, which he later described as one of the best roles of his career.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} [[Roshan Basheer]] was selected to reprise the role of Varun, the son of the Inspector General of Police, in the remake. He did not feel that he was being typecast and he accepted the role, adding that it is not often that a Malayalam actor gets a chance to act in the Telugu films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140613/entertainment-kollywood/article/mischievous-kid-promising-action-hero|title=From a mischievous kid to a promising action hero|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=13 June 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081605/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140613/entertainment-kollywood/article/mischievous-kid-promising-action-hero|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref>{{blockquote
| quote = To play that character and portray a victim of exploitation was a good experience. It was a little easier for me to bring out those emotions on screen thanks to my training in dance, which teaches you to be in touch with yourself and express yourself.
| source = Kruthika Jayakumar, in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' in July 2014.<ref name="Kruthika"/>}}

=== Filming ===
During the [[pre-production]] phase, Venkatesh allocated bulk dates and the film's shoot was expected to be completed in a single schedule.<ref name="Sify"/> [[Principal photography]] began in the locales of [[Kerala]] on 8 March 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} Filming continued in the [[Idukki district]] of Kerala, where the original was primarily shot. The film's spokesperson told [[Indo-Asian News Service|''IANS'']] that most of the film would be shot in Kerala, at locations similar to the original, except for a few scenes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Drishyam-Telugu-Version-Being-Shot-in-Kerala/2014/03/18/article2116286.ece|title='Drishyam' Telugu Version Being Shot in Kerala|author=IANS|work=The New Indian Express|date=18 March 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511111322/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Drishyam-Telugu-Version-Being-Shot-in-Kerala/2014/03/18/article2116286.ece|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> Sripriya chose Kerala for two reasons – its greenery, and to avoid local interference from crowds that would ensue if shot in [[Andhra Pradesh]], where Venkatesh is a star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/master-of-remakes/article6131285.ece|title=Master of remakes|work=The Hindu|date=20 June 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512105457/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/master-of-remakes/article6131285.ece|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> After filming crucial scenes at a few villages near [[Kochi]] for more than three weeks, the film's unit shot at [[Araku]] and [[Simhachalam]] beginning mid April 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Drushyams-shooting-shifts-to-Araku/articleshow/33748652.cms|title=Drushyam's shooting shifts to Araku|work=The Times of India|date=14 April 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511111535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Drushyams-shooting-shifts-to-Araku/articleshow/33748652.cms|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, they planned to continue at [[Vizianagaram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140415/entertainment-tollywood/article/venkatesh-now-vizag|title=Venkatesh is now in Vizag|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=15 April 2014|access-date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511112231/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140415/entertainment-tollywood/article/venkatesh-now-vizag|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref>

The film's shooting reached its final stages at Hyderabad in late May 2014, and the [[post-production]] phase began.<ref name="July Release">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140522/entertainment-tollywood/article/venkatesh%E2%80%99s-drushyam-ready-july-release|title=Venkatesh's Drushyam is ready for a July release|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=23 May 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512055422/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140522/entertainment-tollywood/article/venkatesh%E2%80%99s-drushyam-ready-july-release|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> A statement from the film's unit on 8 June 2014 stated that the principal photography had been [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up and post production work was under way, targeting a July 2014 release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Drushyam_gears_up_for_July_release-427036/ |title='Drushyam' gears up for July release |publisher=IANS |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512055436/http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news%2FDrushyam_gears_up_for_July_release-427036%2F |archive-date=12 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The violence in the pre-climax sequences was toned down to match the sensibilities of the Telugu audience after Venkatesh expressed scepticism as to whether the audience would accept him getting beaten up badly in the police station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-venkatesh-interview-gopala-gopala-is-an-ideal-vehicle-to-express-his-thoughts-on-the-difference-between-rituals-and-spirituality/article6760368.ece|title=A grain of thought|last=Devi Dundoo|first=Sangeetha|date=6 January 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512104822/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-venkatesh-interview-gopala-gopala-is-an-ideal-vehicle-to-express-his-thoughts-on-the-difference-between-rituals-and-spirituality/article6760368.ece|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> During set construction for the police station and the house in the film, the producer and the director wanted to get rid of some coconut trees. However, art director Vivek managed to erect those sets without cutting down any trees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141002/entertainment-tollywood/article/vivek-green-art-director|title=Vivek is a green art director|date=2 October 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=12 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512110519/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141002/entertainment-tollywood/article/vivek-green-art-director|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[Sharreth]] composed two songs for the film, with lyrics for both of them were penned by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]. The songs were released on 21 June 2014 by [[Lahari Music]], through their official channel at [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2014|title=Drishyam Jukebox — Venkatesh & Meena [HD] - Telugu Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohz-wQmLcIE|access-date=13 May 2015|work=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[Lahari Music]]}}</ref>

Sandhya Rao of ''[[Sify]]'' stated in her review that the songs and background score "gel well with the film".<ref name="Sify Review">{{cite web|last=Rao|first=Sandhya|date=11 July 2014|title=Drishyam review: A highly recommended watch!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/drishyam-review-a-highly-recommended-watch-review-telugu-pcmbtFgffjdbg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512114033/http://www.sify.com/movies/drishyam-review-a-highly-recommended-watch-review-telugu-pcmbtFgffjdbg.html|archive-date=12 May 2015|access-date=12 May 2015|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> {{Track listing
| collapsed =
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| length2 = 06:14
| extra2 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| title2 = Nimisham Nimisham
| length1 = 04:16
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title1 = Prati Roju Panduga Roje
| total_length = 10:30
| extra_column = Artist(s)
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}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was initially planned to be released on or after 15 August 2014, to coincide with the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day of India]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The release plans were advanced to July 2014 because a lack of new releases that month provided an opportunity to cash in.<ref name="July Release" /> The release date was later finalised as 11 July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Drishyam-to-release-on-July-11/articleshow/37660806.cms|title=Drishyam to release on July 11|work=The Times of India|date=2 July 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512134000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Drishyam-to-release-on-July-11/articleshow/37660806.cms|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> The final copy of the film was sent to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on 7 July 2014 for censoring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Venkateshs-Drushyam-to-be-censored-on-July-7/articleshow/37895794.cms|title=Venkatesh's Drushyam to be censored on July 7|work=The Times of India|date=2 July 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512134209/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Venkateshs-Drushyam-to-be-censored-on-July-7/articleshow/37895794.cms|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

A special preview was held two days before the film's release, on 9 July 2014, with the intention of getting feedback from trial audiences. It was hosted as an "Audience and Media Research screening" at a city multiplex in Hyderabad. This was a first-of-its-kind event in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/drushyam-springs-surprise-advancepreview.html|title=Drishyam Springs Surprise with an Advance Preview, Reaction from Audience Boosts Producers Morale|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=10 July 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512153145/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/drushyam-springs-surprise-advancepreview.html|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
A press release on 6 July 2014 stated that Suresh Productions and iDream Media, a [[South India]]n digital content and entertainment company, would distribute the film overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/drushyam.html|title=iDream Media & Suresh Productions to launch Drishyam in Overseas|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=6 July 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512154753/http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/drushyam.html|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> Errabus distributed the film in the [[United Kingdom]]. It released in London's renovated and then-full-digital [[East Ham]] Boleyn Cinema with a 7.1 sound system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/abroad/drushyam-uk.html|title="Drushyam" In UK By ERRABUS|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=8 July 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512155009/http://www.idlebrain.com/abroad/drushyam-uk.html|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> The film was released on 64 screens across the [[United States]], with premieres on 10 July 2014. It was also released in the overseas markets of [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Tanzania]] in [[East Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/drushyam1.html|title=Drishyam all set to storm into US Theatres with Grand Premieres on Thursday|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=10 July 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512155242/http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/drushyam1.html|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The film's first look poster featured a photograph of Venkatesh, Meena, Kruthika Jayakumar and Esther with a police station in the backdrop. The title had the tag line "''Kanipinchedantha Nijam Kaadu''" (Visuals may be deceptive).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-venkateshs-drishyam/20140610.htm|title=First look: Venkatesh's Drishyam|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=10 June 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512163207/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-venkateshs-drishyam/20140610.htm|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> A promotional campaign titled "My best memories with my father" was launched on 13 June 2014 by Venkatesh and his father [[D. Ramanaidu]]. Participants were directed to submit their best memories along with supporting pictures to a marketing page on Facebook, or via email, with the winner being granted an opportunity to meet Venkatesh in person. The film's team also invited Twitter users to upload photos of themselves with their fathers to celebrate "Fathers' Day Week", beginning 15 June 2014. A selfie featuring Venkatesh and his son Arjun was released as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Venky-Arjun-kicks-off-Drishyams-MyDadMyHero-campaign/articleshow/36502283.cms|title=Venky, Arjun kick off Drishyam's MyDadMyHero campaign|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 June 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512164209/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Venky-Arjun-kicks-off-Drishyams-MyDadMyHero-campaign/articleshow/36502283.cms|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

More than a week later, on 22 June 2014, the filmmakers launched a jigsaw puzzle on Facebook as part of the film's promotion, featuring several scenes related to the film. The game enabled users to win prizes every day. The idea behind this jigsaw puzzle was to "escalate the drama and the suspense of the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Drishyam_makers_launch_jigsaw_puzzle_game_on_Facebook-429082/science%20/ |title='Drishyam' makers launch jigsaw puzzle game on Facebook |publisher=IANS |date=22 June 2014 |access-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629061810/http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news%2FDrishyam_makers_launch_jigsaw_puzzle_game_on_Facebook-429082%2Fscience%20%2F |archive-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film's theatrical trailer, 110 seconds long, was released on 3 July 2014.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Around {{INR}}30{{mdash}}40 million were spent on the film's promotions.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Home media ===
The film's satellite rights were sold to [[Gemini TV]] of [[Sun Network]] for {{INR}}55 million in mid-July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2014|title=Gemini TV bags Venkatesh's Drushyam|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Gemini-TV-bags-Venkateshs-Drushyam/articleshow/38420001.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513121926/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Gemini-TV-bags-Venkateshs-Drushyam/articleshow/38420001.cms|archive-date=13 May 2015|access-date=13 May 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Suresh Babu revised the sale to {{INR}}200 million, as a three film package including ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' and ''[[Bhimavaram Bullodu]]'', both co-produced by him.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 December 2014|title=Gopala Gopala buzz getting bigger|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Gopala-Gopala-buzz-getting-bigger/articleshow/45372784.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513122208/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Gopala-Gopala-buzz-getting-bigger/articleshow/45372784.cms|archive-date=13 May 2015|access-date=13 May 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Drushyam'' had its global television premiere on 15 February 2015 at 6 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 February 2015|title=Drushyam to be aired on Gemini TV on Feb 15|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/Drushyam-to-be-aired-on-Gemini-TV-on-Feb-15/articleshow/46187732.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513122401/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/Drushyam-to-be-aired-on-Gemini-TV-on-Feb-15/articleshow/46187732.cms|archive-date=13 May 2015|access-date=13 May 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> It registered a [[Target rating point|TRP]] rating of 18.61 which was reportedly one of the best ever in the history of Telugu cinema. In comparison, two other successful Telugu films of 2014, ''[[Race Gurram]]'' and ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'', which incidentally also aired on Gemini TV, registered a TRP rating of 15.6 and 15.7 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 February 2015|title=Drishyam makes a big splash on small screen|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/Drishyam-makes-a-big-splash-on-small-screen/articleshow/46482856.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513122734/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/Drishyam-makes-a-big-splash-on-small-screen/articleshow/46482856.cms|archive-date=13 May 2015|access-date=13 May 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Ranjani Rajendra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the film a "compelling thriller that does not disappoint", adding that what the film "boils down to is two sets of parents desperate to ensure their children's wellbeing and makes for a good watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-gripping-cat-and-mouse-chase/article6197278.ece|title=A gripping cat and mouse chase|last=Rajendra|first=Ranjani|work=The Hindu|date=12 July 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512112319/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-gripping-cat-and-mouse-chase/article6197278.ece|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> Sandhya Rao of [[Sify]] stated, "For the first time in Telugu cinema do we see such an intense film. After a long time we are seeing a film that comes with nail-biting sequences. Superior performance, incredible screenplay and exhilarating suspense!" She called ''Drushyam'' a "highly recommended watch".<ref name="Sify Review" />

Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars. He stated that the film is not "a regular song, dance and action entertainer. It is completely a screenplay-based film where every character plays an important role. The story showcases family bonding and also takes one on a thrilling ride", adding that the film's story "calls for some brilliant acting and the cast has done justice to their roles".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140710/entertainment-tollywood/article/drushyam-movie-review-movie-must-watch|title=Drushyam movie review: This flick is a must-watch|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=10 July 2014|access-date=12 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512113711/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140710/entertainment-tollywood/article/drushyam-movie-review-movie-must-watch|archive-date=12 May 2015}} {{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and called it an "ode to classic style of filmmaking — clinical in its approach and hits just about the perfect notes to keep the audience hooked, without much gimmickry", adding that the film's biggest achievement is that it "respects our intelligence and reinforces the principle that story-telling isn't a dying art".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Drushyam/movie-review/38205431.cms |title=Drushyam Movie Review |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |work=The Times of India |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512112930/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Drushyam/movie-review/38205431.cms |archive-date=12 May 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }} {{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film collected a distributor share of approximately {{INRConvert|1.55|c}} at the [[Andhra Pradesh|AP]]/Telangana box office on its first day. It held strong on the second day, collecting almost 80% of the first day's share, resulting in a two-day total of {{INRConvert|2.75|c}}.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} By the end of its first weekend, ''Drushyam'' collected a total of approximately {{INRConvert|4.65|c}} at the AP/Telangana box office.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Trade analyst Trinath told IANS that the film in fact collected {{INRConvert|5.23|c}} in its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/drishyam-makes-rs-523-crore-in-opening-weekend/article6213004.ece|title='Drishyam' makes Rs. 5.23 crore in opening weekend|author=IANS|work=The Hindu|date=15 July 2014|access-date=13 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513141657/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/drishyam-makes-rs-523-crore-in-opening-weekend/article6213004.ece|archive-date=13 May 2015}}</ref>

In the [[United States]], the film collected {{INRConvert|0.451|c|0 }} in two days, including preview shows, which trade analyst [[Taran Adarsh]] referred to as "a good start".{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} By the end of its first weekend in the US, ''Drushyam'' collected a total of approximately {{INRConvert|1.39|c|0 }}.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} With this, the film managed to surpass the second weekend collections of ''[[Bobby Jasoos]]'' (released a week earlier), but failed to beat the first weekend collections of ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]'' (released on the same date).{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

By the end of its first week, the film collected {{INRConvert|9.5|c}} nett at the global box office.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} At the ten-day mark, global collections rose to {{INRConvert|13.1|c}}, with {{INRConvert|10.35|c}} earned at the AP/Telangana box office and the remaining {{INRConvert|2.75|c}} from markets throughout the rest of India and overseas.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The film collected a total share of {{INRConvert|15.2|c}} at the global box office in two weeks and was declared "a hit venture".{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} By the end of its lifetime, the film collected a total share of {{INRConvert|20|c}} at the global box office and was declared "a super hit".{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} With this, ''Drushyam'' became one of the highest grossing Telugu films of 2014.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[62nd Filmfare Awards South ]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html|title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|magazine=[[Filmfare]]|date=3 June 2015|access-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604025851/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html|archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |title=Winners list: 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |work=The Times of India |date=27 June 2015 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627012915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |archive-date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film - Telugu]]
|[[Daggubati Suresh Babu]] and [[Rajkumar Sethupathi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director - Telugu]]
|[[Sripriya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor - Telugu]]
|[[Daggubati Venkatesh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Nadhiya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php|title=SIIMA 2015 nominations|publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards|siima.in]]|date=16 June 2015|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616095000/http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php|archive-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
|Best Actor – Telugu
|Daggubati Venkatesh
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu
|Nadhiya
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debutant Director – Telugu
|Sripriya
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] – [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]] National Film Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150716/entertainment-bollywood/article/tsr-tv9-award-winners-announced|title=TSR-TV9 award winners announced|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=16 July 2015|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717040839/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150716/entertainment-bollywood/article/tsr-tv9-award-winners-announced|archive-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>
|Best Actor (Jury)
|Daggubati Venkatesh
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress (Jury)
|Meena
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director (Jury)
|Sripriya
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Film
|Daggubati Suresh Babu
|{{won}}
|-
|13th Santosham Film Awards
|Best Child Actor
|[[Esther Anil]]
| {{won}}
|}

== Sequel ==
During the release of the original's sequel ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' in February 2021, multiple news outlets reported that Jeethu Joseph met Venkatesh and Suresh Babu in [[Hyderabad]] a few days prior and that they were happy with the film and that they would join hands for a remake of ''Drishyam 2''. On 20 February 2021, Jeethu Joseph announced that the remake ''[[Drushyam 2]]'' has been finalised.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-20|title=Drishyam 2: Venkatesh and Jeethu Joseph join hands for Telugu remake|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/drishyam-2-venkatesh-and-jeethu-joseph-join-hands-for-telugu-remake-7197240/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title='Drishyam 2' Telugu remake: Jeethu Joseph to join hands with Venkatesh?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/drishyam-2-telugu-remake-jeethu-joseph-joins-hands-with-venkatesh/articleshow/81126268.cms|access-date=2021-02-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=P. k Ajith|date=2021-02-20|title=Jeethu Joseph to remake 'Drishyam 2' in Telugu, Tamil and Hindi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jeethu-joseph-to-remake-drishyam-2-in-telugu-tamil-and-hindi/article33888521.ece|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Shooting began on 5 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rana Daggubati to reprise Murali Gopy's role in Telugu remake of ''Drishyam 2''? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubati-to-reprise-murali-gopys-role-in-telugu-remake-of-drushyam-2/articleshow/81377811.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=17 March 2021 |date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3810932}}
{{Drishyam}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|Drushyam}}

[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sharreth]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sripriya]]

Tom and Jerry filmography

2026-03-22T14:55:48Z

Inventaa: expanded citations additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
The [[Tom and Jerry|''Tom and Jerry'']] series consists of 163 [[Short film|shorts]] produced and released between 1940 and 2005. Of these, 162 are theatrical shorts while one is a made-for-TV short, subsequently released in theatres.{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Tom and Jerry'' filmography}}{{toc limit|2}}

== 1940–1958: Hanna-Barbera/MGM cartoons ==
[[File:Bill Hanna Joseph Barbera 1965.jpg|thumb|William Hanna (right) and Joseph Barbera (left) seen in a 1965 photo.]]
The following 114 cartoons were directed by [[William Hanna]] and [[Joseph Barbera]] at the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles]]. All cartoons were released to theaters by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]. [[Rudolf Ising]] was the producer of ''Puss Gets the Boot''; subsequent cartoons were produced by [[Fred Quimby]] through 1955. Quimby retired in 1955 and from 1955 to 1957, Hanna and Barbera produced the shorts until MGM closed the cartoon studio in 1957, and the last cartoon was released in 1958.<ref>Leonard Maltin's book of Mice and Magic: History of American Animated Cartoons</ref> Most of these cartoons were produced in the standard [[Academy ratio]] (1.37:1). Four cartoons were produced for both Academy Ratio and [[CinemaScope]] formats (2.55:1, later 2.35:1). Finally, 19 cartoons were produced in widescreen CinemaScope format only (though reissues have the standard Academy ratio 1.37:1 instead).


Like the other studios, MGM reissued and edited its cartoons when re-released to theaters. Many pre-1951 cartoons were reissued with [[Perspecta|Perspecta Sound]], which was introduced in 1954. MGM also reissued its cartoons before the introduction of Perspecta Sound. Because of the [[1965 MGM vault fire]], all original film of pre-September-1951 MGM cartoons are lost, leaving only the backup prints (usually the altered reissue prints), although some production artwork relating to the missing material has survived, like pencil sketches.<ref name="cartoonresearch.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.cartoonresearch.com/mgm.html | title=MGM Titles | access-date=September 3, 2011 | archive-date=June 1, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601052841/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/mgm.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 1940 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:10em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:9em"| Date
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 1
| ''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]''
| February 10, 1940
| Tom and Jerry's first cartoon. Tom (here named Jasper) tries to stop the mouse Jerry (here unnamed) from breaking plates and glasses before [[Mammy Two Shoes|the maid]] can kick Jasper out.
| First appearances of Tom (as Jasper), Jerry (as the unnamed mouse), and the housekeeper (never given a name). First ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]].
|-
|}

=== 1941 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:14em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:9em"| Date
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 2
| ''[[The Midnight Snack]]''
| July 19, 1941
| Jerry attempts to outsmart Tom so he can get a snack from the refrigerator.
| First time Tom and Jerry are referred to by those names. Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1958.
|-
| scope="row" | 3
| ''[[The Night Before Christmas (1941 film)|The Night Before Christmas]]''
| December 6, 1941
| Tom gets to know the spirit of giving when he begins to feel guilty after blockading the front door, trapping Jerry outside in the cold on [[Christmas Eve]].
| Nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subjects, Cartoons]].
|-
|}

=== 1942 ===
{{Redirect|Fraidy Cat (film)|the 2008 animated short film|S4 Studios}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:12em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:9em"| Date
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 4
| ''Fraidy Cat''
| January 17, 1942
| Jerry plays tricks to scare the fur off of Tom.
| U.S. television print cuts out the housekeeper due to racially insensitive subject matter.
|-
| scope="row" | 5
| ''Dog Trouble''
| April 18, 1942
| Tom and Jerry team up to stop the Bulldog from mauling both of them.
| First appearance of [[Spike and Tyke (characters)|Spike]] as an unnamed bulldog.
|-
| scope="row" | 6
| ''Puss n' Toots''
| May 30, 1942
| Tom tries to woo a female cat.
| First appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Toots|Toots]]. Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1958.
|-
| scope="row" | 7
| ''The Bowling Alley-Cat''
| July 3, 1942<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bowling Alley-Cat - Earliest Premiere Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-times-the-bowling-alley/184567423/ |website=The Kansas City Times |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=10 |date=1 July 1942}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom and Jerry chase each other around a bowling alley.
| First cartoon featuring a sport as its theme.
|-
| scope="row" | 8
| ''Fine Feathered Friend''
| October 10, 1942
| Jerry flees from Tom by hiding with a chicken family.
|
|-
|}

=== 1943 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:14em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:10em"| Date
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 9
| ''Sufferin' Cats!''
| January 16, 1943
| Tom competes with an alley cat (Meathead) to see who can catch Jerry first.
| First appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Meathead|Meathead]].
|-
| scope="row" | 10
| ''[[The Lonesome Mouse]]''
| May 22, 1943
| When the housekeeper kicks Tom out of the house after Jerry frames him, the mouse enjoys his freedom without Tom until he gets lonesome. They work together to prove Tom's worth as a mouse-catcher to the housekeeper.
| An unusual short where Tom and Jerry speak.
|-
| scope="row" | 11
| ''[[The Yankee Doodle Mouse]]''
| June 26, 1943
| Jerry wages war with Tom from his "cat raid shelter" in the basement.
| First cartoon to win an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]].
|-
| scope="row" | 12
| ''[[Baby Puss (1943 film)|Baby Puss]]''
| October 30, 1943<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Puss - Earliest Premiere Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daytona-beach-news-journal-baby-puss/184568042/ |website=The Daytona Beach News-Journal |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=9 |date=31 October 1943}}{{free access}}</ref>{{efn|Archived from an October 31 article, this is based on the fact that new cartoon shorts would usually premiere in theaters on Saturdays.}}
| Nancy dresses up Tom like a baby, prompting Jerry and Tom's feline friends to make fun of him.
| First appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Butch|Butch]] and [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Topsy|Topsy]].
|-
|}

=== 1944 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:12em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:10em"| Date
! scope="col" style="width:30em"| Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 13
| ''[[The Zoot Cat]]''
| February 10, 1944<ref>{{cite web |title=The Zoot Cat - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution-the-zoot-cat/184568881/ |website=The Atlanta Constitution |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=4 |date=9 February 1944}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom and Jerry try to impress Toots by wearing a [[zoot suit]].
| Unusual for a Tom and Jerry cartoon, the characters speak lengthy lines.
|-
| scope="row" | 14
| ''The Million Dollar Cat''
| April 15, 1944<ref>{{cite web |title=The Million Dollar Cat - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pampa-daily-news-the-million-dollar-cat/184569136/ |website=Pampa Daily News |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=2 |date=17 April 1944}}{{free access}}</ref>{{efn|Archived from an April 17 article, this is based on the fact that new cartoon shorts would usually premiere in theaters on Saturdays.}}
| Tom inherits a million dollars on one condition: He must avoid causing harm to any animal, which Jerry uses to his advantage.
| [[Scott Bradley (composer)|Scott Bradley]] received the only music credit for this short, but examination of the archived orchestral score bears the inscription, "Adapted by Ted Duncan". As Barrier has remarked in ''Hollywood Cartoons'', this score is very unlike Bradley's other work of the period, since it "sounds like ordinary dance-band music, related only tenuously to the cartoon action". It seems plausible that Duncan adapted the score from pre-existing songs because Bradley was unavailable, and the latter received credit for contractual reasons.<ref name=Alexander2015>[https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6809/1/2015AlexanderPhd.pdf ''Happy Harmonies and Disturbing Discords: Scott Bradley's Music for MGM's Cartoons''], Helen Alexander, p. 145</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | 15
| ''The Bodyguard''
| July 13, 1944<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bodyguard - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/journal-and-courier-the-bodyguard-earl/184569428/ |website=Journal and Courier |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=11 |date=13 July 1944}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Jerry frees Spike the bulldog from the dog-catcher's truck. Spike promises to protect Jerry from Tom by responding to the sound of a whistle.
| First regular appearance of [[Spike and Tyke (characters)|Spike]].
|-
| scope="row" | 16
| ''Puttin' on the Dog''
| October 28, 1944
| When Jerry hides in the dog pound, Tom disguises himself as a dog.
|
|-
| scope="row" | 17
| ''[[Mouse Trouble]]''
| November 23, 1944
| Tom reads a book consisting of tips for catching mice.
| Won an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]].
|-
|}

=== 1945 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:13em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:11em"| Date
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 18
| ''[[The Mouse Comes to Dinner]]''
| February 3, 1945<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mouse Comes to Dinner - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-the-mouse-comes-to/184569615/ |website=The Los Angeles Times |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=15 |date=5 February 1945}}{{free access}}</ref>{{efn|Archived from a February 5 article, this is based on the fact that new cartoon shorts would usually premiere in theaters on Saturdays.}}
| Tom invites Toots to a dinner party.
| U.S. television prints cut out the opening scene with the housekeeper due to additional racist stereotyping.
|-
| scope="row" | 19
| ''Mouse in Manhattan''
| July 7, 1945
| Jerry takes a trip to [[Manhattan]].
| Tom has a cameo role at the beginning and ending of this cartoon.
|-
| scope="row" | 20
| ''[[Tee for Two]]''
| July 21, 1945
| Tom attempts to play golf, but Jerry ruins his fun.
|
|-
| scope="row" | 21
| ''Flirty Birdy''
| September 22, 1945
| Tom disguises himself as a female bird to trick an [[eagle]] who also wants to eat Jerry, which works ''too'' well.
|
|-
| scope="row" | 22
| ''[[Quiet Please!]]''
| December 22, 1945
| Spike threatens Tom to keep quiet during his nap, but Jerry is constantly making noise.
| Won an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]].<ref name="IndVallanceB">{{cite news|title=Joseph Barbera: Animation pioneer whose creations with William Hanna included the Flintstones and Tom and Jerry|last=Vallance|first=Tom|date=December 20, 2006|work=The Independent (London)}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== 1946 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:12em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:9em"| Date
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 23
| ''Springtime for Thomas''
| March 30, 1946
| Tom falls in love with a new female cat, Toodles. Jerry tries to break them up by sending Tom's friend/enemy Butch to her.
| First appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Toodles Galore|Toodles Galore]].
|-
| scope="row" | 24
| ''The Milky Waif''
| May 18, 1946
| Nibbles visits one night and wants some milk, so Jerry tries to steal some from Tom.
| First appearance of [[Nibbles (Tom and Jerry)|Nibbles]].
|-
| scope="row" | 25
| ''[[Trap Happy]]''
| June 29, 1946
| Tom calls a mouse exterminator (Butch) to get rid of Jerry.
|
|-
| scope="row" | 26
| ''[[Solid Serenade]]''
| August 31, 1946
| Tom sneaks up to Toodles' house to sing love songs to her at night.
|
|-
|}

=== 1947 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:12em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:11em"| Date
! scope="col" style="width:30em"| Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 27
| ''Cat Fishin'''
| February 22, 1947
| Tom goes fishing using Jerry as bait and deals with watchdog Spike.
|
|-
| scope="row" | 28
| ''Part Time Pal''
| March 15, 1947
| The housekeeper warns Tom to keep Jerry out of the refrigerator or she'll throw him out, but Tom accidentally becomes repeatedly drunk and befriends Jerry.
|
|-
| scope="row" | 29
| ''[[The Cat Concerto]]''
| April 26, 1947
| Pianist Tom performs ''[[Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2]]'' by [[Franz Liszt]] until Jerry breaks up his act.
| Won an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]].<ref name="IndVallanceB"/> In 1994, it was voted No. 42 of the 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time by members of the animation field, the only ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon to make the list.<ref>Beck, Jerry (ed.) (1994). ''The 50 Greatest Cartoons: As Selected by 1,000 Animation Professionals''. Atlanta: Turner Publishing. {{ISBN|1-878685-49-X}}.</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | 30
| ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse''
| June 14, 1947
| Tom tries to prevent Jerry from drinking his milk by poisoning it, but his plan completely backfires when the poison transforms Jerry into a monster.
| Nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]]. Original titles are rarely found on a 16mm [[Agfa-Gevaert]] print with only one tiny splice at the Tom and Jerry card.
|-
| scope="row" | 31
| ''Salt Water Tabby''
| July 12, 1947
| Tom woos Toodles on the beach.
|
|-
| scope="row" | 32
| ''A Mouse in the House''
| August 30, 1947
| Tom and Butch compete against each other to catch Jerry on the housekeeper's orders, but she ends up kicking out all three animals.
| Rarely seen on [[Cartoon Network]] and [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] due to perceived [[racial abuse]] occurring in the end.
|-
| scope="row" | 33
| ''The Invisible Mouse''
| September 27, 1947
| Jerry uses "invisible ink" to turn invisible and outsmart Tom.
|
|-
|}

=== 1948 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:12em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:11em"| Date
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 34
| ''Kitty Foiled''
| June 1, 1948
| [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Cuckoo|Cuckoo]] saves Jerry from Tom.
| First appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Cuckoo|Cuckoo]].
|-
| scope="row" | 35
| ''The Truce Hurts''
| July 17, 1948
| Tom, Jerry, and Spike (here called Butch) are fed up of fighting each other and call a truce, but the peace falls apart when they fight over a steak.
|
|-
| scope="row" | 36
| ''Old Rockin' Chair Tom''
| September 18, 1948
| Tom is briefly replaced by another cat, Lightning.
| First appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Lightning|Lightning]].
|-
| scope="row" | 37
| ''Professor Tom''
| October 28, 1948<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Tom - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-professor-tom-earlies/184574279/ |website=The Morning News |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=24 |date=28 October 1948}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom tries to teach his kitten student (Topsy) how to catch mice.
|
|-
| scope="row" | 38
| ''[[Mouse Cleaning]]''
| December 11, 1948
| After a muddy Tom chases Jerry through the house, the housekeeper forces the cat to clean the house. While she is gone, Jerry sabotages Tom's efforts.
| Blackface gag removed from television and omitted from DVD until 2025 due to racial stereotyping.<ref name="tvshowsondvd.com">{{cite web|last=Lacey|first=Gord|title=Tom and Jerry - Two shorts missing - Statement from Warner Bros|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Tom-Jerry-Missing-Shorts/8048|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com|accessdate=September 10, 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915171022/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Tom-Jerry-Missing-Shorts/8048|archivedate=September 15, 2007}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== 1949 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:12em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:11em"| Date
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 39
| ''Polka-Dot Puss''
| February 26, 1949
| Tom convinces the housekeeper that he is too sick to go outside. He stays in the house until Jerry paints red dots all over Tom's face to trick him into thinking he has caught the [[measles]].
|
|-
| scope="row" | 40
| ''[[The Little Orphan]]''
| April 30, 1949
| In this [[Thanksgiving]] short, Jerry and Nibbles dine on Thanksgiving treats until Tom tries to stop them.
| Won an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]]. The [[Chuck Jones]]-edit exists on one of the early ''Tom and Jerry Cartoon Festival'' video releases<ref name="CF"/> and ''The Art of Tom and Jerry'' LaserDisc.
|-
| scope="row" | 41
| ''Hatch Up Your Troubles''
| April 28, 1949<ref>{{cite web |title=Hatch Up Your Troubles - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-sun-telegraph-hatch-up-your-t/184575204/ |website=Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=22 |date=28 April 1949}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Jerry protects a baby [[woodpecker]] from Tom until it finds its mother.
| First appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Baby Woodpecker|the Baby Woodpecker]]. Nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]].
|-
| scope="row" | 42
| ''Heavenly Puss''
| June 16, 1949<ref>{{cite web |title=Heavenly Puss - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-grand-rapids-press-heavenly-puss-e/184575343/ |website=The Grand Rapids Press |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=12 |date=13 June 1949}}{{free access}}</ref>
| After a piano flattens Tom while he attempts to catch Jerry, Tom is refused entry to cat [[heaven]] due to his record of trying to harm Jerry. To save himself from [[Hell]], Tom must have Jerry sign a certificate of forgiveness within one hour.
| Rarely airs in [[Brazil]]<ref name=judao>{{cite web|url= http://www.judao.com.br/televisao/cartoon-network-confirma-censurou-episodios-tom-jerry/|title= Cartoon Network confirma que tirou do ar "apenas" DOIS episódios de Tom & Jerry|date= September 26, 2013|access-date= September 26, 2013|publisher= Judão|language= pt|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928063124/http://www.judao.com.br/televisao/cartoon-network-confirma-censurou-episodios-tom-jerry/|archive-date= September 28, 2013|df= mdy-all}}</ref> and the [[Middle East]] due to subplots involving [[damnation]] in [[Hell]]. Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1956.
|-
| scope="row" | 43
| ''The Cat and the Mermouse''
| August 11, 1949<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cat and the Mermouse - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-courier-the-cat-and-the-mermou/184575485/ |website=The Daily Courier |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=2 |date=10 August 1949}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom chases a mermaid mouse who looks like Jerry.
| Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1957.
|-
| scope="row" | 44
| ''Love That Pup''
| September 9, 1949<ref>{{cite web |title=Love That Pup - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-herald-love-that-pup-earli/184575600/ |website=The Morning Herald |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=16 |date=9 September 1949}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Jerry hides with [[Spike and Tyke (characters)|Spike]] and [[Spike and Tyke (characters)|Tyke]] so Tom will get in trouble if he tries to catch him.
| First appearance of [[Spike and Tyke (characters)|Tyke]] and [[Daws Butler]]'s first time voicing Spike.
|-
| scope="row" | 45
| ''[[Jerry's Diary]]''
| October 5, 1949<ref>{{cite web |title=Jerry's Diary - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean-jerrys-diary-earliest/184575896/ |website=The Tennessean |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=16 |date=3 October 1949}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom reads through Jerry's diary.
| Compilation short; contains footage from ''[[Tee for Two]]'', ''[[Mouse Trouble]]'', ''[[Solid Serenade]]'', and ''[[The Yankee Doodle Mouse]]''.
|-
| scope="row" | 46
| ''Tennis Chumps''
| November 18, 1949<ref>{{cite web |title=Tennis Chumps - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plain-dealer-tennis-chumps-earlies/184576423/ |website=The Plain Dealer |access-date=8 November 2025 |pages=25 |date=18 November 1949}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom and Butch compete against each other in a game of tennis.
| Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1957.
|-
|}

=== 1950 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2em"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:12em"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:12em"| Date
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" | 47
| ''Little Quacker''
| January 7, 1950
| Jerry protects a little duckling named Quacker from Tom.
| First appearances of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Quacker|Quacker]], Henry, and Mama Duck. Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1957.
|-
| scope="row" | 48
| ''[[Saturday Evening Puss]]''
| January 14, 1950
| After the housekeeper goes out with her friends, Tom invites three of his feline friends: Butch, Lightning, and Topsy over for a party with loud music, which disturbs Jerry, who is trying to sleep.
| Only (albeit brief) time that the face of [[Mammy Two Shoes|housekeeper]] is shown. Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1957. Rereleased to television in the mid-1960s with housekeeper replaced by a white teenage female, which this version exists on one of the early ''Tom and Jerry Cartoon Festival'' video releases<ref name="CF">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Mick|last2=Porter |first2=Marsha |title=Video Movie Guide 1991 |date=1990 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=0-345-36945-9 |page=196}}</ref> and ''The Art of Tom and Jerry'' LaserDisc.
|-
| scope="row" | 49
| ''Texas Tom''
| March 11, 1950
| Tom tries to woo a cowgirl cat.
| Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1957.
|-
| scope="row" | 50
| ''Jerry and the Lion''
| April 8, 1950
| Jerry promises to return an escaped circus lion to the African jungle.
| Only appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Lion|Lion]]. Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1957.
|-
| scope="row" | 51
| ''Safety Second''
| July 1, 1950
| Jerry and Nibbles celebrate [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]]. Nibbles wants to set off firecrackers, but Jerry would rather play it safer.
| Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1957.
|-
| scope="row" | 52
| ''[[Tom and Jerry in the Hollywood Bowl]]''
| September 16, 1950
| Tom conducts the overture of ''[[Die Fledermaus]]'' by [[Johann Strauss II]] at the [[Hollywood Bowl]], but Jerry also wants to conduct.
| Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1957.
|-
| scope="row" | 53
| ''The Framed Cat''
| October 21, 1950
| When Tom steals a chicken drumstick and frames Jerry, Jerry gets even by stealing Spike's bone and framing Tom.
| Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1956.
|-
| scope="row" | 54
| ''Cue Ball Cat''
| October 29, 1950<ref>{{cite web |title=Cue Ball Cat - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/traverse-city-record-eagle-cue-ball-cat/184737802/ |website=Traverse City Record-Eagle |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=6 |date=28 October 1950}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom and Jerry duel in a [[billiard hall]].
| Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1956.
|-
|}

=== 1951 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| No.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:12em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 55
| ''[[Casanova Cat]]''
| January 6, 1951
| Tom offers Jerry as a gift to a wealthy and attractive female cat (Toodles). Jerry attracts the attention of another cat (Butch) who also becomes interested in her, resulting in a fight between Tom and the other cat for her affection.
| Blackface gag removed from television and omitted from DVD until 2025 due to racial stereotyping.<ref name="tvshowsondvd.com"/> Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1958.
|-
| 56
| ''Jerry and the Goldfish''
| March 3, 1951
| Jerry must save a goldfish from Tom.
| Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1958.
|-
| 57
| ''Jerry's Cousin''
| April 7, 1951
| Jerry enlists help from his tough cousin Muscles to deal with Tom.
| Nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Short Subject, Cartoon]]. First appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Muscles|Muscles Mouse]]. Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1958.
|-
| 58
| ''Sleepy-Time Tom''
| March 24, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=Sleepy-Time Tom - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bradford-era-sleepy-time-tom-earli/184737844/ |website=The Bradford Era |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=11 |date=24 March 1951}}{{free access}}</ref>
| After staying out all night with his alley cat friends, Tom attempts to catch Jerry on housekeeper's orders, but he gets sleepy in the process.
| Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1958.
|-
| 59
| ''His Mouse Friday''
| April 22, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=His Mouse Friday - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bradford-era-his-mouse-friday-earl/184737893/ |website=The Bradford Era |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=11 |date=21 April 1951}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom becomes a castaway on an island and chases Jerry to a native village, but Jerry tricks the cat by disguising himself as a blackface native.
|Rereleased in Perspecta Stereo in 1958. This short is edited in two ways on the ''Tom and Jerry on Parade'' VHS and the ''[[Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection|Spotlight Collection]]'' DVD.<ref>{{cite web|last=Corey|first=Joe|title=Tom and Jerry: The Spotlight Collection, Volume 3 – DVD Review|url=https://insidepulse.com/2007/10/15/70953/|website=Inside Pulse|publisher=Digital Grout|accessdate=June 23, 2020|date=October 15, 2007}}</ref> It is presented unedited on the ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Golden Era Anthology|Golden Era Anthology]]'' Blu-ray and DVD set.
|-
| 60
| ''Cat Napping''
| July 4, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=Cat Napping - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/bristol-herald-courier-cat-napping-ear/184737971/ |website=Bristol Herald Courier |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=3 |date=4 July 1951}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom and Jerry fight over who is going to sleep in the hammock.
|
|-
| 61
| ''Slicked-up Pup''
| August 27, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=Slicked-up Pup - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean-slicked-up-pup-earliest/184737921/ |website=The Tennessean |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=4 |date=27 August 1951}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Spike threatens Tom to keep Tyke clean while he is gone. Jerry dirties Tyke to get Tom in trouble.
|
|-
| 62
| ''Nit-Witty Kitty''
| September 14, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=Nit-Witty Kitty - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-nevada-daily-mail-nit-witty-kitty/184737945/ |website=The Nevada Daily Mail |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=2 |date=14 September 1951}}{{free access}}</ref>
| The housekeeper accidentally knocks Tom out with a blow to the head which causes him to forget who he is and think that he is a mouse, and Jerry finds Tom more obnoxious as a fellow rodent.
|
|-
| 63
| ''The Flying Cat''
| September 23, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=The Flying Cat - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/bristol-herald-courier-the-flying-cat/184738060/ |website=Bristol Herald Courier |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=15 |date=23 September 1951}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom chases Jerry and Cuckoo by devising an aerial plan of attack.
|
|-
| 64
| ''The Duck Doctor''
| October 5, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=The Duck Doctor - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/moberly-monitor-index-and-moberly-evenin/184738179/ |website=Moberly Monitor-Index and Moberly Evening Democrat |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=2 |date=5 October 1951}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom shoots down a wild duckling while hunting. Jerry helps him get airborne again.
|
|-
| 65
| ''Triplet Trouble''
| November 14, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=Triplet Trouble - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-triplet-trou/184738259/ |website=The Knoxville News-Sentinel |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=13 |date=13 November 1951}}{{free access}}</ref>
| The housekeeper adopts three kittens who torment Tom and Jerry, so the two team up to have their revenge.
| First (official) appearance of kittens Fluff, Muff, and Puff.
|-
| 66
| ''Smitten Kitten''
| November 21, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=Smitten Kitten - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-smitten-kitt/184738225/ |website=The Knoxville News-Sentinel |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=9 |date=20 November 1951}}{{free access}}</ref>
| When Tom falls in love, Jerry's devil recalls the times when Tom fell in love and caused problems for Jerry.
| Compilation short; contains footage from ''Salt Water Tabby'', ''The Mouse Comes to Dinner'', ''Texas Tom'', and ''[[Solid Serenade]]''.
|-
| 67
| ''Little Runaway''
| November 21, 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=Little Runaway - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-selma-times-journal-little-runaway/184738337/ |website=The Selma Times-Journal |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=5 |date=21 November 1951}}</ref>
| Tom intends to give an escaped seal pup back to the circus, but Jerry wants to help the seal pup escape.
|
|-
|}

=== 1952 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| No.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:11em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 68
| ''[[The Two Mouseketeers]]''
| January 27, 1952<ref>{{cite web |title=The Two Mouseketeers - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bradford-era-the-two-mouseketeers/184738101/ |website=The Bradford Era |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=10 |date=26 January 1952}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Jerry and Nibbles are hungry [[The Three Musketeers|Mouseketeers]], and Tom is a guard in charge of protecting the king's banquet.
| Rarely airs in Brazil due to the ending in which Tom gets [[guillotine|executed]].<ref name=judao/> Won an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]].<ref name="IndVallanceB"/>
|-
| 69
| ''Push-Button Kitty''
| March 22, 1952<ref>{{cite web |title=Push-Button Kitty - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-maryville-daily-forum-push-button-ki/184750437/ |website=The Maryville Daily Forum |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=3 |date=21 March 1952}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Fed up with Tom's laziness, the housekeeper buys a new mouse-catching robot cat.
| Last appearance of the housekeeper, who was retired from the cartoons.
|-
| 70
| ''Fit to Be Tied''
| June 10, 1952<ref>{{cite web |title=Fit to Be Tied - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-ann-arbor-news-fit-to-be-tied-earl/184738435/ |website=The Ann Arbor News |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=8 |date=10 June 1952}}{{free access}}</ref>
| After the passing of a new leash law, Tom torments Spike and uses the opportunity to chase Jerry, but Jerry has Spike protect him from Tom.
| Similar in story and spirit to ''[[The Bodyguard (1944 film)|The Bodyguard]]''.
|-
| 71
| ''Cruise Cat''
| October 18, 1952
| Tom is hired as a sailor tasked with keeping Jerry off a cruise ship.
| Contains footage from ''Texas Tom''.
|-
| 72
| ''The Dog House''
| October 22, 1952<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dog House - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-huntsville-times-the-dog-house-ear/184750695/ |website=The Huntsville Times |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=6 |date=22 October 1952}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Spike decides to build his dream dog house, but Tom and Jerry's antics constantly destroy it.
|
|}

=== 1953 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| No.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:11em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 73
| ''[[The Missing Mouse]]''
| January 10, 1953
| After Jerry is covered in white [[shoe polish]], he scares Tom into thinking that he is an explosive white mouse that escaped from a lab.
| Only ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon scored by Edward Plumb because Scott Bradley was on vacation.<ref name=Alexander2015/>
|-
| 74
| ''Jerry and Jumbo''
| February 21, 1953
| Jerry befriends a baby elephant named Jumbo and disguises him as a large mouse to mess with Tom.
| First appearance of Jumbo and his mother.
|-
| 75
| ''[[Johann Mouse]]''
| March 21, 1953
| As the pet owned by [[Johann Strauss]] in [[Vienna]], Tom becomes an accomplished pianist himself after his master goes away in order to lure dancing Jerry out with piano music.
| Last cartoon in the series to win an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject, Cartoon]].
|-
| 76
| ''[[That's My Pup!]]''
| April 25, 1953
| Spike strikes an "agreement" with Tom for the feline to act scared whenever Tyke barks at him.
|
|-
| 77
| ''Just Ducky''
| September 5, 1953
| After Quacker hatches, Jerry befriends him and teaches him how to swim so he can find his family, but Jerry must also protect him from Tom.
|
|-
| 78
| ''Two Little Indians''
| October 17, 1953
| Jerry is a scoutmaster who is taking two young mice (both resembling Nibbles) on a hiking trip.
|
|-
| 79
| ''Life with Tom''
| October 28, 1953<ref>{{cite web |title=Life with Tom - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-life-with-tom-earliest/184776240/ |website=Tampa Bay Times |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=12 |date=28 October 1953}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Jerry writes an autobiography titled ''Life with Tom'', which Tom has mixed emotions reading.
| Compilation short; contains footage from ''Cat Fishin{{'}}'', ''The Little Orphan'', and ''Kitty Foiled''.
|-
|}

=== 1954 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| No.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:11em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
|80
| ''Puppy Tale''
| January 23, 1954
|A litter of puppies are thrown into a river, but Jerry saves them and has to deal with one that will not leave him and Tom alone.
|-
|81
| ''Posse Cat''
| January 30, 1954
| Tom is a cat owned by a western rancher living near the [[La Sal Mountains]], who rules that, going forward, Tom's dinner will depend on him keeping Jerry out of the shack from stealing their food. Tom and Jerry eventually reach a truce that allows Tom to earn the meal.
| Similar in story and spirit to ''Texas Tom''.
|-
| 82
| ''Hic-cup Pup''
| April 3, 1954<ref>{{cite web |title=Hic-cup Pup - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-news-hic-cup-pup-earlies/184806842/ |website=The Charlotte News |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=14 |date=2 April 1954}}</ref>
| Tom's usual antics of chasing Jerry wake Tyke up, and the puppy gets the hiccups. This annoys Spike, who threatens Tom to keep quiet, while Jerry tries to frame him but it backfires when Tom accidentally helps Spike to cure Tyke's hiccups, forcing Jerry to flee to the South.
|
|-
| 83
| ''Little School Mouse''
| May 29, 1954
| Jerry is a professor with a certified degree in outwitting cats, and tries to teach Nibbles how to do so, with very little success.
| Similar in story and spirit to ''Professor Tom''.
|-
| 84
| ''Baby Butch''
| June 6, 1954<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Butch - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/springfield-reporter-baby-butch-earlie/184806856/ |website=Springfield Reporter |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=20 |date=2 June 1954}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Butch disguises himself as a [[baby]] to steal food from Tom and Jerry's household, aggravating both of them.
|
|-
| 85
| ''Mice Follies''
| July 24, 1954<ref>{{cite web |title=Mice Follies - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/lincoln-journal-star-mice-follies-earl/184806891/ |website=Lincoln Journal Star |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=3 |date=24 July 1954}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Jerry and Nibbles flood the kitchen and freeze it, turning it into a skating rink, causing Tom to use unusual tactics to catch them.
|
|-
| 86
| ''Neapolitan Mouse''
| October 2, 1954
| Tom and Jerry vacation in [[Naples]] and encounter a local mouse named Topo.
|
|-
| 87
| ''Downhearted Duckling''
| November 10, 1954<ref>{{cite web |title=Downhearted Duckling - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/lincoln-journal-star-downhearted-ducklin/184806984/ |website=Lincoln Journal Star |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=8 |date=9 November 1954}}{{free access}}</ref>
| After reading the story of "The Ugly Duckling", Quacker is persistent with the idea of his being ugly, and even resorts to being eaten by Tom rather than to live with his "ugliness".
|
|-
| 88
| ''Pet Peeve''
| November 20, 1954
| After the cost of dog and cat food increase, George and Joan (Tom and Spike's owners) decide they must get rid of one of them before they are eaten out of their home. Tom and Spike must compete to catch Jerry so they can stay, but both get kicked out in the end and Jerry stays.
| Produced simultaneously in both the standard Academy format and in widescreen CinemaScope. First appearances of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#George and Joan|George and Joan]], although their faces are not seen here.
|-
| 89
| ''Touché, Pussy Cat!''
| December 18, 1954
| Captain Jerry tries to teach eager Nibbles how to become a Mouseketeer.
| Produced simultaneously in both the standard Academy format and in widescreen CinemaScope. Last cartoon to get nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subjects, Cartoons]].
|-
|}

=== 1955 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| No.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:11em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 90
| ''Southbound Duckling''
| March 12, 1955
| Quacker is determined to fly south for the winter, which Jerry objects since farm ducks do not fly south, while Tom tries to catch the duck.
| Produced simultaneously in both the standard Academy format and in CinemaScope. This is one of the rare shorts in which Tom emerges victorious over Jerry.
|-
| 91
| ''Pup on a Picnic''
| April 30, 1955
| Spike and Tyke are having a picnic, but several inconveniences occur.
| Produced simultaneously in both the standard Academy format and in CinemaScope.
|-
| 92
| ''Mouse for Sale''
| May 21, 1955
| Tom sells Jerry disguising him as a white mouse after seeing an ad in the newspaper. But his plan to get rich backfires when the house owner finds the money and buys Jerry back.
|
|-
| 93
| ''Smarty Cat''
| July 30, 1955<ref>{{cite web |title=Smarty Cat - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-florida-times-union-smarty-cat-ear/184807090/ |website=The Florida Times-Union |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=50 |date=29 July 1955}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Tom and his pals watch old footage of Spike's misery while the owners are not home.
| Compilation short; contains footage from ''[[Solid Serenade]]'', ''[[Cat Fishin']]'', and ''Fit to Be Tied''.
|-
| 94
| ''Designs on Jerry''
| September 2, 1955
| [[Stick figure]] versions of Tom and Jerry come to life when Tom creates a very detailed blueprint of a mousetrap.
|
|-
| 95
| ''Tom and Chérie''
| September 9, 1955
| Mouseketeer Nibbles gets frustrated when Captain Mouseketeer Jerry repeatedly asks him to deliver his love letters despite Mouseketeer Nibbles's continually encountering troubles with Tom along the way.
| Produced in CinemaScope. This is the only Tom and Jerry episode during the Hanna-Barbera era where Tom and Jerry never come in contact with each other.
|-
| 96
| ''Pecos Pest''
| October 7, 1955<ref>{{cite web |title=Pecos Pest - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/sarasota-journal-pecos-pest-earliest-k/184807136/ |website=Sarasota Journal |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=2 |date=7 October 1955}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Jerry's uncle Pecos comes to the city with his guitar for his television singing debut. Tom is terrified of Pecos because he keeps using Tom's whiskers as replacement guitar strings.
| Only appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Uncle Pecos|Uncle Pecos]]. Last ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon released in the standard [[Academy format]]. All subsequent Hanna-Barbera cartoons were released in CinemaScope. Last ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon released with [[Fred Quimby]] as producer.
|-
| 97
| ''That's My Mommy''
| November 7, 1955<ref>{{cite web |title=That's My Mommy - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/telegraph-bulletin-thats-my-mommy-ear/184807163/ |website=Telegraph-Bulletin |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=12 |date=7 November 1955}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Quacker hatches near Tom and [[Imprinting (psychology)|imprints]] on him, thinking Tom is his mother, despite Jerry's multiple pleas to show him otherwise.
| Produced in CinemaScope. First ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon with [[William Hanna]] and [[Joseph Barbera]] as both producers and directors.
|-
| 98
| ''The Egg and Jerry''
| December 30, 1955<ref>{{cite web |title=The Egg and Jerry - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/telegraph-bulletin-the-egg-and-jerry-e/184807190/ |website=Telegraph-Bulletin |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=16 |date=29 December 1955}}{{free access}}</ref>
| A mother woodpecker leaves for lunch leaving her egg behind, but the egg ends up in Jerry's home and hatches. The baby woodpecker [[Imprinting (psychology)|thinks Jerry is his mother]] and saves him from Tom.
| Produced in CinemaScope. CinemaScope remake of ''[[Hatch Up Your Troubles]]'' and first of the three CinemaScope remakes.
|-
|}

=== 1956 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| No.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:11em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 99
| ''The Flying Sorceress''
| January 27, 1956
| Tom sees an advert wanting an intelligent cat as a travel companion. He leaves his home for the new job, only to find a creepy house occupied by a witch, who wants a cat to take on broomstick rides.
| The first short Joan's face is seen. Produced in CinemaScope.
|-
| 100
| ''Busy Buddies''
| May 4, 1956
| When Jeannie the babysitter is too busy on the phone to look after the baby who is constantly crawling away, Tom and Jerry collaborate to make sure the baby does not get hurt.
| First appearance of [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Jeannie and the Baby|Jeannie and the Baby]]. Produced in CinemaScope.
|-
| 101
| ''Muscle Beach Tom''
| September 7, 1956
| Tom arrives at the beach with a female cat to spend some quality time. But instead, he is competing with Butch by lifting weights to impress her.
| Produced in CinemaScope.
|-
| 102
| ''Down Beat Bear''
| October 21, 1956
| A dancing bear escapes from the zoo and arrives at Tom and Jerry's house, so Jerry keeps playing music to make him dance with Tom and prevent Tom from calling to collect the reward.
| Produced in CinemaScope.
|-
| 103
| ''[[Blue Cat Blues]]''
| November 4, 1956<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Cat Blues - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-review-blue-cat-blues-earlies/184807247/ |website=The News-Review |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=12 |date=3 November 1956}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Jerry, narrating, recounts the tragic love story that led to Tom's depression.
| Due to its ending implying the deaths of Tom and Jerry, the short is frequently misreported online as ''Tom and Jerry's'' "last episode" or "ending".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Abir|date=July 2, 2016|title=Do You Know What Happens To Your Favorite Tom and Jerry In The End?|url=https://www.storypick.com/tom-and-jerry/|access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Storypick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Pall|first1=Vincent|last2=Koski|first2=Dustin|last3=Ciscell|first3=Jim|date=August 16, 2012|title=5 Old Children's Cartoons Way Darker Than Most Horror Movies|url=https://www.cracked.com/article_19979_5-old-childrens-cartoons-way-darker-than-most-horror-movies.html|access-date=December 11, 2023|website=Cracked}}</ref>
|-
| 104
| ''Barbecue Brawl''
| December 14, 1956
| Spike shows his son Tyke how to barbecue, but they have to deal with constant interruptions.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo.
|-
|}

=== 1957 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| No.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:11em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 105
| ''Tops with Pops''
| February 17, 1957<ref>{{cite web |title=Tops with Pops - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/bristol-herald-courier-tops-with-pops/184807347/ |website=Bristol Herald Courier |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=26 |date=17 February 1957}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Jerry hides with Spike and Tyke so Tom will get in trouble if he tries to catch him.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo. CinemaScope remake version of ''[[Love That Pup]]'' and second of the three Cinemascope remakes.
|-
| 106
|''Timid Tabby''
| April 19, 1957
| Tom's cousin George comes to visit, and he is afraid of mice.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo.
|-
| 107
| ''Feedin' the Kiddie''
| June 7, 1957
| Jerry and Tuffy dine on Thanksgiving treats until Tom tries to stop them.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo. Remake of ''[[The Little Orphan]]'' with Nibbles named as Tuffy and is Jerry's nephew.
|-
| 108
| ''Tom's Photo Finish''
| July 4, 1957<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom's Photo Finish - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gaston-gazette-toms-photo-finish/184807364/ |website=The Gaston Gazette |access-date=12 November 2025 |pages=8 |date=4 July 1957}}{{free access}}</ref>
| When Tom eats his owner's chicken and frames Spike, Jerry takes a picture to expose him, spreading copies around the house for his owners to see them. Tom goes to extreme measures to destroy or otherwise hide the photos from his owners, but ultimately fails.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo.
|-
| 109
| ''Royal Cat Nap''
| July 19, 1957<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Cat Nap - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/hickory-daily-record-royal-cat-nap-ear/184672771/ |website=Hickory Daily Record |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=16 |date=19 July 1957}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Royal guard Tom must get rid of Mouseketeers Jerry and Tuffy without waking up the king from his nap.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo.
|-
| 110
| ''Mucho Mouse''
| September 6, 1957
| Tom is a mouse-catching world champion and arrives in [[Spain]] to catch Jerry, known as El Magnifico, but he miserably fails to catch him.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo.
|-
| 111
| ''Happy Go Ducky''
| October 27, 1957<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Go Ducky - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/bristol-herald-courier-happy-go-ducky/184672798/ |website=Bristol Herald Courier |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=12 |date=27 October 1957}}{{free access}}</ref>
| The [[Easter Bunny]] leaves an [[Easter egg]] for Tom and Jerry, which hatches into Quacker who thoroughly annoys them.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo.
|-
|}

=== 1958 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| No.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:10em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 112
| ''The Vanishing Duck''
| March 30, 1958<ref>{{cite web |title=The Vanishing Duck - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-blade-crescent-and-the-progress-adva/184672747/ |website=The Blade-Crescent and the Progress-Advance |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=2 |date=27 March 1958}}{{free access}}</ref>
| In a plot reminiscent of 1947's ''The Invisible Mouse'', Jerry and Quacker become invisible using vanishing cream and play pranks on Tom.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo.
|-
| 113
| ''Robin Hoodwinked''
| May 8, 1958<ref>{{cite web |title=Robin Hoodwinked - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/kerrville-mountain-sun-robin-hoodwinked/184672723/ |website=Kerrville Mountain Sun |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=16 |date=8 May 1958}}{{free access}}</ref>
| After [[Robin Hood]] gets locked up, Jerry and Tuffy attempt to save him, but first they must get past Tom.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo.
|-
| 114
| ''[[Tot Watchers]]''
| June 25, 1958<ref>{{cite web |title=Tot Watchers - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oneonta-star-tot-watchers-earliest/184672691/ |website=The Oneonta Star |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=12 |date=25 June 1958}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Due to Jeanine the babysitter's carelessness, Tom and Jerry must once again keep the baby from harm every time it gets loose.
| Produced in CinemaScope and Perspecta Stereo.
|}

== 1961–1962: Gene Deitch/Rembrandt Films cartoons ==
[[File:Gene Deitch.jpg|thumb|[[Gene Deitch]] in 2007]]
The following thirteen cartoons were directed by [[Gene Deitch]], produced by [[William L. Snyder]], and animated at Snyder's Rembrandt Films in [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]] (now in the [[Czech Republic]]). All cartoons were released to theaters by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

=== 1961 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| No.
!style="width:15em"| Title
!style="width:11em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 115
| ''Switchin' Kitten''
| September 7, 1961
|
|
|-
| 116
| ''Down and Outing''
| October 4, 1961<ref>{{cite web |title=Down and Outing - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-maryville-daily-forum-down-and-outin/184671433/ |website=The Maryville Daily Forum |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=12 |date=4 October 1961}}{{free access}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| 117
| ''It's Greek to Me-ow!''
| November 15, 1961<ref>{{cite web |title=It's Greek to Me-ow! - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bismarck-tribune-its-greek-to-me-ow/184671455/ |website=The Bismarck Tribune |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=3 |date=14 November 1961}}{{free access}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1962 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:3em"| No.
!style="width:18em"| Title
!style="width:10em"| Date
! Notes
|-
| 118
| ''High Steaks''
| March 23, 1962
|
|-
| 119
| ''[[Mouse into Space]]''
| April 2, 1962<ref>{{cite web |title=Mouse Into Space - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-hastings-daily-tribune-mouse-into-sp/184671481/ |website=The Hastings Daily Tribune |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=14 |date=2 April 1962}}{{free access}}</ref>
|
|-
| 120
| ''Landing Stripling''
| May 17, 1962<ref>{{cite web |title=Landing Stripling - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-seguin-gazette-enterprise-landing-st/184671527/ |website=The Seguin Gazette-Enterprise |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=4 |date=9 May 1962}}{{free access}}</ref>
|
|-
| 121
| ''[[Calypso Cat]]''
| June 9, 1962<ref>{{cite web |title=Calypso Cat - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/lansing-state-journal-calypso-cat-earl/184671540/ |website=Lansing State Journal |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=23 |date=8 June 1962}}{{free access}}</ref>
|
|-
| 122
| ''Dicky Moe''
| July 20, 1962
|
|-
| 123
| ''[[The Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit]]''
| August 10, 1962
|
|-
| 124
| ''Tall in the Trap''
| September 14, 1962
|
|-
| 125
| ''Sorry Safari''
| October 12, 1962
|
|-
| 126
|''Buddies... Thicker Than Water''
| November 1, 1962
|
|-
| 127
|''Carmen Get It!''
| December 21, 1962
|
|-
|}

== 1963–1967: Chuck Jones/Sib Tower cartoons ==
[[file:Chuck Jones.jpg|thumb|[[Chuck Jones]] in 1978]]
The following 34 cartoons were produced by [[Chuck Jones]] in Hollywood, Los Angeles. Earlier cartoons were produced in conjunction with Walter Bien's Sib Tower 12 Productions (one or the other credited on the 1963 and 1964 productions), until it was integrated into a new animation department called [[MGM Animation/Visual Arts]]. Directors (if other than Jones) or co-directors for each short are listed. All cartoons were released to theaters by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Note: All the Chuck Jones MGM ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts were in Metrocolor.

All were released on DVD in 2009 as part of ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Chuck Jones Collection]]''.

=== 1963 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:3em"| No.
!style="width:16em"| Title
!style="width:7em"| Date
! Notes
|-
| 128
| ''[[Pent-House Mouse]]''
| July 27, 1963
|
|-
|}

=== 1964 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:3em"| No.
!style="width:18em"| Title
!style="width:10em"| Date
! Notes
|-
| 129
| ''[[The Cat Above and the Mouse Below]]''
| February 25, 1964
|
|-
| 130
| ''Is There a Doctor in the Mouse?''
| March 24, 1964
|
|-
| 131
| ''Much Ado About Mousing''
| April 14, 1964
|
|-
| 132
| ''Snowbody Loves Me''
| May 12, 1964
|
|-
| 133
| ''The Unshrinkable Jerry Mouse''
| December 8, 1964
|
|-
|}

=== 1965 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:3em"| No.
!style="width:16em"| Title
!style="width:10em"| Date
! Notes
|-
| 134
| ''Tom-ic Energy''
| January 7, 1965<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom-ic Energy - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-maryville-daily-forum-tom-ic-energy/184672570/ |website=The Maryville Daily Forum |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=11 |date=7 January 1965}}{{free access}}</ref>
|
|-
| 135
| ''Ah, Sweet Mouse-Story of Life''
| January 20, 1965
|
|-
| 136
| ''Bad Day at Cat Rock''
| February 10, 1965
|
|-
| 137
| ''[[The Brothers Carry-Mouse-Off]]''
| March 3, 1965
| Directed by [[Jim Pabian]].
|-
| 138
| ''Haunted Mouse''
| March 24, 1965
|
|-
| 139
| ''I'm Just Wild About Jerry''
| April 7, 1965
|
|-
| 140
| ''Of Feline Bondage''
| May 19, 1965
|
|-
| 141
| ''[[The Year of the Mouse]]''
| June 9, 1965
|
|-
| 142
| ''The Cat's Me-Ouch!''
| December 22, 1965
|
|-
|}

=== 1966 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:3em"| No.
!style="width:15em"| Title
!style="width:10em"| Date
! Notes
|-
| 143
| ''Duel Personality''
| January 15, 1966
|
|-
| 144
| ''Jerry, Jerry, Quite Contrary''
| February 17, 1966
|
|-
| 145
| ''Jerry-Go-Round''
| March 3, 1966
| Directed by Abe Levitow.
|-
| 146
| ''Love Me, Love My Mouse''
| April 28, 1966
| Directed by [[Chuck Jones]] and [[Ben Washam]]. Last appearance of Toodles.
|-
| 147
| ''[[Puss 'n' Boats]]''
| May 5, 1966
| Directed by [[Abe Levitow]].
|-
| 148
| ''Filet Meow''
| June 30, 1966
| Directed by Abe Levitow.
|-
| 149
| ''Matinee Mouse''
| July 14, 1966
| Direction credited to William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, with story and supervision by [[Tom Ray]]. Compilation short; contains footage from ''The Flying Cat'', ''Professor Tom'', ''The Missing Mouse'', ''Jerry and the Lion'', ''Love That Pup'', ''The Flying Sorceress'', ''[[Jerry's Diary (1949 film)|Jerry's Diary]]'', and ''The Truce Hurts'' as Tom and Jerry watch themselves in a theater.
|-
| 150
| ''[[The A-Tom-inable Snowman]]''
| August 4, 1966
| Directed by Abe Levitow.
|-
| 151
| ''Catty-Cornered''
| September 8, 1966
| Directed by Abe Levitow.
|-
| 152
| ''Guided Mouse-ille''
| October 19, 1966<ref>{{cite web |title=Guided Mouse-ille - Earliest Known Date |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune-guided-mouse-ille-earliest/184672597/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=10 November 2025 |pages=2 |date=19 October 1966}}{{free access}}</ref>
| Directed by Abe Levitow.
|}

=== 1967 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:3em"| No.
!style="width:15em"| Title
!style="width:10em"| Date
! Notes
|-
| 153
| ''Cat and Dupli-cat''
| January 20, 1967
|
|-
| 154
| ''O-Solar-Meow''
| February 24, 1967
| Directed by Abe Levitow.
|-
| 155
| ''Rock 'n' Rodent''
| April 7, 1967
| Directed by Abe Levitow.
|-
| 156
| ''Cannery Rodent''
| April 14, 1967
|
|-
| 157
| ''The Mouse from H.U.N.G.E.R.''
| April 21, 1967
| Directed by Abe Levitow.
|-
| 158
|''Surf-Bored Cat''
| May 5, 1967
| Directed by Abe Levitow.
|-
| 159
|''Shutter Bugged Cat''
| June 23, 1967
| Direction credited to William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, with story and supervision by Tom Ray. Compilation short; Contains footage from ''Part Time Pal'', ''[[The Yankee Doodle Mouse]]'', ''Nit-Witty Kitty'', ''[[Johann Mouse]]'', ''Heavenly Puss'', and ''Designs on Jerry''.
|-
| 160
|''Advance and Be Mechanized''
| August 25, 1967
| Directed by Ben Washam. Followup to ''O-Solar-Meow''. Contains footage from ''Guided Mouse-ille''.
|-
| 161
|''Purr-Chance to Dream''
| September 8, 1967
| Directed by Ben Washam. Followup to ''The Cat's Me-Ouch''.
|-
|}

== 2001–present: Warner Bros. cartoons ==
=== 2001: Hanna-Barbera Productions/Turner Entertainment cartoon ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:7em"| No.
!style="width:18em"| Title
!style="width:7em"| Date
! Notes
|-
| 162
| ''[[The Mansion Cat]]''
| April 8, 2001
| Only made-for-TV short. Directed by Karl Toerge. Contains footage from ''[[Muscle Beach Tom]]''.
|}

=== 2005: Warner Bros. Animation cartoons ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:7em"| No.
!style="width:18em"| Title
!style="width:10em"| Date
!style="width:18em"| Summary
! Notes
|-
| 163
| ''[[The Karate Guard]]''
| September 27, 2005
| Spike saves Jerry from Tom.
| Directed by [[Joseph Barbera]] and [[Spike Brandt]]. 
|}

===TV series===
* ''[[The Tom & Jerry Show (1975 TV series)|The Tom & Jerry Show]]'' (1975, 16 episodes)
* ''[[The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show]]'' (1980, 15 episodes)
* ''[[Tom & Jerry Kids]]'' (1990–93, [[List of Tom & Jerry Kids episodes|65 episodes]])
* ''[[Tom and Jerry Tales]]'' (2006–08, [[List of Tom and Jerry Tales episodes|26 episodes]])
* ''[[The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series)|The Tom and Jerry Show]]'' (2014–21, [[List of The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series) episodes|118 episodes]])
* ''[[Tom and Jerry in New York]]'' (2021, 13 episodes)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry Special Shorts]]'' (2021, 2 episodes)
* ''Tom and Jerry Gokko'' (2022, 14 episodes)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry (2023 TV series)|Tom and Jerry]]'' (2023, 7 episodes)
* ''Tom and Jerry Time'' (2025, 2 episodes)<ref>https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrLGpom16Pw4SUn4LkhmON79hylKkNSqc</ref>

===Feature films===
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Movie]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry (2021 American film)|Tom and Jerry]]'' (2021)<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1266102388424716290|user=WarnerMedia|author=WarnerMedia|author-link=WarnerMedia|title=#HBOMax is here! 🥳 Our groundbreaking...|date=May 28, 2020}}</ref>
* ''Tom and Jerry: Forbidden Compass'' (2025)<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|title=Shanghai Film Fest Unveils Golden Goblet Lineup With Record Submissions|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/shanghai-film-fest-golden-goblet-lineup-1236415204/|access-date=June 18, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media|Penske Media Corporation]]|date=June 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Screening Schedule|url=https://www.siff.com/page/paipianen|website=[[Shanghai International Film Festival]]|access-date=June 18, 2025|quote=06/21 Sat 13:00 [-] BAIYING CINKER PICTURES ScreeningRoom [sic]}}</ref>

===Direct-to-video films===
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up!]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land]]'' (2022)

===Television specials===
* ''[[Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration]]'', 1989 live-action TV special
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers]]'', 2014 TV special
* ''A Fundraising Adventure'', 2014 ''[[Children in Need]]'' special by BBC

===Other appearances===
* ''[[The Alley Cat (1941 film)|The Alley Cat]]'' (1941, [[List of one-shot Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated shorts|MGM one-shot]] cartoon) with Butch and Toodles
* ''[[War Dogs (1943 film)|War Dogs]]'' (1943, MGM one-shot cartoon) with Spike cameo
* ''[[Anchors Aweigh (film)|Anchors Aweigh]]'' (1945) with Tom and Jerry cameo
* ''[[Dangerous When Wet]]'' (1953) with Tom and Jerry cameo
* ''[[Spike and Tyke]]'' (1957, [[List of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio films|MGM]] cartoon series) with Spike and Tyke

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.tomandjerryonline.com/episodes.cfm?era=hb Tom and Jerry episode guide: The Hanna–Barbera era (1940–1958)]
* [https://www.tomandjerryonline.com/episodes.cfm?era=gd Tom and Jerry episode guide: The Gene Deitch era (1960–1962)]
* [https://www.tomandjerryonline.com/episodes.cfm?era=cj Tom and Jerry episode guide: The Chuck Jones era (1963–1967)]
* [https://www.tomandjerryonline.com/episodes.cfm?era=wb Tom and Jerry episode guide: Warner Bros. Animation (2000–present)]

{{Tom and Jerry}}
{{Tom and Jerry short films}}
{{Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Cartoons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tom And Jerry Cartoons, List Of}}
[[Category:Film series introduced in 1940]]
[[Category:Lists of animated films by character]]
[[Category:Children's film series]]
[[Category:Slapstick films| ]]
[[Category:Tom and Jerry short films| ]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated films]]
[[Category:Lists of American animated films]]

Legislative session

2026-03-18T21:20:58Z

Inventaa:

{{expand french}}
{{expand japanese}}
{{Short description|Period in which a legislature is convened; subdivision of a legislative term}}
{{About|sessions in the context of a legislature|sessions in other deliberative assemblies|Meeting (parliamentary procedure)}}

A '''legislative session''' is the period of time in which a [[legislature]], in both [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] and [[presidential system]]s, is convened for purpose of [[law]]making, usually being one of two or more smaller divisions of the entire time between two elections. A session may last for the full term of the legislature or the term may consist of a number of sessions. These may be of fixed duration, such as a year, or may be determined by the party in power. In some countries, a session of the legislature is brought to an end by an official act of [[prorogation]], in others by a motion to [[adjournment sine die|adjourn ''sine die'']]. In some legislatures, the close of a session brings an end to all unpassed bills in the legislature, which would have to be introduced anew to continue debate in the following session.

==Types==
There are generally three types of legislative session: ordinary, extraordinary, and by-right.

===Ordinary sessions===
Ordinary sessions are convened without being summoned for a specific purpose, and take place purely because of a constitutionally-established schedule, which varies between countries. The period between two ordinary sessions is called a "legislative recess."

There can be one, two, or (rarely) three ordinary sessions each year.

For example, since 1995, the [[French Parliament]] has met in a single ordinary session, which begins on the first working day of October and ends on the last working day of June<ref>[[Constitution of the Fifth French Republic]], Article 28</ref>, while the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] of [[Portugal]] sits from September 15 to June 15 (subject to prorogation by a two-thirds majority of members present).<ref>[[1976 Constitution of the Portuguese Republic]], Article 174</ref>

The [[Cortes Generales]] of the Kingdom of [[Spain]] have two ordinary sessions during the year: from September to December, then from February to June.<ref>[[Spanish Constitution of 1978]], Section 73</ref> The [[Scottish Parliament]] holds two sessions, from early January to late June and from early September to mid December, with two-week intra-session recesses in April and October.<ref name="Brief">{{cite web |title=Issue Briefs – Scottish Parliament guide |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/issuebrief/domestic-policy/scotland/scottish-parliament-guide-$447876.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230053/http://www.politics.co.uk/issuebrief/domestic-policy/scotland/scottish-parliament-guide-%24447876.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=16 October 2006 |publisher=Politics.co.uk}}</ref>

The [[Parliament of Rwanda|Parliament]] of [[Rwanda]] has three ordinary sessions, of two months each: the first session begins on February 5, the second on June 5, and the third on October 5.

Constitutionally, the German [[Bundestag]] has total freedom to choose the dates of its ordinary session;<ref>[[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]], Article 39</ref> in the 2025 calendar year, for example, it has settled on three ordinary sessions, the first taking place from late January to late March, the second from May to July, and the third from early September to mid-December.<ref>https://www.bundestag.de/en/parliament/plenary/calendar/bundestag2025-995892</ref>

Some constitutions do not prescribe the schedule of ordinary sessions outright, but only set general guidelines: for example, the [[National Assembly of South Korea]] is constitutionally required to hold one ordinary session every year, which cannot last for more than one hundred days, but the actual session dates are set by ordinary law.<ref>[[1987 Constitution of the Republic of Korea]], Article 47</ref>

===Extraordinary sessions===
Extraordinary sessions take place in what is ordinarily the recess between two ordinary sessions, and must be summoned for a specific purpose. Typically, the summons would also state the planned duration and agenda of the extraordinary session.

To return to some of the aforementioned examples, an extraordinary session of the French Parliament is opened and closed by a presidential decree, and its convening can only take place between July and September, and only at the request of the Prime Minister or the majority of the members of the National Assembly; while in Germany, an extraordinary session of the Bundestag is called by the [[President of the Bundestag]], either on their own initiative or at the request of the President, the Chancellor, or at least one-third of the Bundestag members.

In Japan, only the [[Cabinet of Japan|cabinet]] can call the [[National Diet]] into extraordinary session. However, it is required to do so if a quarter or more of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|Representatives]] or [[House of Councillors of Japan|Councillors]] so request.

Some legislatures, such as the [[United States Congress]], cannot call any extraordinary sessions at all.

===Sessions by right===
A session by right is similar to the extraordinary session in that it occurs outside the schedule for ordinary sessions, but differs from it because its convening is simply contingent upon a decision or event, without requiring a formal summons.

Sessions by right most frequently happen after a [[general election]]; thus, for example, the French National Assembly meets by right on the second Thursday following a snap election, while the German Bundestag is required to meet during the 30 days after its election.

However, some sessions by right may be mandated for other events or for certain emergencies as well; for example, in France, [[Congress of the French Parliament#Address by the President of France|Presidential addresses to Parliament]] require an extraordinary session if they are held during the recess, while the Finnish Parliament convenes automatically if the President declares the mobilization of the armed forces.

==Common procedure==
{{globalize|section|UK|date=October 2025}}
Historically,{{when|date=August 2018}}{{where|date=August 2018}} each session of a parliament would last less than one year, ceasing with a prorogation during which legislators could return to their [[Constituency|constituencies]]. In more recent times, development in transportation technology has permitted these individuals to journey with greater ease and frequency from the legislative capital to their respective [[electoral district]]s (sometimes called [[Riding (division)|''ridings'']], electorate, division) for short periods, meaning that parliamentary sessions typically last for more than one year, though the length of sessions varies. Legislatures plan their business within a [[legislative calendar]], which lays out how [[Bill (proposed law)|bills]] will proceed before a session ceases, although related but unofficial affairs may be conducted by legislators outside a session or during a session on days in which parliament is not meeting.

Between two legislative sessions, the same legislature is still constituted{{spaced ndash}}i.e. no [[general election]] takes place and all existing [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] retain their seats. An exception to this is the break between the final legislative session of one term, and the first legislative session of the following term, which is sometimes called an "election recess".

In some legislatures, such as the [[Parliament of Canada]], all orders of the body{{spaced ndash}}bills, [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motions]], etc.{{spaced ndash}}are expunged at the start of a new session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch08&Seq=7&Lang=E |last1=Marleau |first1=Robert |last2=Montpetit |first2=Camille |title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice > 8. The Parliamentary Cycle |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208120658/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch08&Seq=7&Lang=E |archive-date= 8 December 2008 }}</ref> In others, such as the German [[Bundestag]], orders of the body can resume in the new session exactly where they left off the previous one, and are only expunged at the end of the parliamentary term. In the United Kingdom, however, the practice of terminating all bills upon prorogation has slightly altered; [[public bill]]s may be re-introduced in the next legislative session, and fast-tracked directly to the stage they reached in the prorogued legislative session.

A new session will often begin on the same day that the previous session ended. In many [[Westminster system|Westminster-system parliaments]], when a parliament reconvenes for a new legislative session, the [[head of state]] or their representative will address the legislature in an [[State Opening of Parliament|opening ceremony]].

In both [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] and [[presidential system]]s, sessions are referred to by the name of the body and an [[ordinal number]]{{spaced ndash}}for example, the ''2nd Session of the [[39th Canadian Parliament]]'' or the ''1st Session of the [[109th United States Congress]]''.

===Purposes===
Governments today end sessions whenever it is most convenient, but a "good faith exercise of the power" to prorogue parliament does not include preventing it from frustrating the prime minister's agenda.<ref>Sam Fowles, ''Proroguing parliament: what does it mean and can it be used to push through Brexit?'', The Week, 5 luglio 2019.</ref> When the Parliament of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] conquered the power to decide on its recalling, the MP Modigliani spoke of a ''coup d'état'', if the right to prorogue or close the session was exercised immediately after Parliament had recalled itself.<ref>Even then closing the session had the effect not only of suspending, but of ending all pending matters, cancelling all work not completed; stopping all the offices including the Presidency. If a member of the opposition had succeeded in passing a proposal contrary to the Government views, or a project dissatisfied a part of the majority, the Cabinet should only close the session and the Ministry was removed from all embarrassment. For this reason, the Parliamentary power to recall itself was the frontier between the democratic evolution of the form of government and the Fascist reaction: {{in lang|it}} Domenico Argondizzo, [[Felice Besostri]], Giampiero Buonomo, [http://www.giurcost.org/studi/argondizzobesostribuonomo.pdf ''Su alcune ragioni dell’evoluzione costituzionale nei Parlamenti operanti per sessioni'', Consulta online, 2019, fasc. III, p. 427-438].</ref>

During the [[electoral campaign]], this break takes place so as to prevent the [[upper house]] from sitting and to purge all upper chamber business before the start of the next legislative session. It is not uncommon for a session of parliament to be put into recess during holidays and then resumed a few weeks later exactly where it left off.

==Procedure in Commonwealth realms==
[[File:Medieval parliament edward.Jpg|thumb|right|A 16th-century depiction of the [[parliament of England]] in session, with [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]] presiding]]

In [[Commonwealth realm]]s, legislative sessions can last from a few weeks to over a year; between general elections; there are usually anywhere from one to six sessions of parliament before a dissolution by either the [[Queen-in-Council|Crown-in-Council]] or the expiry of a legally mandated term limit. Each session begins with a [[speech from the throne]], read to the members of both legislative chambers either by the reigning sovereign or a [[viceroy]] or other representative. Houses of parliament in some realms will, following this address, introduce a [[Pro forma#Westminster system|''pro forma'' bill]] as a symbol of the right of parliament to give priority to matters other than the monarch's speech (always written by the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] of the day).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/occasions/stateopening.cfm |last=Parliament of the United Kingdom |author-link=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=About > How Parliament works > Parliamentary occasions > State Opening of Parliament |publisher=Queen's Printer |access-date=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004121312/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/occasions/stateopening.cfm |archive-date= 4 October 2007 }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{main|Prorogation in the United Kingdom}}
In the [[parliament of the United Kingdom]], [[Prorogation in the United Kingdom|prorogation]] is immediately preceded by a speech to both legislative chambers, with procedures similar to the Throne Speech. The monarch usually approves the oration—which recalls the prior legislative session, noting major bills passed and other functions of the government<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/occasions/prorogation.cfm| last=Parliament of the United Kingdom| author-link=Parliament of the United Kingdom| title=About > How Parliament works > Parliamentary occasions > Prorogation| publisher=Queen's Printer| access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref>—but rarely delivers it in person, [[Queen Victoria]] being the last to do so. Instead, the speech is presented by the [[Lords Commissioners]] and read by the [[Leader of the House of Lords]]. When [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] dissolved the [[Parliament of England]] in 1628, after the [[Petition of Right]], he gave a prorogation speech that effectively cancelled all future meetings of the legislature, at least until he again required finances.

===Australia===
{{Main|Section 5 of the Constitution of Australia}}
Prior to 1977, it was common for the [[Parliament of Australia|federal Parliament]] to have up to three sessions, with Parliament being prorogued at the end of each session and recalled at the beginning of the next. This was not always the case, for instance the 10th Parliament (1926–1928) went full term without prorogation. The practice of having multiple sessions in the same parliament gradually fell into disuse, and all parliaments from 1978 to 2013 had a single session. (There were only four prorogations since 1961, twice to allow the visiting Queen to "open" Parliament, once after the [[Disappearance of Harold Holt|1967 death]] of Prime Minister [[Harold Holt]] and for political reasons in 2016.) Since 1990, it has been the practice for the parliament to be prorogued on the same day that the [[Dissolution of parliament#Parliament of Australia|House is dissolved]] so that the Senate will not be able to sit during the election period.<ref>{{cite book|title=House of Representatives Practice|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice6/Practice6HTML?file=appendix15|edition=6th|publisher=Parliament of Australia|pages=808–812|chapter=Chronology of Parliaments}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2015/06/the-likely-political-consequences-of-changing-the-senates-electoral-system.html|title=The Likely Political Consequences of Proposed Changes to the Senate's Electoral System|last=Green|first=Antony|date=24 June 2015|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>

However, on 21 March 2016, Prime Minister [[Malcolm Turnbull]] announced that the [[Parliament of Australia|44th Parliament]], elected in 2013, would be prorogued on 15 April and that a second session would begin on 18 April.<ref name=Karp /> Prorogation is now a procedural device, the effect of which is to call the Parliament back on a particular date (especially the Senate, which the government did not control), and to wipe clean all matters before each House, without triggering an election.<ref name=Karp>{{cite news|last1=Karp|first1=Paul|title=How the PM used an obscure part of the constitution to recall parliament|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/mar/21/how-the-pm-used-an-obscure-part-of-the-constitution-to-recall-parliament|access-date=24 March 2016|work=The Guardian|date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

===Canada===
{{main|Prorogation in Canada}}
In the [[Parliament of Canada]] and its provinces, the legislature is typically prorogued upon the completion of the agenda set forth in the Speech from the Throne (called the ''[[legislative programme]]'' in the UK). It remains in recess until the monarch, [[Governor-General|governor general]], or [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]] summons parliamentarians again. Historically, long prorogations allowed legislators to spend part of their year in the capital city and part in their home [[Electoral district (Canada)|ridings]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.worldissues360.com/index.php/what-is-prorogation-9838| last=Scott| first=Cameron| title=What is Prorogation?| date=October 17, 2010| publisher= Helium Inc.| access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> However, this reason has become less important with the advent of rapid transcontinental travel.

More recently, prorogations have triggered speculation that they were advised by the sitting [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]] for political purposes: for example, in the [[40th Canadian Parliament|40th Parliament]], [[2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute#Governor General prorogues parliament|the first prorogation]] occurred in the midst of [[2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute|a parliamentary dispute]], in which the opposition parties expressed intent to defeat the minority government, and the [[40th Canadian Parliament#Second prorogation|second]] was suspected by opposition Members of Parliament to be a way to avoid investigations into [[Canadian Afghan detainee issue|the Afghan detainees affair]] and triggered [[2010 Canada anti-prorogation protests|citizen protests]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/thousands-protest-parliament-s-suspension-1.866970| title=Thousands protest Parliament's suspension| publisher=CBC| date=23 January 2010| access-date=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pm-shuts-down-parliament-until-march-1.829800| title=PM shuts down Parliament until March| publisher=CBC| date=31 December 2009| access-date=31 December 2009}}</ref> In October 2012, the provincial legislature of [[Ontario]] was prorogued under similar circumstances, allegedly to avoid scrutiny of the provincial Government on a number of issues.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/dalton-mcguintys-prorogation-of-ontario-parliament-normal-but-cynical| title=Dalton McGuinty's prorogation of Ontario parliament normal but 'cynical'| publisher=National Post| date=17 October 2012| access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>

Bills are numbered within each session. For example, in the federal [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] each session's government bills are numbered from C-2 to C-200, and the numbering returns again to C-2 following a prorogation ([[Bill C-1]] is a ''pro-forma'' bill).

== Procedure in the United States ==

=== United States Congress ===
{{see also|Procedures of the United States Congress}}
The [[United States Congress|Congress]] is renewed every two years as required by the [[United States Constitution|US Constitution]], with all members of the House of Representatives up for reelection and one-third of the members of the US Senate up for reelection. (Senators serve a six-year term; House members serve a two-year term). Each Congress sits in two sessions lasting approximately one year. Thus, the 1st session of the 114th Congress commenced on January 3, 2015, and the 2nd session commenced on January 3, 2016, with the same members and no intervening election. All legislative business, however, is cleared at the end of each session. It is common for bills to be reintroduced in the second session that were not passed in the first session, and the restrictions on reconsideration only apply to a single session.

When the leaders of the majority party in each house have determined that no more business will be conducted by that house during that term of Congress, a motion is introduced to [[adjournment sine die|adjourn ''sine die'']], effectively dissolving that house. Typically, this is done at some point after the general congressional election in November of even-numbered years. If the party in power is retained, it may happen as early as mid-November and members return to their districts for the holiday season. However, when the party in power is ousted or if important business, such as approval of [[appropriation bill]]s, has not been completed, Congress will often meet in a [[lame-duck session]], adjourning as late as December 31, before the newly elected Congress takes office on January 3.

=== State legislatures ===
In the [[United States]], most [[state legislature (United States)|state legislature]]s, most of which are part-time paid legislatures with a set stipend, meet only part of the year. State constitutions, statutes or legislative rules may set deadlines for adjournment ''sine die'' per session or term, depending on whether a state constitution defines entire time allowed for a session as "legislative days" (any day from when either house meets quorum until the speaker gavels the body into adjournment) or "calendar days" (any specific 24-hour day on the Gregorian calendar). Constitutional limits on the length of sessions may lead legislative leaders to change rules or pass statutes which define a day on the legislative calendar, such as extending a calendar day beyond 24 hours or defining what legislative business counts against a maximum number of legislative days.

Depending upon limitations of the state's constitution, if business arises that must be addressed before the next regular session, the [[Governor (U.S.)|governor]] may call a [[special session]]. In many states, a special session may be called by petition from two-thirds of both houses.

The few state legislatures which meet year-round, with the exception of [[North Carolina General Assembly|North Carolina]], are usually full-time paid legislatures.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|prorogue}}
{{wikinews|Canadian Parliament suspended until late January 2009}}
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7755478.stm Video of Prorogation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081203193712/http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/c_d_prorogationparliament-e.htm Canada. House of Commons. Procedure Online]

[[Category:Government]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Time in government]]

Boss (2013 soundtrack)

2026-03-18T17:36:11Z

Inventaa:

{{Short description|2013 soundtrack album}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Boss (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Meet Bros Anjjan]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[P. A. Deepak]] and [[Chirantan Bhatt]]
| cover = Boss (soundtrack).png
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| alt =
| released = 9 September 2013
| recorded = 2012–2013
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 39:45
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = {{hlist|[[Meet Bros Anjjan]]|[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]|[[P.A.Deepak]]|[[Chirantan Bhatt]]|[[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures|Raghav Bahl]]|[[Bhushan Kumar]]}}
| chronology = [[Meet Bros Anjjan]]
| prev_title = [[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Ragini MMS 2]]
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Chennai Express (soundtrack)|Chennai Express]]
| prev_year = 2013
| title = Boss
| year = 2013
| next_title = [[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[P. A. Deepak]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Jhootha Hi Sahi (soundtrack)|Jhootha Hi Sahi]]
| prev_year = 2010
| title = Boss
| year = 2013
| next_title = [[Gulaab Gang]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Chirantan Bhatt]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]
| prev_year = 2013
| title = Boss
| year = 2013
| next_title = Ishq Actually
| next_year = 2013
}}
{{Singles
| name = Boss
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Boss (Title Track)
| single1date = 30 August 2013
}}
}}
'''''Boss (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2013 Hindi-language [[action comedy]] film [[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|of the same name]] directed by Anthony D'Souza and stars [[Akshay Kumar]]. The album featured nine songs composed by [[Meet Bros Anjjan]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[P. A. Deepak]] and [[Chirrantan Bhatt]], with Sahil Kaushal (Lil Golu), Manoj Yadav and [[Kumaar]] as the lyricists. The title song of the film preceded as the [[lead single]] from the album released through digital download on 30 August 2013, and the soundtrack was released under the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label on 9 September 2013. The music received positive reviews from critics.

== Background ==
The soundtrack accompanying the 2013 film ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]'' consisted of five musical numbers, a theme song, an alternative of one of the original tracks, a [[remix]] and a mashup mix, culminating nine tracks in total.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=9 September 2013 |title=Boss (From "Boss") [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/boss-from-boss-original-motion/id699675344 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023111105/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/boss-from-boss-original-motion/id699675344 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=23 October 2013 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> [[Meet Bros Anjjan]]{{efn|a musical project that consists of the duo Meet Bros (Manmeet and Harmeet Singh) and singer-songwriter [[Anjjan Bhattacharya]]}} composed the title track "Boss Title Song", its remixes, the theme song and "Pitah Se Hai Naam Tera", while [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] co-composed the rap verses for the title track and "Party All Night", [[P. A. Deepak]] and [[Chirrantan Bhatt]] composed the tracks, "Hum Na Thode" and "[[Har Kisi Ko]]", respectively.<ref name=":0" /> Manoj Yadav wrote lyrics for the song "Har Kisi Ko" and Sahil Kaushal{{efn|name=Lil Golu|credited as Lil Golu}} did the same for "Party All Night", the rest of the songs—excluding the theme music—are written by [[Kumaar]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Sandeep Shirodkar]] composed the [[film score]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013-10-16 |title=Boss: Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/boss/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223232723/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/boss/cast/ |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]'' is directed by [[Anthony D'Souza]], produced by [[Cape Of Good Films]] and Ashwin Varde Productions, and distributed by [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]].<ref name=":1" /> A remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' (2010), it stars [[Akshay Kumar]] in the lead role, along with [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Shiv Panditt]], [[Ronit Roy]] and [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] in supporting roles.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Amitabh Bachchan introduces Akshay Kumar in Boss">{{cite web |date=2 September 2013 |title=Amitabh Bachchan to introduce Akshay Kumar in Boss |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/amitabh-bachchan-to-introduce-akshay-kumar-in-boss-209601-2013-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930032541/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amitabh-bachchan-to-introduce-akshay-kumar-in-boss/1/305084.html |archive-date=30 September 2013 |access-date=2 September 2013 |website=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |publisher=}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 16 October 2013 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-16 |title=Today's big Eid release: Akshay Kumar's 'Boss' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/todays-big-eid-release-akshay-kumars-boss/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523124430/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/todays-big-eid-release-akshay-kumars-boss/ |archive-date=2014-05-23 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Album information ==
The titular track is the first song from the film and album, composed and performed by Meet Bros Anjjan, with lyrics written by Kumaar, and Yo Yo Honey Singh written, produced and co-composed the rap verses.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=30 August 2013 |title='BOSS Title Song' Feat. Meet Bros Anjjan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XE5pvFV6zgM&list=PL095CA373D64B70C0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206200252/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XE5pvFV6zgM&list=PL095CA373D64B70C0 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=30 August 2013 |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The song had a remix version produced by [[DJ Khushi]] that was included as the album's eighth song.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Renu |date=12 October 2013 |title=DJ Khushi's remixed title track for Akshay's 'Boss' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-12/news-and-interviews/42968002_1_dj-khushi-remix-title-track |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131124032845/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-12/news-and-interviews/42968002_1_dj-khushi-remix-title-track |archive-date=24 November 2013 |accessdate=17 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was further reworked into the song "Boss Ganapati" which was recorded two days before the music launch, owing to Kumar's request.<ref name="Anthony D'Souza & MBA on including Boss - Ganapati Mix">{{cite web |last=KBR |first=Upala |date=9 September 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar adds new Ganpati song to soundtrack of his upcoming film Boss |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1886423/report-akshay-kumar-adds-new-ganpati-song-to-soundtrack-of-his-upcoming-film-boss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911195450/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1886423/report-akshay-kumar-adds-new-ganpati-song-to-soundtrack-of-his-upcoming-film-boss |archive-date=11 September 2013 |access-date=11 September 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=9 September 2013 |title=Akshay's special gift to Maharashtra on Ganpati! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-09/news-interviews/41902409_1_ganpati-title-track-akshay-kumar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912005543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-09/news-interviews/41902409_1_ganpati-title-track-akshay-kumar |archive-date=2013-09-12 |access-date=2013-09-12 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> While the tune was similar to the title track, the lyrics were revised in praise of the Hindu god [[Ganesha]].<ref name=":3" /> This song was not featured in the film.<ref name=":3" />

The second song "Hum Na Tode" was composed by first-time composer and [[Grammy Award]]-winner [[P. A. Deepak]], who previously worked as a music producer, sound engineer and programmer for [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=14 September 2013 |title=Music Review: Boss soundtrack is a winner |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-boss-soundtrack-is-a-winner/20130914.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915223741/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-boss-soundtrack-is-a-winner/20130914.htm |archive-date=15 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> With lyrics written by Kumaar and sung by [[Vishal Dadlani]], it was adapted from the popular Tamil song "Appadi Podu" from the [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]-starrer ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004) composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsava |first=Priyanka |date=2013-09-26 |title=Boss shakes a leg to the beats of inspired hit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/boss-shakes-a-leg-to-the-beats-of-inspired-hit-212288-2013-09-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005155936/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/boss-shakes-a-leg-to-the-beats-of-inspired-hit-212288-2013-09-25 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-23 |title=Akki, Prabhudeva In Hindi Appadi Podu |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-prabhudeva-in-the-hindi-appadi-podu-from-boss-102883.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004062932/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-prabhudeva-in-the-hindi-appadi-podu-from-boss-102883.html |archive-date=2013-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[IndiaTimes]] |publisher=[[Times Internet]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> "Pitah Se Hai Naam Tera" is the album's third song composed by Meet Bros Anjjan, written by Kumaar and performed by [[Sonu Nigam]] and the [[alap]] portions by Sanjay Misra.<ref name=":0" /> The fourth song "Party All Night" was composed and performed by Yo Yo Honey Singh and written by Sahil Kaushal.{{efn|name=Lil Golu}} An objectionable word in the song was muted after a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] seeking a stay on the film,<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2013 |title=Petition for stay on release of Akshay Kumar's 'Boss' filed in HC |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/petition-for-stay-on-release-of-akshay-kumars-boss-filed-in-hc/1180838/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024002506/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/petition-for-stay-on-release-of-akshay-kumars-boss-filed-in-hc/1180838/ |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=12 October 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> was filed at the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2013 |title=Boss: Objectionable word in the song muted, producer tells court |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/boss-objectionable-word-in-the-song-muted-producer-tells-court/427925-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015024400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/boss-objectionable-word-in-the-song-muted-producer-tells-court/427925-8-66.html |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=15 October 2013 |publisher=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsava |first=Priyanka |date=2014-03-29 |title=A madness called Yo Yo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/all-about-yo-yo-honey-singh-hit-songs-popular-186715-2014-03-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005151812/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/all-about-yo-yo-honey-singh-hit-songs-popular-186715-2014-03-29 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> However, Kumar stated that the muted word was not vulgar but had been misinterpreted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=2013-10-16 |title=Muted word from Honey Singh's song is not vulgar: Akshay Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/muted-word-from-honey-singh-s-song-is-not-vulgar-akshay-kumar/story-shFTe2nhjvmsJ7AQozPvyH.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113223443/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/muted-word-from-honey-singh-s-song-is-not-vulgar-akshay-kumar/story-shFTe2nhjvmsJ7AQozPvyH.html |archive-date=2015-11-13 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The song "[[Har Kisi Ko|Har Kisi Ko Nahi Milta]]" composed by [[Kalyanji–Anandji]] for the film ''[[Janbaaz]]'' (1986), was adapted for the film by [[Chirrantan Bhatt]] and featured new lyrics written by Manoj Yadav.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Two versions of the song were featured in the film—one is a solo version sung by [[Nikhil D'Souza]] and the other is a duet version performed by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Neeti Mohan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

== Marketing and release ==
The title track was released for legal purchase as a digital single on the music platform [[iTunes]] on 30 August 2013.<ref name=":2" /> The song "Party All Night" was promoted with two teasers released on 5 September, and the full song was released the following day.<ref name="Party All Night 60 million">{{cite web |last=Srivatsava |first=Priyanka |date=7 September 2013 |title=Get ready to party all night with Akshay Kumar & Sonakshi Sinha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/get-read-to-party-all-night-with-akshay-kumar-sonakshi-sinha-210242-2013-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927072028/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/get-read-to-party-all-night-with-akshay-kumar-&-sonakshi-sinha/1/308772.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It was launched on television during the grand finale of the reality television show ''[[Dance India Dance Super Moms]]'', where [[Mithun Chakraborty]] being one of the judges.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar to launch Boss song on reality show finale |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/akshay-kumar-to-launch-boss-song-on-reality-show-finale-415869 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911011746/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/akshay-kumar-to-launch-boss-song-on-reality-show-finale-415869 |archive-date=11 September 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013 |publisher=[[NDTV|NDTV Movies]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>{{Efn|Mithun Chakraborty, also played Kumar's on-screen father in the film.}}

The film's soundtrack was released on 9 September 2013, coinciding with Kumar's birthday and the [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] festival.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 September 2013 |title=Boss: Triple celebration for Akshay Kumar |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-09/news-interviews/41902676_1_ashwin-varde-productions-upcoming-film-boss-akshay-kumar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911031635/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-09/news-interviews/41902676_1_ashwin-varde-productions-upcoming-film-boss-akshay-kumar |archive-date=11 September 2013 |access-date=11 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was released in digital and physical formats by the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] record label.<ref name=":0" /> The song "Boss Ganapathi" was distributed free of cost across all Ganesh pandals in Maharashtra (including [[Mumbai]]).<ref name="Anthony D'Souza & MBA on including Boss - Ganapati Mix" /><ref name=":3" />

== Music videos ==
The title song featured Kumar along with the singers Yo Yo Honey Singh and Meet Bros Anjjan.<ref name=":7" /> Netizens pointed out the visuals of the song sharing similarities with the music video of the popular song "[[Bad Girls (M.I.A. song)|Bad Girls]]" (2012) featuring [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-05 |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Boss' title track a rip-off of M.I.A.'s 'Bad Girls'? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumars-boss-title-track-a-rip-off-of-mias-bad-girls-209943-2013-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005173347/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumars-boss-title-track-a-rip-off-of-mias-bad-girls-209943-2013-09-04 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

"Party All Night" featured [[Sonakshi Sinha]] in a [[Cameo appearance|special appearance]]—her third stint after previously appearing in "Go Go Govinda" from ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' (2012) and "Thank God Its Friday" from ''[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|Himmatwala]]'' (2013) respectively—along with Kumar and Singh and 600 foreign dancers appearing in the background and was choreographed by [[Mudassar Khan]].<ref name="Party All Night 60 million" /> The song was shot at a production cost of {{INRConvert|6|c|year=2013}}, becoming the most expensive music video produced at that time,<ref name="Party All Night 60 million, 600 models, Choreographer">{{cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Priyanka |date=30 July 2013 |title=Latest item jig starring Sonakshi and Akshay becomes the most expensive song ever made in Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sonakshi-sinha-akshay-kumar-item-song-party-all-night-boss-most-expensive-song-in-bollywood-172074-2013-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819233140/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sonakshi-sinha-akshay-kumar-item-song-party-all-night-boss-most-expensive-song-in-bollywood/1/296994.html |archive-date=19 August 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013 |url-status=live |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="Party All Night 60 million 3">{{cite web |date=28 August 2013 |title=Sonakshi Sinha's 6 Crore Item Song in Boss |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sonakshi-sinhas-6-crore-item-song-in-boss-97685.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915091945/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sonakshi-sinhas-6-crore-item-song-in-boss-97685.html |archive-date=15 September 2013 |access-date=28 August 2013 |work=[[IndiaTimes]] |publisher=[[Times Internet]] |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> while Sinha was charged a fee of {{INRConvert|60|l|year=2013}} as a special appearance.<ref name="Party All Night 60 million 2">{{cite web |title=Sonakshi Sinha to get Rs 6 crore for item song? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-21/news-interviews/41429536_1_singing-valentines-harmonie-meisters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823002048/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-21/news-interviews/41429536_1_singing-valentines-harmonie-meisters |archive-date=23 August 2013 |access-date=21 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "Hum Na Tode" featured Kumar and [[Prabhu Deva]], the latter also choreographed the song.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Srivatsava |first=Priyanka |date=2013-09-23 |title=Akshay Kumar & Prabhudeva team up again for 'Hum Na Tode' in Boss |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-prabhudeva-team-up-again-for-hum-na-tode-in-boss-212013-2013-09-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160509/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-prabhudeva-team-up-again-for-hum-na-tode-in-boss-212013-2013-09-22 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 26 September 2013.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

The solo version of the song "Har Kisi Ko" was released on 13 September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-20 |title=I knew that my bikini shoot will look pretty and sensual: Aditi Rao Hydari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-knew-that-my-bikini-shoot-will-look-pretty-and-sensual-aditi-rao-hydari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718201741/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-knew-that-my-bikini-shoot-will-look-pretty-and-sensual-aditi-rao-hydari/ |archive-date=2014-07-18 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> This version featured in the film, was picturized on Panditt and Hydari which was extensively shot in [[Delhi]] and [[Pattaya]] and was choreographed by [[Laxman Utekar]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Joginder Tuteja |date=20 September 2013 |title="A girl doesn't wear a gown in a pool" – Aditi Rao Hydari |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5520/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923084025/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5520 |archive-date=23 September 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2015 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The duet version of the song was picturized on Kumar and Sinha,<ref>{{cite web |author=Divya Goyal |date=3 October 2013 |title=Sonakshi Sinha is new age Sridevi in reprised version of 'Har Kisi Ko Nahin Milta' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/watch-sonakshi-sinha-is-new-age-sridevi-in-reprised-version-of--har-kisi-ko-nahin-milta/1177822/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115253/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/watch-sonakshi-sinha-is-new-age-sridevi-in-reprised-version-of--har-kisi-ko-nahin-milta/1177822/ |archive-date=28 January 2015 |accessdate=31 January 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Zee">{{cite web |date=4 October 2013 |title=Watch: 'Boss' Akshay Kumar does a sensuous number with Sonakshi Sinha |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/watch-boss-akshay-kumar-does-a-sensuous-number-with-sonakshi-sinha_143868.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005193825/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/watch-boss-akshay-kumar-does-a-sensuous-number-with-sonakshi-sinha_143868.html |archive-date=5 October 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2015 |work=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> which he described it as a tribute to [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Srivatsava |first=Priyanka |date=4 October 2013 |title=Watch: Akshay and Sonakshi reprise 'Har Kisi Ko Nahi Milta' in Boss |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/boss-song-har-kisi-ko-nahi-milta-starring-akshay-kumar-sonakshi-sinha-213195-2013-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113153115/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/boss-song-har-kisi-ko-nahi-milta-starring-akshay-kumar-sonakshi-sinha/1/313053.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Divya Goyal |date=3 October 2013 |title=Sonakshi Sinha is new age Sridevi in reprised version of 'Har Kisi Ko Nahin Milta' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/watch-sonakshi-sinha-is-new-age-sridevi-in-reprised-version-of--har-kisi-ko-nahin-milta/1177822/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115253/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/watch-sonakshi-sinha-is-new-age-sridevi-in-reprised-version-of--har-kisi-ko-nahin-milta/1177822/ |archive-date=28 January 2015 |accessdate=31 January 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The video song was launched in [[Dubai]] on 2 October.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar to promote 'BOSS' in Dubai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-to-promote-BOSS-in-Dubai/articleshow/23365385.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180325/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-to-promote-BOSS-in-Dubai/articleshow/23365385.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022 |accessdate=31 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2013 |title=Akshay rides jet-ski for 'Boss' promotion |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Akshay-rides-jet-ski-for-Boss-promotion/2013/10/03/article1816967.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005211355/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Akshay-rides-jet-ski-for-Boss-promotion/2013/10/03/article1816967.ece |archive-date=5 October 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Critical response ==
Joginder Tuteja, in his review for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' assigned four stars to the album, stating "this soundtrack with multiple composers and lyricists at the helm of affairs turns out to be a largely entertaining affair with quite a few party tracks as well as a couple of soft songs that would go a long way."<ref name=":5" /> Rajiv Vijayakar of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' assigned two-and-a-half out of five, stating "The music is completely heterogeneous and partly unoriginal, so the better songs will be dependent on how the film fares."<ref name="BH review">{{cite web |author=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |date=15 October 2013 |title=Boss (2013) – Music Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/566663 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017234520/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/566663 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |accessdate=28 January 2015 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Bryan Durham of ''[[The Times of India]]'' assigned three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote "t's meant to be played loud, and is apt if you are the type that enjoys club-climbing tracks and songs that have the potential to be party perennials. Equally interesting are the lyrics, high-strung, situational, self-obsessed, quirky yet not entirely putting-off."<ref name="TOI review">{{cite web |author=Durham |first=Bryan |date=4 October 2013 |title=Boss Music Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Boss-Meet-Bros-Anjjan-Yo-Yo-Honey-Singh-Chirantan-Bhatt-Sanjay-Misra-Sonu-Nigam/articleshow/23461944.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113175804/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Boss-Meet-Bros-Anjjan-Yo-Yo-Honey-Singh-Chirantan-Bhatt-Sanjay-Misra-Sonu-Nigam/articleshow/23461944.cms |archive-date=13 November 2017 |accessdate=28 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> DJ Munks of ''[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|BizAsia Live]]'' rated 7 out of 10 and summarized "The OST lacks innovation but that does not make a lot of difference when you have decently well done songs that simply sound good and deliver a good melody to the ears."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munks |first=DJ |date=2013-10-06 |title=Music Review: ''Boss'' |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/music-review-boss/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926110739/https://www.bizasialive.com/music-review-boss/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=BizAsia Live |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' described it as a "largely insignficant soundtrack."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2013-09-10 |title=Boss (Music review), Hindi – Meet Bros Anjan Ankit, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Chirantan Bhatt & PA Deepak |url=https://milliblog.com/2013/09/10/boss-music-review-hindi-meet-bros-anjan-ankit-yo-yo-honey-singh-chirantan-bhatt-pa-deepak/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507104143/https://milliblog.com/2013/09/10/boss-music-review-hindi-meet-bros-anjan-ankit-yo-yo-honey-singh-chirantan-bhatt-pa-deepak/ |archive-date=2017-05-07 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Boss (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 39:45
| title1 = Boss
| extra1 = Meet Bros Anjjan, [[Ikka Singh]] (rap)
| music1 = [[Meet Bros Anjjan]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| note1 = Title Track
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Hum Na Tode
| extra2 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| music2 = [[P. A. Deepak]]
| lyrics2 = Kumaar
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Pitah Se Hai Naam Tera
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Meet Bros Anjjan, Sanjay Misra (alap)
| music3 = Meet Bros Anjjan
| lyrics3 = Kumaar
| length3 = 5:12
| title4 = Party All Night
| extra4 = Yo Yo Honey Singh
| music4 = Yo Yo Honey Singh
| lyrics4 = Sahil Kaushal
| length4 = 4:44
| title5 = [[Har Kisi Ko]]
| extra5 = [[Nikhil D'Souza]]
| music5 = [[Chirantan Bhatt]]
| lyrics5 = Manoj Yadav
| note5 = Solo
| length5 = 5:06
| title6 = Boss Entry
| note6 = Theme
| extra6 = Meet Bros Anjjan, [[Sonu Kakkar]], [[Khushboo Grewal]]
| music6 = Meet Bros Anjjan
| lyrics6 = Kumaar
| length6 = 3:25
| title7 = [[Har Kisi Ko]]
| note7 = Duet
| extra7 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| music7 = Chirantan Bhatt
| lyrics7 = Manoj Yadav
| length7 = 5:39
| title8 = Boss
| note8 = Remix by DJ Khushi
| extra8 = Meet Bros Anjjan, Yo Yo Honey Singh (rap)
| music8 = Meet Bros Anjjan, Yo Yo Honey Singh
| lyrics8 = Kumaar
| length8 = 4:08
| title9 = Boss Ganpati
| note9 = Mix
| extra9 = Meet Bros Anjjan
| music9 = Meet Bros Anjjan
| lyrics9 = Kumaar
| length9 = 2:11
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Accolades for ''Boss (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |20 January 2014
|[[GiMA Award for Best Music Debut|Best Music Debut]]
|[[P. A. Deepak]] – ("Hum Na Tode")
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Music Nominations: 4th Gionne Star Global Indian Music Academy (GiMA) Awards 2014 Powered By Reliance 3G |url=http://www.gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203092409/http://www.gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php |archivedate=3 February 2015 |accessdate=2 February 2015 |work=[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards|GiMA]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[GiMA Award for Best Engineer – Film Album|Best Engineer – Film Album]]
|[[Eric Pillai]] – ("Boss")
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[6th Mirchi Music Awards|27 February 2015]]
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
|[[P. A. Deepak]] – ("Hum Na Tode")
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |date=2014-02-28 |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2013 Winners List |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2013-Winners-List/articleshow/31149918.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102202441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2013-Winners-List/articleshow/31149918.cms |archive-date=2015-11-02 |access-date=2018-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Song Recording and Engineering of the Year
|[[Eric Pillai]] – ("[[Har Kisi Ko]]")
| {{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Yo Yo Honey Singh}}

[[Category:2013 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:Yo Yo Honey Singh albums]]

Donnie Yen

2026-03-16T17:26:29Z

Inventaa: fix

{{Short description|Hong Kong actor and martial artist (born 1963)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Zhen (surname)|Yen]]|Donnie Yen|Yen Chi-tan|lang=Hong Kong}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Dr.]]
| name = Donnie Yen
| image = Donnie Yen 20250323.jpg
| caption = Yen in 2025
| native_name = {{nobold|甄子丹}}
| native_name_lang = zh
| office = Member of the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]]
| term_start = March 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|07|27}}
| birth_place = [[Guangzhou]], Guangdong, China
| citizenship = [[Hong Kong]] (1963–1974, 2009–present) [[United States]] (1974–2010)<ref name="scmp.com">{{Cite web|date=26 July 2019|title=How much do you know about Donnie Yen, star of the Ip Man series?|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3020240/donnie-yen-10-things-about-martial-arts-star-you-might-not|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2022|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727044854/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3020240/donnie-yen-10-things-about-martial-arts-star-you-might-not |archive-date=27 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Federal Register">{{cite web |title=Quarterly Publication of Individuals, Who Have Chosen To Expatriate, as Required by Section 6039G |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2010/11/10/2010-28314/quarterly-publication-of-individuals-who-have-chosen-to-expatriate-as-required-by-section-6039g |website=[[Federal Register]] |publisher=[[Internal Revenue Service]] |access-date=23 July 2022 |date=10 November 2010 |language=en-US |quote=This listing contains the name of each individual losing their United States citizenship [...] during the quarter ending September 30, 2010. [...] Last name: Yen; First name: Chi; Middle name/initials: Tan.}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|martial artist|action director and choreographer|film director|producer}}
| spouse = {{ubl
| {{marriage|Leung Zing-ci|1993|1994|end=divorced}}
| {{marriage|[[Cissy Wang]]|30 August 2003}}
}}
| children = 3
| mother = [[Bow-sim Mark]]
| father = Klyster Yen
| website = {{Official URL}}
| awards = [[Donnie Yen#Awards and nominations|Full list]]|
| birth_name = Donnie Yen Chi-tan
| module2 = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes
| c = {{linktext|甄|子|丹}}
| j = {{kCantonese|甄子丹|tone=sup}}
| y = Yān Jí-dāan
| gd = {{Tone superscript|Yen1 Ji2-dan1}}
| ci = {{IPA|yue|jɐ́n tsǐː.táːn|}}
| p = Zhēn Zǐdān
| w = {{Tone superscript|Chen1 Tzŭ3-tan1}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|en|1|-|z|^|3|.|d|an|1}}
| tp = Jhen Zǐh-tan
}}
}}

'''Donnie Yen Chi-tan''' ({{lang-zh|c=甄子丹|p=Zhēn Zǐdān|j={{kCantonese|甄子丹|tone=sup}}|first=j}}; born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, filmmaker, martial artist, and action director.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/movies/23ipman.html|title=Enter the Teacher to the Dragon of Martial Arts Films|last=Lim|first=Dennis|date=23 January 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Kung Fu Magazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.kungfumagazine.com/magazine/article.php?article=120|title=Donnie Yen: The Evolution of an American Martial Artist|last=Berwick|first=Stephan|author-link=Stephan Berwick|date=23 December 2000|work=[[Kung Fu Magazine]]|access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> His accolades include three [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards|Golden Horse Awards]] and five [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]. He is best known for portraying [[Wing Chun]] grandmaster [[Ip Man]] in the ''[[Ip Man (film series)|Ip Man]]'' film series, namely ''[[Ip Man (film)|Ip Man]]'' (2008), ''[[Ip Man 2]]'' (2010), ''[[Ip Man 3]]'' (2015), and ''[[Ip Man 4: The Finale]]'' (2019). He also served as a co-producer of the spin-off ''[[Master Z: Ip Man Legacy]]'' (2018).

Born in [[Guangdong]], Yen developed an interest in martial arts at a young age, and began experimenting with various styles, including [[tai chi]] and other traditional [[Chinese martial arts]]. At age 18, he auditioned for action choreographer [[Yuen Woo-ping]] in Hong Kong. He landed his first starring role in the 1984 Hong Kong martial arts action film ''[[Drunken Tai Chi]]''. He made his breakthrough role as the antagonist General Nap-lan in ''[[Once Upon a Time in China II]]'' (1992), opposite [[Jet Li]]'s character. He appeared in several other Hong Kong [[kung fu film]]s, including ''[[Iron Monkey (1993 film)|Iron Monkey]]'' (1993) and ''[[Wing Chun (film)|Wing Chun]]'' (1994).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://screenrant.com/kung-fu-movies-martial-arts-best-1990s/ | title=The 10 Best Kung Fu Movies of the 1990s | website=[[Screen Rant]] | date=7 September 2024 }}</ref> In 1997, he starred in his [[List of directorial debuts|directorial debut]] film ''[[Legend of the Wolf]]''.

Yen made his American debut in ''[[Highlander: Endgame]]'' (2000), followed by a [[cameo (appearance)|cameo]] in ''[[Blade II]]'' (2002). He went on to appear in the American films ''[[Shanghai Knights]]'' (2003), ''[[Rogue One]]'' (2016), ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]'' (2017), ''[[Mulan (2020 film)|Mulan]]'' (2020), and ''[[John Wick: Chapter 4]]'' (2023).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=15 May 2024 |title=Donnie Yen To Reprise As 'John Wick: Chapter 4's Blind Assassin Caine In Standalone Lionsgate Film |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/john-wick-spin-off-starring-donnie-yen-in-development-lionsgate-1235917560/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> He has continued to be active in Hong Kong cinema, appearing in the well-received films ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'' (2002), ''[[SPL: Sha Po Lang]]'' (2005), ''[[Flash Point (film)|Flash Point]]'' (2007), ''[[14 Blades]]'' (2010), ''[[Dragon (2011 film)|Wu Xia]]'' (2011), ''[[Kung Fu Jungle]]'' (2014), ''[[Chasing the Dragon (film)|Chasing the Dragon]]'' (2017), ''[[Enter the Fat Dragon (2020 film)|Enter the Fat Dragon]]'' (2020), ''[[Raging Fire (film)|Raging Fire]]'' (2021), and ''[[The Prosecutor]]'' (2024), among others. In television, Yen portrayed fictional character [[Chen Zhen (character)|Chen Zhen]] in the television series ''[[Fist of Fury (TV series)|Fist of Fury]]'' (1995); he reprised the role in the 2010 film ''[[Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen]]''.

For portraying Ip Man in the ''Ip Man'' film series (2008–2019), Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China.<ref name="Zhang">{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2016-12/01/content_39828464.htm|title=Donnie Yen leaves hand and foot prints in Hollywood- China.org.cn|last=Zhang|first=Rui|date=1 December 2016|website=china.org.cn|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Alongside Kung fu, particularly Wing Chun, Yen is also known for incorporating [[mixed martial arts]] (MMA) elements into his action choreography. Aside from his acting, in 1997, he established his own [[production company]], Bullet Films, which choreographed the action for Western blockbusters like ''Blade II'' (2002) and ''[[Stormbreaker (film)|Stormbreaker]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timeout.com/hong-kong/film/donnie-yen-on-ip-man-3-and-his-big-break-into-hollywood | title=Interview: Donnie Yen | Film | Time Out Hong Kong | work=Time Out Hong Kong }}</ref>

==Early life==

Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in [[Guangzhou]], [[Guangdong]], [[China]]. His mother, [[Bow-sim Mark]], is a [[Fu-style baguazhang|Fu-style]] ''[[wudangquan]]'' (internal martial arts) and [[tai chi]] grandmaster, while his father, Klyster Yen ({{lang|zh-Hant-HK|甄雲龍}}), was a newspaper editor.<ref>{{cite web|title = Donnie Yen Biography (1963–)|work = Biography|publisher = Film Reference|url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/73/Donnie-Yen.html|access-date=2 April 2009}}</ref> When he was 2 years old, his family moved to [[Hong Kong]] and then to the [[United States]] when he was 11 years old, settling in [[Boston]].<ref name="StarPulse">{{cite web|url=http://www.starpulse.com/Actors/Yen,_Donnie/Biography/|title=Donnie Yen Biography|work=Biography|publisher=Starpulse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008062212/http://www.starpulse.com/Actors/Yen,_Donnie/Biography/|archive-date=8 October 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=2 April 2009}}</ref> He attended [[Newton North High School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/donnieyen.asia/photos/a.544256312310268/665232706879294/ |title=Visited my old high school in Boston! |via=Facebook |language=English |author=Donnie Yen 甄子丹 |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=11 March 2023 }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}

His younger sister, [[Chris Yen]], is also a martial artist and actress, and appeared in the 2007 film ''[[Adventures of Johnny Tao: Rock Around the Dragon]]''.

At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including [[tai chi]] and other traditional [[Chinese martial arts]].<ref name="franklin-wallis">{{cite web|last=Franklin-Wallis|first=Oliver|title=Hong Kong's Ageless Action Hero|url=https://www.gq.com/story/gq-hype-donnie-yen|work=[[GQ]]|date=28 February 2023|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> At age 16 his parents sent him to Beijing to train with the [[Beijing Wushu Team]].<ref name="franklin-wallis"/>

At age 18, when Yen was returning to the United States to visit his family, he made a stop in Hong Kong, where he met and auditioned for action choreographer [[Yuen Woo-ping]].<ref name="franklin-wallis"/>

Yen comes from a family of musicians. His mother is a soprano, in addition to being a martial arts teacher in Boston, while his father is a violinist.<ref>={{cite web|url=http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/754-The-Legend-of-Westernised-Chen-Zhen,-The-Piano-Virtuoso.html|title = The Legend of Westernised Chen Zhen, The Piano Virtuoso|date=22 December 2009|publisher=WuJing.Org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405045955/http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/754-The-Legend-of-Westernised-Chen-Zhen,-The-Piano-Virtuoso.html|archive-date=5 April 2016|url-status=usurped|access-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> From a young age, he was taught by his parents to play musical instruments, including the piano.<ref>{{cite web|title = Donnie Yen Biography|publisher = DonnieYen.Net|url = http://www.donnieyen.com/biography.htm|access-date = 23 August 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110804183650/http://www.donnieyen.com/biography.htm|archive-date = 4 August 2011|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpopaccess.com/2009/12/donnie-yen-shows-off-his-moveson-piano.html|title=Donnie Yen shows off his moves...on the Piano!!|date=23 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195231/http://www.cpopaccess.com/2009/12/donnie-yen-shows-off-his-moveson-piano.html|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=2 April 2009}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Beginnings to the 1990s ===
Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film ''[[Drunken Tai Chi]]''. After filming ''Drunken Tai Chi'' and ''[[Tiger Cage (film)|Tiger Cage]]'' (1988), Yen made his breakthrough role as General Nap-lan in ''[[Once Upon a Time in China II]]'' (1992), which included a fight scene between his character and [[Wong Fei-hung]] (portrayed by [[Jet Li]]).<ref name="franklin-wallis"/> Yen had a starring role in the film ''[[Iron Monkey (1993 film)|Iron Monkey]]'' in 1993. Yen and Li appeared together again in the 2002 film ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'', where Yen played a spear (or ''[[Qiang (spear)|qiang]]'') fighter who fought with Li's character, an unnamed swordsman.<ref name="franklin-wallis"/> The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2003 [[Academy Awards]].

In 1995, Yen starred as [[Chen Zhen (character)|Chen Zhen]] in the television series ''[[Fist of Fury (TV series)|Fist of Fury]]'' produced by [[Asia Television|ATV]], which is adapted from the [[Fist of Fury|1972 film of the same title]] that starred [[Bruce Lee]] as Chen Zhen. Yen reprised his role as Chen Zhen in the 2010 film ''[[Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen]]'' by replacing Li who starred as Chen Zhen in the prequel film ''[[Fist of Legend]]'', which was released in 1994.

In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut<ref>{{cite web|title = Stephan Berwick's "The Evolution of an American Martial Artist"|work = Martial Arts article|publisher = DonnieYen.com|url = http://www.donnieyen.com/ma_articles01.htm|access-date = 2 April 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327083351/http://www.donnieyen.com/ma_articles01.htm|archive-date = 27 March 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref> in ''[[Legend of the Wolf]]'' (1997) and ''Ballistic Kiss'' (1998), in which he played the lead character. At age 34, Yen almost went bankrupt. Films produced by his own production company and directed by him were critically acclaimed but did not do well at the box office. Yen was forced to borrow money from [[loan shark]]s and his production crew to get by.

=== 2000s: Breakthrough success ===
[[File:Donnie_Yen_in_Seoul.jpg|thumb|Yen in [[Seoul]] in 2005|left|upright=0.75]]
Yen went back to the United States, where he was invited to choreograph fight scenes in Hollywood films, such as ''[[Highlander: Endgame]]'' (2000) and ''[[Blade II]]'' (2002). His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both films.<ref>{{cite web|title = A Grandmaster, Practice Makes Perfect, January 8, 2016|work = Business Weekly Taiwan|url = http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/KWebArticle.aspx?id=60474|access-date =9 January 2015 }}</ref> In 2002, Li was filming ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'' and insisted to director [[Zhang Yimou]] that he wanted Yen to play the role of Sky, his adversary, due to Yen's martial arts ability. Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the film, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since ''[[Once Upon a Time in China II]]'' 10 years earlier back in 1992.<ref>[http://hkmdb.com/db/movies/view.mhtml?id=7576&display_set=eng HKMDB]</ref> In 2003, Yen portrayed antagonist Wu Chow opposite [[Jackie Chan]] and [[Owen Wilson]] in ''[[Shanghai Knights]]''.

Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game ''[[Onimusha 3]]'', which featured actors [[Takeshi Kaneshiro]] and [[Jean Reno]]. Yen continued to be active in Hong Kong cinema in the 2000s, starring as [[List of Qijian Xia Tianshan characters|Chu Zhaonan]] in [[Tsui Hark]]'s ''[[wuxia]]'' epic film ''[[Seven Swords]]'', and as Ma Kwun in [[Wilson Yip]]'s brutal crime drama film ''[[SPL: Sha Po Lang]]'' in 2005. Both films were featured at the [[2005 Toronto International Film Festival]]. Later that year, Yen co-starred with [[Nicholas Tse]] and [[Shawn Yue]] in Wilson Yip's ''[[Dragon Tiger Gate]]'', an adaptation of [[Wong Yuk-long]]'s [[manhua]] series ''[[Oriental Heroes]]''. Yen worked as action choreographer in ''[[Stormbreaker (film)|Stormbreaker]]'', starring [[Alex Pettyfer]]. Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in ''[[Flash Point (film)|Flash Point]]'' (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film. He won the award for Best Action Choreography at the [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards|Golden Horse Film Awards]] and the [[Hong Kong Film Awards]] for his performance in ''[[Flash Point (film)|Flash Point]]''.

In 2008, Yen starred in ''[[Ip Man (film)|Ip Man]],'' a semi-biographical account of [[Ip Man]], the [[Wing Chun]] master of [[Bruce Lee]]. ''Ip Man'' marked Yen's fourth collaboration with director Wilson Yip, reuniting him with his co-stars in ''SPL: Sha Po Lang'', [[Sammo Hung]] and [[Simon Yam]]. ''Ip Man'' became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China.<ref>{{cite web|title = China Box Office January 12–18, 2009|work = Box Office statistics|publisher = Box Office Mojo|url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/china/?yr=2009&wk=3&p=.htm|access-date=2 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Hong Kong Box Office, December 18–21, 2008|work = Box Office statistics|publisher = Box Office Mojo|url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/hongkong/?yr=2008&wk=51&p=.htm|access-date=2 April 2009 }}</ref>

===2010s ===
[[File:Donnie Yen 2012.jpg|thumb|180px|Yen at the [[New York Film Festival]] in 2012]]
In 2010, ''[[Ip Man 2]]'' was released. Similar to the first film, it was directed by [[Wilson Yip]]. In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer [[Avi Lerner]] to star in ''[[The Expendables 2]]''. It was stated that Yen was considering the offer, had many films at hand, and would wait until deciding whether the script appealed to him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitchfilm.com/news/2011/08/donnie-yen-joining-the-cast-of-the-expendables-2.php|title=Donnie Yen Joining The Cast of THE EXPENDABLES 2?|last=Ozman|first=Hugo|date=21 August 2011|publisher=Twitch Films|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815130659/http://twitchfilm.com/news/2011/08/donnie-yen-joining-the-cast-of-the-expendables-2.php|archive-date=15 August 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role.<ref name="Donnie Yen rejects Expendables 2">{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen rejects Expendables 2| publisher = 411mania| date = 21 August 2011| url = http://www.411mania.com/movies/news/245527/Movies-Donnie-Yen-Explains-Why-He-Passed-On-The-Expendables-2.htm| access-date = 21 August 2012}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2011, Yen revealed that he was venturing into other genres of films and had taken up two comedy roles in a row, in ''[[All's Well, Ends Well 2011]]'' and ''[[All's Well, Ends Well 2012]]'', and would be working with [[Carina Lau]] in the former and [[Sandra Ng]] in the latter. Both films were critical and box-office successes.

Yen took a six-month break in the second half of 2011 after the filming of ''[[The Monkey King (2014 film)|The Monkey King]]'', where he portrayed the title character and main [[protagonist]] [[Sun Wukong]], replacing Li once again, in which the film was released during the [[Chinese New Year]] period in January 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2010/03/soi-cheang-tapped-to-direct-3d-monkey-king-donnie-yen-and-jet-li-eyed-up-for-key-roles.html|first=Todd|last=Brown|title=Soi Cheang Tapped To Direct 3D MONKEY KING! Donnie Yen And Jet Li Eyed Up For Key Roles!|work=ScreenAnarchy|date=25 March 2010|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="is">{{cite web|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2010/05/donnie-yen-is-the-monkey-king.html|first=Al|last=Young|date=18 May 2010|title=Donnie Yen is The Monkey King|work=ScreenAnarchy|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref> he explained that he wanted to spend more time with his family and be with his children more as they grew up. In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of ''[[Special ID]]'', in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of [[action choreographer]]. In 2013, it was reported that Yen would be playing the lead role for ''[[Iceman (2014 film)|Iceman]]'', a sci-fi action film dealing with time travel and which was filmed in [[3D Film|3D]]. Yen confirmed that [[Mixed Martial Arts|MMA]] would be used in both of the aforementioned films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.impactonline.co/news/1156-donnie-yen-identity-andy-on|title=Donnie Yen: Special Identity|author=Leeder|first=Mike|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Impact Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033957/http://www.impactonline.co/news/1156-donnie-yen-identity-andy-on|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>

In February 2013, the Weinstein Company confirmed that it had purchased the rights to ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny]]'' and contacted Yen to play the male lead. In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of [[Harvey Weinstein|Harvey]] and [[Bob Weinstein]] traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer. It was reported that Yen was considering the role and quoted as saying, "The first is that my schedule this year is very packed. The second is that the first film is already such a classic. I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.donnieyen.asia/?p=881&lang=en |title=Donnie Yen mulls lead role in "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" sequel |publisher=Donnie Yen Asia |date=12 March 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616024414/http://www.donnieyen.asia/?p=881&lang=en |archive-date=16 June 2013 }}</ref> In May 2013, during the annual [[Cannes Film Festival]], the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny'', alongside leading female action star [[Michelle Yeoh]] reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director [[Yuen Woo-ping]], Yen's mentor. It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] to appeal to the international market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/crouching-tiger-sequel-shooting-next-spring-michelle-yeoh-and-donnie-yen-to-star/|title='Crouching Tiger' Sequel Shooting Next Spring; Michelle Yeoh and Donnie Yen to Star|last=Han|first=Angie|date=16 May 2013|work=Slash Film|publisher=Weinstein Company|access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> It was revealed during the ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon II'' press conference that the Weinstein Company had obtained rights to [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Seven Samurai]]'', was planning a remake and was negotiating with Yen, [[George Clooney]], and [[Zhang Ziyi]] to star in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2013/05/cannes-before-action-starts-on-crouching-tiger-2-harvey-weinstein-woos-donnie-yen-and-yuen-wo-ping-for-seven-samurai-503886/|title=Cannes: Before Action Starts On 'Crouching Tiger 2,' Harvey Weinstein Woos Donnie Yen And Yuen Wo Ping For 'Seven Samurai'|author=Fleming|first=Mike|date=19 May 2013|work=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/donnie-yen-akira-kurosawa-remake-063500195.html|title=Donnie Yen in Akira Kurosawa remake|author=Yahoo News Singapore|date=22 May 2013|publisher=Yahoo News Singapore|access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> Yen declined the offer due to scheduling conflicts for the filming of ''[[Ip Man 3]]''. Yen earned HK$220 million (US$28.4 million) from four films and six advertisements in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://my.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/louis-koo-highest-earning-actor-2013-042900668.html|title=Louis Koo is highest earning actor of 2013|date=25 December 2013|publisher=Yahoo! News Asia|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref>

In late March 2015, ''[[Ip Man 3]]'' was announced. Yen reprised his role as the titular character [[Ip Man]], [[Bruce Lee]]'s wing chun master. Retired boxer and former heavyweight champion [[Mike Tyson]] was confirmed to join the cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/03/25/mike-tyson-cgi-bruce-lee-to-feature-in-ip-man-3|title=MIKE TYSON, CGI BRUCE LEE TO FEATURE IN IP MAN 3|author=Reilly|first=Luke|date=24 March 2015|publisher=IGN.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022073416/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/03/25/mike-tyson-cgi-bruce-lee-to-feature-in-ip-man-3|archive-date=22 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him. Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Yen and has watched ''[[Ip Man (film)|Ip Man]]'' and ''[[Ip Man 2]]'' more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy.<ref>{{cite web|author = PR News Wire | url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mike-tyson-joins-ip-man-3-to-fight-with-donnie-yen-300080206.html |title=Mike Tyson Joins 'Ip Man 3' To Fight With Donnie Yen |publisher= PR News Wire |date = 8 May 2015 |access-date = 10 May 2015}}</ref> Principal photography for ''[[Ip Man 3]]'' began on 25 March 2015, and the finished film was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews.

[[File:Donnie Yen Formal.jpeg|left|thumb|Yen in February 2018]]
In 2016, Yen co-starred in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' anthology film ''[[Rogue One]]'' as [[Chirrut Îmwe]], the [[Zatoichi|Zatoichi-like]] blind transient warrior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.starwars.com/news/rogue-one-the-daring-mission-has-begun-cast-and-crew-announced|title=Rogue One—The Daring Mission Has Begun: Cast and Crew Announced|date=15 August 2015|publisher=StarWars.com|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> On 12 February 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would once again replace Li for the third time as Xiang in the upcoming action film ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]'' (after ''[[Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen]]'' in 2010 and ''[[The Monkey King (2014 film)|The Monkey King]]'' in 2014).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://twitchfilm.com/2016/01/tony-jaa-jet-li-and-deepika-padukone-join-vin-diesel-in-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage.html |title = Tony Jaa, Jet Li and Deepika Padukone Join Vin Diesel In XXX: THE RETURN OF XANDER CAGE |publisher = Twitch |last = Brown |first = Todd |date = 1 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160121193204/http://twitchfilm.com/2016/01/tony-jaa-jet-li-and-deepika-padukone-join-vin-diesel-in-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage.html |archive-date = 21 January 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.facebook.com/VinDiesel/photos/a.101465923312.101581.89562268312/10154038717698313/?type=3&permPage=1 |title = Vin Diesel / photos |via = Facebook |access-date = 17 February 2016 |date = 12 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171116203008/https://www.facebook.com/VinDiesel/photos/a.101465923312.101581.89562268312/10154038717698313/?type=3&permPage=1 |archive-date = 16 November 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.joblo.com/movie-news/donnie-yen-takes-over-jet-lis-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage-role-156 |title = Donnie Yen Takes Over Jet Li's ''XXX: The Return of Xander Cage'' Role |access-date = 12 February 2016 |date = 12 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160218082548/http://www.joblo.com/movie-news/donnie-yen-takes-over-jet-lis-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage-role-156 |archive-date = 18 February 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2016/02/donnie-yen-in-jet-li-out-of-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage.html|title=Donnie Yen In, Jet Li Out Of XXX: THE RETURN OF XANDER CAGE|publisher=Twitch|last=Marsh|first=James|date=12 February 2016|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213091403/http://twitchfilm.com/2016/02/donnie-yen-in-jet-li-out-of-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage.html|archive-date=13 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the promotion of ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage'', Paramount focused marketing efforts on Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of [[Vin Diesel]], and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site [[Sina Weibo|Weibo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/fifty-shades-lego-batman-xxx-international-box-office-1201909605/|title='Fifty Shades' $97.7M Debut, 'XXX' Big In China, 'Lego Batman,' 'John Wick' Open – International Box Office|last=Busch|first=Anita|date=13 February 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref> Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. The film was [[List of 2017 box office number-one films in China|number one]] in its opening weekend with $61.9 million,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-xxx-return-xander-cage-opens-massive-61m-974887|title= China Box Office: 'XXX: Return of Xander Cage' Opens to Massive $61.9M|first=Patrick|last=Brzeski|date=12 February 2017|access-date=13 February 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> and crossed the $100 million mark in just six days with $22.2m coming from Valentine's Day alone after rave reviews praising Yen's performance swept through Chinese social media, driving moviegoers to the cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinafilminsider.com/v-day-box-office/|title=V-Day Box Office: La La, XXX Win ♥♥♥|last=Papish|first=Jonathan|date=14 February 2017|publisher=China Film Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/xxx-return-of-xander-cage-vin-diesel-crosses-100-million-china-box-office-1201912386/|title='XXX: Return Of Xander Cage' China Box Office Muscles Past $100M In First 6 Days|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=15 February 2017|work=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> Yen's performance in both ''Rogue One'' and ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage'' received positive responses from critics and general audiences. For ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage'', media outlets praised Yen's performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://screenanarchy.com/2017/01/review-xxx-return-of-xander-cage.html|title=xXx: Return of Xander Cage Review|author=Marsh|first=James|date=19 January 2017|publisher=Screen Anarchy|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/film-review-xxx-return-of-xander-cage-vin-diesel-donnie-yen-1201964398/|title=Film review: xXx: Return of Xander Cage|author=Barker|first=Andrew|date=19 January 2017|work=Variety|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> In the case of ''Rogue One'', Yen's performance was applauded by audiences worldwide. In a poll on the Star Wars webpage, in which more 40,000 people voted, Yen's character Chirrut Îmwe was voted as audiences' favorite ''Rogue One'' character.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.starwars.com/news/who-is-your-favorite-character-in-rogue-oneem|title=Star Wars: Who is your favorite Rogue One Character|author=Star Wars|date=18 May 2017|publisher=Star Wars|access-date=9 July 2017}}</ref>

While Yen was filming ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage'' in Canada, he received offers from Hollywood studios and directors. At the same time, Hong Kong director [[Wong Jing]] personally flew to Canada to invite Yen to star in his film ''[[Chasing the Dragon (film)|Chasing the Dragon]]'', a remake of the film ''[[To Be Number One (film)|To Be Number One]]''. Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside [[Andy Lau]]. In September 2017, ''Chasing the Dragon'' was released with positive reviews from critics, citing Yen's versatility as an actor and his portrayal of Ng Sek Ho, the main character of the film.<ref>{{cite web |author=Edmund Lee |url=https://www.scmp.com/culture/film-tv/article/2113258/film-review-chasing-dragon-donnie-yen-andy-lau-play-notorious |title=Film review: Chasing the Dragon – Donnie Yen, Andy Lau play notorious criminals Crippled Ho, Lee Rock in slanted biopic |date=28 September 2017 |access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> ''Chasing the Dragon'' was a hit with audiences in most parts of Asia. In Hong Kong, ''Chasing the Dragon'' is ranked as one of the top 5 Hong Kong films in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Sina Corp | url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/zz/2017-10-19/doc-ifymzksi0412668.shtml |title= Film review: Chasing the Dragon – Runner up beating The Foreiger as Runner Up for China's National Holiday releases |date=19 October 2017 |access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, Yen received a call from Li and Alibaba CEO [[Jack Ma]] about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as ''[[Gong Shou Dao]]'' – to promote a new form of tai chi as an Olympic sport in the future.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/1124855/2017-singles-day-jack-mas-love-of-martial-arts-and-tai-chi-is-taking-center-stage/|title=Jack Ma is using Singles Day, a symbol of crass commercialism, to revitalize Tai Chi in China|last=Horwitz|first=Josh|date=10 November 2017|work=Quartz|access-date=27 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film. Yen declined any salary for this participation for GSD as he stated that "friendship is not measured by money" and that he hopes his participation can help promote Chinese martial arts to worldwide audiences. In return, Li and Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set. The full GSD 20 minutes short film was released on 11 November – China's [[Singles' Day]], debuting on [[Youku]] and Li's official Facebook page, garnering a total of more than 100 million views worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jet Li FB Admin | url=https://www.facebook.com/JetLi/videos/10155883554143988/ |title=Gong Shou Dao Full Movie | via=Facebook |date=12 November 2017 |access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}} Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://energy.tv.weibo.cn/e/10135/index|title=Gong Shou Dao – Donnie Yen wins popularity poll|publisher=Sina Corp|date=28 November 2017|access-date=28 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042447/http://energy.tv.weibo.cn/e/10135/index|url-status=dead}}</ref> In late 2017, Yen began filming ''[[Big Brother (2018 film)|Big Brother]]'', a mixed martial arts film where Yen plays a high school teacher with unconventional methods and a dark past.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cityonfire.com/donnie-yen-to-deliver-some-mma-in-kam-kar-wais-big-brother/|title=Donnie Yen to deliver MMA in Kam Kar-wai's 'Big Brother'?|last=Bona|first=JJ|date=1 November 2017|work=cityonfire.com|access-date=27 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game ''[[Sleeping Dogs (video game)#Film adaptation|Sleeping Dogs]]'' was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen.<ref>{{cite web|last=Busch|first=Anita|title=Donnie Yen To Headline 'Sleeping Dogs' For Neal Moritz's Original Film|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/donnie-yen-sleeping-dogs-neal-moritz-original-film-1201948700/|date=2 March 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> In February 2018, Yen confirmed the continued production of the film through social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-02-05-star-wars-donnie-yen-says-sleeping-dogs-movie-in-production|title=Star Wars' Donnie Yen says Sleeping Dogs movie in production|website=[[Eurogamer]]|date=5 February 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Yen reprised his role as Ip Man in ''[[Ip Man 4: The Finale]]''. During the [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests|Hong Kong protests of that year]], protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the [[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|pro-Beijing]] stances of Yen, co-star [[Danny Chan Kwok-kwan|Danny Chan]], and producer [[Raymond Wong Pak-ming|Raymond Wong]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=China Box Office: 'Rise of Skywalker' Fizzles While 'Ip Man 4' Keeps Packing Punches|date=30 December 2019|url=https://variety.com/2019/f2335ilm/news/china-box-office-rise-of-skywalker-ip-man-4-1203453369/}}</ref> The film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/asia/hot-titles-at-busan-film-market-1202969981/ |title=Busan: Hot Titles at the Asian Film Market |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=5 October 2018 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=7 October 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111649/https://variety.com/2018/film/asia/hot-titles-at-busan-film-market-1202969981/ |archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Yip-Man-4-(Hong-Kong)#tab=summary |title=Ip Man 4: The Finale (2019) |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref> and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in [[Malaysia]] as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/2020/01/09/ip-man-4-is-the-highest-grossing-chinese-film-of-all-time-in-malaysia|title='Ip Man 4' is the highest grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia|date=9 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shine.cn/news/world/2001159786/|title='Ip Man 4: The Finale' becomes third highest grossing Chinese film at North American box office in five years}}</ref>

===2020s===
In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of ''[[Mulan (2020 film)|Mulan]]'', when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero film, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in [[Warner Brothers]]' ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' and ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'' films by [[Zack Snyder]], but turned it down due to scheduling conflicts. The role offered was that of [[Nuidis Vulko]], which eventually went to [[Willem Dafoe]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IGN.com|url = https://www.ign.com/videos/donnie-yen-was-almost-in-aquaman|title=Donnie Yen Was Almost in Aquaman| date=12 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020 }}</ref> Yen joined the cast of ''[[John Wick: Chapter 4]]'', which was released in March 2023. Yen and the film both received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=3 June 2021 |title=Donnie Yen Joins Keanu Reeves In Lionsgate's ''John Wick 4'' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/donnie-yen-john-wick-4-keanu-reeves-lionsgate-rina-sawayama-1234769020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629193248/https://deadline.com/2021/06/donnie-yen-john-wick-4-keanu-reeves-lionsgate-rina-sawayama-1234769020/ |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> In May 2024, it was reported that Yen would star in a John Wick [[Spinoff (media)|spinoff movie]] around his assassin character Caine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=15 May 2024 |title=Donnie Yen to Star in 'John Wick' Caine Spinoff Movie |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/donnie-yen-john-wick-caine-spinoff-1235900170/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In April 2025, the Caine spinoff was confirmed at [[CinemaCon]] to be pushing through, with Yen also directing and [[Mattson Tomlin]] writing the script.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=April 1, 2025 |title=Donnie Yen To Direct Lionsgate's 'John Wick' Spinoff About Blind Assassin Caine; Mattson Tomlin Writing – CinemaCon |url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/donnie-yen-to-direct-caine-movie-john-wick-spinoff-cinemacon-1236355917/ |access-date=April 2, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

==Martial arts history, style and philosophy==
Yen has exemplified his aptitude, expertise, and skill in an array of combat and martial arts disciplines, being well-versed in [[Tai chi]], [[Boxing]], [[Kickboxing]], [[Jeet Kune Do]], [[Hapkido]], [[Mixed martial arts]], [[Taekwondo]], [[Karate]], [[Muay Thai]], [[Amateur wrestling|Amateur Wrestling]], [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]], [[Hung Ga]], [[Sanda (sport)|Sanda]], [[Judo]], [[Shaolin kung fu]], [[Wudangquan]], [[Wing Chun]], and [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=The Many Talents Of Donnie Yen – Asian Journal USA |url=https://asianjournalusa.com/the-many-talents-of-donnie-yen/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist.<ref name="nytimes1"/> He learned [[Shaolin kung fu]] and ''wudangquan'' at a young age under his mother's tutelage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mark |first=Bow-sim |author-link=Bow-sim Mark |date=1980 |title=Advanced Sword}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mark |first=Bow-sim |author-link=Bow-sim Mark |date=1981 |title=Wushu Basic Training}}</ref> He then wanted to learn [[Taekwondo]] in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process. At the time, the [[Beijing Wushu Team]] had a scout in the [[United States]] and invited Yen over to [[Beijing]], [[China]], where he began training at the [[Beijing]] Sports Institute, the same [[facility]] where [[champion]]-turned-[[actor]] [[Jet Li]] trained; this is where the two of them crossed paths for the first time. Upon his return to the [[United States]], Yen won gold medals in various [[Wushu (sport)|wushu]] [[competition]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goldsea.com/Text/index.php?id=6452 |title=Donnie Yen: The Next Martial Arts Icon |publisher= Goldsea Asian American |date=21 September 2012 |access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref>

Over the course of his life, Yen embarked on a quest to explore and acquire expertise in various other forms of martial arts disciplines; he obtained black and purple belts in [[Judo]] and [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]], respectively, and went on to study [[Parkour]], [[Wrestling]], [[Muay Thai]], [[Kickboxing]], and [[Boxing]] under various instructors. His exposure to the combat sport [[mixed martial arts]] (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003. While making his Hollywood debut, he also took time off to learn the various martial arts forms in preparation for subsequent and future film roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.graciemag.com/2011/10/jiu-jitsu-with-a-chinese-touch-in-the-movies/ |title=Jiu-Jitsu with a Chinese Touch in Movies |work=Gracie Magazine |date=13 October 2011 |access-date=13 October 2011 |archive-date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706205754/http://www.graciemag.com/2011/10/jiu-jitsu-with-a-chinese-touch-in-the-movies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/flash_point/news/1716512/ten_questions_with_flash_point_star_donnie_yen/Ten |title=Questions with Flash Point Star Donnie Yen |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> Yen's progress was evident when he returned to the East Asian film industry, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as ''[[SPL: Sha Po Lang]]'' (2005), ''[[Flash Point (film)|Flash Point]]'' (2007), and ''[[Special ID]]'' (2013).

Near the end of 2007, Yen added a new martial arts system to his arsenal. He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star [[Bruce Lee]], [[Ip Man]], in a 2008 [[Ip Man (film)|film named after the grandmaster]]. He worked hard and studied [[Wing Chun]] under Ip Man's eldest son, [[Ip Chun]], for 9 months before tackling the role.<ref>[http://wghot.wwwwang.com/content/200910/167376.shtml 甄子丹对《叶问》票房无信心耍咏春拳赚口碑 |网网网络] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328162538/http://wghot.wwwwang.com/content/200910/167376.shtml |date=28 March 2012 }}</ref> Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ent.people.com.cn/GB/8222/86596/195994/195995/12017243.html |title=《叶问前传》首映叶准改口赞甄子丹学咏春很快Ip Chun says Yen learns Wing Chun Fast | 人民网 People's news |work=People's Daily |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930092541/http://ent.people.com.cn/GB/8222/86596/195994/195995/12017243.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> With the huge success of the Ip Man films both critically and commercially, Yen has been credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/movies/why-rogue-one-star-donnie-yen-performed-all-of-his-amazing-fight-scenes-blind/|title=Why Rogue One Star Donnie Yen Performed All of His Amazing Fight Scenes 'Blind'|last=Mike|first=Miller|date=12 December 2016|work=People|access-date=2017-11-26|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Zhang"/>

Yen believes that combining many martial arts together produces the most effective and harmonious style. Yen has said, "When you watch my films, you're feeling my heart."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://donnieyen.com/philosophy.htm |title=Donnie Yen's Philosophy | Donnie Yen's Official website |publisher=Donnieyen.com |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203160548/http://www.donnieyen.com/philosophy.htm |archive-date=3 December 2011 }}</ref> He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/78-Interview-Donnie-Yen-on-Flash-Points-Revolutionary-Choreography.html |title=Interview: Donnie Yen on Flash Point's Revolutionary Choreography |publisher=Wu Jing.Org |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229121624/http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/78-Interview-Donnie-Yen-on-Flash-Points-Revolutionary-Choreography.html |archive-date=29 December 2011 }}</ref>

Yen was a rebel in his youth due to the huge expectations and pressures from his parents, as his mother is the founder of the Chinese Wushu Research Institute in [[Boston]], and his father was a scholar and a musician.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fightingmaster.com/actors/donnie_yen/ |title=Donnie Yen, the last Dragon |publisher=Fighting Master |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520102229/http://www.fightingmaster.com/actors/donnie_yen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Other martial arts film stars like [[Jackie Chan]] and [[Jet Li]] have stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in East Asian cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.people.com.cn/n/2014/0102/c40606-23999505.html|title=Jet Li talks Donnie Yen and Jackie Chan, feels that his films may have misled youngsters to learn martial arts|publisher=People.cn |access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wemedia.ifeng.com/8385291/wemedia.shtml|title=Jackie Chan says Donnie Yen is legit|publisher=Wemedia|access-date= 2 February 2017}}</ref>

World class fighters, such as former [[Strikeforce (mixed martial arts)|Strikeforce]] [[Middleweight]] Champion [[Cung Le]] and former World [[Boxing]] [[Heavyweight]] Champion [[Mike Tyson]], who have worked with Yen in the films ''[[Bodyguards and Assassins]]'' and ''[[Ip Man 3]]'', respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://questionrs.com/tube/EIZ30GiVlQo/ufc-s-cung-le-talks-with-world-wushu-champion-alfred-hsing-about-donnie-yen-and-mixed-martial-arts|title=UFC's Cung Le Talks with World Wushu Champion Alfred Hsing about Donnie Yen and Mixed Martial Arts|publisher=Validated Response|access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> While filming ''Ip Man 3'', crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen. However, it was ultimately Yen who fractured Tyson's finger while using his elbow to block Tyson's punches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2015/05/donnie-yen-fractures-mike-tysons-finger-while-shooting-ip-man-3.html|title=Donnie Yen Fractures Mike Tyson's Finger While Shooting IP MAN 3|publisher=Twitchfilms|access-date=24 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522102032/http://twitchfilm.com/2015/05/donnie-yen-fractures-mike-tysons-finger-while-shooting-ip-man-3.html|archive-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> Tyson insisted on finishing the scene before he was treated in hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zhang|first=Rui|date=20 May 2015|title=Kung fu star Donnie Yen breaks Mike Tyson's finger|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2015-05/20/content_35618345.htm|url-status=live|access-date=18 November 2021|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523022637/http://www.china.org.cn:80/arts/2015-05/20/content_35618345.htm?|archive-date=23 May 2015 }}</ref>

In 2019, he was inducted into the [[Martial Arts History Museum|Martial Arts History Museum Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://martialartsmuseum.com/about/hall-of-fame/ | title=Hall of Fame }}</ref>

===Action choreography===
Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as ''[[Blade II]]'', ''[[Highlander: Endgame]]'', and ''[[Shanghai Knights]]''. Throughout the East Asian cinematic universe, he remained the principal action choreographer for most of his movies and has won multiple awards for his action choreography.

Yen's most famous works include films such as ''[[Flash Point (film)|Flash Point]]'' and ''[[SPL: Sha Po Lang]]''. He has mentioned that the main differences in East Asian styles of filmmaking and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control. In the East Asian film industry, the action choreographer takes over the scene during the fight scene. This means that for action scenes filmed in East Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the [[Film Director|main director]] is not needed at all. While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles.<ref name="Martial bliss">{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen Quotes |work=San Francisco Bay Guardian| date = 3 December 2008| url = http://www.sfbg.com/2008/03/12/martial-bliss| access-date = 14 May 2015}}</ref>

Yen's work as a choreographer won him the [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography]] at the [[27th Hong Kong Film Awards]] and the [[Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography]] at the [[45th Golden Horse Awards|2008]] and [[48th Golden Horse Awards|2011 Golden Horse Awards]].

Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film ''[[Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen]].'' For this film, Yen mentioned that he included [[Jeet Kune Do]] elements as a tribute to the American actor and martial artist [[Bruce Lee]], who played Chen Zhen in the 1972 film ''[[Fist of Fury]].''<ref>{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen Making New Moves for Return of Chen Zhen| publisher = Wu-Jing.org| date = 27 May 2010| url = http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/828-Donnie-Yen-Making-New-Moves-for-Return-of-Chen-Zhen.html| access-date = 27 May 2010| url-status = usurped| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100531155038/http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/828-Donnie-Yen-Making-New-Moves-for-Return-of-Chen-Zhen.html| archive-date = 31 May 2010| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the use of [[Wing Chun]]. Yen also stated that the concept behind Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do is similar to that of MMA, hence the incorporation of many forms of martial arts was a necessity in the film.<ref name="Donnie Yen Returns for an Interview: I'm Chen Zhen, Put Ip Man Behind">{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen Returns for an Interview: I'm Chen Zhen, Put Ip Man Behind| publisher = Wu-Jing.org| date = 22 September 2010| url = http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/860-Donnie-Yen-Returns-for-an-Interview-Im-Chen-Zhen,-Put-Ip-Man-Behind.html| access-date = 22 September 2010| url-status = usurped| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100925202300/http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/860-Donnie-Yen-Returns-for-an-Interview-Im-Chen-Zhen,-Put-Ip-Man-Behind.html| archive-date = 25 September 2010| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

He won the [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography]] four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award. He has won awards for his choreography in films such as ''[[The Twins Effect]]'', ''[[SPL: Sha Po Lang]]'', ''Flash Point'', and ''[[Kung Fu Jungle]]''.<ref name="34th Hong Kong Film Awards - Nomination and Winner List">{{cite web| title = 34th Hong Kong Film Awards – Nomination and Winner list |work= HKFAA | date = 19 April 2015| url = http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist.html| access-date = 20 April 2015}}</ref>

===Bodybuilding and transformation for roles===
[[File:DY Training.jpeg|thumb|230px|Donnie Yen regaining his physique in 2016 for ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage'', after losing weight for ''Ip Man 3'' and ''Rogue One''.]]
Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined [[Physical fitness|fitness]] regime.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://e.uuuwell.com/thread-142070-1-1.html |title= Donnie Yen Fitness Routine |date= 11 July 2011 |access-date= 7 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160918065256/http://e.uuuwell.com/thread-142070-1-1.html |archive-date= 18 September 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays. In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender [[Ip Man]] and the techniques of Wing Chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength.<ref name="Donnie Yen: Bringing Ip Man to life">{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen: Bringing Ip Man to life |work= Wing Chun illustrated | date = 15 April 2013| url = https://www.wingchunillustrated.com/2013/04/15/donnie-yen/ | access-date = 7 July 2016}}</ref> He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/500-Grandmaster-Yip-Man-Plot-Revealed-at-Shanghai-Press-Conference.html|title= Grandmaster Yip Man Plot Revealed at Shanghai Press Conference - Wu-Jing.org|date= 14 July 2008|access-date= 7 July 2016|url-status= usurped|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510093115/http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/500-Grandmaster-Yip-Man-Plot-Revealed-at-Shanghai-Press-Conference.html|archive-date= 10 May 2008|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2010, still fresh off ''[[Ip Man 2]]'', Yen was cast as [[Chen Zhen (character)|Chen Zhen]] in ''[[Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen]]'', who was originally portrayed by [[Bruce Lee]]. He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine.<ref name="continues">{{cite web| title = 陈嘉上再拍《陈真》甄子丹替下李连杰| publisher = sohu.com| date = 4 April 2009| url = http://yule.sohu.com/20090402/n263156105.shtml| accessdate = 15 August 2011}}</ref> He maintained this bulk and physique while filming ''[[The Lost Bladesman]]'', in which he plays [[Guan Yu]], a Chinese general known for his size and spear-fighting abilities.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141110160835/http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/835-Donnie-Yen-Feeling-Pressured-to-be-The-Lost-Bladesman.html Donnie Yen Feeling Pressured to be The Lost Bladesman – Wu-Jing.org]}}</ref>

In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in ''[[Ip Man 3]]'' and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in ''[[Rogue One]]''.<ref name="Donnie Yen teaches you fitness routine">{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen Asked to Lose 30 Pounds for 'Ip Man 3' |work= Jayne Stars | date = 6 March 2015| url = http://www.jaynestars.com/movies/donnie-yen-asked-to-lost-30-pounds-for-ip-man-3/ | access-date = 7 July 2016}}</ref> For his role as Xiang in ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]'' opposite [[Vin Diesel]], Yen rebuilt his physique.<ref name="Donnie Yen Training">{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen Instagram Post – Body Transformation for xXx 3 |work= Donnie Yen Instagram | date = 1 June 2016| url = https://www.instagram.com/p/BFcICa0POws/ | access-date = 7 July 2016}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}

==Personal life==
Yen met his first wife, Hong Kong advertising executive Leung Zing-ci ({{lang-zh|link=no|t=梁靜慈}}), in 1990. They began dating in 1990. After three years of dating, they married secretly in the United States in November 1993. The marriage ended in less than a year. After their divorce was finalized, Leung realized that she was pregnant with their son, who was born in 1995.<ref name=StraitsTimes>Wai Yee, Yip (16 January 2016). [http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/donnie-yens-secret-to-a-happy-marriage-listen-to-his-wife "Donnie Yen’s secret to a happy marriage – listen to his wife"]. ''[[The Straits Times]]''.</ref><ref>[http://www.jaynestars.com/news/donnie-yen-owes-nothing-to-his-first-wife/ "Donnie Yen Owes Nothing to His Ex-Wife"]. Jayne Stars. 30 November 2012.</ref>

Yen married former beauty queen [[Cissy Wang]] after three months of dating in 2003. The couple have two children.<ref name=StraitsTimes/>

Yen became a US citizen in 1974 but renounced it in 2010 to become a Hong Kong citizen again.<ref name="scmp.com"/><ref name="Federal Register"/>

===Philanthropic work===
In 2012, Yen and his wife Cissy co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dot.asia/donnie-yen-cissy-wang-support-asia-new-charity-online-platform/|title=Donnie Yen & Cissy Wang support Asia new charity online platform – Go.Asia (www.go.asia) to prove to the world that "Every Act Counts" {{!}} Dot.Asia|website=www.dot.asia|date=27 July 2012|language=en-US|access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref>

In October 2014, Yen was invited to be a guest speaker in front of a crowd of 20,000 youths for [[We Day]] [[Vancouver]], where he spoke about the hardships he faced growing up and how he overcame difficulties.<ref name="Donnie Yen is a Guest Speaker on We Day">{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen is a Guest Speaker on We Day| publisher = We Day| date = 23 October 2014| url = http://www.weday.com/we-day-events/we-day-cities/vancouver/| access-date = 12 May 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150315080750/http://www.weday.com/we-day-events/we-day-cities/vancouver/| archive-date = 15 March 2015| url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees.<ref>{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen identified as Ip Man in refugee camps| publisher = Bendijin| date = 2 March 2015| url = http://www.bendijin.net/feed/en_1227212| access-date = 12 May 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090033/http://www.bendijin.net/feed/en_1227212| archive-date = 18 May 2015| url-status = dead}}</ref> Yen is an ambassador for the international charity [[Save the Children]].

In December 2015, Yen established a charitable fund, Yen's Honour Protection Fund, with the purpose of empowering celebrities to use the law to defend their honor and reputation. Yen said the fund "[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected." This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family.<ref>{{cite web| title = Donnie Yen to set up Charitable Organization after vindication| publisher = Sina.Cn| date = 3 December 2015| url = http://ent.sina.cn/star/tv/2015-12-03/detail-ifxmifzh4322607.d.html?from=wap| access-date = 6 December 2015}}</ref>

In February 2020, in light of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]] in China and the rest of the world, Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in [[Wuhan]]. He also produced and dedicated a short clip to thank all medical workers in China in their fight against the coronavirus; the clip was uploaded on Chinese social media site Weibo, where Yen has over 11 million followers. He donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers.<ref>{{cite web| title = Ip Man star Donnie Yen donates HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan | work = South China Morning Post | date = 19 February 2020| url = https://www.scmp.com/sport/martial-arts/article/3051414/china-will-win-coronavirus-battle-ip-man-star-donnie-yen-donates|access-date = 3 March 2019}}</ref>

===Politics===
In 2023, Yen was appointed to the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] (CPPCC) as a representative of the "Literature and Arts" sector, replacing outgoing fellow action star [[Jackie Chan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2023 |title=Hong Kong professionals join mainland China advisory body, with Xia set to bow out |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3207290/top-beijing-official-xia-baolong-bows-out-amid-reshuffle-chinas-political-advisory-body-hong-kong |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> He stated that he was a Chinese patriot and requested that his film roles in Hollywood must positively represent the Chinese.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chu |first=Karen |date=17 June 2021 |title=Shanghai: Donnie Yen Describes Shooting Fight Scenes with Mike Tyson as a Near-Death Experience |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/shanghai-donnie-yen-describes-shooting-fight-scenes-with-mike-tyson-as-a-near-death-experience-1234969504/ |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

Yen said of the [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests]] that "It wasn't a protest [...] it was a riot."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mok |first=Lea |date=6 March 2023 |title=Hong Kong actor Donnie Yen's Oscar invitation sparks backlash, petition |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2023/03/06/hong-kong-actor-donnie-yens-oscar-invitation-sparks-backlash-petition/ |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Hong Kong Free Press |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Franklin-Wallis |first=Oliver |title=Hong Kong's Ageless Action Hero |url=https://www.gq.com/story/gq-hype-donnie-yen |website=GQ |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Donnie Yen filmography}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
|1993
|[[Hong Kong Film Awards]]
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Once Upon a Time in China 2]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2002
|[[Taurus World Stunt Awards]]
|Best Fight

|''[[Iron Monkey (1993 film)|Iron Monkey]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2003
|[[Golden Horse Awards]]
|[[Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|rowspan=2|''[[The Twins Effect]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2004
|[[Hong Kong Film Awards]]
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|{{won}}
|-
|2006
|[[Hong Kong Film Awards]]
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|''[[SPL: Sha Po Lang]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2007
|[[Hong Kong Film Awards]]
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|rowspan=2|''[[Dragon Tiger Gate]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Golden Bauhinia Awards]]
|Best Action Choreography
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Golden Horse Awards]]
|[[Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|rowspan=3|''[[Flash Point (film)|Flash Point]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2008
|[[Hong Kong Film Award]]s
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Taurus World Stunt Awards]]
|Best Action in a Foreign Language Film
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2009
|[[Beijing College Student Film Festival]]
|Best Actor
|rowspan=3|''[[Ip Man (film)|Ip Man]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Hong Kong Film Awards]]
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Huabiao Awards|Huabiao Film Awards]]
|Outstanding Abroad Actor
|{{won}}
|-
|2010
|[[Hundred Flowers Awards]]
|Best Actor
|''[[Bodyguards and Assassins]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2011
|[[Hong Kong Film Awards]]
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|''[[Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[3rd Macau International Movie Festival]]
|Best Actor
|''[[The Lost Bladesman]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Golden Horse Awards]]
|[[Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|rowspan=2|''[[Dragon (2011 film)|Dragon]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2012
|[[Hong Kong Film Awards]]
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
|[[Hong Kong Film Awards]]
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|''[[Special ID]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[8th Asian Film Awards]]
|Asian Outstanding Actor
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2015
|[[Youku]] Night Awards
|2014's Most Influential Actor
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|-
|15th [[Huading Awards]]
|Best Actor
|''[[The Monkey King (2014 film)|The Monkey King]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Hong Kong Film Award]]s
|[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography|Best Action Choreography]]
|''[[Kung Fu Jungle]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2017
|rowspan=2|Foshan Film Awards
|Best Actor
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Lifetime Achievement Award
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Juul, Matt, [https://www.bostonmagazine.com/arts-entertainment/2016/12/14/donnie-yen-rogue-one-interview/ "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story's Donnie Yen Talks Boston Roots : The martial arts movie icon opens up about joining the Star Wars universe, his connection to Boston, and more."], ''Boston'' magazine, 14 December 2016.

==External links==
{{commons category|Donnie Yen}}
{{Portal|Biography|China|Hong Kong|Film}}
* {{Official website|http://www.donnieyen.asia}}
* {{IMDb name|0947447}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/20/arts/20iht-donnie.html "An Action Star Moves to the Lead", ''New York Times'' article]
* [http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/people.asp?id=178 Donnie Yen profile page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524130646/http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/people.asp?id=178 |date=24 May 2011 }} at [[Hong Kong Cinemagic]]

{{Donnie Yen}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Donnie Yen
|list =
{{Beijing College Student Film Festival Best Actor}}
{{Best Action Choreography HKFA}}
{{Golden Lotus Award for Best Actor}}
{{Shanghai Film Critics Award for Best Actor}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yen, Donnie}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Hong Kong male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Hong Kong male actors]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to British Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Chinese Jeet Kune Do practitioners]]
[[Category:Chinese Wing Chun practitioners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Guangdong]]
[[Category:Hong Kong action choreographers]]
[[Category:Hong Kong emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Hong Kong expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Hong Kong film directors]]
[[Category:Hong Kong film producers]]
[[Category:Hong Kong hapkido practitioners]]
[[Category:Hong Kong kung fu practitioners]]
[[Category:Hong Kong male film actors]]
[[Category:Hong Kong male judoka]]
[[Category:Hong Kong male karateka]]
[[Category:Hong Kong male kickboxers]]
[[Category:Hong Kong male Muay Thai practitioners]]
[[Category:Hong Kong male taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:Hong Kong male television actors]]
[[Category:Hong Kong philanthropists]]
[[Category:Hong Kong practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]
[[Category:Hong Kong stunt performers]]
[[Category:Hong Kong wushu practitioners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Guangdong]]
[[Category:Male actors from Guangzhou]]
[[Category:Martial artists from Guangdong]]
[[Category:Members of the 14th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]]
[[Category:Newton North High School alumni]]
[[Category:People who renounced United States citizenship]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Guangzhou]]
[[Category:Wing Chun practitioners from Hong Kong]]

Bayana

2026-03-13T18:11:45Z

Inventaa: improved structure and cleaned formatting based on references

{{short description|Town in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bayana
| settlement_type = Town
| nickname = City of [[Banasura]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9|N|77.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
| government_type = Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 196
| population_total = 55000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 321401
| registration_plate = RJ-05
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Bayana''' is a historical town and the headquarters of Bayana tehsil in the [[Bharatpur district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. [[Hindaun]], the nearest city to Bayana, is just {{convert|33|km|0|abbr=on}} away. Bayana is also known as the "City of Bansasura".

== History ==

Although '''Bayana''' fort was chiefly regalities as ruling Headquarters of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabar |first=Oleg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klx0xib6jFUC&dq=their+was+fort+have+called+under+the+Jats+at+they+bayana&pg=PA115 |title=Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture |date=1987 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-08155-0 |page=115 |language=en |quote=When the Mughal Empire broke up, the local Jat rulers made Bayana part of the kingdom of Bharatpur. It seems that only the town was used by the Jats. The fort is now totally deserted.}}</ref> 1195 AD and 1196 AD, Mohammad Ghori attacked Bayana, during which the ruler Raja Kumarpala faced the defeat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad Sam returned to India in 1196 to consolidate his hold around the present-day Rajasthan. The territory of Bayana was under the control of a sect of Jadaun Rajputs. The Ghurids stormed the Hill Fort of Vijaymandirgarh, which was ruled by Kumarpal. The rajputs were defeated, and the fort was placed under the guard of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad Ibn Sam's senior slave Baha al-Din Tughrul, who later established Sultankot, a township in Bayana. Tughrul also reduced the Fort of Gwalior, whose Parihar (a rajput clan) Chief Sallakhanapala surrendered and accepted the Ghurid suzerainty. |url=https://hdheritagewalks.wordpress.com/2023/09/22/ukha-mandir-masjid-ghurid-mosque-bayana-bharatpur-district-rajasthan/#:~:text=Mu%E2%80%99izz%20al%2DDin%20Muhammad%20Sam,and%20accepted%20the%20Ghurid%20suzerainty. |website=HD Heritage Walks| date=22 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Umair Mirza |url=https://archive.org/details/a-comprehensive-history-of-india-delhi-sultanate_202303 |title=A Comprehensive History of India, Delhi Sultanate |date=1970-08-01 |pages=169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastav |first=Ashirbadilal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.429869 |title=Delhi Sultanate (711 To 1526) – '११९५-९६ ई. में मुहम्मद ने फिर भारत पर आक्रमण किया और जादौंभट्टी राजपूतों की राजधानी बयाना को घेर लिया। राजा कुमारपाल ने थंगीर क्रे किले से शत्रु का मुकाबला किया किन्तु अन्त में उसे हथियार डालने पड़े । आ्राक्मणकारी ने थंगीर और विजय-मन्दिरगढ़ के किलों पर अधिकार क्र लिया और उनकी रक्षा के लिए बहाउद्दीन तुगरिल की अ्रधीनता में तुर्की सैनिक _ नियुक्त कर दिग्रे। ' |date=1965 |edition=4th |page=111 |language=Hindi}}</ref>{{Cn|date=May 2025}}

=== Vedic period===
{{see also | Vedic period | Mahabharta }}

It is called the "City of Banasura" because of the premonition of Usha, the daughter of Banasura and Aniruddha and the great-grandson of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], which is described in Srimad Bhagwat 10.62 and [[Puranas]].

===3rd-4th century: Gupta dynasty===

The Usha Mandir temple is proof of this. In 322 AD, the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta dynasty]] was ruled by [[Chandragupta II]]. At that time Pushpa Gupta was appointed as its governor in the area of Sripath. From 371 AD to 372 AD, the feudatory warlord Kshatriya of Emperor [[Samudragupta]] erected the Yajna Pillar.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Its remains are still present today. There is also evidence that there was a fort here at that time too.

=== 4th century: Pushyabhuti dynasty's Bhimalat ===

The Bhimalat was built in 371 AD. It is also called Vijay Pillar. The pillar was built by King Vishnu Vardhan of [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]] (Vardhan dynasty) at the conclusion of the Pundarik [[Yajna]]. This pillar is a monolithic pillar made of red sandstone. The pillar stands on a platform that is 13.6 feet long and 9.2 feet wide. The length of the pillar is 26.3 feet. The first 22.7-foot section is octagonal. It is clear from the metal on the top of the pillar that there must have been something on top of it as well.

===9th-11th century: Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty===

In 960 AD, the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]] ruled. Queen [[Chitralekha (Hinduism)|Chitralekha]] of the Fakka dynasty and King Laxman San built the Usha Mandir temple under the rule of Emperor Mahipal. Maharaja Vijayapala ruled from 999 AD to 1043 AD.

===12th-17th century: Muslim and Hindu Rajput period===

The [[Delhi Sultanate]] (12th-16th century) rule was followed by the [[Mughal Empire]] (16th-18th century) when Bayana was the site of the [[Battle of Bayana]] in 1527 between [[Rajput]] ruler [[Rana Sanga]], the ruler of [[Mewar]], and [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]].

The īdgāh of Bayana (c. 1195), likely constructed during the tenure of Bahā al-Dīn Tughrul, the first Muslim governor of Bayana between 1195 and 1210,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Shokoohy |first1=Mehrdad |last2=Shokoohy |first2=Natalie H. |date=1987 |title=The Architecture of Baha al-Din Tughrul in the Region of Bayana, Rajasthan |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1523099 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=4 |pages=114–132 |doi=10.2307/1523099 |jstor=1523099|url-access=subscription }}</ref> has 60 m long freestanding wall, with a central miḥrāb flanked by four smaller niches on each side, and a circular tower on the two ends and an open paved platform in front.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shokoohy |first1=Mehrdad |title=Sifting Sands, Reading Signs: Studies in Honour of Professor Géza Fehérvári |last2=Shokoohy |first2=Natalie H. |publisher=Furnace Publishing for SOAS |year=2006 |editor-last=Barbara Brend |editor-first=Patricia L. Baker |location=London |pages=105–119 |chapter=The Indian ‘idgah and its Persian prototype the namazgāh or musalla}}</ref> It has a central mihrab that is built as a square chamber projecting behind the qibla wall and roofed by a corbelled dome, in emulation of the arcaded iwāns of Iran and Afghanistan. Traces of the original minbar can be seen on the right of the central mihrab.<ref name=":0" />

===18th-20th century: Hindu Jat period===

With [[decline of the Mughal Empire]] the [[jats]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] (18-20th century) ruled. The remains and inscriptions of dozens of buildings exist that date back to these periods.

== Geography ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}

Bayana is located in a small plain, between two hill ranges running more or less parallel to each other near the left bank of the [[Gambhir river, Rajasthan|Gambhir river]], at a distance of {{convert|45|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]]. Bayana is located at {{Coord|26.9|N|77.28|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Bayana.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Bayana]</ref> It has an average elevation of 196 metres (643 feet).

==Economy ==

Bayana has a large industrial area known as riico Bayana, which mainly consist of stone industries.

== Tourism==

=== Usha temple and mosque ===

Bayana is home to the co-located Usha temple associated with the Banasur and the Usha Mosque.

== Transport==

[[Bayana Junction railway station]] is a major railway station situated on Delhi Mumbai Railway network which connects people to major cities like [[Delhi]], [[Mathura]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[Agra]] etc. Daily passenger trains also originate from and terminate to Bayana jn.

== See also ==

* [[Brij]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Bharatpur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bharatpur district]]

[[it:Ba]]

National Science Day

2026-03-11T17:18:47Z

Inventaa: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Holiday in India}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = National Science Day
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| official_name = National Science Day
| nickname = Science Day
| observedby = [[India]]
| litcolor =
| significance = Commemorate the discovery of [[Raman effect]]
| begins = 28 February
| ends = 28 February
| date = 28 February
| scheduling = same day each year
| duration = 1 day sometimes a week
| frequency = Annual
| month = February
| observances = Celebrations in Government, Public and Private Institutions
| relatedto = National Science Week
| type = national
| firsttime = February 28th, 1987
| startedby = Proposed by the National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC)
Accepted by the Indian Government
}}

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}{{use Indian English|date=January 2014}}

'''National Science Day''' is celebrated in [[India]] on February 28 each year to mark the discovery of the [[Raman scattering|Raman effect]] by Indian physicist [[C. V. Raman|Sir C. V. Raman]] on 28 February 1928.

For his discovery, Sir C.V. Raman was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1930.

== History of National Science Day ==

=== Missing Information Identified: History of National Science Day ===

=== Contribution (History) ===
<blockquote>National Science Day is celebrated in India on 28 February every year. It marks the discovery of the Raman Effect by Indian physicist Sir C. V. Raman on 28 February 1928. To honor this achievement and promote scientific awareness, the Government of India declared 28 February as National Science Day in 1986. The day highlights the importance of science and encourages scientific thinking among students and citizens.</blockquote>

== Celebration of National Science Day ==
The occasion of National Science Day is marked by numerous events conducted by institutions such as schools and colleges.

== Celebration of India Space Week ==
India Space Week is celebrated in India every year on 12 to 18 August. The celebration also includes public speeches,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohan |date=2023-02-14 |title=National Science Day speech in English 2023 |url=https://snfportal.in/national-science-day-speech-in-english/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Snfportal |language=en-US |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329073906/https://snfportal.in/national-science-day-speech-in-english/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> radio, TV, Space science movies, Space science exhibitions based on themes and concepts, debates, quiz competitions, lectures, science model exhibitions and many more activities.

Indian Space Week consists of space education and outreach events held by space agencies, aerospace companies, schools, Collage, university, NGO, planetarium, museums, and astronomy clubs around the National in a common timeframe. India Space Week is coordinated by the India Nation with the support of the India Space Week Association (ISWA). The ISWA leads a global team of National Coordinators, who promote the celebration of India Space Week within their own countries. The ISA AND IICT declared in 2022 that India Space Week will be held each year on the Celebration of birth of 12-18 August Vikram Sarabhai.

== Objectives of Celebrating National Science Day ==
National Science Day is celebrated to spread a message about the importance of science used in the daily life of the people. To display all the activities, efforts and achievements in the field of science for human welfare. It is celebrated to discuss all the issues and implement new technologies for the development in the field of science. To give an opportunity to the scientific minded citizens in India. To encourage the people as well as popularize science and technology.

== Themes of National Science Day ==
[[File:Kapil Sibal giving away the National Award for Science Communication for the year 2008 to Ms. Meenu Khare from Lucknow, for outstanding efforts in science & technology communication through electronic medium.jpg|thumb|Meenu Khare receiving the National Award from Kapil Sibal.]]
[[File:Science Walk 24(1) 9.jpg|thumb|Science walk participants to commemorate National Science Day 2024 at [[University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture|Rajabazar Science College]]]]
The theme of the year 1999 was “Our Changing Earth”.

The theme of the year 2000 was “Recreating Interest in Basic Science”.

The theme of the year 2001 was “Information Technology for Science Education”.

The theme of the year 2002 was “Wealth From Waste”.

The theme of the year 2003 was “50 years of DNA & 25 years of IVF – The Blue print of Life”.

The theme of the year 2004 was “Encouraging Scientific Awareness in Community”.

The theme of the year 2005 was “Celebrating Physics”.

The theme of the year 2006 was “Nurture Nature for our future”.

The theme of the year 2007 was “More Crop Per Drop”.

The theme of the year 2008 was “Understanding the Planet Earth”.

The theme of the year 2009 was “Expanding Horizons of Science”. On 28 February 2009, five institutions in India were presented the 'National Award for Science Communication' by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Indian Department of Science and Technology]] (IDST). These awards are presented to recognize the efforts of individuals and government and non-government bodies for the popularization of science in India. The highest award was given in 2009 to the [[Vikram Sarabhai Community Science Centre]] for its contribution to science-related learning material and conducting training programs on science education.<ref name="gg">{{cite news|url=http://www.gujaratglobal.com/nextSub.php?id=4796&cattype=NEWS|title=National Science Day Award to CSC Ahmedabad|publisher=Gujarat Global|accessdate=28 February 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> A Festival of Measurement and Space Fair was held at the [[Nehru Planetarium]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200902280322.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103222336/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200902280322.htm |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Host of events in capital on National Science Day today|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=28 February 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=28 February 2009}}</ref> Dr. Pramod Kumar Mohapatra, G.S. Unnikrishnan Nair and Ms. Meenu Khare were awarded {{INR}}1,00,000 for their individual contributions to the field.<ref name="gg" /> Jidnyasa Trust of [[Thane]] also received {{INR}}1,00,000 for setting up a science activity center. It is to make people aware about the science and technology.

The theme of the year 2010 was “Gender Equity, Science & Technology for Sustainable Development”.

The theme of the year 2011 was “Chemistry in Daily Life”.

The theme of the year 2012 was “Clean Energy Options and Nuclear Safety”.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/whats_new/whats_new11/focal-theme.pdf |title=National Science Day Theme 2012 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206001735/http://dst.gov.in/whats_new/whats_new11/focal-theme.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
As India observed National Science Day on 28 February, the citizens saw a slew of activities at Science City which had planned a five-day Science Carnival on theme of youth and science. "The Science Carnival is going to be an event with a series of scientific activities and programs involving school and college students, eminent scientists and faculties of the state and country. We want to provide a real platform for budding scientists to make their career and profession in science," said a senior Science City official. Officials said that they are expecting nearly 1 [[Lakh]] students and science enthusiasts to visit Science City during this period.
* [[India Space Week]]
* [[National Mathematics Year]]
* [[National Mathematics Day]]
* [[National Science Week]]
* [[National Council of Science Museums]]

The theme of the year 2013 was “Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security”.

The theme of the year 2014 was “Fostering [[Scientific temper|Scientific Temper]]”.

The theme of the year 2015 was “Science for Nation Building”.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/National-Science-Day-2015-Date-extended.pdf |title=Announcement |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054229/http://www.dst.gov.in/National-Science-Day-2015-Date-extended.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The theme of the year 2016 was on "Scientific Issues for Development of the Nation".

The theme of the year 2017 was "Science and Technology for Specially Abled Persons"<ref>{{Cite web| title=University Gronls Commission | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/0938370_UGC-Letter-reg-National-Science-Day1.pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A18%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22FitH%22%7D%2C799%5D | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110154728/http://www.ugc.ac.in:80/pdfnews/0938370_UGC-Letter-reg-National-Science-Day1.pdf | archive-date=2017-01-10}}</ref>

The theme of the year 2018 was "Science and Technology for a sustainable future."

The theme of the year 2019 was "Science for the People, and the People for Science"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dst.gov.in/news/theme-national-science-day-2019-science-people-and-people-science |title=Theme for the National Science Day 2019 is Science for the People and the People for Science. | Department Of Science & Technology |publisher=Dst.gov.in |date=2019-01-30 |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref>

The theme of the year 2020 was "Women in Science."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/national-science-day-nsd-2020-theme-is-women-in-science/articleshow/74368214.cms|title=National Science Day 2020: Theme for the year is 'Women in Science' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2020 }}</ref>

The theme of the year 2021 was 'Future of STI: Impact on Education Skills and Work'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/national-science-day-to-be-held-on-february-28/article33904580.ece|title = National Science Day to be held on February 28|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 22 February 2021}}</ref>

The theme of the year 2022 is 'Integrated Approach in S&T for Sustainable Future'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dst.gov.in/dr-jitendra-singh-launches-theme-national-science-day-nsd-2022-integrated-approach-st-sustainable |title=Dr Jitendra Singh launches theme of National Science Day (NSD) 2022: Integrated Approach in S&T for Sustainable Future | Department Of Science & Technology |publisher=Dst.gov.in |date=2022-01-06 |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref>

The theme for National science Day celebrated on 28 February 2023 is "Global Science for Global Wellbeing".
https://dst.gov.in/union-minister-dr-jitendra-singh-unveils-theme-national-science-day-2023-titled-global-science

The theme of the year 2024 was "Indigenous Technologies for Viksit Bharat"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh launches the theme for National Science Day 'Indigenous Technologies for Viksit Bharat' {{!}} Department Of Science & Technology |url=https://dst.gov.in/union-minister-dr-jitendra-singh-launches-theme-national-science-day-indigenous-technologies-viksit |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=dst.gov.in}}</ref> A series of events were held across the country. 
'''Kolkata:''' A series of programs were held across the city. This included one in [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]] with school children.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Science Day, art exhibition and more news from Kolkata in pictures |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/national-science-day-art-exhibition-and-more-news-from-kolkata-in-pictures-photogallery/cid/2003633?slide=1 |access-date=29 February 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=28 February 2024}}</ref> The celebration also included a series of three science walk initiaated by Know Your Neighbour (KYN) and executed by Science Communicators’ Forum (SCF). The first walks was held on January 14 in [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]] area. The second one was held on February 3 in [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] area. The third and final walk was held on 28 February in [[Jadavpur]] area.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Science walk in and around Rajabazar Science College, Bose Institute and Girindrasekhar Basu's home enthuses Kolkatans |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/science-walk-in-and-around-rajabazars-science-college-bose-institute-and-girindrasekhar-basus-home-enthuses-kolkatans/cid/2003341 |access-date=29 February 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>

The theme for National science Day celebrated on 28 February 2025 is "Empowering Indian Youth for Global Leadership in Science & lnnovation for Viksit Bharat".

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:February observances]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Observances in India]]
[[Category:Observances about science]]

Kovvur (disambiguation)

2026-03-11T06:19:54Z

Inventaa: created a details

[[Kovvur]] is a town in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India.

It may also refer to:

*[[Kovur, Prakasam district]], a village in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Kovvur revenue division]], a revenue division in the West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Kovvur mandal]], a mandal in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Kovvur railway station]], a railway station in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Kovur, Nellore district|Kovur]], a village in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India

{{disambig}}

V. V. Giri

2026-03-09T15:10:02Z

Inventaa:

{{Short description|President of India from 1969 to 1974}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. V. Giri
| image = Varahagiri Venkata Giri, 3rd Vice President of India.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, {{circa}}1968
| office = [[President of India]]
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| vicepresident = [[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]
| term_start = 24 August 1969
| term_end = 24 August 1974
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] (acting)
| successor = [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
| primeminister2 = Indira Gandhi
| term_start2 = 3 May 1969
| term_end2 = 20 July 1969
| term_label2 = Interim
| predecessor2 = [[Zakir Husain]]
| successor2 = Mohammad Hidayatullah
| primeminister3 = Indira Gandhi
| office3 =  [[Vice President of India]]
| president3 = Zakir Husain
| term_start3 = 13 May 1967
| term_end3 = 3 May 1969
| predecessor3 = Zakir Husain
| successor3 = Gopal Swarup Pathak
{{collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Gubernatorial offices
|titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office4 = [[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor of Mysore State]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[S. Nijalingappa]]
| term_start4 = 2 April 1965
| term_end4 = 13 May 1967
| predecessor4 = [[Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh]]
| successor4 = Gopal Swarup Pathak
| office5 = [[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]]
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai|Pattom Thanu Pillai]]|[[R. Sankar]]}}
| term_start5 = 1 July 1960
| term_end5 = 2 April 1965
| predecessor5 = [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]
| successor5 = [[Ajit Prasad Jain]]
| office6 = [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[Sampurnanand]]
| term_start6 = 10 June 1957
| term_end6 = 30 June 1960
| predecessor6 = [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]]
| successor6 = [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
{{collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Ministerial offices
|titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office7 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Minister of Labour]]
| primeminister7 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor7 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| term7 = 13 May 1952 – 7 September 1954
| successor7 = [[Khandubhai Kasanji Desai]]
| office8 = [[Minister of Industry|Minister of Labour and Industry]] of [[Madras Presidency]]
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = [[Tanguturi Prakasam]]
| term_start8 = 30 April 1946
| term_end8 = 23 March 1947
| term9 = 14 July 1937 – 9 October 1939
| premier9 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| birth_name = Varahagiri Venkata Giri
| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|08|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Berhampur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Berhampur|Brahmapur]], [[Odisha]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1980|06|24|1894|08|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Madras, Tamil Nadu]], India (present-day Chennai)
| death_cause = [[Heart attack]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Saraswati Bai|1926|1978|end=died}}
| relatives = [[Palagummi Sainath]] (grandson)
| children = 14
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Khallikote College]], [[University of Madras]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punjabcolleges.com/13391-indiacolleges-khallikote-autonomous-college-berhampur |title=Khallikote Autonomous College, Berhampur, Orissa |publisher=PunjabColleges.com |date= |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref>|[[University College Dublin]]}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| profession = {{hlist|[[Activist]]|[[politician]]}}
| signature = Varahagiri Venkatagiri Signature.jpg
| signature_alt = Varahagiri Venkata Giri's Signature in English.
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term10 = 17 April 1952 – 4 April 1957
| constituency10 = [[Pathapatnam|Pathapatnam, Andhra Pradesh]]
| predecessor10 = ''Constituency established''
| successor10 = ''Constituency abolished''
| office11 = [[List of high commissioners of India to Sri Lanka|Indian High Commissioner to Ceylon]]
| term11 = 1947 – 1951
| predecessor11 = ''Office established''
| successor11 = [[K. P. Kesava Menon]]
| appointer11 = [[Lord Mountbatten]]
}}

'''Varahagiri Venkata Giri''' ({{audio|Vvg.ogg|pronunciation}}; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better known as '''V. V. Giri''' was an Indian statesman, activist, and diplomat who served as the [[president of India]] from 1969 to 1974. He previously served as the [[vice president of India]] from 1967 to 1969 and the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|minister of labour]] from 1952 to 1954.

Born in [[Berhampur]] to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Brahmin]] family, Giri completed his higher education at [[Khallikote College]] where he was elected to the student union, and was active in the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]]. He moved to [[Ireland]] in 1913 to study law at the [[University College Dublin]] (UCD) and the [[King's Inns|Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin]]. He was called to the Irish Bar in June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in UCD. He enrolled at [[Madras High Court]] in 1916 upon returning to India. Giri became a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Home Rule Movement]]. After abandoning his legal career as part of the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] in 1920, he was arrested for demonstrations in 1922. Giri was closely associated with the [[Trade unions in India|Indian labour movement]], and was elected president of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] in 1926.

Giri was elected a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Assembly]] in 1934, and became the minister for labour and industry in 1937 under [[C. Rajagopalachari]]. After the congress ministries resigned in protest at India being made to be a part of the Second World War in 1939, Giri returned to the Labour movement and was later arrested, spending 15 months in prison until 1941. He was arrested again after the launch of the [[Quit India Movement]], and he was imprisoned for three years from 1942 to 1945. In the [[1946 Madras legislative assembly election|General Elections of 1946]], Giri was elected to the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under [[T. Prakasam]]. From 1947 to 1951, he served as India's first High Commissioner to [[Ceylon]].

Giri was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]] from [[Pathapatnam]] Lok Sabha Constituency in [[General elections in India|1951]]. He served as the Union minister of labour in the [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru government]] from 1952 until his resignation in 1954. He was defeated in the [[Pathapatnam]] constituency at the [[1957 elections in India|1957 elections]] and was appointed the [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]] in the same year. He then served as the [[Governor of Kerala]] from 1960 to 1965 and the [[Governor of Karnataka]] 1965 to 1967. Giri was elected vice president in the [[1967 Indian vice presidential election|1967 election]]. Following the death of president [[Zakir Husain]], Giri became acting president in May 1969 before resigning in July to contest [[1969 Indian presidential election|the subsequent presidential election]] as an independent candidate. His endorsement by prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] helped his victory in the election, and Giri served as president of India from 1969 to 1974. Gandhi chose not renominate him in [[1974 Indian presidential election|1974]]. After the end of his full term, Giri was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the [[Bharat Ratna]] in 1975. He died of a [[heart attack]] at the age of 85 in 1980.

==Early life and family==
V. V. Giri was born in [[Berhampur]], [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Odisha]]) in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jai|first=Janak Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&q=vv+giri+andhra&pg=PA72|title=Presidents of India, 1950-2003|date=2003|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-65-0|language=en}}</ref> His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in [[East Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and shifted to Berhampur for their bright future. His father, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and political activist of the Indian National Congress who had been working at [[Berhampur]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Great Indian Patriots, Volume 1|author=P. Rajeswar Rao|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1991|isbn=9788170992806|location=India|pages=279–282}}</ref> Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the national movement in Berhampur during the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non Cooperation]] and [[Civil Disobedience Movement]]s and was arrested for leading a strike for [[prohibition]] during the Civil Disobedience Movement.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bina Kumari Sarma|title=Women's Role in the Freedom Movement in South Orissa|journal=Orissa Review|date=August 2010|pages=34–35|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/August/engpdf/34-38.pdf|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>

Giri was married to Saraswati Bai and the couple had 14 children.<ref name="Rao1991">{{cite book|author=P. Rajeswar Rao|title=The Great Indian Patriots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTrs9MF9374C&pg=PA278|year=1991|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-280-6|page=282}}</ref>

Giri completed his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur and higher education at the [[Khallikote College]] {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with [[Madras University]], in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Varahagiri Venkata Giri|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/234218/Varahagiri-Venkata-Giri|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> V.V. Giri was also elected to the student union of Khallikote College for three consecutive times and highly active in freedom movement during his student days in Berhampur.

In 1913, he moved to Ireland to study law at [[University College Dublin]] and the [[King's Inns|Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin]] between 1913 and 1916.<ref>{{cite news|title=University College Dublin announces special scholarships for Indian students|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/university-college-dublin-announces-special-scholarships-for-indian-students-219875-2013-12-05|access-date=8 January 2015|publisher=India Today|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> Giri was one among the first group of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year long course at UCD in 1914–15. This was a requirement for being called to the Irish Bar through study at the King's Inns. In total, 50 Indian students studied at UCD between 1914 and 1917.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Irish Days, Indian Memories: V. V. Giri and Indian Law Students at University College Dublin, 1913–1916|author= Conor Mulvagh|publisher=Irish Academic Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-911024-18-7|location=Sallins|page=43}}</ref> Indian students preferred Ireland over England for their studies, as the Irish showed neither racial discrimination nor colour prejudice, likely due to their own historical experiences. Moreover, in 1912, the admission policies for Indians at the Inns of Court in London and other English institutions had become more rigid, which led many Indian students to choose Ireland due to its relaxed regulations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-19 |title=How Irish nationalists inspired a future Indian President |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/how-irish-nationalists-inspired-a-future-indian-president-10197528/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Giri and a fellow law student also enrolled in the full bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was met [[Thomas MacDonagh]], and Political Economy. His lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist [[Thomas A. Finlay|Thomas A. Finlay SJ]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

During the First World War, Giri travelled from [[Dublin]] to [[London]] and met [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /> Gandhi wanted Giri to join the Imperial war effort as a Red Cross Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but later regretted his decision. According to one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity relieved Giri of the obligation to join the Red Cross and did not breathe a word about it to anyone.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/gandhi-an-expelled-future-president-and-first-aid-crews-the-indians-of-1916-rising-1.2529440|title=Gandhi, an expelled future president and first aid crews: the Indians of 1916 Rising|author=Conor Mulvagh|date=10 February 2016|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

Giri was active in both Indian and Irish politics during his studies. In ''My Life and Times'', Giri recalled that, coming directly from India with a burning zeal for independence, he felt an instant kinship with the Irish nationalist cause. While in Dublin, he joined a secret outfit known as the “Anarchical Society,” which, according to him, advocated the use of violence and bloodshed as a means to secure peace. There, he also acquired knowledge of incendiary methods and bomb-making techniques intended to support India’s liberation movement.<ref name=":3" /> Along with fellow Indian students he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians in South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by [[Indian Political Intelligence Office|Indian Political Intelligence]] and resulted in increased police scrutiny of Giri and his fellow students in Dublin.<ref name=":0" /> Meanwhile, anonymous articles were written by Indian students for the newspaper of the [[Irish Volunteers]] and in ''The National Student'', a UCD student magazine.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Irish Days, Indian Memories: V. V. Giri and Indian Law Students at University College Dublin, 1913–1916|author=Conor Mulvagh|publisher=Irish Academic Press|year=2016 |isbn=978-1-911024-18-7|location=Sallins, Co. Kildare, Ireland|pages=34, 49–50|url=http://irishacademicpress.ie/product/irish-days-indian-memories-v-v-giri-and-indian-law-students-at-university-college-dublin-1913-1916/}}</ref>

He was suspected of association with prominent ring leaders in the [[Easter Rising|1916 Rising]] including [[James Connolly]], [[Patrick Pearse|Pádraig H. Pearse]] and the young [[Éamon de Valera]].<ref name="Bhattacharya2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLxnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA636|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=December 2013|publisher=Author Solutions|isbn=978-1-4828-1626-6|pages=636–|author=Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya}}</ref><ref name="Lentz2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1538|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-26497-1|pages=1538–|author=Harris M. Lentz}}</ref> Giri was called to the Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.<ref name=":1" /> Indian students were subjected to police raids following the 1916 Rising and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland on 1 June 1916.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1916/jun/01/mr-t-a-chettiar-of-madras#S5CV0082P0_19160601_CWA_3|title=MR. T. A. CHETTIAR, OF MADRAS. |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=1 June 1916|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Upon returning to India in 1916 Giri enrolled at the [[Madras High Court]].<ref name="The Deccan Herald">{{cite news|title=Worker's leader who turned President|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/aug082004/ac3.asp|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=The Deccan Herald|date=8 August 2004|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827172859/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/aug082004/ac3.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also became a member of the Congress party, attended its [[Lucknow]] session and joined the [[Home Rule Movement]] of [[Annie Besant]].<ref name="Jai2003 76">{{cite book|author=Janak Raj Jai|title=Presidents of India, 1950–2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA76|date=2003|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-65-0|page=76}}</ref> Giri abandoned a flourishing legal career in response to [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] call for a [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri: Shashi Bhushan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/shekhawat-need-not-compare-himself-to-giri-shashi-bhushan/article1871463.ece|access-date=8 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=12 July 2007}}</ref> In 1922, he was arrested for the first time for demonstrating against the sale of liquor shops.<ref name="The Deccan Herald"/>

=== Role in the labour movement ===
Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement in India throughout his career.<ref name="Reminiscences of Gandhiji">{{cite book|author=Chandrashanker Shukla|title=Reminiscences of Gandhiji|date=March 1951|publisher=Vora & Co.|location=Bombay|page=108 |url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/20434/1/G-2493.pdf|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> Giri was a founding member of the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]] which was formed in 1923 and served as its general secretary for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web|title=President of India speaking!|url=http://www.taxindiaonline.com/RC2/inside2.php3?filename=bnews_detail.php3&newsid=5743|publisher=taxindiaonline.com|access-date=8 February 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222239/http://www.taxindiaonline.com/RC2/inside2.php3?filename=bnews_detail.php3&newsid=5743|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chandrasekhar1985">{{cite book|author=S. Chandrasekhar|title=Dimensions of Socio-political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zqz9SbueWk4C&pg=PA113|year=1985|publisher=Ashish Publishing House|isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4|pages=113–}}</ref><ref name="A principled politician">{{cite news|title=A principled politician |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301370200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021028222404/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301370200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2002|access-date=8 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 September 2002}}</ref> He was elected president of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] for the first time in 1926.<ref name="Mansingh2006">{{cite book|author=Surjit Mansingh|title=Historical Dictionary of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HAeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|date=9 May 2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6502-0|pages=240–}}</ref> Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] in a non violent strike for the rights of [[Retrenchment|retrenched]] workers. The strike succeeded in forcing the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] and the management of the railway company to concede the workers' demands and is regarded as a milestone in the labour movement in India.<ref name="The Deccan Herald"/><ref name="Reminiscences of Gandhiji"/><ref name="A principled politician"/> In 1929, the Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, [[N. M. Joshi]] and others with Giri as the president. The split with the AITUC came about over the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Labour. Giri and the ITUF leadership of liberals decided to cooperate with the commission while the AITUC decided to boycott it.<ref name="Tarique">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Tarique|title=Modern Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcKMD9XWyjAC&pg=SA7-PA2|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-066030-4|pages=7–}}</ref> The ITUF merged with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president of the AITUC for a second time in 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sharit Bhowmik|title=The Labour Movement in India: Fractured Trade Unions and Vulnerable Workers|journal=Rethinking Development and Inequality|date=2013|volume=2|issue=Special Issue|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AITUC – Our Leaders|url=http://aituc.in/leaders.html|publisher=AITUC|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206153013/http://aituc.in/leaders.html|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Indian delegation at the [[International Labour Conference]] of the [[ILO]] in 1927.<ref>{{cite book|title=List of Indian Delegates and Advisers to International Labour Conferences (1919–2011)|publisher=V.V.Giri National Labour Institute, Ministry of Labour & Employment|location=NOIDA|url=http://www.vvgnli.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/List-of-Indian-Delegates-Advisors.pdf|access-date=15 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207151828/http://www.vvgnli.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/List-of-Indian-Delegates-Advisors.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> At the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Second Round Table Conference]], Giri was present as a representative of the industrial workers of India.<ref name="Reminiscences of Gandhiji"/> Giri worked towards getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied with the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Jai2003 75">{{cite book|author=Janak Raj Jai|title=Presidents of India, 1950–2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA75|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-65-0|pages=75–}}</ref>

==Electoral career in British India ==
Giri became a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Assembly]] in 1934.<ref>Narasingha P. Sil, ''Giri, Varahagiri Venkata (1894–1980), trade unionist and president of India'' in ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (2004)</ref> He remained its member until 1937 and emerged a spokesman for matters of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.<ref name="Jai2003 75"/>

In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Raja of Bobbili to become a member of the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]. Between 1937 and 1939, he was Minister for Labour and Industry in the Congress government headed by [[C Rajagopalachari]].<ref name="Chaurasia2002">{{cite book|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|title=History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA300|date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0085-5|pages=300–}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi1997">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Rajaji: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjPHeRd7_UYC&pg=PA171|year=1997|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-026967-3|pages=171–}}</ref> Giri was appointed Governor of the National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against the British decision to make India a party in the [[Second World War]]. Having returned to the labour movement, Giri was arrested and spent 15 months in prison until March 1941.<ref name="Jai2003 75"/>

Following the launch of the [[Quit India Movement]], Giri was imprisoned again by the colonial government in 1942.<ref name="GroverArora1994">{{cite book|author1=Verinder Grover|author2=Ranjana Arora|title=Constitutional Schemes and Political Development in India: Towards Transfer of Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBCd9ZKzbUUC&pg=PA8|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-539-0|pages=8–}}</ref> He remained in prison when the AITUC met in [[Nagpur]] in 1943 where he was the president elect.<ref name="Singh1981">{{cite book|author=Viv Bahadour Singh|title=Economic History of India: 1857–1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJEXFnGS6AC&pg=PA590|year=1981|publisher=Allied Publishers|pages=590–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Economic History of India: 1857–1956| date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJEXFnGS6AC&pg=PA590|publisher=Allied Publishers|pages=590–}}</ref> Giri served his sentence in the [[Vellore]] and [[Amravati|Amaravathi]] prisons.<ref name="Reddy2003">{{cite book|author=A. Ranga Reddy|title=The State of Rayalaseema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g9T8UoCeO4C&pg=PA373|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-814-3|pages=373–}}</ref> Giri remained in prison for three years, his longest sentence, until his release in 1945.<ref name="Jai2003 75"/>

In the [[1946 Madras legislative assembly election|General Elections of 1946]], Giri was reelected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under [[T. Prakasam]].<ref name="Jai2003 75"/>

==Career in independent India==
From 1947 to 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to [[Ceylon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nirupama Rao presents credentials to Chandrika|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091807611300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118125710/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091807611300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2015|access-date=8 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2004}}</ref> In the [[General elections in India|General Elections of 1951]], he was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]] from [[Pathapatnam]] Lok Sabha Constituency in the [[Madras State]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Key Highlights of General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|page=15|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Union Minister for Labour (1952–1954) ===
On being elected to Parliament, Giri was appointed Minister of Labour in 1952.<ref name="Hensman2013">{{cite book|author=Rohini Hensman|title=Workers, Unions, and Global Capitalism: Lessons from India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruusCMIQw7EC&pg=PT75|date=20 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51956-4|pages=75–}}</ref> His policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the ''Giri Approach'' in industrial dispute resolution.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Labour Problems — The "Giri Approach "|journal=The Economic Weekly|date=13 September 1952|page=951|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1952_4/37/labour_problems__the_giri_approach.pdf|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> The Giri approach emphasizes negotiations between the management and workers as the means for resolving industrial disputes. It holds that the failure of such negotiations should lead not to compulsory adjudication but to further negotiations through conciliation officers.<ref name="Durai 392">{{cite book|author=Pravin Durai|title=Human Resource Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aan1hKH_ejUC&pg=PA392|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-6783-2|pages=392–|year=2016}}</ref><ref name="Ghodke1985">{{cite book|author=N. B. Ghodke|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Economics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_1OU9cVM4YC&pg=PA522|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=522–}}</ref> However, differences with the government over patronage to trade unions, trade union and government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's decision to reduce the wages of bank employees led him to resign from government in August 1954.<ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|author=Singh|title=Industrial Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gl0tzPYgko8C&pg=PA94|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Excel Books India|isbn=978-81-7446-619-8|pages=94–}}</ref><ref name="Mohanty2004">{{cite book|author=Manoranjan Mohanty|title=Class, Caste, Gender|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msyGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|date=6 May 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0369-1|pages=117–}}</ref><ref name="Mishra2000">{{cite book|author=Shree Govind Mishra|title=Democracy in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFs0YSkA4ckC&pg=PA301|year=2000|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=978-3-473-47305-2|pages=301–}}</ref>

In the General Elections of 1957, Giri lost from the [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvatipuram]] double-member constituency.{{efn|In the General Elections of 1952 and 1957, 83 dual member constituencies electing a member each from the general population and the [[Scheduled Caste]] or [[Scheduled Tribes]] was established. The general candidates including Giri received fewer votes than the Scheduled Caste candidates in Parvatipuram resulting in both the Scheduled Caste candidates being declared elected. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the verdict in court. By the Two Member Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 this system of double member constituencies was abolished.<ref>{{cite news|title=Between Red And Blue|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?280573|access-date=15 January 2015|publisher=Outlook|date=16 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115114557/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?280573|archive-date=15 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Have you heard of 2 being elected from one seat? flashback|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/have-you-heard-of-2-being-elected-from-one-seat-flashback/article334429.ece|access-date=14 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=18 March 2009}}</ref>}}<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite news|title=dated March 20, 1957: V.V. Giri defeated|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/dated-march-20-1957-vv-giri-defeated/article1812948.ece|access-date=14 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=20 March 2007}}</ref> Giri played an important role in founding the Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE).<ref>{{cite web|title=THE INDIAN SOCIETY OF LABOUR ECONOMICS|url=http://crl.du.ac.in/Publication/E-Resources%20in%20Public%20Domain-Final/Economics/Economics%20India/Home%20%20The%20Indian%20Society%20of%20Labour%20Economics.htm|publisher=The Indian Society of Labour Economics|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> In June 1957, he was appointed [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=dated June 11, 1957: Governor of UP|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/dated-june-11-1957-governor-of-up/article1854545.ece|access-date=14 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=11 June 2007}}</ref>

=== Gubernatorial tenures (1957–1967) ===
Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served as governor of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (1957–1960), [[Kerala]] (1960–1965) and [[Karnataka]] (1965–1967).<ref name="President of India">[http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/giri.asp President of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210115524/http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/giri.asp |date=10 February 2009 }}</ref>

==== Governor of Kerala (1960–1965) ====
Giri was sworn in as the [[List of Governors of Kerala|second Governor of Kerala]] on 1 July 1960.<ref>{{cite news|title=R.S. Gavai is new Kerala Governor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/rs-gavai-is-new-kerala-governor/article1285183.ece|access-date=6 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=27 June 2008}}</ref> As Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] led to the state being allocated significantly more funds in the Third [[Five Year Plan (India)|Five Year Plan]].<ref name="Chatterjee1992">{{cite book|author=Sibranjan Chatterjee|title=Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UQpnoasCDYC&pg=PA148|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-325-4|pages=148–}}</ref> When defections from the ruling Congress Party reduced the government to a minority, Giri recommended the imposition of [[President's rule|President's Rule]] in Kerala after determining that an alternative government could not be formed.<ref name="Srivastava1980">{{cite book|author=Meera Srivastava|title=Constitutional Crisis in the States in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAroH5ZqPgsC&pg=PA53|year=1980|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=53–}}</ref> A hung assembly resulted from the elections to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in 1965. Since no party had a majority and no alliances commanding a majority could be formed, Giri again recommended the dissolution of the assembly and the imposition of President's Rule in the state.<ref name="Gandhi2006">{{cite book|author=Kishor Gandhi|title=India's Date with Destiny: Ranbir Singh Chowdhary : Felicitation Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlkAf8Pe4GwC&pg=PA65|year=2006|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-932-1|pages=65–}}</ref>

== Vice presidency (1967–1969) and Acting presidency (1969) ==
Giri was elected the third [[vice president of India]] on 13 May 1967, a post he held for nearly two years until 3 May 1969.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter – 4 Presiding Officers of Rajya Sabha and other Parliamentary Functionaries|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-4.pdf|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206014203/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-4.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Giri was the first vice president to not complete his full term in office on account of being elevated to the office of the president and was the third vice president to be elected to the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|title=Krishan Kant is first vice-president to die in office|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/27vp1.htm|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Rediff.com|date=27 July 2002}}</ref>

Following the death in office of President [[Zakir Husain]] on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day.<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|author=K. Natwar Singh|title=Walking With Lions: Tales From A Diplomatic Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13-IA4|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-899-2|pages=13–|date=20 December 2012}}</ref> Giri resigned from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.<ref name="Bhatia2014">{{cite book|author=Sudarshan Bhatia|title=His Excellency President of India Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtv3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|date=4 March 2014|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5083-645-3|pages=59–}}</ref> Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as acting president, promulgated an ordinance that nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.<ref name="HewittHewitt2007">{{cite book|author1=Senior Lecturer in Politics Vernon Hewitt|author2=Vernon Hewitt|title=Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6yVyWM4pwC&pg=PA85|date=5 November 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-09762-3|pages=85–}}</ref> He was succeeded as acting president by [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], the [[Chief Justice of India]].{{efn|Following Giri's resignation, the offices of president and vice president became vacant, with the [[Constitution of India]] requiring the Chief Justice of India to act as president. Justice Hidayatullah served as acting president during July – August 1969. Elected vice president in 1979, he again served as acting president in October 1982. He is the only person in India to have served twice as acting president.<ref name="Bhardwaj 1">{{cite book|author=A. P. Bhardwaj|title=Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for the CLAT and LLb Entrance Examinations, 4/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RchoBAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA241|isbn=978-93-325-3732-3|pages=1–|year=2014 |publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The twice Acting-President|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/the-twice-actingpresident/article3676405.ece|access-date=19 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

=== Presidential election of 1969 ===
The election of a new president became a contest between the Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and the old guard of the Congress Party known as the Syndicate.<ref>{{cite book|author=John McLeod|title=The History of India|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|page=149|url=https://www.questia.com/read/101360237/the-history-of-india|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=8 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208123819/https://www.questia.com/read/101360237/the-history-of-india|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[All India Congress Committee]] decided to support [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] as the presidential candidate, disregarding the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's]] opposition.<ref name="A populist move, a party chasm">{{cite news|author=Inder Malhotra|title=A populist move, a party chasm|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-populist-move-a-party-chasm/99/|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=The Indian Express|date=23 December 2013}}</ref> Giri, who was vice president, resigned and decided to contest as an independent candidate.<ref name="A populist move, a party chasm"/> Prime Minister Gandhi then decided to support him, endorsing a "vote of conscience" that allowed Congress legislators to vote for Giri.<ref name="Guha2011">{{cite book|author=Ramachandra Guha|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwC&pg=PA438|date=10 February 2011|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-54020-9|pages=438–}}</ref> The election, held on 16 August 1969, witnessed a contest between Reddy, Giri and the opposition candidate [[C D Deshmukh]].<ref name="KochanekHardgrave2007">{{cite book|author1=Stanley Kochanek|author2=Robert Hardgrave|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT82|date=30 January 2007|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-00749-4|pages=82–}}</ref> In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting the second preference votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjiva Reddy only President elected unopposed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3529044.ece|access-date=6 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Pylee2009">{{cite book|author=M V Pylee|title=An Introduction To The Constitution Of India, 5E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zps_kbj-9nsC&pg=PA158|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-259-1832-5|pages=158–}}</ref>

Following Giri's election, an [[election petition]] was filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]] contesting its validity on the grounds of having used corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an incumbent president of India, chose to appear in person before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Court ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.<ref>{{cite news|title=How VV Giri defended himself|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-vv-giri-defended-himself-1106843|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=DNA|date=29 June 2007}}</ref>

== Presidency (1969-1974) ==
[[File:V._V._Giri_addressing_NCC_Cadets.jpg|thumb|V. V. Giri addressing NCC Cadets]]
[[File:State Visits by V V Giri.png|right|thumb|As President of India Giri led 14 state visits to countries in south and southeast Asia, the [[Soviet bloc]] and Africa]]

Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 August 1969 and held office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded by [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Presidents |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm |publisher=The President of India |access-date=17 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060850/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref> On his election, Giri became the only president to have also been an acting president.<ref name="Bhardwaj 1"/>

=== Tenure ===
As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to sack the [[Charan Singh]] ministry in Uttar Pradesh and advised her to go in for early elections in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|title=Past Presidents: Waning power|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820715-office-of-the-president-a-glamorous-edifice-but-with-a-timorous-reserve-of-real-power-772001-2013-10-18|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=India Today|date=18 October 2013}}</ref> The [[Ordinance (India)|ordinance]] abolishing [[Privy Purse in India|privy purses]] and privileges of the erstwhile rulers of [[Princely state|India's princely states]] was promulgated by Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="Steinberg2008">{{cite book|author=Blema Steinberg|title=Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2R0OAYkcgMC&pg=PA33|date=1 January 2008|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7502-8|pages=33–}}</ref> His advice to Prime Minister Gandhi against the appointment of [[A. N. Ray]] as the [[Chief Justice of India]] superseding three judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a crackdown on striking railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Emerging evidence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500540200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501124245/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500540200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2005|access-date=15 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 January 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mary Carras|title=Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership|date=1979|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|page=172|url=https://www.questia.com/read/96271846/indira-gandhi-in-the-crucible-of-leadership|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115134831/https://www.questia.com/read/96271846/indira-gandhi-in-the-crucible-of-leadership|url-status=dead}}</ref> As president, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in south and southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=DETAILS OF MEDIA PERSONS ACCOMPANYING THE PRESIDENT IN HIS/HER VISITS ABROAD SINCE 1947 TO 2012|url=http://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/media_abroad.pdf|publisher=The President's Secretariat|access-date=5 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817094728/http://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/media_abroad.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=President's visits undertaken after careful appraisal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/presidents-visits-undertaken-after-careful-appraisal/article3255825.ece|access-date=19 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=29 March 2012}}</ref>

=== Legacy and succession ===
Giri is regarded as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister and has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",<ref>{{cite journal|title=Changing Roles of the Presidents of India|journal=Mainstream Weekly|date=17 August 2012|volume=L|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article3633.html|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> a loyalist president and a [[Rubber stamp (politics)|rubber stamp]] president under whom the independence of the office eroded.<ref name="BaakliniDesfosses1997">{{cite book|author1=Abdo I. Baaklini|author2=Helen Desfosses|title=Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFhiXjPle1AC&pg=PA162|date=1 January 1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0052-3|pages=162–}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab won't be a 'rubber stamp'|url=http://archive.asianage.com/india/pranab-won-t-be-rubber-stamp-935|access-date=17 January 2015|publisher=The Asian Age|date=23 July 2012|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118013532/http://archive.asianage.com/india/pranab-won-t-be-rubber-stamp-935|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=A G Noorani|title=The Parliamentary System in South Asia|journal=Criterion Quarterly|date=4 October 2013|volume=2|issue=3|url=http://www.criterion-quarterly.com/the-parliamentary-system-in-south-asia/|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential election of 1974.<ref name="Ananth">{{cite book|author=Ananth|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBQ7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|isbn=978-81-317-4282-2|pages=84–|year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gallery of Indian Presidents |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/gal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212121818/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/gal.html |archive-date=12 December 2017 |access-date=21 June 2018 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
[[File:President_Shri_Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed_conferring_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_on_Dr._V.V._Giri_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg|thumb|President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] conferring the Bharat Ratna on Giri]]
===National honours===
*{{flag|India}}:
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (1975)
===Foreign honours===
*{{flag|Imperial Iran}}:
**[[File:25th_Centennial_Anniversary_Medal_Ribbon_Bar_-_Imperial_Iran.svg|50px]] Commemorative Medal of the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire]] (1971)
*{{flag|Bhutan}}:
**[[File:King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal 1974.gif|50px]] King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Investiture Medal (1974)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhutan King, 18, Crowned Amid Pageantry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/03/archives/bhutan-king-18-crowned-amid-pageantry-diplomats-watch-ceremony.html?smid=wa-share&fbclid=IwY2xjawQaXb5leHRuA2FlbQIxMQBzcnRjBmFwcF9pZA80MDk5NjI2MjMwODU2MDkAAR41tzlO7ilKVKZyEwg_JT8EqU6RIswp3jy3zwr-Pgg5HHzq9Zxcrn_W9lhpDg_aem_wuY4eTMIHmBYuxJJuO5AZA|publisher=[[New York Times]]|date=3 June 1974}}</ref>

Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian award, the [[Bharat Ratna]], in 1975 for his contributions in the area of public affairs.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of recipients of the Bharat Ratna|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Recipients-BR.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=17 January 2015}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=List of all Bharat Ratna award winners|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/list-of-all-bharat-ratna-award-winners-81336|access-date=17 January 2015|publisher=NDTV|date=24 January 2011}}</ref> As president, Giri had [[suo motu]] conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|title=Awards earned, awards fixed?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011900251600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015235739/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011900251600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2015|access-date=24 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 January 2003}}</ref> Giri was in turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the recommendation of Prime Minister Gandhi, in an act seen as a quid pro quo measure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Flashback to time of Nehru Ratna|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141225/jsp/nation/story_5228.jsp#.VMPXQNKUe9p|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160616132620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141225/jsp/nation/story_5228.jsp#.VMPXQNKUe9p|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2016|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bose or Vajpayee: India politicises, then downgrades Bharat Ratna|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bose-or-vajpayee-india-politicises-then-downgrades-bharat-ratna-1659607.html|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=Firstpost|date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Ratna: It's not for 'useful citizens', it's for politicians and entertainers|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bharat-ratna-it-s-not-for-useful-citizens-it-s-for-politicians-and-entertainers/article1-1303199.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105090110/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bharat-ratna-it-s-not-for-useful-citizens-it-s-for-politicians-and-entertainers/article1-1303199.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2015|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=The Hindustan Times|date=4 January 2015}}</ref> Giri was the fourth of the six Presidents of India to have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz. [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Zakir Husain]], V. V. Giri, [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and [[Pranab Mukherjee]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Awards and acrimony|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/awards-and-acrimony/article5376264.ece|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=The Hindu Businessline|date=21 November 2013}}</ref>

==Death ==
V.V. Giri died of a [[heart attack]] in his [[Madras]] residency, on 24 June 1980.<ref name="Lentz2014 2">{{cite book|author=Harris M. Lentz|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA379|access-date=21 June 2018|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134264902|pages=379–380}}</ref>

He was given a [[state funeral]] the next day and a week-long mourning period was declared by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Kamath2009">{{cite book|author=M.V. Kamath|title=Journalist's Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7A90vWbKyDEC&pg=PA222 |date=1 November 2009|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-0-7069-9026-3|pages=222–}}</ref> Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had been ex-officio chairman as Vice President of India, adjourned for two days as a mark of respect to him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajya Sabha at Work – Chapter 16: Obituary and Other References|page=386|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-16.pdf|access-date=6 January 2015|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123165001/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-16.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>

== Commemoration ==
[[File:VV Giri 1974 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Giri on a 1974 stamp of India]]
A [[commemorative postage stamp]] on V.V. Giri was released by the [[India Posts|Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|title=Postal Stamp Name : V V Giri|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/V/V.%20V.%20GIRI%20(PRESIDENT%20OF%20INDIA)|publisher=IndianPost|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stamps 1974|url=http://iic.ac.in/projects/nic/Contrivers/1974.html|publisher=Philately World|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109162534/http://iic.ac.in/projects/nic/Contrivers/1974.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[V. V. Giri National Labour Institute|National Labour Institute]] was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=V. V. Giri National Labour Institute: History|url=http://www.vvgnli.org/institute/history|publisher=VV Giri National Labour Institute|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109172509/http://www.vvgnli.org/institute/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> V.V. Giri's hometown of [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Berhampur]] in Odisha has a major road, a secondary training school and a big market that are named after him.<ref>{{cite news|title=156-year-old school renamed after V. V. Giri|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/156yearold-school-renamed-after-v-v-giri/article3382923.ece|access-date=9 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=4 May 2012}}</ref> V.V.Giri donated his huge & historic bungalow in Brahmapur for a Girls School (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School. It is also the first girls' school and a famous secondary government school in Odisha). The British time market 'Victoria Market' is also renamed as GIRI Market in [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Berhampur]]. The family members of VV Giri resides in another small bungalow at Giri Road in Berhampur.

Giri authored ''Industrial Relations'' and ''Labour Problems in Indian Industry'', two popular books on issues of labour in India.<ref name="Durai 387">{{cite book|author=Pravin Durai|title=Human Resource Management: For VTU|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWQ8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA387|isbn=978-81-317-9873-7|pages=387–|year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref> His memoirs, published in 1976, are titled ''My Life and Times''.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|author=V V Giri|title=My Life and Times, Volume 1|date=1976|publisher=Macmillan Company of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blEKkgEACAAJ|isbn=9780333901335}}</ref>

* Commemorative Medal of the [[2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire|2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire]] (14 October 1971).<ref>[http://badraie.com/guests.htm Badraie] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043732/http://badraie.com/guests.htm |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>
* King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 2 June 1974)<ref>Karma Galay ed. (1999) [http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/315/1/Coronation.pdf Final Programmes for The Coronation and The Silver Jubilee Celebration]. The Centre for Bhutan Studies</ref>

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|V. V. Giri}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Varahagiri-Venkata-Giri V. V. Giri] at Encyclopædia Britannica

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Kismat Konnection

2026-03-03T11:54:24Z

Inventaa: Updated and refined page content

{{Short description|2008 film by Aziz Mirza}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kismat Konnection
| image = Kismatkonnection.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aziz Mirza]]
| producer = [[Ramesh S. Taurani]] [[Kumar S. Taurani]] [[Sam Abbas]]
| story = Rahila Mirza
| screenplay = [[Sanjay Chhel]] Vibha Singh Sai Kabir
| narrator = [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| starring = [[Shahid Kapoor]] [[Vidya Balan]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Om Puri]] [[Boman Irani]] [[Vishal Malhotra]] [[Karanvir Bohra]] Satyanand Gaitonde
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] Style Bhai '''Guest Composition:''' [[Sajid–Wajid]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| editing = [[Amitabh Shukla]]
| studio = [[Tips Industries]]
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|07|18}}
| language = Hindi
| country = India
}}
'''''Kismat Konnection''''' (''Fate Connection'') is a 2008 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Aziz Mirza]]. The film stars [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Vidya Balan]] with [[Juhi Chawla]] making a guest appearance. [[Shah Rukh Khan]] is the narrator. Produced by Ramesh S. Taurani under the banner of [[Tips Industries]], ''Kismat Konnection'' was released on 18 July 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Authentic and Up to date Release Dates of Bollywood Movies |work=Kismet Konnection releases on 18 July |url=http://www.indiafm.com/trade/releasedates/index.html |access-date=2008-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911204955/http://indiafm.com/trade/releasedates/index.html |archive-date=11 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-kismat-konnection/story-c70CqmSzpdl4j3GIwzwDQO.html|title=Review: Kismat Konnection|date=2008-07-18|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Plot-pivots-on-luck-proves-unlucky-Kismat-Konnection/article15399510.ece|title=Plot pivots on luck, proves unlucky -- Kismat Konnection|date=2008-08-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Plot==
This is the story of Raj Malhotra, an [[architect]]. Despite being a top student at school and university, he struggled to find work, clients or projects. Everything he did seemed to go wrong. He went to see a [[Romani people|Romani]] woman named Haseena Bano Jaan for advice. She told him that he either needed a good luck charm or to change his luck because he was unlucky. Subsequently, Raj met Priya Saluja, who was trying to save the community centre and help its citizens. Although they did not get along at first, Raj eventually realised that Priya was his lucky charm. She helped him out of tricky situations, changing his life for the better. However, Raj lied to Priya, telling her that he would help her save the community centre when actually he intended to build a shopping mall there to gain recognition as an architect. He also fell in love with her, and she fell for him too. When Priya found out the truth, however, she was upset. To make up for his lie, Raj sold all his possessions and quit his job. He proposed a plan to save the community centre, thereby winning back Priya's love and admiration.

==Cast==
* [[Shahid Kapoor]] as Raj Malhotra
* [[Vidya Balan]] as Priya Saluja
* [[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]] as Karan Bahl
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Haseena Bano Jaan (Guest appearance)
* [[Om Puri]] as Sanjeev "Harry" Gill
* [[Boman Irani]] as Rajiv Batra
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Mrs. Manpreet Gill
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as Hiten Patel
* [[Karanvir Bohra]] as Dave Kataria
* Satyanand Gaitonde as Mr. Kabir Talpade
* Dimple Sharma as Rita Ghatge
* [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Hyder Ali]] as Mr. Rahul Bakshi
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as a Narrator

==Production==
''Kismat Konnection'' (in other words "Connection of Fate") was previously titled ''Lucky Charm''. Kapoor and Balan began shooting for the film in [[Toronto]], [[Canada]] and later continued in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Filming">{{cite web|title=A gypsy role for Juhi Chalwa|work=BBC.com|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/02/29/bollywood_news_juhi_feature.shtml|access-date=2008-04-03}}</ref> Actress Juhi Chawla played the role of a gypsy fortune-teller dressed in typical colorful bright attire.<ref name="Filming"/>

==Release==
This film was released on 18 July 2008.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kismat Konnection
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]] and [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|06|24}}
| recorded = 2008
| venue =
| studio = [[Tips Industries]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 45:26
| label = Tips Industries
| producer = Ramesh S Taurani
| chronology = [[Pritam]]
| prev_title = [[Jannat (2008 film)|Jannat]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Singh Is Kinng]]
| next_year = 2008
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]
| prev_year = 2008
| title = Kismat Konnection
| year = 2008
| next_title = [[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]
| next_year = 2008
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Pritam]] while lyrics had been written by [[Sayeed Quadri]] and [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]. 'Soniye Ve' was composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]]. Remix songs were mixed by [[DJ Suketu]] and Aks. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 10,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fifteenth highest-selling. And remixes are connected style from Dance Bowling 90s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-date=24 June 2010|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| 1
| "Move Your Body Now"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Akriti Kakar]] & [[Hard Kaur]]
| 04:06
|-
| 2
| "Soniye Ve"
| [[Sonu Nigam]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| 04:06
|-
| 3
| "Bakhuda Tumhi Ho"
| [[Atif Aslam]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 04:52

|-
| 4
| "Aai Paapi"
| [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| 04:20
|-
| 5
| "Is This Love"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| 05:29
|-
| 6
| "Bakhuda Tumhi Ho – Fresh Mix"
| [[Atif Aslam]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 05:46
|-
| 7
| "Aai Paapi – Dance Mix"
| [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| 03:45
|-
| 8
| "Move Your Body Now – Hip Hop Mix"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Adeel Chaudhry]], Suhail Kaul, [[Hard Kaur]] & [[Akriti Kakar]]
| 03:35
|-
| 9
| "Kahin Na Laage Mann – Lounge Mix"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| 05:52
|-
| 10
| "Soniye Ve – Electro Dhol Mix"
| [[Sonu Nigam]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| 03:58
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1105733|Kismat Konnection}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]

Saudi Vellakka

2026-03-03T09:42:13Z

Inventaa: Put Up Basic Page Initial Version

{{Cleanup|reason=layout and copy-edit|date=December 2024}}
{{Short description|2022 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Saudi Vellakka first look poster.jpg
| caption = First look poster
| director = [[Tharun Moorthy]]
| writer = Tharun Moorthy
| producer = Sandip Senan
| starring = {{ubl|Devi Varma|[[Lukman Avaran]]|[[Binu Pappu]]|[[Dhanya Ananya]]|[[Sujith Shankar|Sujith Shanker]]}}
| cinematography = Sharan Velayudhan Nair
| editing = [[Nishadh Yusuf]]
| music = Palee Francis
| studio = Urvasi Theatres
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|12|02|[[Kerala]]|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|3.10 crores}}<ref name='it'>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Jeemon |title=Why small is beautiful in Mollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-small-is-beautiful-in-mollywood-2317355-2023-01-04 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=India Today |date=4 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

| gross = {{INR|8.30 crores}}<ref name='it' />

}}

'''''Saudi Vellakka CC.225/2009''''' is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language [[crime drama film]], written and directed by [[Tharun Moorthy]]. The film stars [[Lukman Avaran]], Devi Varma, [[Binu Pappu]], [[Sujith Shankar]], [[Dhanya Ananya]]. The film was produced by Sandip Senan under the banner Urvasi Theatres.<ref>{{Citation |title=Saudi Vellakka Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/saudi-vellakka/movieshow/95555561.cms |access-date=2022-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=Tharun Moorthy to team up with Sandip Senan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/aug/21/tharun-moorthy-to-team-up-with-sandip-senan-2347581.html |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> This film earned many awards and nominations including the [[National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film]].

''Saudi Vellakka'' was released on 2 December 2022 to positive reviews from critics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Saudi Vellakka Movie Review: Tharun Moorthy strikes gold for the second time |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/dec/02/saudi-vellakka-movie-review-tharun-moorthy-strikes-gold-for-the-second-time-37292.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Saudi Vellakka' movie to release on this date - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saudi-vellakka-movie-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/90860209.cms |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Twenty-three-year-old Abhilash's dream of a Gulf visa is about to come true but a court summons for a long-pending case throws a wrench in his plans. He must now get to the bottom of a small conflict between neighbours that has snowballed into a legal fight before his dream is destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Vellakka (Malayalam) |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/movies/saudi-vellaka-malayalam-1000203293 |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref>

Abhilash is a techie at Bangalore whose mother Kala receives a summons at their home back in Kerala in his name. The constable Kurian calls him up and report immediately to the station sternly. Movie flashes back 10 years back during his travel to Kerala. Abhilash, who is a kid, is growing up with his parents and sister. He is shown as worrying over his tooth which is about to fall and trying to remove it himself at times.
He goes to play cricket at the rooftop of Radhakrishnan with his friends. His shot with a vellakka hits Ayisha on her head while she was coming back from the ration shop after a tiff with her daughter in law Naseema. In a fit of rage she hits the kid Abhilash on his face which causes the already loose tooth to fall out and him spurting some blood. He is admitted to hospital soon and the issue is escalated by Radhakrishnan who is Aiysha's neighbor and was looking for getting back at her family following their plot boundary wall issue.

Abhilash's parents file a case against Ayisha for hurting a minor. Ayisha is arrested by the police and taken to the court due to the serious nature of the charges leveled against her. Her son Sathar and his friend Britto bail her out with advocate Shenoy's help.

She's berated and humiliated by Abhilash's uncle when she tries to visit Abhilash at the hospital and apologize. After 2 years her bail gets cancelled as they do not reply to the summons or follow-ups from the court. At this point Sathar and Naseema quarrel over going forward with the legal case as she has had a past bitter experience of her father fighting a case for her now convicted brother.

Sathar finally leaves his mother with her brother staying at another town without any choice. He breaks down at his helplessness and goes missing thereafter. Ayisha cannot stay at her brother's house due to his own family pressure and she starts living alone. She tries to find advocate Shenoy to move forward with the case proceedings, but learns that he has already died when she visits his home. One of his juniors Gokulan who is in dire need of cases and money approaches Ayisha and gets her new bail with two false witnesses.

Ayisha starts making eatables at her new place and selling them locally to financially support her day to day and case expenses. Years pass on and magistrates come and go with little progress in her case due to several reasons like complainants not showing up, case file getting lost etc. among the others. When the newly appointed strict magistrate issues an ultimatum to present all the case related persons soon, Abhilash gets the summons and call shown at the movie beginning and comes back home. He desperately wants to end this long pending issue and get to work.

They try to find Radhakrishnan to appear for the case but find that he's now paralyzed and bedridden after relocating to some other area. Abhilash himself and another witness change their old statements at court and turn hostile to end the case and save Ayisha. Gokulan manages to cancel the charge against minor and judge finally sentences her to 5000 Rs fine and imprisonment for one day till the court ends. Abhilash offers to pay the money and finally reconciles with her. When she faints at the court canteen while with him and is hospitalized, he decides to take her home and look after her which is finally agreed by his family also who patch up with her.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Devi Varma as Ayisha Rowther (Voice dubbed by [[Pauly Valsan]])
* [[Lukman Avaran]] as Abhilash Sashidharan
* [[Binu Pappu]] as Britto Vincent
* [[Sujith Shankar|Sujith Shanker]] as Sathar
* [[Dhanya Ananya]] as Naseema (Voice dubbed by [[Srinda Arhaan]])
* [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Advocate Gokulan
* [[Remya Suresh]] as Kala
* [[Vincy Aloshious]] as Manju
* Nilja K. Baby as Anumol
* [[Riya Saira]] as [[Prosecutor|Public Prosecutor]]
* Shiny T. Rajan
* Devaki Rajendran as Anitha Radhakrishnan
* Nayana Narayanan
* Kumar Sethu
* Mallikarjun Devaramane
* Dhanush Varghese
* [[Sidhartha Siva]] as Adv. Shenoy
* Abu Valayankulam as Police Constable Kurian
* Kurien Chacko<ref>{{Cite web |title=From 'Manu Uncle's Lothar to 'Saudi Vellakka's' Magistrate |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/05/05/manu-uncle-lothar-saudi-vellakka-magistrate.html |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* Sajeed Pattalam as Bose Thankappan
* Manju Vani
* [[Vinod Sagar]] as Magistrate
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The film was announced by Tharun Moorthy, the director of the film, on 26 December 2021 by sharing the first look poster of the film through his Instagram handle. Some other notable actors like [[Dileep]] and [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] were also shared the first look poster.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saudi Vellakka first look poster: Dileep, Asif Ali extend their wishes for Tharun Moorthy's next - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saudi-vellakka-first-look-poster-dileep-asif-ali-extend-their-wishes-for-tharun-moorthys-next/articleshow/88502024.cms |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The second look poster of the film was released on 3 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saudi Vellakka: Makers release an exciting second look poster - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saudi-vellakka-makers-release-an-exciting-second-look-poster/articleshow/89317580.cms |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The official teaser of the film was released on 28 April 2022 in YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Saudi Vellakka' Teaser: Tharun Moorthy's sophomore directorial venture is a fun-filled entertainer - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saudi-vellakka-teaser-tharun-moorthys-sophomore-directorial-venture-is-a-fun-filled-entertainer/articleshow/91174789.cms |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Saudi Vellakka - Official Teaser {{!}} Malayalam Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/saudi-vellakka-official-teaser/videoshow/91180370.cms |access-date=2022-11-22 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Tracklisting
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Pakalo Kaanaathe
| length1 = 3:55
| lyrics1 = Joe Paul
| music1 = Palee Francis
| extra1 = [[Job Kurian]]
| title2 = Chaayum Veyil
| length2 = 3:19
| lyrics2 = Anwar Ali
| music2 = Palee Francis
| extra2 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]
}}

== International film festivals ==

* Saudi Vellakka was screened in Indian panorama section of 53rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malayalam films 'Ariyippu' and 'Saudi Vellakka' part of IFFI's Indian Panorama 2022 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-films-ariyippu-and-saudi-vellakka-part-of-iffis-indian-panorama-2022/articleshow/95030828.cms |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=പനോരമ എൻട്രി നേടി തരുൺ മൂർത്തിയുടെ സൗദി വെള്ളക്ക {{!}} Sandeep Senan's Saudi Vellaka won the panorama entry |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/app-lite/entertainment/sandeep-senans-saudi-vellaka-won-the-panorama-entry-195835 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com}}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews at the festival.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Saudi Vellakka' opens to rave reviews at IFFI Goa - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saudi-vellakka-opens-to-rave-reviews-at-iffi-goa/articleshow/95851175.cms |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* The film was selected for 21st Dhaka International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lists of Films {{!}} DHAKA INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL |url=http://www.dhakafilmfestival.org/21th-diff-lists-of-films/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The film was shown at 20th Chennai International Film Festival(CIFF)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=20th CIFF – Movies |url=https://chennaifilmfest.com/20th-ciff-movies/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Chennai International Film Festival |language=en-US |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102185621/https://chennaifilmfest.com/20th-ciff-movies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> as Indian Panorama.
== Release ==
The film was scheduled earlier for release on 20 May 2022, however, the film was postponed due to unknown reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tharun Moorthy's 'Saudi Vellakka' movie release postponed - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tharun-moorthys-saudi-vellakka-movie-release-postponed/articleshow/91536156.cms |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The film released in theatres on 2 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tharun Moorthy's Saudi Vellakka gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/11/tharun-moorthys-saudi-vellakka-gets-a-release-date-36522.html |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Saudi Vellakka Release : "അപ്പോ ഡിസംബർ രണ്ടിന് തീയറ്ററിലോട്ട് വരണേണ്"; സൗദി വെള്ളക്കയുടെ റിലീസ് പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/saudi-vellakka-movie-release-tharun-moorthu-directorial-to-hit-theaters-on-december-2-113657 |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reception ==
S.R. Praveen critic of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Tharun Moorthy's sophomore effort is emotionally impactful".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-02 |title='Saudi Vellakka' movie review: Tharun Moorthy's sophomore effort is emotionally impactful |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saudi-vellakka-movie-review-tharun-moorthys-sophomore-effort-is-emotionally-impactful/article66214398.ece |access-date=2023-05-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith critic of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and stated that "''Saudi Vellakka'' foregoes the stylish, urban mood of the former in favour of a more grounded, performance-heavy storytelling. Not that ''Operation Java'' didn't have terrific performances, but if you felt that film lacked strongly in the emotional department, you might find ''Saudi Vellakka'' compensating for it in spades".<ref name=":0" /> V Vinod Nair critic of ''[[Times of india]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and stated that "Saudi Vellakka shows that you can create a good movie that talks about the real issues of the society without superstars or big banners".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saudi Vellakka Movie Review : Are our courts providing justice? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/saudi-vellakka/movie-review/95956135.cms |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Category
!Winner
|-
|[[70th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film|Best Malayalam Feature Film]]
|Sandip Senan
|-
|[[70th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Bombay Jayasri
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actress]]
|Devi Varma
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]
|[[Pauly Valsan]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=15422244}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]

Hingolgadh Sanctuary

2026-02-25T05:36:57Z

Inventaa:

{{Short description|Protected area in Gujarat, India}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=since v1, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotionality, vocab distribution typical of 2024 LLM text, etc}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Gujarat#India
| map_caption =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Rajkot district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| nearest_city = Jasdan
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.1475|N|71.3225|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area =
| established =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation
| IUCN_category =
| website = [https://geerfoundation.gujarat.gov.in/Home/Page/Hingolgadh-Sanctuary Official Website]
}}
'''Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the [[Jasdan]] Taluka of [[Rajkot district]], [[Gujarat]], India. Managed by the Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, the sanctuary is dedicated to the conservation of local wildlife and provides educational programs on environmental conservation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-03 |title=Hingolgadh turns ‘nature classroom’ for visitors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/hingolgadh-turns-nature-classroom-for-visitors/articleshow/77897046.cms |access-date=2024-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Biodiversity ==
The sanctuary boasts a diverse ecosystem where the dry deciduous scrubby vegetation of [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] meets northern dry deciduous forests. This unique habitat supports a variety of flora and fauna, including mammal species such as the [[Indian fox]], blue bull [[Nilgai|(nilgai)]], and [[Indian porcupine]], alongside numerous [[bird]] and [[reptile]] species.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-23 |title=Rajkot’s Hingolgadh sanctuary to be developed as a tourism spot: Kunvarji Bavaliya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajkots-hingolgadh-sanctuary-to-be-developed-as-a-tourism-spot-kunvarji-bavaliya-6565962/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Educational activities ==
Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary is a hub for environmental education, offering workshops, nature camps, and programs aimed at students, educators, and nature enthusiasts. These initiatives promote biodiversity conservation awareness and encourage sustainable environmental interactions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-12 |title=Plan a quick getaway to Gujarat's Hingolgadh Sanctuary or Rajasthan's Sikar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/plan-a-quick-getaway-to-gujarats-hingolgadh-sanctuary-or-rajasthans-sikar/articleshow/46198489.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Visitation ==
The sanctuary welcomes visitors and provides opportunities for nature walks, bird watching, and educational experiences about biodiversity conservation. It serves as a valuable resource for academic institutions, offering a practical learning environment outside traditional classrooms.{{Cn|date=June 2024}}

== Conservation efforts ==
The sanctuary's management under the GEER Foundation emphasizes conservation research, habitat restoration, and community engagement programs, aiming to preserve the region's unique biodiversity while fostering environmental stewardship among the public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/hingolgadh-nature-education-sanctuary/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of protected areas of Gujarat]]
* Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation
* [[Wildlife of Gujarat]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [[Gujarat Tourism]] [https://www.gujarattourism.com/tripplanner/details/1690 website]
[[Category:Protected areas of Gujarat]]

Kumrabad Rohini railway station

2026-02-22T06:46:02Z

Inventaa:

{{Short description|Railway station in Deoghar district, Jharkhand, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|KUMRABAD ROHINI}}
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Kumrabad Rohini Railway Station.jpg
| caption =
| address = Kumrabad Rohini, [[Deoghar district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.4757799|N|86.6433576|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|253|m|}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad gauge
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platforms = 2
| parking = No
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KBQ
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''NSG-6'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| line = * [[Asansol–Patna section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other =
| accessible =
| route_map = {{Asansol–Patna section}}
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India
| map_dot_label = '''Kumrabad Rohini''' railway station
| map_caption = Location in [[Jharkhand]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Kumrabad Rohini
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Kumrabad Rohini railway station''' (station code: '''KBQ)''' is a railway station on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] under the [[Asansol railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Stations on Asansol division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918055842/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumrabad Rohini (KBQ) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/kumrabad-rohini-kbq |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref> The station serves Rohini and its nearby villages and it's situated between [[Jasidih Junction railway station|Jasidih]] and [[Shankarpur railway station|Shankarpur]] railway station of [[Deoghar district]] of [[Jharkhand]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Aritra |title=Kumrabad Rohini Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kumrabad-rohini-kbq/3541 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TTI |title=Express trains at Kumrabad Rohini Railway Station (KBQ) {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Kumrabad Rohini |url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/kbq/5 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jasidih bypass work started train will go directly to Rohini |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/jasidih-rail-bypass-work-started-train-will-go-directly-to-rohini-from-deoghar-station-kkk |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=14 February 2024 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The station consists of two platforms. It is equipped with a foot overbridge, a ticket counter and a drinking water facility.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kumrabad Rohini Railway Station (KRNI): Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kumrabad-rohini-krni/6407 |website=India Rail Info |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> The station is served by all local trains, with limited stoppages for express trains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumrabad Rohini (KBQ) Railway Station |url=https://www.adanione.com/railway-stations/kumrabad-rohini-railway-station-kbq |access-date=20 Sep 2025 |website=adanione.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KUMRABAD ROHINI (KBQ) Railway Station - Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry {{!}} ixigo |url=https://www.ixigo.com/train-stations/kumrabad-rohini-kbq-railway-station |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.ixigo.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trains from KUMRABAD ROHINI (KBQ) to JASIDIH JN (JSME) Railway Station with Availability, Wailtlist Confirmation Chances and Fare Calculator : etrain.info |url=https://etrain.info/trains/Kumrabad-Rohini-KBQ-to-Jasidih-Jn-JSME |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=etrain.info |language=en}}</ref>

Further construction work is planned, including the extension of platforms to handle longer trains.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Feb 2025 |title=देवघर : रोहिणी स्टेशन का होगा विस्तार, प्लेटफॉर्म की बढ़ेगी लंबाई |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/rohini-station-will-be-expanded-length-of-platform-will-increase-kkk |access-date=20 Sep 2025 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Asansol railway division]]
* [[Eastern Railway zone]]
* [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
* [[Asansol–Patna section]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kumrabad-rohini-kbq/3541 Kumrabad Rohini railway station map]
* [http://deoghar.nic.in/ Official website of the Deoghar District]

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

Ragam Theatre

2026-02-21T09:41:07Z

Inventaa: quick improved lead for consistency also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Cinema hall in Thrissur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox theatre
| name = Ragam Theatre
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| address = [[Swaraj Round, Thrissur|Swaraj Round S Road]], near [[Dhanlaxmi Bank]], Kuruppam, Veliyannur,
| city = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]],
| country = [[India]]
| designation =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.522444|N|76.213810|E}}
| architect =
| tenant =
| owner = A K SUNIL
| capacity = 1200+ (1974–2015) 800 (2018–present)
| type = Single screen
| opened = August 1974
| reopened = October 2018
| years_active = 1974–2015 2018–present
| rebuilt = 2018
| closed = February 2015
| demolished =
| other_names = Ragam Theatre Dolby Atmos
| production =
| current_use =
| website =
}}

'''Ragam Theatre Dolby Atmos''' is a cinema theatre in [[Thrissur]], a city in the [[South India|South Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|State]]
of [[Kerala]]. It was opened in 1974. Until its temporary closure in February 2015, Ragam was billed as one of the largest single-screen theatres in Kerala with a seating capacity for more than 1200 people. It was reopened in October 2018 after a major renovation. Ragam theatre is considered a cultural landmark building in Thrissur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=രാഗം തിയറ്റർ വീണ്ടും; പൂട്ടുതുറക്കാൻ ‘കൊച്ചുണ്ണി’ {{!}} Kayamkulam Kochunni Ragam Theatre |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/10/10/ragam-theatre-re-opening-with-kayamkulam-kochunni.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref>

==History==
Ragam theatre was opened in 1974 by K.J Francis. [[Ramu Kariat|Ramu Karyat]]'s [[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]] was the first film screened at Ragam on 24 August 1974. For the 50-day screening of the film, [[Prem Nazir|Prem Naseer]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Sankaradi|Shankarady]], Ramu Karyat and some other celebrities came to the theatre. Ragam was the largest building in Thrissur at the time of its opening. With more than 1100 seats, it was also one of the largest theatres in the state in terms of seating capacity. The theatre was started using the advanced technology of that time. Ragam was the first theatre in Kerala to introduce Dolby-Digital sound system. In theatres of Kerala, the tradition of curtain raising before the screening of every show with the music of an English song was started at Ragam. It was the first theatre in Thrissur to introduce air conditioning.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-21 |title=Iconic theatre back in the limelight |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/iconic-theatre-back-in-the-limelight/article23631733.ece |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The name of the Ragam was changed to ''Georgettan's Ragam'' when George Nereparampil bought the theatre. On 8 February 2015, the theatre was closed for building a new industrial complex by retaining the theatre. The last film shown in the theatre before its closing was [[Aamayum Muyalum|Amayum Muyalum]]. The plan was to build a 16-storey industrial complex called Geo Mall where the theater stood. But the building was not demolished even after four years due to some legal issues. When the plans did not go as expected, the owner decided to reopen the theatre. Ragam was reopened after a major renovation on 10 October 2018 with the screening of [[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]. The existing 1100 seats were reduced to 800 seats after they were widened and softened.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇത് തൃശ്ശൂർ ഗഡികളുടെ `ഹൃദയരാഗം’; ജോർജേട്ടൻസ് രാഗം റിട്ടേൺസ് {{!}} trichur {{!}} ragam {{!}} theatre {{!}} renovated {{!}} shortfilm {{!}} |url=https://m.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/trichur-ragam-theatre-shortfilm-reopen.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=vanitha.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Shenoys Theatre]]
*[[Padma Theatre]]
*[[Apsara Theatre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cinemas in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thrissur]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

St. Xavier's School, Behror

2026-02-21T05:57:35Z

Inventaa: Put Up New Data More To Come

{{short description|Jesuit English Medium School in Behror}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Xavier's School
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| seal_image =
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
| image = Xaviers School RIICO Behror.png
| image_size =
| pushpin_map =
| motto = To God and Country
| motto_translation =
| location =
| address = [[RIICO]] Industrial Area
| region =
| city = [[Behror]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| province =
| country = India
| postal_code = 301701
| coordinates =
| type = [[Private school|Private]] primary and secondary school
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic|Catholicism]]
| denomination = [[Society of Jesus]]
| patron = [[St. Francis Xavier]]
| established = {{start date and age|1991}}
| locale =
| school_board =
| principal = Fr. Joseph Jacob, SJ
| staff = 65
| grades = PREP. - 12
| gender =
| ratio =
| campus_type = Urban
| houses =
| song = For God and Country; एक हमारा नारा
| authority = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| free_text = 1730149
| free_label = CBSE Affiliation No.
| website = {{URL|xaviersbehror.org}}
| language = English, Hindi
}}

'''St. Xavier's School, Behror''' is a [[Private school|private]] [[Catholic school|Catholic]] primary and secondary school located in [[Behror]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The school was established in 1991 by Delhi province of [[Society of Jesus]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diocese Activities and Organizations of Jaipur Diocese|url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/religious-institutes/india-jaipur/76|access-date=2020-07-12| website=www.ucanews.com}}</ref> It was authorised by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) for [[All India Secondary School Examination|AISSE]] (All India Secondary School Examination) and [[All India Senior School Certificate Examination|AISSCE]] (All India Senior School Certificate Examination)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Complete Information Form| url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=1730149|access-date=2020-07-12| website= cbseaff.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Check CBSE Affiliation| url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/userview.aspx|archive-url=|archive-date=| access-date=2020-07-11| website=cbseaff.nic.in|series=1730149}}</ref>

The name of school is based on its patron saint, [[Francis Xavier|St. Francis Xavier]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 June 2021 |title=St Xavier's School Behror |url=https://jcsaweb.org/jcsa_publications/NL_May_21/DEL.pdf |journal=Delhi Jesuits |volume=XXXIII |issue=4–5 |pages=2}}</ref>

== History ==

To establish a Jesuit school in Alwar district, in Year 1989 Delhi Society of Jesus and on offer of [[Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation|RIICO]] to provide land in newly established Behror industrial area, School was established in Behror. The Foundation Stone was laid by Richard Pereira a veteran educationist, on 12 January 1991. On 15 July 1991, St. Xavier's School was officially started in rented accommodation in the Yadav [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]], Behror,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Behror|first=St Xavier’s School|title=St. Xavier's School – Behror – SAHODAYA ALWAR|url=http://alwarsahodaya.com/st-xaviers-school-behror/|access-date=2020-07-12|language=en-US}}</ref> in collaboration with the Congregation of the Missionary Sisters of [[Ajmer]] (MSA) under Sisters - Sheela, Charlotte, Annie Kujur. Initially it with Fr.George Karakunnel, SJ as Manager, and Sr. Charlotte as the Headmistress, had only two classes: Lower Kindergarten ( 26 students) and Upper Kindergarten (29 students). On 4 January 1993 classes were shifted to the new school premises in RIICO Industrial area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report Part 1(FORM - B)| url=http://www.environmentclearance.nic.in/state/FORM_B_PDF.aspx?cat_id=SIA/RJ/IND2/21349/2017&pid=New|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.environmentclearance.nic.in}}</ref>

In 2000 with the up-gradation{{weasel inline|date=April 2021}} of the school into a secondary level allowed by Board of Education Rajasthan, the school got affiliation with the CBSE for AISSE.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}
* [[Alwar]]
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://xaviersbehror.org Official Website]
* [http://www.delhijesuits.org/ Delhi Jesuits]

{{Jesuit Schools of India}}

[[Category:Education in Alwar district]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1991]]
[[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]

Mahal (palace)

2026-02-13T22:19:38Z

Inventaa: done

{{other uses|Mahal (disambiguation)}}
{{Wiktionary|mahal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Jai Vilas Palace ( Scindia Palace).jpg|thumb|The Jai Vilas Palace ( Scindia Palace), Gwalior]]
'''Mahal''' ({{IPA|/mɛˈɦɛl/}}), meaning "a mansion or a palace", though it may also refer to "living quarters for a set of people". It is an Indian word which derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''mahal'', deriving from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''mahall'' which in turn is derived from ''ḥall'' ‘stopping place, abode’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mahal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926104717/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mahal|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2016|title=Definition of mahal |website=Lexico}}</ref> A place of destination would therefore be referred to as "mahal anuzul". A place of recreation would be referred to as "mahal anunzul".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjpbAAAAQAAJ&dq=mahal&pg=PA779 |title = AN ENGLISH AND ARABIC DICTIONARY, in Two Parts, ARABIC AND ENGLISH, AND ENGLISH AND ARABIC, IN WHICH THE ARABIC WORDS ARE REPRESENTED IN THE ORIENTAL CHARACTER THEIR CORRECT PRONUNCIATION AND ACCENTUATION SHEWN IN ENGLISH LETTERS|year = 1858|last1 = Catafago|first1 = Joseph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjpbAAAAQAAJ&dq=mahal&pg=PA837 |title = AN ENGLISH AND ARABIC DICTIONARY, in Two Parts, ARABIC AND ENGLISH, AND ENGLISH AND ARABIC, IN WHICH THE MAKEL ANTONO ARE REPRESENTED IN THE ORIENTAL CHARACTER THEIR CORRECT PRONUNCIATION AND ACCENTUATION SHEWN IN ENGLISH LETTERS|year = 1858|last1 = Catafago|first1 = Joseph}}</ref> The term máhal to refer to a place was also adopted in Hindi for example [[Panch Mahals]] and [[Jungle Mahals]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA186 |title = An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India|last1 = Whitworth|first1 = George Clifford|year = 1885}}</ref> The word developed its meaning for palace as in opposition to that of a jhopri or a "dilapidated house" as a neologism.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ&q=mahall+jh%C3%B4pri |title = Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics|year = 2006|isbn = 9789004149731| last1=Versteegh | first1=Kees | last2=Versteegh | first2=C. H. M. | last3=Eid | first3=Mushira | last4=Elgibali | first4=Alaa | publisher=Brill }}</ref>

Both Muslim and Hindu rulers built many mahals in India.

== Notable mahals ==
* [[Aina Mahal]]
* [[Hawa Mahal]]
* [[Hindola Mahal]]
* [[Jahangir Mahal]]
* [[Jahangiri Mahal]] named after Emperor [[Jahangir]]
* [[Jahaz Mahal]]
* [[Jal Mahal]]
* [[Lal Mahal]]
* [[Lalitha Mahal]]
* [[Noor Mahal]]
* [[Panch Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri]]
* [[Pari Mahal]]
* [[Prag Mahal]]
* [[Shah Jahani Mahal]] a part of the [[Agra Fort]] named after Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]
* [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)|Sheesh Mahal]] a palace used by the [[Mughal Emperors|Imperial Mughal Family]]
* [[Taj Mahal, Agra]]
* [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]]
* [[Zafar Mahal (Mehrauli)|Zafar Mahal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Islamic architecture}}
[[Category:Mughal architecture elements]]
[[Category:Architecture in Iran]]
[[Category:Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Royal residences]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]

Yogyogeshwar Jai Shankar

2026-02-04T07:38:42Z

Inventaa: Put Up New Data With Sources

{{Short description|2022 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Yogyogeshwar Jai Shankar.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Mythology]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Chinmay Udgirkar]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 460
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Chetan Birla, Vaibhav Rangrao Patil
| producer = Sanjay Zankar
| news_editor =
| location = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]]
| cinematography = Vinayak Jadhav
| animator =
| editor = Ganesh Lamhane
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Zankar Films
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|05|30}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|10|14}}
| writer = Balkrushna Tidake
}}

'''''Yogyogeshwar Jai Shankar''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] mythological TV series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinmay Udgirkar is excited for his new role in 'Yog Yogeshwar Jay Shankar' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/chinmay-udgirkar-is-excited-for-his-new-role-in-yog-yogeshwar-jay-shankar/articleshow/89872633.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is directed by [[Chinmay Udgirkar]] and produced by Sanjay Zankar under the banner of Zankar Films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 fame Sonali Patil and transgender actress Ganga join 'Yog Yogeshwar Jay Shankar' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-fame-sonali-patil-and-transgender-actress-ganga-join-yog-yogeshwar-jay-shankar/articleshow/95663008.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 30 May 2022 by replacing ''[[Tujhya Rupacha Chandana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Jai Swami Samarth and Yog Yogeshwar Jay Shankar to air Datta Jayanti special episodes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jai-jai-swami-samarth-and-yog-yogeshwar-jay-shankar-to-air-datta-jayanti-special-episodes/articleshow/96050167.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars Aarush Bedekar and Sangram Samel in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Jai Swami Samartha and Yog Yogeshwar Jay Shankar to air special episodes on Guru Purnima - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jai-jai-swami-samartha-and-yog-yogeshwar-jay-shankar-to-air-special-episodes-on-guru-purnima/articleshow/92827690.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A master in the tradition of Nath Siddhas and one of the greatest Yogi saints of Maharashtra from the modern age, Shankar Maharaj, brought changes to the lives of those who needed them the most. The series concludes with Shankar Maharaj's departure from Solapur after bidding adieu to his devotees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangram Samel pens an emotional note as his TV show 'Yog Yogeshwar Jay Shankar' goes off-air - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sangram-samel-pens-an-emotional-note-as-his-tv-show-yog-yogeshwar-jay-shankar-goes-off-air/articleshow/104522620.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Aarush Bedekar as child Shankar Maharaj<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sangram Samel Practiced 8 Hours Daily To Play Shankar Maharaj's Role On TV |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-sangram-samel-practiced-8-hours-daily-to-play-shankar-maharajs-role-on-tv-8030821.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
** Sangram Samel as adult Shankar Maharaj<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangram Samel Is All Set To Act In Mythological Serial Yog Yogeshwar Jai Shankar |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sangram-samel-is-all-set-to-act-in-mythological-serial-yog-yogeshwar-jai-shankar-6810721.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* Uma Pendharkar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggabai Sunbai fame Uma Pendharkar to play Parvatibai in upcoming show Yog Yogeshwar Jay Shankar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aggabai-sunbai-fame-uma-pendharkar-to-play-parvatibai-in-upcoming-show-yog-yogeshwar-jay-shankar/articleshow/91722067.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Vishwanath Kulkarni as Onkarnath Bhasme<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Playing a devotional role isn't easy, I walk barefoot in jungle and bath with cold water like Shankar Maharaj, reveals Sangram Samel - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-playing-a-devotional-role-isnt-easy-i-walk-barefoot-in-jungle-and-bath-with-cold-water-like-shankar-maharaj-reveals-sangram-samel/photostory/100508753.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Srushti Pagare as Pawani<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive - Yog Yogeshwar Jay Shankar fame Sangram Samel: Playing the divine role of Shankar Maharaj is physically and mentally challenging - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-yog-yogeshwar-jay-shankar-fame-sangram-samel-playing-the-divine-role-of-shankar-maharaj-is-physically-and-mentally-challenging/photostory/97775862.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Abhijeet Kelkar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijeet Kelkar To Play Balgandharva In Marathi Show Yog Yogeshwar Jai Shankar |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/abhijeet-kelkar-to-play-balgandharva-in-marathi-show-yog-yogeshwar-jai-shankar-7030939.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
* Veena Jagtap<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Veena Jagtap to play a pivotal role in Yog Yogeshwar Jay Shankar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actress-veena-jagtap-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-yog-yogeshwar-jay-shankar/articleshow/103050175.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Sonali Patil
* Pranit Hate

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26542713}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/yogyogeshwar-jai-shankar/1971002711 ''Yogyogeshwar Jai Shankar'']{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award

2026-01-09T06:46:45Z

Inventaa: created data.

{{Short description|Literary award for Malayalam writers}}
'''Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award''' is a literary award instituted by [[UAE]]-based Abu Dhabi Sakthi Theatres and awarded to writers in [[Malayalam literature]]. Instituted in 1987, it is given in various categories such as novel, story, poetry, drama, literary criticism, scholarly literature and children's literature. The award for literary criticism is named '''Sakthi Thayat Award''' (after writer [[Thayat Sankaran]], given since 1989), the award instituted for overall contributions is named '''T. K. Ramakrishnan Award''' (after communist politician [[T. K. Ramakrishnan]], given since 2007), and the award for other categories of literature is named '''Sakthi Erumeli Award''' (after [[Erumeli Parameswaran Pillai]], renamed since 2014).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news8plus.com/abu-dhabi-shakti-award-presentation-on-december-4-in-thiruvananthapuram/ |title=Abu Dhabi Shakti Award presentation on December 4 in Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=News18Plus |date=29 November 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/gulf/2021/08/14/abudhabi-sakthi-award.html |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ് 2021: കൃതികൾ ക്ഷണിക്കുന്നു |newspaper=Malayala Manorama |date=14 August 2021 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>

==List of recipients==
{{Incomplete list|date=January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
! width="5%"| Year
! width="30%"| Award
! width="30%"| Awardee
! width="30%"| Work
! width="5%"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 1987
| Novel
| [[Pangil Bhaskaran]]
| ''Bhrithyanmar''
| rowspan=1 | {{center|<ref name="1987Award">{{cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey Vol. 10 |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pBkAAAAMAAJ |page=113 |quote=The literary awards instituted by the Abudabi Malayala Samajam were given to K. M. Raghavan Nambiar for his drama ' Kalakootam ', Pangil Bhaskaran for his novel ' Bhrityanmar ' and Prabhavarma for his poem ' Mrithyumjayam ' .}}</ref>}}
|-
| Story
| Jacob Nayathodu
| ''Kavalkkar''
| {{center|<ref>{{cite news |title=ജേക്കബ്‌ നായത്തോട്‌ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/News/kerala/jacob-nayathode-39178 |date=3 December 2025 |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>}}
|-
| Poetry
| [[Prabha Varma]]
| ''Mrithyumjayam''
| rowspan=2 | {{center|<ref name="1987Award"/>}}
|-
| Drama
| K. M. Raghavan Nambiar
| ''Kalakootam''
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | 1988
| Novel
| [[C. Radhakrishnan]]
| ''Munpe Parakkunna Pakshikal''
| {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |title=തീക്കടൽ കടഞ്ഞു തിരുമധുരം ഭാഷാപിതാവിന്റെ ജീവിതകഥ |author=[[C. Radhakrishnan]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0H9kAAAAMAAJ |page=6 |date=2005 |quote=മാതൃഭൂമിയുടെ നോവൽ മത്സരത്തിൽ ഒന്നാം സമ്മാനം : 1960. കേരളസാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാർഡ് : 1982. അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ് : 1988. കേന്ദ്രസാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാർഡ് : 1989. വയലാർ അവാർഡ് : 1990. പണ്ഡിറ്റ് കറുപ്പൻ അവാർഡ്, മഹാകവി ജി പുരസ്കാരം ...}}</ref>}}
|-
| Story
| [[Sivaraman Cheriyanad]]
| ''Peruchazhikalude Maalam''
| {{center|<ref name="1988 award">{{cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey |volume= 11 |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpFkAAAAMAAJ |page=73 |quote=This year's Abu Dhabi Sakti awards were given away to Alintara G. Krishna Pillai for his book 'Anachilandikal' (children's literature), M. Kuttikrishnan for 'Vailoppilli Kavithakal' (a critical study), Sivaraman Cheriyanad for 'Peruchazhikalute Malam' (short stories), Unnikrishnan Kanhirathanam for 'Agnipanchakam', K. P. Mohammed for 'Ottakangalkkoru Geetham' and Abraham for 'Villi' all poetry}}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | Poetry
| Unnikrishnan Kanjirathanam
| ''Agnipanchakam''
| {{center|<ref name="1988 award"/>}}
|-
| K. P. Mohammed
| ''Ottakangalkkoru Geetham''
| {{center|<ref name="1988 award"/>}}
|-
| Abraham
| ''Villi''
| {{center|<ref name="1988 award"/>}}
|-
| Scholarly literature
| M. Kuttikrishnan
| ''Vyloppilli Kavithakal''
| {{center|<ref name="1988 award"/>}}
|-
| Children's literature
| Alinthara G. Krishna Pillai
| ''Anachilandikal''
| {{center|<ref name="1988 award"/>}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |1989
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| P. Vijayan
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1">{{cite web |title=Thayattu Award for literary criticism |publisher=Keralaculture.org |date= |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/thayattu-awards/611 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |1990
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| S. Sudheesh
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |1991
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Hariharan Poonjar
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |1992
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. S. Rajashekaran
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1993
| Novel
| [[U. A. Khader]]
| ''Oru Pidi Vattu''
| {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |title=തൃക്കോട്ടൂർ കഥകൾ |author=[[U. A. Khader]] |date=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rAEAQAAIAAJ |page=2 |publisher=Ḍi. Si. Buks |isbn=978-81-7130-297-0 |quote=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം തൃക്കോട്ടൂർ പെരുമയ്ക്കും 1993 - ലെ അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ് ഒരു പിടി വറ്റ് എന്ന നോവലിനും ലഭിച്ചു.}}</ref>}}
|-
| Story
| [[Asokan Charuvil]]
| ''Parichitha Gandhangal''
| {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC |date=1999 |isbn=9788126008735 |quote=Charuvil, Asokan. Malayalam fiction writer. b. 18.5.1957, Kattoor Vill., Thrissur Dist., Kerala. Service, Registration Dept., Govt. of Kerala & writing. A&P. recd Cherukad Award, 86; Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award, 93; Edassary Award, 95. mt. Malayalam Pubs. 3. Soorya Kanthikalude Nagaram, 87; Parichitha Gandhangal, 93; Oru Ratrikku Oru Pakal, 96 (all fiction).|last1=Dutt |first1=Kartik Chandra |publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. Azad
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1994
| Scholarly literature
| Dharmaraj Adat
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC |date=1999 |isbn=9788126008735 |quote=Dharmraj Adat. Malayalam writer. M.A.; PH.D. (in Skt). b. 10.4.1957, Adat Vill., Thrissur Dist., Kerala. Teaching, Lecturer in Skt., Sree Sankaracharya Univ., Kalady & writing. A&P. recd Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award, 94. mt. Malayalam. Pubs. 12. Buddhan Muthal Marx Vare, 87; Marxisavum Bhagavat Geetayum, 88; Lokayata Darsanam, 90 (all studies); Marxisavum Arsha Bharata Samskaravum, 91; Rigvedathile Sahitiya Darsanam, 92; Upanishad Darsanam Our Punarvicharam, 93; Hindu-Satyavum Mithyayum, 93; Soundarya Darsanavum Samskarika Vimarsanavum, 95; Manthravadam Matam Shastram, 95 (all research studies).|last1=Dutt |first1=Kartik Chandra |publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Prof. M. M. Narayanan
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |1995
| Poetry
| [[Lalitha Lenin]]
| ''Karkidakavavu''
| {{center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lalithalenin.in/ |title=Lalitha Lenin |publisher=Lalitha Lenin |date= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411182043/http://www.lalithalenin.in/ |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| E. P. Rajagopalan
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | 1996
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| [[P. K. Pokker]]
| ''Aadhunikotharathayude Keraleeya Parisaram''
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 1997
| Novel
| K. Radhakrishnan
| ''Samanathalam''
| {{center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://buy.mathrubhumi.com/books/Mathrubhumi/Novel/bookdetails/1041/samanathalam |title=ശമനതാളം |work=Mathrubhumi |date= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917035801/http://buy.mathrubhumi.com/books/Mathrubhumi/Novel/bookdetails/1041/samanathalam |archive-date=17 September 2012 |access-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Poetry
| [[Iyyamcode Sreedharan]]
| ''Sangha Ganam''
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=ഈയ്യങ്കോട് ശ്രീധരന്‍ |url=http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Children's literature
| C. R. Das
| ''Chimbuvum Meetuvum''
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=ദാസ് സി.ആര്‍ (സി.ആര്‍.ദാസ്) |url=https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=12 October 2020 |access-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. P. Geetha
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |1998
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Prayar Prabhakaran
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |1999
| Novel
| [[Narayan (writer)|Narayan]]
| ''[[Kocharethi]]''
| {{center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tribeworld.in/narayan.php |title=നാരായന്‍ - ഗോത്രസാഹിത്യത്തിലെ ഇതിഹാസം |publisher=TribeWorld |date= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209014012/http://tribeworld.in/narayan.php |archive-date=9 December 2013 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. K. S. Ravikumar
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |2000
| Story
| [[S. V. Venugopan Nair]]
| ''Veedinte Nanartham''
| {{center|<ref>[https://www.prabhathbooks.com/author/details/158 "എസ്. വി. വേണുഗോപൻ നായർ"]. Prabhathbooks.com. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref>}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| G. Madhusudhanan
| ''Kathayum Paristhithiyum''
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |2001
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. N. Rajan
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=8 style="text-align:center" |2002
| Novel
| [[Akbar Kakkattil]]
| ''Vadakkuninnoru Kudumba Vrithaantham''
| rowspan=6 | {{center|<ref>[https://malayalam.oneindia.com/abroad/2002/nri-052202sakthi-award.html?story=1 "അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ സൃഷ്ടിച്ചത് മുതലാളിത്തം : നായനാര്‍"]. Oneindia.in. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023</ref>}}
|-
| Story
| K. R. Mallika
| {{—}}
|-
| Poetry
| [[Desamangalam Ramakrishnan]]
| {{—}}
|-
| Drama
| [[Pirappancode Murali]]
| {{—}}
|-
| Scholarly literature
| Dr. K. G. Paulose
| {{—}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Children's literature
| [[Kureepuzha Sreekumar]]
| {{—}}
|-
| K. Sreekumar
| ''Jeemaji''
| {{center|<ref>[https://keralabookstore.com/book/jeemaji/10695/ "ജീമാജി ഡോ കെ ശ്രീകുമാര്‍"]. Keralabookstore.com. Retrieved 4 January 2023</ref>}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. P. Soman
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |2003
| rowspan=2 | Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. Babu
| {{—}}
| rowspan=2 | {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| Dr. Jacob Issac Kalimadom
| {{—}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |2004
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. [[M. Leelavathy]]
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=8 style="text-align:center" |2005
| Novel
| [[Ambikasuthan Mangad]]
| {{—}}
| rowspan=7 | {{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |publisher=Oneindia.in |date= 9 May 2006 |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/culture/news/2006/050906sakti-award.html?story=1 |access-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Story
| Sreevaraham Balakrishnan
| {{—}}
|-
| Poetry
| [[Puthussery Ramachandran]]
| {{—}}
|-
| Drama
| Suresh Babu Sreestha
| {{—}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | Scholarly literature
| Perumpuzha Gopalakrishnan
| {{—}}
|-
| N. E. Balakrishnan
| {{—}}
|-
| [[Kalamandalam Hyderali]]
| {{—}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. V. Sukumaran
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |2006
| Story
| [[Satheesh Babu Payyannur]]
| ''Scene Over''
| {{center|<ref>[https://www.vanitha.in/specials/pen-drive/satheesh-babu-payyanur-obit-special-story.html "മമ്മൂട്ടി നായകനായി 'ലിഫ്റ്റ്' ഒരുങ്ങുകയായിരുന്നു, ഒപ്പം എഴുതിതീരാത്ത 'സത്ര'വും"]. ''Vanitha''. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. K. H. Subrahmanyan
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=10 style="text-align:center" |2007
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| Dr. [[P. K. R. Warrier]]
| Overall contributions
| {{center|<ref name="TKR1">{{cite web |title=ടി. കെ. രാമകൃഷ്ണന്‍ പുരസ്കാരം |publisher=Keralaculture.org |date= |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/tk-ramakrishnan-award/495 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| S. R. Lal
| {{—}}
| rowspan=8 | {{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=ഗോവിന്ദപ്പിള്ളയ്ക്ക് ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡ് |publisher=Webdunia.com |date= |url=https://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/kerala-news-in-malayalam/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D-107060900015_1.htm |access-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Story
| N. Rajan
| {{—}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Poetry
| Amrutha
| {{—}}
|-
| Divakaran Vishnumangalam
| {{—}}
|-
| Drama
| Gireesh Gramika
| {{—}}
|-
| Scholarly literature
| [[P. Govinda Pillai]]
| {{—}}
|-
| Children's literature
| [[Muhamma Ramanan]]
| {{—}}
|-
| Other category literature
| Karthyayani Kutty Amma
| {{—}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| C. R. Prasad
| ''[https://dcbookstore.com/books/malayalakavitha-adhunikanantharam Malayalakavitha Adhunikanantharam]''
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |2008
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| K. Mohanan
| Overall contributions
| {{center|<ref name="TKR1"/>}}
|-
| Novel
| [[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]]
| ''[[Goat Days|Aadujeevitham]]''
| {{center|<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/books/benyamin/article4336130.ece "Benyamin"]. ''The Hindu''. 26 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</ref>}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. K. P. Mohanan
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=9 style="text-align:center" |2009
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| Dr. [[P. K. Warrier]]
| Overall contributions
| {{center|<ref name="TKR1"/>}}
|-
| Novel
| [[Simon Britto Rodrigues|Simon Britto]]
| ''Agragami''
| rowspan=7 | {{center|<ref>[https://www.puzha.com/blog/magazine-news_may10/ "അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡുകൾ"]. Puzha.com. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2023</ref>}}
|-
| Story
| [[Subhash Chandran]]
| ''Parudeesa Nashtam''
|-
| Poetry
| Chavara K. S. Pillai
| ''Pachayum Kathiyum''
|-
| Drama
| Francis T. Mavelikkara
| ''Ayalkoottam''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Scholarly literature
| [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
| ''Amazonum Kure Vyakulathakalum''
|-
| C. Bhaskaran
| ''Indian Communist Prasthanam Aadya Padhikar''
|-
| Children's literature
| M. S. Kumar
| ''Pullinangi''
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| [[Sunil P. Ilayidom]]
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=9 style="text-align:center"|2010
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[K. K. N. Kurup]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=9 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{cite news |title=Award for K.K.N. Kurup |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 June 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-kkn-kurup/article461374.ece |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| A. P. Jyothirmayi
| {{—}}
|-
| Story
| K. K. Ramesh
| {{—}}
|-
| Poetry
| Sivadas Purameri
| {{—}}
|-
| Drama
| {{—}}
| {{—}}
|-
| Scholarly literature
| Kavumbayi Balakrishnan
| {{—}}
|-
| Children's literature
| K. G. Raghunath
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/pirannal-sammanam/4018/ Pirannal Sammanam]''
|-
| Other category literature
| [[Kilimanoor Chandran]]
| ''Raja Ravi Varmayude Nizhalil Manjupoya Raja Raja Varma''
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| P. Appukkuttan
| {{—}}
|-
| rowspan=10 style="text-align:center"|2011
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=10 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epathram.com/gulfnews-2010/10/18/185425-26th-shakthi-thayat-award-night-at-abudhabi.html |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡ് സമര്‍പ്പണം വ്യാഴാഴ്ച |publisher=ePathram |date=18 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707081659/http://epathram.com/gulfnews-2010/10/18/185425-26th-shakthi-thayat-award-night-at-abudhabi.html |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| Vipin
| ''Ormayil Sheshikkunnath''
|-
| Story
| T. P. Venugopalan
| ''Kettal Changu Pottunna Oronnu''
|-
| Poetry
| Meloor Vasudevan
| ''Ottukarante Mozhi''
|-
| Drama
| [[A. Santha Kumar]]
| ''Karutha Vidhava''
|-
| Scholarly literature
| Dr. Arif Ali Kolethekkat
| {{—}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Children's literature
| K. Pappootty
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/shahinayude-schoool/10169/ Shahinayude School]''
|-
| [[B. Sandhya]]
| ''Attakkilikunnile Athbhudangal''
|-
| Other category literature
| [[M. K. Sanu]]
| Overall contributions
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| P. S. Radhakrishnan
| {{—}}
|-
| rowspan=9 style="text-align:center"|2012
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| Payyappilly Balan
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=9 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/news/2516/ |title=ലോനപ്പന്‍ നമ്പാടനും സുസ്‌മേഷ് ചന്ദ്രോത്തിനും അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=18 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718173704/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/news/2516/ |archive-date=18 July 2013 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| R. Unnimadhavan
| ''[https://dcbookstore.com/books/sirasi Sirasi]''
|-
| Story
| [[Susmesh Chandroth]]
| ''Barcode''
|-
| Poetry
| [https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2018/speakers/vg-thampi-1.2549848 V. G. Thampi]
| ''[https://dcbookstore.com/books/nagnan Nagnan]''
|-
| Drama
| M. N. Vinaya Kumar
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/mariman-kanni/2502/ Mariman Kanni]''
|-
| Scholarly literature
| [[M. R. Raghava Varier]]
| ''[https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/23526892-jainamatham-keralathil Jainamatham Keralathil]''
|-
| Children's literature
| [https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%82-%e0%b4%8e%e0%b4%b4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b0%e0%b5%8d/%e0%b4%aa%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b0%e0%b5%8d%e2%80%8d%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%a4%e0%b4%bf-%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%87%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%bf-%e0%b4%86%e0%b4%b0%e0%b5%8d%e2%80%8d-parvathi-devi-r/ Parvathi Devi R.]
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/patram-pathram-kuttikale/7611/ Pathram Pathram Kuttikale]''
|-
| Other category literature
| [[Lonappan Nambadan]]
| ''[https://www.indulekha.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=2734 Sancharikkunna Viswasi]''
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| V. Lissy Mathew
| ''[http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=91589&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=84179 Ival Pookkum Ilanji Marangal]''
|-
| rowspan=9 style="text-align:center"| 2013
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| Prof. [[M. K. Sanu]]
| Overall contributions
| {{center|<ref name="TKR1"/>}}
|-
| Novel
| E. P. Hamsakutty
| {{—}}
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/latest-news/388257 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി തായാട്ട് പുരസ്കാരങ്ങള്‍ സമ്മാനിച്ചു |newspaper=Deshabhimani |date=4 August 2014 |access-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Story
| C. P. Biju
| {{—}}
|-
| Poetry
| Sheeja Vakkom
| {{—}}
|-
| Drama
| Gopinath Kozhikode
| {{—}}
|-
| Scholarly literature
| [[Sunil P. Ilayidom]]
| {{—}}
|-
| Children's literature
| M. S. Kumar
| {{—}}
|-
| Other category literature
| K. Rajagopalan
| {{—}}
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. Pallipuram Murali
| {{—}}
| {{center|<ref name="Thayat1"/>}}
|-
| rowspan=11 style="text-align:center"|2014
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| V. Aravindakshan
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=11 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/award-winners/article7369118.ece |title=Award winners |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/latest-news/478904 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| [[Satheesh Babu Payyannur]]
| ''Ulkhananangal''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Story
| [[Asokan Charuvil]]
| ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzaRzgEACAAJ Novellakal]''
|-
| [[E. P. Sreekumar]]
| ''Currency''<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/standing-tall-at-his-desk/article7540823.ece "Standing tall at his desk"]. ''The Hindu''. 14 August 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | Poetry
| [[S. Ramesan]]
| ''[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/259355 Hemanthathile Pakshi]''
|-
| Sarath Chandralal
| ''Sarath Chandralalinte Naalu Kavyangal''
|-
| Drama
| Rajmohan Neeleswaram
| ''Veyilinte Niram''
|-
| Scholarly literature
| Shibu Muhammed
| ''[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/234094 Udalukal Padumpol]''
|-
| Children's literature
| M. M. Sacheendran
| ''[http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=140010 Nayattu]''
|-
| Sakthi Erumeli Award
| E. M. Radha
| ''[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/352850 EMS: Makalude Ormakal]''
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| [[M. M. Basheer]]
| ''Thiricharivukal''
|-
| rowspan=11 style="text-align:center"|2015
| rowspan=2 | T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[M. V. Vishnu Namboothiri]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=11 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dcbooks.com/adudabi-sakthi-award-samarppanam.html |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡ് സമര്‍പ്പണം ആഗസ്റ്റ് 28ന് |publisher=DC Books |date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819184518/http://www.dcbooks.com/adudabi-sakthi-award-samarppanam.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=4 January 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>}}
|-
| [[N. V. P. Unithiri]]
| Overall contributions
|-
| Novel
| [[K. P. Ramanunni]]
| ''Daivathinte Pusthakam''
|-
| Story
| Arshad Bathery
| ''[https://www.mbibooks.com/product/meenukalude-akashavum-paravakalude-bhoomiyum/ Meenukalude Akashavum Paravakalude Bhoomiyum]''
|-
| Poetry
| [[Ezhacherry Ramachandran]]
| ''Ilathumbile Vajradaaham''
|-
| Drama
| Prasanth Narayanan
| ''Chayamukhi''<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/prasanth-narayanan-is-giving-shape-to-a-new-theatre-culture/article25262317.ece "Prasanth Narayanan is giving shape to a novel theatre culture"]. ''The Hindu''. 19 October 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| Scholarly literature
| Dr. [[B. Ekbal]]
| ''Indian Oushadha Mekhala Innale Innu''
|-
| Children's literature
| C. J. Alex
| ''Vanangaliloode Orarivuyathra''
|-
| Special award
| Sudha S. Nandan
| ''Niyatha''
|-
| Sakthi Erumeli Award
| Dr. Chanthavila Murali
| ''[https://www.indulekha.com/akg-oru-samagra-jeevacharitram-biography-chanthavila-murali AKG: Oru Samagra Jeevacharitram]''
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| P. K. Kanakalatha
| ''[https://www.indulekha.com/k-saraswathiyamma-ottaykku-vazhi-nadannaval-literay-study-p-k-kanakalatha K. Saraswathiyamma: Ottaykku Vazhi Nadannaval] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104192739/https://www.indulekha.com/k-saraswathiyamma-ottaykku-vazhi-nadannaval-literay-study-p-k-kanakalatha |date=2023-01-04 }}''
|-
| rowspan=10 style="text-align:center"|2016
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| Leelakumari Amma
| Campaign against Endosulfan pesticide lobby
| rowspan=10 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.puzha.com/blog/abudabi-shakthi-award/ |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ് |publisher=Puzha.com |date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| [[T. D. Ramakrishnan]]
| ''Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki''
|-
| Story
| [[Ashtamoorthi K. V.|Ashtamoorthi]]
| ''[https://www.indulekha.com/avasanathe-shilpam-stories-ashtamoorthi Avasanathe Shilpam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104153914/https://www.indulekha.com/avasanathe-shilpam-stories-ashtamoorthi |date=2023-01-04 }}''
|-
| Poetry
| C. P. Aboobakkar
| ''[https://www.indulekha.com/nadikalil-ozhukaathathu-poetry-c-p-aboobeker Nadikalil Ozhukaathathu]''
|-
| Drama
| Sunil K. Cheriyan
| ''Ee Choottonnu Kathichu Tharvo''
|-
| Scholarly literature
| Neelan
| ''[https://www.pusthakakada.com/product/sinima-swapnam-jeevitham-green248/ Cinema Swapnam Jeevitham]''
|-
| V. P. P. Musthafa
| ''Kalayum Prathyayasasthravum''
|-
| Children's literature
| Dr. Radhika C. Nair
| {{—}}
|-
| Sakthi Erumeli Award
| K. M. Lenin
| ''[https://www.spcsindia.com/book/a.-k.-g.-enna-jananayakan A. K. G. Enna Jananayakan]''
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| K. M. Anil
| ''Pantharum Vazhiyambalangalum''<ref>[https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/bookreview/2021/02/22/pantharum-vazhiyambalangalum-book-by-dr-km-anil.html "മുൻപേ നടക്കുന്ന വഴിച്ചൂട്ടുകൾ"]. ''Malayala Manorama''. 22 February 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| rowspan=11 style="text-align:center"|2017
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[M. Mukundan]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=11 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.puzha.com/blog/abudabi-shakthi-award-2/ |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ് സമർപ്പണം |publisher=Puzha.com |date=30 October 2018 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/abudhabi-sakthi-award-m-mukundan/735446 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു സമഗ്രസംഭാവന പുരസ‌്കാരം എം മുകുന്ദന് |newspaper=Deshabhimani |date=16 July 2018 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| P. Krishnanunni
| ''Keralam Oru Documentary''
|-
| Story
| [[G. R. Indugopan]]
| ''[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/39517602-kollappatti-daya Kollappatti Daya]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Poetry
| Ahmed Khan
| ''Mathethara Ithihasam''
|-
| Vinod Vaisakhi
| ''[https://www.pusthakakada.com/product/kaithamel-paccha-chintha1070/ Kaithamel Paccha]''
|-
| Drama
| [[Subhash Chandran]]
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/onnaramanikoor/20870/ Onnaramanikoor]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Scholarly literature
| Dr. K. N. Ganesh
| ''[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/52155701-malayaliyude-deshakalangal Malayaliyude Deshakalangal]''
|-
| Dr. V.P.P Mustafa
| ''Kalayum Prathyayasasthravum''
|-
| Children's literature
| K. Rajendran
| ''RCCyile Albutha Kuttikal''
|-
| Sakthi Erumeli Award
| Dr. George Varghese
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/albert-elnstein-jeevitham-sastram-darshanam/10449/ Albert Elnstein Jeevitham Sastram Darshanam]''
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. P. Soman
| ''Vyloppilli Kavitha Oru Idathupaksha Vayana''
|-
| rowspan=12 style="text-align:center"|2018
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[K. N. Panikkar]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=12 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dcbooks.com/abu-dhabi-sakthi-awards-announced.html |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |publisher=[[DC Books]] |date=18 July 2019 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| S. R. Lal
| ''[https://dcbookstore.com/books/statuepo Statue P.O.]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Story
| C. S. Chandrika
| ''[https://dcbookstore.com/books/ente-pachakkarimbe Ente Pachakkarimbe]''
|-
| Sreekantan Karikkakom
| ''[https://www.puzha.com/blog/sreekandan-karikkakam-new-novel/ Palaayanangalile Muthalakal]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Poetry
| Anuja Akathoottu
| ''[https://dcbookstore.com/books/amma-urangunnilla Amma Urangunnilla]''
|-
| Sebastian
| ''Attupokathath''
|-
| Drama
| Pradeep Mundur
| ''Ottu''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Scholarly literature
| Dr. R. Radhakrishnan
| ''[https://yumebooks.in/product/keralathinte-sthree-sakti-charithram/ Keralathinte Sthree Sakti Charithram]''
|-
| V. D. Selvaraj
| ''[https://www.indulekha.com/sasthrasamvadam-interviews-v-d-selvaraj Sasthrasamvadam]''
|-
| Children's literature
| [[Palliyara Sreedharan]]
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/kathayalla-jeevitham-thanne/7011/ Kathayalla Jeevitham Thanne]''
|-
| Sakthi Erumeli Award
| [[Puthussery Ramachandran]]
| ''[https://www.indulekha.com/thilacha-mannil-kaalnadayayi-autobiography-puthusseri-ramachandran Thilacha Mannil Kalnadayayi]''
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. K. Sreekumar
| ''[https://dcbookstore.com/books/adutha-bell-malayala-professional-natakavediyude-kuthippum-kithappum Adutha Bell]''
|-
| rowspan=13 style="text-align:center"|2019
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[T. Padmanabhan]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=13 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegulfindians.com/abu-dhabi-literary-award-for-t-padmanabhan/ |title=Abu Dhabi literary award for T Padmanabhan |publisher=The Gulf Indians |date=19 May 2021 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/pravasi/abu-dhabi-sakthi-award/944107 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി തായാട്ട് അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; ടി പദ്മനാഭന് ടി കെ രാമകൃഷ്ണന്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം |newspaper=Deshabhimani |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| L. Gopikrishnan
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/njan-ente-shatru/17257/ Njan Ente Shatru]''
|-
| Story
| John Samuel
| ''Yadhastu''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Poetry
| [[Desamangalam Ramakrishnan]]
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/enne-kandumuttanenikkavumo/14749/ Enne Kandumuttanenikkavumo]''
|-
| E. Sandhya
| ''Ammayullathinal''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Drama
| T. Pavithran
| ''Prappidiyan ''
|-
| Cheramangalam Chamunni
| ''[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/347244 Jeevithathinte Edukal]''
|-
| Scholarly literature
| [[Anil Vallathol]]
| ''Ezhuthachan Enna Padapusthakam''
|-
| Children's literature
| [[Kalavoor Ravikumar]]
| ''Chinese Boy''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sakthi Erumeli Award
| Bhasura Devi
| ''[https://www.deshabhimani.com/books/pk-kunjachan/730190 P.K. Kunjachan Bhasura Ormakal]''
|-
| Dr. T. Geenakumari
| ''[https://yumebooks.in/product/susheela-gopalan-jeevitha-kadha-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2-%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB-%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4-%E0%B4%95/ Susheela Gopalan Jeevitha Kadha]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sakthi Thayat Award
| Dr. Santhosh Vallikkad
| ''[https://pusthakakada1.aurobees.com/product/puravrithavum-kavithayum-insight243/ Puravrithavum Kavithayum]''
|-
| T. Narayanan
| ''Krithikal Manushyakathanugayikal''
|-
| rowspan=12 style="text-align:center"|2020
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[C. L. Jose]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=12 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/abu-dhabi-sakthi-award/1006252 |title=എം കെ സാനുവിനും പി രാജീവിനും സി എൽ ജോസിനും അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ്‌ |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=9 March 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| K. R. Mallika
| ''Akam''
|-
| Story
| [[V. R. Sudheesh]]
| ''Kadukkachi Manga''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Poetry
| Ravunni
| ''Karutha Vatte Karutha Vatte''
|-
| Azeem Thannimoodu
| ''Marathine Thirichu Vilikkunna Vithu''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Drama
| E. T. Davis
| ''Irikkappindam Katha Parayunnu''
|-
| Rajmohan Neeleswaram
| ''Jeevitham Thunnumpol''
|-
| Scholarly literature
| [[P. Rajeeve]]
| ''Bharanaghadana: Charithravum Samskaravum''
|-
| Children's literature
| [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]]
| ''Appuvum Achuvum''
|-
| Sakthi Erumeli Award
| [[M. K. Sanu]]
| ''Kesari Oru Kaalaghattathinte Srishtaavu''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sakthi Thayat Award
| V. U. Srendran
| ''Akam Thurakkunna Kavithakal''
|-
| E. M. Suraja
| ''[https://olivepublications.in/product/kavithayile-kaalavum-kaalpadukalum/ Kavithayile Kaalavum Kaalpadukalum]''
|-
| rowspan=12 style="text-align:center"|2021
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[M. R. Raghava Varier]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=12 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/amp/news/kerala/abudhabi-sakthi-award-2022/1049757 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; ശക്തി ടി കെ രാമകൃഷ്‌ണൻ പുരസ്‌കാരം ഡോ. എം ആർ രാഘവ വാര്യർക്ക്‌ |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=15 October 2022 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104170107/https://www.deshabhimani.com/amp/news/kerala/abudhabi-sakthi-award-2022/1049757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2022/10/15/mudippechu-novel-got-abu-dhabi-sakthi-award.html |title='മുടിപ്പേച്ചിന്' അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ് |newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=15 October 2022 |access-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| Ravivarma Thampuran
| ''[https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/manorama-books/2021/03/16/mudipech-novel-by-ravi-varma-thampuran.html Mudippechu]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Story
| C. Anoop
| ''Rachukku''
|-
| V. K. Deepa
| ''[https://dcbookstore.com/books/women-eaters Women Eaters]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Poetry
| Sudheesh Kottembram
| ''[https://dcbookstore.com/books/chilanthinrutham Chilanthinrutham]''
|-
| Surab
| ''[https://www.mbibooks.com/product/maavu-pookkum-kalam/ Maavu Pookkum Kalam]''
|-
| Drama
| M. Rajeev Kumar
| ''M. Rajeev Kumarinte Nadakangal''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Scholarly literature
| Kavitha Balakrishnan
| ''Vayana Manushyante Kalacharithram''<ref>[https://navalokam.com/article.php?newsId=12382&edition=2101 "Interview with Kavitha Balakrishnan"]. Navalokam.com. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</ref><ref>[https://truecopythink.media/sudheesh-kottembram-interview-with-kavitha-balakrishnan "ഒട്ടും ജീവിതഗന്ധിയായില്ല നമ്മുടെ കലാ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം"]. TrueCopyThink. 5 September 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| K. Sudheesh
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/nammalengane-nammalayi/16496/ Nammalengane Nammalayi]''
|-
| Children's literature
| [[K. Rekha]]
| ''Nunayathi''
|-
| Sakthi Erumeli Award
| Dr. B. B. Sreekumar
| ''[https://keralabookstore.com/book/kunjunni-arude-thonnalanu/13565/ Kunjunni Arude Thonnalanu]''
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| {{—}}
| {{—}}
|-
| rowspan=15 style="text-align:center"|2022
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=15 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cms.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-04-08-2023/1108392 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; അടൂരിന്‌ ടി കെ രാമകൃഷ്‌ണൻ പുരസ്‌കാരം |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=4 August 2023 |access-date=2 February 2024 }}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Novel
| Ajayakumar
| ''Nizhalkalangal''
|-
| Manasidevi
| ''[https://books.sayahna.org/ml/pdf/manasi-sancharangal.pdf Savitrikuttiyude Sancharangal]''
|-
| Story
| [[P. V. Shajikumar]]
| ''Sthalam''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Poetry
| [[K. Jayakumar]]
| ''Pingala Kesini''
|-
| P. N. Gopikrishnan
| ''Kavitha Mamsabhojiyanu''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Drama
| John Fernandes
| ''Vritham Pathinonnu Kolu''
|-
| [[Emil Madhavi]]
| ''Kumaru''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Scholarly literature
| Dr. [[B. Ekbal]]
| ''Mahamarikal: Plague Muthal Covid Vare''
|-
| B. Sreekumar
| ''Ayyappa Paniker Cholkazhchakalum Chollakazhchakalum''
|-
| Children's literature
| Viswamangalam Sundaresan
| ''Marxinte Katha Kuttikalkku''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sakthi Erumeli Award
| V. S. Rajesh
| ''Sivanayanam''
|-
| Dr. Sreekala Mullasseri
| ''Sthraina Vrithanthangal''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sakthi Thayat Award
| K. V. Sajay
| ''Theliyunnu Manonabhasenikku''
|-
| P. G. Sadanandan
| ''Raman: Padavum Padabhedangalum''
|-
| rowspan=13 style="text-align:center"|2023
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| [[Shaji N. Karun]]
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=13 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-1.9810924 |title=ഷാജി എൻ.കരുണിനും ഗ്രേസിക്കും അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ് |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=14 August 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
| Novel
| Janamma Kunjunni
| ''Parayathe Poyathu''
|-
| Story
| Manju Vaikhari
| ''Bodhi Dhaba''
|-
| Poetry
| Sreekanth Thamarassery
| ''Kadal Kadanna Kariveppukal''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Drama
| Kalidas Puthumana
| ''Nataka Panchakam''
|-
| Gireesh Kalathil
| ''Ochayum Kazhchayum''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Scholarly literature
| Meenambalam Santhosh
| ''Vedi - Janakeeya Natakam: Ranganubhavapadanam''
|-
| Prof V. Karthikeyan Nair
| ''Charithrapadanavum Samoohavum''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Children's literature
| Divakaran Vishnumangalam
| ''Vella Balloon''
|-
| Dr Ratheesh Kaliyadan
| ''Kuttikkuda Usharanu''
|-
| Sakthi Erumeli Award
| P. P. Balachandran
| ''A. K. G. yum Shakespearum''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sakthi Thayat Award
| M. K. Harikumar
| ''Aksharajalakam''
|-
| Dr R. V. M. Divakaran
| ''Kathu Nilkkunnu Kalam''
|-
| rowspan=14 style="text-align:center"|2024
| T. K. Ramakrishnan Award
| A. K. Nambiar
| Overall contributions
| rowspan=14 style="text-align:center"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/pravasi/gulf/abu-dhabi-shakti-awards-2025-announced-29284 |title=2025ലെ അബു ദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ് പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു|newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=20 August 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Novel
| S. Mahadevan Thampi
| ''Mruthewsoothram''
|-
|[[Ambikasuthan Mangad]]
| ''Allohalan''
|-
| Story
| M. Manju
| ''Jalappanthu''
|-
| Poetry
| [[M. D. Rajendran]]
| ''Shravanabelagola''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Drama
| Anilkumar Alathuparambu
| ''Mahayanam''
|-
| [[Rafeeq Mangalassery]]
| ''[[Kithaab]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Scholarly literature
| M. Jayaraj
| ''Vaikom Sathyagraha Charithram: Mathrubhumi Rekhakal''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/m-jayaraj-book-on-vaikom-sathyagraha-released-by-mathrubhumi-books-2fc74e35 |title='വൈക്കം സത്യഗ്രഹ ചരിത്രം മാതൃഭൂമി രേഖകള്‍' പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=5 April 2024 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| A. K. Peethambaran
| ''Matham Manavikatha Marxism''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Children's literature
| G. Sreekantan
| ''Muthalakettu''
|-
| [[Paipra Radhakrishnan]]
| ''Salkkathakal''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sakthi Erumeli Award
| K. S. Ravikumar
| ''Kadammanitta Kavithayude Kanalattam''
|-
| K. V. Sudhakaran
| ''Oru Samara Noottand''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://chintha.in/?p=76515 |title=വി എസിന്റെ 'ഒരു സമര നൂറ്റാണ്ട്' |newspaper=Chintha |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Sakthi Thayat Award
| T. K. Santhosh kumar
| ''Kavithayude Ragapoornima''
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1987]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary awards]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Kerala awards]]

Vaniamkulam Gram Panchayat

2025-10-23T03:32:24Z

Inventaa: Put Up Basic Page Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Vaniamkulam''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is the local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Vaniyamkulam-I]] and [[Vaniyamkulam-II]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224734&rlbtype=V |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234632/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224734&rlbtype=V |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Kashi Mahakal Express (via Prayagraj)

2025-10-12T02:20:43Z

Inventaa:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date = August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
|name= Kashi Mahakal Express
|frequency=Weekly
|image = Kashi Mahakal Express.jpg
|caption = Kashi Mahakal Express at Platform 2 of [[Kanpur Central]].
|image_width=
|type=[[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
|locale=
|first={{start date and age|df=yes|2020|2|23}}
|last=
|operator= [[Northern Railways]]
|ridership=
|start={{rws|Varanasi Junction}} ('''BSB''')
|stops=6
|end={{rws|Indore Junction}} ('''INDB''')
|distance={{convert|1102|km|0|abbr=on}}
|journeytime=18 hours 25 mins
|seating=No
|class=AC 3 tier
|sleeping=Yes
|autorack=
|catering=Yes
|observation=Large windows
|entertainment=Yes (in executive class)
|baggage=Yes
|otherfacilities=
|stock=[[LHB coach]]
|gauge={{RailGauge|1676mm}}
|el=
|trainnumber= 20415 / 20416
|speed={{cvt|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
|map=
|map_state=
}}

The 20415 / 20416 '''Kashi Mahakal Express ''' is a superfast express train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Junction]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Indore Junction railway station|Indore Junction]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] via [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]]. It is currently being operated with 20415/20416 train numbers weekly. This train shares its rake with [[Kashi Mahakal Express (via Lucknow)]].

== Coach composition ==
The trains is completely 3-tier AC sleeper trains designed by [[Indian Railways]] with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.

== Service ==
It averages 60 km/h as 20415 Humsafar Express covering 1102 km in 18 hrs 25 mins & 61 km/h as 20416 Humsafar Express covering 1102 km in 18 hrs 5 mins.

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Train Number
!Station Code
!Departure Station
!Departure Time
!Departure Day
!Arrival Station
!Arrival Time
!Arrival Day
|-
|20415
|BSB
|[[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi]]
|3:15 PM
|SUN
|[[Indore Junction railway station|Indore]]
|9:40 AM
|MON
|-
|20416
|INDB
|[[Indore Junction railway station|Indore]]
|10:55 AM
|MON
|[[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi]]
|5:00 AM
|TUES
|}

==Locomotive==

Both trains hauls by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]] (GZB) / [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara]] (BRC) Electric Loco Shed based [[WAP 7]] locomotive from end to end.

== Stoppage ==

* [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Junction]]
* [[Allahabad Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]]
* [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]
* [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi Junction]]
* [[Bina Junction railway station|Bina Junction]]
* [[Sant Hirdaram Nagar railway station|Sant Hirdaram Nagar]]
* [[Ujjain Junction railway station|Ujjain Junction]]
* [[Indore Junction railway station|Indore Junction]]

== See also ==

* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Junction]]
* [[Indore Junction railway station|Indore Junction]]
* [[Kashi Mahakal Express (via Lucknow)]]

== References ==

* https://indiarailinfo.com/train/irctc-kashi-mahakal-humsafar-express-via-allahabad-82404/112007/8/334
* https://indiarailinfo.com/train/irctc-kashi-mahakal-humsafar-express-via-allahabad-82403/112005/334/8
{{Humsafar Express}}

[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Indore]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Transport in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2020]]

Bishandas

2025-07-06T19:37:56Z

Inventaa: brief improve page per standard format and added references

{{Short description|Mughal miniature painter}}
{{Infobox artist
| image = Detail of the artist Bishandas, from a illustrated folio containing a self-portrait of the artist Daulat and portraits of the artists Govardhan, Bishandas, Manohar, Abu'l-Hasan, by Daulat, ca.1610.jpg
| patrons = Jahangir and Shah Abbas I
| style = Mughal
| caption = Portrait of Bishandas by [[Daulat (Mughal painter)|Daulat]], c. 1610, detail of the border illumination, [[Golestan Palace]] Library, Tehran
}}

'''Bishandas''', also '''Bishan Das''' or '''Bishn Das''', was a 17th-century [[Mughal painter]] at the court of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]] (1569–1627), specializing in portraits. Though little is known of Bishandas’ life, his name suggests he was a [[Hindu]], like several others in the imperial workshop.

Bishandas had the reputation of being unequalled for his ability to create a realistic likeness of his models.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=V. D. |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&pg=RA2-PA263 |language=en}}</ref> He created realistic court and battle scenes. Jahangir especially sponsored realistic paintings and accurate portraiture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=V. D. |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&pg=RA2-PA263 |language=en |quote=There were certain characteristic features of the paintings of Janangir's reign. (...) There was also the depiction of real human beings rather than imaginary figures in the portrait studies of the time. The portrait painters of Jahangir's time were not only keen observers of human features, but had a sharp eye for different moods and expressions.}}</ref> He praised Bishandas as "unrivalled in the art of portraiture".

Jahangir was so keen on obtaining realistic depictions of his contemporaries, possibly as a way to better understand their character and intentions, that in 1613 Bishandas was sent to accompany on a diplomatic mission to [[Persia]] led by [[Khan ‘Alam]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quinn |first1=Sholeh |title=Shah Abbas: The King Who Refashioned Iran |date=6 August 2015 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-568-8 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBy9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 |language=en}}</ref> to paint the portraits of Shah [[Abbas I of Persia]] (1571–1629) and other leading Persian figures such as Abbas's second son [[Soltan Mohammad Mirza]], [[Saru Taqi]] or [[Isa Khan Safavi|Isa Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balabanlilar |first1=Lisa |title=The Emperor Jahangir: Power and Kingship in Mughal India |date=16 April 2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-044-0 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnTQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="LC32">{{cite book |last1=Pal |first1=Pratapaditya |title=Indian Painting, Volume 1 |date=1993 |publisher=Los Angeles County Museum of Art |page=32 |isbn=978-0-8109-3465-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianpaintingca01palp/page/32/mode/2up}}</ref> There he was so successful that he remained until 1620, and on his return Jahangir gave him an elephant.<ref>Crill and Jariwala, 88</ref>

The portraits of the period are known to have been painted from life, because of the direct sketches made of their subjects, and because of the realistic, non-idealized, style their adopted. Bishandas was clearly influenced by the realistic European portraits he had seen in miniatures and engravings.<ref name="LC32"/> Still, his creations were to some extent hampered by technical conventions, such as the regular need for full-length portraits, which gave less importance to the depiction of the face itself compared to European portraits, or the regular requirement to paint in profile.<ref name="LC32"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Recto- "Portrait of Raja Suraj Singh Rathor", verso- Page of Calligraphy. Folio from the Shah Jahan Album MET DT200625 (cropped).jpg|Portrait of Raja [[Sur Singh|Suraj Singh]] of [[Jodhpur]], Jahangir's brother in law.<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454620 Metropolitan page]</ref>
File:Bishan Das. Shaikh Phul in His Hermitage, ca 1610, Bharat Kala Bhavan, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -.jpg|Shaikh Phul in His Hermitage, c. 1610
File:Bishan Das. The Birth of Prince, ca 1610-15, Page from Jahangirnama, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.jpg|The Birth of a Prince, c. 1610–15, from a ''Jahangirnama'' (''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'')
File:Nur Jahan holding a portrait of Emperor Jahangir, about 1627.jpg|[[Nur Jahan]] holding a portrait of [[Jahangir]], c. 1627 (detail)
File:Vasiṣṭha Greets Shiva and Parvati.jpg|[[Vasishtha|Vasiṣṭha]] Greets [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], c. 1602
File:Portraits of Shah Abbas I by Bishandas (1615-1620).jpg|Portraits of [[Shah Abbas I]] by Bishandas (1615-1620).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Floor |first1=Willem |last2=Sajadi |first2=Forough |title=Jan Lucasz. van Hasselt: A Dutch Painter in Safavid Isfahan |journal=Iranian Studies |date=July 2021 |volume=54 |issue=3–4 |pages=399–426 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2020.1787127}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Crill, Rosemary, and Jariwala, Kapil. ''The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860'', [[National Portrait Gallery, London]], 2010, {{ISBN|9781855144095}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Painters from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Court painters]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Siddhapuram, Nalgonda district

2025-05-26T15:23:48Z

Inventaa: adjust references for clarity and improved wording

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siddhapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|26|13|N|79|08|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Siddhapuram''' is a village in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district in [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It falls under [[Atmakur, Nalgonda district|Atmakur]] mandal. There is a popular temple called as Sri Sita Ramanjaneya Swamy Temple in the village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}

Narendranath Chakraborty

2025-04-01T20:41:37Z

Inventaa: added

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Narendranath Chakraborty''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Narendranath Chakraborty (All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency- Pandabeswar (Paschim Bardhaman) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1831 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pandabeswar Assembly constituency]] in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Pandabeswar, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/pandabeswar-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797357-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandabeswar Assembly Election Results 2021 - Pandabeswar Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/pandabeswar-west-bengal-election-result-2021 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chakraborty is from [[Pandabeswar]], Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal. He is the son of Arindam Chakraborty. He studied Class 12 at Ukhra Kunjabehari Institution and passed the Higher Secondary examinations in 1982. He was a former employee with a public sector undertaking and his wife runs her own business.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chakraborty won from Pandabeswar Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 73,922 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Jitendra Tiwari|Jitendra Kumar Tewari]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 3,803 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandabeswar Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Narendranath Chakraborty Of TMC Wins. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pandabeswar-election-result-2021-live-updates-pandabeswar-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695972.html |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandabeswar Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Pandabeswar Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-pandabeswar-constituency-275.html |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandabeswar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/pandabeswar-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Narendranath}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Piya Rangrezz

2025-02-21T13:52:38Z

Inventaa: added some post added tags

{{short description| Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Sphere Origins]]
| based_on =
| director = Santram Verma, Sumit Thakur Rajesh Ram Singh, Ismail Umar Khan
| story = Vivek Bahl
| screenplay = Mahesh Pandey Vikram Khurana '''Dialogues''' Axmal Donwaar
| creative_director = Snehil Dixit Mehra
| starring = [[Gaurav S Bajaj]] [[Narayani Shastri]] Keertida Mistry [[Kanwar Dhillon]]
| theme_music_composer = Raju Singh
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 6
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = Sunjoy Waddhwa Comall Sunjoy W
| location = [[Azamgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Sphere Origins]]
| channel = [[Life OK]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2015|04|27|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|05|26|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 275
| composer =
| editor = Afzal Shaikh
}}

'''''Piya Rangrezz''''' is an Indian television series that premiered on [[Life OK]] from 27 April 2015 to 26 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Piya-Rangrezz-to-end-on-May-26/articleshow/52024386.cms |title='Piya Rangrezz' to end on May 26 – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=29 April 2016 |language=en|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The series was produced by [[Sphere Origins]] and was set in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It starred [[Gaurav S Bajaj]], Keertida Mistry, [[Narayani Shastri]] and [[Kanwar Dhillon]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/life-ok/narayani-shastri-gaurav-s-bajaj-life-ok-s-piya-rangrezz-premiere-party |title=Narayani Shastri, Gaurav S Bajaj at Life OK's 'Piya Rangrezz' premiere party! |date=28 April 2015 |work=PINKVILLA |accessdate=4 May 2015}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sher Singh, a powerful young man, is madly in love with a shy and soft-spoken Shraddha. He will do anything to win her love even if it means fighting his mother with whom he shares a strong bond.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Narayani Shastri]] as Bhanwari Singh: Sher's mother; Shamsher and Arjun's grandmother<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/no-tears-no-glycerine-narayani-shastri-happy-with-negative-role/ |title=No tears, no glycerine, Narayani Shastri happy with negative role |date=21 April 2015 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/narayani-shastri-all-set-to-play-a-negative-role-after-10-years/16155153 |title=Narayani Shastri all set to play a negative role after 10 years! |date=22 April 2015 |website=mid-day |language=en|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[Gaurav S Bajaj]] as
** Sher Singh: Shraddha's husband; Shamsher and Arjun's father<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150607/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/%E2%80%98i-did-not-get-any-help-when-i-started-out%E2%80%99 |title=I did not get any help when I started out |last=varma |first=lipika |date=7 June 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> (2015) (Dead)
** Shamsher Singh: Sher and Shraddha's son; Arjun's brother; Aaradhya's husband (2015–2016)
* Keertida Mistry as Shraddha Singh: Sher's wife; Shamsher and Arjun's mother<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kritidas-journey-from-makeup-artiste-to-lead-actress/articleshow/47097849.cms |title=Kritida's journey from makeup artiste to lead actress |date=30 April 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=4 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kritida-refuses-to-play-mother-to-a-grown-up-in-Piya-Rangrezz/articleshow/50055592.cms |title=Kritida refuses to play mother to a grown-up in 'Piya Rangrezz' – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=6 December 2015 |language=en|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[Kanwar Dhillon]] as Arjun Singh: Sher and Shraddha's son; Shamsher's brother
* [[Gulki Joshi]] / [[Sreejita De]] as Dr. Aaradhya Singh: Shamsher's wife<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gulki-Joshi-How-can-they-replace-me-for-poor-chemistry-with-the-hero/articleshow/51039853.cms |title=Gulki Joshi: How can they replace me for poor chemistry with the hero? – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=19 February 2016 |language=en|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Shivshakti Sachdev]] as Chanda: Sher's lover
* Neha Bagga as Moonmoon Singh
* Afzaal Khan as Munna Singh
* Parv Kaila as Veer Singh
* Sahil Phull as Virat
* Rajat Dahiya as Vikas Singh
* Prabhjeet Kaur as Sunheri Singh
* Rehan Sayed as Sumer Singh
* Shalu Shreya as Gajra
* [[Naman Shaw]] as Aditya Pratap Singh
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Politician Nirmal Pandey
* [[Vibha Chibber]] / Niyati Joshi as Mrs. Singh (Dadi)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vibha-Chibber-in-Shashi-Sumeets-next-for-SAB-TV/articleshow/47756071.cms |title=Vibha Chibber in Shashi-Sumeet's next for SAB TV – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=21 June 2015 |language=en|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref>
* Sakib Hossain as Thakur Veerendra Pratap
* Nishikant Dixit as Mukund Mishra

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Life OK Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Piya Rangrezz}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]

McLeod Russel

2024-10-27T13:02:39Z

Inventaa: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{short description|Indian tea company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{COI|date=April 2017}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = McLeod Russel India Ltd
| logo = McLEOD RUSSEL.png
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| trading_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| romanized_name =
| type =
| traded_as = {{BSE|532654}}, {{NSE|MCLEODRUSSEQ}}
| industry = [[Tea]]
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 
| founder =
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations = 
| area_served =
| key_people =
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = Mr. Aditya Khaitan (Chairman & Managing Director)
| num_employees = 90,000
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|www.mcleodrussel.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''McLeod Russel India Ltd''' is an Indian tea company. It is currently the world's largest [[tea growing]] company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/mcleod-russel-24988/information/company-history|title = Mcleod Russel India Ltd|newspaper = Business Standard India}}</ref>

It is part of the [[Williamson Magor Group]]. It has Thirty One tea estates in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] of [[Assam]] and Two in the [[Dooars]] region of [[West Bengal]], three factories in [[Vietnam]] and six estates in [[Uganda]].
McLeod Russel produces more than 90 million kilograms of black tea every year.

==History==
The tale of McLeod Russel began in 1869 when Captain J.H. Williamson and Richard Boycott Magor, two Calcutta-based Englishmen, formed a partnership firm, [[Williamson Magor & Company]], to service the requirements of tea estates in Assam. [[Brij Mohan Khaitan]], who had a long-standing relationship with the Company by virtue of being the principal supplier of Packaging Materials and Fertilizers, was invited to join the Board of Directors in 1963. Mr. [[B. M. Khaitan]] eventually became the Managing Director in 1964 and took the Company to new heights.

Over the next half century, the McLeod Russel group has grown and acquired a number of well-established and internationally recognised tea companies, including Williamson Tea Assam, Doom Dooma Tea Company, Moran Tea Company in India, Phu Ben Tea Company in Vietnam and Rwenzori Tea Investments.

It has another subsidiary in Uganda, Mcleod Russel Uganda Limited which cultivates, manufactures and markets tea. It was formerly known as [[James Finlay & Co|James Finlay]] (Uganda) Limited. The company was founded in 1994 and is based in [[Kampala]].

Shortly before the death of B.M. Khaitan in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 June 2019|title=BM Khaitan passes away|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/bm-khaitan-passes-away/cid/1691656|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Professional Tea Tasters |url=https://professionalteataster.com/importance-of-tea-tasters-in-the-tea-industry/ |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> his younger son [[Aditya Khaitan]], has taken over as chairman of McLeod Russel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rakshit|first=Avishek|date=28 March 2019|title=Aditya Khaitan takes over McLeod Russel as the new chairman|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/aditya-khaitan-takes-over-mcleod-russel-as-the-new-chairman-119032800130_1.html|access-date=2022-01-14|newspaper=Business Standard India|language=en}}</ref>

==Operations==
The company's corporate office is situated at 4, Mangoe Lane, Surendra Mohan Ghosh Sarani, Kolkata. As the world's largest producer of bulk tea, McLeod Russel has two tea blending units - the Nilpur Blending Unit, in Assam and the Dubai Blending Unit, in Dubai.

Since 2018 McLeod has to deal with a liquidity crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Law & Shobha Roy|first=Abishek|date=2021-09-12|title=McLeod Russel's teacup of woes|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/corporate-file/mcleod-russels-teacup-of-woes/article36417040.ece|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|language=en}}</ref> It is reported that in the company's Tea Estate in Assam "most of the working community lives in [[penury]] even today".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandipan|first=Talukdar|date=2022-01-12|title=Home to Large Tea Estates, Assam's Behali Still Lacks Sufficient Healthcare Facilities|url=https://www.newsclick.in/home-large-tea-estates-assams-behali-still-lacks-sufficient-healthcare-facilities|access-date=2022-01-14|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[History of tea in India]]
* [[Indian Tea Association]]
* [[Tea Board of India]]
* [[Assam Tea]]
* [[Darjeeling Tea]]
* [[North Bengal Tea Industry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{tea-stub}}

[[Category:Tea companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1869]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Kakkathuruth

2024-09-19T09:45:27Z

Inventaa: created new data

{{Short description|Island in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kakkathuruth
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = island
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.817|76.325|type:isle_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kakkathuruth''' is a tiny island located at the [[Alappuzha district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] surrounded by the [[Vembanad|Vembanatu Lake]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magical sunsets to exhilarating village experience: Kakkathuruthu awaits travel enthusiasts |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/travel/magical-sunsets-to-exhilarating-village-experience-kakkathuruthu-awaits-travel-enthusiasts-1.8106946 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=5 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Known as the ''Island of crows'', the [[National Geographic]] described the [[sunset]] seen from Kakkathuruthu as the best in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=നാടന്‍ കള്ളും അപ്പവും കരിമീനും ഞണ്ടും; കാക്കത്തുരുത്തിലേക്ക് വിട്ടാലോ? |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/farm-tourism/2022/11/09/kakkathuruthu-village-tourism.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> It was included in the National Geographic series of 24 most beautiful pictures of different regions of the planet.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=B. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDJqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Kakkathuruthu&pg=PT176 |title=Kerala's Economic Development: Emerging Issues and Challenges |last2=Alwin |first2=Jerry |date=2018-09-01 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-766-6 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Maranchery Kakkathuruthu.jpg|thumb|300px| Kakkathuruth]]

==Overview==
Kakathuruth is located in [[Ezhupunna|Ezhupunna village]] at the northern end of [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kakkathuruthu beckons nature lovers with its magical sceneries |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2022/11/23/explore-kakkathuruthu-nature-food.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> [[Eramalloor|Eramallur]] is the land closest to Kakkathurth located one kilometer from the island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-20 |title=കാക്കത്തുരുത്ത്: കേരളത്തിന്റെ സമ്പദ് വ്യവസ്ഥ മാറ്റാൻ കഴിയുന്ന സുവർണ ദ്വീപ് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/life/kakkathuruth-the-golden-spot-of-kerala-tourism-tv-new-ar-166227.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The island can be accessed using boat from Eramallur. About 300 families live in the island, which is only three kilometers long and one and a half kilometers wide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കാക്കത്തുരുത്തിന്റെ പ്രത്യേകത എന്താണ്? |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2019/03/15/kakkathuruthu-island-alappuzha.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Situated in the middle of the [[Vembanad|Vembanatu lake]], Kakkathuruth is a haven for crows and many other birds making it a favorite spot for [[Birdwatching|bird watchers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kakkathuruthu {{!}} Tiny Island {{!}} Tourist Places in Alappuzha |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2022/kakkathuruthu-alappuzha/1161 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>

There are no major roads in the island and bicycles are the main vehicle on dirt roads. There is an Anganwadi (school for kids) and [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda hospital]] in the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ലോകശ്രദ്ധയാകർഷിച്ച വിനോദസഞ്ചാരകേന്ദ്രം, പക്ഷേ ഒരു പാലം ഇന്നാട്ടുകാർക്ക് നടക്കാത്ത മനോഹര സ്വപ്‌നം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/news/kakkathuruth-island-kakkathuruth-tourism-national-geographic-magazine-travel-news-kerala-tourism-1.5042011 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=10 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The combination of [[Mangrove|mangroves]], swamps, coconut groves that can be seen everywhere and the vastness of the Vembanatu backwater has made Kakathuruth a major tourist spot in Alappuzha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-18 |title=Kakkathuruthu, The Tiny Crow Island In Kerala Is Now On NatGeo's List Of World Destinations |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/kakkathuruthu-a-tiny-island-in-kerala-s-majestic-alapuzha-is-now-on-natgeo-s-list-of-world-destinations-263780.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2016, [[National Geographic]] selected Kakathuruth as one of the 24 most beautiful places in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-18 |title=Kakkathuruthu on NatGeo's must-visit list |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Kakkathuruthu-on-NatGeo%E2%80%99s-must-visit-list/article16075622.ece |access-date=2023-01-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kerala backwaters]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tourism in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakkathuruth}}
[[Category:River islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Alappuzha district]]

Dhupa

2024-09-14T03:30:37Z

Inventaa: enhanced page additionally

{{Short description|Ritual offering of incense in Indian religions}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox
| title = Dhupa or incense stick offering
| image =
{{image array|perrow=2|height=80|width=120
| image1 = Devotee with Incense - Panchananda Mandir - Narna - Howrah 2014-04-14 0294.JPG | caption1=Hinduism, India
| image2 = Incense stick and fa gao.jpg | caption2=Taoism, Singapore
| image3 = Incense-LE.jpg | caption3=Buddhism, Cambodia
| image4 = Thailand (272910785).jpg | caption4=Buddhism, Thailand
}}
}}
'''''Dhupa''''' (धुप) is, in [[Indian religions]] (such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], etc.), the ritual offering of [[Incense of India|incense]] during [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] to an image of a deity, or other object of veneration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbWazgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref> It is also the [[Sanskrit]] word for incense or perfume itself.

The [[Thai language]] also borrows this word from Sanskrit to call [[joss sticks]] or [[incense sticks]], by omitting "a" in the word ''Dhupa''. So, the word retains the Sanskrit form when it is written in the Thai alphabet as "Dhup" (ธูป). However, Sanskrit's {{angbr|dh}} ({{IPA|sa|dʱ|}}) is pronounced as an aspirated {{IPA|th|tʰ|}} in Thai so that the word is normally pronounced or transliterated as "Thup" ''({{IPA|th|tʰûːp|}})''. Incense burning before images, in temples and during prayer practice is also found in many parts of Asia, among followers of Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Taoism.

The very idea of offering ''dhupa'' is personified in the [[dakini]] ''Dhupa'', who is said in the [[Bardo Thödol]] to appear on the third day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yoniversum.nl/dakini/dak8bodh.html|title=Eight Bodhisattva Dakinis|website=yoniversum.nl}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Incense in India|Incense of India]]
* [[Upachara]]
* [[Puja (Hinduism)]]
* [[Puja (Buddhism)]]
{{portal | Hinduism}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Puja (Hinduism)]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

{{Dharmic-reli-stub}}

Ratansinh Rathod

2024-08-27T05:35:05Z

Inventaa:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ratansinh Magansinh Rathod
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member]] of the [[India Parliament]] for [[Panchmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panchmahal]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Panchmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panchmahal]]
| term =
| occupation =
| predecessor = [[Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh Chauhan]]
| successor = [[Rajpalsinh Mahendrasinh Jadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| religion =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
}}
'''Ratansinh Magansinh Rathod''', also known as Ratan Singh, is an Indian politician and a [[member of parliament]] to the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Panchmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency]], [[Gujarat]]. He won the [[2019 Indian general election]] being a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS0618.htm?ac=18|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|date=2019-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/panchmahal-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-live-updates-ratansinh-magansinh-rathod-of-bjp-wins-6669991.html|title=Ratansinh Magansinh Rathod of BJP wins |publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=2019-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gujarat-election-results-2019-panchmahal-sets-record-dahod-stays-with-bjp/articleshow/69475473.cms|title=Panchmahal sets record, Dahod stays with BJP|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2019-05-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{17th LS members from Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathod, Ratansinh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bhaskar Bharti

2024-05-11T19:49:43Z

Inventaa: created new pg.

{{Short description|Television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = BhaskarBhartiLogo2.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Fantasy comedy]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| starring = [[Ragini Khanna]] [[Anchal Sabharwal]] [[Aamir Ali]] [[Vivek Mushran]] [[Jai Kalra]] [[Rukhsar Rehman]] [[Rajesh Khera]] [[Eijaz Khan]]
| director = {{ubl|Pavan Kaul|Manoj Kotian}}
| producer = Deeya Singh [[Tony Singh (director)|Tony Singh]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2009|5|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2009|12|17}}
| company = [[DJ's a Creative Unit]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 120
}}
'''''Bhaskar Bharti''''' is an Indian [[fantasy]] [[comedy-drama]] television series that premiered from 25 May 2009 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-new-tv-shows-ready-to-air/20090518.htm | title=Great TV shows coming up! | date=18 May 2009 | website=[[Rediff.com]] | access-date=22 October 2023 | archive-date=22 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022142107/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-new-tv-shows-ready-to-air/20090518.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by Deeya Singh and [[Tony Singh (director)|Tony Singh]] under [[DJ's a Creative Unit]], it stars [[Ragini Khanna]], [[Anchal Sabharwal]], [[Aamir Ali]], [[Jai Kalra]], [[Rukhsar Rehman]], [[Vivek Mushran]] and [[Eijaz Khan]].<ref>{{cite interview |last=Khan |first=Eijaz |subject-link=Eijaz Khan |interviewer=Rajul Hegde |title=Bhaskar is half of what I am! |date=25 May 2009 |publisher=Rediff |location=Mumbai |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/may/25/slide-show-1-eijaz-khan-talks-about-bhaskar-bharti.htm |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022164114/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/may/25/slide-show-1-eijaz-khan-talks-about-bhaskar-bharti.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The story is about a man named Bhaskar Bharti, who is turned into a woman. As a woman, "she" goes by the name Bharti Bhaskar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/bhaskar-bharati/articleshow/4723323.cms | title=Ragini Khanna in a still from the TV show 'Bhaskar Bharti' | date=1 July 2009 | access-date=22 October 2023 | archive-date=22 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022142647/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/bhaskar-bharati/articleshow/4723323.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> It went off air on 17 December 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhaskar-bharti-to-wrap-up/articleshow/5296154.cms | title=Bhaskar Bharti to wrap up | newspaper=The Times of India | date=4 December 2009 | access-date=22 October 2023 | archive-date=22 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022142705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhaskar-bharti-to-wrap-up/articleshow/5296154.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to its launch, it was believed that ''Bhaskar Bharti'' was a TV adaptation of the 2005 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Mr Ya Miss]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/24223_gec-watch-ghajini-advantage-for-colors-zee-back-at-no-3 | title=GEC Watch: Ghajini advantage for Colors; Zee back at No 3 | date=11 June 2009 | access-date=22 October 2023 | archive-date=22 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022142613/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/24223_gec-watch-ghajini-advantage-for-colors-zee-back-at-no-3 | url-status=live }}</ref> However, that was not the case, as it is actually a Hindi adaptation of the Argentine comedy show ''[[Lalola]]''<ref>{{cite interview |last=Khanna |first=Ragini |interviewer=Rajul Hegde |title=I feel I'm a man |date=28 May 2009 |publisher=Rediff |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-ragini-khanna-talks-about-bhaskar-bharti/20090528.htm |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022164027/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-ragini-khanna-talks-about-bhaskar-bharti/20090528.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in which a man turns into a woman as a result of being cursed by one of his love interests.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Sharma | first1=Sanjukta | last2=Nakra | first2=Rachana | url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/45CV3HfBYDVTCgpjIctG9L/Sony8217s-fight-after-the-fall.html | title=Sony's fight after the fall | date=19 June 2009 | work=[[Livemint]] | access-date=22 October 2023 | archive-date=29 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929081802/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/45CV3HfBYDVTCgpjIctG9L/Sony8217s-fight-after-the-fall.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Bhaskar is an attractive and debonair man who serves as the chief editor of Men's Universe (MU), a fledgling men's magazine based in [[Mumbai]]. He's quite popular among women; however, he keeps moving in and out of relationships, as he doesn't believe in the concept of love. Eventually, his scorned ex-girlfriend Gita curses him to endure the pain of women. The curse comes true, and Bhaskar [[Body swap|transforms]] into a woman that night. Bewildered by the transformation, Bhaskar confides in his friend Payal. To keep his job, he assumes the identity of his own fictional cousin, Bharti. Bharti impresses the new investor Raichura with a presentation and secures the position of chief editor. Despite facing harassment from Raichura, Bharti's resilience prevails, overcoming attempts to tarnish her image. Gradually, [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] Amarjeet also acknowledges Bharti's potential.

At work, Bharti faces constant workplace harassment, particularly from jealous colleagues Gyaan and Vineeta, who have allied with Raichura. However, he finds an ally in the compassionate photographer Armaan, who frequently comes to Bharti's rescue. In an attempt to revert back to Bhaskar, Bharti and Payal meet Chakrapani Baba, only to soon discover that he is a fraud. Bharti meets the mysterious KK, who reveals he is responsible for Bhaskar's transformation into a woman, which temporarily reverts when KK is around. KK explains that for the curse to be lifted, Bhaskar must experience and understand the pain of every woman.

At work, Bharti's adamant nature often leads her to disrupt work and inadvertently hurt people's feelings, but Armaan is always there to console her. As they grow closer, Bharti struggles to accept her growing feelings for Armaan and his daughter Jia, as she is actually Bhaskar. Payal, who has long adored Bhaskar, feels helpless seeing Bharti fall for Armaan. Gyaan and Raichura's schemes frequently land Bharti in humorous predicaments, leading to outbursts towards Armaan, though their conflicts only bring them closer together.

KK sets Bharti a series of challenges to understand womanhood, informing her that if she completes them, she would revert back to Bhaskar. However, she initially fails due to overconfidence. Driven by her dream to buy a [[Haveli]] in [[Gwalior]] for her father Laxminarayan, who doubted her abilities, Bharti works tirelessly despite opposition from Gyaan and Raichura. When Bhaskar's family visits, including his parents and cousin Nanhe, Bharti lies that she is Bhaskar's wife, leading to confusion at MU after Nanhe unwittingly reveals this to Anu, Amarjeet's spoiled daughter who harbors animosity towards Bharti due to her popularity at the office.

Eventually, Bharti and Armaan resolve the situation and expose Anu's antics, resulting in Anu getting fired. At home, she endures Laxminarayan's [[Chauvinism|chauvinistic]] behavior until she proves her worth with support from her mother and Payal. Bharti buys the Haveli, which brings joy to her parents, but she is heartbroken at being unable to present it as Bhaskar. During [[Krishna Janmashtami]], KK reveals himself as [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] and, despite Bhaskar's pleas, refuses to revert his transformation, as he observes that Bhaskar still hasn't shed some of his careless attitude. Meanwhile, a crisis arises when gangster Vasooli kidnaps Jia due to Bharti owing him money, further straining her relationship with Armaan after a rescue mission.

Due to various confusions, Bhaskar is compelled to appear. KK then presents Bharti with a chance to bring Bhaskar back without reverting her transformation. He accomplishes this by transforming himself into Bhaskar. However, he conditions this upon Bharti revealing her true identity to her parents.Bharti tries about to reveal the truth but backs out at the last minute, opting to lie about being divorced instead. KK's response to Bharti's lie is to make her life more complicated, leading to a chain of events orchestrated by him. Shocked by her divorce revelation, Laxminarayan disowns Bhaskar for abandoning Bharti, now having accepted her as his daughter. This was planned by KK as a punishment plan for Bharti's deception.

When framed for [[embezzlement]] by Gyaan and Raichura, Bharti flees but is found by a [[sadhu]] who reveals she must attain complete womanhood to break the curse. Amarjeet catches Raichura discussing their plot against Bharti before eventually firing him. He then brings in the [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] Omkar as the new investor. Meanwhile, Armaan rescues Bharti and proposes to her, which she accepts, realizing that marriage could be her ticket back to being Bhaskar

Omkar, who is the estranged older brother of Armaan reunites with him. He discovers during Armaan's wedding that Bharti resembles his own missing wife, Bharti Sinha, who mysteriously vanished 6 months prior. He halts the wedding and [[Forced marriage|forcibly marries]] Bharti, despite her protests of not knowing him. In Omkar's patriarchal household, Bharti faces cruelty from Omkar and his family. Radha, Omkar's sister-in-law who faces similar treatment, provides comfort to the oppressed Bharti. Armaan feels helpless witnessing Bharti's mistreatment. Meanwhile, Radha is often berated by her in-laws for her inability to conceive. Her cruel mother-in-law even goes so far as to arrange for her to be nearly assaulted by a fake tantric, who claims to resolve her fertility issues. Eventually, Armaan and Bharti expose Radha's mother-in-law's actions, bringing justice to Radha. Bharti humiliates Omkar and reunites with her friend Payal after a long separation. Bharti overhears Payal and Armaan talking about how much she loves Bhaskar. Repentant for not sensing Payal's emotions earlier, Bharti (as Bhaskar) begs for forgiveness.

Bharti becomes aware of how much she has changed since her transformation and aspires to always be a woman when she and Armaan hear Jia's speech at school in which Jia professes her respect for Bharti. However, KK informs her that she will change back into Bhaskar after succeeding over all challenges. To Payal's surprise, Bharti indeed transforms back into Bhaskar the next day. As Bharti, Bhaskar writes a heartbreaking farewell letter to Armaan, claiming that she has run away due to Omkar's abusive behavior.

A changed Bhaskar returns to office after his long absence, much to everyone's joy and surprise. He vows to put in more effort and improve his understanding of everyone around him. Bhaskar notices Armaan feeling low and offers him comfort. To Armaan's astonishment, the real Bharti shows up, and they are reunited, while Bhaskar and Payal, who are now a couple, embrace as they prepare to travel to Gwalior.

==Cast==
===Main cast===
* [[Ragini Khanna]] as Bhaskar Bharti, mainly known as Bharti Bhaskar, Bhaskar's female ''[[Avatar]]'', who is continuously trapped in problems and solves them.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/of-love-laughter-2508738 | title=Of love and laughter | date=21 August 2010 | quote=Ragini apparently had a tough time adapting to Suhana’s character after playing a ‘guy’s’ role in Bhaskar Bharti. “I was completely involved with Bhaskar Bharti so when it went off air all of a sudden, I was completely lost,” says the actress | work=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=22 October 2023 | archive-date=22 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022142609/https://www.deccanherald.com/features/of-love-laughter-2508738 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Anchal Sabharwal]] as Payal Mehra, She is Bhaskar's best friend, who loves him and wants him back in his original self. She is constantly with him through this tumultuous phase of his life, and helps him in dealing with his new body and new personal and professional life. She works in a Radio Station.
* [[Aamir Ali]] as Armaan Sinha, Bhaskar's office colleague. He is in love with Bharti, The female version of Bhaskar. He is a divorcé with a young daughter, and is shown as a good and kind person by heart.
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Bhaskar, He originally stars as a guest and makes small appearances in some episodes. He is the chief editor of ''Men's Universe'' magazine, and hails originally from [[Gwalior]], a playboy man.

===Recurring cast===
* [[Vivek Mushran]] as Amarjeet Chaddha, Bhaskar (Bharti)'s boss. He is initially biased against Bharti and doubts her capabilities, but is gradually forced to accept her contributions towards the magazine's success.
* [[Jai Kalra]] as Gyaan Gupta, Bhaskar's office colleague and supposed best friend. Gyaan, however, is very jealous of Both Bharti and Bhaskar but is in an open fight with Bharti. He and Vineeta try often to get her thrown out of her job, but without result.
* [[Rukhsar Rehman]] as Vineeta Lamba, Gyaan's subordinate in office and also his love interest. She conspires with Gyaan to have Bharti thrown out from the magazine, so he can assume Bhaskar's post and she can be promoted to his current post.
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as KK, the mysterious man who is responsible for Bhaskar's transformation into Bharti. He is later revealed to be none other than [[Lord Krishna]] (KK apparently being short for "Krishna Kanhaiya"). Bhaskar is seen in his male form only when KK is with him.
* [[Mohit Daga]] as Nanhe

===Guest cast===
* [[Preeti Amin]] as Geeta, A simple Girl. Bhaskar promised to marry her but left her at last moment. In anger she asked God to teach Bhaskar the respect of women, Resulting in his transformation from a man to a woman.
* [[Shakti Anand]] as Omkar Sinha, Armaan's Elder brother. He claims that he is Bharti's husband.
* [[Kurush Deboo]] as Dr. Vibhushan Nath Chakrapani Baba. A spiritual con baba dupes Bharti with a false claim to make her Bhaskar (the male) again with the help of his chemicals and holy mantras book.
* Kanika Kohli as Armaan's Ex-Wife

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1700302}}

{{SET Shows}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]

Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite

2024-01-12T13:03:41Z

Inventaa: add section also and cleaned formatting

{{update|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite
| names_list = 


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| mission_type = [[Reconnaissance satellite|Reconnaissance]]
| operator = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation ]]
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'''Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite''' is an Indian advanced [[reconnaissance satellite]], being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation ]] (DRDO). It will be India's first officially declared dedicated spy satellite and is expected to be in orbit, tentatively, by 2014.<ref name=DN>{{cite news|title=India Making Strides in Satellite Technology|url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=old&id=239|accessdate=26 July 2012|newspaper=Defence News|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606194638/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=old&id=239|archivedate=6 June 2013}}</ref> {{needs update|date=September 2019}} This satellite will help Indian [[Intelligence agency|intelligence agencies]] to significantly boost surveillance of [[terror camp]]s in neighbouring countries.

==Utilisation==
The CCI-Sat will be able to [[Imagery intelligence|capture images]], [[Signals intelligence|eaves drop]] on [[communication]] (for example, a conversation between two [[satellite phone]]s) and perform [[surveillance]]. It will be equipped with a [[synthetic aperture radar]] to take high-resolution images of target regions. The cost of the satellite is expected to be around ₹ 100 [[crore]] (around US$25 million). ISRO will contribute towards the satellite's design and development and the [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory]] (DLRL) will be responsible for manufacturing the [[Payload (air and space craft)|payload]].<ref name=DN/><ref name="DNAindia">Bhargavi, Kerur. [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-s-spy-in-the-sky-by-2014_1345753 "India's Spy in the Sky by 2020"], ''DNA India'', February 10, 2010</ref>
According to DLRL Director G Boopathy, the CCI-Sat is an essential component of the initiative taken by the [[Government of India]] to further develop the electronic warfare capabilities of the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]],<ref name="UPI">Bent on boosting its military intelligence, India is set to develop a new, cutting edge surveillance satellite. [http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2010/02/16/Indian-eye-in-sky-developed/UPI-75991266332411/#ixzz21kLgaDUo Indian eye in sky developed], UPI News.</ref>

==Description==
According to Bhoopathy, the CCI-Sat would orbit Earth at an altitude of 500 km and provide surveillance and monitoring regions in proximity to India and passing on surveillance data to India intelligence agencies. Bhoopathy also added that India's defense doctrine would continue to develop assets in space and that the equipping for [[electronic warfare]] from space was a major goal of the Government of India.<ref name=DN/><ref name="DNAindia"/>

==Future plans==
This satellite will also be a test bed for future technology. Similar in line with [[Cartosat]]s, the satellite can be steered up to high degrees along, as well as across, the track, with one end-objective of providing an agile platform to field [[:wikt:cutting edge|cutting edge]] technology developed from previous experience gained by India's extensive [[remote sensing]] and TES satellite programs.<ref name="DNAindia"/>

==See also==
*[[RISAT-2]]
*[[Cartosat-2]]
*[[Cartosat-2A]]
*[[Cartosat-2B]]
*[[Cartosat-3]]
*[[Technology Experiment Satellite]]
*[[List of Indian satellites]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite (Cci-Sat)}}
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Reconnaissance satellites]]
[[Category:Synthetic aperture radar satellites]]