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Kashinath Shetgaonkar

2023-10-07T06:41:32Z

Intelligence Journal:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Kashinath Shetgaonkar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Morjim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| office = [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = ''constituency established''
| majority = 3,185 (49.05%)
| constituency = [[Pernem Assembly constituency|Pernem]]
| successor = Kinlekar Babal Laxman
| termstart = 1963
| termend = 1967
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1963)
}}

'''Kashinath Anant Shetgaonkar'''{{efn|Alternatively spelt as '''Kashinath Shetgaokar''' or '''Kashinath Anant Shet Gaokar'''.}} was an Indian politician who served as a member of the [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Pernem Assembly constituency]] from 1963 to 1967. He was a member of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=219 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kashinath Anant Shetgaonkar<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Goa, Daman and Diu (India) Legislative |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=HD4IAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Kashinath+Shet |title=Debates; Official Report |date=1967 |language=en}}</ref> hailed from the town of [[Morjim]] in [[North Goa district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagkar, first Morjim local to get national party ticket |url=https://www.thegoan.net//bagkar-first-morjim-local-to-get-national-party-ticket/50485.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Shetgaonkar had a very short-lived political career. He first contested in the [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Pernem Assembly constituency]] on the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] ticket and emerged victorious by defeating the [[Congress party]] candidate by a margin of 1,273 votes. He served as a legislator of the constituency from 1963 to 1967, totaling four years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-30|title=ASSEMBLY ELECTION – 1963|url=https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf|access-date=2023-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830123222/https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-30 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Goan people]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1963–1967]]

Otilia Mascarenhas

2023-09-15T20:18:41Z

Intelligence Journal: Fresh article content.

'''Dr Otilia Mascarenhas''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and a former member and captain of the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women’s hockey team]] during the 60s. She hails from Goa. She received Arjuna Award in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjuna Award |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/arjuna-award |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> She is also an Orthopedic Surgeon and specialist in Sports Medicine. She now lives in Cologne, Germany.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Otilia, the one... |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/otilia-the-one-/articleshow/29983147.cms |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Otilia was born in Goa. She shifted to Pune to study at the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune. Later, she went to Germany to study sports medicine. She got married to Lothar Brunst, a former football player in the German second division.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
1971: World Cup, 8th place for India;
1974; World Cup, France: Semifinals (4th);

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mascarenhas, Otilia}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Indian orthopedic surgeons]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:Indian sports physicians]]

List of bustards

2023-09-14T14:31:15Z

Intelligence Journal: Published a captivating publication.

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use British English}}
{{Use list-defined references}}

[[File:Ardeotis kori Riesentrappe Kori Bustard.jpg|thumb|[[Kori bustard]]]]
[[Bustards]] are birds in the [[Family (biology)|family]] Otididae in the [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] [[Order (biology)|order]] Otidiformes. There are currently 26 extant [[species]] of bustards recognised by the [[International Ornithologists' Union]].<ref name="bustardsIOC" /> Many species of fossil bustards are known from the [[Miocene]] onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.<ref name="bustardsPDB" />

== Conventions ==
{{IUCN statuses|ex=0|ew=0|cr=3|en=1|vu=4|nt=7|lc=11|dd=0|ne=0|suppress-others=y}}
Conservation status codes listed follow the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) [[IUCN Red List|Red List of Threatened Species]]. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the bustard's range is provided. Ranges are based on the [[IOC World Bird List]] for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the [[taxonomic treatment]] (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.<ref name="bustardsIOC" /> Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN{{efn|The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the [[HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World|HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist]].<ref name="bustardsBirdLife" />}} or the 2023 edition of [[The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World]],<ref name="ClementsChecklist" /> the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

== Classification ==
The [[International Ornithologists' Union]] (IOU) recognises 26 species of bustards in twelve genera. This list does not include [[hybrid species]], extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.

'''Family Spheniscidae'''

* Genus ''[[Otis (bird)|Otis]]'': one species
* Genus ''[[Ardeotis]]'': four species
* Genus ''[[Chlamydotis]]'': two species
* Genus ''[[Neotis]]'': four species
* Genus ''[[Eupodotis]]'': two species
* Genus ''[[Heterotetrax]]'': three species
* Genus ''[[Lophotis]]'': three species
* Genus ''[[Afrotis]]'': two species
* Genus ''[[Lissotis]]'': two species
* Genus ''[[Houbaropsis]]'': one species
* Genus ''[[Sypheotides]]'': one species
* Genus ''[[Tetrax]]'': one species
{{clear}}

== Bustards ==
{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Otis (bird)|Otis]]|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]|authority-year=1758|species-count=1|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Great bustard]]|binomial=O. tarda
|image=File:Otis tarda, Hortobagy, Hungary 1.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]|authority-year=1758
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''O. t. tarda''
| ''O. t. dybowskii''
}}
|range=[[Palearctic]]|range-image=File:OtisTardaIUCN2019 2.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=VU|population=44,000–57,000|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Otis-tarda" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Ardeotis]]|authority-name=[[Emmanuel Le Maout|Le Maout]]|authority-year=1853|species-count=4|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes|name=[[Arabian bustard]]|binomial=A. arabs
|image=File:Arabian Bustard.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]|authority-year=1758|authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Four subspecies |bullets=on
| ''A. a. lynesi''
| ''A. a. stieberi''
| ''A. a. arabs''
| ''A. a. butleri''
}}
|range=Africa and Middle East|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=NT|population=Unknown|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Ardeotis-arabs" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Kori bustard]]|binomial=A. kori
|image=File:Ardeotis kori.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[William John Burchell|Burchell]]|authority-year=1822|authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''A. k. struthiunculus''
| ''A. k. kori''
}}
|range=Africa|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=NT|population=Unknown|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Ardeotis-kori" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Great Indian bustard]]|binomial=A. nigriceps
|image=File:Ardeotis nigriceps, Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India 1.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]]|authority-year=1831|authority-not-original=yes
|range=India|range-image=File:Ardeotis nigriceps map.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=CR|population=50–249|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Ardeotis-nigriceps" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Australian bustard]]|binomial=A. australis
|image=File:Australian Bustard 2 - Mt Carbine.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John Edward Gray|Gray, J. E.]]|authority-year=1829|authority-not-original=yes
|range=Australia and New Guinea|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=6,700–67,000|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Ardeotis-australis" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Chlamydotis]]|authority-name=[[René Lesson|Lesson, R. P.]]|authority-year=1839|species-count=2|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Houbara bustard]]|binomial=C. undulata
|image=File:Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae 183143913.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Joseph Franz von Jacquin|Jacquin]]|authority-year=1784|authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''C. u. fuertaventurae''
| ''C. u. undulata''
}}
|range=North Africa|range-image=File:ChlamydotisUndulataIUCN2019 2.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=VU|population=13,000–33,000|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Chlamydotis-undulata" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Macqueen's bustard]]|binomial=C. macqueenii
|image=File:Chlamydotis macqueenii 201795308.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John Edward Gray|Gray, J. E.]]|authority-year=1832|authority-not-original=yes
|range=Asia|range-image=File:ChlamydotisMacqueeniiIUCN2019 2.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=VU|population=33,000–67,000|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Chlamydotis-macqueenii" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Neotis]]|authority-name=[[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe]]|authority-year=1893|species-count=4|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Ludwig's bustard]]|binomial=N. ludwigii
|image=File:Neotis ludwigii.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]]|authority-year=1837|authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southern Africa|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=EN|population=100,000–499,999|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Neotis-ludwigii" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Denham's bustard]]|binomial=N. denhami
|image=File:Neotis denhami 63245580.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John George Children|Children]] and [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]]|authority-year=1826|authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on
| ''N. d. denhami''
| ''N. d. jacksoni''
| ''N. d. stanleyi''
}}
|range=Africa {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=Denham's bustard range.map}}|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=NT|population=Unknown|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Neotis-denhami" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Heuglin's bustard]]|binomial=N. heuglinii
|image=File:Neotis heuglinii 110378493.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Gustav Hartlaub|Hartlaub]]|authority-year=1859|authority-not-original=yes
|range=East Africa|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{steady|Population stable}}<ref name="iucn-Neotis-heuglinii" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Nubian bustard]]|binomial=N. nuba
|image=File:Eupodotis nuba - 1820-1860 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ17200029 cropped.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar|Cretzschmar]]|authority-year=1826|authority-not-original=yes
|range=Africa|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=NT|population=Unknown|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Neotis-nuba" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Eupodotis]]|authority-name=[[René Lesson|Lesson, R. P.]]|authority-year=1839|species-count=2|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[White-bellied bustard]]|binomial=E. senegalensis
|image=File:White bellied bustard calling.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]]|authority-year=1821|authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Five subspecies |bullets=on
| ''E. s. senegalensis''
| ''E. s. canicollis''
| ''E. s. erlangeri''
| ''E. s. mackenziei''
| ''E. s. barrowii''
}}
|range=Africa|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Eupodotis-senegalensis" />}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Blue korhaan]]|binomial=E. caerulescens
|image=File:Blue Korhaan (Eupodotis caerulescens) male.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]]|authority-year=1821|authority-not-original=yes
|range=South Africa and [[Lesotho]]|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=NT|population=8,000–10,000|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Eupodotis-caerulescens" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Heterotetrax]]|authority-name=[[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe]]|authority-year=1894|species-count=3|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Karoo korhaan]]|binomial=H. vigorsii
|image=File:Eupodotis vigorsii 116425172.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith, A.]]|authority-year=1831|authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''H. v. namaqua''
| ''H. v. vigorsii''
}}
|range=Africa|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{increase|Population increasing}}<ref name="iucn-Heterotetrax-vigorsii" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Rüppell's korhaan]]|binomial=H. rueppelii
|image=File:2011-ruppells-korhaan.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Johan August Wahlberg|Wahlberg]]|authority-year=1856|authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''H. r. rueppelii''
| ''H. r. fitzsimonsi''
}}
|range=Namibia and Angola|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{steady|Population stable}}<ref name="iucn-Heterotetrax-rueppelii" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Little brown bustard]]|binomial=H. humilis
|image=|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]]|authority-year=1855|authority-not-original=yes
|range=Ethiopia and Somalia|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=NT|population=Unknown|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Heterotetrax-humilis" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Lophotis]]|authority-name=[[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]]|authority-year=1848|species-count=3|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Savile's bustard]]|binomial=L. savilei
|image=File:Eupodotis savilei 255509693.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Hubert Lynes|Lynes]]|authority-year=1920
|range=Africa|range-image=File:Lophotis.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{steady|Population stable}}<ref name="iucn-Lophotis-savilei" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Buff-crested bustard]]|binomial=L. gindiana
|image=File:Crested Bustard - Eupodotis ruficrista gindiana.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Émile Oustalet|Oustalet]]|authority-year=1881|authority-not-original=yes
|range=East Africa|range-image=File:Lophotis.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{steady|Population stable}}<ref name="iucn-Lophotis-gindiana" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Red-crested korhaan]]|binomial=L. ruficrista
|image=File:Red-crested Korhaan (Lophotis ruficrista) male (13799426305), crop.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith, A.]]|authority-year=1836|authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southern Africa|range-image=File:Lophotis.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{steady|Population stable}}<ref name="iucn-Lophotis-ruficrista" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Afrotis]]|authority-name=[[George Robert Gray|Gray, G. R.]]|authority-year=1855|species-count=2|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Southern black korhaan]] |binomial=A. afra |
image=File:Eupodotis afra -South Africa-8.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=South Africa |range-image= |range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Afrotis-afra" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Northern black korhaan]]|binomial=A. afraoides
|image=File:Northern black korhaan (Afrotis afraoides) male.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=|authority-name=[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith, A.]]|authority-year=1831|authority-not-original=yes|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on
| ''A. a. etoschae''
| ''A. a. damarensis''
| ''A. a. afraoides''
}}
|range=Southern Africa|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{steady|Population stable}}<ref name="iucn-Afrotis-afraoides" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Lissotis]]|authority-name=[[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]]|authority-year=1848|species-count=2|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Black-bellied bustard]]|binomial=L. melanogaster
|image=File:Black-bellied bustard.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]]|authority-year=1835|authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''L. m. melanogaster''
| ''L. m. notophila''
}}
|range=Africa|range-image=File:Range of Lissotis melanogaster.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Lissotis-melanogaster" />
}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Hartlaub's bustard]]|binomial=L. hartlaubii
|image=File:Lissotis hartlaubi2.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Theodor von Heuglin|Heuglin]]|authority-year=1863|authority-not-original=yes
|range=East Africa|range-image=|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=LC|population=Unknown|direction={{steady|Population stable}}<ref name="iucn-Lissotis-hartlaubii" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Houbaropsis]]|authority-name=[[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe]]|authority-year=1893|species-count=1|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Bengal florican]]|binomial=H. bengalensis
|image=File:Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis bengalensis) (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller, P. L. S.]]|authority-year=1776|authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''H. b. bengalensis''
| ''H. b. blandini''
}}
|range=Southeast Asia and northeastern South Asia|range-image=File:Houbaropsis bengalensis map.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=CR|population=250–999|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Houbaropsis-bengalensis" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Sypheotides]]|authority-name=[[René Lesson|Lesson, R. P.]]|authority-year=1839|species-count=1|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Lesser florican]]|binomial=S. indicus
|image=File:Male Lesser Florican (crop).jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John Frederick Miller|Miller, J. F.]]|authority-year=1782|authority-not-original=yes
|range=India|range-image=File:Sypheotides indica distribution.PNG|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=CR|population=356–1,228|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Sypheotides-indicus" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table|no-note=y|genus=[[Tetrax]]|authority-name=[[Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster|Forster, T.]]|authority-year=1817|species-count=1|no-ecology=yes}}
{{Species table/row|no-ecology=yes
|name=[[Little bustard]]|binomial=T. tetrax
|image=File:Little Bustard (Tetrax tetrax), Castuera, Extremadura, Spain.jpg|image-size=180px|image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]|authority-year=1758|authority-not-original=yes
|range=[[Palearctic realm|Palearctic]] of Asia, Europe, and North Africa|range-image=File:TetraxTetraxIUCNver2018 2.png|range-image-size=144px
|iucn-status=NT|population=100,000–499,999|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="iucn-Tetrax-tetrax" />
}}
{{Species table/end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=<ref name="bustardsBirdLife">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7 |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy |access-date=11 September 2023 |publisher=HBW and BirdLife International |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925132236/http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ClementsChecklist">{{Cite web |last1=Clements |first1=James F. |author-link=James Clements |last2=Schulenberg |first2=T. S. |last3=Iliff |first3=M. J. |last4=Fredericks |first4=T. A. |last5=Gerbracht |first5=J. A. |last6=Lepage |first6=Denis |last7=Billerman |first7=S. M. |last8=Sullivan |first8=B. L. |last9=Wood |first9=C. L. |title=The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2022 |url=https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Clements Checklist}}</ref>

<ref name="bustardsIOC">{{cite web |title=Turacos, bustards, cuckoos, mesites, sandgrouse |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/turacos/ |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List |version=v 13.2 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1=F. |editor-last2=Donsker |editor-first2=D. |editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P.}}</ref>

<ref name="bustardsPDB">{{cite web |title=Fossilworks: Otididae |url=http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=39634 |access-date=12 September 2023 |work=[[Paleobiology Database]] |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] }}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Otis-tarda">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Otis tarda'' |page=e.T22691900A119044104 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22691900A119044104.en |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Ardeotis-arabs">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Ardeotis arabs'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22691924A129917069 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691924A129917069.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Ardeotis-kori">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Ardeotis kori'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691928A93329549 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691928A93329549.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Ardeotis-nigriceps">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Ardeotis nigriceps'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22691932A134188105 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691932A134188105.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Ardeotis-australis">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Ardeotis australis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691940A93330335 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691940A93330335.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Chlamydotis-undulata">{{cite iucn |title=''Chlamydotis undulata'' |author=BirdLife International |page=e.T22728245A90341807 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728245A90341807.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Chlamydotis-macqueenii">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Chlamydotis macqueenii'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22733562A205364424 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22733562A205364424.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Neotis-ludwigii">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Neotis ludwigii'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22691910A129456278 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691910A129456278.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Neotis-denhami">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Neotis denhami'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691905A93327715 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691905A93327715.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Neotis-heuglinii">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Neotis heuglinii'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691920A93328934 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691920A93328934.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Neotis-nuba">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Neotis nuba'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691914A93328585 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691914A93328585.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Eupodotis-senegalensis">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Eupodotis senegalensis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691996A93332403 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691996A93332403.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Eupodotis-caerulescens">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Eupodotis caerulescens'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T22692000A118449147 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22692000A118449147.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Heterotetrax-vigorsii">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Heterotetrax vigorsii'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691986A93331917 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691986A93331917.en |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Heterotetrax-rueppelii">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Heterotetrax rueppelii'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691980A93331758 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691980A93331758.en |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Heterotetrax-humilis">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Heterotetrax humilis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691991A93332115 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691991A93332115.en |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Lophotis-savilei">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Lophotis savilei'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T22691955A118859689 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22691955A118859689.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Lophotis-gindiana">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Lophotis gindiana'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691960A93330878 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691960A93330878.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Lophotis-ruficrista">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Lophotis ruficrista'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691965A93331085 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691965A93331085.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Afrotis-afra">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Afrotis afra'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691975A93331501 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691975A93331501.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Afrotis-afraoides">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Afrotis afraoides'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22691970A93331294 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691970A93331294.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Lissotis-melanogaster">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Lissotis melanogaster'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22692007A93332996 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692007A93332996.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Lissotis-hartlaubii">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Lissotis hartlaubii'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22692011A93333424 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692011A93333424.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Houbaropsis-bengalensis">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Houbaropsis bengalensis'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T22692015A130184896 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692015A130184896.en}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Sypheotides-indicus">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Sypheotides indicus'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T22692024A199959007 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692024/199959007 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="iucn-Tetrax-tetrax">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |title=''Tetrax tetrax'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22691896A129913710 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691896A129913710.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>}}

[[Category:Lists of birds]]
[[Category:Lists of animals]]
[[Category:Otididae]]

2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game

2023-07-01T01:41:14Z

Intelligence Journal: /* Round 5 */ link to Humaira Kazi

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
|name = 2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game
|fromdate = 18 March
|todate = 5 April 2018
|administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
|cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
|tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament]]
|host = {{flag|India}}
|champions = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
|count = 1
|participants = 5
|matches = 10
|most runs = [[Thirush Kamini]] (353)
|most wickets = [[Preeti Bose]] (21)
|website =
|previous_year = 2016–17
|previous_tournament = 2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game
|next_year =
|next_tournament =
}}

{{2017–18 Indian domestic cricket season}}

The '''2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game''' was the fourth season of [[India]]'s [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zonal]] women's [[First-class cricket|first-class]] competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-women's-cricket-inter-zonal-three-day-game-2017-18/overview|title=senior-women's-cricket-inter-zonal-three-day-game-2017-18|last=|first=|date=|website=www.bcci.tv|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> The tournament took place from 18 March to 5 April 2018. Five zonal teams participated in the tournament, facing each other in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format in [[First-class cricket|three-day matches]]. All matches took place in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]] won the tournament, achieving their first title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-women's-cricket-inter-zonal-three-day-game-2017-18/fixtures|title=senior-women's-cricket-inter-zonal-three-day-game-2017-18/fixtures|last=|first=|date=|website=www.bcci.tv|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Competition format==
The five teams played in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] league, therefore playing four matches. Matches were played using a [[First-class cricket|three-day format]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2017/18 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>

The league worked on a points system with positions within the divisions being based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows:<ref name="Table"/>

'''Win''': 6 points. 
'''[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]''': 3 points. 
'''Loss''': 0 points. 
'''Drawn (lead after first innings)''': 3 points. 
'''Drawn (trail after first innings)''': 1 point. 
'''Drawn (no decision on first innings)''': 1 point. 
'''Abandoned without a ball bowled''': 1 point. 

If points in the final table are equal, teams are separated by most wins, then net run rate.

==Standings==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|DWF|Drawn (won on first innings)}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|DLF|Drawn (lost on first innings)}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|ND|Drawn (no decision on first innings)}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net Run Rate}}
|-style="background:gold;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]] '''(C)'''
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || '''19''' || +0.185
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''13''' || –0.354
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || '''10''' || –0.445
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''7''' || +0.729
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''5''' || –0.084
|}
:Source: CricketArchive<ref name="Table">{{cite web| url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2017/18 Table |work=CricketArchive |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 18 – 20 March 2018
| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 54 (36.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Mouchaity Debnath 22 (38)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Renuka Singh 6/23 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 194 (93.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Priya Punia]] 73 (238)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Devyani Prasad 3/43 (16.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 305/7 (131 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Madhusmita Behera 114 (312)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Tanuja Kanwar 3/60 (36 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074185.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = M Ashwin Kumar and Mohit Krishnadas
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = North Zone lead on first innings.
* Points: North Zone 3, East Zone 1.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 18 – 20 March 2018
| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 203 (99.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Sobhana Asha 63 (162)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Renuka Chaudhari 4/17 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 212 (101 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Shweta Jadhav 81 (148)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Gouher Sultana]] 3/70 (34 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 89 (50.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Nagarajan Niranjana]] 26 (48)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Renuka Chaudhari 3/8 (10.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 82/0 (13 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Palak Patel 46[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = West Zone won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074184.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Sumit Bansal and Vikas Bhatt
| motm =
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Zone 7, South Zone 0.
}}
----
===Round 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 22 – 24 March 2018
| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| team2 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 155 (58.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Punam Raut]] 55 (81)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Devyani Prasad 4/27 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 248 (137 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Tanusree Sarkar 84 (227)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Priti Yadav 3/42 (30 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 151/5 (60 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Shweta Bishnoi 48 (84)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sushree Dibyadarshini]] 2/17 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074187.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = P Bhanuprakash and Nagaraj Ramesh
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = East Zone lead on first innings.
* Points: East Zone 3, Central Zone 1.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 22 – 24 March 2018
| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 204 (93.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Sobhana Asha 55 (155)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Tanuja Kanwar 3/52 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 218/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (93.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Mandeep Kaur 65 (174)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Nagarajan Niranjana]] 4/52 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 96/4 (63 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] 31 (125)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harleen Deol]] 3/22 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074186.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Bhanushali Ashish and Sandeep Vasudeo Chavan
| motm =
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = North Zone lead on first innings.
* Points: North Zone 3, South Zone 1.
}}
----
===Round 3===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 26 – 27 March 2018
| team1 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 131 (63.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Palak Patel 32 (81)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Preeti Bose]] 3/31 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 243 (85.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Neha Tanwar]] 82 (150)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Renuka Chaudhari 4/60 (21.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 104 (63.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Shweta Jadhav 35 (131)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Preeti Bose]] 5/26 (21.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = North Zone won by an innings and 8 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074189.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Viswajith B and Ramachandran Kannan
| motm =
| toss = North Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: North Zone 7, West Zone 0.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 26 – 28 March 2018
| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 125 (59.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] 32 (62)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Meghna Singh 3/20 (7.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 100 (59.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Shweta Bishnoi 29 (80)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sravanthi Naidu]] 6/7 (14.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 154 (86 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Nagarajan Niranjana]] 47 (133)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Shivangiraj Singh 4/42 (32 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 74 (31.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Priti Yadav 19 (32)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Nagarajan Niranjana]] 3/12 (6 overs)

| result = South Zone won by 105 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074188.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Arun Kumar Basa and Vaibhav Mohan Dhokre
| motm =
| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: South Zone 6, Central Zone 0.
}}
----
===Round 4===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March – 1 April 2018
| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 140 (46.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Thirush Kamini]] 55 (110)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Tanuja Kanwar 5/36 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 183 (107.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Renuka Singh 44 (64)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Shivangiraj Singh 4/52 (42.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 92 (46.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Thirush Kamini]] 36 (111)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Preeti Bose]] 7/32 (21.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 50/1 (13.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Priya Punia]] 28[[not out|*]] (35)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Thirush Kamini]] 1/13 (2 overs)

| result = North Zone won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074191.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = [[Piyush Khakhar]] and Chandrakant Mhase
| motm =
| toss = North Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: North Zone 6, Central Zone 0.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March – 1 April 2018
| team1 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| team2 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 190 (94.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Prajakta Shirwadkar 45 (166)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Monika Das 7/23 (19.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 106 (59.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Tanusree Sarkar 23 (63)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Renuka Chaudhari 7/40 (23.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 140/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (60 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Palak Patel 42 (102)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Devyani Prasad 4/47 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 126/2 (42.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Tanusree Sarkar 61[[not out|*]] (127)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Shweta Haranhalli 1/19 (8 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074190.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Ajith Kumar and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = West Zone lead on first innings.
* Points: West Zone 3, East Zone 1.
}}
----
===Round 5===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3 – 5 April 2018
| team1 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| team2 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 137 (80.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Binaisha Surti 42 (75)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Shweta Bishnoi 4/31 (23.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 183 (65.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Thirush Kamini]] 80 (158)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Krutika Chaudhari 5/61 (22.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 188 (87.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Humaira Kazi]] 81[[not out|*]] (118)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Shivangiraj Singh 5/46 (32 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 143/2 (26.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Thirush Kamini]] 91[[not out|*]] (85)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Krutika Chaudhari 2/40 (11 overs)

| result = Central Zone won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074192.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Ajith Kumar and Sivakumar A
| motm =
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Central Zone 6, West Zone 0.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3 – 5 April 2018
| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 216 (111 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Lakhmi Nethra 65 (215)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Saiqa Ishaque 4/49 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 99 (46.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Monika Das 23 (30)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Gouher Sultana]] 7/36 (16.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 107/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (42.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Lakhmi Nethra 71[[not out|*]] (132)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sushree Dibyadarshini]] 2/26 (7 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 105 (38 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Madhuri Mehta]] 50 (104)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Ananya Upendran 3/16 (8 overs)

| result = South Zone won by 119 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074193.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Rajeev Godara and Milind Pathak
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: South Zone 6, East Zone 0.
}}
----

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Women's Inter Zonal Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2017-18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game}}
[[Category:Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]]
[[Category:2017–18 Indian women's cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2017–18]]

West Zone women's cricket team

2023-07-01T01:39:47Z

Intelligence Journal: /* Current squad */ link to Humaira Kazi

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = West Zone
| image =
| colours =
| coach =
| captain = [[Yastika Bhatia]]
| established = 1974
| ground =
| first_fc = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| first_fc_year = 2015
| first_fc_venue = [[Jadavpur University Campus Ground|Jadavpur University Second Campus Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
| title1 = [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition|IZODC]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|IZ3D]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|IZT20]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|IZOD]]
| title4wins = 0
| website =
}}
The '''West Zone women's cricket team''' is a [[Women's cricket|women's]] [[cricket]] team that represents [[Western India]] in the [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]] and [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]]. It is a composite team of players from five teams from western India: [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]], [[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]], [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]. They were formed in 1974–75 to play in the Rani Jhansi Trophy, which they competed in until 2002–03, when the competition ended. They then competed in the [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]], and then in the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition]], where they finished as runners-up in [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/4776.html |title=Team Profile: West Zone Women |access-date=28 July 2021|publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

==History==
West Zone Women first played in the Rani Jhansi Trophy in the 1974–75 season, a [[List A cricket|List A]] competition. They competed in the tournament until it was dissolved after the 2002–03 season, but full results for the trophy are not recorded.<ref name="ListA">{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/Womens_List_A_Matches.html |title=Women's List A Matches Played by West Zone Women|access-date=29 July 2021|publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

In 2007, West Zone began playing in the [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]], which they competed in between the 2006–07 season until it ended after the 2013–14 season. They finished as runners-up three times in the tournament, in 2007–08, 2008–09 and 2010–11.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2007-08.html |title=Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition 2007/08 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09.html |title=Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition 2008/09 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2010-11.html |title=Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition 2010/11 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

In the 2014–15 season, the zonal teams began competing in a [[First-class cricket|two-day]] competition, the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zone Women's Two Day Competition]]. In the [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|first season]], West Zone finished bottom of the table with 4 points.<ref name="fifteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_Zone_Womens_Two_Day_Competition_2014-15.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Two Day Competition 2014/15 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> The following season, [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]], the tournament became a three-day competition, with West Zone finishing 4th out of the 5 teams competing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2015-16.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2015/16 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> In [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]] they achieved their best finish, coming second with one victory and one drawn game won on first innings.<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2016-17.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2016/17 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> Their one win was the largest win in the tournament, by an innings and 109 runs over [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074023.html |title=South Zone Women v West Zone Women, 1, 2, 3 March 2017 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> In [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]], the side finished third, winning one match, again over South Zone.<ref name="eighteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2017/18 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074184.html |title=South Zone Women v West Zone Women, 18, 19, 20 March 2018 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

In 2022–23, zonal cricket in India returned, in the form of the [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]].<ref name="squads">{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketworld.com/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-trophy-2022-full-squads-fixtures-preview-all-you-need-to-know/83080.htm |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 Trophy 2022: Full squads, Fixtures & Preview: All you need to know |publisher=CricketWorld |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref> They finished second out of sixth teams in the group stage of the first edition of the tournament, before losing in the final to [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]] by 9 wickets.<ref name="izt20one">{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=BCCI}}</ref> In February 2023, the [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]] tournament took place, in which they finished fifth in the group stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal One Day |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/252/senior-womens-inter-zonal-one-day |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=BCCI}}</ref>

==Players==
===Current squad===
Based on squad announced for the 2022–23 season. Players in '''bold''' have international caps.<ref name="squads"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Nationality
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Domestic team
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Yastika Bhatia]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]; [[wicket-keeper]]
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Vrushali Bhagat || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sanika Chalke || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Krutikaben Chaudhari || {{crw|IND}} || [[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Riya Chaudhari || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Neha Chavda || {{crw|IND}} || [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Suresh Dharani || {{crw|IND}} || [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Bhavana Goplani || {{crw|IND}} || [[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Jayshreeba Jadeja || {{crw|IND}} || [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Mridula Jadeja || {{crw|IND}} || [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Jhanvi Kate || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| [[Humaira Kazi]]|| {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Aarti Kedar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sayali Lonkar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Jaya Mohite || {{crw|IND}} || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Prakashika Naik || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Nancy Patel || {{crw|IND}} || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Simran Patel || {{crw|IND}} || [[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Tarannum Pathan || {{crw|IND}} || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Jagravi Pawar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Utkarsha Pawar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Shraddha Pokharkar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Pragya Rawat || {{crw|IND}} || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sayali Satghara || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Simran Shaikh || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Shivali Shinde || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Hiralben Solanki || {{crw|IND}} || [[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Maya Sonawane || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Devika Vaidya || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Muskan Vasava || {{crw|IND}} || [[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]] ||
|}

==Seasons==
===Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="9" | League standings<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/Womens_First-Class_Matches.html |title=Women's First-Class Matches Played by West Zone Women |accessdate=29 July 2021}}</ref>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|DWF|Drawn (won on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|DLF|Drawn (lost on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|ND|Drawn (no decision on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|2014–15]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 5th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 8 || 4th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 12 || 2nd
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 10 || 3rd
| style="background: white;" |
|}

===Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NRR|Net Run Rate}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|2022–23]]
| 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || +0.370 || 16 || 2nd
| style="background: silver;" | Lost in final
|}

===Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NRR|Net Run Rate}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|2022–23]]
| 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || –0.249 || 4 || 5th
| style="background: white;" |
|}

==Honours==
* '''[[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' Runners-up (2007–08, 2008–09 & 2010–11)
* '''[[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' Runners-up ([[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]])
* '''[[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' Runners-up ([[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|2022–23]])
* '''[[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' 5th ([[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|2022–23]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/4776.html West Zone at CricketArchive]

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter Zonal Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian women's first-class cricket teams]]

Mumbai women's cricket team

2023-07-01T01:39:21Z

Intelligence Journal: /* Current squad */ link to Humaira Kazi

{{short description|Cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
The '''Mumbai women's cricket team''' is an Indian domestic cricket team representing the city of [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4752/4752.html|title=Mumbai Women at Cricketarchive|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> The team has represented the state in [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] ([[List A cricket|List A]]) and [[Senior women's T20 league]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-one-day-league|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117083321/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-t20-league|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153953/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Current squad ==
Current Mumbai squad.<ref name="mumbai">{{cite web |title=MCA WOMENS SENIOR TEAM FOR THE YEAR 2019 - 2020 |url=https://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/MCA_Womens_Senior_Team.php |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=Mumbai Cricket}}</ref> Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
| '''[[Esha Oza]]''' || {{birth date and age|1998|8|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || {{flag|UAE}} international
|-
| Fatima Jaffer || {{birth date and age|2002|9|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] ||
|-
| [[Humaira Kazi]]|| {{birth date and age|1993|10|5|df=y}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm [[off spin]] ||
|-
| '''[[Jemimah Rodrigues]]''' || {{birth date and age|2000|5|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] ||
|-
| Manjiri Gawade || {{birth date and age|1996|9|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Prakashika Naik || {{birth date and age|1997|10|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] ||
|-
| Jagravi Pawar || {{birth date and age|1999|12|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] ||
|-
| [[Manali Dakshini]] || {{birth date and age|1997|9|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] ||
|-
| Prakashika Naik || {{birth date and age|1993|6|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Saima Thakor || {{birth date and age|1996|9|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || Captain
|-
| Hemali Borwankar || {{birth date and age|1995|5|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || Wicket-keeper
|-
| Riya Chaudhari || {{birth date and age|2001|10|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || Wicket-keeper
|-
| Samruddhi Rawool || {{birth date and age|1999|2|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] ||
|-
| Saniya Raut || {{birth date and age|1999|8|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| Sayali Satghare || {{birth date and age|2000|2|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Sejal Raut || {{birth date and age|2000|9|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] ||
|-
| Shweta Haranhalli || {{birth date and age|1993|10|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Vrushali Bhagat || {{birth date and age|1998|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] ||
|}

==Honours==
* '''[[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]]'''
** Runners-up (3): [[2010–11 Senior Women's One Day League|2010–11]], [[2013–14 Senior Women's One Day League|2013–14]], [[2015–16 Senior Women's One Day League|2015–16]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Mumbai]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Sameer Bhati

2021-08-04T14:59:54Z

Intelligence Journal: Add Boards and committees

{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Bhati
| image = Sameer Bhati.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]]
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.sameerbhati.com}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}
'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from [[Rajasthan]] but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from [[Delhi]]. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with [[Delhi Police]], actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus. He has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing with Delhi Government and other State Governments. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.<ref>{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

===Boards and committees===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name !! Position
|-
|Vaccine Awareness Committee
| Member
|-
|Star Imaging & Path Lab Private Limited
|Director
|-
|Janta X-Ray Private Limited
|Director
|-
|Star Edu Education & Training Institute
|Director
|-
|Star Wellness & Care Foundation
|Founder
|}

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Healthcare]]

Praveen Chirania

2021-08-03T08:22:42Z

Intelligence Journal: Intelligence Journal moved page Draft:Praveen Chirania to Praveen Chirania: Ready for mainspage

{{AfC submission|||ts=20210718135516|u=Vivekkumar2021|ns=118}}
{{AFC submission/draft}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Praveen Chirania
| image = [[File:PraveenChirania.jpg|thumb]]
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|03|08}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 20018-present
| known_for = Entrepreneur
}}

'''Praveen Chirania''' is the founder of Muscle & Strength India health fitness supplements and nutritional products retail chain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/chennai-news/muscle-strength-india-will-expand-business-in-south-india-6943460/|title=दक्षिण भारत में अपना कारोबार तेजी से बढ़ाना चाहती है मसल एंड स्ट्रेन्थ इंडिया|website=Patrika News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reader.magzter.com/preview/ms1rvi7d47v0tzpoitvv6706490/670649#page/2|title=Progressive Grocer - May 2021 Digital Magazine from Magzter - World's Largest Digital Newsstand|website=Magzter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/demand-for-fitness-products-increased-in-corona-you-can-earn-35-percent-profit-by-investing-only-10-lakh-rupees-kuld-3634189.html|title=कोरोना में बढ़ी फिटनेस प्रोडक्ट की डिमांड, आप भी महज 10 लाख रुपए लगाकर कमा सकते हैं 35% मुनाफा|website=News18 Hindi}}</ref> Praveen Chirania retail chain provides genuine supplements and nutritional products as proteins, vitamins, minerals and herbal supplements.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/increasing-focus-on-holistic-wellbeing-immunity-has-brought-changes-in-dietary-choices-praveen-chirania/2276859/|title=Increasing focus on holistic wellbeing, immunity has brought changes in dietary choices: Praveen Chirania|date=June 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/prince-narula-s-health-supplement-chain-muscle-strength-expands-to-moradabad-119093000599_1.html|title=Prince Narula's Health Supplement Chain Muscle & Strength Expands to Moradabad|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=September 30, 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

Praveen Chirania is based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/business/how-opening-a-fitness-franchise-now-is-a-good-investment-opportunity|title=How opening a fitness franchise now is a good investment opportunity|date=May 31, 2021|website=National Herald}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/small-business/news-want-to-become-entrepreneur-through-franchise-business-model-this-is-how-you-may-get-success-and-returns-too-opportunities-ideas-and-investment-explained-158510|title=Want to become entrepreneur through franchise business model? This is how you may get success and returns too – Opportunities, ideas and investment EXPLAINED!|date=June 13, 2021|website=Zee Business}}</ref>

Praveen Chirania retail chain has fifteen stores in twelve cities across India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Health-Supplement-Chain-Muscle-Strength-India-Aims-To-Open-100-Stores-This-Year-/20-04-2021-387124|title=Health Supplement Chain Muscle Strength India Aims To Open 100 Stores This Year|first=BW Online|last=Bureau|website=BW Disrupt}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianretailer.com/news/health-supplement-chain-muscle-strength-india-aims-to-launch-100-stores-in-2021.n10801/|title=Health Supplement Chain Muscle & Strength India Aims to Launch 100 Stores in 2021|website=Indian Retailer}}</ref>

== History ==
Praveen Chirania retail chain was Founded in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/how-to-distinguish-between-genuine-and-fake-diet-supplements-7318880/|title=How to distinguish between genuine and fake diet supplements|date=May 27, 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

Indian model, [[Prince Narula]], is a major shareholder in the retail chain along with Mukesh Singh Gehlot and Bhupender Dhawan who are actively involved in marketing initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/i-always-take-time-out-to-workout-prince-narula/1703966|title=I always take time out to workout: Prince Narula|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/>

In October 2019, the Praveen Chirania retail chain opened a store in Moradabad, [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.franchiseindia.com/wellness/health-supplement-chain-muscle-strength-ventures-into-moradabad-up.n19155|title=Health supplement chain Muscle & Strength ventures into Moradabad, UP|website=news.franchiseindia.com}}</ref>

Praveen Chirania retail chain aims to open more than hundred stores across India this year.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/> Recently, Praveen Chirania retail chain has started private label, Perfect Series, which will help reduce cost of imported products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cxooutlook.com/health-supplement-chain-muscle-strength-india-aims-to-open-100-stores-this-year/|title=Health Supplement Chain Muscle & Strength India aims to open 100 stores this year|first=Editorial|last=Team|date=April 23, 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|praveenghy}}
*{{Instagram|praveendel}}
*{{Facebook|praveenghy}}

Sameer Bhati

2021-07-25T17:19:06Z

Intelligence Journal: add website

{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Bhati
| image = Sameer Bhati.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]]
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.sameerbhati.com}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}
'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from [[Rajasthan]] but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from [[Delhi]]. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with [[Delhi Police]], actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus. He has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing with Delhi Government and other State Governments. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.<ref>{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Sameer Bhati

2021-07-25T16:46:21Z

Intelligence Journal: upadate info

{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Bhati
| image = Sameer Bhati.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]]
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}
'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from [[Rajasthan]] but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from [[Delhi]]. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with [[Delhi Police]], actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus. He has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing with Delhi Government and other State Governments. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.<ref>{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Sameer Bhati

2021-07-25T07:12:30Z

Intelligence Journal: link

{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Bhati
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]]
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}
'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from [[Rajasthan]] but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from [[Delhi]]. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with [[Delhi Police]], actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus. He has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing with Delhi Government and other State Governments. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.<ref>{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Sameer Bhati

2021-07-25T07:11:18Z

Intelligence Journal: like page

{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Bhati
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Rajasthan
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}
'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from [[Rajasthan]] but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from [[Delhi]]. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with [[Delhi Police]], actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus. He has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing with Delhi Government and other State Governments. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.<ref>{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Delhi Police

2021-07-25T07:10:47Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Short description|Law enforcement agency for the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Use Indian English|dat..."

{{Short description|Law enforcement agency for the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| commonname = Delhi Police
| abbreviation = DP
| logo = Delhi_Police_Logo.png
| logocaption = Delhi Police logo
| motto = Shanti Seva Nyaya ({{lang|hi|शांति सेवा न्याय}})
| mottotranslated = {{lang|en|Peace Service Justice}}
| formedyear = 1861. Delhi Police on 16 February 1948<ref>{{cite web|url=http://59.180.234.21:8787/PhotoGallery_Event_Record.aspx?cid=0TowS78uU2s=][http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/mobile/history.html|title=69TH DELHI POLICE RAISING DAY – (16.02.2016)}}</ref>
| preceding1 = Municipal Police
| employees = 84,536
| country = India
| countryabbr = IN
| divtype = Union Territory
| divname = [[Delhi]]
| map = Delhi district map.jpg
| mapcaption = 11 revenue districts of Delhi
| sizearea = {{convert|1484|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| sizepopulation = 16,753,235
| legaljuris = opsjuris
| police = Yes
| local = Yes
| headquarters = Jai Singh Marg, Connaught Place, [[New Delhi]]
| sworntype = Police Officer
| unsworntype = Auxiliary Police Officers School Safety Agent
| chief1name = S. N. Shrivastava [[Indian Police Service|(IPS)]]
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police, Delhi|Commissioner of Police]]
| minister1name = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)]]
| stations = 198 (including 20 specialized)
| vehicle1type = Police car
| aircraft1type = Helicopter
| aircraft1 = 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/01/14/stories/2004011401161700.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : Pawan Hans to provide copter to Delhi Police for surveillance|last=ndaph|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=19 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051117151149/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/01/14/stories/2004011401161700.htm|archive-date=17 November 2005|url-status=live}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.delhipolice.nic.in}}
|Annual budget=|budget={{INRConvert|8619|c}} (2020–21 est.)<ref>https://wap-business--standard-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/pti-stories/budget-2019-20-delhi-police-gets-rs-7-881-77-cr-119020101229_1.html?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15762201264343&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Fbudget-2019-20-delhi-police-gets-rs-7-881-77-cr-119020101229_1.html</ref>}}
[[File:Delhi Police, dil ki police.jpg|thumb|The new Delhi Police signage released amid the COVID-19 pandemic on 23 April 2020. It is also being used on Delhi Police social media accounts.<ref name="Nandy">{{Cite web|title="Dil Ki Police": Delhi Cops' Balm For Commuters Amid Lockdown|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/coronavirus-dil-ki-police-delhi-cops-balm-for-commuters-amid-lockdown-2216615|last=Nandy|first=Sumana|date=23 April 2020|website=NDTV|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref name="Taskin">{{Cite news|last=Taskin|first=Bismee|date=23 April 2020|title=‘Dil Ki Police’: Delhi Police Twitter handle gets colourful makeover to motivate ground staff|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/india/dil-ki-police-delhi-police-twitter-handle-gets-colourful-makeover-to-motivate-ground-staff/407220/|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> Also visible is the line "''Jo dil se karen desh ka kaam"'' (transl. Delhi Police work for the country with all their heart).<ref name="Nandy"/><ref name="Taskin"/>]]

The '''Delhi Police''' ('''DP''') is the [[law enforcement]] agency for the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] (NCT). Delhi Police comes under the jurisdiction of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India]]. <ref name="MHA report 15" />{{rp|para7.5}}<ref>{{cite news |title=दिल्ली पुलिस: राज्य सरकार को नियंत्रण देना कितना कठिन? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2014/01/140122_control_over_delhi_police_pk |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=BBC News हिंदी |quote=दिल्ली पुलिस फिलहाल गृह मंत्रालय के अधीन है. दूसरे राज्यों पर पुलिस और प्रशासन की व्यवस्था राज्य सरकार के अधीन होती है. |date=२०१४ |language=hi}}</ref> In 2015, sanctioned strength of Delhi Police was 84,536 (including I.R. Battalions)<ref name="MHA report 15">{{cite web|title=Annual Report Ministry of Home Affairs 2014–2015|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR%28E%291415.pdf|publisher=Departments of Internal Security, States, Home,Jammu & Kashmir Affairs and Border Management|location=Delhi|p=82|date=July 2015|access-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815031325/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR(E)1415.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|para7.69}} making it one of the largest metropolitan police forces in the world.<ref name="N. R. Madhava Menon, D. Banerjea 2002 45–46">{{cite book|title=Criminal Justice India Series: Volume 7 National Capital Territory of Delhi|year=2002|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=Ahmedabad|author=N. R. Madhava Menon, D. Banerjea |pages=45–46}}</ref> About 25% of Delhi Police strength is earmarked for VIP security.<ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Sumit Kumar |title= Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Delhi-Sees-142-Murders-578-Rapes-and-1729-Robberies-in-Less-Than-Four-Months/2016/05/08/article3420989.ecenths|access-date=27 May 2016|agency=NewIndianexpress|publisher=sundaystandard|date=8 May 2016|location=New Delhi|language=en}}</ref>

The headquarters of Delhi Police is located at Jai Singh Marg, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]. As of January 2019, there are 15 [[Districts of Delhi Police]], each headed by a DCP or [[Deputy Commissioner of Police]].

==History==
Delhi Police has its origin in a small security force, established in 1854, under the assistant of [[British Resident]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Imperial Courts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Police: With you, for you, since 1911|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Delhi-Police-With-you-for-you-since-1911/Article1-740624.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125053441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Delhi-Police-With-you-for-you-since-1911/Article1-740624.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |work=Hindustan Times|date=1 September 2011 }}</ref> Founded in 1861 after the adoption of the Indian Police Act, Delhi Police remained a part of the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] until [[India]] gained independence in 1947.

==Organisation==

Before 1948 Delhi was part of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]].

===1948–1966===
In 1948, the Delhi Police was restructured. Mr D.W. Mehra became the first chief of Delhi Police. The strength of the Delhi Police in 1951 was about 8,000 with one Inspector General of Police (IGP) and eight Superintendents of Police (SP). In 1956 a post of Deputy Inspector General of Police was created. In 1961, the strength of Delhi police was over 12,000.<ref name="Delhi police, history">{{cite web|last1=Delhi police|title=History of Delhi Police|url=http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/history1.html|publisher=Delhi police|access-date=16 July 2015|location=New delhi|date=July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726191136/http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/history1.html|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1966, the Delhi Police on the basis of the Khosla Commission Report was reorganized. Four police districts, namely, North, Central, South and New Delhi were created.<ref name="Delhi police, history"/> In 1978, the Delhi Police Act was passed and the Commissioner System was introduced with effect from 1 July 1978.<ref name="MHA report 15" />{{rp|para7.69}}

J.N. Chaturvedi, with rank of IGP, became first [[Commissioner of Delhi Police]] from October 1978 – Jan 1980.<ref name="Delhi police, history"/>

[[File:Delhi police headquarters.JPG|thumb|left|Old headquarters of Delhi Police at Indraprastha Marg]]

=== Impact of Sixth Central Pay Commission===
Following the [[Sixth Central Pay Commission]], the [[UPA Government]], in 2008, decided to make promotions for [[Indian Police Service]] officers, even for higher ranks, time-bound. Indian Police Service officers are now promoted on a fixed time table, more or less independent of functional requirements or span of responsibility, up to the level of [[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector General of Police]], at intervals of 4, 9, 13, 14, and 18 years of service.<ref name="INDIAN POLICE SERVICE (PAY) RULES, 2007">{{cite web|title=Indian Police Service (Pay) Rules, 2007|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|publisher=DOPT|access-date=27 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308035404/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2014}}</ref>{{rp|p 155–56, section 3}} The time-bound promotion, much of it non-functional, to high ranks apart from increasing the burden on the policing budget has made Delhi Police top-heavy, sluggish, and unwieldy. Delhi Police, which had one Inspector General (IG) until January 1980s, now has 12 officers with ranks senior to IGPs. They are called Commissioners and Special Commissioners, who are in the HAG grades and apex pay grades. In addition, Delhi police, instead of one IGP, has several dozen IGPs, as everyone gets to be IGP after completion of 18 years service. ''New IG's'' functions and responsibilities are no different from that of pre-1980s DIGs and Superintendents of Police (SPs).<ref name="INDIAN POLICE SERVICE (PAY) RULES, 2007"/>{{rp|Senior Duty Posts under Government of Delhi, p 177}}

===Current Organisation===
{{Main| Districts of Delhi Police}}
As of January 2019, Delhi Police has 15 Police Districts with 178 'territorial' Police Stations and 5 specialized crime units declared as Police Stations namely, Economic Offenses Wing, Crime Branch, Special Cell, Special Police Unit for Women and Children (SPUWAC) and Vigilance.<ref name="MHA report 15" />{{rp|para7.69}}

=== Headquarters===
[[File:Delhi Police Headquarters.jpg|thumb|New Headquarters of Delhi Police. It also serves as the office of Delhi Police Commissioner.]]

The new Headquarters of Delhi Police is located at Jai Singh Marg, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]. Delhi Police is divided into twelve branches under the [[Commissioner of Delhi Police]] or CP. The main four among the branches, each under a Special Commissioner of Police (Special CP), are:

Special CP (Administration): The Special CP Administration has three Joint Commissioner of Police under him and two Additional CP's. One of them is responsible for Headquarters. Every Joint CP and Additional CP has a DCP under him. The CP responsible for Headquarters is in charge of Public Relations and has a Public Relation Officer (PRO) under him.

Special CP (Training): The Special CP has a Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) answering to him. The Vice-Principal of Police Training College (P.T.C) answers to the DCP.

Special CP (Security): The Special CP Security has three Joint CP's working under him. Each of them has an Additional CP under him. The Additional CP gives orders to the CP's of each Police Battalion

Special CP (Intelligence): The Special CP Intelligence has a Joint CP and an Additional CP working under him. The Additional CP gives orders to an Additional CP and to the F.R.R.O section. He is responsible for the registration of foreigners in the Delhi Police region. The Additional CP has a DCP working under him. There is an Additional DCP under the DCP.

In addition to the above officers, there are Special CP (Law & Order), Special CP (Crime), Special CP (Traffic) and Special CP (Special Cell).

===Ranks===
[[File:The Delhi Police marching contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 64th Republic Day Parade-2013, in New Delhi on January 26, 2013.jpg|alt=|thumb|Delhi Police constables performing parade at [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]]|250x250px]]
In 2015, Delhi Police under its Commissioner [[B.S. Bassi]] had 8 Special CP's, 20 Joint CP's and 15 Additional CP's followed by other sub-ordinates. The hierarchy in DP is as follows.

'''Officers'''
* Commissioner of Police (CP)
* Special Commissioner of Police (Special CP)
* Joint Commissioner of Police (Joint CP)
* Additional Commissioner of Police (Additional CP)
* Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) {Selection Grade}
* Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
* Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police (Additional DCP)
* Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)

'''Sub-ordinates'''
* Inspector of Police
* Sub-Inspector of Police
* Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police
* Head Constable
* Constable
* Home Guard

=== Training===
Since 1984, DP Training College is located in the village of [[Jharoda Kalan]] and [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]], Delhi .<ref name="N. R. Madhava Menon, D. Banerjea 2002 45–46"/>

==Roles and Responsibilities==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the ‘At Home’ reception, on the occasion of Delhi Police Raising Day, in New Delhi on February 18, 2017.jpg|alt=|thumb|Uniformed Delhi Police officers guard the President of India.]]
Delhi is the capital of India and is the centre of wide range of political, cultural, social and economic activities. The Delhi police has to play a number of roles so far maintenance of law and order is concerned. The Delhi Police undertakes the following activities:
* Investigating crimes
* Controlling criminal activities
* Protection of citizens
* Control traffic problem
Delhi Police is considered to be having the most advanced administrative system in India. It believes in the principle of 'Citizen First'. Traffic control is very important in order to avoid accidents and Delhi police has taken several measures to control the traffic.

==Delhi Police and VIP security ==
Out of a total Delhi police strength of 77,965, in 2016, over 20,000 personnel or over 25 percent, were assigned to secure VVIPs in Delhi. Delhi Police Commissioner Alok Kumar Verma, arguing that 20,000 police force earmarked for VIP security was inadequate pitched for increasing earmarked Delhi Police for [[VVIP]] security from 20,000 to 22, 500.
<ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months"/>

Alok Kumar Verma said he will give the "utmost priority" to get government to sanction the increase in police deployment for VVIP duties. He is expected to play the [[Terror threat level|Terror threat]] card to get the extra 2250 police personnel, citing Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA ), Intelligence Bureau, and Delhi police's special bureau threat assessments. The increase in Police strength for VVIP security will increase the deployment of police personnel per VIP from 17 to 19, and Police Deployment for VIP security from 25 percent to almost one third [28.8 percent] of its total strength.<ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months"/>

The demand for increasing Police strength for Securing Delhi's VIP, at considerable cost, is against the background of worsening law and order situation in the rest of the city, especially the more deprived areas of the city of some 19 million people.
<ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months"/>

=== Delhi Police Organisation for VVIP security===

{| class="wikitable"
|+Delhi Police Deployment for VIPs<ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months"/>
! VVIP !!Police Deployment !! Remarks
|-
| Prime Minister, Vice-President, Union ministers, judges, courts, and others categorized as Protected Persons and visiting protectees.|| 7178|| [[Special Protection Group]](SPG), which is force of over 2000 armed personnel, responsible for the PMs security is not included in this total
|-
| Near Prime Minister's Residence || 89|| seven police pickets are deployed permanently close to the PM's residence
|-
|Presidential Palace Or [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] || 884|| Joint Commissioner of Delhi Police is in charge of this force.
This Delhi Police Force contingent is in addition to elements of an infantry battalion from the Indian army deployed permanently in The presidents' palace, and the Army's President's Body Guards.
|-
|Residences of ministers, MPs, and judges.
|| 2115||
|-
|VVIP|| 254||
|-
|Total|| 10,484 || Delhi Police Force for VIP security is headed by Special Commissioner of Delhi Police. This total does not include several hundred, possibly thousands, armed personnel deployed from [[Paramilitary forces of India]] such as the BSF, CISF, NSG, CRPF etc. as body and residential guards to secure Delhi's VVIPs.
|}

In addition Delhi Police deploys 79 Police Control Room Vehicles (Static and semi-static) in [[Lutyens' Delhi]], where most of Delhi's VVIP live. 24 are exclusively for Members of Parliament (MPs). In addition Delhi Police provides static pickets, motor cycle patrol, and foot patrol, on 24-hour basis, including 39 static pickets, 17 motorcycle police patrols, and five Emergency Response Vehicles mounted patrols. The high police presence is supplemented with surveillance devices: 230 Close Circuit Television Cameras are located in North Avenue, South Avenue, MS MP flats, Narmada Apartment, Brahmaputra Apartment and Swarn Jayanti Complex. This is in addition to 412 CCTVs are installed at various roads leading to ministers and MP's residences in Lutyens' Delhi.<ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months"/>

===Intelligence Bureau and VIP Security Cover===
The Intelligence Bureau and the Ministry of Home Affairs (India) (MHA) are responsible for identifying and nominating person deserving police protection. The level of police protection is decided by the Home Minister and the home Secretary. There are four categories of protection or security cover: Z+, Z, Y, and X. Who will get what category of security cover is decided by Security Categorization Committee (SCC) — headed by the home secretary.<ref name="Staggering rise in VIP protectee list: 454 people in 2016 ">{{cite news|last=Ahuja|first1=Rajesh|title=Staggering rise in VIP protectee list: 454 people in 2016|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/staggering-rise-in-vip-protectee-list-454-people-in-2016/story-HamIRQTpG9yXOGR39PNHDP.html|access-date=30 May 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 May 2016|location=New Delhi|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530131234/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/staggering-rise-in-vip-protectee-list-454-people-in-2016/story-HamIRQTpG9yXOGR39PNHDP.html|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months"/>

Armed Police protection to those designated as deserving protection by MHA is provided by personnel drawn from central paramilitary forces under the home ministry such as the National Security Guard (NSG), CRPF, BSF, ITBP and [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF). In 2006 the CISF was mandated to raise a Special Security Group (SSG) for VIP security. The SSG unit in CISF came into being on 17 November 2006. This unit is responsible physical protection of the highly threatened dignitaries/ individuals, evacuation of the Protected Persons and for providing static as well as mobile security to the Protected Persons".<ref name=" Ministry of Home Affairs Annual Report 2015-2016">{{cite news|last=MHA|title=Ministry of Home Affairs Annual Report 2015-2016|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR%28E%291516.pdf|access-date=30 May 2016|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|date=2016|location=New Delhi|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625213524/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR(E)1516.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{rp|para 2.129}}

In addition to the MHA and the Intelligence Bureau, Delhi Police Commissioner is also authorized to extend police protection on the basis of reports by the Special Bureau of Delhi police.<ref name="Staggering rise in VIP protectee list: 454 people in 2016 "/>

In 2012, during the tenure of the Congress(I) led government, Intelligence Bureau nominated 332 persons for protection; in 2016, under the BJP led NDA government, the number of people identified by Intelligence Bureau and MHA for police protection shot up to 454. A spokesperson of the MHA dismissed allegations that the list of persons given police protection is prepared arbitrarily. He said, "The number of protectees keeps changing depending on reports and inputs received from the security agencies. " Home Minister Rajnath Singh's predecessor Sushil Kumar Shinde, had explained that the persons nominated for protection "Only on the basis of recommendations from the Intelligence Bureau (IB)…We don’t do it on our own," The current list includes nine expelled Congress MLAs from [[Uttarakhand]] who revolted against [[Harish Rawat]] and joined the BJP on 18 May 2016 . It includes the name of BJP's Kisan Morcha chief Vijay Pal Singh Tomar, Umesh Kumar, a journalist, who carried out a sting on chief minister Rawat.<ref name="Staggering rise in VIP protectee list: 454 people in 2016 "/><ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months"/>

In 2016 in Delhi categories of security cover was : 42 Z+, 55 Z ; 72 Y (threat); 143 Y (Positional); 67 X category, 19 security under discretion of Commissioner of Police . Delhi police is responsible for providing security cover to 66.<ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months"/>

==Crime in Delhi ==
'Heinous crime' in Delhi, in 2014, according to government statistics, increased by 157.13 percent from 3268 in 2013, to 8403 in 2014: [[Murder]] is up 7.4 percent from 416 to 447 ; [[Attempted murder]] by 36.11 percent from 457 to 622; [[Rape]] by 37.64 percent from 1230 to 1693; [[Burglary]] by 239.20 percent, from 2352 to 7978; and [[robbery]] by 429 percent.<ref name="MHA report 15" />{{rp|para p 89. 7.71 }}<ref name="DP Crime">{{cite web|title=CRIME IN DELHI|url=http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/PDF/CRIME_RATE.pdf|publisher=Delhi Police|access-date=20 July 2015|date=2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213405/http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/PDF/CRIME_RATE.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Neither the Government or the Police Commissioner gave explanation for the spurt in crime. However, since 2002, Delhi Police can avail the powers of [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act]], when necessary, in tackling international crime syndicates like the [[Ndrangheta]].<ref>[[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act]][https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/maharashtra1999.htm][https://in.news.yahoo.com/court-extends-delhi-drug-kingpins-interim-bail-142402671.html][https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/mcoca-extended-to-delhi_30724.html][https://www.livelaw.in/charge-sheets-filed-state-can-considered-constitute-continuing-unlawful-activity-mcoca-sc-read-judgment/][https://web.archive.org/web/20020703035131/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/01/08/stories/2002010803220300.htm][https://delhicourts.nic.in/JULY14/State%20Vs.%20vipin%20Sharma.pdf][https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/delhi/mcoca-slapped-on--rambir-shokeen.html][https://www.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2015/21881/21881_2015_Judgement_09-Oct-2017.pdf]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !!04.2013-31-12 2013!!2014– 31-12 2014!!Percent change!!Comment
|-
|Murder || 416 || 447||+7.45 || by comparison, in 2014, 328 were murdered in New York, a city with reputation for violent crime and higher weapon ownership<ref name=NYtimes>{{cite news|last1=GOODMAN|first1=J. DAVID|last2=BAKER|first2=AL|title=Murders in New York Drop to a Record Low, but Officers Aren't Celebrating|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/01/nyregion/new-york-city-murders-fall-but-the-police-arent-celebrating.html?_r=0|access-date=16 July 2015|work=New York Times|date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611162313/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/01/nyregion/new-york-city-murders-fall-but-the-police-arent-celebrating.html?_r=0|archive-date=11 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Attempted Murder|| 457||662 ||+36.11 ||
|-
|Rape||1230 || 1693 ||+37.6 ||
|-
|Robbery|| 1024 || 5425 ||+429.79 ||
|}

==Helplines==
Delhi Police has Helpline numbers through which people can seek help without going to the police station in person. The various Helpline numbers of Delhi Police are as follows;<ref name=help>[http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/home/helpline/helpline.aspx Helplines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722131419/http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/home/helpline/helpline.aspx |date=22 July 2013 }}. Delhi Police. Retrieved on 19 August 2013.</ref>
* Police Control Room- 100
* Senior Citizens Security Cell- 1291
* Traffic problems- 1095
* Women helpline- 1091
* Anti-Obscene Calls Cell and Anti-stalking Cell – 1091
* Terrorism – 1090
* NORTH-EAST (People from North East India) HELPLINE – 1093
Delhi Police has also launched the facility of registering Online [[First Information Report|FIR]] from February 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Police to launch the Facility of filing FIR Online|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/delhi-police-to-launch-the-facility-of-filing-fir-online/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=16 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007000319/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/delhi-police-to-launch-the-facility-of-filing-fir-online/|archive-date=7 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Controversies==
Over the years, Delhi Police has been involved in a series of controversies; ranging from custodial deaths, refusal to write ''[[First Information Report]]'', inaction or collusion with arsonists during communal riots. At various times, Delhi Police has been found to be harsher on criminals which has caused it to get warnings from the [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[Central Bureau of Investigation]].

Delhi Police has often been reported as one of the most corrupt police forces in the country, with the highest number of complaints in the Indian Police Services being registered against its personnel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti Corruption Branch finds Delhi Police, MCD most corrupt |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/anti-corruption-branch-finds-delhi-police-mcd-most-corrupt/article1-574489.aspx |work=Hindustan Times|date=19 July 2010 |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429154313/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/anti-corruption-branch-finds-delhi-police-mcd-most-corrupt/article1-574489.aspx |archive-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi Police most corrupt, says report|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Police-most-corrupt-says-report/articleshow/16998710.cms|work=The Times of India|date=29 October 2012|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029141952/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Police-most-corrupt-says-report/articleshow/16998710.cms|archive-date=29 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cops turn rogues and turn Delhi Capital of corruption |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/cops-turn-rogues-and-turn-delhi-capital-of-corruption/1/127357.html |publisher=India Today |date=22 January 2011 |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226215219/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/cops-turn-rogues-and-turn-delhi-capital-of-corruption/1/127357.html |archive-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Vehicles==
[[File:Delhi Police car All Women PCR vehicle Innova.jpg|thumb|250x250px|A Delhi Police All Women PCR vehicle. The car pictured is a [[Toyota Innova]].]]
[[File:Mahindra Marksman Delhi Police New Delhi.jpg|thumb|A [[Mahindra Marksman]] used by Delhi Police|alt=|250x250px]]
*[[Chevrolet Tavera]]
*[[Toyota Qualis]]
*[[Royal Enfield Bullet]]
*[[Bajaj Pulsar]]
*[[Maruti Gypsy]]
*[[Maruti Suzuki SX4]]
*[[Hindustan Ambassador]]
*[[TVS Apache]]
*[[SML Isuzu]] Prison Vans
*[[Toyota Innova]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Tata Nano unveiled as new Delhi Police PCR van at security expo|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-26/news/42427110_1_tata-nano-delhi-police-india-international-security-expo|work=The Economic Times|date=26 September 2013|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515201901/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-26/news/42427110_1_tata-nano-delhi-police-india-international-security-expo|archive-date=15 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi: Police Station Heads to Get Toyota Innovas|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-police-station-heads-to-get-toyota-innovas-582466|work=NDTV|date=30 June 2014|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119002223/http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-police-station-heads-to-get-toyota-innovas-582466|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi cops openly flout PMO order on vehicle use|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-police-misuse-of-official-vehicles-sindu-pillai-anyesh-roy-pmo-kuldeep-singh-tomar-home-ministry/1/416432.html|publisher=India Today|date=2 February 2015|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704054337/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-police-misuse-of-official-vehicles-sindu-pillai-anyesh-roy-pmo-kuldeep-singh-tomar-home-ministry/1/416432.html|archive-date=4 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Delhi Police Jaguar Team Central District.jpg|thumb|Delhi Police, Jaguar Team, Central District|alt=|250x250px]]

== SWAT Commandos==
Were formed in 2009 in wake of 26/11,they saw action first in 2010 [[Commonwealth Games]],they were tasked with protection duties. They are trained on the lines of [[National Security Guard]]. All the commandos are under 28 years of age thus, making them fit and capable of tasks, meant for commandos. Their main work is to fight against any terrorist attack if occurs in Delhi NCR. They have been trained exclusively in [[Krav Maga]]. [[Delhi]] was one of the first city to get an all women SWAT team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/15/asia/india-all-women-swat-intl/index.html|title=India's Independence Day sees first deployment of all-female SWAT team|first=Swati |last=Gupta|publisher=CNN|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815163725/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/15/asia/india-all-women-swat-intl/index.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
SWAT team members will function under the elite Special Cell.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/to-combat-terror-delhi-gets-its-own-swat-team/537837/|title=Delhi gets SWAT team|date=6 November 2009|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411170705/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/to-combat-terror-delhi-gets-its-own-swat-team/537837/|archive-date=11 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Delhi Police SWAT vehicle.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Delhi Police vehicle of Special Weapons And Tactics (SWAT)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/ Official site of Delhi Police]
* [http://www.delhitrafficpolice.nic.in/ Delhi Traffic Police]

==See also==
* [[National Police Memorial India]]
* [[Corps of Military Police (India)]]
* [[Emergency telephone number]]

{{commons category|Delhi Police}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Department of Police, Delhi}}
[[Category:Delhi Police| ]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1981]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1861]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]

Sameer Bhati

2021-07-25T07:06:52Z

Intelligence Journal: add infobox

{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Bhati
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Rajasthan
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}
'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from Rajasthan but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from Delhi. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with Delhi Police, actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus. He has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing with Delhi Government and other State Governments. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.<ref>{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Sameer Bhati

2021-07-25T06:59:36Z

Intelligence Journal: fix some error

'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from Rajasthan but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from Delhi. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with Delhi Police, actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus. He has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing with Delhi Government and other State Governments. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.<ref>{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Sameer Bhati

2021-07-23T19:07:21Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with " '''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and..."

'''Sameer Bhati''' is the director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute has vast Healthcare and Education industry experience. He is a Healthcare entrepreneur and management guru who has designed many marketing and management theories.

==Early life==
Sameer Bhati hails from Rajasthan but he had completed all his education from schooling to MBA-M.Phil from Delhi. He has also started his professional journey from Delhi. Presently he is the Director of Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. & Chief Controller of Medical Education in Star Education and Training Institute.

==Career==
During COVID19 time he initiated the awareness programs in association with Delhi Police, actively participate in Delhi Police’s YUVA and then E-YUVA projects to help the deprived children, conducting the COVID-19 testing of patients under quarantine with Delhi Govt. He has also participated in “VANDE BHARAT MISSION”, delivering innovative and extensive efforts in Covid testing i.e. our COVID booth, COVID home collection facility, COVID Van, COVID-19 kit, free doctor teleconsultation for cancer patients, COVID and non-COVID patients as a preventive measure to fight against Coronavirus.
With Delhi Government and other State Governments, he has been involved in Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) including IIT Delhi Covid Test Kit validation and Testing. He is also contributing towards IPR and researches part too.

==Achievements==
CIMS Healthcare Awards (Inspiring Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016 , 6th MT India Healthcare Awards(Healthcare Personality of the Year)-2016, ABS Achievement in Business & Services Awards-2016 (Visionary Leader of the Year), Excellence Awards -2015 (The Oscar of Indian Healthcare Pearl Blue Innovative Business Strategy Designer of the Year Awards 2015, Indus Foundation Summit & Expo 2015 and Healthcare Excellence Awards 2015 (Healthcare Entrepreneur of the Year), Leaders Awards 2015 (Most Promising Healthcare Leader for Marketing of the Year) 4th eHealth Healthcare Leaders Awards 2015 For Project “Diagnostics, Pathological Lab & Healthcare Educational Institute” , Global Quality Awards 2015 for Quality of Service, Two Awards from ICMH-AIIMS Awards for Outstanding Services In the field of Healthcare Marketing & Modern/Indian/Alternative/System of Medicine, 2013-2014, Indo-Global healthcare Excellence Award 2014 (Excellence in Public Health), Brand Academy Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Influential Marketer of the Year in Delhi-NCR), Worldwide Achievers Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013(Healthcare Marketing), Six Sigma Healthcare Excellence Awards 2013 (Best Healthcare Marketing), Medico Pride Award 2014 (Best Voted Innovation in Healthcare- Marketing in India), MT India Healthcare Awards 2014 (Best Innovation in Healthcare in India).
Member of Indian Association of Radiology Technologist Member of Quality Council of India Member of Indian Red Cross Society Member of National Thalassemia Welfare Society India Member of Indian Association of Entrepreneurs & Service Providers Member of Hospital Administrators’ Association of India Shree Shirdi Sai Prachar Samiti (REGD.)(Medical Officer) Advisor Editorial in Aditiya Media House Member of Jansanskriti Social Media House.

==References==
*{{Cite web|title=Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL): Breaking barriers in Healthcare |work= hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/star-imaging-and-path-lab-pvt-ltd-sipl-breaking-barriers-in-healthcare-101611835828373.html|access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Star Imaging and Path Lab Pvt Ltd (SIPL) started journey when diagnostics was a new concept |work=businessworld.in|url= http://www.businessworld.in/article/SIPL-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-Indian-healthcare-system/26-01-2021-370149/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= SIPL standing as strong pillar of Indian healthcare system|work= aninews.in |url= https://aninews.in/news/business/business/sipl-standing-as-strong-pillar-of-indian-healthcare-system20210126220706/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Mr. Sameer Bhati is the director of Star Imaging and Path lab |work= nationalreport.in |url= https://nationalreport.in/f/medanta-e-clinic-inauguration-at-star-imaging-and-path-lab |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Medanta E-clinic inauguration at Star Imaging & Path Lab to help the patients for timely consultation from the Expert Physician timely in New Delh |work= sameerbhati.com |url= https://sameerbhati.com/img/news/7-delhi-page-2.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= कोरोना वायरस टेस्ट कराने की सोच रहे हैं, तो इन बातों का रखें ध्यान |work= fit.thequint.com |url= https://fit.thequint.com/hindi/health-news-update/coronavirus-covid-19-test-things-to-keep-in-mind |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने और बनाए रखने के लिए लाइफस्टाइल में कुछ आदतें अपनाएं और कुछ से करें किनारा|work= jagran.com |url=https://m.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-good-and-balance-lifestyle-may-prevent-from-any-kind-of-infection-20615349.html |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= Antibody test or Sero-Survey|work= hellopost.in |url= https://hellopost.in/antibody-test-or-sero-survey/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web|title= We have done a commendable job with a small but highly efficient work force: Dr Sameer Bhati|work= expresshealthcare.in |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/we-have-done-a-commendable-job-with-a-small-but-highly-efficient-work-force-dr-sameer-bhati/424131/#respond |access-date=23 July 2021}}

User:Intelligence Journal

2021-06-21T07:44:32Z

Intelligence Journal:

Sukanta Kumar Paul

2021-06-17T07:57:23Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Indian politician}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Sukanta Kumar Paul | image = | caption..."

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukanta Kumar Paul
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Amta constituency]]
| predecessor = [[Asit Mitra]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| residence = [[Howrah district]], [[West Bengal]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sukanta Kumar Paul''', is an Indian politician and member of [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite news |title=West Bengal Assembly Election list 2021 |work=[[ndtv]] |date=2 May 2021 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/sukanta-kumar-paul-25181-2 |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> He was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly election]] from Amta Constituency.<ref name="News18 results">{{Cite news |title=Amta Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Amta Constituency |work=[[News18 India]] |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/sukanta-kumar-paul-amta-candidate-s25a181c003/ |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="APB Live">{{Cite news |title=Amta Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Amta Constituency Election News LIVE |work=[[ABP Live]] |date=2 May 2021 |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-amta-constituency-181.html |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Sukanta Kumar}}
[[Category:All India Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

User:Intelligence Journal

2021-06-02T08:25:51Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "Intelligence Journal Bio page in progress."

Intelligence Journal Bio page in progress.

Ashutosh (spiritual leader)

2021-05-29T11:05:20Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}} Ashutosh during one of his preaching sessions '''Ashutosh..."

{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Ashutosh spiritual leader.jpg|thumb|right|Ashutosh during one of his preaching sessions]]

'''Ashutosh''', born as '''Mahesh Kumar Jha''' and also known as '''Ashutosh Maharaj Ji''' (1946–2014), was an Indian [[spiritual leader]], preacher, [[satguru]], and founder head of Divya Jyoti Jagriti Sansthan (DJJS), a non-profit spiritual organisation. On 29 January 2014, he was declared [[Clinical death|clinically dead]] by a team of doctors. His followers believe him to be alive and in a state of [[samadhi]] or deep [[meditation]]. Since January 2014, his body has been kept in a freezer by the management of DJJS, with a firm belief that he will come out of meditation.

==Early life==
Ashutosh was born as Mahesh Kumar Jha in 1946 at [[Lakhnaur]] in [[Madhubani district]], Bihar into a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family.<ref name=tri>{{cite news|title=The curious case of Ashutosh Maharaj|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140727/pers.htm|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=The Tribune|date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=hta>{{cite news|title=Bihar-born Ashutosh had face-offs with radical Sikhs|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jalandhar/bihar-born-ashutosh-had-face-offs-with-radical-sikhs/article1-1178132.aspx|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=ind>{{cite news|title=Is Guru Ashutosh Maharaj dead or just meditating? Indian holy man with a £100m legacy|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/is-guru-ashutosh-maharaj-dead-or-just-meditating-indian-holy-man-with-a-100m-legacy-9553045.html|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=[[The Independent]]|date=20 June 2014}}</ref> There are claims that he married Anandi Devi and that the couple had a son, although this is disputed.<ref>{{cite news|title=The curious case of Ashutosh Maharaj|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140727/pers.htm|accessdate=19 December 2014|work=The Tribune|date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Ashutosh left his family post completing masters from Germany in search of a satguru or perfect master so as to attain self realisation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar JD (U) MLC writes to Punjab CM, wants seer's body back|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jalandhar/bihar-jd-u-mlc-writes-to-punjab-cm-wants-seer-s-body-back/article1-1182384.aspx|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ashutosh Maharaj: A dead seer kept alive by blind faithfuls in Punjab village|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ashutosh-maharaj-a-dead-seer-kept-alive-by-blind-faithfuls-in-punjab-village/1/341909.html|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=India Today|date=5 February 2014}}</ref> He was believed to have visited many gurus in Himalayas, Varanasi.
<ref>{{cite news|title=Police guards Ashutosh dera|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020830/punjab1.htm|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=The Tribune|date=30 August 2002}}</ref>
{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

== Divya Jyoti Jagrati Sansthan ==

Ashutosh founded Divya Jyoti Jagrati Sansthan as a non-profit spiritual organisation in [[Nurmahal]], [[Punjab, India]] in 1983.<ref name="ht1">{{cite news|title=Dead or alive? Mystery shrouds sect head Ashutosh's health|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jalandhar/dead-or-alive-mystery-shrouds-sect-head-ashutosh-s-health/article1-1177818.aspx|accessdate=8 August 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2014}}</ref> It was registered as a socio-spiritual society/non-governmental organisation in 1991 under the [[Indian Societies Registration Act|Societies Registration Act]] with its head office in New Delhi.<ref name="tri" /> The organisation claims to have about 30 million followers. It has 350 branches spread across 15 countries and the value of its property has been estimated to be above 10 billion [[Indian rupee|rupees]] (160 million USD).<ref name="ind" /><ref name="bbchindi">{{cite news|title=मरने के बाद गुरु को शिष्यों ने फ़्रीजर में डाला|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/india/2014/03/140313_dead_guru_body_preserved_sr.shtml|accessdate=8 August 2014|publisher=BBC|date=13 March 2014 |language=Hindi}}</ref> According to the organisation's website, their mission is "To usher into a world wherein every individual becomes an embodiment of truth, fraternity, and justice through the eternal science of self-realization – 'Brahm Gyan', uprooting in its wake all social evils and threat".<ref name="web">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.djjs.org/about-djjs|publisher=DJJS|accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref>

As the head of the organisation, Ashutosh is seen as a controversial figure among the Sikh community, who have alleged him to be hurting Sikh religious sentiments.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ready for dialogue, even at Akal Takht: DJJS chief|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/punjab/ready-for-dialogue-even-at-akal-takht-djjs-chief/article1-484240.aspx|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=8 December 2009}}</ref> He has been accused of distorting Sikh teachings, called [[Gurbani|Banis]], and making negative comments about Sikhism and the Sikh gurus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Khalsa panchayat to confront Ashutosh followers|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020805/punjab1.htm|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=The Tribune|date=5 August 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Deciphering dera politics|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Deciphering-dera-politics/articleshow/10849962.cms|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=The Times of India|date=24 November 2011}}</ref> Various Sikh bodies demanded a ban on his activities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikh bodies want ban on Ashutosh|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021006/punjab1.htm|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=The Tribune|date=6 October 2002}}</ref> There have been several violent clashes between his followers and some Sikh groups, including one in Ludhiana in December 2009 that resulted in a death.<ref>{{cite news|title=Punjab orders probe into Ludhiana violence, 1 dead|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/punjab-orders-probe-into-ludhiana-violence-1-dead_584790.html|accessdate=8 August 2014|publisher=Zee News|date=5 December 2009}}</ref> He was provided "Z+" security by the Indian government, which was later lowered to "Z" class.<ref name="hta" />

==Death==
On 29 January 2014, Ashutosh suffered a heart attack and was declared clinically dead by a team of doctors. His followers believe him to be still alive and in a state of deep meditation called [[samadhi]].<ref name=ht2>{{cite news|title=Submit report on Nurmahal Dera head by Feb 5: HC to Punjab govt|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/hc-directs-punjab-govt-to-submit-report-on-nurmahal-dera-head-by-feb-5/article1-1179915.aspx|accessdate=8 August 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=toi1>{{cite news|title=Ashutosh Maharaj's 'samadhi': Senior officials visit Divya Jyoti Jagriti Sansthan headquarters|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ashutosh-Maharajs-samadhi-Senior-officials-visit-Divya-Jyoti-Jagriti-Sansthan-headquarters/articleshow/29874589.cms|accessdate=8 August 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2014|12|01|alt=Since then}}, his body has been kept in a freezer by the management to create a "Himalayan-like environment" suitable for meditation.<ref name=tri/><ref name=bbc>{{cite news|title=Dead Indian guru frozen by devotees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26556395|accessdate=8 August 2014|publisher=BBC|date=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ashutosh's body in 'freezer'|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140204/main4.htm|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=The Tribune|date=4 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=आशुतोष महाराज की मौत और समाधी को लेकर सस्पैंस बरकरार|url=http://www.punjabkesari.in/news/article-267485|accessdate=8 August 2014|agency=Hind Samachar Group|publisher=Punjab Kesari|date=24 July 2014 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

Pooran Singh filed a [[habeas corpus]] writ, seeking the release of Ashutosh's body. After the writ was rejected, he petitioned the court for a [[Autopsy|post-mortem]] examination of the corpse.<ref name=mm>{{cite news|title=Sleeping Booty|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Sleeping-booty/articleshow/38278749.cms|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=13 July 2014}}</ref> A person named as Dilip Kumar Jha, who claims to be the son of Ashutosh, also appealed to court, demanding that the body be brought to his home town in Bihar for cremation according to local rituals. The DJJS management have claimed that Ashutosh was single and had no family.<ref>{{cite news|title=Villagers join Ashutosh family's fast|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140209/main3.htm|accessdate=8 August 2014|work=The Tribune|date=9 February 2014}}</ref> On 1 December 2014 the Punjab and Haryana High Court ordered that the last rites for Ashutosh be performed in 15 days. The ruling was later suspended, with further hearings postponed to 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=HC directs Punjab govt to conduct last rites of Ashutosh Maharaj|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/hc-directs-punjab-govt-to-conduct-last-rites-of-ashutosh-maharaj_1507650.html|accessdate=5 December 2014|publisher=Zee News|date=1 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ashutosh Maharaj's body to remain in freezer till Feb 9|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ashutosh-maharajs-body-to-remain-in-freezer-till-feb-9/|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=16 December 2014}}</ref> Almost three years later, in July 2017, the Punjab and Haryana High Court granted permission for the followers to preserve his body in a freezer, although it was unclear whether the court had agreed with the sect's argument that its founder was still alive.<ref name="BBC05072017">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40509494|title=Followers win fight to keep guru in freezer|date=5 July 2017|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashutosh (spiritual leader)}}
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:1946 births]]

[[Category:2014 deaths]]

Indian Ocean (band)

2021-05-27T18:33:11Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Short description|Folk-fusion music band from India.}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} {{multiple issues| {{cleanup|reason=Remove HTML..."

{{Short description|Folk-fusion music band from India.}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
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{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Indian Ocean
| background = group_or_band
| image = Indian Ocean at the Indo German Urban Mela.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = yes
| caption = Indian Ocean at the Indo German Urban Mela
| origin = [[Delhi]], India
| genre = [[Folk music|folk]]
| years_active = 1990–present
| label = Indian Ocean, left to right: Tuheen Chakravarty, Himanshu Joshi, Sushmit Sen, Rahul Ram, Amit Kilam
| website = [http://www.indianoceanmusic.com/ www.indianoceanmusic.com]
| current_members = [[Nikhil Rao]] [[Amit Kilam]] [[Rahul Ram ]] [[Himanshu Joshi]] [[Tuheen Chakraborty]]
| past_members = [[Susmit Sen]] [[Asheem Chakravarty]] Indrajit Dutta Shaleen Sharma Anirban Roy R C Joshi Sawan Dutta
}}
'''Indian Ocean''' is an [[Indian rock]] band formed in New Delhi in 1990, who are widely recognized as the pioneers of the fusion rock genre in India. [[Susmit Sen]], [[Asheem Chakravarty]], [[Rahul Ram]] and [[Amit Kilam]] were band members till Chakravarty's demise on 25 December 2009, after which Tuheen Chakravorty and Himanshu Joshi were officially inducted into the band as replacements. After the departure of Susmit Sen in 2013, Rahul Ram is the only founding member who appeared on the band's debut album ''[[Indian Ocean (album)|Indian Ocean]]''. Sanjeev Sharma has collaborated with them as lyricist on many Albums.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-secret-of-indian-oceans-success-only-music-no-massive-egos/articleshow/50682549.cms|title=The secret of Indian Ocean's success: only music, no massive egos|last=Reddy|first=Sujata|date=2016-01-22|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>

The musical style of the band can be at best classified as folk and [[fusion music]]. It is an experimental genre, fusing [[raga]] (traditional Indian tunes) with [[rock music]], guitars and drums, sometimes using Indian folk songs.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahuja|first1=Shilpa|title=Indian Ocean & Arka Fusion Music, Rock n Raag Live Concert|url=http://shilpaahuja.com/2015/04/19/indian-ocean-arka-fusion-music-rock-n-raag-live-concer/|access-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> It has also been described by some music critics as "Indo-rock fusion with jazz-spiced rhythms that integrates [[shlokas]], [[sufism]], environmentalism, mythology and revolution".

Since 2010, the band has moved against the lines of record labels. They released their latest album ''[[16/330 Khajoor Road]]'' online for free. The main reason for this move was the frustration over negotiating contracts with record companies and fighting over copyright issues.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=plugged.in |title=Indian Ocean Pokes at Record Companies, Gives away Latest Album for Free [Kill Piracy] |url=http://www.pluggd.in/download-indian-oceam-album-for-free-297 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630094249/http://www.pluggd.in/download-indian-oceam-album-for-free-297/ |archive-date=30 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> They have turned to concerts and sponsorships for generating revenue rather than playing in the hands of record labels. For a brief amount of time they had the sponsorship of [[Johnnie Walker]]. They are also a part of the world's first Music Personalisation Initiative named DRP as one of the five Featured Artists. In its 2014 listing of "25 Greatest Indian Rock Songs of the last 25 Years", "[[Rolling Stone]] India" featured two songs, ''Ma Rewa'' and ''Kandisa'' from the album, ''[[Kandisa (album)|Kandisa]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite web | title = The Search for Rolling Stone India's 25 Greatest Indian Rock Songs of the last 25 Years |work= Rolling Stone India | url = http://rollingstoneindia.com/rs-polls-top-twenty-five-indian-songs/ |date=8 October 2014| access-date = 2014-11-20 }}</ref>

== History ==

=== 1984–1990: Early years ===

==== 1980s: Formation ====
In the early 1980s, Asheem Chakravarty played [[tabla]] for a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] band Niharika. In 1984, Susmit Sen, a fan of Niharika, met him during a concert. Chakravarty was impressed by Sen's guitar-playing and his vision to evolve a new sound, while Sen, learned the nuances of rhythm from Chakravarty.

For the next 3 years, with Sen as the guitarist and Chakravarty on tabla and drums, they experimented with their music without writing original lyrics. Apart from a concert at [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|Roorkee University]], there were not many notable performances by them.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018|reason=doesn't have reliable reference}}

==== 1990: Demo tape ====
The name Indian Ocean was suggested by Sen's father in 1990. Shaleen Sharma was taken on as the drummer, and Indrajit Dutta and Anirban Roy as bassists. The band recorded a demo, with the help of Sen selling his electric guitar to raise the required money. The tape was 45 minutes long and consisted of 7 songs, all recorded in a single day. Despite the rushed recording, the quality of the demo tape impressed HMV and they were offered an album deal.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018|reason=doesn't have reliable reference}}

=== 1991–2009: Asheem Chakravarty era ===

==== Rahul Ram and first album ====
In 1991, Rahul Ram who was Sen's schoolmate at [[St. Xavier's School, Delhi|St. Xaviers, Delhi]], joined the band replacing Anirban Roy on bass. They started work on their first album. To their frustration, the album took about a year to get finished. But when their eponymous debut album came out in 1993, it sold over 40,000 copies within a year of its release. It became the highest selling record by any Indian band at that time.

==== Amit Kilam ====
In 1994, drummer Shaleen Sharma left the band. He was replaced by Amit Kilam who was much younger than the other band members. Barely out of his teens, he was still taking his college exams. This line-up with Susmit Sen, Asheem Chakravarty, Rahul Ram and Amit Kilam became the most recognisable and the most successful in the band's timeline so far. Since then they rolled out a live album recorded and mixed on two tracks by Vikram Mishra ''[[Desert Rain]]'' and two studio albums ''[[Kandisa (Album)|Kandisa]]'' and ''[[Jhini]]''. They also composed the [[Black Friday (Indian Ocean album)|soundtrack]] of ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' and contributed a couple of tracks to the soundtrack of ''[[Peepli Live]]''.

==== Death of Asheem Chakravarty ====
In December 2009 the band lost Asheem Chakravarty. He was hospitalised in [[Doha]] in October, after suffering a heart attack. He was comatose for a brief period and recovered well.<ref name="radioandmusic.com">[http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/indian-oceans-asheem-chakravarty-hospitalised Indian Ocean's Asheem Chakravarty hospitalised]</ref> On 25 December 2009 he died in New Delhi due to a cardiac arrest.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=Indian Ocean frontman dies of cardiac arrest at 53 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-Ocean-frontman-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-at-53/articleshow/5380020.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>

=== Post-Asheem era ===

==== ''16/330 Khajoor Road'' ====
[[File:Indian Ocean by Rangilo Gujarati.jpg|thumb|120px|right|Indian Ocean performing in Pune.]]
Indian Ocean has so far not announced any permanent replacement for Chakravarty. However, they have brought Himanshu Joshi to fill in for Chakravarty's vocals and Tuheen Chakravarty for tabla and other percussion which Asheem Chakravarty used to play.

The band announced release of their first studio album after the death of Asheem Chakravarty, ''[[16/330 Khajoor Road]]''. The band made the whole album available for download from their site by adding one new song each month.

The album ''16/330 Khajoor Road'' was released in a two-CD pack. The album was recorded at Kshitij Studios, New Delhi and mixed by Aakash Gupta and Amit Kilam.

Later in 2015, the band was highly acclaimed by the critics and audience alike for their music in the film [[Masaan]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2018|reason=doesn't have reliable reference}}

==Band members==

===Asheem Chakravarty (tabla, percussions and vocals)===
[[File:asheem io.jpg|thumb|120px|right|Asheem]]
Asheem (1957–2009) showed his rhythmic ability at an early age, surprising musicians who learned that he never had any formal training. He quit a career in advertising, along with Susmit Sen to form Indian Ocean, where he played the tabla, tarang and other percussion instruments while also being band's vocalist. Indian Ocean fans call him "the man with the golden voice". He sang and played the tabla simultaneously, a difficult feat rare by Indian percussionists. His rhythm structures were unique and contributed a large part to Indian Ocean's signature sound. He improvised vocal lines while on stage and was innovative with traditional Indian percussion instruments. He was brought up in an atmosphere of [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]], [[Indian folk music|folk]] and other Indian forms of music.

Chakravarty was hospitalised in Doha after suffering a heart attack in October and was in a state of coma for a brief period, but was recovering well.<ref name="radioandmusic.com"/> He died after suffering a cardiac arrest in New Delhi in the afternoon on 25 December 2009. He is survived by wife Sunita Chakravarty and son, Ekansh Chakravarty.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{cite news |title= Indian Ocean, fusion music, loses sound of percussion|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indian-ocean-fusion-music-loses-sound-of-percussion/559261/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>

===Amit Kilam (drums, percussions and vocals)===
[[File:amit io.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Amit Kilam]]
Amit's drumming is a balance between the conventional and non-conventional. Largely self-taught, he believes in layering rhythm rather than a heavy drum layer, since he believes in simplicity, not technical wizardry, thus becoming the backbone of the solid sound that the band has. He incorporates Indian rhythms into his drumming in a unique fashion, moving in cycles of 8, 10, 12 14, 16, rather than simple 4/4 or ¾ styles. Not a "psychotic drummer", he goes easy on the skins, yet his playing is very dynamic. He was introduced to music at the age of 4 by his parents, learning the guitar ([[Steel guitar|Hawaiian]] – Indian classical). He plays several instruments and sings also. He loves listening to various kinds of music – Hindi [[filmi]], rock, pop – his favourites are [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Trilok Gurtu]] and [[Deep Purple]].

===Rahul Ram (bass guitar and vocals)===
[[File:Rahul Ram, Bass Guitar and vocals, Indian Ocean band.jpg|left|130px|thumb|Rahul Ram, Bass Guitar and vocals]]

Ram's bass playing moves smoothly – from melodic enmeshing with vocal and guitar lines to the more standard laying of foundations over which the band soars. His stage presence is an essential part of Indian Ocean's live concerts. His vocals have a power and edge that emphasises the folk roots of the band. Rahul also does most of the talking at live shows. His experiences as an activist/supporter with the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] (1990–1995) and during his four years studying in the US have exposed him to a variety of musical styles from all over India and the world, and have strongly influenced his musical expression. Rahul got an M.Sc. in Chemistry from [[IIT Kanpur]] and has PhD in [[Environmental Toxicology]] from [[Cornell University]] in New York (1986–90). He's also a member of comedy group, ''Aisi Taisi Democracy''.

Ram and Chakravarty have also sung "Yaara Maula" in [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s ''[[Gulaal]]'', a Hindi movie based on politics.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018|reason=doesn't have reliable reference}}

===Tuheen Chakravorty===

After Asheem, couple of percussionists jammed with the band. But The new line up became permanent when Tuheen joined the band in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/recliner/deep-waters-the-return-of-indian-ocean/38124/1|title=Deep Waters: The Return of Indian Ocean|website=Forbes India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref>

===Nikhil Rao===
From a college boy who travelled 40 km each side to watch the band play live, just a day before his exam, to a full-time band member his journey has been full of unexpected turns. Nikhil, an engineer by qualification, had not thought of music as a career option. He met the band in Singapore while he was studying. In 2013, he was offered to be a part of the same after Susmit Sen’s departure.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-18|title=Where Is Indian Ocean Headed? -|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/where-is-indian-ocean-headed/|access-date=2020-08-06|language=en-US}}</ref>

Nikhil Rao replaced Susmit Sen as lead guitarist in 2013.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite news|title=Indian Ocean co-founder Susmit Sen quits band|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/music/indian-ocean-co-founder-susmit-sen-quits-band-378669|newspaper=NDTV|date=12 June 2013}}</ref>

===Former members===

====Susmit Sen (guitar)====
[[File:susmit io.jpg|thumb|120px|right|Susmit]]
Susmit who co-founded the group, is credited to have virtually invented a new style of playing the guitar, an Indian sound where "purity of scale reigns, strong melodic lines woven around the drone of open strings". His guitar style formed the basis of Indian Ocean's sound. According to him, his personal vision is towards finding a new vocabulary for his music. Susmit Sen released his solo debut album ''Depths of the Ocean'' in 2011 – an album which had been in the making for the last ten years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-18|title=Susmit Sen: Depths Of The Ocean|url=https://topfiverecords.in/2012/07/18/susmit-sen-depths-of-the-ocean/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Top Five Records|language=en}}</ref> Sen left the band in 2013 and was replaced by Nikhil Rao.<ref name="ndtv"/>

==Studio albums==

*[[Indian Ocean (Album)|Indian Ocean]] (1993)
*[[Desert Rain]] (1997)
*[[Kandisa (Album)|Kandisa]] (2000)
*[[Jhini]] (2003)
*[[Black Friday (soundtrack)|Black Friday]] (2005)
*[[16/330 Khajoor Road]] (2010)
*[[Tandanu]] (2014)

==Filmography==
*SWARAJ—The Little Republic (2002)
*[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]] (2004)
*[[Hulla]] (2008)
*[[Live in Concert (DVD)]] (2008)
*[[Beware Dogs]] (2008)<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FBE4Y1t9Do</ref>
*Bhoomi (2009)
*[[Yeh Mera India]] (2009)
*[[Gulaal (film)]] (2009)
* [[Mumbai Cutting]] (2009)<ref>{{IMDb name|2342911}}</ref>
*[[Leaving Home – the Life & Music of Indian Ocean|Leaving Home – The Life and Music of Indian Ocean]] (2010)
*[[Peepli Live]] (2010)<ref>{{cite tweet|user=indianoceanband|author=indian ocean|number=17778974987|date=5 July 2010|title=In case you didn't know already, we have sung and composed songs for Peepli Live}}</ref>
*[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]] (2013)
* ''[[Katiyabaaz]]'' (Powerless, 2014) documentary film<ref name=toi>{{cite web | title = 'Katiyabaaz': A documentary maker challenges mainstream space | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katiyabaaz-A-documentary-maker-challenges-mainstream-space/articleshow/40768405.cms |date= 23 August 2014| access-date = 30 August 2014 | work = The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Fly Away Solo|Masaan (film)]](2015)
*[[Kanpuriye]] (2019)

{{commonscat}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Ocean}}
[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Musical quartets]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1990]]
[[Category:Indian folk music groups]]

Visually impaired

2021-05-27T18:29:57Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Decreased ability to see}} {{Redirect|Blindness}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Visual impairment | synonyms = Vision impair..."

{{short description|Decreased ability to see}}
{{Redirect|Blindness}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Visual impairment
| synonyms = Vision impairment, vision loss
| image = Long cane.jpg{{!}}alt=Long cane, white with a red band
| image_size = 120px
| caption = A [[white cane]], the international symbol of blindness
| field = [[Ophthalmology]]
| symptoms = Decreased ability to [[visual perception|see]]<ref name=WHODef/><ref name=CDC2011/>
| complications = [[Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder]], [[falls in older adults]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Auger RR, Burgess HJ, Emens JS, Deriy LV, Thomas SM, Sharkey KM | title = Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD). An Update for 2015: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline | journal = Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 1199–236 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26414986 | pmc = 4582061 | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.5100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blaylock |first1=SE |last2=Vogtle |first2=LK |title=Falls prevention interventions for older adults with low vision: A scoping review |journal=Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy |date=June 2017 |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1177/0008417417711460 |pmid=28730900|s2cid=7567143 }}</ref>
| onset =
| duration =
| causes = Uncorrected [[refractive errors]], [[cataract]]s, [[glaucoma]]<ref name=WHO2014/>
| risks =
| diagnosis = [[Eye examination]]<ref name=CDC2011/>
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment = [[Vision rehabilitation]], changes in the environment, assistive devices ([[eyeglasses]], [[white cane]])<ref name=CDC2011/>
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency = 940 million / 13% (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>
| deaths =
}}

'''Visual impairment''', also known as '''vision impairment''' or '''vision loss''', is a decreased ability to [[visual perception|see]] to a degree that causes problems not fixable by usual means, such as [[glasses]].<ref name=WHODef/><ref name=CDC2011/> Some also include those who have a decreased ability to see because they do not have access to glasses or [[contact lens]]es.<ref name=WHODef>{{cite web|title=Change the Definition of Blindness|url=https://www.who.int/blindness/Change%20the%20Definition%20of%20Blindness.pdf?ua=1|website=World Health Organization|access-date=23 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714233938/http://www.who.int/blindness/Change%20the%20Definition%20of%20Blindness.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> Visual impairment is often defined as a best corrected [[visual acuity]] of worse than either 20/40 or 20/60.<ref name=Mab2006/> The term '''blindness''' is used for complete or nearly complete vision loss.<ref name=Mab2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maberley DA, Hollands H, Chuo J, Tam G, Konkal J, Roesch M, Veselinovic A, Witzigmann M, Bassett K | display-authors = 6 | title = The prevalence of low vision and blindness in Canada | journal = Eye | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 341–6 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 15905873 | doi = 10.1038/sj.eye.6701879 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Visual impairment may cause difficulties with normal daily activities such as reading and walking without adaptive training and equipment.<ref name=CDC2011/>


The most common causes of visual impairment globally are uncorrected [[refractive errors]] (43%), [[cataract]]s (33%), and [[glaucoma]] (2%).<ref name=WHO2014/> Refractive errors include [[near-sightedness]], [[far-sightedness]], [[presbyopia]], and [[astigmatism (eye)|astigmatism]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness.<ref name=WHO2014/> Other disorders that may cause visual problems include [[age-related macular degeneration]], [[diabetic retinopathy]], [[corneal opacification|corneal clouding]], [[childhood blindness]], and a number of [[infection]]s.<ref name=WHO2012Data>{{cite book|title=GLOBAL DATA ON VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS 2010|date=2012|publisher=WHO|page=6|url=https://www.who.int/blindness/GLOBALDATAFINALforweb.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331221058/http://www.who.int/blindness/GLOBALDATAFINALforweb.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2015-03-31}}</ref> Visual impairment can also be caused by problems in the [[brain]] due to [[stroke]], [[premature birth]], or trauma, among others.<ref name=Leh2012/> These cases are known as [[cortical visual impairment]].<ref name=Leh2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lehman SS | title = Cortical visual impairment in children: identification, evaluation and diagnosis | journal = Current Opinion in Ophthalmology | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 384–7 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22805225 | doi = 10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283566b4b | s2cid = 33865357 }}</ref> Screening for vision problems in children may improve future vision and educational achievement.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathers M, Keyes M, Wright M | title = A review of the evidence on the effectiveness of children's vision screening | journal = Child | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 756–80 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20645997 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01109.x }}</ref> Screening adults without symptoms is of uncertain benefit.<ref name=USPSTF2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, García FA, Gillman M, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Owens DK, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP | display-authors = 6 | title = Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 315 | issue = 9 | pages = 908–14 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26934260 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0763 | author-link3 = Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo | doi-access = free }}</ref> Diagnosis is by an [[eye exam]].<ref name=CDC2011>{{cite web|title=Blindness and Vision Impairment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/ToolsTemplates/EntertainmentEd/Tips/Blindness.html|access-date=23 May 2015|date=February 8, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429145832/http://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/toolstemplates/entertainmented/tips/blindness.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>


The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) estimates that 80% of visual impairment is either preventable or curable with treatment.<ref name=WHO2014/> This includes cataracts, the infections [[onchocerciasis|river blindness]] and [[trachoma]], glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uncorrected refractive errors, and some cases of childhood blindness.<ref name=WHO2015Cause>{{cite web|title=Causes of blindness and visual impairment|url=https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/en/|access-date=23 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605165934/http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/en/|archive-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> Many people with significant visual impairment benefit from [[vision rehabilitation]], changes in their environment, and assistive devices.<ref name=CDC2011/>


As of 2015 there were 940 million people with some degree of vision loss.<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators| title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> 246 million had low vision and 39 million were blind.<ref name=WHO2014/> The majority of people with poor vision are in the [[developing world]] and are over the age of 50 years.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Visual impairment and blindness Fact Sheet N°282 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/ |access-date=23 May 2015 |date=August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150512062236/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/ |archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> Rates of visual impairment have decreased since the 1990s.<ref name=WHO2014/> Visual impairments have considerable economic costs both directly due to the cost of treatment and indirectly due to decreased ability to work.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rein DB | title = Vision problems are a leading source of modifiable health expenditures | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science | volume = 54 | issue = 14 | pages = ORSF18-22 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24335062 | doi = 10.1167/iovs.13-12818 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Classification==
[[File:Snellen chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Snellen chart, featuring lines of letters of decreasing size|A typical [[Snellen chart]] that is frequently used for [[visual acuity]] testing.]]
The definition of visual impairment is reduced vision not corrected by [[glasses]] or [[contact lens]]es. The World Health Organization uses the following classifications of visual impairment. When the vision in the better eye with best possible glasses correction is:

* 20/30 to 20/60 : is considered mild vision loss, or near-normal vision
* 20/70 to 20/160 : is considered moderate visual impairment, or moderate low vision
* 20/200 to 20/400 : is considered severe visual impairment, or severe low vision
* 20/500 to 20/1,000 : is considered profound visual impairment, or profound low vision
* More than 20/1,000 : is considered near-total visual impairment, or near total blindness
* No light perception (NLP) : is considered total visual impairment, or total blindness

Blindness is defined by the [[World Health Organization]] as vision in a person's best eye with best correction of less than 20/500 or a [[visual field]] of less than 10 degrees.<ref name=Mab2006/> This definition was set in 1972, and there is ongoing discussion as to whether it should be altered to officially include uncorrected refractive errors.<ref name=WHODef/>

===United Kingdom===
Severely sight impaired
* Defined as having central visual acuity of less than 3/60 with normal fields of vision, or gross visual field restriction.
* Unable to see at {{convert|3|m|0}} what the normally sighted person sees at {{convert|60|m}}.

Sight impaired
* Able to see at {{convert|3|m|0}}, but not at {{convert|6|m}}, what the normally sighted person sees at {{convert|60|m}}
* Less severe visual impairment is not captured by registration data, and its prevalence is difficult to quantify

Low vision
* A visual acuity of less than 6/18 but greater than 3/60.
* Not eligible to drive and may have difficulty recognising faces across a street, watching television, or choosing clean, unstained, co-ordinated clothing.<ref>Cupples, M., Hart, P., Johnston, A., & Jackson, A. (2011) Improving healthcare access for people with visual impairment and blindness [[BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)]]</ref>

In the UK, the Certificate of Vision Impairment (CVI) is used to certify patients as severely sight impaired or sight impaired.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Primarycare/Optical/DH_4074843 | title = Identification and notification of sight loss | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503235348/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Primarycare/Optical/DH_4074843 | archive-date=2011-05-03 }}</ref> The accompanying guidance for clinical staff states: "The National Assistance Act 1948 states that a person can be certified as severely sight impaired if they are 'so blind as to be unable to perform any work for which eye sight is essential'". Certification is based on whether a person can do any work for which eyesight is essential, not just one particular job (such as their job before becoming blind).<ref name="dh.gov.uk">{{cite web | url = http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_078294.pdf | title = Certificate of Vision Impairment: Explanatory Notes for Consultant Ophthalmologists and Hospital Eye Clinic Staff | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120916114153/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_078294.pdf | archive-date=2012-09-16 }}</ref>

In practice, the definition depends on individuals' [[visual acuity]] and the extent to which their [[field of vision]] is restricted. The [[Department of Health]] identifies three groups of people who may be classified as severely visually impaired.<ref name="dh.gov.uk"/>
#Those below 3/60 (equivalent to 20/400 in US notation) [[Snellen chart|Snellen]] (most people below 3/60 are severely sight impaired).
#Those better than 3/60 but below 6/60 Snellen (people who have a very contracted field of vision only).
#Those 6/60 Snellen or above (people in this group who have a contracted [[field of vision]] especially if the contraction is in the lower part of the field).

The Department of Health also state that a person is more likely to be classified as severely visually impaired if their eyesight has failed recently or if they are an older individual, both groups being perceived as less able to adapt to their vision loss.<ref name="dh.gov.uk"/>

===United States===
In the United States, any person with vision that cannot be corrected to better than 20/200 in the best eye, or who has 20 [[visual angle|degrees]] ([[angular diameter|diameter]]) or less of visual field remaining, is considered legally blind or eligible for disability classification and possible inclusion in certain government sponsored programs.

In the United States, the terms ''partially sighted'', ''low vision'', ''legally blind'' and ''totally blind'' are used by schools, colleges, and other educational institutions to describe students with visual impairments.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nichcy.org/ | title = National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070911232205/http://www.nichcy.org/ | archive-date=2007-09-11 }}</ref> They are defined as follows:
*''Partially sighted'' indicates some type of visual problem, with a need of person to receive special education in some cases.
*''Low vision'' generally refers to a severe visual impairment, not necessarily limited to distance vision. Low vision applies to all individuals with sight who are unable to read the newspaper at a normal viewing distance, even with the aid of eyeglasses or contact lenses. They use a combination of vision and other senses to learn, although they may require adaptations in lighting or the size of print, and, sometimes, [[braille]].
**''[[Myopia|Myopic]]'' – unable to see distant objects clearly, commonly called near-sighted or short-sighted.
**''[[Hyperopia|Hyperopic]]'' – unable to see close objects clearly, commonly called far-sighted or long-sighted.
*''Legally blind'' indicates that a person has less than 20/200 vision in the better eye after best correction (contact lenses or glasses), or a field of vision of less than 20 degrees in the better eye.
*''Totally blind'' students learn via braille or other non-visual media.

In 1934, the [[American Medical Association]] adopted the following definition of blindness:
<blockquote>Central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with corrective glasses or central visual acuity of more than 20/200 if there is a visual field defect in which the peripheral field is contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye.<ref name="Koestler">{{cite book | vauthors = Koestler FA | date = 1976 | title = The unseen minority: a social history of blindness in the United States. | location = New York | publisher = David McKay }}</ref>
</blockquote>

The [[United States Congress]] included this definition as part of the Aid to the Blind program in the [[Social Security (United States)#Creation: The Social Security Act|Social Security Act]] passed in 1935.<ref name="Koestler"/><ref name="Corn">{{cite web | vauthors = Corn AL, Spungin SJ | url = http://www.coe.ufl.edu/copsse/docs/IB-10/1/IB-10.pdf | title = Free and Appropriate Public Education and the Personnel Crisis for Students with Visual Impairments and Blindness. | publisher = Center on Personnel Studies in Special Education | date = April 2003 }}</ref> In 1972, the Aid to the Blind program and two others combined under Title XVI of the Social Security Act to form the [[Supplemental Security Income]] program<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/history/pdf/80chap12.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-05-23 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120114/http://www.ssa.gov/history/pdf/80chap12.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> which states:
<blockquote>An individual shall be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he has central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the use of a correcting lens. An eye which is accompanied by a limitation in the fields of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees shall be considered for purposes of the first sentence of this subsection as having a central visual acuity of 20/200 or less. An individual shall also be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he is blind as defined under a State plan approved under title X or XVI as in effect for October 1972 and received aid under such plan (on the basis of blindness) for December 1973, so long as he is continuously blind as so defined.<ref>{{cite web | author = Social Security Act | url = http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ssact/title16b/1614.htm | title = Sec. 1614. Meaning of terms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150523170519/http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ssact/title16b/1614.htm | archive-date=2015-05-23 }}</ref>
</blockquote>

==Health effects==
Visual impairments may take many forms and be of varying degrees. Visual acuity alone is not always a good predictor of the degree of problems a person may have. Someone with relatively good acuity (e.g., 20/40) can have difficulty with daily functioning, while someone with worse acuity (e.g., 20/200) may function reasonably well if their visual demands are not great.

The [[American Medical Association]] has estimated that the loss of one eye equals 25% impairment of the visual system and 24% impairment of the whole person;<ref name=colenbrander/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.useironline.org/Prevention.htm | title = Eye Trauma Epidemiology and Prevention | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060528033458/http://www.useironline.org/Prevention.htm | archive-date=2006-05-28 }}</ref> total loss of vision in both eyes is considered to be 100% visual impairment and 85% impairment of the whole person.<ref name=colenbrander/>

Some people who fall into this category can use their considerable residual vision – their remaining sight – to complete daily tasks without relying on alternative methods. The role of a low vision specialist (optometrist or ophthalmologist) is to maximize the functional level of a patient's vision by optical or non-optical means. Primarily, this is by use of magnification in the form of telescopic systems for distance vision and optical or electronic magnification for near tasks.

People with significantly reduced acuity may benefit from training conducted by individuals trained in the provision of technical aids. Low [[Vision Rehabilitation|vision rehabilitation]] professionals, some of whom are connected to an agency for the blind, can provide advice on lighting and contrast to maximize remaining vision. These professionals also have access to non-visual aids, and can instruct patients in their uses.

The subjects making the most use of rehabilitation instruments, who lived alone, and preserved their own mobility and occupation were the least depressed, with the lowest risk of suicide and the highest level of social integration.

Those with worsening sight and the prognosis of eventual blindness are at comparatively high risk of suicide and thus may be in need of supportive services. Many studies have demonstrated how rapid acceptance of the serious visual handicap has led to a better, more productive compliance with rehabilitation programs. Moreover, psychological distress has been reported to be at its highest when sight loss is not complete, but the prognosis is unfavorable. Therefore, early intervention is imperative for enabling successful psychological adjustment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De Leo D, Hickey PA, Meneghel G, Cantor CH | title = Blindness, fear of sight loss, and suicide | journal = Psychosomatics | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 339–44 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10402881 | doi = 10.1016/S0033-3182(99)71229-6 }}</ref>

===Associated conditions===
Blindness can occur in combination with such conditions as [[intellectual disability]], [[autism spectrum disorders]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[hearing impairment]]s, and [[epilepsy]].<ref name="lighthouse">{{cite web|url=http://www.lighthouse.org/about-low-vision-blindness/causes-of-blindness/|title=Causes of Blindness|publisher=Lighthouse International|access-date=27 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612060146/http://www.lighthouse.org/about-low-vision-blindness/causes-of-blindness/|archive-date=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="autism">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncecbvi.org/autism.htm|title=Autism and Blindness|publisher=Nerbraska Center for the Education of Children who are Blind or Visually Impaired|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808120836/http://www.ncecbvi.org/autism.htm|archive-date=8 August 2008|access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref> Blindness in combination with hearing loss is known as [[deafblindness]].

It has been estimated that over half of completely blind people have [[non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder]], a condition in which a person's [[circadian rhythm]], normally slightly longer than 24 hours, is not [[Entrainment (chronobiology)|entrained]] (synchronized) to the light{{ndash}}dark cycle.<ref name="AASM2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.aasmnet.org/resources/factsheets/crsd.pdf |title=Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder |access-date=2009-08-08 |year=2008 |publisher=American Academy of Sleep Medicine |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826121447/http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/FactSheets/CRSD.pdf |archive-date=2010-08-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Blood ML, Keith LD, Nakagawa H | title = Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: incidence and clinical significance | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–34 | date = July 1992 | pmid = 1619000 | doi = 10.1210/jc.75.1.127 | url = http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1619000 }}</ref>

==Cause==
The most common causes of visual impairment globally in 2010 were:
#[[Refractive error]] (42%)
#[[Cataract]] (33%)
#[[Glaucoma]] (2%)
#[[Age-related macular degeneration]] (1%)
#[[Corneal opacification]] (1%)
#[[Diabetic retinopathy]] (1%)
#[[Childhood blindness]]
#[[Trachoma]] (1%)
#Undetermined (18%)<ref name=WHO2012Data/>

The most common causes of blindness worldwide in 2010 were:
#Cataracts (51%)
#Glaucoma (8%)
#Age-related macular degeneration (5%)
#Corneal opacification (4%)
#Childhood blindness (4%)
#Refractive errors (3%)
#Trachoma (3%)
#Diabetic retinopathy (1%)
#Undetermined (21%)<ref name=WHO2012Data/>

About 90% of people who are visually impaired live in the [[developing world]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are the leading causes of blindness in the developed world.<ref name="Bunce">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bunce C, Wormald R | title = Leading causes of certification for blindness and partial sight in England & Wales | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 6 | pages = 58 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16524463 | pmc = 1420283 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-6-58 }}</ref>

Among working-age adults who are newly blind in England and Wales the most common causes in 2010 were:<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liew G, Michaelides M, Bunce C | title = A comparison of the causes of blindness certifications in England and Wales in working age adults (16-64 years), 1999-2000 with 2009-2010 | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = e004015 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24525390 | pmc = 3927710 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004015 }}</ref>
#Hereditary retinal disorders (20.2%)
#Diabetic retinopathy (14.4%)
#Optic atrophy (14.1%)
#Glaucoma (5.9%)
#Congenital abnormalities (5.1%)
#Disorders of the visual cortex (4.1%)
#Cerebrovascular disease (3.2%)
#Degeneration of the macula and posterior pole (3.0%)
#Myopia (2.8%)
#Corneal disorders (2.6%)
#Malignant neoplasms of the brain and nervous system (1.5%)
#Retinal detachment (1.4%)

===Cataracts===

[[Cataracts]] are the congenital and pediatric pathology that describes the greying or opacity of the crystalline lens, which is most commonly caused by intrauterine infections, metabolic disorders, and genetically transmitted syndromes.<ref name="Althomali, T. 2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Althomali T | year = 2012 | title = Management of congenital cataract | journal = Saudi Journal for Health Sciences | volume = 1 | issue = 3| page = 115 | doi=10.4103/2278-0521.106079| doi-access = free }}</ref> Cataracts are the leading cause of child and adult blindness that doubles in prevalence with every ten years after the age of 40.<ref name="Brian, G. 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brian G, Taylor H | title = Cataract blindness--challenges for the 21st century | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 249–56 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11285671 | pmc = 2566371 }}</ref> Consequently, today cataracts are more common among adults than in children.<ref name="Althomali, T. 2012"/> That is, people face higher chances of developing cataracts as they age. Nonetheless, cataracts tend to have a greater financial and emotional toll upon children as they must undergo expensive diagnosis, long term rehabilitation, and visual assistance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wirth MG, Russell-Eggitt IM, Craig JE, Elder JE, Mackey DA | title = Aetiology of congenital and paediatric cataract in an Australian population | journal = The British Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 86 | issue = 7 | pages = 782–6 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12084750 | pmc = 1771196 | doi = 10.1136/bjo.86.7.782 }}</ref> Also, according to the Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, sometimes patients experience irreversible amblyopia<ref name="Althomali, T. 2012"/> after pediatric cataract surgery because the cataracts prevented the normal maturation of vision prior to operation.<ref name="Rashad, M. A. 2012"/> Despite the great progress in treatment, cataracts remain a global problem in both economically developed and developing countries.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Althomali T | year = 2012 | title = Management of Congenital Cataract | journal = Saudi Journal for Health Sciences | volume = 1 | issue = 3| page = 115 | doi=10.4103/2278-0521.106079| doi-access = free }}</ref> At present, with the variant outcomes as well as the unequal access to cataract surgery, the best way to reduce the risk of developing cataracts is to avoid smoking and extensive exposure to sun light (i.e. UV-B rays).<ref name="Brian, G. 2001"/>

===Glaucoma===
[[Glaucoma]] is a congenital and pediatric eye disease characterized by increased pressure within the eye or intraocular pressure (IOP).<ref name="go.galegroup.com">{{cite journal | last = Krader | first = Cheryl Guttman | name-list-style = vanc | title = Etiology Determines IOP Treatment: Customized Approach Needed for Managing Elevated Pressure in Patients with Uveitis. | journal = Ophthalmology Times | date = 15 May 2012 | volume = 24 | publisher = Academic OneFile }}<{{cite web |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA294505910&v=2.1&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=e8aa73e119058ee89d879915b9226421 |title=Gale - Institution Finder |access-date=2014-05-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421065542/http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA294505910&v=2.1&u=cuny_centraloff&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=e8aa73e119058ee89d879915b9226421 |archive-date=2014-04-21 }}>.</ref> Glaucoma causes visual field loss as well as severs the optic nerve.<ref name="glaucoma.org">Glaucoma Research Foundation. "High Eye Pressure and Glaucoma." Glaucoma Research Foundation. N.p., 5 Sept. 2013. Web.<{{cite web |url=http://www.glaucoma.org/gleams/high-eye-pressure-and-glaucoma.php |title=High Eye Pressure and Glaucoma |access-date=2014-05-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902095935/http://www.glaucoma.org/gleams/high-eye-pressure-and-glaucoma.php |archive-date=2017-09-02 }}>.</ref> Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma in patients is imperative because glaucoma is triggered by non-specific levels of IOP.<ref name="glaucoma.org"/> Also, another challenge in accurately diagnosing glaucoma is that the disease has four causes: 1) inflammatory ocular hypertension syndrome (IOHS); 2) severe uveitic angle closure; 3) corticosteroid-induced; and 4) a heterogonous mechanism associated with structural change and chronic inflammation.<ref name="go.galegroup.com"/> In addition, often [[pediatric glaucoma]] differs greatly in cause and management from the glaucoma developed by adults.<ref name="Meszaros, Liz 2013">{{cite journal | last = Meszaros | first = Liz | name-list-style = vanc | title = Pediatric, Adult Glaucoma Differ in Management: Patient Populations Not Same, so Diagnosis/clinical Approach Should Reflect Their Uniqueness. | journal = Ophthalmology Times | date = 15 September 2013 | volume = 11 | publisher = Academic OneFile | url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA348978213&v=2.1&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=543a017fba673f928c486fc78c826e1d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421081812/http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA348978213&v=2.1&u=cuny_centraloff&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=543a017fba673f928c486fc78c826e1d |archive-date=2014-04-21 }}</ref> Currently, the best sign of pediatric glaucoma is an IOP of 21 mm Hg or greater present within a child.<ref name="Meszaros, Liz 2013"/> One of the most common causes of pediatric glaucoma is cataract removal surgery, which leads to an incidence rate of about 12.2% among infants and 58.7% among 10-year-olds.<ref name="Meszaros, Liz 2013"/>

===Infections===
[[File:68-4062-1 (ATED).jpg|thumb|alt=Black and white photo of children leading a line of adults across a dry landscape|The burden of [[onchocerciasis]]: children leading blind adults in Africa]]
Childhood blindness can be caused by conditions related to pregnancy, such as [[congenital rubella syndrome]] and [[retinopathy of prematurity]]. Leprosy and onchocerciasis each blind approximately 1 million individuals in the developing world.

The number of individuals blind from [[trachoma]] has decreased in the past 10 years from 6 million to 1.3 million, putting it in seventh place on the list of causes of blindness worldwide.

Central corneal ulceration is also a significant cause of monocular blindness worldwide, accounting for an estimated 850,000 cases of corneal blindness every year in the Indian subcontinent alone. As a result, corneal scarring from all causes is now the fourth greatest cause of global blindness.<ref>(Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 17e)</ref>

===Injuries===
[[File:Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets. American Red Cross., 1917 - 1919 - NARA - 533674.tif|thumb|alt=Black and white photo of three men weaving wicker baskets|Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets, World War I.]]
[[Eye injury|Eye injuries]], most often occurring in people under 30, are the leading cause of monocular blindness (vision loss in one eye) throughout the [[United States]]. Injuries and cataracts affect the eye itself, while abnormalities such as [[optic nerve hypoplasia]] affect the nerve bundle that sends signals from the eye to the back of the brain, which can lead to decreased visual acuity.

[[Cortical blindness]] results from injuries to the [[occipital lobe]] of the [[Human brain|brain]] that prevent the brain from correctly receiving or interpreting signals from the [[optic nerve]]. Symptoms of cortical blindness vary greatly across individuals and may be more severe in periods of exhaustion or stress. It is common for people with cortical blindness to have poorer vision later in the day.

Blinding has been used as an [[blinding (punishment)|act of vengeance and torture]] in some instances, to deprive a person of a major sense by which they can navigate or interact within the world, act fully independently, and be aware of events surrounding them. An example from the classical realm is [[Oedipus]], who gouges out his own eyes after realizing that he fulfilled the awful prophecy spoken of him. Having crushed the Bulgarians, the Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] blinded as many as 15,000 prisoners taken in the battle, before releasing them.<ref>Finlay, George (1856). ''History of the Byzantine Empire from DCCXVI to MLVII'', 2nd Edition, Published by W. Blackwood, pp. 444–445.</ref> Contemporary examples include the addition of methods such as [[acid throwing]] as a form of [[disfigurement]].

===Genetic defects===
People with [[albinism]] often have vision loss to the extent that many are legally blind, though few of them actually cannot see. [[Leber congenital amaurosis]] can cause total blindness or severe sight loss from birth or early childhood.

Recent advances in [[genetic map|mapping]] of the [[human genome]] have identified other genetic causes of [[low vision]] or blindness. One such example is [[Bardet–Biedl syndrome]].

===Poisoning===
Rarely, blindness is caused by the intake of certain chemicals. A well-known example is [[methanol]], which is only mildly toxic and minimally intoxicating, and breaks down into the substances [[formaldehyde]] and [[formic acid]] which in turn can cause blindness, an array of other health complications, and death.<ref name="Methanol">{{cite web | title = Methanol | work = Symptoms of Methanol Poisoning | publisher = Canada Safety Council | year = 2005 | url = http://www.safety-council.org/info/OSH/methanol.htm | access-date=27 March 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070220004549/http://www.safety-council.org/info/OSH/methanol.htm  |archive-date = 20 February 2007}}</ref> When competing with [[ethanol]] for metabolism, ethanol is metabolized first, and the onset of toxicity is delayed. Methanol is commonly found in [[methylated spirits]], [[Denatured alcohol|denatured ethyl alcohol]], to avoid paying taxes on selling ethanol intended for human consumption. Methylated spirits are sometimes used by [[Alcoholism|alcoholics]] as a [[surrogate alcohol|desperate and cheap substitute]] for regular ethanol [[alcoholic beverages]].

===Other===
* [[Amblyopia]]: is a category of vision loss or visual impairment that is caused by factors unrelated to refractive errors or coexisting ocular diseases.<ref name="Rashad, M. A. 2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rashad MA | title = Pharmacological enhancement of treatment for amblyopia | journal = Clinical Ophthalmology | volume = 6 | pages = 409–16 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22536029 | pmc = 3334227 | doi = 10.2147/opth.s29941 }}</ref> Amblyopia is the condition when a child's visual systems fail to mature normally because the child either suffers from a premature birth, measles, congenital rubella syndrome, vitamin A deficiency, or meningitis.<ref name="Gilbert, C. 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilbert C, Foster A | title = Childhood blindness in the context of VISION 2020--the right to sight | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 227–32 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11285667 | pmc = 2566382 }}</ref> If left untreated during childhood, amblyopia is currently incurable in adulthood because surgical treatment effectiveness changes as a child matures.<ref name="Gilbert, C. 2001"/> Consequently, amblyopia is the world's leading cause of child monocular vision loss, which is the damage or loss of vision in one eye.<ref name="Rashad, M. A. 2012"/> In the best case scenario, which is very rare, properly treated amblyopia patients can regain 20/40 acuity.<ref name="Rashad, M. A. 2012"/>
* [[Corneal opacification]]
* [[Myopia#Degenerative myopia|Degenerative myopia]]
* [[Diabetic retinopathy]]: is one of the manifestation microvascular complications of diabetes, which is characterized by blindness or reduced acuity. That is, diabetic retinopathy describes the retinal and vitreous hemorrhages or retinal capillary blockage caused by the increase of A1C,<ref name="Morello, C. M 2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morello CM | title = Etiology and natural history of diabetic retinopathy: an overview | journal = American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | volume = 64 | issue = 17 Suppl 12 | pages = S3–7 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17720892 | doi = 10.2146/ajhp070330 }}</ref> which a measurement of blood glucose or sugar level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/blood-glucose-control/a1c/ |title=A1C and eAG |access-date=2014-05-05 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140603145010/http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/blood-glucose-control/a1c/ |archive-date=2014-06-03 }}</ref> In fact, as A1C increases, people tend to be at greater risk of developing diabetic retinopathy than developing other microvascular complications associated with diabetes (e.g. chronic hyperglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy).<ref name="Morello, C. M 2007"/> Despite the fact that only 8% of adults 40 years and older experience vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (e.g. nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy or NPDR and proliferative diabetic retinopathy or PDR), this eye disease accounted for 17% of cases of blindness in 2002.<ref name="Morello, C. M 2007"/>
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* [[Retinopathy of prematurity]]: The most common cause of blindness in infants worldwide. In its most severe form, ROP causes retinal detachment, with attendant visual loss. Treatment is aimed mainly at prevention, via laser or [[Avastin]] therapy.
* [[Stargardt's disease]]
* [[Uveitis]]: is a group of 30 intraocular inflammatory diseases<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jabs DA, Busingye J | title = Approach to the diagnosis of the uveitides | journal = American Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 156 | issue = 2 | pages = 228–36 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23668682 | pmc = 3720682 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.03.027 }}</ref> caused by infections, systemic diseases, organ-specific autoimmune processes, cancer or trauma.<ref name="Rao, Narsing 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rao NA | title = Uveitis in developing countries | journal = Indian Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 61 | issue = 6 | pages = 253–4 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23803475 | pmc = 3744776 | doi = 10.4103/0301-4738.114090 }}</ref> That is, uveitis refers to a complex category of ocular diseases that can cause blindness if either left untreated or improperly diagnosed.<ref name="Rao, Narsing 2013"/> The current challenge of accurately diagnosing uveitis is that often the cause of a specific ocular inflammation is either unknown or multi-layered.<ref name="sciencedirect.com"/> Consequently, about 3–10% uveitis victims in developed countries, and about 25% of victims in the developing countries, become blind from incorrect diagnosis and from ineffectual prescription of drugs, antibiotics or steroids.<ref name="Rao, Narsing 2013"/> In addition, uveitis is a diverse category of eye diseases that are subdivided as granulomatous (or tumorous) or non-granulomatous anterior, intermediate, posterior or pan uveitis.<ref name="Rao, Narsing 2013"/> In other words, uveitis diseases tend to be classified by their anatomic location in the eye (e.g. uveal tract, retina, or lens), as well as can create complication that can cause cataracts, glaucoma, retinal damage, age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.<ref name="Rao, Narsing 2013"/>
*[[Xerophthalmia]], often due to [[vitamin A deficiency]], is estimated to affect 5 million children each year; 500,000 develop active corneal involvement, and half of these go blind.

==Diagnosis==
[[File:Exploring-Eye-Movements-in-Patients-with-Glaucoma-When-Viewing-a-Driving-Scene-pone.0009710.s001.ogv|thumb|alt=Video tracing eye movements while driving along urban street|Scientists track eye movements in glaucoma patients to check vision impairment while driving]]
It is important that people be examined by someone specializing in low vision care prior to other rehabilitation training to rule out potential medical or surgical correction for the problem and to establish a careful baseline refraction and prescription of both normal and low vision glasses and optical aids. Only a doctor is qualified to evaluate visual functioning of a compromised visual system effectively.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aoa.org/x5240.xml | title = American Optometric Association web site | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130605031811/http://aoa.org/x5240.xml | archive-date=2013-06-05 }}</ref> The [[American Medical Association]] provides an approach to evaluating visual loss as it affects an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living.<ref name=colenbrander>{{cite web | url = http://www.ski.org/Colenbrander/Images/AMA_Guides_Vision5_01.pdf | title = AMA Guides | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060502000817/http://www.ski.org/Colenbrander/Images/AMA_Guides_Vision5_01.pdf | archive-date=2006-05-02 }}</ref>

Screening adults who have no symptoms is of uncertain benefit.<ref name=USPSTF2016/>

==Prevention==
The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of visual loss is either preventable or curable with treatment.<ref name=WHO2014/> This includes cataracts, onchocerciasis, trachoma, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uncorrected refractive errors, and some cases of childhood blindness.<ref name=WHO2015Cause/> The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that half of blindness in the United States is preventable.<ref name=CDC2011/>

==Management==
[[File:Tommy Edison blind cooking.jpg|thumb|alt=Tommy Edison cooking|Tommy Edison, a blind film critic, demonstrates for his viewers how a blind person can cook alone.]]

===Mobility===
[[File:Long cane folded.jpg|thumb|alt=White cane with red band, folded into four segments|Folded long cane]]
[[File:Caoguia2006.jpg|thumb|alt=Man walks through mall, holding onto harnessed yellow lab|A blind man is assisted by a [[guide dog]] in Brasília, Brazil]]
[[File:Blind girl feels shape of vehicle near Mana village, Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|alt=Indian woman touches a large brown vehicle|Blind girl feels shape of vehicle near [[Mana, India|Mana village, Uttarakhand]]]]
[[File:Visually impaired girl negotiating a rock while rock climbing.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Girl wedged between two bolders, climbing|Visually impaired girl negotiating a rock while rock climbing]]
Many people with serious visual impairments can travel independently, using a wide range of tools and techniques. [[Orientation and Mobility|Orientation and mobility specialists]] are professionals who are specifically trained to teach people with visual impairments how to travel safely, confidently, and independently in the home and the community. These professionals can also help blind people to practice travelling on specific routes which they may use often, such as the route from one's house to a convenience store. Becoming familiar with an environment or route can make it much easier for a blind person to navigate successfully.

Tools such as the [[white cane]] with a red tip – the [[international symbols|international symbol]] of blindness – may also be used to improve mobility. A long cane is used to extend the user's range of touch sensation. It is usually swung in a low sweeping motion, across the intended path of travel, to detect obstacles. However, techniques for cane travel can vary depending on the user and/or the situation. Some visually impaired persons do not carry these kinds of canes, opting instead for the shorter, lighter identification (ID) cane. Still others require a support cane. The choice depends on the individual's vision, motivation, and other factors.

A small number of people employ [[guide dog]]s to assist in mobility. These dogs are trained to navigate around various obstacles, and to indicate when it becomes necessary to go up or down a step. However, the helpfulness of guide dogs is limited by the inability of dogs to understand complex directions. The human half of the guide dog team does the directing, based upon skills acquired through previous mobility training. In this sense, the handler might be likened to an aircraft's navigator, who must know how to get from one place to another, and the dog to the pilot, who gets them there safely.

[[GPS for the visually impaired|GPS devices]] can also be used as a mobility aid. Such software can assist blind people with orientation and navigation, but it is not a replacement for traditional mobility tools such as white canes and guide dogs.

Some blind people are skilled at [[human echolocation|echolocating]] silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes. It has been shown that blind echolocation experts use what is normally the "visual" part of their brain to process the echoes.<ref name=Thaler2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thaler L, Arnott SR, Goodale MA | title = Neural correlates of natural human echolocation in early and late blind echolocation experts | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = e20162 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21633496 | pmc = 3102086 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0020162 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...620162T }}</ref><ref name="Reader">{{citation
|title = Bat Man
|publisher = Reader's Digest
|date = June 2012
|url = http://www.uwo.ca/bmi/news/bmi_news/bat_man.html
|access-date = 14 March 2014
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140315184642/http://www.uwo.ca/bmi/news/bmi_news/bat_man.html
|archive-date = 15 March 2014
}}</ref>

Government actions are sometimes taken to make public places more accessible to blind people. Public transportation is freely available to the blind in many cities. [[Tactile paving]] and [[Pedestrian crossing#Enhancements for disabled people|audible traffic signals]] can make it easier and safer for visually impaired pedestrians to cross streets. In addition to making rules about who can and cannot use a cane, some governments mandate the [[Priority (right of way)|right-of-way]] be given to users of white canes or guide dogs.

===Reading and magnification===
[[File:Watch for the blind2.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Watch with tactile hands and braille digits|[[Braille watch]]]]
Most visually impaired people who are not totally blind read print, either of a regular size or enlarged by magnification devices. Many also read [[large-print]], which is easier for them to read without such devices. A variety of [[magnifying glass]]es, some handheld, and some on desktops, can make reading easier for them.

Others read [[braille]] (or the infrequently used [[Moon type]]), or rely on [[audiobook|talking books]] and readers or [[reading machine]]s, which convert printed text to speech or [[braille]]. They use computers with special hardware such as [[image scanner|scanners]] and [[refreshable Braille display|refreshable braille display]]s as well as software written specifically for the blind, such as [[optical character recognition]] applications and [[screen reader]]s.

Some people access these materials through agencies for the blind, such as the [[National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped]] in the United States, the [[National Library for the Blind]] or the [[Royal National Institute for the Blind|RNIB]] in the United Kingdom.

[[Closed-circuit television]]s, equipment that enlarges and contrasts textual items, are a more [[high-tech]] alternative to traditional magnification devices.

There are also over 100 [[radio reading service]]s throughout the world that provide people with vision impairments with readings from periodicals over the radio. The International Association of Audio Information Services provides links to all of these organizations.

===Computers and mobile technology===
Access technology such as [[screen reader]]s, [[screen magnifier]]s and [[refreshable Braille display|refreshable braille display]]s enable the blind to use mainstream computer applications and [[mobile phone]]s. The availability of assistive technology is increasing, accompanied by concerted efforts to ensure the accessibility of information technology to all potential users, including the blind. Later versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] include an Accessibility Wizard & Magnifier for those with partial vision, and [[Microsoft Narrator]], a simple screen reader. [[Linux distribution]]s (as [[live CD]]s) for the blind include [[Vinux]] and [[Adriane Knoppix]], the latter developed in part by [[Klaus Knopper|Adriane Knopper]] who has a visual impairment. macOS and iOS also come with a built-in screen reader called [[VoiceOver]], while [[Google TalkBack]] is built in to most Android devices.

The movement towards greater [[web accessibility]] is opening a far wider number of websites to [[adaptive technology]], making the web a more inviting place for visually impaired surfers.

Experimental approaches in [[sensory substitution]] are beginning to provide access to arbitrary live views from a [[camera]].

Modified visual output that includes large print and/or clear simple graphics can be of benefit to users with some residual vision.<ref name="dynamicdiversity">Gregor, P., Newell, A.F., Zajicek, M. (2002). Designing for Dynamic Diversity – interfaces for older people. Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies. Edinburgh, Scotland. Session: Solutions for aging. Pages 151–156.</ref>

===Other aids and techniques===
[[File:Banknote feature.JPG|right|thumb|alt=Raised bumps on a Canadian banknote|A [[Canadian currency tactile feature|tactile feature]] on a [[Banknotes of the Canadian dollar|Canadian banknote]]]]
Blind people may use talking equipment such as [[thermometer]]s, watches, clocks, [[weighing scale|scales]], [[calculator]]s, and [[compass]]es. They may also enlarge or mark dials on devices such as ovens and thermostats to make them usable. Other techniques used by blind people to assist them in daily activities include:

*Adaptations of [[coin]]s and [[banknote]]s so that the value can be determined by touch. For example:
** In some currencies, such as the [[euro]], the [[pound sterling]] and the [[Indian rupee]], the size of a note increases with its value.
** On US coins, pennies and dimes, and nickels and quarters are similar in size. The larger denominations (dimes and quarters) have ridges along the sides (historically used to prevent the "shaving" of precious metals from the coins), which can now be used for identification.
** Some currencies' [[banknotes]] have a tactile feature to indicate denomination. For example, the [[Canadian currency tactile feature]] is a system of raised dots in one corner, based on braille cells but not standard [[braille]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bankofcanada.ca/en/banknotes/accessibility.html | title = Accessibility features – Bank Notes | publisher = Bank of Canada | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110429132719/http://www.bankofcanada.ca/en/banknotes/accessibility.html | archive-date = April 29, 2011 }}</ref>
** It is also possible to fold notes in different ways to assist recognition.
*Labeling and tagging clothing and other personal items
*Placing different types of food at different positions on a dinner plate
*Marking controls of household appliances

Most people, once they have been visually impaired for long enough, devise their own adaptive strategies in all areas of personal and professional management.

For the blind, there are books in braille, audio-books, and text-to-speech computer programs, machines and [[e-book readers]]. Low vision people can make use of these tools as well as [[large-print]] reading materials and e-book readers that provide large [[font]] sizes.

Computers are important tools of integration for the visually impaired person. They allow, using standard or specific programs, screen magnification and conversion of text into sound or touch (braille line), and are useful for all levels of visual handicap. [[Optical character recognition|OCR]] scanners can, in conjunction with text-to-speech software, read the contents of books and documents aloud via computer. Vendors also build closed-circuit televisions that electronically magnify paper, and even change its contrast and color, for visually impaired users. For more information, consult [[Assistive technology]].

In adults with low vision there is no conclusive evidence supporting one form of reading aid over another.<ref name="Virgili"/> In several studies stand-mounted devices allowed faster reading than hand-held or portable optical aids.<ref name="Virgili">{{cite journal | vauthors = Virgili G, Acosta R, Bentley SA, Giacomelli G, Allcock C, Evans JR | title = Reading aids for adults with low vision | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 4 | pages = CD003303 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29664159 | pmc = 6494537 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003303.pub4 }}</ref> While electronic aids may allow faster reading for individuals with low vision, portability, ease of use, and affordability must be considered for people.<ref name=Virgili/>

Children with low vision sometimes have reading delays, but do benefit from phonics-based beginning reading instruction methods. Engaging phonics instruction is multisensory, highly motivating, and hands-on. Typically students are first taught the most frequent sounds of the alphabet letters, especially the so-called short vowel sounds, then taught to blend sounds together with three-letter consonant-vowel-consonant words such as cat, red, sit, hot, sun. Hands-on (or kinesthetically appealing) VERY enlarged print materials such as those found in "The Big Collection of Phonics Flipbooks" by Lynn Gordon (Scholastic, 2010) are helpful for teaching word families and blending skills to beginning readers with low vision. Beginning reading instructional materials should focus primarily on the lower-case letters, not the capital letters (even though they are larger) because reading text requires familiarity (mostly) with lower-case letters. Phonics-based beginning reading should also be supplemented with phonemic awareness lessons, writing opportunities, and many read-alouds (literature read to children daily) to stimulate motivation, vocabulary development, concept development, and comprehension skill development. Many children with low vision can be successfully included in regular education environments. Parents may need to be vigilant to ensure that the school provides the teacher and students with appropriate low vision resources, for example technology in the classroom, classroom aide time, modified educational materials, and consultation assistance with low vision experts.

===Communication===
Communication with the visually impaired can be more difficult than communicating with someone who doesn't have vision loss. However, many people are uncomfortable with communicating with the blind, and this can cause communication barriers. One of the biggest obstacles in communicating with visually impaired individuals comes from face-to-face interactions.<ref name="BIALISTOCK">Bialistock, R. (2005). Towards better communication, from the interest point of view. or-skills of sight-glish for the blind and visually impaired. International Congress Series, 1282, 793–795.</ref> There are many factors that can cause the sighted to become uncomfortable while communicating face to face. There are many non-verbal factors that hinder communication between the visually impaired and the sighted, more often than verbal factors do. These factors, which Rivka Bialistock<ref name="BIALISTOCK" /> mentions in her article, include:

*Lack of facial expressions, mimics, or body gestures/responses
*Non-verbal gestures that could imply the visually impaired individual not appearing interested
*Speaking when not anticipated or not speaking when anticipated
*Fear of offending the visually impaired
*Standing too close and invading the personal comfort level
*Having to exercise or ignore feelings of pity
*Being uncomfortable with touching objects or people
*A look of detachment or disengagement
*Dependency
*Being reminded of the fear of becoming blind

The blind person sends these signals or types of non-verbal communication without being aware that they are doing so. These factors can all affect the way an individual would feel about communicating with the visually impaired. This leaves the visually impaired feeling rejected and lonely.

====Adjusting attitude====

In the article "Towards better communication, from the interest point of view. Or—skills of sight-glish for the blind and visually impaired", the author, Rivka Bialistock,<ref name="BIALISTOCK" /> comes up with a method to reduce individuals being uncomfortable with communicating with the visually impaired. This method is called blind-glish or sight-glish, which is a language for the blind, similar to English. For example, babies, who are not born able to talk right away, communicate through sight-glish, simply seeing everything and communicating non-verbally. This comes naturally to sighted babies, and by teaching this same method to babies with a visual impairment can improve their ability to communicate better, from the very beginning.

To avoid the rejected feeling of the visually impaired, people need to treat the blind the same way they would treat anyone else, rather than treating them like they have a disability and need special attention. People may feel that it is improper to, for example, tell their blind child to look at them when they are speaking. However, this contributes to the sight-glish method.<ref name="BIALISTOCK" /> It is important to disregard any mental fears or uncomfortable feelings people have while communicating (verbally and non-verbally) face-to-face.

====Surroundings====
Individuals with a visual disability not only have to find ways to communicate effectively with the people around them, but their environment as well. The blind or visually impaired rely largely on their other senses such as hearing, touch, and smell in order to understand their surroundings.<ref name="JAMES">{{cite book |last1=Jan |first1=James |last2=Freeman |first2=Roger |last3=Scott |first3=Eileen | name-list-style = vanc |title=Visual Impairment in Children and Adolescents |date=1977 |publisher=Grune and Stratton |location=111 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10003 |isbn=978-0-8089-1010-7 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/visualimpairment0000unse/page/17 17]–27, 113–121, 187–227 |url=https://archive.org/details/visualimpairment0000unse|url-access=registration }}</ref>

=====Sound=====
Sound is one of the most important senses that the blind or visually impaired use in order to locate objects in their surroundings. A form of echolocation is used, similarly to that of a bat.<ref name="pmid23391560">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arnott SR, Thaler L, Milne JL, Kish D, Goodale MA | title = Shape-specific activation of occipital cortex in an early blind echolocation expert | journal = Neuropsychologia | volume = 51 | issue = 5 | pages = 938–49 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23391560 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.01.024 | s2cid = 1630195 | url = http://dro.dur.ac.uk/12170/1/12170.pdf }}</ref> Echolocation from a person's perspective is when the person uses sound waves generated from speech or other forms of noise such as cane tapping, which reflect off of objects and bounce back at the person giving them a rough idea of where the object is. This does not mean they can depict details based on sound but rather where objects are in order to interact, or avoid them. Increases in atmospheric pressure and humidity increase a person's ability to use sound to their advantage as wind or any form of background noise impairs it.<ref name="JAMES" />

=====Touch=====
Touch is also an important aspect of how blind or visually impaired people perceive the world. Touch gives immense amount of information in the person's immediate surrounding. Feeling anything with detail gives off information on shape, size, texture, temperature, and many other qualities. Touch also helps with communication; braille is a form of communication in which people use their fingers to feel elevated bumps on a surface and can understand what is meant to be interpreted.<ref name="pmid16282598">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sadato N | title = How the blind "see" Braille: lessons from functional magnetic resonance imaging | journal = The Neuroscientist : A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 577–82 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16282598 | doi = 10.1177/1073858405277314 | s2cid = 7538990 }}</ref> There are some issues and limitations with touch as not all objects are accessible to feel, which makes it difficult to perceive the actual object. Another limiting factor is that the learning process of identifying objects with touch is much slower than identifying objects with sight. This is due to the fact the object needs to be approached and carefully felt until a rough idea can be constructed in the brain.<ref name="JAMES" />

=====Smell=====
Certain smells can be associated with specific areas and help a person with vision problems to remember a familiar area. This way there is a better chance of recognizing an area's layout in order to navigate themselves through. The same can be said for people as well. Some people have their own special odor that a person with a more trained sense of smell can pick up. A person with an impairment of their vision can use this to recognize people within their vicinity without them saying a word.<ref name="JAMES" />

====Communication development====
Visual impairment can have profound effects on the development of infant and child communication. The language and social development of a child or infant can be very delayed by the inability to see the world around them.

=====Social development=====
Social development includes interactions with the people surrounding the infant in the beginning of its life. To a child with vision, a smile from a parent is the first symbol of recognition and communication, and is almost an instant factor of communication. For a visually impaired infant, recognition of a parent's voice will be noticed at approximately two months old, but a smile will only be evoked through touch between parent and baby. This primary form of communication is greatly delayed for the child and will prevent other forms of communication from developing. Social interactions are more complicated because subtle visual cues are missing and facial expressions from others are lost.

Due to delays in a child's communication development, they may appear to be disinterested in social activity with peers, non-communicative and uneducated on how to communicate with other people. This may cause the child to be avoided by peers and consequently overprotected by family members.

=====Language development=====
With sight, much of what is learned by a child is learned through imitation of others, whereas a visually impaired child needs very planned instruction directed at the development of postponed imitation. A visually impaired infant may jabber and imitate words sooner than a sighted child, but may show delay when combining words to say themselves, the child may tend to initiate few questions and their use of adjectives is infrequent. Normally the child's sensory experiences are not readily coded into language and this may cause them to store phrases and sentences in their memory and repeat them out of context. The language of the blind child does not seem to mirror their developing knowledge of the world, but rather their knowledge of the language of others.

A visually impaired child may also be hesitant to explore the world around them due to fear of the unknown and also may be discouraged from exploration by overprotective family members. Without concrete experiences, the child is not able to develop meaningful concepts or the language to describe or think about them.<ref>Strickling, C., (2010, October 6). Impact Of Visual Impairment On Development. Texas, USA [[Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired]]</ref>

===Healthcare access===
Visual impairment has the ability to create consequences for health and well being. Visual impairment is increasing, especially among older people. It is recognized that those individuals with visual impairment are likely to have limited access to information and healthcare facilities, and may not receive the best care possible because not all health care professionals are aware of specific needs related to vision. Accommodation may require alternative means of communication.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Epidemiology==
The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] estimates that in 2012 there were 285 million visually impaired people in the world, of which 246 million had low vision and 39 million were blind.<ref name=WHO2014/>

Of those who are blind 90% live in the developing world.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite document | vauthors = Bosanquet N, Mehta P | title = Evidence base to support the UK Vision Strategy. | publisher = [[RNIB]] and [[The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association]] | citeseerx = 10.1.1.649.6742 }}</ref> Worldwide for each blind person, an average of 3.4 people have low vision, with country and regional variation ranging from 2.4 to 5.5.<ref name="WHO">World Health Organization{{full citation needed|date=February 2012}}</ref>

'''By age:''' Visual impairment is unequally distributed across age groups. More than 82% of all people who are blind are 50 years of age and older, although they represent only 19% of the world's population. Due to the expected number of years lived in blindness (blind years), childhood blindness remains a significant problem, with an estimated 1.4 million blind children below age 15.

'''By gender:''' Available studies consistently indicate that in every region of the world, and at all ages, females have a significantly higher risk of being visually impaired than males.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Esteban|first1=J. J. Navarro|last2=Martínez|first2=M. Solera|last3=Navalón|first3=P. García|last4=Serrano|first4=O. Piñar|last5=Patiño|first5=J. R. Cerrillo|last6=Purón|first6=M. E. Calle|last7=Martínez-Vizcaíno|first7=V.|date=February 2008|title=Visual impairment and quality of life: gender differences in the elderly in Cuenca, Spain|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18026851/|journal=Quality of Life Research|volume=17|issue=1|pages=37–45|doi=10.1007/s11136-007-9280-7|issn=0962-9343|pmid=18026851|s2cid=24556942}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Woldeyes|first1=Alemayehu|last2=Adamu|first2=Yilkal|date=July 2008|title=Gender differences in adult blindness and low vision, Central Ethiopia|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19271384/|journal=Ethiopian Medical Journal|volume=46|issue=3|pages=211–218|issn=0014-1755|pmid=19271384}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rius Ulldemolins|first1=Anna|last2=Benach|first2=Joan|last3=Guisasola|first3=Laura|last4=Artazcoz|first4=Lucía|date=2019-08-01|title=Why are there gender inequalities in visual impairment?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30500932/#:~:text=Conclusions:%20Strong%20gender%20inequalities%20were,related%20to%20their%20gender%20socialization|journal=European Journal of Public Health|volume=29|issue=4|pages=661–666|doi=10.1093/eurpub/cky245|issn=1464-360X|pmid=30500932|hdl=2117/130141|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mousa|first1=Ahmed|last2=Courtright|first2=Paul|last3=Kazanjian|first3=Arminee|last4=Bassett|first4=Ken|date=2014-06-01|title=Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Blindness in Upper Egypt: A Gender-based Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.3109/09286586.2014.906629|journal=Ophthalmic Epidemiology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=190–196|doi=10.3109/09286586.2014.906629|issn=0928-6586|pmid=24746251|s2cid=22521634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ulldemolins|first1=Anna Rius|last2=Lansingh|first2=Van C.|last3=Valencia|first3=Laura Guisasola|last4=Carter|first4=Marissa J.|last5=Eckert|first5=Kristen A.|date=September 2012|title=Social inequalities in blindness and visual impairment: a review of social determinants|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22944744/|journal=Indian Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=60|issue=5|pages=368–375|doi=10.4103/0301-4738.100529|issn=1998-3689|pmc=3491260|pmid=22944744}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Doyal|first1=Lesley|last2=Das-Bhaumik|first2=Raja G.|date=2018|title=Sex, gender and blindness: a new framework for equity|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30246151/|journal=BMJ Open Ophthalmology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=e000135|doi=10.1136/bmjophth-2017-000135|issn=2397-3269|pmc=6146307|pmid=30246151}}</ref>

'''By geography:''' Visual impairment is not distributed uniformly throughout the world. More than 90% of the world's visually impaired live in developing countries.<ref name="WHO"/>

Since the estimates of the 1990s, new data based on the 2002 global population show a reduction in the number of people who are blind or visually impaired, and those who are blind from the effects of infectious diseases, but an increase in the number of people who are blind from conditions related to longer life spans.<ref name="WHO"/>

In 1987, it was estimated that 598,000 people in the United States met the legal definition of blindness.<ref name="Kirchner">{{cite book | vauthors = Kirchner C, Stephen G, Chandu F | date = 1987 | chapter = Estimated 1987 prevalence of non-institutionalized 'severe visual impairment' by age base on 1977 estimated rates: U. S.", 1987. | title = AER Yearbook }}</ref> Of this number, 58% were over the age of 65.<ref name="Kirchner"/> In 1994–1995, 1.3 million Americans reported legal blindness.<ref name="AFB">{{cite web | url = http://www.afb.org/Section.asp?SectionID=15&DocumentID=1367#prev | title = Statistics and Sources for Professionals | publisher = American Foundation for the Blind | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080807030614/http://www.afb.org/Section.asp?SectionID=15&DocumentID=1367 | archive-date=2008-08-07 }}</ref>

==Society and culture==
{{See also|List of blind people|Blind musicians}}

===Legal definition===
To determine which people qualify for special assistance because of their visual disabilities, various governments have specific definitions for legal blindness.<ref name="ssdiqualify.org">{{cite web |title=Defining the Boundaries of Low Vision Patients |url=http://www.ssdiqualify.org/defining-boundaries-low-vision-patients/ |publisher=SSDI Qualify |access-date=January 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127023130/http://www.ssdiqualify.org/defining-boundaries-low-vision-patients/ |archive-date=January 27, 2014 }}</ref> In [[North America]] and most of [[Europe]], legal blindness is defined as [[visual acuity]] (vision) of 20/200 (6/60) or less in the better eye with best correction possible. This means that a legally blind individual would have to stand {{convert|20|ft|m}} from an object to see it—with [[corrective lens]]es—with the same degree of clarity as a normally sighted person could from {{convert|200|ft|m}}. In many areas, people with average acuity who nonetheless have a [[visual field]] of less than 20 [[degree (angle)|degrees]] (the norm being 180 degrees) are also classified as being legally blind.
Approximately fifteen percent of those deemed legally blind, by any measure, have no light or form perception. The rest have some vision, from light perception alone to relatively good acuity. [[Low vision]] is sometimes used to describe visual acuities from 20/70 to 20/200.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionaware.org/info/your-eye-condition/eye-health/low-vision/low-vision-terms-and-descriptions/1235|title=Low Vision and Legal Blindness Terms and Descriptions|publisher=American Foundation for the Blind|access-date=2017-02-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301010338/http://www.visionaware.org/info/your-eye-condition/eye-health/low-vision/low-vision-terms-and-descriptions/1235|archive-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>

===Literature and art===
{{see also|Blindness in literature|Visual impairment in art}}

====Antiquity====
The [[Moche (culture)|Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] depicted the blind in their ceramics.<ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref>

In Greek myth, [[Tiresias]] was a prophet famous for his [[clairvoyance]]. According to one myth, he was blinded by the gods as punishment for revealing their secrets, while another holds that he was blinded as punishment after he saw [[Athena]] naked while she was bathing. In [[the Odyssey]], the one-eyed Cyclops [[Polyphemus]] captures [[Odysseus]], who blinds Polyphemus to escape. In Norse mythology, [[Loki]] tricks the blind god [[Höðr]] into killing his brother [[Baldr]], the god of happiness.

The [[New Testament]] contains numerous instances of [[Miracles of Jesus|Jesus performing miracles]] to heal the blind. According to the Gospels, Jesus healed [[Healing the two blind men in Galilee|the two blind men of Galilee]], [[Blind man of Bethsaida|the blind man of Bethsaida]], [[Healing the blind near Jericho|the blind man of Jericho]] and [[Healing the blind at birth|the man who was born blind]].

The parable of the [[blind men and an elephant]] has crossed between many religious traditions and is part of [[Jainism|Jain]], [[Buddhist]], [[Sufi]] and [[Hindu]] lore. In various versions of the tale, a group of blind men (or men in the dark) touch an [[elephant]] to learn what it is like. Each one feels a different part, but only one part, such as the side or the tusk. They then compare notes and learn that they are in complete disagreement.

"[[Three Blind Mice]]" is a medieval [[English language|English]] [[nursery rhyme]] about three blind mice whose tails are cut off after chasing the farmer's wife. The work is explicitly incongruous, ending with the comment ''Did you ever see such a sight in your life, As three blind mice?''

====Modern times====
[[File:Velázquez Blind woman.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=Oil painting of woman with head tilted down, possibly with eyes closed|''Blind Woman'' by [[Diego Velázquez]]]]
[[File:José de Ribera 018.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=Man with eyes closed holds and feels a marble bust|''The Sense of Touch'' by [[Jusepe de Ribera]] depicts a blind man holding a marble head in his hands.]]
Poet [[John Milton]], who went blind in mid-life, composed "[[On His Blindness]]", a sonnet about coping with blindness. The work posits that ''[those] who best Bear [God]'s mild yoke, they serve him best.''

The Dutch painter and engraver [[Rembrandt]] often depicted scenes from the apocryphal [[Book of Tobit]], which tells the story of a blind patriarch who is healed by his son, Tobias, with the help of the archangel [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]].<ref>[[Julius Held]], ''Rembrandt and the Book of Tobit'', Gehenna Press, Northampton MA, 1964.</ref>

Slaver-turned-abolitionist [[John Newton]] composed the hymn "[[Amazing Grace]]" about a wretch who ''"once was lost, but now am found, Was blind, but now I see."'' Blindness, in this sense, is used both metaphorically (to refer to someone who was ignorant but later became knowledgeable) and literally, as a reference to those healed in the Bible. In the later years of his life, Newton himself would go blind.

[[H. G. Wells]]' story "[[The Country of the Blind]]" explores what would happen if a sighted man found himself trapped in a country of blind people to emphasise society's attitude to blind people by turning the situation on its head.

[[Bob Dylan]]'s anti-war song "[[Blowin' in the Wind]]" twice alludes to metaphorical blindness: ''How many times can a man turn his head // and pretend that he just doesn't see... How many times must a man look up // Before he can see the sky?''

Contemporary fiction contains numerous well-known [[:Category:Fictional blind characters|blind characters]]. Some of these characters can see by means of devices, such as the [[Marvel Comics]] superhero [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)|Daredevil]], who can see via his super-human hearing acuity, or ''[[Star Trek]]'''s [[Geordi La Forge]], who can see with the aid of a [[VISOR]], a fictional device that transmits optical signals to his brain.

===Sports===
Blind and partially sighted people participate in sports, such as [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[snow skiing]] and [[athletics (sport)|athletics]]. Some sports have been invented or adapted for the blind, such as [[goalball]], [[Paralympic association football|association football]], [[blind cricket|cricket]], [[blind golf|golf]], [[tennis]], [[bowling]], and [[beep baseball]].<ref name="Vicsports">{{cite web|url=http://www.blindsports.org.au/|title=Blind Sports Victoria|access-date=2008-03-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221014751/http://www.blindsports.org.au/|archive-date=2008-02-21}}</ref><ref name=Atlantic>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/03/blind-athletes/475041/ |title=The Competitive World of Blind Sports |last=Chodosh |first=Sara | name-list-style = vanc |work=The Atlantic |date=24 March 2016 |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref> The worldwide authority on sports for the blind is the [[International Blind Sports Federation]].<ref name="Para">{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org/paralympian/20014/2001430.htm|title=IBSA General Assembly Elects New Leadership|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|work=The Paralympian|date=April 2001|access-date=2008-03-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918225825/http://www.paralympic.org/paralympian/20014/2001430.htm|archive-date=2007-09-18}}</ref><ref name=tennis>{{cite news|last=Lin|first=Thomas | name-list-style = vanc |title=Hitting the Court, With an Ear on the Ball|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/05/science/a-game-of-tennis-tests-notions-of-blindness.html?_r=2&ref=science|work=Science|publisher=The New York Times|access-date=6 June 2012|date=4 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509102622/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/05/science/a-game-of-tennis-tests-notions-of-blindness.html?_r=2&ref=science|archive-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> People with vision impairments have participated in the [[Paralympic Games]] since the [[1976 Summer Paralympics|1976 Toronto summer Paralympics]].<ref name="disserv">{{cite web|title=The history of people with disabilities in Australia – 100 years|publisher=Disability Services Australia|url=http://www.dsa.org.au/life_site/text/sport/index.html|access-date=2008-03-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207212725/http://www.dsa.org.au/life_site/text/sport/index.html|archive-date=2011-02-07}}</ref>

===Metaphorical uses===
The word "blind" (adjective and verb) is often used to signify a lack of knowledge of something. For example, a blind date is a date in which the people involved have not previously met; a [[blind experiment]] is one in which information is kept from either the experimenter or the participant to mitigate the [[placebo effect]] or [[observer bias]]. The expression "[[blind leading the blind]]" refers to incapable people leading other incapable people. Being blind to something means not understanding or being aware of it. A "[[blind spot (vision)|blind spot]]" is an area where someone cannot see: for example, where a car driver cannot see because parts of his car's bodywork are in the way; metaphorically, a topic on which an individual is unaware of their own biases, and therefore of the resulting distortions of their own judgements (see [[Bias blind spot]]).

==Research==
{{Main|Visual prosthesis}}
A 2008 study tested the effect of using [[gene therapy]] to help restore the sight of patients with a rare form of inherited blindness, known as [[Leber's congenital amaurosis]] or LCA.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bainbridge JW, Smith AJ, Barker SS, Robbie S, Henderson R, Balaggan K, Viswanathan A, Holder GE, Stockman A, Tyler N, Petersen-Jones S, Bhattacharya SS, Thrasher AJ, Fitzke FW, Carter BJ, Rubin GS, Moore AT, Ali RR | display-authors = 6 | title = Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber's congenital amaurosis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 358 | issue = 21 | pages = 2231–9 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18441371 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa0802268 | url = http://cvrl.ioo.ucl.ac.uk/people/stockman/pubs/2008%20gene%20therapy%20b%20et%20al.pdf | publisher = [[Massachusetts Medical Society]] }}</ref> Leber's Congenital Amaurosis damages the light receptors in the retina and usually begins affecting sight in early childhood, with worsening vision until complete blindness around the age of 30.

The study used a common cold virus to deliver a normal version of the gene called [[RPE65]] directly into the eyes of affected patients. Remarkably, all 3 patients, aged 19, 22 and 25, responded well to the treatment and reported improved vision following the procedure. Due to the age of the patients and the degenerative nature of LCA, the improvement of vision in gene therapy patients is encouraging for researchers. It is hoped that gene therapy may be even more effective in younger LCA patients who have experienced limited vision loss, as well as in other blind or partially blind individuals.

Two experimental treatments for retinal problems include a cybernetic replacement and transplant of fetal retinal cells.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113968653 |title=Bionic Eye Opens New World Of Sight For Blind |first=Jon |last=Hamilton | name-list-style = vanc |date=20 October 2009 |access-date=9 March 2019 |work=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

There is no high-quality evidence on the effect of assistive technologies on educational outcomes and quality of life in children with low vision as of 2015,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas R, Barker L, Rubin G, Dahlmann-Noor A | title = Assistive technology for children and young people with low vision | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 6 | pages = CD011350 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26086876 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011350.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group }}</ref> nor is there evidence on magnifying reading aids in children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barker L, Thomas R, Rubin G, Dahlmann-Noor A | title = Optical reading aids for children and young people with low vision | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD010987 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25738963 | pmc = 6769181 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010987.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group }}</ref> Low-vision rehabilitation does not appear to have an important impact on health-related quality of life, though some low-vision rehabilitation interventions, particularly psychological therapies and methods of enhancing vision, may improve vision-related quality of life in people with sight loss.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Nispen RM, Virgili G, Hoeben M, Langelaan M, Klevering J, Keunen JE, van Rens GH | title = Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | pages = CD006543 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31985055 | pmc = 6984642 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006543.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group }}</ref>

==Other animals==
{{Main|Blindness in animals}}
Statements that certain species of [[mammal]]s are "born blind" refers to them being born with their eyes closed and their eyelids fused together; the eyes open later. One example is the [[rabbit]]. In humans, the eyelids are fused for a while before birth, but open again before the normal birth time; however, very [[premature babies]] are sometimes born with their eyes fused shut, and opening later. Other animals, such as the [[blind mole rat]], are truly blind and rely on other senses.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

The theme of blind animals has been a powerful one in literature. [[Peter Shaffer]]'s Tony Award-winning play, [[Equus (play)|''Equus'']], tells the story of a boy who blinds six horses. [[Theodore Taylor (author)|Theodore Taylor]]'s classic young adult novel, ''[[The Trouble With Tuck]]'', is about a teenage girl, Helen, who trains her blind dog to follow and trust a seeing-eye dog.

== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Acute visual loss]]
*[[Blindness and education]]
*[[Color blindness]]
*[[Diplopia]]
*[[Nyctalopia]]
*[[Recovery from blindness]]
*[[Stereoblindness]]
*[[Tactile alphabet]]
*[[Tactile graphic]]
*[[Tangible symbol systems]]
*[[Visual agnosia]]
*[[Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure]]
*[[World Blind Union]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Eye_Disorders/Blindness|Blindness}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Blindness}}

{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Visual impairment-article.ogg|date=2020-07-12}}
{{Medical condition classification and resources
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|H|54|0|h|53}}, {{ICD10|H|54|1|h|53}}, {{ICD10|H|54|4|h|53}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|369}}
| MeSH=D001766
| Width = 100
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| DiseasesDB = 28256
| MedlinePlus =003040
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
}}
{{Eye pathology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visual impairment}}
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Blindness| ]]
[[Category:Diseases of the eye and adnexa]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:RTTNEURO]]

Prison reform

2021-05-27T18:29:15Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Criminology and penology|penology}} '''Prison reform''' is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, improve the effectiveness of a penal system, or impleme..."

{{Criminology and penology|penology}}

'''Prison reform''' is the attempt to improve conditions inside [[prison]]s, improve the effectiveness of a [[penal system]], or implement [[alternatives to incarceration]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lewin |first=Tamar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/keyword/prison-reform |title=New York Times |work=Nytimes.com |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/opinion/01thu3.html|title=Opinion – Sen. Webb's Call for Prison Reform|date=31 December 2008|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> It also focuses on ensuring the reinstatement of those whose lives are impacted by crimes.

In modern times the idea of making [[living space]]s safe and [[cleanliness|clean]] has spread from the [[civilian]] population to include prisons, on [[ethics|ethic]]al grounds which honor that unsafe and unsanitary prisons violate [[constitution]]al ([[law]]) prohibitions against [[cruel and unusual punishment]]. In recent times prison reform ideas include greater access to [[legal counsel]] and [[family]], [[conjugal visits]], proactive security against violence, and implementing [[house arrest]] with assistive technology.

==History==
[[File:Prison populations.png|thumb|right|Prison populations of various countries in 2008]]
Prisons have only been used as the primary punishment for criminal acts in the last few centuries. Far more common earlier were various types of [[corporal punishment]], [[public humiliation]], [[Unfree labour|penal bondage]], and [[banishment]] for more severe offenses, as well as [[capital punishment]]. All of which occur today.

The concept of incarceration was presented circa 1750 as a more humane form of punishment than the aforementioned corporal and capital punishment. They originally were designed as a way for criminals to participate in religious self-reflection and self-reform as a form of penance, hence the term penitentiary.<ref>Davis, Angela Y. "Imprisonment and Reform" ''Dimensions of Culture 2: Justice'', edited by Dr. Amanda Solomon, Dr. Megan Strom, and Dr. Emily Johnson, Cognella, 2019, pp. 95-102.</ref>

Prisons contained both felons and debtors – the latter of which were allowed to bring in wives and children. The jailer made his money by charging the inmates for food and drink and legal services and the whole system was rife with corruption.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} One reform of the sixteenth century had been the establishment of the ''London [[Bridewell]]'' as a [[house of correction]] for women and children. This was the only place any medical services were provided.

===United Kingdom===
====18th century====
During the eighteenth century, British justice used a wide variety of measures to punish crime, including fines, the pillory and whipping. Transportation to The United States of America was often offered, until 1776, as an alternative to the death penalty, which could be imposed for many offenses including pilfering. When they ran out of prisons in 1776 they used old sailing vessels which came to be called ''hulks'' as places of temporary confinement.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The most notable reformer was [[John Howard (prison reformer)|John Howard]] who, having visited several hundred prisons across England and Europe, beginning when he was high sheriff of Bedfordshire, published ''The State of the Prisons'' in 1777.<ref>
{{citation |title=The State of the Prisons in England and Wales with an account of some foreign prisons|author=John Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EhNAAAAYAAJ|year=1777}}
</ref> He was particularly appalled to discover prisoners who had been acquitted but were still confined because they couldn't pay the jailer's fees. He proposed that each prisoner should be in a separate cell with separate sections for women felons, men felons, young offenders and debtors. The prison reform charity, the [[Howard League for Penal Reform]], takes its name from John Howard.

The [[Penitentiary Act]] which passed in 1779 following his agitation introduced solitary confinement, religious instruction and a labor regime and proposed two state penitentiaries, one for men and one for women. These were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from wars with France and jails remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the next few years provided magistrates with the powers to implement many of these reforms and eventually in 1815 jail fees were abolished.

Quakers such as [[Elizabeth Fry]] continued to publicize the dire state of prisons as did [[Charles Dickens]] in his novels ''[[David Copperfield (novel)|David Copperfield]]'' and ''[[Little Dorrit (novel)|Little Dorrit]]'' about the [[Marshalsea]]. [[Samuel Romilly]] managed to repeal the death penalty for theft in 1806, but repealing it for other similar offences brought in a political element that had previously been absent. The Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, founded in 1816, supported both the [[Panopticon]] for the design of prisons and the use of the [[treadwheel]] as a means of hard labor. By 1824, 54 prisons had adopted this means of discipline.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|p=97}}</ref> Robert Peel's [[Gaols Act 1823|Gaols Act of 1823]] attempted to impose uniformity in the country but local prisons remained under the control of magistrates until the Prison Act of 1877.

====19th century====
The American [[separate system]] attracted the attention of some reformers and led to the creation of [[Millbank Prison]] in 1816 and [[Pentonville (HM Prison)|Pentonville prison]] in 1842. By now the end of transportation to Australia and the use of hulks was in sight and [[Joshua Jebb]] set an ambitious program of prison building with one large prison opening per year. The main principles were separation and hard labour for serious crimes, using treadwheels and cranks. However, by the 1860s public opinion was calling for harsher measures in reaction to an increase in crime which was perceived to come from the 'flood of criminals' released under the penal servitude system. The reaction from the committee set up under the commissioner of prisons, Colonel [[Edmund Frederick du Cane]], was to increase minimum sentences for many offences with deterrent principles of 'hard labour, hard fare, and a hard bed'.<ref>{{harvnb|Fox|1952|p=46}}</ref> In 1877 he encouraged [[Disraeli]]'s government to remove all prisons from local government and held a firm grip on the prison system till his forced retirement in 1895. He also established a tradition of secrecy which lasted till the 1970s so that even magistrates and investigators were unable to see the insides of prisons.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|p=153}}</ref> By the 1890s the prison population was over 20,000.

==== 1877–1914 ====
The British penal system underwent a transition from harsh punishment to reform, education, and training for post-prison livelihoods. The reforms were controversial and contested. In 1877-1914 era a series of major legislative reforms enabled significant improvement in the penal system. In 1877, the previously localized prisons were nationalized in the Home Office under a Prison Commission. The Prison Act of 1898 enabled the Home Secretary to and multiple reforms on his own initiative, without going through the politicized process of Parliament. The Probation of Offenders Act of 1907 introduced a new probation system that drastically cut down the prison population while providing a mechanism for transition back to normal life. The Criminal Justice Administration Act of 1914 required courts to allow a reasonable time before imprisonment was ordered for people who did not pay their fines. Previously tens of thousands of prisoners had been sentenced solely for that reason. The Borstal system after 1908 was organized to reclaim young offenders, and the Children Act of 1908 prohibited imprisonment under age 14, and strictly limited that of ages 14 to 16. The principal reformer was Sir [[Evelyn Ruggles-Brise]]. the chair of the Prison Commission.<ref>R.C.K. Ensor. ‘’ England 1870-1914’’ (1937) pp 520-21.</ref><ref>J.W. Fox, ‘’The Modern English Prison ‘’ (1934).</ref>

=====Winston Churchill=====
Major reforms were championed by The Liberal Party government in 1906–14. The key player was [[Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939|Winston Churchill]] when he was the Liberal [[Home Secretary]], 1910–11.<ref>Jamie Bennett, "The Man, the Machine and the Myths: Reconsidering Winston Churchill’s Prison Reforms." in Helen Johnston, ed., ''Punishment and Control in Historical Perspective'' (2008) pp. 95-114. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230583443_6 online]</ref> He first achieved fame as a prisoner in the Boer war in 1899. He escaped after 28 days and the media, and his own book, made him a national hero overnight.<ref>Candice Millard, ''Hero of the Empire: The Boer War, a Daring Escape, and the Making of Winston Churchill'' (2016)</ref> He later wrote, "I certainly hated my captivity more than I have ever hated any other in my whole life...Looking back on those days I've always felt the keenest pity for prisoners and captives."<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Addison|title=Churchill: The Unexpected Hero|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa2h24pcwAUC&pg=PT59|year=2005|page=51|isbn=9780191608575}}</ref> As Home Secretary he was in charge of the nation's penal system. Biographer [[Paul Addison]] says. "More than any other Home Secretary of the 20th century, Churchill was the prisoner's friend. He arrived at the Home Office with the firm conviction that the penal system was excessively harsh.” He worked to reduce the number sent to prison in the first place, shorten their terms, and make life in prison more tolerable, and rehabilitation more likely.<ref>Addison, p. 51.</ref> His reforms were not politically popular, but they had a major long-term impact on the British penal system.<ref>Edward Moritz, Jr., "Winston Churchill - Prison Reformer," ''The Historian'' 20#4 (1958), pp. 428-440 {{jstor|24437567}}</ref><ref>Victor Bailey, "Churchill As Home-Secretary--Prison Reform." ''History Today'' vol 35 (March 1985): 10-13.</ref>

=====Borstal system=====
In 1894-5 [[Herbert Gladstone]]'s Committee on Prisons showed that criminal propensity peaked from the mid-teens to the mid-twenties. He took the view that central government should break the cycle of offending and imprisonment by establishing a new type of reformatory, that was called ''[[Borstal]]'' after the village in [[Kent]] which housed the first one. The movement reached its peak after the first world war when [[Alexander Paterson (penologist)|Alexander Paterson]] became commissioner, delegating authority and encouraging personal responsibility in the fashion of the [[Public school (UK)|English Public school]]: cellblocks were designated as 'houses' by name and had a ''[[housemaster]]''. Cross-country walks were encouraged, and no one ran away. Prison populations remained at a low level until after the second world war when Paterson died and the movement was unable to update itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|pp=157–161}}</ref> Some aspects of Borstal found their way into the main prison system, including [[open prison]]s and housemasters, renamed ''assistant governors'' and many Borstal-trained prison officers used their experience in the wider service. But in general the prison system in the twentieth century remained in Victorian buildings which steadily became more and more overcrowded with inevitable results.

===United States===
In colonial America, punishments were severe. The Massachusetts assembly in 1736 ordered that a thief, on first conviction, be fined or whipped. The second time he was to pay [[treble damages]], sit for an hour upon the gallows platform with a noose around his neck and then be carted to the whipping post for thirty stripes. For the third offense he was to be hanged.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|p=113}}</ref> But the implementation was haphazard as there was no effective police system and judges wouldn't convict if they believed the punishment was excessive. The local jails mainly held men awaiting trial or punishment and those in debt.

In the aftermath of independence most states amended their criminal punishment statutes. Pennsylvania eliminated the death penalty for robbery and burglary in 1786, and in 1794 retained it only for first degree murder. Other states followed and in all cases the answer to what alternative penalties should be imposed was incarceration. Pennsylvania turned its old jail at Walnut Street into a state prison. New York built Newgate state prison in Greenwich Village and other states followed. But by 1820 faith in the efficacy of legal reform had declined as statutory changes had no discernible effect on the level of crime and the prisons, where prisoners shared large rooms and booty including alcohol, had become riotous and prone to escapes.

In response, New York developed the [[Auburn system]] in which prisoners were confined in separate cells and prohibited from talking when eating and working together, implementing it at [[Auburn State Prison]] and [[Sing Sing]] at [[Ossining (town), New York|Ossining]]. The aim of this was [[Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitative]]: the reformers talked about the penitentiary serving as a model for the family and the school and almost all the states adopted the plan (though Pennsylvania went even further in separating prisoners). The system's fame spread and visitors to the U.S. to see the prisons included [[de Tocqueville]] who wrote [[Democracy in America]] as a result of his visit.

However, by the 1860s, overcrowding became the rule of the day, partly because of the long sentences given for violent crimes, despite increasing severity inside the prison and often cruel methods of gagging and restraining prisoners. An increasing proportion of prisoners were new immigrants. As a result of a tour of prisons in 18 states, [[Enoch Wines]] and [[Theodore William Dwight|Theodore Dwight]] produced a monumental report describing the flaws in the existing system and proposing remedies.<ref>
{{citation |title=Report on the Prisons and Reformatories of the United States and Canada|author1=Enoch Wines|author2=Theodore Dwight|year=1867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-mgzeGoepoC}}
</ref> Their critical finding was that not one of the state prisons in the United States was seeking the reformation of its inmates as a primary goal.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|p=172}}</ref> They set out an agenda for reform which was endorsed by a ''National Congress'' in [[Cincinnati]] in 1870. These ideas were put into practice in the [[Elmira Reformatory]] in New York in 1876 run by [[Zebulon Brockway]]. At the core of the design was an educational program which included general subjects and vocational training for the less capable. Instead of fixed sentences, prisoners who did well could be released early.

But by the 1890s, Elmira had twice as many inmates as it was designed for and they were not only the first offenders between 16 and 31 for which the program was intended. Although it had a number of imitators in different states, it did little to halt the deterioration of the country's prisons which carried on a dreary life of their own. In the southern states, in which blacks made up more than 75% of the inmates, there was ruthless exploitation in which the states leased prisoners as chain gangs to entrepreneurs who treated them worse than slaves. By the 1920s drug use in prisons was also becoming a problem.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, psychiatric interpretations of social deviance were gaining a central role in criminology and policy making. By 1926, 67 prisons employed psychiatrists and 45 had psychologists. The language of medicine was applied in an attempt to "cure" offenders of their criminality. In fact, little was known about the causes of their behaviour and prescriptions were not much different from the earlier reform methods.<ref name="morris178">{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|p=178}}</ref> A system of probation was introduced, but often used simply as an alternative to suspended sentences, and the probation officers appointed had little training, and their caseloads numbered several hundred making assistance or surveillance practically impossible. At the same time they could revoke the probation status without going through another trial or other proper process.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|p=182}}</ref>

In 1913, [[Thomas Mott Osborne]] became chairman of a commission for the reform of the New York prison system and introduced a ''[[Mutual Welfare League]]'' at Auburn with a committee of 49 prisoners appointed by secret ballot from the 1400 inmates. He also removed the striped dress uniform at Sing Sing and introduced recreation and movies. Progressive reform resulted in the "Big House" by the late twenties – prisons averaging 2,500 men with professional management designed to eliminate the abusive forms of corporal punishment and prison labor prevailing at the time.

The American prison system was shaken by a series of riots in the early 1950s triggered by deficiencies of prison facilities, lack of hygiene or medical care, poor food quality, and guard brutality. In the next decade all these demands were recognized as rights by the courts.<ref name="morris178"/> In 1954, the ''American Prison Association'' changed its name to the ''[[American Correctional Association]]'' and the rehabilitative emphasis was formalized in the 1955 [[United Nations]] [[Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners]].

Since the 1960s the prison population in the US has risen steadily, even during periods where the crime rate has fallen. This is partly due to profound changes in sentencing practices due to a denunciation of lenient policies in the late sixties and early seventies and assertions that rehabilitative purposes do not work. As a consequence sentencing commissions started to establish minimum as well as maximum [[sentencing guidelines]], which have reduced the discretion of parole authorities and also reduced parole supervision of released prisoners. Another factor that contributed to the increase of incarcerations was the Reagan administration's "War On Drugs" in the 1980s. This War increased money spent on lowering the number of illegal drugs in the United States. As a result, drug arrests increased and prisons became increasingly more crowded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/10/war-on-drugs-prisons-infographic_n_4914884.html|title=Just How Much The War On Drugs Impacts Our Overcrowded Prisons, In One Chart|first=Kathleen|last=Miles|date=10 March 2014|via=Huff Post}}</ref> The rising prison population was made up disproportionately of African American with 90% of those sentenced to prison for drug offense in Illinois in 2002.<ref>Alexander, Michelle. "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness." ''Dimensions of Culture 2: Justice, Edited by Dr. Amanda Solomon, Dr. Megan Strom, and Dr. Emily Johnston, Cognella, 2019, pp. 89-94.''</ref> By 2010, the United States had more prisoners than any other country and a greater percentage of its population was in prison than in any other country in the world. "Mass incarceration" became a serious social and economic problem, as each of the 2.3 million American prisoners costs an average of about $25,000 per year. Recidivism remained high, and useful programs were often cut during the recession of 2009–2010. In 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court in ''[[Brown v. Plata]]'' upheld the release of thousands of California prisoners due to California's inability to provide constitutionally mandated levels of healthcare.

In 2015 a bipartisan effort was launched by [[Koch family foundations]], the [[ACLU]], the [[Center for American Progress]], [[Families Against Mandatory Minimums]], the [[Coalition for Public Safety]], and the [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation|MacArthur Foundation]] to more seriously address criminal justice reform in the United States.<ref name=tAtl>{{cite web| last =Ball| first =Molly| title =Do the Koch Brothers Really Care About Criminal-Justice Reform?| work =The Atlantic| date =Mar 3, 2015| url =https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/03/do-the-koch-brothers-really-care-about-criminal-justice-reform/386615/}}</ref><ref name=dbeast>{{cite web| last =Mak| first =Tim| title =Koch Bros to Bankroll Prison Reform| work =The Daily Beast| date =Jan 13, 2015| url =http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/01/13/koch-bros-to-bankroll-prison-reform.html}}</ref> The Kochs and their partners are combatting the systemic overcriminalization and overincarceration of citizens from primarily low-income and minority communities.<ref name=wapos>{{cite web| last =Horwitz| first =Sari| title =Unlikely Allies| work =Washington Post| date =Aug 15, 2015| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/08/15/clemency-the-issue-that-obama-and-the-koch-brothers-actually-agree-on/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2015/1020/Congress-s-big-bipartisan-success-that-might-be-just-beginning |title=Congress's big, bipartisan success that might be just beginning | work=Christian Science Monitor | date=Oct 20, 2015 | author=Gass Henry}}</ref> The group of reformers is working to reduce recidivism rates and diminish barriers faced by rehabilitated persons seeking new employment in the work force. In addition they have a goal in ending [[Asset forfeiture]] practices since law enforcement often deprives individuals of the majority of their private property.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cjonline.com/news/2015-10-15/forfeiture-reform-aligns-likes-billionaire-charles-koch-aclu | title=Forfeiture reform aligns likes of billionaire Charles Koch, ACLU | work=The Topeka Capital Journal | date=Oct 15, 2015 | author=Hudetz, Mary}}</ref>

[[Decarceration in the United States]] includes overlapping reformist and [[Prison abolition movement|abolitionist]] strategies, from "front door" options such as sentencing reform, [[decriminalization]], [[Diversion program|diversion]] and mental health treatment to "back door" approaches, exemplified by parole reform and early release into community supervision programs, amnesty for inmates convicted of non-violent offenses and imposition of prison capacity limits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=204851|website=www.ncjrs.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> While reforms focus on incremental changes, abolitionist approaches include budget reallocations, prison closures and restorative and transformative justice programs that challenge incarceration as an effective deterrent and necessary means of incapacitation. Abolitionists support investments in familial and community mental health, affordable housing and quality education to gradually transition and jail employees to jobs in other economic sectors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Decarceration Strategies: How 5 States Achieved Substantial Prison Population Reductions|url=https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/decarceration-strategies-5-states-achieved-substantial-prison-population-reductions/|website=The Sentencing Project|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Abolish Prisons' Is the New 'Abolish ICE'|url=https://politi.co/2MrbixA|last=Arrieta-Kenna|first=Ruairí|website=POLITICO Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vera Institute|url=https://www.vera.org/ending-mass-incarceration|last=Hyperakt|date=2020-05-02|website=Vera|language=en|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
The first public prison in Europe was ''Le Stinche'' in Florence, constructed in 1297, copied in several other cities. The more modern use grew from the prison [[workhouse]] (known as the [[Rasphuis]]) from 1600 in Holland. The house was normally managed by a married couple, the 'father' and 'mother', usually with a work master and discipline master. The inmates, or [[journeymen]], often spent their time on spinning, weaving and fabricating cloths and their output was measured and those who exceeded the minimum received a small sum of money with which they could buy extras from the indoor father.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|pp=68–72}}</ref>

An exception to the rule of forced labor were those inmates whose families could not look after them and paid for them to be in the workhouse. From the later 17th century private institutions for the insane, called the ''beterhuis'', developed to meet this need.

In Hamburg a different pattern occurred with the ''spinhaus'' in 1669, to which only infamous criminals were admitted. This was paid by the public treasury and the pattern spread in eighteenth-century Germany. In France the use of [[galley slave|galley servitude]] was most common until galleys were abolished in 1748. After this the condemned were put to work in naval [[arsenal]]s doing heavy work. Confinement originated from the ''hôpitaux généraux'' which were mostly asylums, though in Paris they included many convicts, and persisted up till the [[French revolution|revolution]].

The use of capital punishment and [[judicial torture]] declined during the eighteenth century and imprisonment came to dominate the system, although reform movements started almost immediately. Many countries were committed to the goal as a financially self-sustaining institution and the organization was often subcontracted to entrepreneurs, though this created its own tensions and abuse. By the mid nineteenth century several countries initiated experiments in allowing the prisoners to choose the trades in which they were to be apprenticed. The growing amount of [[recidivism]] in the latter half of the nineteenth century led a number of [[criminologist]]s to argue that "imprisonment did not, and could not fulfill its original ideal of treatment aimed at reintegrating the offender into the community".<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|pp=210}}</ref> Belgium led the way in introducing the [[suspended sentence]] for first-time offenders in 1888, followed by France in 1891 and most other countries in the next few years. [[Parole]] had been introduced on an experimental basis in France in the 1830s, with laws for juveniles introduced in 1850, and Portugal began to use it for adult criminals from 1861. The parole system introduced in France in 1885 made use of a strong private patronage network. Parole was approved throughout Europe at the [[International Prison Congress]] of 1910. As a result of these reforms the prison populations of many European countries halved in the first half of the twentieth century.

Exceptions to this trend included France and Italy between the world wars, when there was a huge increase in the use of imprisonment. The National Socialist state in Germany used it as an important tool to rid itself of its enemies as crime rates rocketed as a consequence of new categories of criminal behavior. Russia, which had only started to reform its penal and judicial system in 1860 by abolishing corporal punishment, continued the use of exile with hard labor as a punishment and this was increased to a new level of brutality under [[Joseph Stalin]], despite early reforms by the [[Bolsheviks]].

Postwar reforms stressed the need for the state to tailor punishment to the individual convicted criminal. In 1965, Sweden enacted a new criminal code emphasizing non-institutional alternatives to punishment including conditional sentences, [[probation]] for first-time offenders and the more extensive use of [[Fine (penalty)|fines]]. The use of probation caused a dramatic decline in the number women serving long-term sentences: in France the number fell from 5,231 in 1946 to 1,121 in 1980. Probation spread to most European countries though the level of surveillance varies. In the Netherlands, religious and philanthropic groups are responsible for much of the probationary care. The Dutch government invests heavily in correctional personnel, having 3,100 for 4,500 prisoners in 1959.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|Rothman|1995|pp=218–222}}</ref>

However, despite these reforms, numbers in prison started to grow again after the 1960s even in countries committed to non-custodial policies.

==Theories of incarceration and reform==

===Retribution, vengeance and retaliation===
This is founded on the "[[eye for an eye]], tooth for a tooth" incarceration philosophy, which essentially states that if one person harms another, then equivalent harm should be done to them. One goal here is to prevent [[vigilantism]], gang or clan warfare, and other actions by those who have an unsatisfied need to "get even" for a crime against them, their family, or their group. It is, however, difficult to determine how to equate different types of "harm". A literal case is where a murderer is punished with the death penalty, the argument being "justice demands a life for a life". One criticism of long term prison sentences and other methods for achieving justice is that such "warehousing" of criminals is rather expensive, this argument notwithstanding the fact that the multiple incarceration appeals of a death penalty case often exceed the price of the "warehousing" of the criminal in question.
Yet another facet of this debate disregards the financial cost for the most part. The argument regarding warehousing rests, in this case, upon the theory that any punishment considered respectful of human rights should not include imprisoning humans for life without a chance of release—that even death is morally and ethically a higher road than no-parole prison sentences.

===Deterrence===
The criminal is used as a "threat to themselves and others". By subjecting prisoners to harsh conditions, authorities hope to convince them to avoid future criminal behavior and to exemplify for others the rewards for avoiding such behavior; that is, the fear of punishment will win over whatever benefit or pleasure the illegal activity might bring. The deterrence model frequently goes far beyond "an eye for an eye", exacting a more severe punishment than would seem to be indicated by the crime. [[Torture]] has been used in the past as a deterrent, as has the public embarrassment and discomfort of [[stocks]], and, in religious communities, [[ex-communication]]. [[Execution (legal)|Executions]], particularly gruesome ones (such as hanging or beheading), often for petty offenses, are further examples of attempts at deterrence. One criticism of the deterrence model is that criminals typically have a rather short-term orientation, and the possibility of long-term consequences is of little importance to them. Also, their quality of life may be so horrific that any treatment within the criminal justice system (which is compatible with human rights law) will only be seen as an improvement over their previous situation. There used to be many European Monks who disagreed with the containment of the mentally ill, and their ethics had a strong influence on Dorothea Dix's mission to find a proper way to care for the challenged people.

===Rehabilitation, reform and correction===
("Reform" here refers to reform of the individual, not the reform of the penal system.) The goal is to "repair" the deficiencies in the individual and return them as productive members of society. Education, work skills, [[deferred gratification]], treating others with respect, and self-discipline are stressed. Younger criminals who have committed fewer and less severe crimes are most likely to be successfully reformed. "Reform schools" and "boot camps" are set up according to this model. One criticism of this model is that criminals are rewarded with training and other items which would not have been available to them had they not committed a crime. 

Prior to its closing in late 1969, Eastern State Penitentiary, then known as State Correctional Institution, Philadelphia, had established a far reaching program of voluntary group therapy with the goal of having all inmates in the prison involved. From 1967 when the plan was initiated, the program appears to have been successful as many inmates did volunteer for group therapy. An interesting aspect was that the groups were to be led by two therapists, one from the psychology or social work department and a second from one of the officers among the prison guard staff.<ref>{{cite book |last = Bernard| first = Mazie| title = Prison Manifesto: Recollections of a Queer Psychologist Working in a Maximum Security Prison | publisher = Bernard Mazie | year = 2005| isbn =978-0-9769715-0-4}}</ref>

===Removal from society===
The goal here is simply to keep criminals away from potential victims, thus reducing the number of crimes they can commit. The criticism{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} of this model is that others increase the number and severity of crimes they commit to make up for the "vacuum" left by the removed criminal. For example, incarcerating a [[drug dealer]] will result in an unmet demand for drugs at that locale, and an existing or new drug dealer will then appear, to fill the void. This new drug dealer may have been innocent of any crimes before this opportunity, or may have been guilty of less serious crimes, such as being a look-out for the previous drug dealer.

===Restitution or repayment===
Prisoners are forced to repay their "debt" to society. Unpaid or low pay work is common in many prisons, often to the benefit of the community. In some countries prisons operate as labour camps. Critics say that the repayment model gives government an economic incentive to send more people to prison. In corrupt or authoritarian regimes, such as the former Soviet Union under the control of Joseph Stalin, many citizens are sentenced to forced labour for minor breaches of the law, simply because the government requires the labour camps as a source of income. [[Community service]] is increasingly being used as an alternative to prison for petty criminals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/a/anderson-justice.html |title=New York Times |work=Nytimes.com |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref>

===Reduction in immediate costs===
Government and prison officials also have the goal of minimizing short-term costs; however, there could be a way for prisons to become self-sustaining independent institutions—with little need for government funds.

:'''In wealthy societies:'''
:This calls for keeping prisoners placated by providing them with things like television and conjugal visits. Inexpensive measures like these prevent prison assaults and riots which in turn allow the number of guards to be minimized. Providing the quickest possible parole and/or release also reduces immediate costs to the prison system (although these may very well increase long term costs to the prison system and society due to [[recidivism]]). The ultimate way to reduce immediate costs is to eliminate prisons entirely and use fines, community service, and other sanctions (like the loss of a driver's license or the right to vote) instead. Executions at first would appear to limit costs, but, in most wealthy societies, the long appeals process for death sentences (and associated legal costs) make them quite expensive. Note that this goal may conflict with a number of goals for criminal justice systems.

:'''In poor societies:'''

:Poor societies, which lack the resources to imprison criminals for years, frequently use execution in place of imprisonment, for severe crimes. Less severe crimes, such as theft, might be dealt with by less severe physical means, such as amputation of the hands. When long term imprisonment is used in such societies, it may be a virtual death sentence, as the lack of food, sanitation, and medical care causes widespread disease and death, in such prisons.

Some of the goals of criminal justice are compatible with one another, while others are in conflict. In the history of prison reform, the harsh treatment, torture, and executions used for deterrence first came under fire as a violation of [[human rights]]. The salvation goal, and methods, were later attacked as violations of the individual's [[freedom of religion]]. This led to further reforms aimed principally at reform/correction of the individual, removal from society, and reduction of immediate costs. The perception that such reforms sometimes denied victims justice then led to further changes.

==Advocacy work==
[[John Howard (prison reformer)|John Howard]] is now widely regarded as the founding father of prison reform, having travelled extensively visiting prisons across [[Europe]] in the 1770s and 1780s. Also, the great social reformer [[Jonas Hanway]] promoted "''solitude in imprisonment'', with proper no one asked profitable labor and a spare diet".<ref>Hanway, Jonas (1776) [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC38681714&id=8VNtvyCNiRYC&pg=PA4&dq=%22jonas+Hanway%22 Solitude in Imprisonment: With Proper Profitable Labour and a Spare Diet, the Most Humane and...] J. Bew. Retrieved 2006-10-30</ref> Indeed, this became the popular model in England for many decades.

===United Kingdom===
Within Britain, prison reform was spearheaded by the [[Quakers]], and in particular, [[Elizabeth Fry]] during the [[Victorian era|Victorian Age]]. Elizabeth Fry visited prisons and suggested basic human rights for prisoners, such as [[privacy]] and teaching prisoners a trade. Fry was particularly concerned with [[women's rights]]. Parliament, coming to realize that a significant portion of prisoners had come to commit crimes as a result of mental illness, passed the [[County Asylums Act 1808|County Asylums Act (1808)]]. This made it possible for [[Justice of the Peace]] in each county to build and run their own pauper asylums.

''"Whereas the practice of confining such lunatics and other insane persons as are chargeable to their respective parishes in Gaols, Houses of Correction, Poor Houses and Houses of Industry, is highly dangerous and inconvenient"''<ref>
{{cite web
|last=Roberts, Andrew
|title=''Table of Statutes''
|work=The asylums index
|publisher=Middlesex University, London, England
|year=1981
|url=http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/Law.htm#48Geo3c96
|access-date=2006-09-26
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904062428/http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/Law.htm
|archive-date=2006-09-04
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>

There is contemporary research on the use of volunteers by governments to help ensure the fair and humane detention of prisoners.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Roffee|first=James A.|date=2017-01-01|title=Accountability and Oversight of State Functions: Use of Volunteers to Monitor Equality and Diversity in Prisons in England and Wales|journal=SAGE Open|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=2158244017690792|doi=10.1177/2158244017690792|issn=2158-2440|doi-access=free}}</ref> Research suggests that volunteers can be effective to ensure oversight of state functions and ensure accountability, however, they must be given tasks appropriately and well trained.<ref name=":0" />

===United States===
{{see also|History of United States prison systems}}
[[File:President Richard Nixon and Johnny Cash.jpg|thumb|[[Johnny Cash]] advocated prison reform at his July 1972 meeting with United States President [[Richard Nixon]].]]
[[File:Donald Trump and Kim Kardashian.jpg|thumb|[[Kim Kardashian]] and [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] discuss prison reform in May 2018.]]
In the 1800s, [[Dorothea Dix]] toured prisons in the U.S. and all over Europe looking at the conditions of the mentally handicapped. Her ideas led to a mushroom effect of asylums all over the United States in the mid-19th-century. [[Linda Gilbert]] established 22 prison libraries of from 1,500 to 2,000 volumes each, in six states.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

In the early 1900s [[Samuel June Barrows]] was a leader in prison reform. President Cleveland appointed him International Prison Commissioner for the U.S. in 1895, and in 1900 Barrows became Secretary of the Prison Association of New York and held that position until his death on April 21, 1909. A Unitarian pastor, Barrows used his influence as editor of the Unitarian ''[[Christian Register]]'' to speak at meetings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction, the National International Prison Congresses, and the Society for International Law. As the International Prison Commissioner for the U.S., he wrote several of today's most valuable documents of American penological literature, including "Children's Courts in the United States" and "The Criminal Insane in the United States and in Foreign Countries". As a House representative, Barrows was pivotal in the creation of the International Prison Congress and became its president in 1905. In his final role, as Secretary of the Prison Association of New York, he dissolved the association's debt, began issuing annual reports, drafted and ensured passage of New York's first probation law, assisted in the implementation of a federal Parole Law, and promoted civil service for prison employees. Moreover, Barrows advocated improved prison structures and methods, traveling in 1907 around the world to bring back detailed plans of 36 of the best prisons in 14 different countries. In 1910 the National League of Volunteer Workers, nicknamed the "Barrows League" in his memory, formed in New York as a group dedicated to helping released prisoners and petitioning for better prison conditions.

[[Zebulon Brockway]] in ''Fifty Years of Prison Service'' outlined an ideal prison system: Prisoners should support themselves in prison though industry, in anticipation of supporting themselves outside prison; outside businesses and labor must not interfere; indeterminate sentences were required, making prisoners earn their release with constructive behavior, not just the passage of time; and education and a Christian culture should be imparted. Nevertheless, opposition to prison industries, the [[Prison–industrial complex|prison-industrial complex]], and labor increased. Finally, U.S. law prohibited the transport of prison-made goods across state lines. Most prison-made goods today are only for government use—but the state and federal governments are not required to meet their needs from prison industries. Although nearly every prison reformer in history believed prisoners should work usefully, and several prisons in the 1800s were profitable and self-supporting, most American prisoners today do not have productive jobs in prison.<ref>''[http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2008/one20in20100pdf.pdf One in 100: Behind Bars in America]'', 2008, [[Pew Center]]'s Public Safety Performance Project @ pewcenteronthestates; Stephen Garvey, "Freeing Prisoners' Labor," 50 ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'' 339, 343 (1–1998); John Dewar Gleissner, ''Prison & Slavery – A Surprising Comparison'', Outskirts Press, 2010.</ref>

[[Kim Kardashian|Kim Kardashian-West]] has fought for prison reform, notably visiting the White House to visit President Donald Trump in on May 30, 2018. In 2018, Trump announced he was providing clemency to Alice Johnson, a week after the meeting with Kardashian-West. Johnson was given a life sentence for drug charges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/06/politics/alice-marie-johnson-commuted-sentence/index.html|title=Trump commutes sentence of Alice Marie Johnson|author=Jeremy Diamond and Kaitlan Collins|website=CNN|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref> She has also helped with lobbying the First Step Act, reducing the federally mandated minimum prison sentences.

Rappers [[Jay-Z]] and [[Meek Mill]] have also been advocates for prison reform, both being very outspoken about the issue. In 2019, they announced the launching of organization REFORM Alliance, who aims to reduce the number of people who are serving probation and parole sentences that are unjust. The organization was able to pledge $50 million to debut, also deciding to bring on CNN news commentator Van Jones as CEO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/24/entertainment/jay-z-meek-mill-prison/index.html|title=Jay-Z and Meek Mill launch prison reform organization|author=Lisa Respers France|website=CNN|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref>

Musician [[Johnny Cash]] performed and recorded at many prisons and fought for prison reform.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lundy |first=Zeth |url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/johnny-cash-at-folsom-prison |title=PopMatters |publisher=PopMatters |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Antonino D'Ambrosio |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/11/08/johnny_cash |title=The bitter tears of Johnny Cash |work=[[Salon.com]] |date= November 9, 2009 |access-date=2013-06-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114075728/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/11/08/johnny_cash | archive-date= November 14, 2009 |url-status=dead|author-link=Antonino D'Ambrosio }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBRDZoBeI88C&q=johnny+cash+prison+reform&pg=PA186 |title=Books.google.com |date= 2006-09-04|access-date=2013-06-13|isbn=9780306813689 |last1=Streissguth |first1=Michael }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/24/entertainment/jay-z-meek-mill-prison/index.html|title=Jay-Z and Meek Mill launch prison reform organization|last=Respers|first=Lisa|date=January 24, 2019|website=CNN}}</ref> His song "''Folsom Prison Blues",'' tells the tale from the perspective of a convicted killer in prison. Named after Folsom State Prison, which is California's second oldest correctional facility. Only twelve years later, after the song was released Cash performed the song live at the prison.

Not all prison reformers approach the problem from the left side of the political spectrum, although most do. In "How to Create American Manufacturing Jobs," it was proposed that restrictions on prison industries and labor and federal employment laws be eliminated so that prisoners and private employers could negotiate wage agreements to make goods now made exclusively overseas.<ref>John Dewar Gleissner, How to Create American Manufacturing Jobs, Vol. 9, Tennessee Journal of Law and Policy, Issue 3 (2013) @ https://trace.tennessee.edu/tjlp/vol9/iss3/4</ref> This would boost prison wages and revitalize prison industries away from the money-losing state industries approach that now limits prison labor and industries. Prisoners want to work, but there are not enough jobs in prison for them to be productive.

On December 21, 2018, President Donald Trump signed the First Step Act bill into law. The First Step Act has provisions to ease prison sentences for drug related crimes, and promote good behavior in federal prisons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/12/18/18140973/state-of-the-union-trump-first-step-act-criminal-justice-reform|title=The First Step Act, explained|last=Lopez|first=German|date=2018-12-18|website=Vox|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Decarceration in the United States]]
*[[Death in custody]]
*[[Incarceration in Norway]]
*[[LGBT people in prison]]
*[[Penal Reform International]]
*[[Preservation of the Rights of Prisoners]] (PROP)
*[[Prisoner abuse]]
*[[Prison abolition movement]]
*[[Prison education]]
*[[Prison strike|Prison Strike]]
*[[Prisoners' Union]]
*[[Restorative Justice]]
*[[Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners]]
*[[Sentencing disparity]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''[[International Journal of Prisoner Health]]'', [[Taylor and Francis|Taylor & Francis Publishing]]
* Cheney, Glenn A. ''Lurking Doubt: Notes on Incarceration,'' New London Librarium, 2018. {{ISBN|978-1-947074-15-6}}
* Denborough, D. (Ed.) (1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080223235758/http://www.narrativetherapylibrary.com/catalog_details.asp?ID=51 ''Beyond the prison: Gathering dreams of freedom''.] Adelaide, South Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.
* Dilulio, John J., [https://books.google.com/books?id=s6AsM5Y_MUIC&printsec=frontcover ''Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management''], Simon and Schuster, 1990. {{ISBN|0-02-907883-0}}
*{{citation |title=The English Prison and Borstal Systems|last=Fox|first=Lionel W.|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|year=1952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl6Tk5ysFQwC|isbn=9780415177382}}
* Johnston, Helen, ed., ''Punishment and Control in Historical Perspective'' (2008) [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230583443 online]
*{{citation |title=Oxford History of the Prison|first1=Norval|last1=Morris|first2=David J.|last2=Rothman|year=1995|publisher=New York, Oxford University Press}}
* Serrill, M. S., "Norfolk – A Retrospective – New Debate Over a Famous Prison Experiment," ''Corrections Magazine'', Volume 8, Issue 4 (August 1982), pp. 25–32.
* United States. Congress. House of Representatives. (2014). [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo53804 Lessons From the States: Responsible Prison Reform: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, July 15, 2014.] Washington, D.C.: G.P.O.
* SpearIt, Evolving Standards of Domination: Abandoning a Flawed Legal Standard and Approaching a New Era in Penal Reform (March 2, 2015). Chicago-Kent Law Review, Vol. 90, 2015. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2572576
*{{cite journal |last1=Wray |first1=Harmon |author-link=Harmon Wray |title=Cells for Sale |journal=Southern Changes |date=1989 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=3–6 |url=http://beck.library.emory.edu/southernchanges/article.php?id=sc08-3_011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201152305/http://beck.library.emory.edu/southernchanges/article.php?id=sc08-3_011 |archive-date=2016-02-01 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Wray |first1=Harmon |last2=Hutchison |first2=Peggy |title=Restorative Justice: Moving Beyond Punishment |date=2002 |publisher=General Board of Global Ministries, the United Methodist Church |location=New York |isbn=9781890569341|oclc=50796239}}
*{{cite book |last1=Magnani |first1=Laura |last2=Wray |first2=Harmon L. |title=Beyond Prisons: A New Interfaith Paradigm for our Failed Prison System |date=2006 |publisher=Fortress |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |isbn=9780800638320|oclc=805054899}}

==External links==
*[http://www.howardleague.org Howard League for Penal Reform]
*[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part12.htm Royal Engineers Museum] Royal Engineers as 19th century Prison Reformers
*[http://www.dulwichcentre.com.au/ppr.htm Preventing Prisoner Rape Project] A national project in Australia, aiming to raise awareness about the issue of [[prison rape|rape in prisons]], and support survivors, their families, and workers in prisons dealing with sexual assault. Website contains free downloadable resources.
*[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/index.html UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime – Justice and Prison Reform]
*[http://www.issuelab.org/issues/profile/prison_and_judicial_reform Prison and Judicial Reform Research]

[[Category:Prison reform| ]]

Tihar Jail

2021-05-27T18:28:54Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Prison centre in Delhi, India}} {{Other uses|Tihar (disambiguation)}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Infob..."

{{short description|Prison centre in Delhi, India}}
{{Other uses|Tihar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox prison
| name = Tihar
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi
| location = [[Tihar Village]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|37|03|N|77|06|02|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operating
| classification = [[Prison#Security levels|Maximum]]
| capacity = 10,026
| population = 17,534 <ref name=dept/>
| populationdate = 31 December 2019
| opened = 1957
| managed_by = Department of Delhi Prisons, [[Government of Delhi]]
| website = {{URL|http://tte.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/lib_centraljail/Central+Jail/Home/About+Us}}
}}
'''Tihar Prisons''', also called '''Tihar Jail''' and '''Tihar Ashram''', is a prison complex in [[India]] and the largest complex of prisons in [[South Asia]].<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/21554233 Tihar prison in India: More dovecote than jail]. The Economist (5 May 2012). Retrieved 2012-05-31.</ref> Run by Department of Delhi Prisons, [[Government of Delhi]], the prison contains nine central prisons, and is one of the two prison complexes in Delhi, along with a district prison at [[Rohini Sub City|Rohini]] Prison Complex.<ref name=tihar>{{cite web | title = Department of Tihar Prisons |url = http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/Lib_CentralJail/central+jail/home|publisher=Government of Delhi | access-date = 2014-01-08 }}</ref> It is located in [[Tihar Village|Tihar village]], approximately 3 km from [[Janakpuri]], to the west of [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. The surrounding area is called [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi)|Hari Nagar]].

The prison is styled as a [[correctional institution]]. Its main objective is to convert its inmates into ordinary members of society by providing them with useful skills, education, and respect for the law. It aims to improve the inmates' self-esteem and strengthen their desire to improve. To engage, rehabilitate, and reform its inmates, Tihar uses [[music therapy]], which involves music training sessions and [[concert]]s.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/news-and-interviews/32141512_1_tihar-inmates-tihar-prisons-jail-authorities | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126092721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/news-and-interviews/32141512_1_tihar-inmates-tihar-prisons-jail-authorities | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Now, a Tihar Idol| date=10 June 2012}}</ref> The prison has its own radio station, run by inmates.<ref>{{cite news | title =Tihar gets its own radio station – TJ FM Radio | newspaper =The Economic Times| date =30 July 2013 | url =http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/news/40895457_1_tihar-jail-central-jail-radio-station | access-date =6 June 2014 }}</ref> There is also a [[prison industry]] within the walls, manned wholly by inmates, which bears the brand ''Tihar''.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/tihar-is-a-brand-talk-business/top/32707-3.html Mukharji, Arunoday (4 February 2007) "Brand Tihar is serious business" ''CNN-IBN'']. Ibnlive.com (20 June 2007). Retrieved 2012-05-31.</ref> {{As of|2019|12}}, Tihar jail has 17,534 inmates against the sanctioned capacity of 10,026. The prison population as on 31.12.2019 has increased by 11.79% in comparison to the population as on 31.12.2018.<ref name=dept>{{cite web | title = Department of Tihar Prisons | url = http://tte.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/lib_centraljail/Central+Jail/Home/Prisoner+Profile |publisher=Government of Delhi| access-date = 2020-12-22 }}</ref>
==History==
Originally, Tihar was a maximum-security prison run by the [[Punjab, India|State of Punjab]]. In 1966 control was transferred to the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]. Beginning in 1984, additional facilities were constructed, and the complex became Tihar Prison, also the largest jail in India.

Under the charge of [[Kiran Bedi]], when she was Inspector General of Prisons, she instituted a number of prison reforms at Tihar, including changing its name to Tihar Ashram. She also instituted a [[Vipassana meditation]] program for both staff and inmates; initial classes were taught by [[S. N. Goenka]]. The Prison has also produced an inmate who has passed the [[Civil Services Examination (India)|UPSC civil service examinations]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090217032254/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/11/stories/2009021157300100.htm Relief to Tihar inmate after he makes it to IAS ] The Hindu, 11 February 2009</ref>

Many of the inmates continue their higher education through distance education. The campus placement program was launched in 2011 for the rehabilitation of inmates about to complete their sentences. In 2014, a recruitment drive led to 66 inmates selected on the basis of their good conduct, received job offers with salaries up to {{INR Convert|35000|}} per month, from as many as 31 recruiters, which included educational institutions, NGOs and private companies.<ref>{{cite web | title = Recruitment drive in Tihar jail: Inmate offered Rs 35,000 per month | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Recruitment-drive-in-Tihar-jail-Inmate-offered-Rs-35000-per-month/articleshow/34745638.cms |date= 6 May 2014|access-date = 2014-05-08 | work = The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Photo story: from jail to job, Tihar inmates get employed |work= Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jail-to-job-it-s-hiring-time-in-tihar/article1-1216274.aspx |author=Soumya Pillai|date=7 May 2014| access-date = 2014-05-08 }}</ref>

==TJ's brand==
In 1961, the Jail Factory was established in Central Jail No.2, at Tihar. Over the years its activities have expanded to include Carpentry, Weaving (Handloom & Powerloom), Tailoring, Chemical, Handmade paper, Commercial art, and Bakery. Later in 2009, a shoe manufacturing unit was established using the Public-Private Partnership model, and thus the brand ''TJ's'' was launched. As of May 2014, 700 inmates work in these units, and 25% of their earnings are deposited in the Victim Welfare Fund, which provides compensation to the victims and their families.<ref>{{cite web | title = Tihar Jail Products | url = http://tihartj.nic.in/tihar_jail.asp| access-date = 2014-05-08 |publisher=Tihar Jail}}</ref>
[[File:Tihar Jail Products Muffin and Brownie.jpg|thumb|Tihar Jail muffin and brownie]]

==Notable Prisoners==
* [[Sanjay Gandhi]], former [[Member of Parliament]] and husband of [[Menaka Gandhi]], son of [[Indira Gandhi]].
* [[Abhijit Banerjee]], Nobel laureate, arrested for involvement in student protests while at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]]
* [[Aniket Dey]], illegal political planning at New Delhi.
* [[Kanhaiya Kumar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kanhaiya-kumar-released-from-tihar/article8309870.ece|title=Kanhaiya Kumar released from Tihar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2016-03-03|last1=Sunny|first1=Shiv}}
</ref>
* [[Lalu Yadav]]
* [[Subrata Roy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Subrata-Roy-pays-Rs-1-23-crore-for-special-facilities-in-Tihar-jail/articleshow/50070082.cms|title=Subrata Roy pays Rs 1.23 crore for special facilities in Tihar jail|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Chhota Rajan]]
* [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Kehar Singh]], former Parliament security officers, hanged for the [[Indira Gandhi#Assassination|assassination of Indira Gandhi]].
* [[Charles Sobhraj]], an international serial killer, escaped from Tihar on 16 March 1986, but was recaptured shortly thereafter, returned to the prison and sentenced to an additional ten years for the escape. He was released on completion of his term on 17 February 1997.
*Ripun Bora, education minister of [[Assam]]'s [[Tarun Gogoi]]-led [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]ional government, the main suspect in the Daniel Topno murder case, was arrested by CBI officials on 3 June 2008 and sent to Tihar on 7 June 2008.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
*The accused in the [[2G spectrum case]], including [[A. Raja]], [[M. K. Kanimozhi]], [[Vinod Goenka]], [[Shahid Balwa]], and [[Sanjay Chandra]].<ref name=BW>[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_25/b4233013968530.htm India's Powerful Can't Escape Jail], ''[[BusinessWeek]]'', 9 June 2011</ref>
*[[Suresh Kalmadi]], former president of the [[Indian Olympic Association]], who was arrested for alleged [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games|corruption regarding the 2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref name=BW/>
*Kuljeet Singh and Jasbir Singh, executed in 1982 for the [[Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case]]
*[[Amar Singh (politician)|Amar Singh]], former member of the [[Samajwadi Party]], arrested in a [[cash-for-votes scandal]].<ref name=IT>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/cash-for-votes-scam-amar-singh/1/150256.html Cash-for-votes scam: Court sends Amar Singh to judicial custody till 19 September],''[[India Today]]'', 6 September 2011</ref>
*[[Anna Hazare]] and [[Arvind Kejriwal]], Indian social activists fighting against corruption, were imprisoned in Tihar for protesting conflicts between differing Civil Society and UPA Government anti-corruption bills, known as the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] and the [[Lokpal Bill]], respectively.
*[[Jagtar Singh Hawara]] and Paramjit Singh Bheora, Khalistani militants, main accused in the assassination of Punjab Chief minister [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040123/main2.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
*[[Abhishek Verma (businessman)|Abhishek Verma]] (billionaire arms dealer), one of main accused in Navy War Room Leak case & [[Scorpene deal scam|Scorpene Submarines deal.]]
*[[Anca Verma|Anca Neacsu]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/abhishek-verma-universe-of-lust-and-lucre/1/210833.html|title=Press reports about Anca Neacsu wife of Abhishek Verma|publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/arms-dealer-abhishek-vermas-wife-anca-neascu-goes-into-news-photo/146029316|title=Anca Neacsu photos from press reports|via=Getty Images}}</ref>(wife of arms dealer Abhishek Verma) co-accused in all his corruption cases<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/multi-crore-arms-deals-videos-of-home-ministry-alleged-kickbacks/268821|title=Multi-crore arms deals: videos of Home Ministry, alleged kickbacks}}</ref>
* [[Afzal Guru]], the Kashmiri separatist and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] terrorist involved in the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]], who was hanged on 9 February 2013.
* 5 of the accused in the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]]; Ram Singh (committed suicide in March 2013), Mukesh Singh, Akshay Thakur, Pawan Gupta & Vinay Sharma; they were hanged on 20 March 2020.
* [[Maqbool Bhat]] a Kashmiri separatist leader who waged a war for secession of Kashmir as a separate state from India and Pakistan.
* [[Milkha Singh]], for travelling in a train without ticket.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/when-his-sister-thought-milkha-was-shot/article4870333.ece|title=When his sister thought Milkha was shot|last=Lokapally|first=Vijay|date=2013-07-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[P. Chidambaram]], Judicial custody in relation to the [[INX Media case|INX media Corruption case]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/inx-media-case-p-chidambaram-kapil-sibal-rouse-avenue-court-updates-1-1116939.html|title=14 दिन के लिए तिहाड़ जेल भेजे गए पूर्व वित्त मंत्री पी. चिदंबरम|work=Aaj Tak|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[D. K. Shivakumar]], Money Launderer.<ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-leader-dk-shivakumar-sent-tihar-jail-money-laundering-case-109156</ref>

==Escapes==
In June 2015, Two prisoners have escaped from India's maximum-security Tihar jail in Delhi by digging a tunnel under a wall and scaling another, authorities said.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33307912|title=Prisoners tunnel out of Delhi jail|date=29 June 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

==Health concerns==
The prison complex has no facilities for keeping [[paraplegic]] pre-trial inmates or convicts.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tihar-says-no-facility-for-paraplegic-murder-accused-gets-bail/973310/| title= Tihar says no facility for paraplegic, murder accused gets bail| date= 12 July 2012|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre reports that around 6% to 8% of the 11,800 Tihar inmates are [[HIV-positive]], which is considerably higher than [[HIV/AIDS in India|the HIV rate among the general population in India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121106074350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-30/delhi/29599215_1_positive-prisoners-tihar-jail-jail-authorities 340 HIV positive prisoners in Tihar]. ''The Times of India'' (30 May 2011). Retrieved 2012-05-31.</ref>

==In popular culture==
''[[Doing Time, Doing Vipassana]]'' is a 1997 documentary about the introduction of [[S. N. Goenka]]'s 10-day Vipassana classes at Tihar Jail in 1993 by then Inspector General of Prisons in New Delhi, Kiran Bedi. Bedi had her guards trained in Vipassana first, and then she had Goenka give his initial class to 1,000 prisoners.<ref>{{cite web | title = Prisoners Finding New Hope in the Art of Spiritual Bliss | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/08/movies/08doin.html?_r=2& | access-date = 2014-01-08 | first = Stephen | last = Holden |author-link=Stephen Holden| date = 8 July 2005| work = The New York Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tiharprisons.nic.in/ Tihar Prisons Official website]
* [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/Lib_CentralJail_Hindi/central+jail/home/ Tihar Prisons Official Website] {{in lang|hi}}

[[Category:Prisons in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Delhi]]

New Delhi Municipal Council

2021-05-27T18:28:35Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Municipal corporation in National Capital Territory of India, India}} {{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}} {{Info..."

{{short description|Municipal corporation in National Capital Territory of India, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = New Delhi Municipal Council
| native_name = नई दिल्ली नगरपालिका परिषद
| coa_pic = New_Delhi_Municipal_Corporation_Icon.jpg
| house_type = Local Authority
| body = New Delhi
| native_name_lang =
| term_limits = 5 years
| foundation = 16 March 1927
| leader1_type = Honorable Speaker
| leader1 = [[Meenakshi Lekhi]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = [[2014 Indian general election|26 May 2014]]
| leader2_type = Chairman
| leader2 = Sh. Dharmendra [[Indian Administrative Service|(IAS)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNdmc/NOrgChart.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609043731/https://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NOrgChart.aspx |archive-date=9 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Secretary
| leader3 = Dr. B. M. Mishra [[Indian Administrative Service|(IAS)]]
| leader4_type = Financial Advisor
| leader4 = Sh.Pushkal Upadhyay, IDAS
| leader5_type = Chief Vigilance Officer
| leader5 = Sh. Sanjay Tyagi [[Indian Police Service|(IPS)]]
| seats =
| headquarters = New Delhi Municipal Council Palika Kendra, Sansad Marg [[New Delhi]]
| num_staff = 42,260 (as on 31 March 2019)
| budget = {{INRConvert|7428|c}} (2019 - 2020) <ref>https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ndmc_budget/Budget%20At%20A%20Glance%202016-17_97%20(1).pdf</ref>
| website = {{url|www.ndmc.gov.in}}
| motto =
}}

'''New Delhi Municipal Council''' ('''NDMC''') is the [[municipal council]] of the city of [[New Delhi]], [[India]], and the area under its administration is referred to as the NDMC area. NDMC, covering an area of 42.7 km2.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Delhi|url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ndmc/act.aspx}}</ref>

It is governed by a council headed by a chairperson, who is usually a [[Civil Services of India|career civil servant]] and holds the rank of [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]] appointed by [[Government of India]]. The council also includes the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] as an [[Ex officio member]].

The [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Delhi]] is divided into three statutory urban regions: the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD), the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), and the [[Delhi Cantonment Board]].<ref name=toi>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104122340/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-22/edit-page/28261930_1_cities-ndmc-lieutenant-governor Who governs our cities?]" ''The Times of India'', 22 November 2010.</ref>

==History==
NDMC has its origins in the [[Imperial Delhi Committee]] which was constituted on 25 March 1913 to overlook the construction of the new capital of India. Thereafter in February 1916 the Chief Commissioner, Delhi, created the Raisina Municipal Committee, which was upgraded to a [[2nd class Municipality]] under the ''Punjab Municipal Act'' on 7 April 1925. Then on 22 February 1927, the Committee passed a resolution adopting the name "New Delhi" giving it the name, "New Delhi Municipal Committee", approved by Chief Commissioner on 16 March 1927. In May 1994, the ''NDMC Act 1994'', replaced the ''Punjab Municipal Act 1911'', and the Committee was renamed as the New Delhi Municipal Council.<ref name=hto>{{cite news |title=Capital story: Managing a New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208125953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NDMC History |url=http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/History.aspx |work=NDMC website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215025220/http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNdmc/History.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

NDMC's headquarters building, known as ''[[Central Park, Delhi|Palika Kendra]]'', was built in 1984, and was the tallest building in the city at that time.<ref name=hto/>

==Departments==
[[File:New Delhi NDMC building.jpg|260px|thumb|right|NDMC Head Office, ''Palika Kendra'', New Delhi, built in 1971, behind [[Jantar Mantar, Delhi]].]]
NDMC has 28 departments:-
*Architecture Dept.
*Audit Dept.
*Accounts Dept.
*Civil Engineering Dept.
*Commercial Dept.
*Council Secretariat Dept.
*Fire Dept.
*Finance Dept.
*Information Technology Dept.
*Horticulture Dept.
*Electricity Dept.
*Enforcement Dept.
*Public Health Dept.
*Project Dept.
*General Admn.Dept.
*Security Dept.
*Law Dept.
*Enforcement (B.R) Dept.
*Estate I Dept.
*Estate II Dept.
*Public Relations Dept.
*Municipal Housing.
*Personnel Dept.
*Vigilance Dept.
*Welfare Dept.
*Education Dept.
*Medical Services Dept.
*Property Tax Dept.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.ndmc.gov.in/}}
{{Delhi}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Local government in Delhi]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1927]]
[[Category:1927 establishments in India]]

Ministry of Education (India)

2021-05-27T18:28:13Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Indian government ministry}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} {{Infobox government agency | native_name_a = |..."

{{short description|Indian government ministry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Education
| native_name =
| seal = Emblem_of_India.svg
| seal_width = 70px
| seal_caption =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| headquarters = Shastri Bhawan, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road, [[New Delhi]]
| region_code = IN
| minister1_name = [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Sanjay Dhotre|Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| child1_agency = Department of School Education and Literacy
| child2_agency = [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]]
| website = {{url|https://www.education.gov.in/en}}
| logo =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1947|08|15|df=yes}}
| employees =
| budget = {{INRConvert|93224|c|lk=on|year=2021}} {{small|(2021–22)}}
| chief1_name = [[Amit Khare]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name = Anita Karwal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''Ministry of Education (MoE)''', formerly the '''Ministry of Human Resource Development''' (1985–2020), is a [[Union Government ministries of India|Ministry]] of [[Government of India]] responsible for the implementation of the [[National Policy on Education]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HRD Ministry Renamed as Ministry of Education as Modi Cabinet Reverses Change Made by Rajiv Gandhi|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hrd-ministry-to-be-renamed-to-ministry-of-education-as-modi-cabinet-gives-nod-2741719.html|website=News18|date=29 July 2020|access-date =29 July 2020}}</ref> The Ministry is further divided into two departments: the Department of School Education and Literacy, which deals with primary, secondary and higher secondary education, [[adult education]] and [[literacy]], and the [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]], which deals with university level education, technical education, scholarships, etc.

The current education minister is [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]], a member of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]].<ref>[https://mhrd.gov.in/whos-who] MHRD Who's who</ref> India had the Ministry of Education since 1947. In 1985, [[Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv Gandhi government]] changed its name to Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and with the public announcement of newly drafted "[[National Education Policy 2020]]" by the [[Second Modi ministry |Narendra Modi government]], Ministry of Human Resource Development was renamed back to Ministry of Education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-hrd-ministry-and-ministry-of-education-6531694/|title=How India’s Education Ministry became 'HRD Ministry', and then returned to embrace Education|website=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Shyamlal|last=Yadav|access-date=2020-08-22}}</ref>

== Policy ==
{{See also|National Policy on Education}}
The new National Education Policy 2020 was passed on 29 July 2020 by the Union Council of Ministers. The NEP 2020 replaced the existing National Policy on Education, 1986.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|title=Cabinet Approves National Education Policy 2020, paving way for transformational reforms in school and higher education systems in the country|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1642049|access-date=2020-07-30|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Under the NEP 2020, the name of the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) was changed to Ministry of Education (MoE). Numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts were legislated under NEP 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|title=Union Cabinet Approves New National Education Policy|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/major-reforms-announced-union-cabinet-approves-national-education-policy-2019|access-date=2020-07-29|website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref>

==Department of School Education and Literacy==
The Department of School Education and Literacy is responsible for the development of school education and literacy in the country.

**[[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE)
**[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT)
**Central Tibetan School Administration (CTSA)
**[[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]] (KVS)
**[[National Council for Teacher Education]]
**National Foundation for Teachers' Welfare
**[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]] (NVS)
**National Open School Institute (NosI)

==Department of Higher Education==
{{Main| Department of Higher Education (India)}}
The Department of Higher Education is in charge of secondary and post-secondary education. The department is empowered to grant [[deemed university]] status to educational institutions on the advice of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) of India, under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Act-1956|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/ugc_act.pdf|website=mhrd.gov.in/|publisher=Secretary, University Grants Commission|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IISST) Thiruvanathapuram Declared as Deemed to be University |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=40292 |date=14 July 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development (India), Press Information Bureau }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= IIST gets deemed university status |url= http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/15/stories/2008071550100100.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080718225013/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/15/stories/2008071550100100.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 18 July 2008|date=15 July 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The Department of Higher Education takes care of one of the largest higher education systems of the world, just after the United States and China. The department is engaged in bringing world-class opportunities of higher education and research to the country so that Indian students are not found lacking when facing an international platform. For this, the government has launched joint ventures and signed MoUs to help the Indian students benefit from world opinion. The technical education system in the country can be broadly classified into three categories – Central Government funded institutions, State Government/State-funded institutions & Self-financed institutions. The 122 Centrally funded institution of technical and science education are as under: List of centrally funded technical institutions): IIITs (5 – Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kurnool, Kancheepuram), IITs (23), IIMs (20), IISc Bangalore, IISERs (7 - Berhampur, Bhopal, Kolkata, Mohali, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Tirupati), NITs (31), NITTTRs (4), and 9 others (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, IIEST, NITIE & NIFFT, CIT){{clarify|What is all this alphabet soup?|date=April 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/funded_technical_inst_hindi |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701154313/http://mhrd.gov.in/funded_technical_inst_hindi |archive-date=1 July 2014}}.</ref>

===Organisational structure===
The department is divided into eight [[Government agency|bureaus]], and most of the work of the department is handled through over 100 autonomous organisations under these bureaus.<ref name=or>[http://www.education.nic.in/orgastru.asp ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929124603/http://education.nic.in/orgastru.asp |date=29 September 2010 }} [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]].</ref>

==== University and [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Higher Education]]; Minorities Education ====

* [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC)
* Education Research and Development Organisation (ERDO)
* [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] (ICSSR)
* [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] (ICHR)
* [[Indian Council of Philosophical Research]] (ICPR)
* 46 [[Central University, India|Central Universities]] as on 11.09.2015, list issued by University Grants Commission

==== [[Department of Technical Education (India)|Technical Education]] ====

* [[All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE)<ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_overview.asp Technical Education Overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005200745/http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_overview.asp |date=5 October 2011 }} Dept of Ed.</ref><ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-nlc.asp National Level Councils] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201175923/http://education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-nlc.asp |date=1 February 2010 }} Tech Ed.</ref>
* [[Council of Architecture]] (COA)<ref>[http://www.coa.gov.in/ Council of Architecture website]. Coa.gov.in (1 September 1972). Retrieved on 14 April 2012.</ref>
* 25 [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]] (IIITs) (Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kancheepuram and Kurnool )
* 3 [[School of Planning and Architecture]] (SPAs)
* 23 [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs)
* [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc)
* 7 [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISERs)
* 20 [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/technical-education-3|title=Technical Education – Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development}}</ref>
* 31 [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs)
* [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]] (IIEST)
* [[North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology]] (NERIST)
* [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]] (NITIE)

* 4 National Institutes of Technical Teachers' Training & Research (NITTTRs)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/education/institutions/NITTTRs|title=NITTTRs | Government of India, All India Council for Technical Education|website=www.aicte-india.org}}</ref> (Bhopal, Chandigarh, [[National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Chennai|Chennai]] and [[National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata|Kolkata]])
* 4 Regional Boards of Apprenticeship / Practical Training

==== Administration and Languages ====

===== Three Deemed Universities in the field of [[Sanskrit]], viz. =====

* [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]] (RSkS) in New Delhi,
* Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (SLBSRSV) New Delhi,
* [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth]] (RSV) Tirupati

===== Others =====
* Kendriya Hindi Sansthan (KHS), Agra
* [[Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages|English and Foreign Language University]] (EFLU), [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
* National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (NCPUL)
* National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (NCPSL)
* Three subordinate offices: Central Hindi Directorate (CHD), New Delhi; Commission for Scientific & Technological Terminology (CSTT), New Delhi; and [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] (CIIL), Mysore

* Distance Education and Scholarships
** [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU)
* UNESCO, International Cooperation, Book Promotion and Copyrights, Education Policy, Planning and Monitoring
* Integrated Finance Division.
* Statistics, Annual Plan and CMIS
* Administrative Reform, North Eastern Region, SC/ST/OBC

==== Others ====
*National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nuepa.org/ |title=National University of Educational Planning and Administration |access-date=21 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703072553/http://www.nuepa.org/ |archive-date=3 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[National Book Trust]] (NBT)
*[[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA)
*[http://ncmei.gov.in/ National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions] (NCMEI)
*[[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS)

===Objectives===
The main objectives of the Ministry are:

*Formulating the National Policy on Education and to ensure that it is implemented in letter and spirit
*Planned development, including expanding access and improving quality of the educational institutions throughout the country, including in regions where people do not have easy access to education.
*Paying special attention to disadvantaged groups like the poor, females and the minorities
*Provide financial help in the form of scholarships, loan subsidy, etc. to deserving students from deprived sections of the society.
*Encouraging international cooperation in the field of education, including working closely with the UNESCO and foreign governments as well as Universities, to enhance the educational opportunities in the country.

==MHRD's Innovation Cell (MIC)==
MHRD’s Innovation Cell, now renamed as MoE's Innovation Cell, was established in Aug 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovation cell at AICTE formed|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/221118/innovation-cell-at-aicte-formed.html|date=2018-11-22|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> by Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) at [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) to systematically foster the culture of innovation, entrepreneurship and startups in all major Higher Education Institutions in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About MHRD’S Innovation Cell {{!}} MHRD|url=https://www.mic.gov.in/About_MHRDnnovation.php|website=www.mic.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> Dr. Abhay Jere was appointed as first Chief Innovation Officer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Next generation should be problem solvers, says Abhay Jere, chief innovation officer|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/next-generation-should-be-problem-solvers-says-abhay-jere-chief-innovation-officer/story-4z8kB5R6bbGooaahsaPbWO.html|date=2019-08-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=First Innovation Day Witnessed Huge Participation|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/aicte-mhrds-innovation-cell-conducted-innovation-day-on-october-15-2127043|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>

===Major initiatives of MIC===
#Smart India Hackathon (SIH)<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIH|url=https://www.sih.gov.in/about|website=www.sih.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>
#Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements (ARIIA)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARIIA {{!}} Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements|url=https://www.ariia.gov.in/|website=www.ariia.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>
#Institution’s Innovation Council (IICs)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institution's Innovation Council- An Initiative of Ministry of HRD|url=https://mic.gov.in/institute/html/index.html|website=Institution's Innovation Council}}</ref>
#National Innovation and Start-up Policy for Students and Faculties in HEIs (NISP)
#Innovation Ambassadors Program<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIC INNOVATION AMBASSADOR PROGRAM|url=https://mic.gov.in/iic_ambassador.php}}</ref>
#MBA/PGDM program in Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Venture Development (IEV)
==National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)==
In April 2016, Ministry of Human Resource Development published the first list of rankings of Indian colleges under [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]].<ref name="Rankings_NIRFMGMT">{{cite web|title=National Institutional Ranking Framework 2016 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/mgmt|publisher=MHRD|access-date=6 August 2016|date=2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/hrd-ministry-announces-universities-ranking-iit-madras-and-iim-bangalore-top-the-list/|title=HRD Ministry announces universities ranking, JNU, HCU, IIT M, IIM B top the list|date=5 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/university-ranking-at-least-four-tnrun-universities-in-the-list/article8432699.ece|title=University ranking: At least four TN-run universities in the list|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The entire ranking exercise involved NBA, [[All India Council for Technical Education]], UGC, Thomson Reuters, Elsevier and INFLIBNET (Information & Library Network) centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/JNU-Hyderabad-univ-among-top-10-varsities-Survey/articleshow/51675893.cms|title=JNU, Hyderabad univ among top 10 varsities: Survey | India News|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article8434246.ece|title=Claims of institutions not cross-checked|author=Samarth Bansal|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The ranking framework was launched in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/v22sgUZQjk7F1LqExZuwsJ/IISc-ranked-Indias-best-university-IIMB-tops-BSchool-lis.html|title=IISc ranked India’s best university; IIM-B tops B-School list|first=Staff|last=Writer|date=4 April 2016|website=Livemint}}</ref> All 122 centrally-funded institutions – including all central universities, IITs and IIMs – participated in the first round of ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/indian-universities-ranking/1/634611.html|title=Is your institute one of India's best? Check out the best ranked universities in India!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/8987|title=IIMB ranked No 1 in the India Rankings 2016 in the Management Education category – Indian Institute of Management Bangalore}}</ref>

==List of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!No.
! Name
! Portrait
! colspan=2|Term of office
! colspan=2| Party
! Prime Minister
|- style="height: 40px;"
! colspan=8|Minister of Education
|- style="height: 40px;"
|1
| [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]
| [[File:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.jpg|75px]]
| 15 August 1947
| 22 January 1958
| rowspan=9| [[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}" rowspan=9|
| rowspan=3| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|- align=center
|2
| [[K. L. Shrimali]]{{efn|Minister of State till 10 August 1962}}
|
| 22 January 1958
| 31 August 1963
|- align=center
|3
| [[Humayun Kabir]]
|
| 1 September 1963
| 21 November 1963
|- align=center
|4
| [[M. C. Chagla]]
| [[File:Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla.jpg|75px]]
| 21 November 1963
| 13 November 1966
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] [[Indira Gandhi]]
|- align=center
|5
| [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
| [[File:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1977 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| 14 November 1966
| 13 March 1967
| rowspan=5| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|- align=center
|6
| [[Triguna Sen]]
| [[File:Triguna Sen 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| 16 March 1967
| 14 February 1969
|- align=center
|7
| [[V. K. R. V. Rao]]
|
| 14 February 1969
| 18 March 1971
|- align=center
|8
| [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
|
| 18 March 1971
| 20 March 1972
|- align=center
|9
| [[S. Nurul Hasan]]{{efn|Minister of State}}
| [[File:Saiyid Nurul Hasan 16 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 24 March 1972
| 24 March 1977
|- align=center
|10
| [[Pratap Chandra Chunder]]
|
| 26 March 1977
| 28 July 1979
| [[Janata Party]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{Janata Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Morarji Desai]]
|- align=center
|11
| [[Karan Singh]]
| [[File:Dr-Karan-Singh-sept2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 30 July 1979
| 14 January 1980
| [[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{Indian National Congress (Urs)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Charan Singh]]
|- align=center
|12
| [[B. Shankaranand]]
|
| 14 January 1980
| 17 October 1980
| rowspan=4| [[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}" rowspan=4|
| rowspan=2| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|- align=center
|13
| [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| 17 October 1980
| 8 August 1981
|- align=center
|14
| [[Sheila Kaul]]{{efn|Minister of State}}
|
| 10 August 1981
| 31 December 1984
| [[Indira Gandhi]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|- align=center
|15
| [[K. C. Pant]]
|
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|- style="height: 40px;"
! colspan=8|Minister of Human Resource Development
|- style="height: 40px;"
|16
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| [[File:Pumapaparti.N.rao.jpg|75px]]
| 25 September 1985
| 25 June 1988
| rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|- align=center
|17
| [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
|
| 25 June 1988
| 2 December 1989
|- align=center
|18
| [[V. P. Singh]]
| [[File:V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 2 December 1989
| 10 November 1990
|[[Janata Dal]] ([[National Front (India)|National Front]])
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{Janata Dal/meta/color}}" |
|[[V. P. Singh]]
|- align=center
|19
| [[Rajmangal Pandey]]
|
| 21 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|- align=center
|20
| [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
| [[File:Arjun Singh (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 23 June 1991
| 24 December 1994
| rowspan=4| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}" rowspan=4|
| rowspan=4| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|- align=center
|(16)
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| [[File:Pumapaparti.N.rao.jpg|75px]]
| 25 December 1994
| 9 February 1995
|- align=center
|21
| [[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| [[File:Madhavrao Scindia 2005 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| 10 February 1995
| 17 January 1996
|- align=center
|(16)
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| [[File:Pumapaparti.N.rao.jpg|75px]]
| 17 January 1996
| 16 May 1996
|- align=center
|22
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[File:Ab vajpayee.jpg|75px]]
| 16 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{Bharatiya Janata Party/meta/color}}" |
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|- align=center
|23
| [[S. R. Bommai]]
| [[File:Somappa Rayappa Bommai 132.jpg|75px]]
| 5 June 1996
| 19 March 1998
| [[Janata Dal]] ([[United Front (India)|United Front]])
| width="4px" bgcolor="Green" |
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] [[I. K. Gujral]]
|- align=center
|24
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| [[File:Murli Manohar Joshi MP.jpg|75px]]
| 19 March 1998
| 21 May 2004
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ([[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]])
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{Bharatiya Janata Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|- align=center
|25
| [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
| [[File:Arjun Singh (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 22 May 2004
| 22 May 2009
| rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress]] ([[United Progressive Alliance]])
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|- align=center
|26
| [[Kapil Sibal]]
| [[File:Kapil Sibal (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 29 May 2009
| 29 October 2012
|- align=center
|27
| [[M. M. Pallam Raju]]
| [[File:Pallam Raju (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 30 October 2012
| 26 May 2014
|- align=center
|28
| [[Smriti Irani]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140527/latest-news.htm|title=Cabinet ministers announcement|date=27 May 2014|access-date=19 Nov 2016}}</ref>
| [[File:Smriti Irani (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 26 May 2014
| 5 July 2016
| rowspan=3| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ([[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]])
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{Bharatiya Janata Party/meta/color}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Narendra Modi]]
|- align=center
|29
| [[Prakash Javadekar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.newindianexpress.com/863513/The-New-Indian-Express-Bangalore/06-July-2016#page/1/2|title=Cabinet reshuffle July 2016|date=6 Jul 2016|access-date=19 Nov 2016}}</ref>
| [[File:Prakash Javadekar.jpg|75px]]
| 5 July 2016
| 31 May 2019
|- align=center
|30
| [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mhrd.gov.in/minister-page|title=Cabinet ministers announcement|date=31 May 2019|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>
|[[File:Dr. Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank', 2020.jpg|75px]]
| 30 May 2019
| 29 July 2020
|- style="height: 40px;"
! colspan=8|Minister of Education<ref name=News18>{{cite web|title=HRD Ministry Renamed as Ministry of Education as Modi Cabinet Reverses Change Made by Rajiv Gandhi
|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hrd-ministry-to-be-renamed-to-ministry-of-education-as-modi-cabinet-gives-nod-2741719.html|website=News18|date=29 July 2020|access-date =29 July 2020}}</ref>
|- style="height: 40px;"
|30
| [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
|[[File:Dr. Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank', 2020.jpg|75px]]
| 29 July 2020
| ''Incumbent''
| rowspan=1| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ([[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]])
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{Bharatiya Janata Party/meta/color}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Narendra Modi]]
|}

==Ministers of State==
* [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]] (31 May 2019 – Incumbent)

==See also==
*[[National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Chennai]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://mhrd.gov.in/ Official website]
* [https://eshiksha.info/national-education-policy-2020/ NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020 ]

{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Education in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Ministry of Education]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1985|India, Ministry of Education]]
[[Category:Education ministries|India, Ministry of Education]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in India]]

Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra

2021-05-27T18:28:12Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Short description|Indian cultural institution}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}} {{Infobox organization |name = Shriram..."

{{Short description|Indian cultural institution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra
|image =Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra.jpg
|image_border =
|size =
|alt =Shriram Bhartiya Kala Kendra, Delhi.
|caption =Shriram Bhartiya Kala Kendra, Delhi.
|map =
|msize =
|malt =
|mcaption =
|abbreviation =SBKK
|motto =
|formation = 1952
|extinction =
|type =
|status =
|purpose =music and performing arts education, theatre
|headquarters =1 Copernicus Marg, [[New Delhi]] - 110 001
|location =
|region_served =
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =Director
|leader_name =Shobha Deepak Singh
|main_organ =
|parent_organization =
|affiliations =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = {{URL|http://www.sbkk.in/}}
|remarks =
}}
''' Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra''' (SBKK) <ref>(English: Shriram Bhartiya Centre for Arts)</ref> is an [[India]]n cultural institution which runs a noted school for [[music]], [[dance]] and [[performing arts]] in [[New Delhi]]. It was founded by [[Sumitra Charat Ram]] in 1952, and imparts training in [[Indian classical dance]] styles and music, including [[Kathak]], [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Odissi dance|Odissi]], [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], [[Hindustani Classical music]], both Vocal and Instrumental. It associated organisation is the [[Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts]] at Safdar Hasmi Marg, in the Mandi House area, the cultural hub of Delhi,<ref name=tt>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Mandi-House-Thodi-si-facelift-kara-de/articleshow/23283504.cms|title=Mandi House|date=25 September 2002|work=The Times of India}}</ref> the centre includes a theater for the performing arts, a theatre repertory company and an acting school.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Shriram-Bharatiya-Kala-Kendra-60950.htm|title=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra|publisher=India9|date=7 June 2005|accessdate=21 October 2018}}</ref>

Often referred as '''Bharatiya Kala Kendra''', the Kala Kendra hold an important place in history performing arts education in India. Its current director is [[Shobha Deepak Singh]], daughter of its founder, [[Sumitra Charat Ram]]. Today, it is best known for its annual ''[[Ramlila]],'' the enactment of the life of [[Rama]] which takes place during the 10-day [[Navratri|Dussehra]] festival. First begun at the center in 1957, the ''Ramlila'' has, over the years, used different choreographers and style to include both folk and Indian classical dance to produce fresh choreographies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/289260/RAM-IN-SPECIAL-EFFECTS.html|title=Ram in Special Effects|date=8 November 2010|work=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref name="ar">{{cite book|last=Chaitanya|first=Krishna |title=Arts of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&pg=RA4-PA85&dq=Shriram+Bharatiya+Kala+Kendra&hl=en&ei=eIjXTOrPIZK0vgP38IjvCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Shriram%20Bharatiya%20Kala%20Kendra&f=false|year=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=8170172098|page=85}}</ref>

==History==
Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra finds its origin in a ''Jhankar'', a society founded in 1947 for an appreciation of [[Indian classical music]] and dance, gradually it started offering training in music and dance and came to be known as Bharatiya Kala Kendra. Eventually it moved to Copernicus Marg where it was renamed Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra, later it was registered under the same name in 1952, under the Societies' Registration Act XXI of 1860. It now has two sections, the College of Music and Dance, and the Performing Arts Section.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melody masters: Visiting the best Indian classical music schools in town to see the guru-shishya parampara at work |author=S.Sahaya Ranjit |date=11 September 2006 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-classical-music-schools-in-delhi/1/180653.html |publisher=Living Media India Limited}}</ref> Noted classical singer Nilina Ripjit Singh, later known as [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]] was its director.<ref name="Khokar1998">{{cite book|author=Ashish Khokar|title=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra: a history : Sumitra Charat Ram reminisces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_9kAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=11 June 2013|page=52|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=978-81-7436-043-4}}</ref><ref name=tele12>{{cite news |title=A Tale Of Two Women: In search of their own songs|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120311/jsp/opinion/story_15229162.jsp#.UbBLt9I3CHg |newspaper=The Telegraph |date= 11 March 2012 |accessdate=6 June 2013}}</ref>

Noted musicians, singer and dance guru of the era worked at the Kendra, including [[Siddheshwari Devi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Devi|first=Savita|author2=Vibha Singh Chauhan |title=Maa-- Siddheshwari|year=2000|publisher=Lotus Collection|isbn=81-7436-121-9|page=90}}</ref>[[Shambhu Maharaj]], [[Birju Maharaj]], [[Munna Shukla]] and [[Leela Samson]]. [[Kathak Kendra]] was originally established as the Kathak wing of the Shriram Bharitya Kala Kendra, in 1955, through the efforts of Nirmala Joshi, the first secretary of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], under the patronage of Sumitra Charat Ram, wife of industrialist, Lala Charat Ram of Shriram Group. here noted Kathak guru, [[Shambhu Maharaj]], taught and his nephew [[Birju Maharaj]]. It was later taken over by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and shifted to nearby Mandi House to become the [[National Institute of Kathak Dance]].<ref>[[#Ma|Massey, p. 29]]</ref> Founder Director, Sumitra Charat Ram was later awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by [[Government of India]] in 1966, while her daughter and present Director, Shobha Deepak Singh in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards|publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padma_awards.php}}</ref>

The Kendra has its own puppet troupe for many years, run by Rahi and Keshav Kothari, while the Puppet Section of the Kendra staged several important productions over the years, including ''Dhola Maru'', ''Jhansi Ki Rani'' and ''Prithiviraj-Sanjukta'', which even won the first at Puppet festival in Udaipur. This played an important role in establishing modern puppetry in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Sampa |author2=Utpal Kumar Banerjee |title=Indian puppets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iy6_TtXCZjMC&pg=RA1-PA105&dq=Shriram+Bharatiya+Kala+Kendra&hl=en&ei=loHXTMq5CIH-vQPvmdCkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2006|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-435-X}}</ref> The Kendra also houses an art gallery at the ground level and its library has a large and rare collection of books, audio and visual recordings and extensive archives.

Founder Sumitra Charat Ram died on 8 August 2011 in New Delhi, at the age of 96.<ref name="times11">{{Cite web | title = Sumitra Charat Ram passes away| url =http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-09/delhi/29868341_1_ravi-shankar-jhankar-birju-maharaj | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130620210919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-09/delhi/29868341_1_ravi-shankar-jhankar-birju-maharaj | url-status =dead | archive-date =20 June 2013 | date =9 August 2011 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]| accessdate = 11 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Courses==
Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra has two wings, College of Music and Dance, and the Performing Arts Section.

===College of Music and Dance===
* [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical Vocal]]
* Light Classical Vocal
* Hindustani classical instruments: [[Tabla]], [[Sitar]] and [[Sarod]]
* [[Kathak]]
* [[Bharatanatyam]]
* [[Odissi dance]]
* [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] – [[Mayurbhanj]]
* Ballet / Contemporary Dance <ref name="sb">{{cite web|url=http://www.thekendra.com/prospectus.html|title=Prospectus|publisher=SBKK|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604205823/http://www.thekendra.com/prospectus.html|archivedate=2011-06-04}}</ref>

==Performing Arts Wing==
The Performing Arts Section of the Kendra put up productions of dance dramas all over the country, including the annual "Ramlila" production.

==The Ramlila==
The Annual "Ramlila" production, a dance drama based on the life of [[Rama]], at the Kendra has become an institution by itself. The first production took place in 1957 by Shobha Deepak Singh, ideas from Nirmala Joshi, the first secretary of the Sangeet Natak Akademi. The script was written by Hindi poet, [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']], while [[Tapas Sen]], and Inder Razdan designed the set and the lights. Narendra Sharma and Jayanti Sharma were principal actors and it was inaugurated by then PM Jawaharlal Nehru. It was one of the first dance dramas to be shot and relayed by Delhi [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/102252/countrys-oldest-official-ramlila-stick.html|title=Country's oldest official Ramlila will stick to tradition New Delhi|date=5 October 2010|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The Ramlia also weaves contemporary socio-political issues into the storyline of the epic of ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090922/delhi.htm#9|title=Kala Kendra ‘Ramlila’ now with contemporary face|date=22 September 2009|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

==Sumitra Charat Ram Award for Lifetime Achievement==
In February 2011, the first 'Sumitra Charat Ram Award for Lifetime Achievement' established by Shri Ram Bhartiya Kala Kendra was award to Pandit [[Birju Maharaj]],<ref name="Times11">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-25/music-events/28633768_1_kathak-lifetime-achievement-felicitated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215064215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-25/music-events/28633768_1_kathak-lifetime-achievement-felicitated |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2013 |title=Pt. Birju Maharaj felicitated |date=25 February 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2013-06-11}}</ref> in the following year, the award was given to [[Kishori Amonkar]].

== Festivals==
*Shriram Shankarlal Music Festival
*Kendra Dance Festival
*Holi Festival

==Location==
Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra is on the Copernicus Marg, a radial of the [[India Gate]], and in the Mandi House area, Delhi’s cultural hub.<ref name=tt/> It stands next to its sister body the "[[Kamani Auditorium]]" and Delhi's premier auditorium opened in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamaniauditorium.org/|title=Kamani}}</ref> On the other side is Rabindra Bhawan, which houses a host of apex government bodies for arts and culture, including, the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], while [[Doordarshan]] Directorate is across the road. Also close by are [[Kathak Kendra]], [[National School of Drama]], [[Triveni Kala Sangam]] and Little Theatre Group.

Its nearest [[Delhi Metro]] station is the [[Mandi House (Delhi Metro)|Mandi House station]].

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Khokar|first=Ashish|author2=Sumitra Charat Ram |title=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra: a history : Sumitra Charat Ram reminisces|year=1998|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=8174360433}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book|last=Massey|first=Reginald |title=India's kathak dance, past present, future |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFXkPk3zMeYC&pg=RA1-PA29&dq=Kathak+Kendra&cd=4#v=onepage&q=Kathak%20Kendra&f=false|year=1999|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=8170173744|ref=Ma}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sbkk.in/ Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra, Official website]
*[http://www.shriramcenterart.org/ Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts, website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Dance schools in India]]
[[Category:Drama schools in India]]
[[Category:Performing arts education in India]]
[[Category:Music schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1952]]
[[Category:Education in Delhi]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Schools of the performing arts]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Dance education in India]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]

Sahitya Kala Parishad

2021-05-27T18:27:28Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}} '''Sahitya Kala Parishad''' (साहित्य कला परिषद) (Academy of Performing..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Sahitya Kala Parishad''' (साहित्य कला परिषद) (Academy of Performing and Fine Arts) is the Cultural wing of the Govt. of [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] (NCT) of [[Delhi]] for music, dance, drama & fine arts, established in 1968, under the 'Department Of Art, Culture And Language'. It was registered under the Society's Registration Act, 1860 on 31 July 1975.<ref>[http://artandculture.delhigovt.nic.in/sahitya%5Cdefault.html Sahitya Kala Parishad] Department of art and culture, Govt. of Delhi.</ref>

It works towards fostering, visual arts and inculcate artistic awareness within the NCT of Delhi. As a norm, the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], remains the Chairperson of the Sahitya Kala Parishad. After, the establishment of Language Academies, like the [[Sahitya Akademi]], its focus has been mainly on performing and visual arts.<ref>[http://artandculture.delhigovt.nic.in/sahitya%5Cdefault.html Sahitya Kala Parishad]</ref> It has also set up two 'District Cultural Centres', one at [[Janakpuri]] and other in [[Vikaspuri]] (Bodella Village) in [[Delhi]], the latter set up in collaboration with Delhi Public Library has two auditoria.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/a-cultural-centre-for-every-district-says-sheila/article18467399.ece | title=A cultural centre for every district, says Sheila | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 October 2006 | accessdate=10 August 2018 }}</ref>

==Location==
18-A, Satsang Vihar Marg, Spl. Institutional Area New Delhi-110067

==Activities==

===Language Academies===
The Parishad has over the year established several language academies to promote literature in diverse languages of the state, with the most recent academy, the Maithili- Bhojpuri Academy established on 7 January 2008.

* [[Hindi]] Academy (since 1981)
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] Academy (since 1981)
* [[Sanskrit]] Academy (since 1987)
* [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] Academy (since 1994)
* [[Urdu]] Academy (since 1981)<ref>[http://www.sarkaritel.com/states/delhi/acd.htm Language Academies of Govt. of NCT of Delhi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222120547/http://www.sarkaritel.com/states/delhi/acd.htm |date=2008-12-22 }}</ref>
* [[Maithili language|Maithili]]-[[Bhojpuri]] Academy (since 2008)

===Awards===
Each year, the Parishad gives Awards for excellence in the field of Performing and Visual Arts, as well as Literature:
* ''Parishad Samman'' (Sahitya Kala Parishad Samman)
* ''Mohan Rakesh Samman''<ref>[http://artandculture.delhigovt.nic.in/sahitya/scheme.html Schemes] Official website.</ref>

===Scholarships===
Each year, Sahitya Kala Parishad awards, two-year Scholarships for Advance Training in Music

===Festival===

====Theatre====
* Bhartendu Natya Utsav
* Nakhat Utsav

====Music and Dance====
* Children Jhankar Utsav
* Indraprastha Sangeet Samaroh
* Uday Shankar Nritya Samaroh
* Baisakhi Festival
* Qutub Festival

====Fine Arts====
* Annual Art Exhibition
* Sponsored Art Exhibition
* Exhibition of children's work
* Artists Camp<ref>[http://artandculture.delhigovt.nic.in/sahitya/activity.html Activities]</ref>

===Films===
* Asian Film Festival, Films from across Asia, are screened at different venues in New Delhi.

==References==

<references/>

==External links==
* [http://artandculture.delhigovt.nic.in/sahitya/index.htm ''Sahitya Kala Parishad'' Homepage]
* [http://artandculture.delhigovt.nic.in/homepage.html Department Of Art, Culture And Language, Govt. of NCT of Delhi]
* [http://www.rkfma.com ''R K Films & Media Academy, New Delhi - Training School of Acting & Performing Arts'' Homepage]
* [https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/partner/academy-of-fine-arts-and-literature Academy of Fine Arts and Literature New Delhi at Google Cultural Institute]

[[Category:State agencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indic literature societies]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Arts organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Arts councils]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1968]]

Nobel Laureate

2021-05-27T18:27:07Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Set of annual international awards, primarily 5 established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel}} {{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox award |..."

{{short description|Set of annual international awards, primarily 5 established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Nobel Prize
| image = Nobel Prize.png
| alt = A golden medallion with an embossed image of Alfred Nobel facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then "MDCCCXXXIII" above, followed by (smaller) "OB•" then "MDCCCXCVI" below.
| awarded_for = Contributions that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind in the areas of [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]], and [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]].
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] (Physics and Chemistry)
* [[Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute]] (Physiology or Medicine)
* [[Swedish Academy]] (Literature)
* [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] (Peace)
* [[Sveriges Riksbank]] (Economic Sciences)
}}
| country = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sweden]] (all prizes except the Peace Prize)
* [[Norway]] (Peace Prize only)
}}
| year = {{start date and age|df=yes|1901}}
| reward = A gold medal, a diploma, and a [[Nobel Prize#Award money|monetary award]] of 10 million [[Swedish Krona|SEK]], approx. {{US$|link=yes}}1,145,000 (2020);<ref name=":0" />
| holder_label = Number of laureates
| holder = 603 prizes to 962 laureates ({{As of|2020|lc=y}})<ref name=":0" />
| website = {{URL|https://nobelprize.org/}}
}}
The '''Nobel Prize''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|b|ɛ|l}} {{respell|NOH|bel}}; {{lang-sv|Nobelpriset}} {{IPA-sv|nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt|}}; {{lang-no|Nobelprisen}} {{IPA-no|nʊˈbɛ̀lːpriːsn̩|}}) is not a single prize but five separate prizes that, according to [[Alfred Nobel]]'s [[Will and testament|will]] of 1895, are awarded to ”those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.”

Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]], and [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] (Nobel characterized the Peace Prize as "to the person who has done the most or best to advance fellowship among nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and the establishment and promotion of peace congresses").<ref name=":0">
{{cite web
| url =https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-will/
| title =Alfred Nobel's will - The establishment of the Nobel Prize
| website =www.nobelprize.org
| publisher =Nobel Foundation
| access-date =8 December 2020}}
</ref> In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established the [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Prize in Economic Sciences]] in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/</ref><ref>https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/economic-sciences/</ref> Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/subject-survey/awards.html |title=Top Award, ShanghaiRanking Academic Excellence Survey 201 |publisher=[[IREG Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312125455/http://ireg-observatory.org/en/pdfy/IREG-list-academic-awards-EN.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2019}}{{clarify|reason=url does not match archive-url in this citation|date=October 2020}}|</ref><ref name="Shalev8">[[Nobel Prize#Shalev69|Shalev]], p. 8</ref>

[[Alfred Nobel]] was a [[Swedes|Swedish]] chemist, engineer, and industrialist most famously known for the invention of [[dynamite]]. He died in 1896. In his will, he bequeathed all of his "remaining realisable assets" to be used to establish five prizes which became known as "Nobel Prizes." Nobel Prizes were first awarded in 1901.<ref name=":0" />

The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient (known as a "[[laureate]]") receives a gold medal, a [[diploma]], and a monetary award. In 2020, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 10,000,000 [[Swedish Krona|SEK]], or {{USD|1145000|2020|link=|round=40}}, or €968,000, or £880,000.<ref name="PrizeAmountRaised">{{cite web |title=The amount of the Nobel Prize is being increased by 1 million SEK |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/press/#/publication/5f6c4a7438241500049eca4a/552bd85dccc8e20c00e7f979?&sh=false |website=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organizations of more than three people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html |title=Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th century |last=Schmidhuber |first=Jürgen |year=2010 |access-date=9 October 2010 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327012415/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize is presented.<ref name="cbc1003">{{cite news |title=Montreal-born doctor gets posthumous Nobel honour |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2011/10/03/nobel-prize-medicine.html |access-date=3 October 2011 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=3 October 2011}}</ref>

The Nobel Prizes, beginning in 1901, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, beginning in 1969, have been awarded 603 times to 962 people and 25 organizations.<ref name=":0" /> Four individuals have received more than one Nobel Prize.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/#multiple Multiple Nobel Laureates]. ''Nobel Foundation''. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</ref>

==History==
[[File:AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white photo of a bearded man in his fifties sitting in a chair.|Alfred Nobel had the unpleasant surprise of reading his own obituary, which was titled ''The merchant of death is dead'', in a French newspaper.]]
[[Alfred Nobel]] ({{Audio|Sv-Alfred Nobel.ogg|listen}}) was born on 21 October 1833 in [[Stockholm]], Sweden, into a family of engineers.<ref name="Levinovitz5">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 5</ref> He was a [[chemist]], [[engineer]], and [[inventor]]. In 1894, Nobel purchased the [[Bofors]] iron and steel mill, which he made into a major [[Weapon|armaments]] [[manufacturing|manufacturer]]. Nobel also invented [[ballistite]]. This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder [[cordite]]. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a [[patent infringement]] [[lawsuit]] over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth coming from his 355 inventions, of which [[dynamite]] is the most famous.<ref name="Levinovitz11">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 11</ref>

In 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own [[obituary]], titled ''The merchant of death is dead'', in a French newspaper. It was Alfred's brother [[Ludvig Nobel|Ludvig]] who had died; the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered. This inspired him to change his [[Will and testament|will]].<ref name="Time">{{cite news |first=Frederic |last=Golden |title=The Worst And The Brightest |date=16 October 2000 |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,998209,00.html |journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in [[Sanremo|San Remo, Italy]], from a [[cerebral hemorrhage|cerebral haemorrhage]]. He was 63 years old.<ref name="Sohlman13">[[#Sohlman69|Sohlman]], p. 13</ref>

Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.<ref name="Sohlman7">[[#Sohlman69|Sohlman]], p. 7</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=von Euler |first=U. S. |title=The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science |url=http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=xu7j67w616m06488&size=largest |format=PDF |journal=[[Die Naturwissenschaften]] |date=6 June 1981 |access-date=21 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714080803/http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=xu7j67w616m06488&size=largest |archive-date=14 July 2011 }}</ref> To widespread astonishment, Nobel's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[physiology]] or [[medicine]], [[literature]], and [[peace]].<ref name="thelocal1">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html |title=Full text of Alfred Nobel's Will |website=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. US$186 million, €150 million in 2008), to establish the five Nobel Prizes.<ref name="Abrams7">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 7</ref><ref name=NobelFoundationPrizeAmount>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize Amounts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/ |website=The Nobel Foundation |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> Owing to skepticism surrounding the will, it was not approved by the [[Storting]] in [[Norway]] until 26 April 1897.<ref name="Levinovitz13-25">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 13–25</ref> The [[executors]] of the will, [[Ragnar Sohlman]] and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the [[Nobel Foundation]] to take care of the fortune and to organise the awarding of prizes.<ref name="Abrams7-8">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 7–8</ref>

Nobel's instructions named a [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] to award the [[Peace Prize]], the members of whom were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897. Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organizations were designated. These were [[Karolinska Institute]] on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] on 11 June.<ref name="Crawford1">[[#Crawford69|Crawford]], p. 1</ref> The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded; and, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created [[statute]]s were promulgated by [[Oscar II of Sweden|King Oscar II]].<ref name="thelocal1"/> In 1905, the [[Union between Sweden and Norway|personal union between Sweden and Norway]] was dissolved.

===Nobel Foundation===
==== Formation of Foundation ====
{{Main|Nobel Foundation}}
[[File:Alfred Nobels will-November 25th, 1895.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A paper with stylish handwriting on it with the title "Testament"|Alfred Nobel's [[Will and testament|will]] stated that 94% of his total assets should be used to establish the Nobel Prizes.]]

According to his will and testament read in Stockholm on 30 December 1896, a foundation established by Alfred Nobel would reward those who serve humanity. The Nobel Prize was funded by Alfred Nobel's personal fortune. According to the official sources, Alfred Nobel bequeathed from the shares 94% of his fortune to the Nobel Foundation that now forms the economic base of the Nobel Prize.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

The [[Nobel Foundation]] was founded as a private organization on 29 June 1900. Its function is to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.<ref name="Levinovitz14">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 14</ref> In accordance with Nobel's [[Will and testament|will]], the primary task of the Foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left. [[Robert Nobel|Robert]] and [[Ludvig Nobel]] were involved in the [[oil business]] in [[Azerbaijan]], and according to Swedish [[historian]] E. Bargengren, who accessed the [[Nobel family]] [[archive]], it was this "decision to allow withdrawal of Alfred's money from [[Baku]] that became the decisive factor that enabled the Nobel Prizes to be established".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/42_folder/42_articles/42_readersforum.html |title=Nobel Prize Funded from Baku |journal=[[Azerbaijan International]] |date=30 April 1996 |access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to market the prizes internationally and to oversee informal administration related to the prizes. The Foundation is not involved in the process of selecting the [[Nobel laureates]].<ref name="Levinovitz15">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 15</ref><ref name="Feldman16">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 16</ref> In many ways, the Nobel Foundation is similar to an [[investment company]], in that it invests Nobel's money to create a solid funding base for the prizes and the administrative activities. The Nobel Foundation is [[Tax exemption|exempt from all taxes]] in Sweden (since 1946) and from investment taxes in the United States (since 1953).<ref name="Levinovitz17-18">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 17–18</ref> Since the 1980s, the Foundation's investments have become more profitable and as of 31 December 2007, the assets controlled by the Nobel Foundation amounted to 3.628 billion Swedish ''kronor'' (c. US$560 million).<ref name="Levinovitz15-17">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 15–17</ref>

According to the statutes, the Foundation consists of a board of five Swedish or Norwegian citizens, with its seat in Stockholm. The [[Chairman|Chairman of the Board]] is appointed by the Swedish [[Privy Council of Sweden|King in Council]], with the other four members appointed by the [[trustee]]s of the prize-awarding [[institutions]]. An [[Executive director|Executive Director]] is chosen from among the [[board of directors|board members]], a Deputy Director is appointed by the King in Council, and two [[deputies]] are appointed by the [[trustees]]. However, since 1995, all the members of the board have been chosen by the trustees, and the Executive Director and the Deputy Director appointed by the board itself. As well as the board, the Nobel Foundation is made up of the prize-awarding institutions (the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Academy, and the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]), the trustees of these institutions, and [[audit]]ors.<ref name="Levinovitz15-17"/>

==== Foundation capital and cost ====
The capital of the Nobel Foundation today is invested 50% in [[shares]], 20% [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] and 30% other [[investments]] (e.g. [[hedge funds]] or [[real estate]]). The distribution can vary by 10 percent.<ref name="dn20121202">{{cite news |title=Rabatter räddar Nobelfesten |newspaper=[[Dagens Nyheter (Norwegian newspaper)|Dagens Nyheter]] |url-access=subscription |url=http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/rabatter-raddar-nobelfesten |trans-title=Discounts Save the Nobel Party |access-date=18 March 2019 |language=no |date=2 December 2012 |last1=Sjöholm/Tt |first1=Gustav}}</ref> At the beginning of 2008, 64% of the funds were invested mainly in American and European stocks, 20% in bonds, plus 12% in real estate and hedge funds.<ref name="handelsblatt2008">{{cite web |title=Nobel-Stiftung: Noble Sorgen |newspaper=[[Handelsblatt]] |trans-title=Nobel Foundation: Noble Worries |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/journal/nachrichten/noble-sorgen;2106721;0 |access-date=19 March 2019 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704211447/http://www.handelsblatt.com/journal/nachrichten/noble-sorgen;2106721;0 |archive-date=4 July 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2011, the total annual cost was approximately 120 million [[Krone (currency)|krona]], with 50 million krona as the prize money. Further costs to pay institutions and persons engaged in giving the prizes were 27.4 million krona. The events during the Nobel week in Stockholm and Oslo cost 20.2 million krona. The administration, Nobel [[symposium]], and similar items had costs of 22.4 million krona. The cost of the [[Economic Sciences]] prize of 16.5 Million krona is paid by the [[Sveriges Riksbank]].<ref name="dn20121202" />

===Inaugural Nobel prizes===
[[File:Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923).jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=A black and white photo of a bearded man in his fifties sitting in a chair. |[[Wilhelm Röntgen]] received the first Physics Prize for his discovery of X-rays.]]
Once the Nobel Foundation and its guidelines were in place, the [[Nobel Committee]]s began collecting nominations for the inaugural prizes. Subsequently, they sent a list of preliminary candidates to the prize-awarding institutions.

The Nobel Committee's Physics Prize shortlist cited [[Wilhelm Röntgen]]'s discovery of [[X-ray]]s and [[Philipp Lenard]]'s work on [[cathode ray]]s. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize.<ref name="Feldman134">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 134</ref><ref name="Leroy117-118">[[#Leroy|Leroy]], pp. 117–118</ref> In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the Academy "was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize".<ref name="Levinovitz77">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 77</ref> The Academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff|Jacobus van 't Hoff]].<ref name="Crawford118">[[#Crawford69|Crawford]], p. 118</ref> Van 't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in [[chemical thermodynamics]].<ref name="Levinovitz81">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 81</ref><ref name="Feldman205">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 205</ref>

The Swedish Academy chose the poet [[Sully Prudhomme]] for the first Nobel Prize in Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists, and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected [[Leo Tolstoy]] to be awarded.<ref name="Levinovitz144">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 144</ref> Some, including [[Burton Feldman]], have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the Academy members preferred [[Victorian literature]] and thus selected a Victorian poet.<ref name="Feldman69">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 69</ref> The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist [[Emil von Behring]]. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an [[antitoxin]] to treat [[diphtheria]], which until then was causing thousands of deaths each year.<ref name="Feldman242-244">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], pp. 242–244</ref><ref name="Leroy233">[[#Leroy|Leroy]], p. 233</ref>

The first [[Nobel Peace Prize]] went to the Swiss [[Henry Dunant|Jean Henri Dunant]] for his role in founding the International [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross Movement]] and initiating the Geneva Convention, and jointly given to French pacifist [[Frédéric Passy]], founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization.

===Second World War===
In 1938 and 1939, [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] forbade three laureates from Germany ([[Richard Kuhn]], [[Adolf Butenandt|Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt]], and [[Gerhard Domagk]]) from accepting their prizes.<ref name="Levinovitz23">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 23</ref> They were all later able to receive the diploma and medal.<ref name="Wilhelm85">[[#Wilhelm69|Wilhelm]], p. 85</ref> Even though Sweden was officially neutral during the Second World War, the prizes were awarded irregularly. In 1939, the Peace Prize was not awarded. No prize was awarded in any category from 1940 to 1942, due to the [[German occupation of Norway|occupation of Norway by Germany]]. In the subsequent year, all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/all/ |title=All Nobel Laureates |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref>

During the occupation of Norway, three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile. The remaining members escaped persecution from the Germans when the Nobel Foundation stated that the Committee building in [[Oslo]] was Swedish property. Thus it was a safe haven from the German military, which was not at war with Sweden.<ref name="Abrams23">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 23</ref> These members kept the work of the Committee going, but did not award any prizes. In 1944, the Nobel Foundation, together with the three members in exile, made sure that nominations were submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded once again.<ref name="Levinovitz23"/>

===Prize in Economic Sciences===
{{Main|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences}}
[[File:Worldmapnobellaureatesbycountry2.PNG|thumb|Map of Nobel laureates by country]]

In 1968, Sweden's central bank [[Sveriges Riksbank]] celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honour of Alfred Nobel. The following year, the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel]] was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates. The first laureates for the Economics Prize were [[Jan Tinbergen]] and [[Ragnar Frisch]] "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes".<ref name="Feldman343">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 343</ref><ref name="Levinovitz207">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 207</ref> The Board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes.<ref name="Levinovitz20">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 20</ref>

==Award process==
The award process is similar for all of the Nobel Prizes, the main difference being who can make nominations for each of them.<ref name="Feldman16-17">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], pp. 16–17</ref>
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===Nominations===
Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3,000 individuals, usually in September the year before the prizes are awarded. These individuals are generally prominent academics working in a relevant area. Regarding the Peace Prize, inquiries are also sent to governments, former Peace Prize laureates, and current or former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The deadline for the return of the nomination forms is 31 January of the year of the award.<ref name="Feldman16-17"/><ref name="Levinovitz26">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 26</ref> The Nobel Committee nominates about 300 potential laureates from these forms and additional names.<ref name="Abrams15">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 15</ref> The nominees are not publicly named, nor are they told that they are being considered for the prize. All nomination records for a prize are sealed for 50 years from the awarding of the prize.<ref name="Feldman315"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/nomination_facts.html |title=Nomination Facts |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |access-date=3 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109142845/http://nobelprize.org/nomination/nomination_facts.html  |archive-date=9 January 2010}}</ref>

===Selection===
The Nobel Committee then prepares a report reflecting the advice of experts in the relevant fields. This, along with the list of preliminary candidates, is submitted to the prize-awarding institutions.<ref name="Feldman52">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 52</ref> The institutions meet to choose the laureate or laureates in each field by a majority vote. Their decision, which cannot be appealed, is announced immediately after the vote.<ref name="Levinovitz25-28">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 25–28</ref> A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award. Except for the Peace Prize, which can be awarded to institutions, the awards can only be given to individuals.<ref name="Abrams8">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 8</ref>

===Posthumous nominations===
Although posthumous nominations are not presently permitted, individuals who died in the months between their nomination and the decision of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize. This has occurred twice: the 1931 Literature Prize awarded to [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]], and the 1961 Peace Prize awarded to [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary General]] [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]. Since 1974, laureates must be thought alive at the time of the October announcement. There has been one laureate, [[William Vickrey]], who in 1996 died after the prize (in [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]]) was announced but before it could be presented.<ref name="Abrams9">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 9</ref> On 3 October 2011, the laureates for the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] were announced; however, the committee was not aware that one of the laureates, [[Ralph M. Steinman]], had died three days earlier. The committee was debating about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously.<ref name="cbc1003"/> The committee later decided that as the decision to award Steinman the prize "was made in good faith", it would remain unchanged.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/press_releases_archive/2011/steinman.html|access-date=8 October 2012|publisher=[[The Nobel Foundation]]|date=3 October 2011}}</ref>

===Recognition time lag===
Nobel's will provided for prizes to be awarded in recognition of discoveries made "during the preceding year". Early on, the awards usually recognised recent discoveries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |date=3 December 1999|access-date=10 February 2010}}</ref> However, some of those early discoveries were later discredited. For example, [[Johannes Fibiger]] was awarded the 1926 Prize in [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] for his purported discovery of a parasite that caused cancer.<ref name="Levinovitz125">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 125</ref> To avoid repeating this embarrassment, the awards increasingly recognised scientific discoveries that had withstood the test of time.<ref name="Abrams25">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 25</ref><ref name="embo">{{cite journal| doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve034|last=Breithaupt|pmc=1083830|first=Holger|pmid=11258715 |title=The Nobel Prizes in the new century: An interview with Ralf Pettersson, Director of the Stockholm Branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, the Karolinska Institute, and former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology/Medicine |year=2001 |volume=2|issue=2|journal=EMBO Reports|pages=83–5}}</ref><ref name="scienceline1">{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceline.org/2009/10/06/blog-liu-nobel_physics-200/ |title=Nobel Prize in Physics Honors "Masters of Light" |work=Scienceline |date=7 October 2009|access-date=19 February 2010}}</ref> According to Ralf Pettersson, former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine, "the criterion 'the previous year' is interpreted by the Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident."<ref name=embo/>

[[File:Nobelinstituttet 20080913-01.jpg|thumb|alt=A room with pictures on the walls. In the middle of the room there is a wooden table with chairs around it.|The committee room of the Norwegian Nobel Committee]]
The interval between the award and the accomplishment it recognises varies from discipline to discipline. The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/ |title=All Nobel Laureates in Literature |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example, 2008 laureate [[Martti Ahtisaari]] was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2008/index.html |title=Peace 2008 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Lisa |last=Bryant |title=Former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari Wins Nobel Peace Prize |date=10 October 2008 |work=[[Voice of America]] |publisher=International Broadcasting Bureau |url=http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-10/2008-10-10-voa8.cfm |access-date=27 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117162443/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-10/2008-10-10-voa8.cfm |archive-date=17 November 2008 }}</ref> However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/ |title=All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> For instance, [[Kofi Annan]] was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<ref name="Abrams330">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 330</ref> Similarly [[Yasser Arafat]], [[Yitzhak Rabin]], and [[Shimon Peres]] received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the [[Oslo Accords]].<ref name="Abrams27">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 27</ref>

Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this takes decades – for example, [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] shared the 1983 Physics Prize for his 1930s work on stellar structure and evolution.<ref name=currentscience>{{cite journal|last=Vishveshwara|first=S.|title=Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections|journal=Current Science|volume=78|issue=8|pages=1025–1033|date=25 April 2000|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr252000/generalia.pdf|access-date=27 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227013938/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr252000/generalia.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/chandrasekhar-autobio.html |title= Subramanyan Chandrasekhar – Autobiography |access-date=11 June 2010 |year= 1983 |publisher= [[The Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> Not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognised. Some discoveries can never be considered for a prize if their impact is realised after the discoverers have died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2004/ecoadv.pdf |date=11 October 2004 |title=Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott's Contribution to Dynamic Macroeconomics |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |access-date=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626035538/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2004/ecoadv.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: a bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007)|journal=Scientometrics|doi=10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9 |year=2010|page=401|volume=82|last1=Gingras |first1=Yves|first2=Matthew L. |last2=Wallace|issue=2|arxiv=0808.2517|citeseerx=10.1.1.604.9844|s2cid=23293903}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Editorial|title=Access : A nobel prize : Nature Chemistry |year=2009|doi=10.1038/nchem.372|journal=Nature Chemistry|volume=1|page=509|issue=7|bibcode = 2009NatCh...1..509.|pmid=21378920|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Award ceremonies==
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Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web |url=http://news.icm.ac.uk/technology/2009-nobel-prize-award-ceremony-live-online/4893/ |title=2009 Nobel Prize award ceremony live online | IT | ICM Commercial & Business News |publisher=[[Institute of Commercial Management]] |date=10 December 2009 |access-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209005839/http://news.icm.ac.uk/technology/2009-nobel-prize-award-ceremony-live-online/4893/ |archive-date=9 February 2010 }}</ref><ref name="thelocal2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.se/23784/20091210/ |title=Pomp aplenty as winners gather for Nobel gala |work=[[The Local]] |date=10 December 2009 |access-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215055502/http://www.thelocal.se/23784/20091210/ |archive-date=15 December 2009 }}</ref> The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies' are held at the [[Stockholm Concert Hall]], with the Nobel banquet following immediately at [[Stockholm City Hall]]. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the [[Norwegian Nobel Institute]] (1905–1946), at the [[auditorium]] of the [[University of Oslo]] (1947–1989), and at [[Oslo City Hall]] (1990–present).<ref name="Levinovitz21-23">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 21–23</ref>

The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm occurs when each Nobel laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of the [[Monarchy of Sweden|King of Sweden]]. In Oslo, the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the [[Monarchy of Norway|King of Norway]].<ref name="thelocal2"/><ref name="sweden2">{{cite web |last=Froman |first=Ingmarie |url=http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Education/Research/Reading/The-Nobel-Week--a-celebration-of-science/ |title=The Nobel Week — a celebration of science |publisher=[[Swedish Institute]] |date=4 December 2007 |access-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014205607/http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Education/Research/Reading/The-Nobel-Week--a-celebration-of-science/ |archive-date=14 October 2009 }}</ref> At first, King [[Oscar II of Sweden|Oscar II]] did not approve of awarding grand prizes to foreigners. It is said {{by whom|date=December 2018}} that he changed his mind once his attention had been drawn to the publicity value of the prizes for Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/ |title=Alfred Nobel's last will and testament |work=[[The Local]] |date=5 December 2009 |access-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009110708/http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/ |archive-date=9 October 2009 }}</ref>

===Nobel Banquet===
{{main|Nobel Banquet}}

[[File:Nobel-banquet-table.jpg|thumb|alt=A set table with a white table cloth. There are many plates and glasses plus a menu visible on the table.|Table at the 2005 Nobel Banquet in Stockholm]]

After the award ceremony in Sweden, a banquet is held in the [[Blue Hall]] at the [[Stockholm City Hall]], which is attended by the [[Swedish Royal Family]] and around 1,300 guests. The [[Nobel Peace Prize]] banquet is held in Norway at the [[Grand Hotel (Oslo)|Oslo Grand Hotel]] after the award ceremony. Apart from the laureate, guests include the President of the [[Storting]], on occasion the Swedish prime minister, and, since 2006, the King and Queen of Norway. In total, about 250 guests attend.

===Nobel lecture===
According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, each laureate is required to give a public lecture on a subject related to the topic of their prize.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/statutes.html#par9 |title=The Nobel Foundation - Statutes |website=The Nobel Foundation}}</ref> The Nobel lecture as a rhetorical genre took decades to reach its current format.<ref>[[Philippe-Joseph Salazar]],"Nobel Rhetoric, Or Petrarch's Pendulum", in the journal Rhetoric and Philosophy 42(4), 373–400, 2009 {{ISSN|0031-8213}}</ref> These lectures normally occur during Nobel Week (the week leading up to the award ceremony and banquet, which begins with the laureates arriving in Stockholm and normally ends with the Nobel banquet), but this is not mandatory. The laureate is only obliged to give the lecture within six months of receiving the prize, but some have happened even later. For example, US President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] received the Peace Prize in 1906 but gave his lecture in 1910, after his term in office.<ref name="Abrams18-19">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 18–19</ref> The lectures are organized by the same association which selected the laureates.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/dec/08/jmg-clezio-nobel-lecture |title=Le Clézio uses Nobel lecture to attack information poverty |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 December 2008 |access-date=20 January 2010 |first=Richard|last=Lea |location=London}}</ref>

==Prizes==

===Medals===
The Nobel Foundation announced on 30 May 2012 that it had awarded the contract for the production of the five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB. Between 1902 and 2010, the Nobel Prize medals were minted by [[Myntverket]] (the Swedish Mint), Sweden's oldest company, which ceased operations in 2011 after 107 years. In 2011, the Mint of Norway, located in Kongsberg, made the medals. The Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medalj – ett traditionellt hantverk |website=[[Myntverket]] |url= http://www.myntverket.se/products.asp?lang=sv&page=3 |language=sv |access-date=15 December 2007 |trans-title=Medals: A traditional Craft |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218102934/http://www.myntverket.se/products.asp?lang%3Dsv%26page%3D3 |archive-date= 18 December 2007}}</ref>

Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the [[obverse and reverse|obverse]]. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death. Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Peace Prize medal and the medal for the Economics Prize, but with a slightly different design. For instance, the laureate's name is engraved on the rim of the Economics medal.<ref name="Feldman2">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 2</ref> The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the medals for chemistry and physics share the same design.<ref name=Paulingmedal>[http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/pictures/nobel-chemistry-medal.html "Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Front and back images of the medal. 1954"], "Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and [[Linus Pauling]] Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1", "All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations", ''Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History'', the [[The Valley Library|Valley Library]], [[Oregon State University]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>
[[File:Nobel Prize Diploma Fritz Haber 1918.JPG|thumb|alt=A heavily decorated paper with the name "Fritz Haber" on it.|Laureates receive a heavily decorated diploma together with a gold medal and the prize money. Here [[Fritz Haber]]'s diploma is shown, which he received for the development of a method to synthesise ammonia.]]
All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 [[carat (purity)|carat]] gold. Since then, they have been struck in 18 carat [[coloured gold#Green gold|green gold]] plated with 24 carat gold. The weight of each medal varies with the value of gold, but averages about {{convert|175|g|lb}} for each medal. The diameter is {{convert|66|mm|in}} and the thickness varies between {{convert|5.2|mm|in}} and {{convert|2.4|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/medals/ |title=The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics |access-date=2 April 2010 |last=Lemmel |first=Birgitta |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> Because of the high value of their gold content and tendency to be on public display, Nobel medals are subject to medal theft.<ref name="UniversityofCalifornia">{{cite press release |url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/8975 |title=Nobel Prize medal stolen from Lawrence Hall of Science is found, student arrested |publisher=[[University of California]] |access-date=21 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111230223/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/8975 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/26/world/world-briefing-asia-india-poet-s-nobel-medal-stolen.html?fta=y |title=Poet's Nobel Medal Stolen |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=21 January 2010 |first=Hari |last=Kumar |date=26 March 2004}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1646982020070616 |title=Police hand back Tutu's stolen Nobel medal |work=Reuters |access-date=21 January 2010 |date=16 June 2007}}</ref> During World War II, the medals of German scientists [[Max von Laue]] and [[James Franck]] were sent to Copenhagen for safekeeping. When Germany invaded Denmark, Hungarian chemist (and Nobel laureate himself) [[George de Hevesy]] dissolved them in [[aqua regia]] (nitro-hydrochloric acid), to prevent confiscation by [[Nazi Germany]] and to prevent legal problems for the holders. After the war, the gold was recovered from solution, and the medals re-cast.<ref name="Feldman397">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 397</ref>

===Diplomas===
Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden, or in the case of the peace prize, the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureates that receive them.<ref name="Feldman2"/> The diploma contains a picture and text in Swedish which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. None of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates has ever had a citation on their diplomas.<ref name="Abrams18">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 18</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/diplomas/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize Diplomas |access-date=12 March 2010 |last=Lemmel |first=Birgitta |year=2009 |website=Nobel Foundation}}</ref>

===Award money===
The laureates are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded.<ref name=Feldman2/> The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation can award each year. The purse has increased since the 1980s, when the prize money was 880,000 SEK per prize (c. 2.6 million SEK altogether, US$350,000 today). In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million).<ref name="Nobel Prize Amounts">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/prize_amounts_14.pdf |title=Prize Amount and Market Value |website=Nobel Foundation |year=2014 |access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2009/10/11/foreman.how.nobel.awarded.cnn?iref=videosearch |title=Video – Breaking News Videos from CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date=11 October 2009 |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831124519/http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2009/10/11/foreman.how.nobel.awarded.cnn?iref=videosearch |archive-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Committee lowers Nobel Prize by 2 million kronor |url=http://www.thelocal.se/41378/20120611/ |newspaper=The Local |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615172218/http://www.thelocal.se/41378/20120611 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |date=11 June 2012}}</ref> If two laureates share the prize in a category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others.<ref name="Abrams8-10">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 8–10</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/05/nobel-prize-medicine-2009-award |title=Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer |newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 October 2009 |access-date=15 January 2010 |first=Ian |last=Sample |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first= Ian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/oct/07/physics.nobel |title=Three share Nobel prize for physics |newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 October 2008 |access-date=10 February 2010 |location=London}}</ref> It is common for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or humanitarian causes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Locke |first=Michelle |title=Berkeley Nobel laureates donate prize money to charity |url=http://www.ebcf.org/press/07/Smoot_AP_3-07.pdf |access-date=10 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726012539/http://ebcf.org/press/07/Smoot_AP_3-07.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Reflections on the prize of prizes: Alfred Nobel|doi=10.1096/fj.06-1102ufm |pmid=17077294 |year=2006 |last1=Pederson |first1=T. |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=20 |issue=13 |pages=2186–9|s2cid=30015190 }}</ref>

==Controversies and criticisms==
{{Main|Nobel Prize controversies}}


===Controversial recipients===
[[File:Henry A. Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, 1973-1977.jpg|thumb|upright|When it was announced that [[Henry Kissinger]] was to be awarded the Peace Prize, two of the Norwegian Nobel Committee members resigned in protest.]]
Among other criticisms, the Nobel Committees have been accused of having a political agenda, and of omitting more deserving candidates. They have also been accused of [[Eurocentrism]], especially for the Literature Prize.<ref name="Abramsxiv">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. xiv</ref><ref name="Feldman65">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 65</ref><ref name=Sarasota>{{cite news |first=William |last=Tuohy |title=Literature Award Hardest for Nobel Prize Panel |date=20 September 1981 |newspaper=[[Sarasota Herald Tribune]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19810920&id=FZ0cAAAAIBAJ&pg=6245,2424225 |page=58 |access-date=9 March 2010}}</ref>

;Peace Prize

Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[Lê Đức Thọ]]. This led to the resignation of two Norwegian Nobel Committee members.<ref name="topten">{{cite news |last=de Sousa |first=Ana Naomi |title=Top ten Nobel Prize rows |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article6868007.ece |access-date=25 May 2010 |newspaper=The Times |date=9 October 2009 |location=London}}</ref> Kissinger and Thọ were awarded the prize for negotiating a ceasefire between [[North Vietnam]] and the United States in January 1973. However, when the award was announced, both sides were still engaging in hostilities.<ref name="Abrams219">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 219</ref> Critics sympathetic to the North announced that Kissinger was not a peace-maker but the opposite, responsible for widening the war. Those hostile to the North and what they considered its deceptive practices during negotiations were deprived of a chance to criticise Lê Đức Thọ, as he declined the award.<ref name="Feldman315">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 315</ref><ref name="Abrams315">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 315</ref> The satirist and musician [[Tom Lehrer]] has remarked that "political satire became obsolete when Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize."<ref name="Lehrer">{{cite news |last1=Purdom |first1=Todd |title=When Kissinger won the Nobel peace prize, satire died |url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/jul/31/artsfeatures1 |access-date=26 September 2020 |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140531212217/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/jul/31/artsfeatures1 |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Yasser Arafat]], [[Shimon Peres]], and [[Yitzhak Rabin]] received the Peace Prize in 1994 for their efforts in making peace between Israel and Palestine.<ref name="Feldman315"/><ref name="Levinovitz183">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 183</ref> Immediately after the award was announced, one of the five Norwegian Nobel Committee members denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned.<ref name="Feldman15-16">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], pp. 15–16</ref> Additional misgivings about Arafat were widely expressed in various newspapers.<ref name="Abrams302-306">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 302–306</ref>

Another controversial Peace Prize was that awarded to [[Barack Obama]] [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize|in 2009]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Steven |last1=Erlanger |first2=Sheryl Gay |last2=Stolberg |title=Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts |date=9 October 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/10/world/10nobel.html?_r=1 |access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref> Nominations had closed only eleven days after Obama took office as [[President of the United States]], but the actual evaluation occurred over the next eight months.<ref name="philp">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868833.ece |title=How the Nobel Peace Prize winner is decided |last=Philp |first=Catherine |date=10 October 2009 |newspaper=The Times |location=London |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> Obama himself stated that he did not feel deserving of the award, or worthy of the company in which it would place him.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5981JK20091009?sp=true |title=Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize |access-date=9 October 2009 |date=9 October 2009 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-on-Winning-the-Nobel-Peace-Prize/ |title=Remarks by the President on winning the Nobel Peace Prize |access-date=1 April 2010 |date=9 October 2009 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] }}</ref> Past Peace Prize laureates were divided, some saying that Obama deserved the award, and others saying he had not secured the achievements to yet merit such an accolade. Obama's award, along with the previous Peace Prizes for [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Al Gore]], also prompted accusations of a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] bias.<ref>{{cite news |last=Naughton |first=Philippe |title=President Obama humbled: I do not deserve the Nobel Peace Prize |date=9 October 2009 |newspaper=The Times |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868457.ece |access-date=8 June 2010 |location=London}}</ref>

;Literature Prize

The award of the 2004 Literature Prize to [[Elfriede Jelinek]] drew a protest from a member of the Swedish Academy, [[Knut Ahnlund]]. Ahnlund resigned, alleging that the selection of Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage to all progressive forces, it has also confused the general view of literature as an art". He alleged that Jelinek's works were "a mass of text shovelled together without artistic structure".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/who-deserves-nobel-prize-judges-don-t-agree-wbna9665122 |title=Who deserves Nobel prize? Judges don't agree |work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] |access-date=18 March 2019 |date=11 October 2005 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4329962.stm |title=Nobel judge steps down in protest |access-date=1 April 2010 |date=11 October 2005 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The 2009 Literature Prize to [[Herta Müller]] also generated criticism. According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', many US literary critics and professors were ignorant of her work.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/08/AR2009100800965.html |title=Author's Nobel Stirs Shock-and-'Bah' |access-date=1 April 2010 |last=Jordan |first=Mary |date=9 October 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> This made those critics feel the prizes were too Eurocentric.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/08/nobel-prize-winner-herta_n_313577.html |title=NOBEL PRIZE WINNER: Herta Muller |journal=The Huffington Post |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=31 March 2010}}</ref>

;Science prizes

In 1949, the neurologist [[António Egas Moniz]] received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the [[Lobotomy|prefrontal leucotomy]]. The previous year, [[Walter Jackson Freeman II|Dr. Walter Freeman]] had developed a [[Lobotomy#Transorbital lobotomy|version of the procedure]] which was faster and easier to carry out. Due in part to the publicity surrounding the original procedure, Freeman's procedure was prescribed without due consideration or regard for modern [[medical ethics]]. Endorsed by such influential publications as ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]'', leucotomy or "lobotomy" became so popular that about 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States in the three years immediately following Moniz's receipt of the Prize.<ref name="Feldman286-289">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], pp. 286–289</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Day |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/13/neuroscience.medicalscience |title=He was bad, so they put an ice pick in his brain... |work=The Guardian |access-date=31 March 2010 |date=12 January 2008 |location=London}}</ref>

===Overlooked achievements===
[[File:MKGandhi.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] although nominated five times was never awarded a Nobel Peace Prize]]

Although [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the icon of non-violence in the 20th century, was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] five times, in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947 and, finally, a few days before he was assassinated on 30 January 1948, he never was awarded the prize.<ref name="Ghandi">{{cite web
|last = Tønnesson
|first = Øyvind
|title = Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate
|publisher = Nobel Foundation
|date = 1 December 1999
|url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/peace/gandhi/
|access-date = 24 October 2020
|url-status=live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130705224937/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/peace/gandhi/
|archive-date = 5 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Levinovitz181-186">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 181–186</ref><ref name="Nobel Also Rans">{{cite news |first=David |last=Kenner |title=Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans |date=7 October 2009 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/07/nobel_peace_prize_also_rans |work=Foreign Policy |pages=1–7 |access-date=24 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125073527/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/07/nobel_peace_prize_also_rans |archive-date=25 January 2010}}</ref>

In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Norwegian Nobel Committee decided to make no award that year on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate".<ref name="Ghandi"/><ref name="Abrams147-148">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 147–148</ref>

In 1989, this omission was publicly regretted, when the [[14th Dalai Lama]] was awarded the Peace Prize, the chairman of the committee said that it was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |title= The Nobel Prize in Peace 1989 – Presentation Speech |access-date=24 October 2020 |last= Aarvik |first= Egil |publisher= [[The Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref>

Geir Lundestad, 2006 Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, said, {{Quote
|text="The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace Prize. Whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110915025114/http://www.icrs.ugm.ac.id/wednesday-forum-schedule/111-relevance-of-gandhian-philosophy-in-the-21st-century Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st century]. icrs.ugm.ac.id</ref>}}

Other high-profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been overlooked. An article in the ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine identified seven people who "never won the prize, but should have". The list: [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[Václav Havel]], [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], [[Sari Nusseibeh]], [[Corazon Aquino]], and [[Liu Xiaobo]].<ref name="Nobel Also Rans"/> Liu Xiaobo would go on to win the [[2010 Nobel Peace Prize]] while imprisoned.

In 1965, UN Secretary General [[U Thant]] was informed by the Norwegian Permanent Representative to the UN that he would be awarded that year's prize and asked whether or not he would accept. He consulted staff and later replied that he would. At the same time, Chairman [[Gunnar Jahn]] of the Nobel Peace prize committee, lobbied heavily against giving U Thant the prize and the prize was at the last minute awarded to [[UNICEF]]. The rest of the committee all wanted the prize to go to U Thant, for his work in defusing the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], ending the war in the Congo, and his ongoing work to mediate an end to the Vietnam War. The disagreement lasted three years and in 1966 and 1967 no prize was given, with Gunnar Jahn effectively vetoing an award to U Thant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/peace/lundestad-review/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901–2000 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=U Thant in New York: A Portrait of the Third Secretary-General of the United Nations |first=Rames |last=Nassif |publisher=Hurst |date=31 December 1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdUsAAAAMAAJ&q=Nobel+Prize |isbn=978-1850650454 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[File:Revolutionary Joyce Better Contrast.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[James Joyce]], one of the controversial omissions of the Literature Prize]]
The Literature Prize also has controversial omissions. [[Adam Kirsch]] has suggested that many notable writers have missed out on the award for political or extra-literary reasons. The heavy focus on European and Swedish authors has been a subject of criticism.<ref name="KirschNoClue">{{cite journal |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2201447/ |title=The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature |journal=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=3 October 2008 |access-date=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dn.se/dnbok/akademien-valjer-helst-en-europe-1.789000 |title=Akademien väljer helst en europé |access-date=2 April 2010 |last=Fristorp |first=Mimmi |date=8 October 2008 |newspaper=Dagens Nyheter |language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218021516/http://www.dn.se/dnbok/akademien-valjer-helst-en-europe-1.789000 |archive-date=18 February 2010 }}</ref> The Eurocentric nature of the award was acknowledged by [[Peter Englund]], the 2009 Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, as a problem with the award and was attributed to the tendency for the academy to relate more to European authors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8742797 |title=Judge: Nobel literature prizes 'too Eurocentric' |work=The Guardian |date=6 October 2009 |access-date=3 February 2010 |location=London}}</ref> This tendency towards European authors still leaves some European writers on a list of notable writers that have been overlooked for the Literature Prize, including Europe's [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Anton Chekhov]], [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], [[Émile Zola]], [[Marcel Proust]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], [[James Joyce]], [[August Strindberg]], [[Simon Vestdijk]], [[Karel Čapek]], the [[New World]]'s [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Ezra Pound]], [[John Updike]], [[Arthur Miller]], [[Mark Twain]], and Africa's [[Chinua Achebe]].<ref name="Feldman56-57">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], pp. 56–57</ref>

Candidates can receive multiple nominations the same year. [[Gaston Ramon]] received a total of 155<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination Database: Gaston Ramon |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7545 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> nominations in physiology or medicine from 1930 to 1953, the last year with public nomination data for that award {{as of|2016|lc=on}}. He died in 1963 without being awarded. [[Pierre Paul Émile Roux]] received 115<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination Database: Emile P Roux |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7930 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> nominations in physiology or medicine, and [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] received 84<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination Database: Arnold Sommerfeld |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=8661 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> in physics. These are the three most nominated scientists without awards in the data published {{as of|2016|lc=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |title=Close but no Nobel: the scientists who never won |url=http://www.nature.com/news/close-but-no-nobel-the-scientists-who-never-won-1.20781 |journal=Nature |access-date=7 January 2017|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20781|date=11 October 2016|s2cid=165001434 }}</ref> [[Otto Stern]] received 79<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination Database: Otto Stern |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=8779 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> nominations in physics 1925–1943 before being awarded in 1943.<ref>{{cite news|last=Crawford |first=Elisabeth |title=Nobel population 1901–50: anatomy of a scientific elite |url=http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/11/7 |newspaper=Physics World |date=November 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203183205/http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/11/7 |archive-date=3 February 2006}}</ref>

The strict rule against awarding a prize to more than three people is also controversial.<ref name="Levinovitz61">[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 61</ref> When a prize is awarded to recognise an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, one or more will miss out. For example, in 2002, the prize was awarded to [[Koichi Tanaka]] and [[John Fenn (chemist)|John Fenn]] for the development of [[mass spectrometry]] in [[protein|protein chemistry]], an award that did not recognise the achievements of [[Franz Hillenkamp]] and [[Michael Karas]] of the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]].<ref name="Spinney">{{cite web |last=Spinney |first=Laura |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/20931 |title=News Analysis: Nobel Prize Controversy |work=[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]] |date=4 December 2001 |access-date=28 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first= Nicholas|last=Dawidoff |title=The Civil Heretic|date= 25 April 2009|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all/ |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=8 June 2010}}</ref> According to one of the nominees for the prize in physics, the three person limit deprived him and two other members of his team of the honor in 2013: the team of [[C. R. Hagen|Carl Hagen]], [[Gerald Guralnik]], and [[Tom Kibble]] published a paper in 1964 that gave answers to how the cosmos began, but did not share the 2013 Physics Prize awarded to [[Peter Higgs]] and [[François Englert]], who had also published papers in 1964 concerning the subject. All five physicists arrived at the same conclusion, albeit from different angles. Hagen contends that an equitable solution is to either abandon the three limit restriction, or expand the time period of recognition for a given achievement to two years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodman |first=James |title=UR prof disappointed in Nobel Prize decision |newspaper=[[Democrat and Chronicle]] |location=Rochester, New York |url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/2013/10/08/ur-prof-disappointed-in-nobel-prize-decision/2941821/ |access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

Similarly, the prohibition of posthumous awards fails to recognise achievements by an individual or collaborator who dies before the prize is awarded. The Economics Prize was not awarded to [[Fischer Black]], who died in 1995, when his co-author [[Myron Scholes]] received the honor in 1997 for their landmark work on option pricing along with [[Robert C. Merton]], another pioneer in the development of valuation of stock options. In the announcement of the award that year, the Nobel committee prominently mentioned Black's key role.

Political subterfuge may also deny proper recognition. [[Lise Meitner]] and [[Fritz Strassmann]], who co-discovered nuclear fission along with [[Otto Hahn]], may have been denied a share of Hahn's 1944 Nobel Chemistry Award due to having fled Germany when the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] came to power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Lewin Sime |first2=Ruth |last3=Walker |first3=Mark |display-authors=1 |title=A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice |journal=Physics Today |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=26–32 |year=1997 |doi=10.1063/1.881933 |bibcode=1997PhT....50i..26C }}</ref> The Meitner and Strassmann roles in the research was not fully recognised until years later, when they joined Hahn in receiving the 1966 [[Enrico Fermi Award]].

===Emphasis on discoveries over inventions===
Alfred Nobel left his fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155708/http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/short_testamente.html Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel]. nobelprize.org</ref> He stated that the Nobel Prizes in Physics should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or 'invention' within the field of physics". Nobel did not emphasise discoveries, but they have historically been held in higher respect by the Nobel Prize Committee than inventions: 77% of the Physics Prizes have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23% to inventions. Christoph Bartneck and Matthias Rauterberg, in papers published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' and ''Technoetic Arts'', have argued this emphasis on discoveries has moved the Nobel Prize away from its original intention of rewarding the greatest contribution to society.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/448644c |pmid=17687300 |title=Physics Nobels should favour inventions |date=9 August 2007 |last1=Bartneck |first1=Christoph |last2=Rauterberg |first2=Matthias |journal=Nature |volume=448 |issue=7154 |page=644 |bibcode= 2007Natur.448..644B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1386/tear.6.1.73_1 |title=The asymmetry between discoveries and inventions in the Nobel Prize in Physics |year=2008 |last1=Bartneck |first1=Christoph |last2=Rauterberg |first2=Matthias |journal=Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research |volume=6 |page=73 |url=http://www.bartneck.de/publications/2008/nobel/bartneckTechnoeticArts2008.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.145.8130}}</ref>

=== Gender disparity ===
{{See also|List of female Nobel laureates}}
In terms of the most prestigious awards in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] fields, only a small proportion have been awarded to women. Out of 210 laureates in Physics, 181 in Chemistry and 216 in Medicine between 1901 and 2018, there were only three female laureates in physics, five in chemistry and 12 in medicine.<ref>''[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ Nobel Prize Facts]'', Nobel Foundation, 2014. (accessed 29 October 2014)</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002315/231519e.pdf |title=A Complex Formula: Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Asia |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn=978-92-9223-492-8 |location=Paris |pages=23}}</ref><ref>''[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-chemistry/ Nobel Prize in Chemistry]'' Nobel Foundation 2018 (accessed 3 October 2018)</ref><ref>''[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine/ Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]'' Nobel Foundation 2018. (accessed 3 October 2018)</ref> Factors proposed to contribute to the discrepancy between this and the roughly equal [[human sex ratio]] include biased nominations, fewer women than men being active in the relevant fields, Nobel Prizes typically being awarded decades after the research was done (reflecting a time when [[gender bias]] in the relevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (one cannot be nominated to the Nobel Prize posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/nobel-prizes-women-gender-1.4845225 |title=Nobel Prizes still struggle with wide gender disparity |date=1 October 2018 |agency=Associated Press |work=CBC News |language=en |access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://theconversation.com/why-more-women-dont-win-science-nobels-104370 |title=Why more women don't win science Nobels |last=Feeney |first=Mary K. |journal=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en|access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1097888/the-nobel-prize-committee-explains-why-women-win-so-few-prizes/|title=The Nobel Prize committee explains why women win so few prizes|last1=Rathi|first1=Akshat|website=Quartz|language=en|access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/06/women-win-nobel-science-prizes |title=Why don't women win Nobel science prizes? |last=Devlin |first=Hannah |date=6 October 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=12 December 2018 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lovepowerknowled00rose |url-access=registration |title=Love, Power, and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences |last=Rose |first=Hilary |date=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253209078 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lovepowerknowled00rose/page/137 137] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/these-5-women-deserved-and-were-unjustly-denied-a-nobel-prize-in-physics-7f769e28331 |title=These 5 Women Deserved, And Were Unjustly Denied, A Nobel Prize In Physics |last=Siegel |first=Ethan |date=18 October 2018 |journal=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> Despite these factors, Marie Curie is to date the only person awarded Nobel Prizes in two different sciences (Physics in 1903, Chemistry in 1911); she is one of only three people who have received two Nobel Prizes in sciences (see Multiple laureates below).

== Facts ==

* '''Youngest person to receive a Nobel Prize:'''

[[Malala Yousafzai]]; at the age of 17, received [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (2014).

* '''Oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize:'''

[[John B. Goodenough]]; at the age of 97, received [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (2019).

* '''Only person to receive more than one unshared Nobel Prize:'''

[[Linus Pauling]]; received the prize twice. [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1954) and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1962)

* '''Laureates who have received Multiple Nobel Prizes:'''

# [[Marie Curie]]; received the prize twice. [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1903) and [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1911).
# [[Linus Pauling]]; received the prize twice. [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1954) and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1962).
# [[John Bardeen]]; received the prize twice. [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1956, 1972).
# [[Frederick Sanger]]; received the prize twice. [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1958, 1980).
# [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]; received the prize three times. [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1917, 1944, 1963).
# [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]; received the prize twice. [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1954, 1981).

* '''Posthumous Nobel Prizes laureates:'''

# [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]]; received [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (1931).
# [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]; received [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1961).
# [[Ralph M. Steinman]]; received [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (2011).

*'''Married couples to receive Nobel Prizes:'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize facts|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/}}</ref>

# [[Marie Curie]], [[Pierre Curie]] (along with [[Henri Becquerel]]). Received [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1903).
# [[Irène Joliot-Curie]], [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie|Frédéric Joliot]]. Received [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1935).
# [[Gerty Cori]], [[Carl Ferdinand Cori|Carl Cori]]. Received [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in Medicine]] (1947).
# [[May-Britt Moser]], [[Edvard Moser|Edvard I. Moser]]. Received [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in Medicine]] (2014)
# [[Alva Myrdal]]; received [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1982), [[Gunnar Myrdal]]; received [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize in Economics Sciences]] (1974).
# [[Esther Duflo]], [[Abhijit Banerjee]] (along with [[Michael Kremer]]). Received [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize in Economics Sciences]] (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nobel Prize-awarded couples |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/nobel-prize-awarded-couples}}</ref>

==Specially distinguished laureates==

===Multiple laureates===
[[File:Marie Curie 1903.jpg|left|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white portrait of a woman in profile. |[[Marie Curie]], one of four people who have received the Nobel Prize twice (Physics and Chemistry)]]

Four people have received two Nobel Prizes. [[Marie Curie]] received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on [[radioactive decay|radioactivity]] and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure [[radium]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/5715220/Marie-Curie-voted-greatest-female-scientist.html |title=Marie Curie voted greatest female scientist |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=2 July 2009 |access-date=15 January 2010 |location=London}}</ref> making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. [[Linus Pauling]] was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the [[chemical bond]] and its application to the [[Chemical structure|structure]] of complex substances. Pauling was also awarded the Peace Prize in 1962 for his activism against nuclear weapons, making him the only laureate of two unshared prizes. [[John Bardeen]] received the Physics Prize twice: in 1956 for the invention of the [[transistor]] and in 1972 for the theory of [[superconductivity]].<ref name="Feldman180">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 180</ref> [[Frederick Sanger]] received the prize twice in Chemistry: in 1958 for determining the structure of the [[insulin]] molecule and in 1980 for inventing a method of determining base sequences in DNA.<ref name="Shalev78">[[#Shalev69|Shalev]], p. 78</ref><ref name="Feldman222">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 222</ref>

Two organizations have received the Peace Prize multiple times. The [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] received it three times: in 1917 and 1944 for its work during the world wars; and in 1963 during the year of its centenary.<ref name="Abrams84">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 84</ref><ref name="Abrams149">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 149</ref><ref name="Abrams199-200">[[#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 199–200</ref> The [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] has been awarded the Peace Prize twice for assisting refugees: in 1954 and 1981.<ref name="Feldman313">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 313</ref>

===Family laureates===
The [[Curie Family|Curie family]] has received the most prizes, with four prizes awarded to five individual laureates. [[Marie Curie]] received the prizes in Physics (in 1903) and Chemistry (in 1911). Her husband, [[Pierre Curie]], shared the 1903 Physics prize with her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml |title=Marie Curie (1867–1934) |work=BBC News |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> Their daughter, [[Irène Joliot-Curie]], received the Chemistry Prize in 1935 together with her husband [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]]. In addition, the husband of Marie Curie's second daughter, [[Henry Richardson Labouisse, Jr.|Henry Labouisse]], was the director of [[UNICEF]] when he accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 on that organisation's behalf.<ref name="Feldman405">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 405</ref>

Although no family matches the Curie family's record, there have been several with two laureates. The husband-and-wife team of [[Gerty Cori]] and [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]] shared the 1947 Prize in Physiology or Medicine<ref name="GrinsteinBiermann1997">{{cite book |last1=Grinstein |first1=Louise S. |last2=Biermann |first2=Carol A. |last3=Rose |first3=Rose K. |title=Women in the Biological Sciences: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook |url=https://archive.org/details/womeninbiologica00grin |url-access=registration |access-date=25 December 2012 |year=1997 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29180-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/womeninbiologica00grin/page/108 108]–110}}</ref> as did the husband-and-wife team of [[May-Britt Moser]] and [[Edvard Moser]] in 2014 (along with [[John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)|John O'Keefe]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 |access-date=28 January 2015 |website=Nobel Fondation}}</ref> [[J. J. Thomson]] was awarded the Physics Prize in 1906 for showing that [[electron]]s are particles. His son, [[George Paget Thomson]], received the same prize in 1937 for showing that they [[Wave–particle duality|also have the properties of waves]].<ref name="Gribbin91">[[#Gribbin69|Gribbin]], p. 91</ref> [[William Henry Bragg]] and his son, [[William Lawrence Bragg]], shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing the [[X-ray crystallography]].<ref name="Hargittai2003">{{cite book |last=Hargittai |first=István |title=The Road to Stockholm:Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9rF6MTXtXYC&pg=PA149 |access-date=25 December 2012 |date=28 August 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860785-4 |page=149}}</ref> [[Niels Bohr]] was awarded the Physics prize in 1922, as was his son, [[Aage Bohr]], in 1975.<ref name=Feldman405/><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article6829396.ece|title= Professor Aage Bohr: Nobel prize-winning physicist|work= [[The Times]]|publisher=Times Newspapers Limited|date= 11 September 2009|access-date=24 January 2010 |location=London}}</ref> [[Manne Siegbahn]], who received the Physics Prize in 1924, was the father of [[Kai Siegbahn]], who received the Physics Prize in 1981.<ref name=Feldman405/><ref>{{cite news |last=Maugh |first=Thomas H., II |url= http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-siegbahn8aug08,1,6152607.story |title=Kai Siegbahn, 89; Nobel-winning physicist invented electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=24 January 2010}}</ref> [[Hans von Euler-Chelpin]], who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of [[Ulf von Euler]], who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970.<ref name=Feldman405/> [[C. V. Raman]] was awarded the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], who was awarded the same prize in 1983.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/95/950822.chandrasekhar.shtml |title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |date=22 August 1995 |access-date=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Feldman406">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 406</ref> [[Arthur Kornberg]] received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959; Kornberg's son, [[Roger D. Kornberg|Roger]] later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last=Conger |first=Krista |url= http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2006/october11/kornberg-101106.html |title=Roger Kornberg wins the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry |work=Stanford Report |date=4 October 2006 |access-date=24 January 2010}}</ref> [[Jan Tinbergen]], who was awarded the first Economics Prize in 1969, was the brother of [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]], who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize.<ref name=Feldman405/> [[Alva Myrdal]], Peace Prize laureate in 1982, was the wife of [[Gunnar Myrdal]] who was awarded the Economics Prize in 1974.<ref name=Feldman405/> Economics laureates [[Paul Samuelson]] and [[Kenneth Arrow]] were brothers-in-law. [[Frits Zernike]], who was awarded the 1953 Physics Prize, is the great-uncle of 1999 Physics laureate [[Gerard 't Hooft]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/thooft-bio.html |title=Gerardus 't Hooft - Biographical |publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date=5 July 2017 }}</ref> In 2019, married couple [[Abhijit Banerjee]] and [[Esther Duflo]] were awarded the Economics Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/abhijit-banerjee-esther-duflo-winning-the-nobel-prize-together-is-real-couplegoal-2345283.html|title=Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo Winning the Nobel Prize Together is #CoupleGoals|date=15 October 2019|website=News18|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

== Refusals and constraints ==
[[File:Richard Kuhn ETH-Bib Dia 248-065.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white portrait of a man in a suit and tie. Half of his face is in a shadow.|[[Richard Kuhn]], who was forced to decline his Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. In 1964, [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] was awarded the Literature Prize but refused, stating, "A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Holt |first=Jim |url= http://www.slate.com/id/2088648/ |title=Exit, Pursued by a Lobster |journal=Slate |date=22 September 2003 |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> [[Lê Đức Thọ]], chosen for the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the [[Paris Peace Accords]], declined, stating that there was no actual peace in Vietnam.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite news |last=English |first=Jason |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/wayoflife/10/06/mf.nobel.odd.facts/index.html |title=Odd facts about Nobel Prize winners |work=[[CNN]] |date=6 October 2009 |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> [[George Bernard Shaw]] attempted to decline the prize money while accepting the 1925 Literature Prize; eventually it was agreed to use it to found the [[Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last1=Weintraub |first1=Stanley |title=Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950), playwright and polemicist |date=3 October 2013 |id=36047 |language=en}}</ref>

During the Third Reich, [[Adolf Hitler]] hindered [[Richard Kuhn]], [[Adolf Butenandt]], and [[Gerhard Domagk]] from accepting their prizes. All of them were awarded their diplomas and gold medals after World War II. In 1958, [[Boris Pasternak]] declined his prize for literature due to fear of what the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize. In return, the Swedish Academy refused his refusal, saying "this refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award."<ref name="autogenerated4"/> The Academy announced with regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year, holding it back until 1989 when Pasternak's son accepted the prize on his behalf.<ref name="timesonline-292690">{{cite news |last=Franchetti |first=Mark |title=How the CIA won Zhivago a Nobel |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1292690.ece |work=The Times |date=14 January 2007 |access-date=21 January 2010 |location=London}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news |last=Finn |first=Peter |title=The Plot Thickens |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/26/AR2007012601758.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date= 27 January 2007 |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref>

[[Aung San Suu Kyi]] was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in [[Myanmar|Burma]]; Suu Kyi delivered her speech two decades later, in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aung San Suu Kyi – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/kyi.html |website=The Nobel Foundation |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> [[Liu Xiaobo]] was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 while he and his wife were under house arrest in China as political prisoners, and he was unable to accept the prize in his lifetime.

==Cultural impact==
[[File:The_International_Nobel_Economic_Congress_2008.jpg|thumb|The International Nobel Economic Congress 2008, at the [[Alfred Nobel University]] in [[Dnipro]], Ukraine]]
Being a symbol of scientific or literary achievement that is recognisable worldwide, the Nobel Prize is often depicted in fiction. This includes films like ''[[The Prize (1963 film)|The Prize]]'' (1963), ''[[Nobel Son]]'' (2007), and ''[[The Wife (2017 film)|The Wife]]'' (2017) about fictional Nobel laureates, as well as fictionalised accounts of stories surrounding real prizes such as ''[[Nobel Chor]]'', a 2012 film based on the [[Rabindranath Tagore#Theft of Nobel Prize|theft of Rabindranath Tagore's prize]].<ref name="nobel film screen">{{cite press release |url=http://www.mynewsdesk.com/stockholmvisitorsboard/pressreleases/the-nobel-prize-on-the-film-screen-937364 |title=The Nobel Prize: On the film screen |publisher=Stockholm Business Region |date=5 December 2013 |access-date=31 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102825/http://www.mynewsdesk.com/stockholmvisitorsboard/pressreleases/the-nobel-prize-on-the-film-screen-937364 |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Brodesco |first=Alberto|date=2018 |title=Nobel laureates in fiction: From La fin du monde to The Big Bang Theory |journal=Public Understanding of Science |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=458–470 |doi=10.1177/0963662518766476 |pmid=29720058 |s2cid=19223540|issn=0963-6625}}</ref>

The memorial symbol "Planet of Alfred Nobel" was opened in [[Alfred Nobel University]] of Economics and Law in [[Dnipro]], [[Ukraine]] in 2008. On the globe, there are 802 Nobel laureates' reliefs made of a composite alloy obtained when disposing of military strategic missiles.<ref>[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/27994903?comment_page=1 Monument of the Planet of Alfred Nobel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809124737/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/27994903?comment_page=1 |date=9 August 2017 }}. Panoramio.com. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref>

Despite the symbolism of intellectual achievement, some recipients have embraced unsupported and [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] concepts, including various health benefits of vitamin C and other dietary supplements, [[homeopathy]], [[HIV/AIDS denialism]], and various claims about [[race and intelligence]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Basterfield |first1=Candice |last2=Lilienfeld |first2=Scott O. |author-link2=Scott Lilienfeld |last3=Bowes |first3=Shauna M. |last4=Costello |first4=Thomas H. |date=May–June 2020 |title=The Nobel Disease: When Intelligence Fails to Protect against Irrationality |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/05/the-nobel-disease-when-intelligence-fails-to-protect-against-irrationality/ |magazine=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |location=Amherst, New York |publisher=[[Center for Inquiry]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200717193429/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/05/the-nobel-disease-when-intelligence-fails-to-protect-against-irrationality/ |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=24 December 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> This is sometimes referred to as [[Nobel disease]].

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[List of Nobel laureates]]
** [[List of female Nobel laureates]]
** [[List of Nobel laureates by country]]
** [[List of Nobel laureates by secondary school affiliation]]
** [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation]]
** [[List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry]]
** [[List of Nobel laureates in Literature]]
** [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
** [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics]]
** [[List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
* {{annotated link|Fields Medal}}
* {{annotated link|Ig Nobel Prize}}
* {{annotated link|Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings}}
* [[List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field]]
* [[Lists of science and technology awards]]
* {{annotated link|Nobel Conference}}
* {{annotated link|Nobel Library}}
* {{annotated link|Nobel Prize Museum}}
* {{annotated link|Nobel Prize effect}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Free-content attribution
| title = A Complex Formula: Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Asia
| author = UNESCO
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers = 23
| source = UNESCO
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002315/231519e.pdf
| license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=231519&set=0058E24F98_1_192&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1
| license = CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
}}

====Books====
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Abrams |first=Irwin |title = The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ny77bPwKxaUC |year=2001 |publisher=Watson Publishing International |isbn=978-0-88135-388-4 |ref=Abrams }}
* {{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Elizabeth T. |title=The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution – The Science Prizes, 1901–1915 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EGfhs_tvjVYC |year=1984 |publisher=Maison des Sciences de l'Homme & [[Cambridge University Press]] |edition=First |isbn=978-0-521-26584-3 |ref=Crawford69 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnckeeTICn0C |last=Feldman |first=Burton |title=The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige |publisher=Arcade Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-55970-592-9 |ref=Feldman }}
* {{cite book |last=Gribbin |first=John |title=In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality |year=1985 |publisher=Corgi |isbn=978-0-552-12555-0 |ref=Gribbin69 |title-link=In Search of Schrödinger's Cat}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Brenn |title=Learning about love from the life of Mother Teresa |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg6_1Ejy9r4C&q=Mother+Teresa+Nobel+banquet+cancelled |year=2003 |publisher=PowerKids Press |isbn=978-0-8239-5777-4 |ref=Jones }}
* {{cite book |last=Levinovitz |first=Agneta Wallin |title=The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSg5mRJiukC |editor=Nils Ringertz |year=2001 |publisher=[[Imperial College Press]] and [[World Scientific|World Scientific Publishing]] |isbn=978-981-02-4664-8 |ref=Levinovitz69 }}
* {{cite book |last=Leroy |first=Francis |title = A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC |year=2003 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-0876-4 |ref=Leroy }}
* {{cite book |last=Shalev |first=Baruch Aba |title=100 years of Nobel prizes |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PfRaPHr86XUC |year=2005 |publisher=The Americas Group |edition=Third |isbn=978-0-935047-37-0 |ref=Shalev69 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sohlman |first=Ragnar |title=The Legacy of Alfred Nobel – The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes |year=1983 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |author-link=Ragnar Sohlman |ref=Sohlman69 }}
* {{cite book |last=Söderlind |first=Ulrica |title=The Nobel Banquet |year=2010 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing |ref=judia85 |doi=10.1142/7789 |isbn=978-981-4313-11-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilhelm |first=Peter |title=The Nobel Prize |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CNnZKHxQpO4C |year=1983 |publisher=Springwood Books |isbn=978-0-86254-111-8 |ref=Wilhelm69}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham |author-link=Abraham Pais |title=[[Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein]]|year=1983 |edition=Third |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-520438-4 |oclc=8195995 |ref=Pais69}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Nobel_Prize_by_Dimitri_O_Ledenyov_and_Viktor_O_Ledenyov.ogg|date=2 November 2016}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|https://nobelprize.org/ }}
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html Nobel Prizes by Universities and Institutes]
* {{Britannica|416856}}

{{Nobel Prizes|state=expanded}}
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Indian classical music

2021-05-27T18:24:38Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Classical music from the Indian subcontinent}} {{Hatnote|Indian classical music is one of many forms of art music that have their roots in particular regio..."

{{short description|Classical music from the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Hatnote|Indian classical music is one of many forms of art music that have their roots in particular regional cultures. For other "classical" and art music traditions, see [[List of classical and art music traditions]].}}{{Culture of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Indian classical music}}
{{Indian music|state=collapsed}}
'''Indian classical music''' is the [[classical music]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=573–574}} It has two major traditions: the North Indian classical music tradition is called ''[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]]'', while the South Indian expression is called ''[[Carnatic classical music|Carnatic]]''.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=3–4}} These traditions were not distinct until about the 16th century. During the period of Mughal rule of the Indian subcontinent, the traditions separated and evolved into distinct forms. Hindustani music emphasizes improvisation and exploration of all aspects of a [[raga]], while Carnatic performances tend to be short composition-based.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=3–4}} However, the two systems continue to have more common features than differences.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=4–5}}

The roots of the classical music of India are found in the [[Vedas|Vedic]] literature of [[Hinduism]] and the ancient ''[[Natyashastra]]'', the classic Sanskrit text on performance arts by [[Bharata Muni]].{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=9–10, 59–61}}<ref name="Beck1995p107">{{harvnb|Beck|2012|pages=107–108}}, Quote: "The tradition of Indian classical music and dance known as ''Sangita'' is fundamentally rooted in the sonic and musical dimensions of the Vedas (Sama veda), Upanishads and the Agamas, such that Indian music has been nearly always religious in character".</ref> The 13th century Sanskrit text ''Sangita-Ratnakara'' of [[Sarangadeva]] is regarded as the definitive text by both the [[Hindustani music]] and the [[Carnatic music]] traditions.<ref name=bod116>{{cite book|author=Rens Bod|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=321oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116| year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164294-4|page=116}}</ref><ref name="MasseyMassey1996">{{cite book|author1=Reginald Massey|author2=Jamila Massey|title=The Music Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC&pg=PA42|access-date=23 July 2013|year= 1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-332-8|page=42}}</ref>

Indian classical music has two foundational elements, ''[[raga]]'' and ''[[Tala (music)|tala]]''. The ''raga'', based on a varied repertoire of ''[[swara]]'' (notes including microtones), forms the fabric of a deeply intricate melodic structure, while the ''tala'' measures the time cycle.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=1–3}} The ''raga'' gives an artist a palette to build the melody from sounds, while the ''tala'' provides them with a creative framework for rhythmic improvisation using time.{{Sfn|Nettl|2010}}<ref>{{cite book|author=James B. Robinson|title=Hinduism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmQ_yp4vVhsC&pg=PA104| year=2009|publisher =Infobase Publishing| isbn=978-1-4381-0641-0|pages=104–106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vijaya Moorthy|title=Romance of the Raga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC |year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-382-3|pages=45–48, 53, 56–58}}</ref> In Indian classical music the space between the notes is often more important than the notes themselves, and it traditionally eschews Western classical concepts such as [[harmony]], counterpoint, chords, or modulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austinifa.org/AboutIndianMusic/carnaticmusic.htm|title=Austin IFA : Introduction to Carnatic Music|website=www.austinifa.org|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ravishankar.org/-music.html|title=Music|website=Ravi Shankar|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trinity.nottingham.sch.uk/music/gcse/indianClassicalAndGamelan.aspx|title= Music (GCSE – Indian music and Gamelan)|website=www.trinity.nottingham.sch.uk|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>

==History==
The root of music in ancient India are found in the Vedic literature of Hinduism. The earliest Indian thought combined three arts, syllabic recital (''vadya''), melos (''gita'') and dance (''nrtta'').{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|p=9}} As these fields developed, ''sangeeta'' became a distinct genre of art, in a form equivalent to contemporary music. This likely occurred before the time of [[Yāska]] (c. 500 BCE), since he includes these terms in his [[nirukta]] studies, one of the six [[Vedanga]] of ancient Indian tradition. Some of the ancient texts of Hinduism such as the ''[[Samaveda]]'' (c. 1000 BCE) are structured entirely to melodic themes,<ref name="Thompson1694">{{cite book|author=William Forde Thompson|title =Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Encyclopedia|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kpmlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1694| year=2014 |publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-6558-9|pages=1693–1694}}</ref>{{Sfn|Beck|1993|pages=107–109, Quote: "it is generally agreed that Indian music indeed owes its beginnings to the chanting of the ''Sama–Veda'', the vast collection of verses (Sama), many from the Rig–veda itself, set to melody and sung by singer–priests known as udgata".}} it is sections of ''[[Rigveda]]'' set to music.<ref>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-14-309986-4}}, pp. 4–5</ref>

The ''Samaveda'' is organized into two formats. One part is based on the musical meter, another by the aim of the rituals.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=59–61}} The text is written with embedded coding, where ''swaras'' (octave notes) are either shown above or within the text, or the verse is written into ''parvans'' (knot or member); in simple words, this embedded code of swaras is like the skeleton of the song. The swaras have about 12 different forms and different combinations of these swaras are made to sit under the names of different ragas. The specific code of a song clearly tells us what combination of swaras are present in a specific song. The lyrical part of the song is called "sahityam" and sahityam is just like singing the swaras altogether but using the lyrics of the song. The code in the form of swaras have even the notation of which note to be sung high and which one low. The hymns of ''Samaveda'' contain melodic content, form, rhythm and metric organization.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=59–61}} This structure is, however, not unique or limited to ''Samaveda''. The ''Rigveda'' embeds the musical meter too, without the kind of elaboration found in the ''Samaveda''. For example, the [[Gayatri mantra]] contains three metric lines of exactly eight syllables, with an embedded ternary rhythm.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=62–63}}

[[File:Five Celestial Musicians LACMA AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Five Gandharvas (celestial musicians) from 4th–5th century CE, northwest South Asia, carrying the four types of musical instruments. Gandharvas are discussed in Vedic era literature.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=11–14}}]]
In the ancient traditions of Hinduism, two musical genre appeared, namely ''Gandharva'' (formal, composed, ceremonial music) and ''Gana'' (informal, improvised, entertainment music).{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=11–12}} The ''Gandharva'' music also implied celestial, divine associations, while the ''Gana'' also implied singing.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=11–12}} The Vedic Sanskrit musical tradition had spread widely in the Indian subcontinent, and according to Rowell, the ancient Tamil classics make it "abundantly clear that a cultivated musical tradition existed in South India as early as the last few pre-Christian centuries".{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=12–13}}

The classic Sanskrit text ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' is at the foundation of the numerous classical music and dance traditions of India. Before ''Natyashastra'' was finalized, the ancient Indian traditions had classified musical instruments into four groups based on their acoustic principle (how they work, rather than the material they are made of) for example flute which works with gracious in and out flow of air.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=13–14}} These four categories are accepted as given and are four separate chapters in the ''Natyashastra'', one each on stringed instruments (chordophones), hollow instruments (aerophones), solid instruments (idiophones), and covered instruments (membranophones).{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=13–14}} Of these, states Rowell, the idiophone in the form of "small bronze cymbals" were used for ''tala''. Almost the entire chapter of ''Natyashastra'' on idiophones, by Bharata, is a theoretical treatise on the system of ''tala''.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|p=14}} Time keeping with idiophones was considered a separate function than that of percussion (membranophones), in the early Indian thought on music theory.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|p=14}}

The early 13th century Sanskrit text ''[[Sangita Ratnakara|Sangitaratnakara]]'' (literally, "Ocean of Music and Dance"), by Sarngadeva patronized by King Sighana of the Yadava dynasty in [[Maharashtra]], mentions and discusses ''ragas'' and ''talas''.<ref>S.S. Sastri (1943), [https://archive.org/stream/SangitaRatnakara/SangitaRatnakaraChapter1#page/n7/mode/2up Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva], Adyar Library Press, {{ISBN|0-8356-7330-8}}, pp. v–vi, ix–x (English), for ''talas'' discussion see pp. 169–274 (Sanskrit)</ref> He identifies seven ''tala'' families, then subdivides them into rhythmic ratios, presenting a methodology for improvization and composition that continues to inspire modern era Indian musicians.<ref name="Bod2013p116"/> ''Sangitaratnakara'' is one of the most complete historic medieval era Hindu treatises on this subject that has survived into the modern era, that relates to the structure, technique and reasoning behind ''ragas'' and ''talas''.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=12–14}}<ref name="Bod2013p116">{{cite book|author=Rens Bod|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=321oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-164294-4|page=116}}</ref>

The centrality and significance of music in ancient and early medieval India is also expressed in numerous temple and shrine [[relief]]s, in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, such as through the carving of musicians with cymbals at the fifth century Pavaya temple sculpture near [[Gwalior]],{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|p=299}} and the [[Ellora Caves]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lisa Owen|title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC&pg=PA76 |year= 2012| publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=978-90-04-20629-8|pages=76–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar|title= Ellora|url=https://archive.org/details/ellora0000dhav|url-access=registration| year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565458-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/ellora0000dhav/page/35 35]}}</ref>

===Texts===
The post-Vedic era historical literature relating to Indian classical music has been extensive. The ancient and medieval texts are primarily in Sanskrit (Hinduism), but major reviews of music theory, instruments and practice were also composed in regional languages such as Braj, Kannada, Odia, Pali (Buddhism), Prakrit (Jainism), Tamil and Telugu.{{Sfn|Gautam|1993|pp=1–10}} While numerous manuscripts have survived into the modern era, many original works on Indian music are believed to be lost, and are known to have existed only because they are quoted and discussed in other manuscripts on classical Indian music.{{Sfn|Gautam|1993|pp=1–10}}{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=37–46}} Many of the encyclopedic [[Purana]]s contain large chapters on music theory and instruments, such as the ''Bhagavata Purana'', the ''Markandeya Purana'', the ''Vayu Purana'', the ''Linga Purana'', and the ''Visnudharmottara Purana''.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=3–4}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Ludo Rocher|author-link=Ludo Rocher|title=The kakkas Purāṇas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA151|year=1986|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02522-5|pages=151–152}}</ref><ref>A. A. Bake (1962), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24646645 Review: Textes des Purāṇas sur la Théorie musicale by Alain Daniélou, N. R. Bhatt], ''Indo-Iranian Journal'', BRILL Academic, Volume 5, Number 2 (1961–62), pp. 157–160</ref>

The most cited and influential among these texts are the ''Sama Veda'', ''[[Natya shastra]]'' (classic treatise on music theory, Gandharva), ''[[Dattilam]]'', ''[[Brihaddeshi|Brihaddesi]]'' (treatise on regional classical music forms), and ''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'' (definitive text for Carnatic and Hindustani traditions).<ref name=bod116/>{{Sfn|Gautam|1993|pp=1–10}}{{Sfn|Randel|2003|p=813}} Most historic music theory texts have been by Hindu scholars. Some classical music texts were also composed by Buddhists and Jain scholars, and in 16th century by Muslim scholars. These are listed in the attached table.

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|-
| colspan=5 |
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=5 style="background: #ffcd66;" | Classical Indian music texts{{Sfn|Gautam|1993|pp=1–10}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffcd66;" | Title
| Author
| Century
| Religion
| Notability{{Sfn|Gautam|1993|pp=1–10}}
|-
| ''Samaveda''
| Unknown
| c. 1000 BCE
| [[Hinduism]]
| Scripture set to music
|-
| ''Natyasastra''
| Bharata Muni
| c. 200 BCE–200 CE
| Hinduism
| Oldest surviving complete Hindu text on music theory and performance arts
|-
| (Lost texts)
| Vishakhila, Sardula, Visnudharmottara
| c. 300–500 CE
| Hinduism
| Cited by medieval authors
|-
| (Lost text)
| Rahul
| c. 5th century CE
| [[Buddhism]]
| Cited by medieval authors
|-
| ''Brihaddesi''
| Matanga
| c. 800–900 CE
| Hinduism
| Survives in parts, theory of regional music forms (entertainment), Murchana system
|-
| ''Abhinavabharati''
| Abhinavagupta
| c. 900–1000 CE
| Hinduism
| Theory of rasa{{Sfn| Schwartz|2004}}
|-
| ''Sarasvati Hridyalankara''
| Nanyadeva
| c. 1080 CE
| Hinduism
| Music theory, appendix on Natyashastra bhasya
|-
| ''Sangita Sudhakara''
| Haripala
| c. 1175 CE
| Hinduism
|
|-
| ''Abhilasitartha Cintamani''
| Somesvara
| c. 12th century CE
| Hinduism
| Survives in parts, Murchana system, ragas
|-
| ''Sangita Ratnavali''
| Somabhupala
| c. 1180 CE
| Hinduism
|
|-
| ''Sangita Samayasara''
| Parsvadeva
| c. 1200 CE
| Hinduism
| Theory of gamakas
|-
| ''Sangita Ratnakara''
| Sarngadeva
| c. 1230 CE
| Hinduism
| Systematizes raga, prakirnaka, prabandha, tala, vadya and nritya;{{Sfn|Sastri|1943}} Definitive text to Carnatic and Hindustani classical music
|-
| ''Sringarahara''
| Raja Sakambhari
| c. 1300 CE
| Hinduism
| Directory of ancient ragas, 89 derivative ragas and 120 talas
|-
| ''Rasatatvasamuccaya''
| Allaraja
| c. 1300 CE
| Hinduism
| Four chapters to classical music
|-
| ''Sangitopanisadasara''
| Suddhakalasa
| c. 1350 CE
| [[Jainism]]
| Music theory, includes rare talas
|-
| ''Balabodhan''
| unknown
| c. 1350 CE
| Hinduism
| Review and quotes music texts believed to be lost
|-
| ''Visvapradip''
| Bhuvanananda
| c. 1350 CE
| Hinduism
| A major review on raga, tala, musical instruments
|-
| ''Sangitacandra''
| Allaraja
| c. 14th century CE
| Hinduism
| Commented by 17th century [[Nepal]]ese king Jyotirmal
|-
| ''Sangita Dipika''
| Madhava Bhatta
| c. 1400 CE
| Hinduism
| Raga-ragini system
|-
| ''Sangita Raj''
| Kumbhakarna
| c. 1449 CE
| Hinduism
| A review
|-
| ''Svaramelakalanidhi''
| Ramamatya
| c. 16th century CE
| Hinduism
| Carnatic music, mela system
|-
| ''Raga Mala'', ''Raga Manjari'', ''Sadraga Candrodaya''
| Pundarika Vittala
| c. 16th century CE
| Hinduism
| Carnatic music, mentions [[Persian traditional music|Persian]] maqam
|-
| ''Lahjat-i Sikandar Shahi''
| Umar Sama Yahya
| c. 16th century CE
| [[Islam]]
| Hindustani music, includes a review of Natya Shastra and Sangita Ratnakara{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=7}}
|-
| ''Rasakaumudi''
| Srikantha
| c. 16th century CE
| Jainism
| A review of music systems
|-
| ''Sangita Sudha''
| Raghunatha Thanjavur
| c. 1620 CE
| Hinduism
| Carnatic, Three languages, musical instruments, 264 ragas, 50 popular ragas
|-
| ''Sangita Cudamani''
| Govinda
| c. 1680 CE
| Hinduism
| Carnatic, 72 melakartas, musical instruments innovations
|}
|-
|}

==Major traditions==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 240
| footer = Indian classical music performances
| image1 = Music ensemble of benares 1983 hp5 009.jpg
| image2 = Tansen Samaroha cropped.jpg
}}
The classical music tradition of the ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent (modern Bangladesh, India, Pakistan) were a generally integrated system through the 14th century, after which the socio-political turmoil of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] era isolated the north from the south. The music traditions of the North and South India were not considered distinct until about the 16th century, but after that the traditions acquired distinct forms.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=3–4}} North Indian classical music is called ''Hindustani'', while the South Indian expression is called ''Carnatic'' (sometimes spelled as ''Karnatic''). According to [[Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy]], the North Indian tradition acquired its modern form after the 14th or the 15th century.{{Sfn|Jairazbhoy|1995|pages=16–17}}

Indian classical music has historically adopted and evolved with many regional styles, such as the Bengali classical tradition. This openness to ideas led to assimilation of regional folk innovations, as well as influences that arrived from outside the subcontinent. For example, Hindustani music assimilated Arabian and Persian influences.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=80}} This assimilation of ideas was upon the ancient classical foundations such as ''raga'', ''tala'', ''matras'' as well as the musical instruments. For example, the Persian ''Rāk'' is probably a pronunciation of ''Raga''. According to Hormoz Farhat, ''Rāk'' has no meaning in modern Persian language, and the concept of ''raga'' is unknown in Persia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hormoz Farhat|title=The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiMhWnYDuQMC&pg=PA97|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54206-7|pages=97–99}}</ref>

===Carnatic music===
{{Main|Carnatic Music}}
[[Purandara Dasa]] (1484–1564) was a Hindu composer and musicologist who lived in [[Hampi]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="Rao2015p70"/><ref name="Swain2016p228">{{cite book|author=Joseph P. Swain|title=Historical Dictionary of Sacred Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad7dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA228 |year=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-6463-2|pages=228–229}}</ref> He is considered ''Pithamaha'' (literally, "grandfather") of the Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa was a monk and a devotee of the Hindu god [[Krishna]] (Vishnu, [[Vittal]] avatar).<ref name="Rao2015p70">{{cite book|author1=Ramesh N. Rao|author2=Avinash Thombre|title=Intercultural Communication: The Indian Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfCICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70|year=2015|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-507-5|pages=69–70}}</ref> He systematised classical Indian music theory and developed exercises for musicians to learn and perfect their art. He travelled widely sharing and teaching his ideas, and influenced numerous South Indian and Maharashtra [[Bhakti movement]] musicians.<ref name="Smith1982p153"/> These exercises, his teachings about ''raga'', and his systematic methodology called ''Suladi Sapta Tala'' (literally, "primordial seven talas") remains in use in contemporary times.<ref name="Swain2016p228"/>{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=139–141}} The efforts of [[Purandara Dasa]] in the 16th century began the Carnatic style of Indian classical music.<ref name="Smith1982p153">{{cite book|author=Bardwell L. Smith|title=Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY8fAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA153 |year=1982|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-06788-2|pages=153–154}}</ref>

[[File:Saraswati.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Saraswati]] is the goddess of music and knowledge in the Indian tradition.]]
Carnatic music, from [[South India]], tends to be more rhythmically intensive and structured than Hindustani music. Examples of this are the logical classification of [[raga]]s into [[melakarta]]s, and the use of fixed compositions similar to Western classical music. Carnatic raga elaborations are generally much faster in tempo and shorter than their equivalents in Hindustani music. In addition, accompanists have a much larger role in Carnatic concerts than in Hindustani concerts. Today's typical concert structure was put in place by the vocalist [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]]. The opening piece is called a [[varnam]], and is a warm-up for the musicians. A devotion and a request for a blessing follows, then a series of interchanges between [[ragam]]s (unmetered melody) and [[Tanam]] (the ornamentation within a melorhythmic cycle, equivalent to the ''[[Jor (music)|jor]]''). This is intermixed with [[hymn]]s called [[krithi]]s. The [[pallavi]] or theme from the raga then follows. Carnatic pieces also have notated lyrical poems that are reproduced as such, possibly with embellishments and treatments according to the performer's ideology, referred to as Manodharmam.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Primary themes include worship, descriptions of temples, philosophy, and nayaka-nayika (Sanskrit "hero-heroine") themes. [[Tyagaraja]] (1759–1847), [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] (1776–1827) and [[Syama Sastri]] (1762–1827) have been the important historic scholars of Carnatic music. According to [[Eleanor Zelliot]], Tyagaraja is known in the Carnatic tradition as one of its greatest composers, and he reverentially acknowledged the influence of Purandara Dasa.<ref name="Smith1982p153"/>

A common belief in South India is that Carnatic music represents a more ancient approach to classical music, whereas Hindustani music has evolved by external influences.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The rāgas of Northern Indian music|last=Daniélou|first=Alan|date=2014|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0225-2|location=New Delhi|page=5|oclc=39028809}}</ref>

===Hindustani music===
{{Main|Hindustani classical music}}
[[File:Tansen of Gwalior. (11.8x6.7cm) Mughal. 1585-90. National Museum, New Delhi..jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The 16th century musician [[Tansen]], who about the age of 60 joined the Mughal [[Akbar]] court. For many Hindustani music gharanas (schools), he is their founder.]]
It is unclear when the process of differentiation of Hindustani music started. The process may have started in the 14th century courts of the Delhi Sultans. However, according to Jairazbhoy, the North Indian tradition likely acquired its modern form after the 14th or after the 15th century.{{Sfn|Jairazbhoy|1995|pages=15–17}} The development of Hindustani music reached a peak during the reign of [[Akbar]]. During this 16th century period, [[Tansen]] studied music and introduced musical innovations, for about the first sixty years of his life with patronage of the Hindu king Ram Chand of [[Gwalior]], and thereafter performed at the Muslim court of Akbar.<ref name="Wade1998p108">{{cite book|author=Bonnie C. Wade|title=Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India|url=https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-86841-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade/page/108 108]–114}}</ref><ref name="Babineau1979p54">{{cite book|author=Edmour J. Babineau|title=Love of God and Social Duty in the Rāmcaritmānas|url=https://archive.org/details/loveofgodsociald0000babi|url-access=registration|year=1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-89684-050-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/loveofgodsociald0000babi/page/54 54]}}</ref> Many musicians consider Tansen as the founder of Hindustani music.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bruno Nettl|title=Heartland Excursions: Ethnomusicological Reflections on Schools of Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZZ1_pQJnKEC&pg=PA68 |year=1995|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06468-5|page=68}}, Quote: "This is a recital of the identities of their teachers, perhaps the teachers' own teachers and association with gharanas, or schools, of musicianship, and often an attempt to link the main performer of the day through student-teacher genealogies to one of the early great figures of music, such as the revered Tansen, the mythical culture hero and founder of Hindustani music".</ref>

Tansen's style and innovations inspired many, and many modern ''gharanas'' (Hindustani music teaching houses) link themselves to his lineage.<ref name=stanton125>{{cite book|author1=Andrea L. Stanton|author2=Edward Ramsamy|author3=Peter J. Seybolt|display-authors=etal|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVN2AwAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6662-6|page=125}}</ref> The Muslim courts discouraged Sanskrit, and encouraged technical music. Such constraints led Hindustani music to evolve in a different way than Carnatic music.<ref name=stanton125/><ref name="Basham1975p212">{{cite book|author=Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy|editor=Arthur Llewellyn Basham|title=A Cultural History Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juU8AAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-821914-9|pages=212–215}}</ref>

Hindustani music style is mainly found in [[North India]], Pakistan and Bangladesh. It exists in four major forms: [[Dhrupad]], [[Khyal]] (or Khayal), [[Tarana]], and the semi-classical [[Thumri]].{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=152}} Dhrupad is ancient, Khyal evolved from it, Thumri evolved from Khyal.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=80–81}} There are three major schools of Thumri: Lucknow gharana, Banaras gharana and Punjabi gharana. These weave in folk music innovations.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=152}} Tappa is the most folksy, one which likely existed in Rajasthan and Punjab region before it was systematized and integrated into classical music structure. It became popular, with the Bengali musicians developing their own Tappa.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=146}}

Khyal is the modern form of Hindustani music, and the term literally means "imagination". It is significant because it was the template for [[Sufi music]]ians among the [[Islam in India|Islamic community of India]], and ''[[Qawwal]]s'' sang their folk songs in the Khyal format.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|pp=54–55}}

Dhrupad (or Dhruvapad), the ancient form described in the Hindu text ''Natyashastra'',{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=81–82}} is one of the core forms of classical music found all over the Indian subcontinent. The word comes from ''Dhruva'' which means immovable and permanent.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|pp=33–34}}{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=80–81}}

A Dhrupad has at least four stanzas, called Sthayi (or Asthayi), Antara, Sanchari and Abhoga. The Sthayi part is a melody that uses the middle octave's first tetrachord and the lower octave notes.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=80–81}} The Antara part uses the middle octave's second tetrachord and the higher octave notes.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=80–81}} The Sanchari part is the development phase, which builds using parts of Sthayi and Antara already played, and it uses melodic material built with all the three octave notes.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=80–81}} The Abhoga is the concluding section, that brings the listener back to the familiar starting point of Sthayi, albeit with rhythmic variations, with diminished notes like a gentle goodbye, that are ideally mathematical fractions such as ''dagun'' (half), ''tigun'' (third) or ''chaugun'' (fourth).{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=80–82}} Sometimes a fifth stanza called Bhoga is included. Though usually related to philosophical or [[Bhakti]] (emotional devotion to a god or goddess) themes, some Dhrupads were composed to praise kings.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|pp=33–34}}{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=80–82}}

Improvisation is of central importance to Hindustani music, and each ''gharana'' (school tradition) has developed its own techniques. At its core, it starts with a standard composition (bandish), then expands it in a process called ''vistar''. The improvisation methods have ancient roots, and one of the more common techniques is called ''[[Alap]]'', which is followed by the ''[[Jor (music)|Jor]]'' and ''[[Jhala]]''. The ''Alap'' explores possible tonal combinations among other things, ''Jor'' explores speed or tempo (faster), while ''Jhala'' explores complex combinations like a fishnet of strokes while keeping the beat patterns.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=198–199}} As with [[Carnatic music]], Hindustani music has assimilated various folk tunes. For example, ragas such as Kafi and Jaijaiwanti are based on folk tunes.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

====Persian and Arab influences====
Hindustani music has had Arab and Persian music influences, including the creation of new ragas and the development of instruments such as the sitar and sarod.{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=80}} The nature of these influences are unclear. Scholars have attempted to study Arabic ''[[Arabic maqam|maqam]]'' (also spelled ''makam'') of Arabian peninsula, Turkey and northern Africa, and ''[[dastgah]]'' of Iran, to discern the nature and extent.<ref name="Lewis2016p176"/><ref name="Hast1999p124">{{cite book|author1=Dorothea E. Hast|author2=James R. Cowdery|author3=Stanley Arnold Scott|title=Exploring the World of Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00CwGRwv6XQC&pg=PA124|year=1999|publisher=Kendall/Hunt|isbn=978-0-7872-7154-1|pages=124–126}}</ref> Through the colonial era and until the 1960s, the attempt was to theoretically study ''ragas'' and ''maqams'' and suggested commonalities. Later comparative musicology studies, states Bruno Nettl – a professor of Music, have found the similarities between classical Indian music and European music as well, raising the question about the point of similarities and of departures between the different world music systems.<ref name="Lewis2016p176">{{cite book|author=Bruno Nettl|editor=George E. Lewis and Benjamin Piekut|title=The Oxford Handbook of Critical Improvisation Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1oTADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-989292-1|pages=176–178}}</ref><ref name="Hast1999p124"/>

One of the earliest known discussions of Persian ''maqam'' and Indian ''ragas'' is by the late 16th century scholar Pundarika Vittala. He states that Persian ''maqams'' in use in his times had been derived from older Indian ''ragas'' (or ''mela''), and he specifically maps over a dozen ''maqam''. For example, Vittala states that the ''Hijaz maqam'' was derived from the ''Asaveri raga'', and ''Jangula'' was derived from the ''Bangal''.{{Sfn|Gautam|1993|pp=8–9}}{{Sfn|Jairazbhoy|1995|pages=94–95}} In 1941, Haidar Rizvi questioned this and stated that influence was in the other direction, Middle Eastern ''maqams'' were turned into Indian ''ragas'', such as ''Zangulah maqam'' becoming ''Jangla raga''.<ref>S.N. Haidar Rizvi (1941), Music in Muslim India, ''Islamic Culture'', Volume XV, Number 3, pp. 331–340</ref> According to John Baily – a professor of Ethnomusicology, there is evidence that the traffic of musical ideas were both ways, because Persian records confirm that Indian musicians were a part of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] court in [[Tehran]],<ref>{{cite book|author=John Baily|title=Songs from Kabul: The Spiritual Music of Ustad Amir Mohammad|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KFqz9gXwqbUC |year=2011| publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-5776-7|pages=6–7}}</ref> an interaction that continued through the 20th century with import of Indian musical instruments in cities such as [[Herat]] near Afghanistan-Iran border.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Baily|title=Music of Afghanistan: Professional Musicians in the City of Herat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSE9AAAAIAAJ |year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25000-9|pages=18–19}}</ref>

==Features==
{{multiple image
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Classical Indian music is a genre of [[South Asia]]n music, the other being film, various varieties of pop, regional folk, religious and devotional music.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=573–574}}

In Indian classical music, the ''[[raga]]'' and the ''[[tala (music)|tala]]'' are two foundational elements. The ''raga'' forms the fabric of a melodic structure, and the ''tala'' keeps the time cycle.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=1–3}} Both ''raga'' and ''tala'' are open frameworks for creativity and allow a very large number of possibilities, however, the tradition considers a few hundred ''ragas'' and ''talas'' as basic.<ref name=raorao26>{{cite journal | last1=Rao | first1=Suvarnalata | last2=Rao | first2=Preeti | title=An Overview of Hindustani Music in the Context of Computational Musicology | journal=Journal of New Music Research | volume=43 | issue=1 | year=2014 | pages=26–28 | doi=10.1080/09298215.2013.831109 | citeseerx=10.1.1.645.9188 | s2cid=36631020 }}</ref> ''Raga'' is intimately related to ''tala'' or guidance about "division of time", with each unit called a ''matra'' (beat, and duration between beats).{{Sfn|van der Meer|2012|pp=6–8}}

===Raga===
{{main|Raga}}
A ''raga'' is a central concept of Indian music, predominant in its expression. According to Walter Kaufmann, though a remarkable and prominent feature of Indian music, a definition of ''raga'' cannot be offered in one or two sentences.{{Sfn|Kaufmann|1968|p=v}} ''Raga'' may be roughly described as a musical entity that includes note intonation, relative duration and order, in a manner similar to how words flexibly form phrases to create an atmosphere of expression.{{Sfn|van der Meer|2012|pp=3–5}} In some cases, certain rules are considered obligatory, in others optional. The ''raga'' allows flexibility, where the artist may rely on simple expression, or may add ornamentations yet express the same essential message but evoke a different intensity of mood.{{Sfn|van der Meer|2012|pp=3–5}}

A ''raga'' has a given set of notes, on a scale, ordered in melodies with musical motifs.{{Sfn|Nettl|2010}} A musician playing a ''raga'', states [[Bruno Nettl]], may traditionally use just these notes, but is free to emphasize or improvise certain degrees of the scale.{{Sfn|Nettl|2010}} The Indian tradition suggests a certain sequencing of how the musician moves from note to note for each ''raga'', in order for the performance to create a ''rasa'' (mood, atmosphere, essence, inner feeling) that is unique to each ''raga''. A ''raga'' can be written on a scale. Theoretically, thousands of ''raga'' are possible given 5 or more notes, but in practical use, the classical Indian tradition has refined and typically relies on several hundred.{{Sfn|Nettl|2010}} For most artists, their basic perfected repertoire has some forty to fifty ''ragas''.{{Sfn|van der Meer|2012|p=5}} ''Raga'' in Indian classical music is intimately related to ''tala'' or guidance about "division of time", with each unit called a ''matra'' (beat, and duration between beats).{{Sfn|van der Meer|2012|pp=6–8}}

A ''raga'' is not a tune, because the same ''raga'' can yield a very large number of tunes.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|p=67}} A ''raga'' is not a scale, because many ''ragas'' can be based on the same scale.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|p=67}}{{Sfn|Martinez|2001|pp=95–96}} A ''raga'', states Bruno Nettl and other music scholars, is a concept similar to mode, something between the domains of tune and scale, and it is best conceptualized as a "unique array of melodic features, mapped to and organized for a unique aesthetic sentiment in the listener".{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|p=67}} The goal of a ''raga'' and its artist is to create ''rasa'' (essence, feeling, atmosphere) with music, as [[classical Indian dance]] does with performance arts. In the Indian tradition, classical dances are performed with music set to various ''ragas''.{{Sfn|Mehta|1995|pp=xxix, 248}}

===Tala===
{{main|Tala (music)}}
According to David Nelson – an Ethnomusicology scholar specializing in Carnatic music, a ''tala'' in Indian music covers "the whole subject of musical meter".{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=138–139}} Indian music is composed and performed in a metrical framework, a structure of beats that is a ''tala''. A ''tala'' measures musical time in Indian music. However, it does not imply a regular repeating accent pattern, instead its hierarchical arrangement depends on how the musical piece is supposed to be performed.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=138–139}}

The ''tala'' forms the metrical structure that repeats, in a cyclical harmony, from the start to end of any particular song or dance segment, making it conceptually analogous to meters in Western music.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=138–139}} However, ''talas'' have certain qualitative features that classical European musical meters do not. For example, some ''talas'' are much longer than any classical Western meter, such as a framework based on 29 beats whose cycle takes about 45 seconds to complete when performed. Another sophistication in ''talas'' is the lack of "strong, weak" beat composition typical of the traditional European meter. In classical Indian traditions, the ''tala'' is not restricted to permutations of strong and weak beats, but its flexibility permits the accent of a beat to be decided by the shape of musical phrase.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=138–139}}

The most widely used ''tala'' in the South Indian system is ''[[adi tala]]''.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=816–817}} In the North Indian system, the most common ''tala'' is ''[[teental]]''.<ref name=koskoff938/> In the two major systems of classical Indian music, the first count of any ''tala'' is called ''sam''.<ref name=koskoff938>{{cite book|author=Ellen Koskoff|title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzIt6ZL5lY0C |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-09602-0|pages=938–939}}</ref>

===Instruments===
{{Main|Indian musical instruments|Vadya}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=240|align=right
| image1 = Veena.png | alt1=Veena |width1=600|height1=400
| image2 = Banshri.jpg | alt2= Flute |width2=165|height2=215
| image3 = Wiki-mridangam.jpg | alt3= Tabla (drums) |width3=460|height3=434
| image4 = Khartal1.jpg | alt4= Cymbals |width4=900 |height4= 598
| footer = Musical instrument types mentioned in the ''Natyashastra''.<ref name="BaumerBrandon1993p117">{{cite book|author1=Rachel Van M. Baumer|author2=James R. Brandon|title=Sanskrit Drama in Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0772-3 |pages=117–118 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=13–14}}
}}
Instruments typically used in Hindustani music include the [[sitar]], [[sarod]], [[surbahar]], [[esraj]], [[Rudra veena|veena]], [[tanpura]], [[bansuri]], [[shehnai]], [[sarangi]], [[violin]], [[santoor]], [[pakhavaj]] and [[tabla]]. Instruments typically used in Carnatic music include [[veena]], [[venu]], [[gottuvadyam]], [[Pump organ|harmonium]], [[mridangam]], [[kanjira]], [[ghatam]], [[nadaswaram]] and [[violin]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Players of the [[tabla]], a type of drum, usually keep the rhythm, an indicator of time in Hindustani music. Another common instrument is the [[string instrument|stringed]] [[tanpura]], which is played at a steady tone (a drone) throughout the performance of the [[raga]], and which provides both a point of reference for the musician and a background against which the music stands out. The tuning of the tanpura depends on the raga being performed. The task of playing the tanpura traditionally falls to a student of the soloist. Other instruments for accompaniment include the [[sarangi]] and the [[harmonium]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

===Notation system===
Indian classical music is both elaborate and expressive. Like [[Western classical music]], it divides the octave into 12 [[semitone]]s of which the 7 basic notes are, in ascending tonal order, ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni '' for [[Hindustani music]] and ''Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni '' for [[Carnatic music]], similar to Western music's ''Do Re Mi Fa So La Si ''. However, Indian music uses [[just intonation|just-intonation]] tuning, unlike some modern Western classical music, which uses the [[equal temperament|equal-temperament]] tuning system. Also, unlike modern Western classical music, Indian classical music places great emphasis on improvisation.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

The underlying scale may have [[tetratonic scale|four]], [[pentatonic|five]], [[hexatonic|six]] or [[heptatonic|seven tones]], called ''[[swara]]s'' (sometimes spelled as ''svaras''). The ''swara'' concept is found in the ancient ''Natya Shastra'' in Chapter 28. It calls the unit of tonal measurement or audible unit as ''Śhruti'',{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|p=14}} with verse 28.21 introducing the musical scale as follows,<ref>Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy (1985), [http://ethnomusicologyreview.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/prevol2.pdf Harmonic Implications of Consonance and Dissonance in Ancient Indian Music], ''Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology'' 2:28–51. Citation on pp. 28–31.</ref>

{{Quote|
<poem>
तत्र स्वराः –
षड्‍जश्‍च ऋषभश्‍चैव गान्धारो मध्यमस्तथा ।
पञ्‍चमो धैवतश्‍चैव सप्तमोऽथ निषादवान् ॥ २१॥
</poem>
|''Natya Shastra''|28.21<ref>Sanskrit: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_major_works/natya28.html?lang=sa Natyasastra Chapter 28], नाट्यशास्त्रम् अध्याय २८, ॥ २१॥</ref>{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=21–25}}}}

These seven degrees are shared by both major ''raga systems'', that is the North Indian (Hindustani) and South Indian (Carnatic) systems.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=814–815}} The [[solfege]] (''sargam'') is learnt in abbreviated form: ''sa, ri (Carnatic) or re (Hindustani), ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, sa''. Of these, the first that is ''"sa"'', and the fifth that is ''"pa"'', are considered anchors that are unalterable, while the remaining have flavors that differs between the two major systems.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=814–815}}

Contemporary Indian music schools follow notations and classifications (see [[melakarta]] and [[thaat]]). These are generally based on a flawed but still useful notation system created by [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==Reception outside India==
According to Yukteshwar Kumar, elements of Indian music arrived in China in the 3rd century, such as in the works of Chinese lyricist [[Li Yannian (musician)|Li Yannian]]. <ref>A History of Sino-Indian Relations: 1st Century A.D. to 7th Century A.D. by Yukteshwar Kumar, APH Publishing, p. 76, {{ISBN | 978-8176487986}}</ref>
In the 1980s, 1990s and particularly the 2000s onwards, Indian Classical Music has seen rapid growth in reception and development around the globe, particularly in [[North America]], where immigrant communities have preserved and passed on classical music traditions to subsequent generations through the establishment of local festivals and music schools.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bennett|first=Geetha Ramanathan|date=2010-12-23|title=Carnatic music in America -then and now|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Carnatic-music-in-America-then-and-now/article15605571.ece|access-date=2021-02-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Numerous musicians of American origin, including [[Ramakrishnan Murthy]], [[Sandeep Narayan]], [[Abby V]], and [[Mahesh Kale]] have taken professionally to Indian Classical Music with great success. In his 2020 released video, Canadian singer [[Abby V]] demonstrated 73 different Indian Classical ragas in a live rendering, which went viral on the internet; further establishing the growing prominence of Indian Classical Music around the globe. <ref>Abby V: Carnatic Ragas have so much versatility, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/carnatic-ragas-have-so-much-versatility-abby-v/articleshow/74243055.cms </ref>

==Organizations==
A few of the organizations that promote classical music include Saptak, Sangeet Sankalp established in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sangeet Sankalp – An Artiste Co-Operative|url=http://www.smitabellur.com/sangeet-sankalp.html|publisher=smitabellur.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement of The 17th Sangeet Sankalp Saptaah 2012|url=http://saptak.org/news.php#33|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611205213/http://saptak.org/news.php#33|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-06-11|publisher=saptak.org}}</ref> [[SPIC MACAY]], established in 1977, has more than 500 chapters in India and abroad. SPIC MACAY claims to hold around 5000 events every year related to Indian classical music and dance.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Spic Macay and Indian classical music|url=http://www.spicmacay.com/about|publisher=SPIC MACAY}}</ref>

[[Prayag Sangeet Samiti]] is also a well established organisastion promoting Indian Classical Music.
Music Academy Madras' Sangeetha Kalanidhi Award is a well regarded award.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
* [[List of Indian classical music festivals]]
* [[List of rāgas in Indian classical music]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
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*{{cite book |last=Jairazbhoy | first=Nazir Ali| author-link=Nazir Jairazbhoy | title=The Rāgs of North Indian Music: Their Structure & Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGLRqLscf78C |edition=first revised Indian|publisher=Popular Prakashan | location=Bombay | year=1995 |isbn=978-81-7154-395-3}}
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*{{cite book |first=Peter|last=Lavezzoli|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC |year=2006|location=New York|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9}}
*{{cite document|first=Natalia|last=Lidova|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 |title= Natyashastra }}
*{{cite book|first=José Luiz|last=Martinez|title=Semiosis in Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwJRnFIcM4cC |year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1801-9}}
*{{citation |first=Tarla|last=Mehta |title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC |year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0 }}
*{{cite book | last=Moutal | first=Patrick | author-link=Patrick Moutal | title=Hindustani Raga Index. Major bibliographical references (descriptions, compositions, vistara-s) on North Indian Raga-s|isbn=978-2-9541244-3-8 | year=2012}}
*{{cite book | last=Moutal | first=Patrick | author-link=Patrick Moutal | title=Comparative Study of Selected Hindustani Ragas|isbn=978-2-9541244-2-1 | year=2012}}
*{{citation|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/raga| first=Bruno|last=Nettl |title=Raga, Indian Musical Genre| publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2010}}
*{{citation |ref={{sfnref|Nettl et al.|1998}}| first1=Bruno|last1=Nettl | author2= Ruth M. Stone|author3=James Porter|author4=Timothy Rice|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1}}
*{{cite book|first=Don Michael |last= Randel|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|edition=fourth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01163-2}}
*{{cite journal |last=Ries | first=Raymond E. | title=The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music | journal=Asian Music | volume=1 | issue=2 | year=1969 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.2307/833909 | jstor=833909 }}
*{{cite book|first=Lewis |last= Rowell|title=Music and Musical Thought in Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73034-9}}
*{{cite book|editor-first=S.S.|editor-last=Sastri|year=1943|url= https://archive.org/stream/SangitaRatnakara/SangitaRatnakaraChapter1#page/n7/mode/2up| title=Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva|location=Adyar| publisher=Adyar Library Press|isbn=978-0-8356-7330-3}}
*{{cite book|first=Susan L.|last=Schwartz|title=Rasa: Performing the Divine in India|url=https://archive.org/details/rasa00susa|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13144-5}}
*{{cite book|first1=Neil| last1= Sorrell|first2=Ram |last2= Narayan|title=Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhRAQAAIAAJ |year=1980|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-0756-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Emmie|last=Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974|publisher= Brill Academic|isbn=978-90-04-03978-0 }}
*{{cite book |first=Michael|last=Tenzer|title=Analytical Studies in World Music|url=https://archive.org/details/analyticalstudie00tenz |url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517789-3}}
*{{cite book| last=van der Meer|first=W.|title=Hindustani Music in the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jr6CAAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-009-8777-7}}
*{{cite book| first=Kapila|last=Vatsyayan |title=Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts |year=1977 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc= 233639306|url=http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf}}
*{{cite book| first=Kapila|last=Vatsyayan |title=Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition |year=2008 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc= 286469807| isbn= 978-81-87586-35-7}}
*{{cite book |first1=Annette|last1=Wilke|first2=Oliver|last2= Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0}}
*{{cite book |first =Maurice|last= Winternitz |author-link= Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981) |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-208-0056-4 }}
* Ludwig Pesch, The Oxford Illustrated Companion to South Indian Classical Music, [[Oxford University Press]].
* George E. Ruckert, ''Music in North India: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture'', [[Oxford University Press]].
* [[T. Viswanathan]] and Matthew Harp Allen; ''Music in South India: The Karnatak Concert Tradition and Beyond Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture''; [[Oxford University Press]].
* Martin Clayton; Time in Indian Music: Rhythm, Metre, and Form in North Indian Rag Performance; [[Oxford University Press]].
* {{cite book|author=Moutal, Patrick|title=Comparative Study of Hindustani Raga-s – Volume I| publisher=Patrick Moutal Publisher. Rouen|year=2012|isbn=978-2-9541244-2-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Moutal, Patrick|title=Hindustāni Rāga-s Index. Major bibliographical references (descriptions, compositions, vistara-s) on North Indian Raga-s| publisher=Patrick Moutal Publisher|place=Rouen|year=2012|isbn = 978-2-9541244-3-8}}
* {{cite book |title=The Music and Musical Instruments of southern India and the Deccan |author=Charles Russel Day |others=William Gibb (lllus.) |publisher=Novello, Ewer & Co., London|date=1891 |url=https://archive.org/stream/musicmusicalinst00dayc#page/n7/mode/2up}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Classical music of India}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.parrikar.org Rajan Parrikar Music Archive] includes detailed articles on Indian classical music with analyses and audio extracts from rare recordings.
*[http://www.parrikar.org/vpl/ Vijaya Parrikar Library of Indian Classical Music] Library contains recorded music of India's great music masters of yesteryear, excerpts of old, hard-to-find or unpublished recordings.
* [http://www.moutal.eu/indian-music.html Hindustani Rag Sangeet Online – more than 800 audio and video archives]
* [https://raag-hindustani.com/ Raag Hindustani] – Explanations and examples of Indian Classical (Hindustani) music
* [http://www.spicmacay.com/about Classical Indian music], SPIC MACAY

{{Indian Music}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}

[[Category:Indian classical music| ]]

Handpan

2021-05-27T18:24:15Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "Musician demonstrating how to play a Handpan at the Jan 2020 NAMM Show. image:Handpan-batch-one-pantheon-steel.jpg|thu..."

[[File:Handpans 2020 by Glenn Francis.jpg|alt=|thumb|Musician demonstrating how to play a Handpan at the Jan 2020 NAMM Show.]]
[[image:Handpan-batch-one-pantheon-steel.jpg|thumb|250px|A handpan from the first production run of Pantheon Steel.]]
[[File:Handpan 2014.jpg|thumb|Musician playing handpans]]
'''Handpan''' is a term for a group of musical instruments that are classified as a subset of the [[steelpan]]. Several handpan makers and brands have emerged in recent years, resulting from a growing worldwide interest in the [[Hang (instrument)|Hang]], which is an instrument developed by the company PANArt that is based on the physical properties of the Trinidadian steelpan, Indian [[ghatam]], Thai gong and Indonesian Gamelan etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paniverse.org/history-of-the-pantam-handpan-hang/|title=The History of PANTAMS|date=2017-04-27|website=PANIVERSE - WORLD of HANDPANS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>

The basic form of a handpan consists of two metal half-shells glued together, a centre tone field (named Ding) surrounded by a circle of at least seven tone fields on the upper side and an opening in the bottom side (named Gu). Differences between manufacturers include the used materials, the manufacturing processes of the raw forms, the shaping of the tone fields and the tuning methods.

==History==
The term handpan first appeared online in the fall of 2007 on the website of an American [[steelpan]] producer Pantheon Steel. It was used to describe its own development of a new instrument that was launched as an alternative to the Hang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantheonsteel.com/default2.asp?action=article&ID=3 |title=Home page of www.pantheonsteel.com. |publisher= |date= |access-date=2013-08-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016054022/http://www.pantheonsteel.com/default2.asp?action=article&ID=3 |archive-date=October 16, 2007 }}</ref>

Consequently, the term found its way into discussions in the now-defunct Hang-Music Forum on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hang-music.com/forum/viewforum.php?id=18 |title=Sub-forum "New hand pan development" by the Hang-Music Forum. |access-date=2013-08-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112184619/http://www.hang-music.com/forum/viewforum.php?id=18 |archive-date=November 12, 2007 }}</ref> The successor of this forum was founded in 2009 and was called handpan.org.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.handpan.org/forum/ |title=handpan.org/forum/ |website=Handpan.org |date= |access-date=2013-08-17}}</ref> In this way, the expression ''handpan'' found wide circulation as a new generic term for this group of instruments.

Handpan had become a necessary and universally understood term since PANArt had registered the name Hang as trademark for its musical instruments.<ref>''[http://www.wipo.int/branddb/en/showData.jsp?ID=MAD.0969295 WIPO Global Brand Database].'' International Registration Number 969295</ref> It even started filing legal cases against other makers. However, on almost all counts these cases were unsuccessful, since the instrument's physical form was not protected under international patent law.

The first five instruments that are generally included by the term ''handpan'', were [[Caisa (instrument)|Caisa]] by Kaisos Steel Drums (Germany, 2007), [[BElls]] by BEllart (Spain, 2009), Halo by Pantheon Steel (USA, 2009) and Spacedrum by Metal Sounds (France, 2009).

Today, significantly more than 300 handpan builders have entered the market and offer instruments that vary widely in material, manufacturing techniques, shape, sound and quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.handpan.org/forum/viewforum.php?f=29 |title=handpan.org sub-forum Meet the Family |website=Handpan.org |date= |access-date=2015-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1h25DQtlFrl0q_8R1irCGl-tsHKs&hl=en_US|title=HANDPAN MAKERS Around the World|website=Google.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paniverse.org/handpan-builders-around-the-world/|title=HandPans – BRANDS and MAKERS|date=2016-02-16|website=PANIVERSE - WORLD of HANDPANS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>

==Discussion about the term==
The term ''handpan'' has been discussed with much controversy over the instrument's relatively short life. Critics pointed out that the Hang, which most makers of the handpan use as a standard model, is essentially defined through its difference from the [[steelpan]], even though it is based on the same physical principles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whensteeltalks.ning.com/profiles/blogs/dr-anthony-achong-comments-on-the-pan-hang-argument|title=Dr. Anthony Achong Comments on the Pan-Hang Argument|website=Whensteeltalks.ning.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref>

Furthermore, the term ''[[steelpan|pan]]'' is used for the national culture of the steel bands in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Supporters stressed the necessity of a generic term. They advocated that ''handpan'' is a suitable and well-understood new term for the abbreviation of a ''steelpan played by hand''. It has become a conventionalised expression among those who are interested in these kinds of instruments, and in popular culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehandpanpodcast.com|title=The Handpan Podcast|last=|first=|date=|website=Thehandpanpodcast.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hangforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=351 |title=What is a handpan? |website=Hangforum.com |date= |access-date=2013-08-17}}</ref>

The Hang makers of PANArt, Felix Rohner and Sabina Schärer, reject the expression ''handpan'' to describe the Hang. "To state it clearly and precisely: we do not make percussion instruments, handpans or hang drums."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hangblog.org/newsletter-panart-may-19th-2010/ |title=Newsletter PANArt, May 19th, 2010 |website=Hangblog.org |date=2010-05-19 |access-date=2013-08-17}}</ref>

An alternative term used by some builders and players is ''Pantam''. It is said to be a combination of the words [[Steelpan|Pan]] and [[Ghatam]], two instruments that influenced the creation of the Hang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hangdrumsandhandpans.com/2013/06/what-is-pantam-answered.html|title=What is a Pantam? - Answered|website=Hangdrumsandhandpans.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> Originally this term was an alternative name for the Hang in Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lex.hangblog.org/de/pantam.htm|title=Das Hanglexikon - Pantam|website=Lex.hangblog.org|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Steelpan]]
* [[Hang (instrument)|Hang]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pitched percussion]]

Kailash Satyarthi

2021-05-27T18:23:23Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Short description|Indian Social Campaigner}} {{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Kailash S..."

{{Short description|Indian Social Campaigner}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kailash Satyarthi
| image = Kailash Satyarthi March 2015.jpg
| caption = Kailash in 2015
| native_name =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_name = Kailash Sharma<ref name="ti-rings">{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141011/jsp/nation/story_18915372.jsp |title=A street rings with 'Nobel' cry |first=Rasheed |last=Kidwai |date= 10 October 2014 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |location=Calcutta |archive-date= 14 October 2014 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/6TKAJGvms?url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141011/jsp/nation/story_18915372.jsp |quote= arr Quila area of the town. […] locals were seen drawing affiliation to institutions linked to Satyarhti including his schools – Toppura Primary School, Petit semenaire Higher Secondary School and Samrat Ashok Technological Institute (SATI) from where Satyarthi graduated in Engineering and later taught there for two years before embarking his journey to serve humanity. |access-date= 14 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="tribpk-would">{{cite web |url= http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/24382/gandhiji-would-have-been-proud-of-you-kailash-satyarthi/ |title= Gandhiji would have been proud of you, Kailash Satyarthi |first= Sapan |last= Kapoor |date= 11 October 2014 |work= [[The Express Tribune]] Blogs |location= Karachi |access-date= 14 October 2014 |quote= Mr Kailash Satyarthi has come a long way since his engineering days at Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, literally. My father, who was one year senior to this electrical engineering student, vividly remembers him […] who would come to the college in his staple kurta-payjama with a muffler tied around his neck. }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|1|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vidisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] India)
| occupation =
| known for = Activism for [[children's rights]] and [[Early childhood education|children's education]]
| alma_mater = [[Barkatullah University]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]], [[Master of Engineering|M.E.]]) [[Alliance University]] ([[Honorary Degree|Honorary PhD]])
| movement =
| spouse = Sumedha Satyarthi
| awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (2014) [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award]] (1995)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://kailashsatyarthi.net/blog/?page_id=7 |title=Brief Profile – Kailash Satyarthi |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''Kailash Satyarthi''' (born 11 January 1954) is an Indian social reformer who campaigned against [[child labour in India]] and advocated the universal right to [[education]]. In 2014, he was the co-recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], along with [[Malala Yousafzai]], "for their struggle against the suppression of children and ''young'' people and for the right of all children to education." He is the founder of multiple social activist organizations, including [[Bachpan Bachao Andolan]], [[Global March Against Child Labour]], [[Global Campaign for Education]] and Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation.

Kailash Satyarthi and his team at Bachpan Bachao Andolan have liberated more than 90,000<ref>https://bba.org.in/</ref> children in India from [[child labour]], slavery and [[child trafficking in India|trafficking]]. In 1998, Satyarthi conceived and led the Global March against Child Labour,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url= http://www.globalmarch.org/aboutus/howwestarted|title=How we started {{!}} Global March Against Child Labour |website= www.globalmarch.org |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> an 80,000 km (ca. 49,710 mi)-long march across 103 countries to put forth a global demand against worst forms of child labour. This became one of the largest social movements ever on behalf of exploited children. The demands of the marchers, which included children and youth (particularly the survivors of trafficking for forced labour, exploitation, sexual abuse, illegal organ transplants, armed conflict, etc.) were reflected in the draft of the [[Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention|ILO Convention 182]] on the Worst Forms of Child Labour. The following year, the Convention was unanimously adopted at the ILO Conference in Geneva.

He has served on the board and committee of several international organisations including the [[Center for Victims of Torture]] (USA), the [[International Labor Rights Forum|International Labor Rights Fund]] (USA), and the Cocoa Initiative. Satyarthi was among [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'']] magazine's "World's Greatest Leaders" in 2015<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PSgnyCQBtja2Llvacf5CIM/Modi-Kailash-Satyarthi-among-Fortunes-list-of-worlds-grea.html|title=Modi, Kailash Satyarthi among Fortune's list of world's greatest leaders |last=Singh |first=Yoshita |date=27 March 2015 |work= livemint.com |access-date= 6 November 2017}}</ref> and featured in [[LinkedIn]]'s Power Profiles List in 2017 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.news18.com/news/tech/modi-priyanka-linkedin-power-profiles-1499681.html |title= Modi, Priyanka Feature in LinkedIn Power Profiles List of 2017 |work=News18 |access-date= 6 November 2017}}</ref> Satyarthi led a nationwide march, Bharat Yatra,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.thestatesman.com/india/kailash-satyarthis-bharat-yatra-culminates-rashtrapati-bhavan-1502512184.html |title=19,000 km in 35 days: Kailash Satyarthi's Bharat Yatra culminates at Rashtrapati Bhavan|date=16 October 2017|work=The Statesman |access-date=6 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> in India covering {{cvt|19,000|km}} in 35 days, to demand for legislation against child rape, [[child sexual abuse]] and trafficking.

==Early life==
Satyarthi was born in [[Vidisha]], a small town in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] into a middle-class [[Hindu]] family. He is the youngest among four brothers and a sister in his family. His father was a retired police head constable and his mother was an uneducated housewife with high morals. As per Satyarthi, this exceptionally idealistic and helpful nature of his mother had a big impact on him. He was raised in a locality (''mohalla'') where Hindus and Muslims lived with each other. As a four-year-old toddler, he learned to read Urdu from the Maulvi at the neighboring mosque and learned Hindi and English in his school.<ref name="Regunathan">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kailash-satyarthi-how-he-got-his-name/article7158927.ece|title=How he got his name|last=Regunathan|first=Sudhamahi|date=30 April 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 November 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Satyarthi was significantly affected by the lack of school access for all children and his experiences with poverty in his youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kailashsatyarthi.net/biography/born-altruist.php|title=Kailash Satyarthi... the seeker of truth|last=Codrops|website=www.kailashsatyarthi.net|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005411/http://www.kailashsatyarthi.net/biography/born-altruist.php|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made efforts when young to try to change these inequalities<ref name="rs1">{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Sameena |title=Shakhsiyat – an interview with Kailash Satyarthi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4-Ampsrc8A |access-date=12 October 2018 |publisher=Rajyasabha TV |date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2015/08/02/nobel-laureate-kailash-satyarthi-168m-children-are-full-time-child-laborers/|title=Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthi: "168M children are full-time child laborers…"|website=cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com|language=en|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> due to the circumstances of their birth.

Satyarthi completed his education in Vidisha. He attended Government Boys Higher Secondary School in Vidisha, and completed a undergraduate degree in [[electrical engineering]]<ref name="bust-profile">{{cite news|title=Kailash Satyarthi: A profile|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/kailash-satyarthi-a-profile-114101000942_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=10 October 2014|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> at [[Samrat Ashok Technological Institute]] in Vidisha [then affiliated to the University of Bhopal, (now [[Barkatullah University]])]<ref name="ti-rings"/><ref name="n18-gears-up">{{cite news | url = http://www.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/vidisha-gears-up-for-celebration-after-kailash-satyarthis-name-comes-up-for-noble-peace-prize-621051.html | title = Kailash Satyarthi's hometown Vidisha celebrates Nobel win | first = Vivek | last = Trivedi | date =11 October 2014| work = News18.com | location = [[Noida, Uttar Pradesh]] | publisher = [[Network18]] | quote = He was born and brought up in [[Chhoti]] Haweli in Andar Quila area of the town. […] locals were seen drawing affiliation to institutions linked to Satyarhti including his schools – Toppura Primary School, Pedi school and Government Boys Higher Secondary School and Samrat Ashok Technological Institute (SATI) from where Satyarthi graduated in Electrical Engineering and later taught there for two years before embarking his journey to serve humanity. | access-date = 14 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="tribpk-would"/> and a post-graduate degree in high-voltage engineering. Satyarthi joined his college as a lecturer for a few years.<ref name="guardian-saved">{{cite news|last1=Chonghaile|first1=Clar|title=Kailash Satyarthi: student engineer who saved 80,000 children from slavery|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/oct/10/kailash-satyarthi-nobel-peace-prize-childrens-rights|access-date=10 October 2014|work=[[theguardian.com]] | date=10 October 2014|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]] | location=London}}</ref>

==Work==
[[File:Kailash Satyarthi.jpg|thumb|Kailash Satyarthi]]

In 1980, Sathyarthi gave up his career as an electrical engineer and then founded the [[Bachpan Bachao Andolan]] (Save Childhood Movement).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fes.de/themen/menschenrechtspreis/mrp1999.php|title=Angaben auf der Seite des Menschenrechtspreises der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung|access-date=10 October 2014|website=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017235427/http://www.fes.de/themen/menschenrechtspreis/mrp1999.php|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=NYT-Nobel>{{cite news|title=Nobel Peace Prize Is Awarded to Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/11/world/europe/kailash-satyarthi-and-malala-yousafzai-are-awarded-nobel-peace-prize.html?hp|access-date=10 October 2014|work=[[New York Times]] | date=10 October 2014}}</ref> He conceived and led the [[Global March Against Child Labor]]<ref name="thenewheroes">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/opb/thenewheroes/meet/satyarthi.html |title=The New Heroes . Meet the New Heroes . Kailash Satyarthi – PBS |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> and its international advocacy body, the International Center on Child Labor and Education (ICCLE),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowchildlabor.org/about/|title=About|publisher=knowchildlabor.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130092437/http://www.knowchildlabor.org/about/|archive-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> which are worldwide coalitions of NGOs, teachers and trades unionists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trustwomenconf.com/profile/kailash-satyarthi/|title=Trust Women – Kailash Satyarthi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010120055/http://www.trustwomenconf.com/profile/kailash-satyarthi/|archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8fce16ca-5049-11e4-9822-00144feab7de.html |title=Malala and Kailash Satyarthi win Nobel Peace prize|author=David Crouch |date=10 October 2014 |work=Financial Times |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> He has served as the President of the [[Global Campaign for Education]] from its inception in 1999 to 2011. Sathyarthi is one of its four founders alongside [[ActionAid]], [[Oxfam]] and [[Education International]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://efareport.wordpress.com/2014/09/10/the-role-of-civil-society-in-the-dakar-world-education-forum/?hootPostID=f122f7bc213a8e3609eda7570d882018 |title=The Role of Civil Society in the Dakar World Education Forum |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

In 1998, Satyarthi conceived and led the Global March against Child<ref name="auto"/> Labour traversing across 103 countries covering 80,000 km to demand an International Law on Worst Forms of Child Labour. The march eventually led to the adoption of ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour.

He established [[GoodWeave International]] (formerly known as Rugmark) as the first voluntary labelling, monitoring and certification system of rugs manufactured without the use of child-labour in South Asia.<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/10/10/who-is-indias-kailash-satyarthi-the-other-nobel-peace-prize-winner|title=Who is India's Kailash Satyarthi, the other Nobel Peace Prize winner?|work=Rama Lakshmi|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="The New Yorker">{{cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/malala-yousafzai-nobel-prize|title=A Fitting Nobel for Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi|work=Amy Davidson|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="PBS">{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/now/enterprisingideas/RugMarkUSA.html|title=RugMark USA – Entrepreneurs in Depth – Enterprising Ideas|work=PBS-NOW|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> In the late 1980s and early 1990s he focused its campaigns on [[raising awareness|raising consumer awareness]] on issues relating to the [[accountability]] of global corporations regarding socially responsible consumerism, trade and supply chains.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.principalvoices.com/2007/social.entrepreneurs/video/kailash.satyarthi/|title=Principal Voices: Kailash Satyarthi|date=28 June 2007|publisher=CNN|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131213640/http://www.principalvoices.com/2007/social.entrepreneurs/video/kailash.satyarthi/|archive-date=31 January 2013}}</ref> Satyarthi has highlighted child labour as a human rights issue as well as a welfare matter and charitable cause. He has argued that it perpetuates [[poverty]], [[unemployment]], [[illiteracy]], population growth, and other social problems,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Satyarthi|first1=Kailash|title=Child labour perpetuates illiteracy, poverty and corruption|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/281292/child-labour-perpetuates-illiteracy-poverty.html|access-date=10 October 2014|work=Deccan Herald|date=26 September 2012}}</ref> his claims have been supported by several studies.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nanjunda|first1=D C|title=Anthropology and Child Labour|date=2009|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788183242783|page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shukla|first1=C K|last2=Ali|first2=S|title=Child Labour and the Law|date=2006|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176256780|page=116}}</ref> He has had a role in linking the movement against [[child labour]] with efforts for achieving "Education for All".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxotower.co.uk/events/talk-human-rights-defender-kailash-satyarthi/ |title=Talk by human rights defender Kailash Satyarthi |publisher=oxotower.co.uk |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> Satyarthi has been a member of a [[UNESCO]] body and has been on the board of the Fast Track Initiative (now known as the [[Global Partnership for Education]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fund-the-future.org/files/Fund_The_Future_2014_EN.pdf |title=Fund the Future: An action plan for funding the Global Partnership for Education |date=April 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016180319/http://www.fund-the-future.org/files/Fund_The_Future_2014_EN.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Satyarthi had served on the board and committee of several international organisations including the [[Center for Victims of Torture]] (USA), the [[International Labor Rights Forum|International Labor Rights Fund]] (USA), and the International Cocoa Foundation. He brought child labour and slavery into the post-2015 development agenda for the United Nation's [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nobel-laureate-kailash-satyarthi-calls-for-child-related-sdgs-at-un-summit-2129056|title=Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthi calls for child-related SDGs at UN summit|work=DNA India|date=26 September 2015}}</ref>

Satyarthi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 "for the struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".<ref name="Nobel">{{cite web|title=Kailash Satyarthi – Facts|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=10 October 2014|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2014/satyarthi-facts.html|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> Satyarthi is the first natural-born Indian Nobel Peace Laureate. [[File:Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi.jpg|thumb|[[Malala Yousafzai]] and Kailash Satyarthi. The picture was taken at the press conference the day before they received the Nobel Peace Prize 2014]]

=== Organisations ===
* [[Bachpan Bachao Andolan]] was founded by Satyarthi in 1980<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bba.org.in/?q=content/history|title=History {{!}} Bachpan Bachao Andolan|website=www.bba.org.in|language=en|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> as a mass movement to create a child-friendly society where all children are free from exclusion and exploitation and receive free education. The movement identifies, liberates, rehabilitates, and educates in servitude through direct intervention, community participation, partnerships, and coalitions, promoting ethics in trade, unionizing workers, running campaigns on issues such he was so education, trafficking, forced brilliant labour, ethical trade, and by building child-friendly villages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bba.org.in/?q=content/about-us|title=About Us {{!}} Bachpan Bachao Andolan|website=bba.org.in|language=en|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
[[File:PM Modi meets Nobel Laureate Kailash Satyarthi.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] meets Nobel Laureate Kailash Satyarthi]]
* Satyarthi established [[GoodWeave International]] (formerly Rugmark), a network of [[non-profit organization]]s dedicated to ending illegal [[child labour]] in the [[rug making]] industry which provided the first voluntary labeling, monitoring, and certification system of rugs manufactured without the use of child labour in South Asia. This organization operated a campaign in Europe and the United States in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the intent of [[Raising awareness|raising consumer awareness]] of the issues relating to the [[accountability]] of global corporations regarding socially responsible consumerism and trade. Rugmark International re-branded the certification program and introduced the GoodWeave label in 2009. The organization was re-branded to GoodWeave International.

[[File: President Obama greets a young girl who was the guest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Kailash Satyarthi in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] greets a young girl who was the guest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Kailash Satyarthi in New Delhi]]

* The Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation (KSCF) was established in 2004 by Satyarthi. It is a grassroots organization that spreads awareness and advocates for beneficial policies for children's rights. The foundation is the global umbrella for KSCF India and KSCF, USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://satyarthi.org.in/|title=The Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation|website=satyarthi.org.in|language=en|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> 
* Satyarthi formed the [[Global Campaign for Education]] and became its president at its inception in 1999. Global Campaign for Education is an international coalition of [[non-governmental organizations]], working to promote children's and adult education through research and advocacy. It was formed in 1999 as a partnership between NGOs that were separately active in the area, including [[Action Aid]], [[Oxfam]], [[Education International]], [[Global March Against Child Labour]] and national organizations in Bangladesh, Brazil and South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.campaignforeducation.org/en/about-us|title=About us|last=User|first=Super|website=WWW.campaignforeducation.org|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

== Bharat Yatra ==
The Bharat Yatra was launched by KSCF to spread awareness about child trafficking and sexual abuse. The campaign launched in [[Kanyakumari]] on 11 September 2017, and marched through seven routes covering 22 [[Indian states]] and [[Union territory|Union Territories]], and over 12,000  km. The campaign was aimed at starting a social dialogue about [[child sexual abuse]] and [[child trafficking]], to taboo issues in India, to protect children vulnerable within their homes, communities, schools. The campaign collaborated with 5,000 civil society organizations, 60 Indian faith leaders, 500 Indian political leaders, 600 local, state and national bodies of the Indian government, 300 members of the Indian judiciary, and 25,000 educational institutions across India.

More than 1,200,000 marched for 35 days and led to the Criminal Law Amendment Act 2018 with a strict deterrent against child rape. The Yatra resulted in the Anti-Human Trafficking Bill being passed by the 16th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://bharatyatra.online/ |title=Bharat Yatra |website= bharatyatra.online |language=en-US |access-date= 6 November 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Satyarthi lives in [[New Delhi]], India. His family includes his wife, a son, daughter-in-law, a grandson, daughter and a son-in-law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kailashsatyarthi.net/biography/ |access-date=10 October 2014 |title=Archived copy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020035738/http://www.kailashsatyarthi.net/biography/ |archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kailash Satyarthi loves to cook for rescued child labourers|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/10/kailash-satyarthi-loves-to-cook-for-rescued-child-labourers/ |access-date=10 October 2014 |author=Azera Parveen Rahman |agency=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Satyarthi has been the subject of documentaries, television series, talk shows, advocacy and awareness films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beta.globalmarch.org/news/ropesintheirhands.php |title=Bachpan Bachao Andolan produced film nominated for New York Film Festival |publisher=globalmarch.org |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064937/http://beta.globalmarch.org/news/ropesintheirhands.php |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In September 2017, [[The Times Group|India Times]] listed Satyarthi as one of the 11 Human Rights Activists Whose Life Mission Is To Provide Others with a Dignified Life<ref>{{cite web |last1= Anjali Bisaria |title=11 Human Rights Activists Whose Life Mission Is to Provide Others with A Dignified Life |url= http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/11-human-rights-activists-whose-life-mission-is-to-provide-others-with-a-dignified-life-329273.html |website= Indiatimes.com|date=7 September 2017 }}</ref> Satyarthi has been awarded the following honours:

* 1993: Elected [[Social entrepreneurship#Ashoka: Innovators for the Public|Ashoka Fellow (USA)]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Fellows: Kailash Satyarthi |url= https://www.ashoka.org/fellow/kailash-satyarthi |work=Ashoka: Innovators for the Public |year=1993 |access-date= 13 October 2014}}</ref>
* 1994: The Aachener International Peace Award (Germany)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://omahasuntimes.com/2014/10/nobel-peace-prize-2014-pakistani-malala-yousafzay-indian-kailash-satyarthi-honored-for-fighting-for-access-to-education/ |title= Nobel Peace Prize 2014: Pakistani Malala Yousafzay, Indian Kailash Satyarthi Honored For Fighting For Access To Education |work=Omaha Sun Times |access-date= 10 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141022081406/http://omahasuntimes.com/2014/10/nobel-peace-prize-2014-pakistani-malala-yousafzay-indian-kailash-satyarthi-honored-for-fighting-for-access-to-education |archive-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aachener-friedenspreis.de/preistraeger/archiv/jahr-1994.html |archive-url= https://archive.today/20141010092158/http://www.aachener-friedenspreis.de/preistraeger/archiv/jahr-1994.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 10 October 2014 |title= Aachener Friedenspreis 1994: Kailash Satyarthi (Indien), SACCS (Südasien) und Emmaus-Gemeinschaft (Köln) |publisher= Aachener Friedenspreis}}</ref>
* 1995: The Trumpeter Award (US)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nclnet.org/trumpeter_awards_winners |title= Trumpeter Awards winners |author=Ben Klein |work= National Consumers League}}</ref>
* 1995: [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award]] (USA)<ref>{{cite web |title= Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url= http://rfkcenter.org/1995-kailash-satyarthi-india-2?view=article&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044346/http://rfkcenter.org/1995-kailash-satyarthi-india-2?view=article&lang=en |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref>
* 1998: Golden Flag Award (Netherlands)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.campaignforeducation.org/en/who-we-are/our-board/|title=Our Board}}</ref>
* 1999: [[Friedrich Ebert Foundation|Friedrich Ebert Stiftung]] Award (Germany)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fes.de/themen/menschenrechtspreis/en/overview.php |title=Human Rights Award of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung |publisher=fes.de |access-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180510/http://www.fes.de/themen/menschenrechtspreis/en/overview.php |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2002: [[Wallenberg Medal]], awarded by the [[University of Michigan]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/recipients.html |title= Medal Recipients – Wallenberg Legacy, University of Michigan |publisher= Univ. of Michigan |access-date= 23 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140219010422/http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/recipients.html |archive-date= 19 February 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
* 2006: Freedom Award (USA)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.architectsofpeace.org/architects-of-peace/kailash-satyarthi |title=Kailash Satyarthi – Architect of Peace |work= ArchitectsOfPeace.org }}</ref>
* 2007: recognized in the list of "Heroes Acting to End Modern Day Slavery" by the US [[State Department]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007/82801.htm |title=Heroes Acting To End Modern-Day Slavery |publisher= U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
* 2007: Gold medal of the Italian Senate (2007)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://rfkcenter.org/kailash-satyarthi-9 |title= Kailash Satyarthi |publisher= Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice & Human Rights |access-date= 10 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141018145954/http://rfkcenter.org/kailash-satyarthi-9 |archive-date= 18 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2008: Alfonso Comin International Award (Spain)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.globalmarch.org/aboutus/kailash-satyarthi |title=Kailash Satyarthi |publisher= globalmarch.org |access-date= 10 October 2014}}</ref>
* 2009: Defenders of Democracy Award (US)<ref>{{cite news |title= Social Activist Kailash Satyarthi to get 2009 Defender of Democracy Award in U.S. |url= http://news.oneindia.in/2009/10/20/socialactivist-kailash-satyarthi-to-get-2009-defender-ofde.html |access-date= 10 October 2014 |date=20 October 2009}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Nobel Peace Prize]]<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/malala-kailash-satyarthi-win-nobel-peace-prize/article6488625.ece |title=Malala, Kailash Satyarthi win Nobel Peace Prize |author= P.J. George |newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 October 2014 }}</ref>
* 2014: Honorary Doctor of Philosophy Degree by [[Alliance University]] <ref>https://www.alliance.edu.in/news/the-alliance-university-conferred-2014-nobel-laureate-mr-kailash-satyarthi-and-padma-bhushan-smt-rajashree-birla-the-honorary-doctor-of-philosophy-degree</ref>
* 2015: Honorary Doctorate by [[Amity University, Gurgaon]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Satyarthi's '3D' model: Dream, discover, do |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Satyarthis-3D-model-Dream-discover-do/articleshow/46318805.cms |website= Times of India |access-date= 3 October 2015}}</ref>
* 2015: Harvard's University Award "Humanitarian of the Year"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nobel-winner-Kailash-Satyarthi-is-now-Harvards-Humanitarian-of-the-Year/articleshow/49427660.cms|title=Nobel-winner Kailash Satyarthi is now Harvard's 'Humanitarian of the Year' | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* 2016 Member-Fellow, Australian Institute of Management
* 2016 Doctor of Humane Letters, Lynchburg College (USA)
* 2016 Doctor of Law (LLD), West Bengal University of Juridical Sciences (India)
* 2017: P.C Chandra Puraskaar<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/satyarthi-given-p-c-chandra-award-117042300901_1.html |title= Satyarthi given P.C. Chandra award |last=IANS |newspaper= Business Standard India |date=23 April 2017 |via=Business Standard}}</ref>
* 2017: Guinness World Record for Largest Child Safe Guarding Lesson
* 2017: Doctor Honoris Causa, EL Rector Magnífico de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide
* 2018: Personality of the Decade by [[Dainik Prayukti]]<ref>{{cite news |title= ??????,????????,??? ?? ????????? ???????? |url= http://www.univarta.com/news/india/story/1080285.html |access-date=5 January 2018 |agency=UNI VARTA |publisher=VARTA}}</ref>
* 2018: Honoris Causa in Science, Amity University (India)
* 2018: Santokhba Humanitarian Award 2018
* 2019: Wockhardt Foundation, Lifetime Achievement Award [[India TV]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Nobel Peace laureate Kailash Satyarthi felicitated with Lifetime Achievement Award |url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-nobel-peace-laureate-kailash-satyarthi-facilitated-with-lifetime-achievement-award-533559 |access-date=9 July 2019 |agency= PTI |publisher=India TV}}</ref>
* 2019: Mother Teresa Memorial Award for Social Justice [[AsiaNews]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Mother Teresa award to activists, NGOs that fight forced labour and human trafficking |url= http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Mother-Teresa-award-to-activists,-NGOs-that-fight-forced-labour-and-human-trafficking-48413.html |access-date=4 November 2019 |agency= PTI |publisher=Asia News}}</ref>

==Books==
* (2006) {{cite book |last1=Satyarthi|first1= Kailash |last2= Zutshi |first2= Bupinder |title= Globalisation, Development And Child Rights | publisher= Shipra Publications |location= New Delhi |year= 2006 |isbn= 9788175412705 }}
* (2016) ''आज़ाद बचपन की ओर'', by Kailash Satyarthi; [[Prabhat Prakashan]]. {{ISBN|9789351867265}}
* (2017) ''Will for Children'', by Kailash Satyarthi; [[Prabhat Prakashan]]. {{ISBN|9789386300355}}
* (2017) ''... Because Words Matter'', by Kailash Satyarthi; [[Rupa Publications]]. {{ISBN|978-81-291-4845-2}}
* (2018) ''बदलाव के बोल'', by Kailash Satyarthi; [[Prabhat Prakashan]]. {{ISBN|9789352664863}}
* (2018) ''Every Child Matters'', by Kailash Satyarthi; [[Prabhat Prakashan]]. {{ISBN|9789352666386}}
* (2021) ''कोविड-19 सभ्यता का संकट और समाधान'', by Kailash Satyarthi; [[Prabhat Prakashan]]. {{ISBN|978-93-90366-96-5}}

==See also==
* [[Iqbal Masih]]
*[[Ehsan Ullah Khan]]
* [[List of peace activists]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kailash Satyarthi}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Official website}}
*{{TED speaker}}
*[http://www.ted.com/talks/kailash_satyarthi_how_to_make_peace_get_angry "How to make peace? Get angry" (TED2015)]
*{{C-SPAN|Kailash Satyarthi}}
* {{Nobelprize}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Laureate of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]|with=[[Malala Yousafzai]]|years=2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{2014 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Indian Nobel laureates|state=autocollapse}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyarthi, Kailash}}
[[Category:Ashoka USA Fellows]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Barkatullah University alumni]]
[[Category:Debt bondage in South Asia]]
[[Category:Activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Indian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Indian children's rights activists]]
[[Category:People from Vidisha]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scholars from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]

NMIMS,Shirpur

2021-05-27T18:23:01Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Short description|University in India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}} {{More citations needed|date=June 2014}} {{Infobox univers..."

{{Short description|University in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| name = SVKM's NMIMS
| image_name = Narsee_Monjee_Institute_of_Management_Studies_Logo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = Transcending Horizons
| established = {{Start date and age|1981}}<ref name=naac1>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmims.edu/docs/naac-report-part-1-nmims-2017.pdf|title=NAAC-Report 2017|publisher=SVKM's NMIMS}}</ref>
| type = [[Deemed University]]
| parent = [[Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal]]
| chancellor = Amrish Patel<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nmims.edu/about/offices-and-administration/chancellor/| title = Chancellor| access-date = 29 January 2019}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Ramesh Bhat<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nmims.edu/vice-chancellor| title = Vice Chancellor| access-date = 16 May 2020}}</ref>
| head_label =
| students = 15,000<ref name=home>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmims.edu/|title=Home page|publisher=SVKM's NMIMS}}</ref>
| address = V. L, Pherozeshah Mehta Rd, [[Vile Parle]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postalcode = 400056
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| website = {{url|http://www.nmims.edu/}}
| logo =
| former_name = Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
| affiliations = [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/home/education/news/nmims-b-school-gets-global-accreditation/articleshow/64034745.cms|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]],<ref name="mbaworld.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbaworld.com/business-schools/business-school-search/schools-a-to-z?l=S|title=Accredited Business Schools A-Z - Association of MBAs|website=Association of MBAs|language=en|access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref> [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemeduniv.html#maharashtra| title = Approved Deemed Universities| author = University Grants Commission, India| access-date = 10 May 2010| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101129070530/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemeduniv.html#maharashtra| archive-date = 29 November 2010| df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.aiu.ac.in/members/MembersS.asp| title = AIU Member Universities| author = Association of Indian Universities| access-date = 10 May 2018}}</ref>
| faculty = 513<ref name=home/>
| location =
}}
'''SVKM's NMIMS''' is a [[deemed university]] located in [[Mumbai]]. The University also has campuses at [[Shirpur]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Indore]] and [[Navi Mumbai]] and two upcoming campuses in [[Dhule]] and [[Chandigarh]]. It has 17 constituent schools that offer both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in management, engineering, commerce, pharmacy, architecture, economics, mathematical sciences, hospitality, science, law, aviation, liberal arts, performing arts, architecture & design. It is accredited by NAAC with 3.59 CGPA and Grade A+.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://engineering.nmims.edu/about-mpstme/accreditation/|title=ACCREDITATIONS AND APPROVALS|website=engineering.nmims.edu|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> NMIMS was also awarded Category I University status
by [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177751|title=Category I Status - PIB, GOI|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref>

== History ==
NMIMS was established in 1981, by [[Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal]] with the help of a donation from Narsee Monjee Educational Trust, as a Management Institute affiliated to [[University of Mumbai]]. NMIMS began its journey by offering a Masters in Management Studies with an intake of only 40 students and 4 full time faculty. It became a [[deemed university]] established under Section 3 of the [[University Grants Commission Act, 1956|UGC Act]], 1956 by notification of [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nmims.edu|title=home|website=www.nmims.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref>

== Campuses ==

SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies has over the years grown and expand into a multi campus deemed university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmims.edu/campuses|title=Campuses/Centers}}</ref>

===Mumbai===

Started in 1981, the Mumbai campus is the oldest and currently has 17 schools & 9 centres of excellence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmims.edu/mumbaicampus|title= Mumbai Campuses}}</ref>

The schools housed at Mumbai Campus include:
* School of Business Management <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sbm.nmims.edu/|title= SBM Mumbai}}</ref>
* [[Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering]]
* [[Anil Surendra Modi School of Commerce]]
* Kirit P. Mehta School of Law
* School of Mathematical Sciences
* Sarla Anil Modi School of Economics
* Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management
* Sunandan Divatia School of Science
* School of Performing Arts
* School of Branding and Advertising
* Balwant Seth School of Architecture
* Jyoti Dalal School of Liberal Arts
* School of Design
* NMIMS Global Access School for Continuing Education (NGASCE)<ref>https://distanceeducation360.com/nmims-distance-learning-courses-fees-admission/</ref>

====Anil Surendra Modi School of Commerce====
{{Infobox university
| name = Anil Surendra Modi School of Commerce
| motto = Transcending Horizons
| established = {{start date and age|2007}}
| affiliation = [[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies|SVKM's NMIMS]]
| dean = Sangita Kher
| academic_staff = 44
| undergrad = 2,200
| postgrad = 150
| address = 7th Floor, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile-Parle (West)
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.109882|72.837542|display=}}
| website = {{url|http://commerce.nmims.edu}}

{{Location map
| India
| caption = The school's location within [[India]]
| lat_deg = 19.109882
| lon_deg = 72.837542
| float = center
| width = 250}}
}}
'''Anil Surendra Modi School of Commerce (ASMSOC)''', established in 2007, provides undergraduate and postgraduate courses in business administration, finance, as well as commerce. It was ranked as the best undergraduate B-School in India<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Best BBA Colleges 2018: List of Top BBA Colleges 2018 in India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2018/ranks/1792406|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605012900/https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2018/ranks/1792406|archive-date=2020-06-05|access-date=2020-06-05|website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref> for its Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) programme by [[India Today]] in 2018 and 2019. Admission to various courses is granted based on merit achieved in NPAT (Undergraduate) and NMAT (Postgraduate) entrance exams conducted by the university.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Admission Open 2020 {{!}} NMIMS|url=https://nmims.edu/admission|access-date=2020-07-02|website=nmims.edu}}</ref> The school was established in 2007 offering two courses BBA and B.Com. (Hons.)<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Dean's Message|url=http://commerce.nmims.edu/about-asmsoc/deans-message/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122150435/http://commerce.nmims.edu/about-asmsoc/deans-message/|archive-date=2019-11-22|access-date=|website=commerce.nmims.edu}}</ref> and shared its campus with [[Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering|MPSTME]]. In the year 2013, the school moved to its present campus which occupies the 7th & some parts of the 8th floor of [[Mithibai College]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saraswathy|first=M.|date=2013-01-31|title=Narsee Monjee moves to new campus this year|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/narsee-monjee-moves-to-new-campus-this-year-113013100046_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193120/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/narsee-monjee-moves-to-new-campus-this-year-113013100046_1.html|archive-date=2018-06-17}}</ref> B.Sc Finance, a niche program focused on Investment Analysis, Portfolio Management and Corporate Finance was introduced in 2014. The school started offering masters programs in the year 2017 with its M.Sc. Finance program and the MMS program was introduced in 2018.

Amongst other programmes, it offers a Masters in Management Studies (Dual degree program for BBA students of NMIMS)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Top commerce colleges {{!}} BBA {{!}} B.Com {{!}} B.Sc. {{!}} BBA MMS|url=https://commerce.nmims.edu/academics/programs/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118173904/http://commerce.nmims.edu/academics/programs/|archive-date=2019-11-18|access-date=2020-06-05|website=commerce.nmims.edu}}</ref>

===Shirpur===
NMIMS' second campus at [[Shirpur]], situated on the bank of Tapi river,was established in 2007.<ref name=TOI-20121101>{{cite news|title=Prithviraj Chavan inaugurates off-campus centre for a management institute|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Prithviraj-Chavan-inaugurates-off-campus-centre-for-a-management-institute/articleshow/17043545.cms|access-date=2014-08-30|work=The Times of India|date=2012-11-01}}</ref><ref name=DNA-2014>{{cite news|last1=Prachi|first1=Rege|title=Cutting edge pedagogy|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/report-cutting-edge-pedagogy-1893115|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=2013-09-30}}</ref> Department of Mechanical Engineering, mpstme, Shirpur campus conducted international Conference with title ICEMEM 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 810, 2020 - IOPscience|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1757-899X/810/1|access-date=2020-10-04|website=iopscience.iop.org|language=en}}</ref> The schools in Shirpur Campus include:
* [[Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Shirpur]]
* School of Pharmacy & Technology Management
* Academy of Aviation

===Bangalore===
The [[Bengaluru]] campus was established in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nmimsbengaluru.org/about-us/|title=About Us – NMIMS - Bengaluru Campus|website=nmimsbengaluru.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/ugc-asks-10-institutes-including-nmims-tifr-and-bits-pilani-to-shut-off-campus-centres/articleshow/49795186.cms|title=NMIMS, TIFR and BITS Pilani off-campus centres|last=Vishnoi|first=Anubhuti|date=2015-11-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref> Bangalore campus of NMIMS is the youngest B-School to be accredited with [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/8609/NMIMS|title=NMIMS Bengaluru receives International AMBA Accreditation; Youngest B school to be accredited|website=www.mbauniverse.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref><ref name="mbaworld.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbaworld.com/business-schools/business-school-search/schools-a-to-z?l=S|title=Accredited Business Schools A-Z - Association of MBAs|website=Association of MBAs|language=en|access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref> The schools in Bengaluru Campus include:
* School of Business Management
* School of Economics
* School of Commerce
* School of Law
* School of Science

=== Navi Mumbai ===
The Navi Mumbai campus was established in 2017. The schools in Navi Mumbai Campus include:<ref>{{Cite web|title=NMIMS - Navi Mumbai {{!}} PGDM, BBA, MBA Tech, BA LLB, BBA LLB|url=https://www.nmimsnavimumbai.org/schools/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=www.nmimsnavimumbai.org}}</ref>
* School of Technology Management & Engineering
* School of Science
* School of Business Management
* School of Hotel Management
* School of Law
* School of Commerce

===Hyderabad===
The [[Hyderabad]] campus has a 90-acre fully residential campus in Jadcherla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nmimshyderabad.org/|title=home|website=www.nmimshyderabad.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-23}}</ref>

The schools in the campus are -

# School of Science <ref>{{Cite web|title=Management college in Hyderabad {{!}} Business School in Hyderabad {{!}} Narsee Monjee Institute in Hyderabad {{!}}NMIMSHyderabad|url=https://www.nmimshyderabad.org/academics/programs/bsc-applied-statistics-and-analytics/|website=www.nmimshyderabad.org|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
# School of Commerce <ref name="nmimshyderabad.org">{{Cite web|title=Management college in Hyderabad {{!}} Business School in Hyderabad {{!}} Narsee Monjee Institute in Hyderabad {{!}}NMIMSHyderabad|url=http://www.nmimshyderabad.org/|website=www.nmimshyderabad.org|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
# School of Pharmacy and Technology Management <ref name="nmimshyderabad.org"/>
# School of Technology Management and Engineering <ref name="nmimshyderabad.org"/>
# School of Law <ref name="nmimshyderabad.org"/>

===Indore===
The campus in [[Indore]] was established in 2017 and is spread over an area of 25 acres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmims.edu/indorecampus|title=Indore Campus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-campus-of-nmims-to-start-operations-from-june/1050962|title=Indore campus of NMIMS to start operations from June {{!}} Free Press Journal|date=2017-04-13|work=Free Press Journal|access-date=2018-04-30|language=en-GB}}</ref> The schools include:

* School of Business Management
* School of Commerce
* School of Law
* School of Technology Management
*

===Dhule(Upcoming)===

* School of Commerce<ref>https://nmims.edu/dhulecampus</ref>
* School of Law

===Chandigarh (Upcoming)===

* Schools to be announced<ref>https://nmims.edu/campuses</ref>

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type=Institute
| NIRF_B_2020 = 24
| NIRF_U_2020 = 57
| NIRF_O_2020 = 92
| NIRF_P_2020 = 13
| BT_2019 = 9
| OUTLOOK_B_P_2020 = 4
}}
NMIMS was ranked 57th among universities in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2020<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_U_2020/> and 92nd overall.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_O_2020/> It also ranked 13 in the pharmacy ranking<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_P_2020/> and 24 in the management ranking.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_B_2020/>

The School of Business Management was ranked ninth in India by ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''{{'}}s "India's best B-schools 2019"<ref name=Rankings_BT_2019 /> fourth among private management schools in India by ''[[Outlook India]]'' in 2020<ref name=Rankings_OUTLOOK_B_P_2020 /> and first in India by ''[[India Today]]''{{'}}s "Top 120 colleges | BBA" in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/web-exclusive/story/20190527-top-120-colleges-bba-1527542-2019-05-18|title=Top 120 colleges - BBA|date=18 May 2019|newspaper=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
{{alumni|date=July 2017}}



*[[John Abraham]] - Actor
*[[Vikas Bahl]] - film director (''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]])''
* [[Avani Davda]] - MD, [[Godrej Nature's Basket|Nature's Basket]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/avani-davda-sodhi-receive-distinguished-alumni-awards-at-indian-management-conclave/article7481181.ece/amp/|title=Avani Davda, Sodhi receive distinguished alumni awards at Indian Management Conclave|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Dhvani Desai]] - animation filmmaker and poet<ref name="ax-7jul2007">{{cite news |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php?file=story&id=1710 |title=Dhvani Desai Odyysey of an artist: From Ad Films to Short Films |last=Birnur |first=Esha |date=7 July 2007 |work=Animationxpress.com |publisher=IndianTelevision.com |access-date=20 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143816/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php?file=story&id=1710 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Harish Iyer]] - LGBT activist
* [[Kiran Janjani]] - actor
* [[Aruna Jayanthi]] - CEO (Business Service), [[Capgemini]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/The-Virgo-at-Capgemini/article20647438.ece/amp/|title=The Virgo at Capgemini|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Payal Shah Karwa]] - author
* [[Deena Mehta]] - MD and CEO, Asit C. Mehta Investment Interrmediates
* [[Nitin Rakesh]] - CEO and director, [[Mphasis]]
*[[Sundar Raman]] - president, Reliance Sports<ref name="IT2008">{{cite news|title=Captain's knack: Tete-a-tete with Sundar Raman|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-11-14/news/27709312_1_sundar-raman-ipl-s-ceo-lalit-modi|access-date=14 April 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 November 2008}}</ref>
*[[Kunal Shah]] - Founder & CEO of Cred <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-30|title=SVKM's NMIMS Distinguished Alumni: Creating Legacy of Corporate Excellence|url=https://edumine.in/nmims-distinguished-alumni/|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Edumine|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Shreya Shanker]] - model and runner up in [[Femina Miss India 2019]]
*[[Shilpa Singh]] - model & runner-up in [[I AM She – Miss Universe India]] 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar Girl to represent India in Miss Universe 2012 at Las Vegas|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/11/bihar-girl-to-represent-india-in-miss-universe-2012-at-la-vegas/|access-date=18 November 2017|work=The Biharprabha News|date=5 November 2012}}</ref>



==References==
{{Reflist|}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.nmims.edu/}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Universities in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Business schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1981]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Ghulam Sadiq Khan

2021-05-27T18:22:01Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Ustad Ghulam Sadiq Khan | image = Padma-Shri-Ustad-Ghul..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ustad Ghulam Sadiq Khan
| image = Padma-Shri-Ustad-Ghulam-Sadiq-Khan.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|8|22|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|05|15|1939|08|22|df=y}}
| origin = [[Kanpur]], India
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = Vocalist
| years_active =
| website =
}}

'''Ustad Ghulam Sadiq Khan''' (22 August 1939 – 15 May 2016) was an Indian classical vocalist. He belonged to the [[Rampur-Sahaswan gharana]].

==Musical career==
He was initiated into music at the age of nine by his father Ustad Ghulam Jafar Khan, who was an Indian [[sarangi]] player. Later, he continued his training under the guidance of Ustad [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]], who was the first recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]] award in India.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/19/stories/2005091900880200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121023000631/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/19/stories/2005091900880200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2012-10-23|title= A vocal celebration |access-date=2008-11-08 |last= Rajan |first= Ajana|date= 2005-09-19 |work= [[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

He specialized in the [[khayal]] gayaki and also sang [[thumri]], [[dadra]] and [[bhajans]]. He performed in India and abroad in the U.K., Australia, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Mauritius, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand, China and Afghanistan. He was a top graded artist of [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]].

During the course of his career, he taught many disciples, including [[Jaspinder Narula]] (a Bollywood [[playback singer]]) and his son, Ustad Ghulam Abbas Khan who is a [[khayal]] and [[ghazal]] vocalist.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080317/jsp/nation/story_9029359.jsp |title= The Buzz in Big Cities |access-date=2008-11-08 |date=2008-03-17 |work= [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Calcutta Telegraph]] }}</ref> He also taught his grandson Ghulam Hasan Khan, who is also a Hindustani classical vocalist. He worked as senior lecturer in the Faculty of Music at the [[University of Delhi]].

In 2005, he received the [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution to Indian classical music.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India) |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=0&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Khan&award=PS |access-date=2009-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229164943/http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=0&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Khan&award=PS |archive-date=2012-02-29 }}</ref>

==Death==
Ustad Ghulam Sadiq Khan died on 15 May 2016 (Sunday) at [[Max Healthcare]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14335-obituaries|title=Obituaries|work=milligazette.com|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Sadiq}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:University of Delhi faculty]]
[[Category:Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]

Rampur-Sahaswan gharana

2021-05-27T18:21:40Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Genre in Hindustani classical music}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} {{Refimprove|date=September 2014}} '''Rampur-Sa..."

{{short description|Genre in Hindustani classical music}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2014}}
'''Rampur-Sahaswan gharana''' is a [[gharana]] (musical heritage) of [[Hindustani classical music]] centred in the North-[[Uttar Pradesh]] towns of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] and [[Sahaswan]]. Ustad [[Inayat Hussain Khan]] (1849–1919) was the founder of this gharana.

==History==
The gharana find its origins in [[Mehboob Khan]], the chief [[khayal]] singer in the royal court of [[Rampur State]] (in present [[Uttar Pradesh]]), his tradition was followed by his son [[Inayat Hussain Khan]] (1849–1919) and in turn by Inyat's brothers-in-law, [[Haider Khan]] (1857–1927),Ustad Fida Hussain Khan and Padma Bhushan [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan|Ustad Mushtaq Hussain Khan]] (1878–1964) (The First recipient of the Padma Bhushan Award) ( , thus all the singers were connected with each other, and gharana was named after their ancestral place, [[Sahaswan]], in present [[Badaun district]].<ref name=":0">[[#Wa|Wade. p. 136]]</ref> Amongst most famous and relevant vocalists of the Gharana are [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]], [[Nissar Hussain Khan]], [[Afzal Hussain Khan Nizami]], [[Ghulam Mustafa Khan]], [[Ghulam Sadiq Khan]] and [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]]

[[Inayat Khan]] was a child prodigy, and his first married the daughter of [[Haddu Khan]] of the [[Gwalior gharana]].

==Singing style==
The Rampur-Sahaswan gayaki (style of singing) is closely related to the [[Gwalior Gharana]], which features medium-slow tempos, a full-throated voice and intricate rhythmic play. The gharana style is also known for the diversity and intricacy of the [[taan (music)|taan]]s (rapidfire elaborations), as well as [[tarana]] singing.

Renowned singers of this gharana include the first and, perhaps the foremost disciple of [[Inayat Hussain Khan]], [[Hyder Khan]]. Hyder Khan and his family plays a vital role in upbringing the legacy of this illustrious family. His son [[Fida Hussain Khan]] and his grandson [[Nissar Hussain Khan]] continued the tradition.

Nissar Hussain Khan was a great teacher whose disciples include vocalists [[Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)|Ghulam Mustafa Khan]], [[Rashid Khan]], [[Hafeez Ahmed Khan]] and [[Sarfaraz Hussain Khan]]. [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]] was a disciple of Hyder Khan and was later groomed by Inayat Hussain Khan. He was the recipient of the first [[Padma Bhushan]] award in singing.

The gharana is represented by two interrelated families - the direct descendants of Inayat Hussain Khan and his other relatives and disciples.

In 2006, Dr [[Sakuntala Narasimhan]], herself a disciple of Hafeez Ahmed Khan, published a book on the Rampur-Sahaswan gharana titled ''The Splendour of Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Notes from another time: Sakuntala Narasimhan's book on the Rampur-Sahaswan gharana captures the cultural history of a period |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/16/stories/2006091601060300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629104627/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/16/stories/2006091601060300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |date=16 September 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quietly fading into oblivion|author=S. Kashif Ali|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/29/stories/2009052950100200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829121304/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/29/stories/2009052950100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2009 |date=29 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref>

==Exponents==
===19th Century===
* [[Haider Khan]]
* [[Mohammad Ali Khan]] "Hararang"
* [[Inayat Hussain Khan]] (1849–1919), son and disciple of Mehboob Khan Bakhsh. Also learned from Bahadur Hussain Khan (Senia Gharana of Rampur) and [[Haddu Khan]] of [[Gwalior Gharana|Gwalior]].
* [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]] (1878–1964),

===20th Century===
* [[Nissar Hussain Khan]] (1909–1993), son and disciple of Fida Hussain Khan.
* [[Sumati Mutatkar]] (1916-2007), disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.
* [[Naina Devi]] (1917-1993), disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.
* [[Hafeez Ahmed Khan]] (1926-2006)
* [[Shanno Khurana]] (b. 1927), disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.
* [[Ghulam Mustafa Khan]] (1931-2021), son and disciple of Waris Hussain Khan. Also learned from father-in-law, Mushtaq Hussain Khan.
* [[Sulochana Brahaspati]] (b. 1937), disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.
* [[Arun Bhaduri]] (1943-2018), disciple of Ishtiaq Hussain Khan.
* [[Rashid Khan]] (b. 1968), grandson and disciple of Nissar Hussain Khan, nephew and disciple of Ghulam Mustafa Khan.

===21st Century===
* [[Tushar Dutta]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=The Lost World of Hindustani Music |author=Kumar Pradas Mukherji |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2006|isbn=0143061992}}
* {{cite book |title=The splendour of Rampur-sahaswan gharana of Hindustani music, its evolution, history, characteristics and compositions|author=Sakuntala Narasimhan |publisher=Veenapani Centre for Arts |year=2006|url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DK55465233767439487726331371/details.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.dkagencies.com}}
* {{cite book |title=Mushtaq Hussain Khan |author=Naina Ripjit Singh (Naina Devi) |author-link=Naina Devi (singer)|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |year=1964}}
* {{cite book |title=Khyāl: Creativity Within North India's Classical Music Tradition|author=Bonnie C Wade|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |year= 1984|isbn=0521256593 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Rampur-Sahaswan+gharana&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7XylUbo8g7iuB5zJgYgB&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Rampur-Sahaswan%20gharana&f=false |ref= Wa}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120523232017/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_gharana/gharana.asp?gharanaid=5 Rampur Sahaswan Gharana] at [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana}}
[[Category:Vocal gharanas]]
[[Category:Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Music of Uttar Pradesh]]

Jazzmandu

2021-05-27T18:21:08Z

Jalandhar

2021-05-27T18:18:14Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Short description|Metropolis in Punjab, India}} {{About|the municipality in Punjab |its namesake district|Jalandhar district}} {{more citations needed|date=October 2019}} {{..."

{{Short description|Metropolis in Punjab, India}}
{{About|the municipality in Punjab |its namesake district|Jalandhar district}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalandhar
| other_name = Jullundur
| image_alt = Jalandhar City
| image_skyline = Devi Talab Mandir.jpg
| image_caption = Devi Talab Mandir of Jalandhar
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.2569|N|75.4432|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar District|Jalandhar]]
| established_title =
| established_date = 100 AD
| founder =
| named_for = In Water
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Divisional Commissioner
| leader_name = Sh Raj Kamal Chaudhuri, IAS<ref>http://commissionerjalandhar.gov.in/jdlc.aspx</ref>
| leader_title2 = Deputy Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Sh Ghanshyam Thori, IAS<ref>https://jalandhar.nic.in/list-of-deputy-commissioner/</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]], [[Congress]]
| leader_title4 = Mayor
| leader_name4 = Sh. Jagdish Raja<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcjalandhar.in/mayor-message.html/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014151317/http://www.mcjalandhar.in/mayor-message.html |archive-date=14 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Cities in Punjab|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/people%E2%80%99s-patience-being-tested-in-punjab-civic-polls-510902}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 110
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 228
| population_total = 862,196
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Jalandhariye
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144 001
| area_code = 0181
| registration_plate = PB08,PB90,PB37
PB67,PB33
| footnotes =
| type = City
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 82.3%
| website = {{URL|http://jalandhar.nic.in}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Jalandhar''' (erstwhile '''Jullundur''') is a city in the [[India]]n state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Jalandhar lies alongside the [[Grand Trunk Road]] and is a well-connected rail and road junction. Jalandhar is 146 km<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Jalandhar,+Punjab,+India/Chandigarh,+India/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x391a5a5747a9eb91:0xc74b34c05aa5b4b8!1m2!1m1!1s0x390fed0be66ec96b:0xa5ff67f9527319fe!3e0?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2wdz92qznAhVUzTgGHfIeA-QQox0wAHoECAsQEQ|title=Jalandhar to Chandigarh|website=Jalandhar to Chandigarh|language=en|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref> northwest of [[Chandigarh]], the state capital of [[Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] and 82.5 km (51.2 mi) South-East of [[Amritsar]]. ''Jullundur'' was the common [[English language|English]] spelling during [[Company rule in India]] and the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=14&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_237.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 231 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Mughal Kos Minar.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Kos Minar]] along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in Dakhini near Jalandhar, from [[Sher Shah Suri]] period]]
The history of Jalandhar District comprises three periods — ancient, medieval and modern.

The city may be named after [[Jalandhara]], a demon king, who is named in the [[Puranas]] and [[Mahabharata]]. The city was founded by Devasya Verma as mentioned in [[Vedas]]. Other possibilities include that it was the capital of the kingdom of [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]], son of [[Rama]] or that the name derives from the vernacular term ''Jalandhar'', meaning area inside the water, i.e., tract lying between the two rivers Satluj and Beas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalandhar.nic.in/origin.aspx|title=Welcome to Official Website of Jalandhar District, Punjab|access-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709023102/http://jalandhar.nic.in/origin.aspx|archive-date=9 July 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The whole of Punjab and the area of present Jalandhar District was part of the Indus Valley Civilization. [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]] are the sites where remains of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] have been found extensively. The archaeological explorations made during recent years have pushed the ancient times of Jalandhar District of Harappa period.

Jalandhar was conquered by the [[Ghaznavids]] during the reign of [[Ibrahim of Ghazni]] between 1058 and 1089.<ref>John Hutchison, Jean Philippe Vogel, History of the Panjab Hill States, Asian Educational Services, 1994 - Punjab Hill States (India), p.122</ref> It later formed part of the province of [[Lahore]] during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]]. The 18th century saw upheaval in Jalandhar amidst an anarchy caused by the disintegration of the Mughals and power struggles involving [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|Persians]], [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] and [[Sikhs]]. It was captured by the [[Singhpuria Misl|Faizullahpuria Misl]] in 1766, and in 1811 [[Ranjit Singh]] incorporated it within the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref>Parminder Singh Grover Moga, Davinderjit Singh, Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab, Parminder Singh Grover, 20 May 2011</ref>

In 1849, following the annexation of the Punjab by the [[East India Company]], the city of Jalandhar, written in English as Jullundur by Company officials, became the headquarters of the Division and [[Jalandhar district|District]] of the same name. In 1858 Company rule in India ended and the city became part of the British Raj. In the mid to late 19th century, the Punjab administration regarded Jullundur as too densely populated and farmed to capacity. This led to the district being a chief recruitment area for settlers to colonise the newly irrigated [[Punjab Canal Colonies]] in western Punjab.<ref>Tom G. Kessinger, University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, Vilyatpur, 1848-1968: Social and Economic Change in a North Indian Village, University of California Press, 1 Jan 1974, p.16</ref>

The [[Khilafat Movement]] started in the district in early 1920 to bring pressure on the government to change their policy towards [[Turkey]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] extended sympathy and support to this movement however in response the District was declared a 'Proclaimed Area' under the Seditious Meetings Act. In 1924, Pakistani general and military dictator [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] was born in the city.

The [[Partition of India]] in 1947 saw Jalandhar become part of the new dominion of [[India]]. The resulting rioting and violence caused by Partition led to major demographic change in the district, with the exodus of the large Muslim population and the arrival of Hindus and Sikhs from newly created [[Pakistan]].

==Climate==
The city has a [[humid subtropical climate]] with cool winters and long, hot summers. Summers last from April to June and winters from November to February. Temperatures in the summer vary from average highs of around {{convert|48|C}} to average lows of around {{convert|25|C}}. Winter temperatures have highs of {{convert|19|C}} to lows of {{convert|-7|C}}. The climate is dry on the whole, except during the brief southwest monsoon season during July and August. The average annual rainfall is about 70 cm. In 2018, Jalandhar witnessed Heavy rainfall, with over 20% increase from average rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/heavy-rainfall-in-punjab-monsoon-news-5918894.html|title=Heavy Rainfall|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153326/https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/heavy-rainfall-in-punjab-monsoon-news-5918894.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since it is in the northern plains, it feels really cold during winters and very hot during summers.

{{Weather box|location= Jalandhar
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan high C= 19.4
|Feb high C= 21.6
|Mar high C= 26.0
|Apr high C= 34.5
|May high C= 39.4
|Jun high C= 40.6
|Jul high C= 34.1
|Aug high C= 33.1
|Sep high C= 32.6
|Oct high C= 31.5
|Nov high C= 27.2
|Dec high C= 22.3
|Jan low C= 6.2
|Feb low C= 8.6
|Mar low C= 13.2
|Apr low C= 19.0
|May low C= 23.8
|Jun low C= 25.6
|Jul low C= 24.7
|Aug low C= 25.8
|Sep low C= 21.8
|Oct low C= 18.3
|Nov low C= 12.1
|Dec low C= 7.2
|Jan precipitation mm= 10.7
|Feb precipitation mm= 16.7
|Mar precipitation mm= 32.8
|Apr precipitation mm= 15.2
|May precipitation mm= 20.4
|Jun precipitation mm= 69.7
|Jul precipitation mm= 155.2
|Aug precipitation mm= 183.6
|Sep precipitation mm= 60.0
|Oct precipitation mm= 1.5
|Nov precipitation mm= 6
|Dec precipitation mm= 15
|source = <ref>http://www.weather.com/weather/monthly/INXX0060?from=dayDetails_bottomnav_business| title = Average Weather for Jalandhar — Temperature and Precipitation | accessdate = 4 November 2012|publisher = The Weather Channel</ref>|date=August 2012}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh}}

===Population===

As per provisional data of 2011 census Jalandhar had a population of 873,725, of which 463,975 were male and 409,750 female.

===Literacy===
The literacy rate was 86.22 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/8-jalandhar.html | title=Jalandhar City Population Census 2011-2019 | Punjab | access-date=24 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228010302/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/8-jalandhar.html | archive-date=28 December 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> For males and females respectively the literacy rate was 88.82% and 83.30%

===Religion===
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Jalandhar city<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/8-jalandhar.html|title=Jalandhar City Population Census 2011|publisher=Census2011|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228010302/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/8-jalandhar.html|archive-date=28 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=

{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|74.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|yellow|21.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|1.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|red|1.02}}
{{bar percent|Others|lightgrey|1.22}}}}
As per the census of 2011, [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]] are the religions of the vast majority of people in Jalandhar.

Prior to the [[partition of India|partition of India and Pakistan]] in 1947, Jalandhar had a large population of Muslims. According to 1941 census of Punjab, Muslims made up 45.2% of the population, compared to Hindus and Sikhs being 27.6% and 26.5% respectively.<ref name=":0">[https://www.punjabpartition.com/single-post/2018/11/18/1941-Punjab-Census-and-its-Interpretation]</ref> Within a period of 10 years, from 1941 to 1951, Muslim population in Jalandhar reduced from 45.2% to 0.2%.<ref name=":0" />

==Economy==
Jalandhar has been selected in the second phase of the smart city project and 200 crores have been allocated to the municipal corporation for initializing the project.

Jalandhar exports goods like furniture, glass to neighboring cities and is a global hub for the manufacture of sporting equipment. Jalandhar is famous for its sports industry and equipment manufactured in Jalandhar has been used in many international sporting games including Olympics, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games, among others. It is also a hub for manufacturing of hand tools.
Jalandhar is also famous for its leather industry, leather for footwear, leather goods, furniture being sold to export houses located at Delhi, Agra, Kanpur and other Indian cities. Together with hand tools it is a major production centre of Industrial tool bags being used by workmen in America & Europe.

Many new malls and shopping complexes are being established at a very rapid pace and as such is also a hub of the NRI's who among many of them belong to Jalandhar region.

==Transport==

===By air===
The nearest airport is [[Adampur Airport]], northwest of Jalandhar which currently handles only scheduled operation on maiden flights of private carrier [[Spicejet]] to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Jaipur]]. The nearest fully-fledged International Airport is [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] in [[Amritsar]]. It is second busiest airport in North India, and is connected to other parts of the country by regular flights. Several airlines operate flights from abroad, including London Stansted, Birmingham, Dubai, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Doha. The airport handles as many as 48 flights every week up from the occasional, intermittent ones some years ago.
[[File:Jalandhar Railway Station.jpeg|thumb]]

===By rail===
[[File:Bus Stand of city12.jpg|thumb|Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh, Interstate Bus Stand, Jalandhar]]

Direct train service is available for other major cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Calcutta]], [[Chennai]], [[Patna]], [[Guwahati]], [[Pune]], [[Haridwar]], [[Varanasi]], [[Jaipur]] and [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]]. Some prestigious trains that halt in [[Jalandhar City railway station]] are Howrah Mail, [[Golden Temple Mail]] (Frontier Mail), New-Delhi [[Amritsar Shatabdi Express]], [[Paschim Express]]. Now many trains of Jammu route are extended up to Mata Vaishno Devi-Katra.

Jalandhar City Railway Station is well-connected to other parts of the country, Jalandhar City is a major stop between the Amritsar-Delhi rail link which is serviced by Shatabdi Express, Intercity Express, and others

Direct Service to major cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Calcutta]], [[Chennai]], [[Patna]], [[Guwahati]], [[Pune]], [[Haridwar]], [[Varanasi]], [[Jaipur]] and [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] are available. There are prestigious services such as the Howrah Mail, [[Golden Temple Mail]] (Frontier Mail), New-Delhi [[Amritsar Shatabdi Express]], [[Paschim Express]].

===By road===
There is one of the largest networks of bus services of Punjab at Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh ISBT (Jalandhar), Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Pepsu, Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttrakhand, Rajasthan State Roadways, apart from private operators.

==Religious places==
* Devi talab mandir
* Nakodar Baba Marad Shah Samadhi
* Cantonment Church
* Gurudwara sahib ji
* Gurdwara Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gurudwaragtbjal.org/|title=Gurudwara Nauvin Patshahi, Dukh Nivaran Sahib {{!}} ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਨੌਵੀਂ ਪਾਤਸ਼ਾਹੀ, ਦੂਖ ਨਿਵਾਰਨ ਸਾਹਿਬ|website=www.gurudwaragtbjal.org|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>

==Leisure==
[[File:Viva Collage Jalandhar Mall.jpg|thumb|Interior of Viva Collage Mall, Jalandhar]]
[[File:View Of WonderLand's Water Park In the Evening.jpg|thumb|View Of WonderLand's Water Park in the Evening]]
* Niku Park
*Prithvi's Planet
*Wonder Land<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wonderlandthemepark.com/ |title=Wonderland |publisher=Wonderlandthemepark |access-date=2012-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427105321/http://wonderlandthemepark.com/ |archive-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:PKD2.jpg|thumb|''Punjab Kesari'' header with the photos of its founders, [[Lala Jagat Narain]] and Romesh Chander.]]
[[File:Jag Bani, Jalandhar (Oct. 03, 2013).jpg|thumb|[[Jag Bani]]]]
[[Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar]] is an Indian television station in Jalandhar, owned and operated by state-owned [[Doordarshan]], the television network of [[Prasar Bharati]] (Broadcasting Corporation of India).<ref>{{cite web|title=DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, BHAGWAN MAHAVIR MARG, JALANDHAR CITY|url=http://www.ddpunjabi.in/contact us.html|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092945/http://ddpunjabi.in/contact/|archive-date=29 April 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was established in 1979 and produces and broadcasts the 24-hour [[Punjabi language]] TV channel, [[DD Punjabi]], which was launched in 1998 and covers most of the state of [[Punjab, India]].

The city is the region's headquarters for newspapers, national television and radio stations. These include ''[[Daily Ajit]], [[Jagbani]], [[Punjab Kesari]], [[Dainik Bhaskar]], [[Dainik Jagran]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], [[Hind Samachar]]'', etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabkesari.in/ |title=हिन्दी समाचार | ताज़ा खबरें | विश्व समाचार - Punjab Kesari |publisher=Punjabkesari.in |access-date=2012-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105215143/http://www.punjabkesari.in/ |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/Jalandhar-LP-Lid.aspx |title=Jalandhar — Punjab — Page 1 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2012-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222235348/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/Jalandhar-LP-Lid.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/ |title=Jalandhar News, Jalandhar Hindi News, Jalandhar News Headlines, Daily News Paper, Local News |publisher=Bhaskar.com |access-date=2012-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104053637/http://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/ |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/ |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=2012-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190020/http://www.tribuneindia.com/ |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
http://bbcnews7.com

State-owned [[All India Radio]] has a local station in Jalandhar that transmits programs of mass interest. FM local radio stations include:
* [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio city]] 91.9 MHz
* [[BIG FM 92.7]] 92.7 MHz
* [[94.3 FM]]-My Fm- 94.3 MHz
* [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 MHz
*All India Radio 102.7 MHz

==Healthcare==
There are excellent medical facilities in Jalandhar which include treatment centers and specialist hospitals. The Municipal Corporation of Jalandhar claims that the city has over 800 hospitals,
<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tribuneindia.com/news/archive/business/over-800-hospitals-jalandhar-asia-s-biggest-medicare-hub-759845 | title=Jalandhar City Hospitals | Asia | df=dmy-all }}</ref> that makes it the city with the highest number of hospitals in Asia. Three new Health Centres were setup in Jalandhar on 9 September 2020.<ref>https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/jalandhar-district-gets-three-new-health-centres-138546</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Dog Show at-crop.jpg|thumb|Dog Show held at [[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]] ]]

===Cricket===
[[Cricket]] is very popular in grounds and streets of the city. There is an international-standard stadium at Gandhi Stadium fomerly known as Burlton Park. The [[Indian cricket team]] played a Test Match against the [[Pakistan cricket team]] on this ground on 24 September 1983<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gandhi Stadium {{!}} India {{!}} Cricket Grounds {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58164.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>.

===Kabaddi===
Major [[Kabaddi]] matches are usually held at [[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]].

===Guru Gobind Singh Stadium===
[[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]] is a multi-purpose stadium in Jalandhar. It is usually used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of [[JCT Mills]] Football Club. People can be seen jogging, playing soccer, weight-lifting, etc. in the stadium most of the time. The Punjab government has started new projects at the stadium.

===Surjit Hockey Stadium===
[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium]] is a field hockey stadium in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. It is named after Jalandhar-born Olympian Surjit Singh. This stadium is home of the franchise [[Sher-e-Punjab]] of the [[World Series Hockey]].

===Sports college===
There is a Government [[Sports College]] in the city and it is a focus for many of the National Sports Councils. In this college, many sports are played like cricket, hockey, [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]]. ?

==Education==
{{Main|List of institutions of higher education in Punjab}}
Higher education institutions include

===Universities===

* [[Apeejay Institute of Management Technical Campus, Jalandhar (Punjab)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apeejay.edu/aimtc|title=Top MBA, MCA Colleges in North India, Punjab, Jalandhar - Apeejay Institute of Management Technical Campus|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217171216/http://apeejay.edu/aimtc/|archive-date=17 February 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology]]
* [[DAV University]]
* [[Doaba College]]
* [[GNA University]][[File:GNA University Campus.jpg|thumb|GNA University Campus]]
* [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]<ref>[http://www.gndurcjal.in]</ref> Regional Campus
* [[Lovely Professional University]]
* [[Lyallpur Khalsa College for Women]]
* [[Lyallpur Khalsa College]]
* [[Lyallpur Khalsa College|Khalsa College]]
* [[Mata Gujri Institute of Nursing]]
* [[Mehr Chand Polytechnic College]]
* [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar|NIT Jalandhar]][[File:Nit jalandhar.jpg|right|thumb|[[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar]]]]
* [[Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University|Punjab Technical University]]
* [[D.A.V. College, Jalandhar]]

===Schools===
* Apeejay School, Mahavir Marg<ref>[https://www.apeejay.edu/jalandhar/ Apeejay School]</ref>
* Apeejay School, Rama Mandi<ref>[https://www.apeejay.edu/hoshiarpur]</ref>
*Dayanand Model Sr Secondary School<ref>{{Cite web|title=WELCOME TO DAYANAND MODEL SR. SEC. SCHOOL|url=http://dmsdayanandnagar.org/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=dmsdayanandnagar.org}}</ref>
* St. Joseph’s Sr. Sec. Boys School,Defence Colony<ref>[https://https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph's_Boys'_School,_Jalandhar]</ref>
* MGN Public School, Adarsh Nagar<ref>[https://www.mgnpsjal.com]</ref>
* SD Model School Jalandhar Cantt<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sdmodelschool.org/|title=SD MODEL SCHOOL {{!}} An English Medium Co-Educational Institution|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>
* Shiv Jyoti Public School<ref>[https://shivjyotipublicschool.com/]</ref>

==Jalandhar Cantonment==
{{main|Jalandhar Cantonment}}

==Notable people==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2014}}
[[File:Yash Chopra cropped.jpg|thumb|100px| [[Yash Chopra]] ]]
[[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg|thumb|100px| [[I. K. Gujral]] ]]
[[File:Karan Kundra at the launch of Zara Nachke Dikha.jpg|thumb|100px| [[Karan Kundra]] ]]
[[File:Sugandha mishra.jpg|thumb|100px| [[Sugandha Mishra]] ]]
[[File:Amrish Puri.jpg|thumb|100px| [[Amrish Puri]] ]]
[[File:Harbhajan Singh bowling.jpg|thumb|100px| [[Harbhajan Singh]] ]]
[[File:Rannvijay Singh (2).jpg|thumb|100px| [[Rannvijay Singh]] ]]
[[File:Fzdfs.jpg|thumb|100px| [[Dharam Singh Uppal]] ]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Occupation
|-
| [[Yash Chopra]] || Producer/Director<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jalandhar/king-khan-salutes-yash-chopra-s-alma-mater/article1-956296.aspx|title=Archived copy|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707202001/http://www.hindustantimes.com/jalandhar/king-khan-salutes-yash-chopra-s-alma-mater/article1-956296.aspx|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anurag Singh (director)]] || Director, Producer, Writer
|-
| [[Diljit Dosanjh]] || Actor, Singer
|-
| [[Dr. Ranbir Singh Kanwar]] || Sugarcane Researcher, Director of Research (Agriculture) PAU, Director of Research Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University<ref>[[Ranbir Singh Kanwar]]</ref>
|-
| [[Vanya Mishra]] || Winner of Miss India Femina 2012
|-
| [[Lawrence Durrell]] || Expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer<ref>{{cite web|title=The Modern Novel|url=http://www.themodernnovel.org/europe/w-europe/england/durrell/|access-date=29 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155826/http://www.themodernnovel.org/europe/w-europe/england/durrell/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sunil Dutt]] || Actor<ref>{{cite news|title=village khurd in jalandhar|url=http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/namrata-remembers-parents-nargis-sunil-dutt/14797|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705055023/http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/namrata-remembers-parents-nargis-sunil-dutt/14797|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kundan Lal Saigal]] || Actor/Singer<ref>{{cite news|title=imdb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0756485/|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225171339/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0756485/|archive-date=25 December 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amrish Puri]] || Actor<ref>{{cite news|title=veethi|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/amrish_puri-profile-366-14.htm|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705031226/http://www.veethi.com/india-people/amrish_puri-profile-366-14.htm|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jazzy B]] || Singer
|-
| [[Sukhwinder Panchhi]] || Singer
|-
| [[Apache Indian]] || Singer
|-
| [[Sarbjit Cheema]] || Singer
|-
| [[Kanth Kaler]] || Singer
|-
| [[Nooran Sisters]] || Singers
|-
| [[Master Saleem]] || Singer
|-
| [[Hans Raj Hans]] || Singer
|-
| [[Jagjit Singh]] || Singer
|-
| [[Bahadur Singh Chouhan|Bahadur Singh]] || Indian former shot putter who won gold medal
|-
| [[General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] || Chief of Army Staff, 4th Chief Martial Law Administrator and the sixth President of Pakistan
|-
| [[Diwan Bhai Abdul Hamid]] || Revenue and Chief Minister of Kapurthala State
|-
| [[Hafeez Jullundhri]] || Writer and poet
|-
| [[Baba Kashmira Singh]] || Head of Sidhant Sant Samaj or Gurbani
|-
| [[Paul Nischal]] || NRI President, first Indian candidate for the British Political Party
|-
| Col. [[Balbir Singh Kular]] || Hockey Player
|-
| [[Varinder Singh Ghuman]] || Bodybuilder, Wrestler and Punjabi Film Actor
|-
| [[Ajit Pal Singh]] || Hockey Player
|-
| [[Surjit Singh]] || Hockey Player
|-
| [[Pargat Singh]] || Hockey Player
|-
| [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] || Former Prime Minister of India
|-
| [[Harbhajan Singh]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Wasim Sajjad]] || Two-time Acting President of Pakistan, Ex-Chairman of Senate
|-
| [[Sheikh Anwarul Haq]] || Former Chief Justice
|-
| [[Mian Mohammed Sharif]] || Surveyor General
|-
| [[Lala Amarnath]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Sushil Kohli]] || Swimmer
|-
| [[Lala Jagat Narain]] || Freedom fighter and founder of Punjab Kesri
|-
| [[Basheer Hussain Najafi]] || One of the six Grand Ayatollahs
|-
| [[Taruwar Kohli]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Sardar Swaran Singh]] || Politician
|-
| [[Udham Singh (field hockey)]] || Hockey Player
|-
| [[Darshan Singh (field hockey)]] || Hockey Player
|-
| [[Salma Mumtaz]] || Actress
|-
| [[Ashwini Kumar Chopra]] || Journalist, Politician (MP-Karnal)
|-
| [[Kartar Singh Duggal]] || Writer
|-
| [[Kulwant Singh Virk]] || Writer
|-
| [[Ishar Singh (poet)]] || Poet
|-
| [[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]] || Freedom fighter and Writer
|-
| [[Prem Parkash]] || Writer
|-
| [[Ajit Saini]] || Writer and Army General
|-
| [[Hasrat]] || Writer
|-
| [[Gurbachan Singh Talib]] || Writer
|-
| [[Gurdial Singh]] || Writer and novelist
|-
| [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]] || Former Prime Minister of Pakistan
|-
| [[Swami Shraddhanand]] || Indian educationist and an Arya Samaj missionary
|-
| [[Wazir Ali]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[R. Paul Dhillon]] || Indo-Canadian journalist
|-
| [[Arun Shourie]] || Politician, author, and journalist
|-
| [[Amanjot Singh]] || Social Worker
|-
| [[Agha Sadiq]] || Writer and poet
|-
| [[Fateh Ali Khan (Qawwali singer)|Fateh Ali Khan]] || Singer. Father of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
|-
| [[Dharam Singh Uppal]] || Athlete
|-
| [[Balbir Singh Sr.]] || Hockey Player
|-
| [[Mandeep Singh]] || Cricketer
|-
| [[Vimi]] || Actress
|-
| [[Ranvir Shorey]] || Actor
|-
| [[Sugandha Mishra]] || Singer, Anchor, Comedian
|-
| [[Nalini Priyadarshni]] || Poet, Writer
|-
|[[Vijay Sampla]] || State Minister in Union Govt
|-
|[[Bhagat Chunni Lal]] ||Minister in Punjab Govt
|-
|[[Ram Kapoor]] || Indian Actor
|-
| Sardar [[Buta Singh]] || Ex-[[Home Minister of India]]
|-
| [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir Singh]] || Punjabi Musician, Singer
|-
|[[Amarjit Kaypee]] || Former highest run scorer in Ranji Trophy (Cricket)
|-
|[[Akshaye Khanna]] || Indian Actor
|-
|[[Surbhi Jyoti]]
|Indian Actress
|-
|[[Jyotica Tangri]] || [[Playback singer]], appeared in several reality TV shows
|-
|[[Lord Wilberforce]]
|British Judge
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Jalandhar}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Jalandhar}}
* {{Official website|http://jalandhar.nic.in}}

{{Jalandhar district}}
{{Punjab (Indian state)|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jalandhar| ]]
[[Category: Cities and towns in Jalandhar district]]
[[Category: Municipal corporations in Punjab, India]]
[[Category: Former capital cities in India]]

Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan

2021-05-27T18:17:17Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{infobox music festival | music_festival_name = Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan | image = Hariballav.jpg | caption= | location = Jallandhar, India | years_active = 1875-..."

{{infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan
| image = Hariballav.jpg
| caption=
| location = [[Jallandhar]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1875-Present
| founders = Baba Harballabh
| dates = December 27th to 30th
| website =[http://www.harballabh.org www.harballabh.org]
|
}}
'''Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan''' is the oldest festival of Hindustani Classical Music in the world, which is celebrated every year at the sacred seat of music, the samadhi of [[Baba Harballabh]] – a saint and an exponent of Hindustani Classical Music.
The first Sammelan was held in 1875 at the Sidh Peeth-Shri Devi Talab, in [[Jalandhar]]. Since then it has been held every year.<ref>[http://harballabh.org/] Harballabh site</ref>

==History==
The Sangeet Sammelan which has grown from strength to strength in the last 131 years has been attracting audiences and artists from all across the country and abroad. This festival was declared as one of the National Festivals by the Department of Tourism, [[Govt. of India]]. All prominent artists of Hindustani Classical Music from [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] have come and performed at the Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan at one time or the other during the last 130 years. Father of the Nation, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] accompanied by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]] visited Baba Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan in the year 1919. Union Ministers, Governors, State Chief Ministers, State Ministers and other VIPs have been visiting to pay their reverence at this festival of music. The festival attracts thousands of music lovers from all over the India and abroad every year. This number is increasing year after year.

In 1956 a Sangeet Academy was constructed under the banner of Swami Hariballabh. While we hear Swami Hariballabh it seems clear that “The key to the mystery of a great artist is that for reasons unknown, he will give away his energies and his life just to make sure that one note follows another... and leaves us with the feeling that something is right in the world.”

==The festival==
The main aim of the festival was to attract and encourage more and more people for the development of classical Music. There is also a proper syllabus for the pursuers of Music and there is a shrine at the banks of the river with the name Devi Talab. There is a Shiva lingam in the temple nearby and one adores the exquisite phallic image of Lord [[Shiva]]. On the day of the fair there is also free lodging and accommodation.

==Venue==
It is held near the Samadhi of Saint Harballabh, from the 27th to 30 December. During this time reputed musicians from all over India gather in Jalandhar to celebrate Indian Classical Music.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[List of Indian classical music festivals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.harballabh.org www.harballabh.org]

{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}

[[Category:Hindustani classical music festivals]]
[[Category:Music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 1875]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in British India]]

Susmit Sen

2021-05-27T18:17:01Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Susmit Sen | image = Susmit io...."

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Susmit Sen
| image = Susmit io.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| origin = Delhi, [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[fusion music|Fusion rock]]
| occupation = Guitarist, singer
| instrument = Guitar
| years_active =1990–present
| label =
| associated_acts = Susmit Sen Chronicles (2012-present) [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]] (1990-2013)
| website = {{URL|http://susmitsenmusic.com}}
}}

'''Susmit Sen''' is an Indian guitarist formerly part of [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], an Indian [[fusion music|fusion rock]] band, which he co-founded with lead vocalist [[Asheem Chakravarty]] in 1990. Sen released his first solo album, ''Depths of the Ocean'' in 2011, in the following year, he also started touring with his separate band, ''The Susmit Sen Chronicles'', and eventually left Indian Ocean in 2013 to pursue a solo career.
<ref>{{cite web | title = I'm not leaving due to ego clashes: Susmit Sen | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Im-not-leaving-due-to-ego-clashes-Susmit-Sen/articleshow/20573741.cms
|author=Z|date= 14 June 2013|accessdate = 2014-11-17 | work = The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Susmit Sen's first guitar was one bought by his father for his elder brother in Mumbai. He had been influenced by his brother's ability to attract attention by playing the guitar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=20535#.UUGXvhxYJmU |title=Susmit Sen: From the Ruins |publisher=Allaboutjazz.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-15}}</ref>

He did his schooling from [[St. Xavier's School, Delhi]] in 1981, and graduation from [[Hansraj College]].

==Career==
[[File:Indian Ocean by Rangilo Gujarati.jpg|thumb|190px|right|Sen performing with Indian Ocean in Pune]]
A self-taught musician, Sen started the band, ''Indian Ocean'', with Late Asheem Chakravarty in 1990. They were joined by [[Rahul Ram]] in 1991, and in 1991 by multi-instrumentalist [[Amit Kilam]] completing the quartet. Using Indian rhythms, melodies and folk music influences the band created a unique sound and soon achieved success; in following decades produced five studio albums, and a live album, ''Desert Rain''. Besides this a concert DVD, ''Indian Ocean Live In Concert'' of their two-hour live concert at the [[Garden of Five Senses]] in Delhi was released in 2008. ''[[Leaving Home – the Life & Music of Indian Ocean]]'' (2010) directed by [[Jaideep Varma]], it became the first band ever in India to be subject of a documentary.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ocean in concert |work= The Hindu| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ocean-in-concert/article1435068.ece | accessdate = 2014-11-20 }}</ref><ref name=ndtv/> At the [[58th National Film Awards]], the documentary went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film]].<ref name="58thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm58NFAAward.aspx|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=29 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414003922/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm58NFAAward.aspx|archive-date=14 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="58thawarddff">{{cite web|title=58th National Film Awards, 2010|url=http://dff.nic.in/Press%20Release%20-%2058th%20National%20Film%20Awards%20Winners%202010.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref>

Founder member, Chakrvarty died suddenly in 2009, due to heart attack.<ref name=ndtv/> Sen released his first solo debut album ''Depths of the Ocean'' in 2011, an album which had been in the making for the last ten years. Featuring collaboration with Shubha Mudgal, Nitin Malik, Papon, and Asheem Chakravarty.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-09/news-and-interviews/30491039_1_susmit-sen-asheem-chakravarty-musicians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014210355/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-09/news-and-interviews/30491039_1_susmit-sen-asheem-chakravarty-musicians |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-14 |title=Indian Ocean's Susmit Sen goes solo |date=2011-12-09 |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2013-10-15}}</ref> In 2012, he started touring with a new setup of artistes, called ''The Susmit Sen Chronicles'', which included drummer Nikhil Vasudevan, bassist Anirban Ghosh, tabla player Varun Gupta and vocalists Amit Sharma and [[Sudhir Rikhari]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Indian-Ocean-is-also-my-own-Susmit-Sen/Article1-910862.aspx |title=Indian Ocean is also my own: Susmit Sen |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2012-08-09 |access-date=2013-10-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014074955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Indian-Ocean-is-also-my-own-Susmit-Sen/Article1-910862.aspx |archive-date=14 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=stone/> Thereafter Sen left Indian Ocean in June 2013, to pursue his solo career.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite web | title = Indian Ocean co-founder Susmit Sen quits band |work= NDTV | url = http://movies.ndtv.com/music/indian-ocean-co-founder-susmit-sen-quits-band-612287 |date=12 June 2013| accessdate = 2014-11-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Indian Ocean guitarist Susmit Sen quits band - Rediff.com movies | url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/indian-ocean-guitarist-susmit-sen-quits-band/20130612.htm |date=12 June 2013|accessdate = 2014-11-17 }}</ref> However, he joined the Indian Ocean for a farewell tour in end 2013, thereafter he was replaced by guitarist Nikhil Rao.<ref>{{cite web | title = Susmit Sen Quits Indian Ocean - Rolling Stone India | work=Rolling Stone India| url = http://rollingstoneindia.com/susmit-sen-quits-indian-ocean/ | accessdate = 2014-11-20 }}</ref>

Early, 2014 saw the release of an eponymously titled coffee table photography book on the group's history.<ref>{{cite web | title = New Book On Indian Ocean Hits The Stands - Rolling Stone India |work= Rolling Stone India| url = http://rollingstoneindia.com/new-book-indian-ocean-hits-stands/ |date=26 December 2013| accessdate = 2014-11-20 }}</ref> As a tribute, the Dehradun Guitar Company has created the SS Series of Guitars named after Susmit Sen.<ref>[http://dehradunguitars.com/steel-string/ Dehradun Guitar Company, the Super Sustain guitar named after Susmit Sen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429055921/http://dehradunguitars.com/steel-string/ |date=29 April 2013 }}</ref> He started work on his second solo-album in October 2013 and completed it in following March. In July 2014, the album ''Ocean to Ocean''<ref>{{cite web|title='Ocean to Ocean' album|url=https://songdew.com/musicpremiere/songdew/ocean-to-ocean/86|publisher=Songdew|accessdate=10 July 2014}}</ref> was released, which also featured a collaborative track with [[Bernie Marsden]], the former Whitesnake guitarist.<ref name=stone>{{cite web | title = Guitarist Susmit Sen Ready To Launch His Second Solo Album |work= Rolling Stone India | url = http://rollingstoneindia.com/guitarist-susmit-sen-ready-launch-second-solo-album/ |date=24 July 2014| accessdate = 2014-11-17 }}</ref> Later in the year he released his memoir, ''Ocean to Ocean: A Memoir'' co-written with Sehba Imam.<ref>{{cite web | title = Susmit Sen's discordant chronicles |work= Business Standard| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/susmit-sen-s-discordant-chronicles-114100901040_1.html |date=11 October 2014| accessdate = 2014-11-17 | first = Geetanjali | last = Krishna }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Susmit Sen's memoir 'Ocean to Ocean' resonates with the most exciting phase of Indian rock |work=CNN-IBN | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/susmit-sens-memoir-ocean-to-ocean-resonates-with-the-most-exciting-phase-of-indian-rock/505738-40-101.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016023025/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/susmit-sens-memoir-ocean-to-ocean-resonates-with-the-most-exciting-phase-of-indian-rock/505738-40-101.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 16 October 2014|date= 13 Oct 2014 | accessdate = 2014-11-17 }}</ref> In its 2014 listing of "25 Greatest Indian Rock Songs of the last 25 Years", "[[Rolling Stone]] India" featured two songs, ''Ma Rewa'' and ''Kandisa'' from the album, ''[[Kandisa (album)|Kandisa]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite web | title = The Search for Rolling Stone India's 25 Greatest Indian Rock Songs of the last 25 Years |work= Rolling Stone India | url = http://rollingstoneindia.com/rs-polls-top-twenty-five-indian-songs/ |date=8 October 2014| accessdate = 2014-11-20 }}</ref>

==Discography==

===Indian Ocean===
*''[[Indian Ocean (Album)|Indian Ocean]]'' (1993)
*''[[Desert Rain]]'' (1997)
*''[[Kandisa (Album)|Kandisa]]'' (2000)
*''[[Jhini]]'' (2004)
*''[[Black Friday (Indian Ocean album)|Black Friday]]'' (2005)
*''[[16/330 Khajoor Road]]'' (2010)
* Footballwaaliyan (2019)

===Susmit Sen Chronicles===
* ''Depths of the Ocean'' (2011)
* ''Ocean to Ocean'' (2014)

==Filmography==
* ''Swaraj: The Little Republic'' (2003)
* ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004) <ref>{{IMDb name|2342911|Indian Ocean}}</ref>
* ''[[Peepli Live]]'' (2010)
*Footballwaaliyan (2019)

==Works==
* ''Ocean to Ocean: A Memoir'' (with Sehba Imam), HarperCollins, 2014. {{ISBN|9351362019}}.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Indian Ocean: A Photographic Journey'', Vineet Sharma. Parragon Publishing, 2014. {{ISBN|147230750X}}.

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://susmitsenmusic.com}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Susmit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Acoustic guitarists]]
[[Category:Indian rock guitarists]]
[[Category:University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mridangam

2021-05-27T18:16:41Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Short description|percussion instrument}}{{About|the wooden double-headed drum of southern India|the clay double-headed drum of eastern India|khol}} {{More citations needed|..."

{{Short description|percussion instrument}}{{About|the wooden double-headed drum of southern India|the clay double-headed drum of eastern India|khol}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox instrument
|name=Mridangam/Tannumai
|names=
|image=Wiki-mridangam.jpg
|image_capt=
|background=percussion
|hornbostel_sachs=
|hornbostel_sachs_desc=
|range=
|related=
*[[Mardala]], [[pakhawaj]], [[khol]], [[tabla]], [[kendang]]
*ghatam, kanjira (accompanying instruments)
|musicians=
*'''Legacy:''' [[Palghat Mani Iyer]], [[Palani Subramaniam Pillai]], [[Ramanathapuram C S Murugabhoopathy]], [[Palghat R. Raghu]], [[Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair]], [[Vellore G. Ramabhadran]]
*'''Current:''' [[T. K. Murthy]], [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]], [[T S Nandakumar]], [[Karaikudi Mani]], [[Trichy Sankaran]], [[Guruvayur Dorai]], [[Dandamudi Sumathi Ram Mohan Rao]], [[Patri Satish Kumar]]
|articles= [[Carnatic music]]
}}
The '''mridangam''' is a [[percussion instrument]] of ancient origin. It is the primary rhythmic accompaniment in a [[Carnatic music]] ensemble. A related instrument is the [[Kendang]], played in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].

During a percussion ensemble, the mridangam is often accompanied by the [[ghatam]], [[kanjira]], and [[morsing]].

==Etymology==
The word "Mridangam" is formulated by the union ([[sandhi]]) of the two [[Sanskrit]] words ''mŗt'' (clay or earth) and ''anga'' (limb), as the earliest versions of the instrument were made of hardened clay.

== Legend ==
In ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sculpture, painting, and mythology, the mridangam is often depicted as the instrument of choice for a number of deities including [[Ganesha]] (the remover of obstacles) and [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], who is the vehicle and follower of [[Shiva]]. Nandi is said to have played the mridangam during Shiva's primordial ''[[tandava]]'' dance, causing a divine rhythm to resound across the heavens. The mridangam is thus also known as "deva vaadyam," or "Divine Instrument".{{citation needed|reason=no citation for this legend|date=February 2018}}

==History==
Over the years, the mridangam evolved to be made of different kinds of wood due to its increased durability, and today, its body is constructed from wood of the [[jackfruit]] tree. It is widely believed that the [[tabla]], the mridangam's [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] musical counterpart, was first constructed by splitting a mridangam in half. With the development of the mridangam came the [[Tala (music)|tala]] (rhythm) system.

Mridangam has a large role in [[Newa music]]. One of the earliest [[Nepal Bhasa]] manuscripts on music is a treatise on this instrument called Mridanga anukaranam.<ref>Book: Nepalbhasa sahitya ya itihaas, Author: Prof. Premshanti Tuladhar, Publication: Nepalbhasa Academy, {{ISBN|978-99933-56-00-4}}</ref> The importance of a beating has changed over the years. In the old days, percussionists only used to accompany the lead player like the vocalist but this time their development is not restricted to accompaniment only but also to play one instrument shows.

===Tamil culture===
{{Further|Ancient Tamil music}}
In Tamil culture, it is called a ''tannumai.''<ref>{{cite book|last=Cuntaram |first=Pi. Em. |last2=Kalākēndra |first2=T.|title=Great layavadyakaaraas of Karnatak music |year=2010|publisher=Percussive Art Centre }}</ref> The earliest mention of the mridangam in Tamil literature is found perhaps in the Sangam literature where the instrument is known as 'tannumai'. In later works like the Silappadikaram also we find detailed references to it as in the [[Natyasastra]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Kalakshetra |volume=8 |page=49 |url=}}</ref> During the [[Sangam period]], it was one of the principal percussion instruments to sound the beginning of war along with murasu , ''tudi'' and ''parai'' because it was believed that its holy sound will deflect enemy arrows and protect the King.<ref>{{cite book|title=Surabhi: Sreekrishna Sarma felicitation|year=1983|publisher=Prof. E.R. Sreekrishna Sarma Felicitation Committee|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acgNAAAAIAAJ&q=%22battle+was+started,+for+it+was+believed+that+their+holy%22}}</ref> During the post-Sangam period, as mentioned in the epic [[Silappadikaram]] , it formed a part of the ''antarakoṭṭu ''<ref>{{cite web|last=T.S. Parthasarathy|title=BHARATANATYAM IN HISTORY|url=http://www.carnatica.net/special/bharatanatyam-history-tsp.htm|work=Carnatica.net|access-date=26 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ, Daniélou A.|title=Shilappadikaram: (The Ankle Bracelet)|year=1965|publisher=New Directions Publishing|isbn=0811200019|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC&q=Antarakkottu&pg=PA14}}</ref> - a musical ensemble at the beginning of dramatic performances that would later develop into [[Bharathanatyam]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Viswanathan|first=Lakshmi|title=Bharatanatyam, the Tamil heritage|year=1984|publisher=Sri Kala Chakra Trust|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60XkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22This+was+followed+by+an+instrumental+chorus+called+the%22}}</ref> The player of this instrument held the title ''tannumai aruntozhil mutalvan ''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Studies, Volume 3|year=1983|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Historical Studies|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiDjAAAAMAAJ&q=Tannumai}}</ref>

==Construction==
[[File:A_Miruthangam.JPG|alt=|left|thumb|296x296px|Mrudangam]]
The mridangam is a double-sided drum whose body is usually made using a hollowed piece of jackfruit wood about an inch thick. The two mouths or apertures of the drum are covered with a goatskin and laced to each other with leather straps around the circumference of the drum. These straps are put into a state of high tension to stretch out the circular membranes on either side of the hull, allowing them to resonate when struck. These two membranes are dissimilar in width to allow for the production of both [[bass (sound)|bass]] and [[clef|treble]] sounds from the same drum.

The bass aperture is known as the ''thoppi'' or ''eda bhaaga'' and the smaller aperture is known as the ''valanthalai'' or ''bala bhaaga''. The smaller membrane, when struck, produces higher pitched sounds with a metallic timbre. The wider aperture produces lower pitched sounds. The goat skin covering the smaller aperture is anointed in the center with a black disk made of rice flour, ferric oxide powder and starch. This black [[Syahi|tuning paste]] is known as the ''satham'' or ''karanai'' and gives the mridangam its distinct metallic timbre.

The combination of two inhomogeneous circular membranes allows for the production of unique and distinct harmonics. Pioneering work on the mathematics of these harmonics was done by Nobel Prize-winning physicist [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman|C. V. Raman]].<ref>Raman and Kumar 1920, Musical drums with harmonic overtones. Nature (London) 104 500, 453-454</ref><ref>Raman 1935, The Indian musical drums. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. A1 179–188</ref>

==Methods of use==
Immediately prior to use in a performance, the leather covering the wider aperture is made moist and a spot of paste made from semolina (rawa) and water is applied to the center, which lowers the pitch of the left membrane and gives it a very powerful resonating bass sound. Nowadays, rubber gum is also used to loosen the membrane helping in creating the bass sound, and its advantage is that unlike semolina, it will not stick on hands. The artist tunes the instrument by varying the tension in the leather straps spanning the hull of the instrument. This is achieved by placing the mridangam upright with its larger side facing down, and then striking the tension-bearing straps located along of circumference of the right membrane with a heavy object (such as a stone). A wooden peg is sometimes placed between the stone and the mridangam during the tuning procedure to ensure that the force is exerted at precisely the point where it is needed. Striking the periphery of the right membrane in the direction toward the hull raises the pitch, while striking the periphery from the opposite side (away from the hull) lowers the pitch. The pitch must be uniform and balanced at all points along the circumference of the valanthalai for the sound to resonate perfectly. The pitch can be balanced with the aid of a [[pitch pipe]] or a [[Tanpura|tambura]]. The larger membrane can also be tuned in a similar manner, though it is not done as frequently. Note that since the leather straps are interwoven between both the smaller and larger aperture, adjusting the tension on one side often can affect the tension on the other.

==Posture==
[[File:Mridangam carving from Trmple in Bihar मृदुंग.jpg|thumb|Position of a Mridangam player carving from a Temple in Bihar]]
The mridangam is played resting it almost parallel to the floor. A right-handed mridangam artist plays the smaller [[diaphragm (acoustics)|membrane]] with their right hand and the larger membrane with the left hand.

The mridangam rests above the right ankle (but not on it), the right leg being slightly extended, while the left leg is bent and rests against the hull of the drum and against the torso of the artist. It is extremely important that the two sides of the hips are level, to prevent a habitual lateral pelvic tilt. For a left-handed percussionist, the legs and hands are switched.

It is not uncommon for artists to use stands for the miruthangam so the body is not loaded in an asymmetrical position.

There have recently been reports of gradually altered gait and in balance in those that play the mridangam for long periods of time whilst sitting in asymmetrical positions. This may be due to the asymmetrical arrangement of the two sides of the body, which may cause asymmetrically tight muscles on one side of the body.

Issues caused by asymmetrical limb position include scoliosis, uneven shoulders, and lateral pelvic tilt at the hip, which may transfer issues to other issues further down the limb, as well as to the core of the body. It is not known how prevalent the issues are and some artists do not agree to experiencing any symptoms, although this may relate to the stigma associated with disability.
Research has yet to be done on the association to physical impairments when the drum is played without a stand.

Musicians should also watch out for uneven shoulder positions when playing the drum, which may not be avoidable. It is recommended that the musician sits completely straight, with hips, spine and shoulders completely even. Wooden stands may help alleviate issues with scoliosis, uneven shoulders, hips and its associated issues at the knee and ankles. The impacts can result in difficulty in walking and running efficiently. It is not known whether all round strength training or playing the drum with the contralateral side of the body may prevent or alleviate these problems. Therefore, it is strongly advised to notify minors and their parents of issues associated with the drum so that they can make informed decisions on whether to play the drum. When played without adequate care to posture, the miruthangam has the potential to have lifelong effects on one's physical health, including uneven hips, shoulders and scoliosis. Regular stretching, weight training, and sports are advisable but may not prevent impairments.

Western physiotherapists may struggle to comprehend the issues faced because they are unfamiliar with the nature of the drum. Even when the issues are well understood, it is not known whether changes to the body can be reversed. These conditions are very uncommon and with proper exercise the problems can be avoided.

Research on the miruthangam and postural issues are yet to be done.

==Strokes==
Basic strokes on the mridangam:

*'''Tha''': Non-vibrating tone played on the left-hand side with the whole palm / Non-vibrating tone played on the right-hand side with 3 fingers.
*'''Dhi''': Non-vibrating tone played on the center black portion of the right-hand side using middle, ring, and small fingers.
*'''Thom''': Vibrating tone played on the outer side of the left-hand side.
*'''Nam''': Vibrating tone played on the outer layer of the right-hand side using the index finger, minimizing the black portion vibration with middle or ring finger- place the third finger in the gap in-ring and the second finger hits the outer layer of the right-hand side of the Mrudangam (called 'Saatham').

There is also a parallel set of rhythmic solfa passages (known as "solkattu") which is sounded by mouth to mimic the sounds of the mridangam. Students of this art are required to learn and vigorously practice both the fingering strokes and solfa passages to achieve proficiency and accuracy in this art.

Advanced strokes:

Many other strokes are also taught as the training becomes more advanced, which are generally used as aesthetic embellishments while playing. These notes include gumki (or gamakam), and chaapu. The combination of these finger strokes produces complex mathematical patterns that have both aesthetic and theoretical appeal. Increasingly complex calculations (kanakku) and metres (nadais) may be employed when the mridangam is played.

*'''Ta''': A sharp flat note played with the index finger in the middle of the black portion on the right side of the mridangam.
*'''Gumukki''': A variating bass tone produced by playing on the inner layer of the lower end of the left-hand side. Sound is produced only when there is a special applied paste.
*'''Full Chapu''': It is a vibrating tone played with the small finger on the right-hand side, between the black patch and the outer layer. The sound is tuned to the tonic of the tambura.
*'''Ara Chapu''': A note similar to Chapu, but is an octave higher, and is played with the side of the hand and less of the pinky.
*'''Dheem''': A vibrational tone version of nam played on the black portion of the mridangam.

Classically, training is by dharmic apprenticeship and includes both the yoga of drum construction and an emphasis on the internal discipline of voicing mridangam tone and rhythm both syllabically and linguistically, in accordance with Rigveda, more than on mere performance.

Types of Talam, each with specific angas and aksharas:
*Dhruva thaalam
*Matya talam
*Rupaka talam
*Jhampa talam
*Ata talam
*Eka talam
*Triputa talam

==Modern usage==

Today the mridangam is most widely used in Carnatic music performances. These performances take place all over Southern India and are now popular all over the world. As the principal rhythmic accompaniment (''pakkavadyam''), the mridangam has a place of utmost importance, ensuring all of the other artists are keeping their timing in check while providing support to the main artist. One of the highlights of a modern Carnatic music concert is the percussion solo (''thani avarthanam''), where the mridangam artist and other percussionists such as kanjira, morsing, and ghatam vidwans exchange various complex rhythmic patterns, culminating in a grand finale where the main artist resumes where he or she left off.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Mridangam is used as an accompanying instrument in [[Yakshagana]] Himmela (orchestra) where it is called the [[maddale]]. However, the mridangam used in Yakshagana is markedly different in structure and acoustics from the ones used in Carnatic music.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Significant players of the mridangam in modern times are [[T. K. Murthy]], [[Dandamudi Ram Mohan Rao]], [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]], [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]], [[Vellore G. Ramabhadran]], [[T S Nandakumar]], [[Karaikudi Mani]], [[Trichy Sankaran]], [[Mannargudi Easwaran]], [[Yella Venkateswara Rao]],<ref>[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2000–2009)|Padma Shri Awards (2000–09)]]{{Circular reference|date=December 2018}}</ref> and [[Thiruvarur Bakthavathsalam]], who have been playing and advancing the technique for decades.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Mridangamela==
[[File:Mridangamela.jpg|thumb|right|Mridangamela at Koodalmanikyam Temple, Irinjalakuda]]
Mridangamela is a synchronized performance of mridangam by a group of artists. The concept of Mridangamela was developed by Korambu Subrahmanian Namboodiri and is currently propagated by Korambu Vikraman Namboodiri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mridangam-concert-at-christ-nagar-school-384267.html |title="Mridangam concert at Christ Nagar School", ''IBNLive.com'' |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205849/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mridangam-concert-at-christ-nagar-school-384267.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mridangamela is designed to be easily performed and managed even when performed by a group of children. It is common that the age of artists can range from 3 years to above. Most Mridangamelas are performed by children soon after their initiation to learning mridangam. A teaching method developed to train for Mridangamela made this easy to be taught and contributed to its popularity.<ref>(2009). "[http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/feb/21/spectacular-mridangamela-27499.html Spectacular Mridangamela]", ''NewIndianExpress.com''.</ref> In [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]], [[Irinjalakuda]], it is a tradition that Mridangamela is held by children of the age group 3 years and above, as soon as the Utsavam is flagged off.<ref>(2015). "[http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/3564723-local_news-Thrissur-%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F.html Irinjalakuda]", ''Mathrubhumi.com'' {{in lang|ml}}.</ref> This is performed as an offering to Lord Bharata, who is the deity of Koodalmanikyam Temple.<ref>(2015). {{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/101-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF--1.208701?pq=1.37565 |title="Irinjalakuda", ''Mathrubhumi.com'' |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091740/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/101-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF--1.208701?pq=1.37565 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |language=ml}}</ref> In 2014, Mridangamela by 75 children was performed at Chembai Sangeetholsavam, which is the annual Carnatic music festival held in Guruvayur by the Guruvayur Devaswom. Mridangamela had been performed at [[Chembai Sangeetholsavam]] for the past 35 years orchestrated by Korambu Mridanga Kalari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chandrikadaily.com/contentspage.aspx?id=114207 |title=താളവിസ്മയം തീര്‍ത്ത് ചെമ്പൈയില്‍ കുരുന്നുകളുടെ മൃദംഗമേള |language=ml |trans-title=Rhythm is the melody of the children in Chembai |date=November 27, 2014 |access-date=2015-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202229/http://www.chandrikadaily.com/contentspage.aspx?id=114207 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Players==
Over the years and especially during the early 20th century, great maestros of mridangam also arose, inevitably defining "schools" of mridangam with distinct playing styles. Examples include the Puddukottai school and the Thanjavur school. The virtuosos [[Palani Subramaniam Pillai]], [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] and [[C.S. Murugabhupathy]] contributed so much to the art that they are often referred to as the Mridangam Trinity.

===Past players===
{{columns-list|
* [[Pudukkottai Dakshinamurthy Pillai]]
* [[Palghat Mani Iyer]]
* [[Palani Subramaniam Pillai]]
* [[Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy]]
* [[Palghat R. Raghu]]
* [[Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair]]
* [[Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair]]
* [[Kumbakonam M Rajappa Iyer]]
* [[Dandamudi Ram Mohan Rao]]
}}

===Current players===
* [[T. K. Murthy]]
* [[Umayalpuram K Sivaraman]]
* [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]]
* [[Trichy Sankaran]]
* [[Guruvayur Dorai]]
* [[Karaikudi Mani]]
* [[T S Nandakumar]]
* [[Yella Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[Mannargudi Easwaran]]
* [[Thiruvarur Bakthavathsalam]]
* [[A. V. Anand]]
* [[Dandamudi Sumathi Ram Mohan Rao]]
* [[Srimushnam V. Raja Rao]]
* [[Patri Satish Kumar]]
* [[Anoor Anantha Krishna Sharma]]
* [[Trichur C. Narendran]]
* [[Tiruvarur Vaidyanathan]]
* [[Erickavu N. Sunil]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Khol]]
*[[Thavil]]
*[[Karatalas]]
*[[Trống cơm]]- a similar Vietnamese instrument

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://rupkatha.com/V7/n3/17_carnatic-music-south-india.pdf Rhythmic Syllables article by Mannarkoil J Balaji]
* [http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2661 Rhythmic Descent in Karnatic Music by Mannarkoil J Balaji]

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Hand drums]]
[[Category:Battle drums]]
[[Category:Pitched percussion]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]

M. Balamuralikrishna

2021-05-27T18:16:17Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna | image = M. Balamuralikrishna 01.jpg | image_size =..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna
| image = M. Balamuralikrishna 01.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Balamuralikrishna at Rajarani Music Festival, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| birth_name = Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna
| website = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1930|7|6}}
| birth_place = [[Sankaraguptam]], [[East Godavari District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now part of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2016|11|22|1930|7|6}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = [[Viola]] [[Mridangam]] [[Kanjira]]
| years_active = 1938–2016
| label = [[Lahari Music]], Sangeetha, PM Audios & Entertainments, [[Aditya Music]]
| associated_acts =
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] 1991
}}
'''Dr. Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna''' (6 July 1930 – 22 November 2016) was an Indian [[Carnatic Music|Carnatic vocalist]], musician, multi-instrumentalist, playback singer, composer, and character actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Carnatic-musician-Balamuralikrishna-passes-away/article16675506.ece|title=Carnatic musician Balamuralikrishna passes away|work=The Hindu|date=22 November 2016|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Velcheti |date=2 February 2012 |title=Master holds in hypnotic spell |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2853125.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=18 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208024928/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2853125.ece |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Madras Music Academy]]'s [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] in 1978. He has garnered two [[National Film Awards]] (1976, 1987), the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1975, the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian honor in 1991, for his contribution towards arts, the Mahatma Gandhi Silver Medal from [[UNESCO]] in 1995, the [[Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] by the French Government in 2005, the [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] by [[Madras Music Academy]], and the [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]] in 1991, by ''the Fine Arts Society'', Chennai to name a few.<ref name="hindu2005">{{cite news |date=3 May 2005 |title=French honour for Balamuralikrishna |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/03/stories/2005050312101300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506050512/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/03/stories/2005050312101300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

Balamuralikrishna started his career at the age of six. In his life-time, he gave over 25,000 concerts worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2005 |title=Balamuralikrishna deserves Bharat Ratna: Jayalalithaa |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/26/stories/2005072617030500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050727232556/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/26/stories/2005072617030500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> Apart from [[Pandit]] [[Bhimsen Joshi]], he presented [[jugalbandi]] concerts (duets) with Pandit [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], [[Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty]] and [[Kishori Amonkar]], among others. He is also known for popularizing the compositions of [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu|Sri Bhadrachala Ramadasu]], [[Annamacharya|Sri Annamacharya]], and others.

Balamuralikrishna's concerts combined sophisticated vocal skills and rhythmic patterns of [[classical music]] with the popular demand for entertainment value. Balamuralikrishna presented concerts in many countries, including the US, Canada, UK, Italy, France, Russia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, countries in the Middle East, and elsewhere. Apart from his native tongue, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], he has also composed in other languages including [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Carnatic-musician-Balamuralikrishna-passes-away/article16675506.ece|title=Carnatic musician Balamuralikrishna passes away|first=B|last=Kolappan}}</ref>

He appeared as a featured soloist with an award-winning British choir, performing the "[[Gitanjali]] Suite" with words from [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Nobel Prize]]-winning poetry and music by "Dr. Joel", the noted UK-based Goan composer. His clear diction in several languages prompted an invitation to record Tagore's entire [[Rabindra Sangeet]] compositions in Bengali, preserving them for posterity. He had sung in French, and even ventured into [[jazz fusion]], collaborating with the top Carnatic percussion teacher, Sri T.H. Subash Chandran, in a concert for Malaysian royalty.

==Early life==
[[File:M. Balamuralikrishna 02.jpg|thumb|M. Balamuralikrishna during Rajarani Music Festival at Bhubaneswar on 19 January 2013]]
Balamuralikrishna was born in [[Sankaraguptam]], [[East Godavari District]], [[Madras Presidency]] (now a part of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state).<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2003 |title=Mangalampalli can't wait to come home |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/03/01/stories/2003030108610300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050120002053/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/03/01/stories/2003030108610300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> His father was a well known musician and his mother was a veena player. Balamuralikrishna's mother died when he was an infant and he was raised by his father. Observing his interest in music, his father put him under the tutelage of [[Parupalli Ramakrishnayya Pantulu]], a direct descendant of the ''shishya parampara'' (lineage of disciples) of [[Tyagaraja]].<ref name=music-for-rains>{{cite news |date=26 July 2012 |title=Music for rains |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/music-for-rains/article3686423.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> Under his guidance, the young Balamuralikrishna learned [[Carnatic music]]. At the age of eight, he gave his first full-fledged concert at a Thyagaraja Aradhana in [[Vijayawada]]. Musunuri Suryanarayana Murty Bhagavatar, a [[Harikatha]] performer, saw the musical talent in him and gave the prefix "Bala" (''lit. child'') to the young Balamuralikrishna.<ref name=srutibalamurali>{{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=BM |date=26 October 2011 |title=A prodigy and a genius |url=https://www.dhvaniohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/1-BMK-cover-story.pdf |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724161740/https://www.dhvaniohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/1-BMK-cover-story.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Prior to this, his name was Muralikrishna; following Bhagavatar's addition of the prefix, he began to be known as Balamuralikrishna.)

Having begun his musical career at a very young age, by age fifteen he had mastered all the 72 melakartha ragas and had composed krithis in each of them. His Janaka Raga Manjari was published in 1952 and recorded as Raagaanga Ravali in a nine-volume series by the Sangeeta Recording Company.<ref name=colossus>{{cite news |last=Subramaniam |first=Garimella |date=6 July 2004 |title=A musical colossus |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070603272000.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130614/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070603272000.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Not merely content with his fame as a Carnatic vocalist, he also played the [[kanjira]], [[mridangam]], viola, and violin.<ref>{{Citation|title=DR.M.BALAMURALIKRISHNA - VIOLA|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBTiuny1dIg|language=en|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Dr.M.Balamuralikrishna (Viola, Mridangam and Kanjira) 1/2|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-Grz1s9tps|language=en|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Dr.M.Balamuralikrishna (Viola, Mridangam and Kanjira) 2/2|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLtREI1DwME|language=en|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> He accompanied various musicians on the violin. He also presented solo viola concerts. He was the person who introduced viola to classical Indian music. <ref>{{Citation|title=Vidwan Dr M Balamurali Krishna Viola concert|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHodSgXdV6Q|language=en|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Brōvabhārama - Bahudāri - Tyāgarāja : A rare concert of Viola & Harmonium - BMK & Arunachalappa|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LiOg23IUDA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref>

==Experimentation==
[[File:Balamurali-close-up.jpg|170px|thumb|Balamuralikrishna performs in 2005]]
Characteristic of Balamuralikrishna's musical journey have been his non-conformism, spirit of experimentation, and boundless creativity. Balamuralikrishna has experimented with the Carnatic music system by keeping its rich tradition untouched. Ragas such as ''Ganapathi, Sarvashri, Mahati, Lavangi'' etc. are credited to him. The ragas which he invented represent his quest for new frontiers. Ragas such as ''Lavangi'' are set to three or four notes in ascending and descending scale.<ref name=colossus/> Ragas such as ''Mahathi, Lavangi, Sidhdhi, Sumukham'' that he created have only four notes; while his other ragaa creations such as ''Sarva Sri, Omkaari,'' and ''Ganapathy'' have only three notes.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/carnatic-singer-m-balamurali-krishna-passes-away-3119230.html|title=Carnatic singer M Balamuralikrishna passes away in Chennai, Venkaiah Naidu offers condolences - Firstpost|date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

He also innovated in the ''tala'' (rhythm) system. He has incorporated "gati bhEdam" (గతి భేదం) in the "sashabda kriya" (సశబ్ద క్రియ). Actions that can produce sound/shabda (శబ్ద) in ''talas'' are called sashabda kriya - సశబ్ద క్రియ and are a part of the existing Tala chain. New chains are possible, too. Saint Arunagirinaadhar used to inject such systems in his famous Thirupugazh, but only as Sandham, while Balamuralikrishna is known to be the pioneer in bringing such Sandhams into a logical rhythm, with Angam and definition. ''Trimukhi, Panchamukhi, Saptamukhi,'' and ''Navamukhi'' are the basic classifications in his New Tala System.<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/221116/veteran-carnatic-musician-m-balamuralikrishna-passes-away-at-the-age-of-86.html|title=Veteran Carnatic musician M Balamuralikrishna passes away at 86|date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

He gave his authorisation to S. Ram Bharati to found "Academy of Performing Arts and Research" in Switzerland. He also worked on music therapy. He established the 'MBK Trust' with the objective of developing art and culture and for carrying out extensive research into music therapy. A dance and music school, 'Vipanchee' is a part of this Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dr-m-balamuralikrishna-mn0000204292|title=Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna - Biography & History - AllMusic}}</ref><ref name="firstpost.com" /> He has authored a musical therapy research paper with Shreya Kappagantula regarding the "The Effects of Musical Therapy on Mental Disorders"

==Compositions==
Balamuralikrishna has over 400 compositions to his credit and is one of the very few people to have composed in all the 72 Melakarta Ragas and has created several ragas, with 4 notes and 3 notes and also has invented a new Tala system. His compositions encompass every genre in Carnatic Music including Varnas, Krithis, Thillanas, Bhavageethas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balamuralikrishna's death is an irreparable loss to Carnatic Music|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31806&articlexml=M-BALAMURALIKRISHNAS-DEATH-IS-AN-IRREPARABLE-LOSS-TO-24112016103005 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 November 2016}}|accessdate=24 November 2016}</ref>

==Cinema==
[[File:Balamuralikrishna in Kuwait.jpg|thumb|Balamuralikrishna during a concert in Kuwait on 29 March 2006, accompanied by Mavelikkara Sathees Chandran (violin), Perunna G. Harikumar (mridangom), Manjoor Unnikrishnan (ghatam)]]
[[File:Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna and Ravi Joshi, California, April 2014.png|thumb|Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna and Ravi Joshi, during a concert in San Francisco, California, April 2014]]
Balamuralikrishna has sung in several films in Telugu, Sanskrit, Malayalam, Kannada and Tamil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carnatic music legend Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna dead|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/veteran-carnatic-musician-mangalampalli-balamuralikrishna-passes-away-4389891/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122193223/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/veteran-carnatic-musician-mangalampalli-balamuralikrishna-passes-away-4389891/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2016|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 November 2016|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> He made his acting debut with the Telugu film ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1967) as [[Narada]], and has acted in a few other films in Telugu and Tamil.<ref name="deccanchronicle.com"/><ref>{{cite news|title=The singer who took on N T Rama Rao|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-singer-who-took-on-NTR/articleshow/55569815.cms|access-date=24 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=23 November 2016}}</ref>

==Death==

Balamuralikrishna passed away at his residence in [[Chennai]] on 22 November 2016; he was 86.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Balamuralikrishna-veteran-Carnatic-musician-dies-aged-86/articleshow/55562203.cms|title=Balamuralikrishna, veteran Carnatic musician, dies aged 86|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 November 2016|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> He died in deep sleep at around five in the evening, due to a [[cardiac arrest]]. He was cremated with full state honours at Besant Nagar Crematorium in Chennai the very next day. Thousands attended his funeral. He is survived by three daughters and three sons who are all Doctors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/music/m-balamuralikrishna-carnatic-music-legend-dies-at-86-1628798|title=M Balamuralikrishna, Carnatic Music Legend, Dies at 86 - NDTV Movies}}</ref> His wife, Smt. Annapurna, outlived him for three months, and died on 16 February 2017.

==Legacy==
His family has formed the Dr. M. Balamurali Krishna Memorial Trust to represent him after his death.

==Awards and honours==
===Civilian honours===
* [[Padma Shri]] (1971)<ref name="Padma">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022326/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Padma Bhushan]]
*
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1991)<ref name="Padma"/>
* [[Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] from the [[Government of France]] (2005)<ref name="hindu2005"/>

===National Film Awards (India)===
* [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] for the [[Kannada]] musical movie ''[[Hamsageethe]]'' (1975)<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
* [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] for the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Madhvacharya (film)|Madhvacharya]]'' (1986)<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>

====Kerala State Film Award====
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best singer]] for ''[[Swathi Thirunal (film)|Swathi Thirunal]]'' (1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|title=State Film Awards|publisher=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119014326/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archive-date=19 November 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=23 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Best Classical Music Singer for ''[[Gramam]]'' (2010)<ref>{{cite news|title=Adaminte Makan Abu adjudged best film|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/adaminte-makan-abu-adjudged-best-film/article2041394.ece|access-date=23 November 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 May 2011}}</ref>

====Tamil Nadu State Film Award====
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback]] singer for ''[[Pasanga]] (2009)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 July 2017}}</ref>

===Other honours===
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1975)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards)|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417012651/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=17 April 2010|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]|access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
* [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] by [[Madras Music Academy]] (1978)<ref>{{cite web|title=Recipients of Sangita Kalanidhi|url=http://www.musicacademymadras.in/fotemplate05.php?temp=ac1c9891-da71-11e2-b2c0-00167688e545&tc=acb9c3bc-f620-11e2-8d59-00304891133e&shid=acb9f4b8-f620-11e2-8d59-00304891133e|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101059/http://www.musicacademymadras.in/fotemplate05.php?temp=ac1c9891-da71-11e2-b2c0-00167688e545&tc=acb9c3bc-f620-11e2-8d59-00304891133e&shid=acb9f4b8-f620-11e2-8d59-00304891133e|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Madras Music Academy]]|access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
* [[Raja-Lakshmi Award]] in 1980 by [[Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation]] in Chennai
* [[Doctor of Letters]] from [[Shri Venkateshwara University]] (1981)<ref name="Kumar2003" />
* [[Honorary PhD]] from Andhra University
* [[Doctor of Science]] from Andhra University
* [[Doctor of Letters]] from Andhra University
* [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]] by The Fine Arts Society, Chennai (1991)<ref name=IFS>{{cite web|title=Awardees of Sangeetha Kalasikhamani|url=http://www.theindianfineartssociety.com/oldevents.html|publisher=Indian Fine Arts Society|access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
* Mahatma Gandhi Silver Medal from [[UNESCO]] (1995)<ref name="Kumar2003">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Raj|title=Essays on Indian Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwwX6DWfn3gC&pg=PA204|year=2003|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-719-3|page=204}}</ref>
* Natya Kalasikhamani The Fine Arts Society, Chennai (2001)<ref name=IFS />
* Sangeetha Kalasarathy (2002)<ref>{{cite news|title='Sangeetha Kalasarathy' conferred on Balamuralikrishna|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/12/17/stories/2002121704050500.htm|date=17 December 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031025061950/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/12/17/stories/2002121704050500.htm|archive-date=25 October 2003|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* "Sangeetha Virinchi" title conferred by Sangeetha Bharathi music School, [[Auckland]], New Zealand (2009)<ref>{{cite news|title=Maestro enthralls audience|url=http://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/34/541/NewsletterPages/NewsletterSubscribe.aspx|newspaper=Indian Weekender|date=13 October 2009|access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
* Lifetime Achievement Award by the ''Global Indian Music Academy Awards'' (2011)<ref>{{cite news|title=Award for Balamuralikrishna|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article2473732.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 September 2011|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>
* First Citizen Award from Vijayawada City
* "Wisdom Man of the Year" (1992)
* "Naada Maharishi" by the Nrityalaya Aesthetics Society (1996)
A documentary film, ''The Melody Man'', was made on his life by the Government of India Films Division. The film was directed by National award winner Director Gul Bahar Singh.
* Telugu Book of Records honoured him for Telugu Legendary Personality in 2014 at Vijayawada

==Ragas Created==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Ragam]] !!Scale!! Remarks
|-
| Ganapati|| Arohanam: S G2 P S

Avarohanam: S P G2 S
|
|-
| Sumukham|| ||
|-
| Lavangi|| Arohanam: S R1 M1 D1 S
Avarohanam: S D1 M1 R1 S
|
|-
| Sarvasri (Trisakthi)|| Arohanam: S M1 P S

Avarohanam: S P M1 S
|Renamed to Trisakthi
|-
| Mahati|| Arohanam: S G3 P N2 S
Avarohanam: S N2 P G3 S
|
|-
| Omkaari|| Arohanam: S P S

Avarohanam: S P S
|
|-
| Rohini|| ||
|-
| Mohana Gandhi|| ||Created in honor of Mahatma Gandhi
|-
| Murali|| ||
|-
| Janasammodini|| ||
|-
| Manorama|| ||
|-
| Vallabhi|| ||
|-
| Pratimadhyamavati|| ||
|-
| Sushama|| Arohanam: S R2 M1 P D1 S

Avarohanam: S D1 P M1 R2 S
|
|-
| Siddhi|| ||
|-
| Mohanangi|| ||
|-
| Pushkara Godavari|| Arohanam: S R2 M1 D2 S

Avarohanam: S D2 M1 R2 S
|On the occasion of Godavari Pushakaras
|-
| Jaya Jaya Lalitha|| ||In honor of Tamilnadu Chief Minister Jayalalitha
|}

==Talas Created==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2021}}
The 'Mukhi' Tala system builds on the traditional Adhi Tala or Chathusra Jaathi Triputa Tala ( I 0 0 ), however the first kriya or mukha (meaning face) of each anga takes the gathi of its tala name and the rest in chathusra gathi. For example: Panchamukhi - the first kriya of each anga will be in kanda gathi and so the tala consists of 35 Matras (5 + 4 + 4 + 4 | 5 + 4 | 5 + 4 || ).

Following this method, four Talas can be generated:
{| class="wikitable"
|+The Mukhi Talas
!Tala
!Structure
!Matras
|-
|Trimukkhi
|<nowiki>3 + 4 + 4 + 4 | 3 + 4 | 3 + 4 ||</nowiki>
|29
|-
|Panchamukhi
|<nowiki>5 + 4 + 4 + 4 | 5 + 4 | 5 + 4 || </nowiki>
|35
|-
|Sapthamukhi
|<nowiki>7 + 4 + 4 + 4 | 7 + 4 | 7 + 4 || </nowiki>
|41
|-
|Navamukhi
|<nowiki>9 + 4 + 4 + 4 | 9 + 4 | 9 + 4 || </nowiki>
|47
|}
This scheme can be extended across all 35 sooladi thalas, however currently these four are in practice.

'''Compositions:'''

There have been many pallavis set to panchamukhi Tala such as '<nowiki/>''Isai inbathirku ēdillaye ivulakil - sentamil'<nowiki/>'' in ragam Lathangi composed by Amrutha Venkatesh and '<nowiki/>''Aadi Vaa, Pirai Soodi Vaa, Aalavaai Naathane''' in ragam Abheri composed by Rameshvaidya and tuned by S.J Jananiy and also others in Bilahari, Thodi and Kalyani composed by Dr. Balamuralikrishna himself.

There have also been Alarippus composed for Bharathanatyam in Panchamukhi.

==Selected compositions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Composition !![[Raga]]m!!Type!! Remarks
|-
| Omkaara Pranava ||[[Shanmukhapriya]]|| Pada [[Varnam]]||
|-
| Amma Anandha dayini ||[[Gambhiranata]]|| Pada Varnam||
|-
| Ye Naadhamu||[[Nata (raga)|Naata]]||Varnam||
|-
| Chalamu Chaesina||[[Ramapriya]]||Varnam||
|-
| Aapaala Gopaalamu||[[Amritavarshini]]||Varnam||
|-
| Ninu Nera Nammithi||[[Kharaharapriya]]||Varnam||
|-
| Sri Sakala Ganadhipa Palayamam||[[Aarabhi]]||[[Kriti]] ||Three Pallavis on Ganapathy, Maaruthi and Krishna
|-
| Mahadevasutham||Aarabhi||Kriti||on Ganapathy
|-
| Gam Gam Ganapathim||Ganapathi||Kriti||on Ganapathi-Tri Tonal Raga: Sa Ga Pa
|-
| Ganaadhipam||[[Nata (raga)|Nattai]]||Kriti||on Ganapathi
|-
| Pirai Aniyum Perumaan||[[Hamsadhvani]]||Kriti||on Ganapathi
|-
| Uma Sutham Namaami||Sarvasri||Kriti||on Ganapathi-Tri Tonal Raga: Sa Ma Pa
|-
| Mahaneeya Namasulivae||Sumukham||Kriti||on Ganapathi-Tetra Tonal Raga: Sa Ri Ma Ni
|-
| Omkara karini||Lavangi||Kriti||Tetra Tonal Raga: Sa Ri Ma Dha
|-
| Sidhdhi Naayakena||[[Amritavarshini]]||Kriti||on Ganapathi
|-
| Sidhdhim Dhehi Mae||Sidhdhi||Kriti||on Ganapathi-Tri Tonal Raga: Sa Ri Dha
|-
| Heera Ganapathiki||Surati||Kriti||On Ganapathi
|-
| Mahaneeya Madhura Moorthae||Mahathi||Kriti||Guru Vandhanam-Tetra Tonal Raga: Sa Ga PA Ni
|-
| Guruni Smarimpumo||Hamsavinodhini||Kriti||Guru Vandhanam
|-
| Varuha Varuha||[[Pantuvarali|Panthuvaraali]]||Kriti||on Muruha
|-
| Thunai Neeyae||[[Charukesi]]||Kriti||on Muruha
|-
| Nee Dhaya Raadha||Poorvikalyani||Kriti||on Ambika
|-
| Gathi Neeve||[[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]||Kriti||on Ambika
|-
| Siva Ganga||[[Nagasvaravali]]||Kriti||on Ambika
|-
| Maa Maanini||[[Hanumatodi|Thodi]]||Kriti||on Ambika-Swara Saahithyam
|-
| Amma Ninukori||[[Khamas (raga)|Kamas]]||Kriti||on Ambika
|-
| Gaana Maalinchi||[[Kalyanavasantam]]||Kriti||on Ambika
|-
| Sadhaa Thava Paadha||[[Shanmukhapriya]]||Kriti||on Siva
|-
| Bruhadheeswara||Kaanada||Kriti||on Tanjore Bruhadheeswara
|-
| Thripura Tharpa|| || ||Mangalam on Siva
|-
| Kamala Dhalaayatha||[[Bahudari]]||Kriti||on Nethra Soundharya
|-
| Thillana||Brundhaavani||[[Thillana]]||Telugu Charanam
|-
| Thillana||[[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravaaham]]||Thillana||
|-
| Thillana||Dhwijaawanthi||Thillana||Tamil Charanam
|-
| Thillana||Kunthalvaraali||Thillana||Tamil and Telugu Charanam
|-
| Thillana||Kathanakuthoohalam||Thillana||
|-
| Thillana||[[Garudadhvani]]||Thillana||Paanini Sutra Reference,
|-
| Thillana||Behag||Thillana||On Sri Thyagaraja
|-
| Thillana||[[Ragamalika]]||Thillana||Amruthavarshini, [[Mohanam]], Kannada and [[Hindolam]]
|-
| Thillana||Ragamalika||Thillana||Taaya Ragamaalika, Based on Sruthi Bhedam
|-
| Thillana||Ragamalika||Thillana||Pancha "Priya" Raagas, with Gathi Bhedam
|-
| Maamava Gaana Lola||Rohini||Kriti||Ragam using two Madhyamas
|-
| Gaana Lola||Ragamalika||Kriti||On Thirupathi Venkateswara
|-
| Sangeethamae||[[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]||Kriti||About Music
|-
| Nee Saati Neevae||Chandrika||Kriti||on Ranga,
|-
| Sankarabharana Sayanuda||[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Sankarabharanam]]||Kriti||on Ranga
|-
| Vegamae||[[Abhogi]]||Kriti||on Ranga
|-
| Hanuma||[[Sarasangi]]||Kriti||on Hanuman
|-
| Vandhe Maatharam||[[Ranjani]]||Kriti||on Bharatham
|-
| Gaana Sudha Rasa||[[Nata (raga)|Naattai]]||Kriti||on Sri Thyagaraja
|-
| Sama Gana||[[Amritavarshini]]||Kriti||on Sri Thyagaraja
|-
| Maragatha Simhasana||[[Simhendramadhyamam|Simhendra Madhyamam]]||Kriti||on Yadhagiri Narasimha
|-
| Simha Rupa Dheva||[[Kambhoji]]||Kriti||on Narasimha
|-
| Raja Raja||[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Sankarabharanam]]||Kriti||on Sri Raghavendhra
|-
| Chintayami satatam Sri Muttuswami Dikshitam||[[Sucharitra]]||Kriti||on Muttuswami Dikshitar
|-
| Ambamamava||[[Ragamalika]]||Kriti||Ranjani-Niranjani – Janaranjani
|-
| Bangaaru Murali Sringaara Ravali||[[Neelambari (raga)|Neelambari]]||Kriti||Udupi Sree Krishna
|-
| Bhaavame Mahaa Bhaagyamura||[[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]]||Kriti||Sri Thyagaraja to Balamuralikrishna-Guru Parampara
|-
| Paahi Sameera Kumaara ||Mandari||Kriti|| description of Panchamukha Hanuman
|-
|Vasama ||Dharmavathi||Kriti|| prayer on Lalita Devi
|}

== Albums & Songs ==
Balamuralikrishna has composed songs few albums and has sung, list of albums and songs below
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Language !! Song !! Co-Singer(s) !! Lyrics !!Record Label
|-
|2019||''Kaiwara Amara Nareyanamrutam-Vol 1''<ref>{{Citation|title=Kaiwara Amara Nareyanamrutam-Vol 1 by M. Balamuralikrishna|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kaiwara-amara-nareyanamrutam-vol-1/1488295157|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-05-13}}</ref> ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||Meklukonave||Solo
| Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Kaiwara Amara Nareyanamrutam-Vol 1''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Sri Krishnayanu
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Kaiwara Amara Nareyanamrutam-Vol 1''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Brahmamu Nivera
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Kaiwara Amara Nareyanamrutam-Vol 1''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Pahi Ramaprabho
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Kaiwara Amara Nareyanamrutam-Vol 1''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Naadamu Vinarada
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Kaiwara Amara Nareyanamrutam-Vol 1''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Telisinandaku
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Kaiwara Amara Nareyanamrutam-Vol 1''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Agnaniye Merugu
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Kaiwara Amara Nareyanamrutam-Vol 1''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Sri Rama Nee Namamu
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Divine Collections of Sri Rama''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Pahi Ramaprabho Pahi Ramaprabho
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Divine Collections of Sri Rama''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Sri Rama Nee Namamu
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Ramuni Bhajana Seyave''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Chudu Chudu Adigo Chukka
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Ramuni Bhajana Seyave''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Sri Nareyana Nama
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Ramuni Bhajana Seyave''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Choodaganti Swamini
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Ramuni Bhajana Seyave''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Intaga Vedina Neramulenchaka
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Ramuni Bhajana Seyave''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Ramuni Bhajana Seyave
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Ramuni Bhajana Seyave''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Emi Sethura Krishna
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Ramuni Bhajana Seyave''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Kulamu Vidichinaramu
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Ramuni Bhajana Seyave''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Maravanoyamma Maguru Bhoodana
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|2019
|''Ramuni Bhajana Seyave''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Aru Matamulameeda
|Solo
|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana
|PM Audios & Entertainments
|-
|}

==Film compositions==
Balamuralikrishna acted in few films and gave his voice to some selected songs in [[Indian cinema]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Credits
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Sati Savitri (1957 film)|Sati Savitri]]'' || Telugu || Song: ''Oho Ho Vilasala''
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Jayabheri]]'' || Telugu || ''Suklaam Brahma Vichaara Saara Paramaam'' (Sloka)
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Karna (1963 film)|Karna]]'' || Telugu || Song: ''Neevu Nenu Valachitimi Nandaname Eduruga Nilichitimi''
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Nartanasala]]'' || Telugu || Song: ''Salalitha Raga Sudharasa Saaram'' with [[Bangalore Latha]]
|-
| 1965 || ''Dorikite Dongalu'' || Telugu || Song: ''Tirupativasa Srivenkatesa''
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Kalai Kovil]]'' || Tamil || Song: ''Thanga Radham Vandhadhu''
|-
| 1965 || ''Uyyala Jampala'' || Telugu || Etiloni keratalu
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Thiruvilayadal (1965 film)|Thiruvilayadal]]'' || Tamil || Song: ''Oru Naal Pothuma''
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Palnati Yudham]]'' || Telugu || Singer: ''Seelamu Galavari Chinavada''
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnu Katha]]'' || Telugu || Singer: ''Vasanta Gaaliki Valapulu rega''
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Sadhu Mirandal]]'' || Tamil || Singer: ''Arulvaaye Nee Arulvaaye''
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' || Telugu || Acted as [[Narada]] Song: ''Aadi Anaadiyu Neeve Deva Narada Sannuta Narayana'', ''Siri Siri Laali Chinnari Laali'', ''Varamosage Vanamali Naa Vanchitammu Neraverunuga''
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Kodungallooramma]]'' || Malayalam || Songs: ''Kodungallooramme'' ''Kaverippoompattanathil''
|-
| rowspan=2|1970 || rowspan=2|''[[Kanmalar]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Song: ''Odhuvaar Un Peyar''
|-
| Song: ''Ambalathu Nadaraja''
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' ||Telugu || Song: ''Paluke Banagamayera Andala Rama''
|-
| 1974 || ''Sree Rama Anjaneya Yuddham'' || Telugu || Song: ''Meluko Srirama Meluko Raghurama'' ''Karunalola Narayana Sritajanapala Deenavana''
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Hamsageethe]]'' || Kannada || Music director and Singer
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Muthyala Muggu]]'' || Telugu || Song: ''Srirama Jayarama Seetarama''
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' || Telugu || Song: ''Kuppinchi Egasina Kundalambula Kanthi'' (Padyam)
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Kavikkuyil]]'' || Tamil || Song: ''Chinna Kannan Azhaikkiraan''
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Navarathinam]]'' || Tamil || Song: ''Kuruvikkara Machane''
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Poojakkedukkatha Pookkal]]'' || Malayalam || Songs: ''Kannante Kavilil Nin'' ''Nabhassil Mukilinte''
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Guppedu Manasu]]'' || Telugu || Song: ''Mauname Nee Bhasha O Mooga Manasa''
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Nool Veli]]'' || Tamil || Song: ''Mounathil Vilayadum''
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Ente Mohangal Poovaninju]]'' || Malayalam || Song:
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|Adi Shankaracharya]]'' || Sanskrit || Music director
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Meghasandesam]]'' || Telugu || Song: ''Paadana Vani Kalyaniga''
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Miruthanga Chakravarthi]]'' || Tamil || Song: ''Idhu ketka thigatttatha Gaanam''
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Madhvacharya]]'' || Kannada || Music director and Singer
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Swathi Thirunal (1987 film)|Swathi Thirunal]]'' || Malayalam || Song: ''Moksha Mukalada'' Winner, [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]]
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Muthina Haara]]'' || Kannada || Song: ''Devaru Hoseda Premada Daara''
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Bharatham]]'' || Malayalam || Song: ''"Raajamathangi" ("Dhwani prasadham") ''
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Bhagvad Gita]]'' || Sanskrit || Music director
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Indhu/Pattasu]]'' || Tamil || Song: ''Nagumo''
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Priyamaina Srivaaru]]'' || Telugu || Song: ''Jatakalu Kalisevela Jeevitalu Mugisaayi''
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Pasanga]] '' || Tamil || Song: ''Anbaley Azhgagum Veedu ''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Prabha (film)|Prabha]]'' ||Tamil || Song: "Poove Pesum Poove" (Music Director - [[S. J. Jananiy]])
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |date=28 February 2006 |title=There's no one way to teach |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/theres-no-one-way-to-teach/article3188114.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}
* {{cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=Chitra |date=4 January 2008 |title=He defines 'style' as tradition |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2008/01/04/stories/2008010451130100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512230013/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2008/01/04/stories/2008010451130100.htm |archive-date=12 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite news |last=Khurana |first=Suanshu |date=2 September 2013 |title=God's Own Voice |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gods-own-voice/1163164/0 |newspaper=The Financial Express |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072413/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gods-own-voice/1163164/0 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}

==External links==

{{Commons category|M. Balamuralikrishna}}
* [http://www.webindia123.com/personal/music/murali1.htm Murali and Me: A tribute by Prince Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma.]
* [http://www.christianpiaget.ch/centre/anglais/Association/Gallery/Balamurali92/Balamurali01.html Balamuralikrishna with his musicians in Switzerland in 1992.]
* [http://andhra-telugu.com/mangalampalli-balamuralikrishna/ Various devotional works of Balamuralikrishna.]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
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Ghazal

2021-05-27T18:14:03Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Form of poetry of many languages, originating in Arabic}} {{About|the poetic form|other uses|Ghazal (disambiguation)}} {{italic title}} {{more citations ne..."

{{short description|Form of poetry of many languages, originating in Arabic}}
{{About|the poetic form|other uses|Ghazal (disambiguation)}}
{{italic title}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}

[[File:Ljs44.jpg|thumb|An illustrated headpiece from a mid-18th century collection of ghazals and [[Rubaʿi|rubāʻīyāt]] ]]

The '''''ghazal''''' ({{lang-ar|غَزَل}}, {{lang-bn|গজল}}, [[Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq|غزَل}}, {{lang-hi|ग़ज़ल}}, {{lang-fa|غزل}}, {{lang-az|qəzəl}}, {{lang-tr|gazel}}, {{lang-uz|gʻazal}}, {{lang-gu|ગઝલ}}) is a form of amatory poem or ode,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.6:1:341.platts|title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English|website=dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu|access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> originating in [[Arabic poetry]]. A ghazal may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/learn/glossary-terms/ghazal|title=Ghazal|date=9 September 2018|website=Poetry Foundation|access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>

The ghazal form is ancient, tracing its origins to 7th-century Arabic poetry. The ghazal spread into [[South Asia]] in the 12th century due to the influence of [[Sufi]] mystics and the courts of the new [[Ghurid Sultanate|Islamic Sultanate]], and is now most prominently a form of poetry of many languages of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Turkey]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghazalpage.net/prose/notes/short_history_of_the_ghazal.html|title=A Short History of the Ghazal|last=Jalajel|first=David|website=The Ghazal Page Journal|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>

A ghazal commonly consists of five to fifteen couplets, which are independent, but are linked – abstractly, in their theme; and more strictly in their poetic form. The structural requirements of the ghazal are similar in stringency to those of the [[Petrarchan sonnet]].<ref>[https://www.urdumark.com/ "Types of Urdu mark: Ghazal"],"Urdu Mark",August 8, 2012</ref> In style and content, due to its highly allusive nature, the ghazal has proved capable of an extraordinary variety of expression around its central themes of love and separation.

== Etymology and Pronunciation ==

The word ''ghazal'' originates from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|غزل}} (''ġazal''). The root syllables Gh-Z-L have three possible meanings in Arabic:<ref>http://quranicnames.com/ghazal/</ref>

# {{lang|ar|غَزَل}} (ḡazal) or {{lang|ar|غَزِلَ}} (ḡazila) - To sweet-talk, to flirt, to display amorous gestures.<ref name="Wiktionary Arabic">https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84</ref>
# {{lang|ar|غزال}} (ḡazaal) - A young, graceful doe<ref>http://quranicnames.com/ghazaal/</ref> (this is the root of the English word [[gazelle]]).
# {{lang|ar|غَزَلَ}} (ḡazala) - to spin (thread or yarn).<ref name="Wiktionary Arabic" />

The poetic form derives its name from the first and the second etymological roots, One particular translation posits a meaning of ''ghazal'' as ''{{'}}the wail of a wounded deer{{'}}'',<ref name="Kanda" /> which potentially provides context to the theme of unrequited love common to many ghazals.

The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|غزل}} ''ġazal'' is pronounced {{IPA-ar|ˈɣazal|}}, roughly like the English word ''guzzle'', but with the ''ġ'' pronounced without a complete closure between the tongue and the [[soft palate]]{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2018}}. In English, the word is pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʌ|z|əl}}<ref>Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|æ|z|æ|l}}.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary</ref>

== Poetic form ==
The ghazal is a short poem consisting of rhyming couplets, called ''Bayt''. Most ghazals have between seven and twelve ''bayts''. For a poem to be considered a true ghazal, it must have no fewer than five couplets. Almost all ghazals confine themselves to less than fifteen couplets (poems that exceed this length are more accurately considered as ''[[qasida]]s''). Ghazal couplets end with the same rhyming pattern and are expected to have the same meter. The ghazal's uniqueness arises from its rhyme and refrain rules, referred to as the {{'}}''[[qaafiyaa]]''{{'}} and {{'}}''[[radif]]''{{'}} respectively. A ghazal's rhyming pattern may be described as AA, BA, CA, DA, ... and so on.<ref name="Kanda">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUKKvNDYyUEC&pg=PA2|title=Masterpieces of Urdu Ghazal from the 17th to the 20th Century|last=Kanda|first=K.C.|publisher=Sterling Publishing|year=1992|isbn=978-81-207-1195-2|pages=2}}</ref>

In its strictest form, a ghazal must follow five rules:

# '''''[[Matla]]'a''''': The first ''sher'' in a ghazal is called the {{'}}''matlaa''{{'}}. Both lines of the ''matla'' must contain the ''qaafiyaa'' and ''radif''. The ''matlaa'' sets the tone of the ghazal, as well as its rhyming and refrain pattern. .
# '''''[[Radif]]''''': The refrain word or phrase. Both lines of the ''matlaa'' and the second lines of all subsequent ''shers'' must end in the same refrain word called the ''radif''.
# '''''[[Qaafiyaa|Ghaafiyeah]]''''': The rhyming pattern. The ''radif'' is immediately preceded by words or phrases with the same end rhyme pattern, called the ''qaafiyaa''.
# '''''[[Maqta]]'a/Maktaa''''': The last couplet of the ghazal is called the ''maqtaa''. It is common in ghazals for the poet's ''nom de plume'', known as ''[[takhallus]]'' to be featured in the ''maqtaa''. The ''maqtaa'' is typically more personal than the other couplets in a ghazal. The creativity with which a poet incorporates homonymous meanings of their ''takhallus'' to offer additional layers of meaning to the couplet is an indicator of their skill.
# '''''Bah{{'}}r/[[Beher (poetry)|Behr]]''''': Each line of a ghazal must follow the same metrical pattern and syllabic (or [[Mora (linguistics)|morae]]) count.

Unlike in a ''[[nazm]]'', a ghazal's couplets do not need a common theme or continuity. Each sher is self-contained and independent from the others, containing the complete expression of an idea. However, the ''shers'' all contain a thematic or tonal connection to each other, which may be highly allusive.<ref name="Kanda" /> A common conceit that traces its history to the origins of the ghazal form is that the poem is addressed to a beloved by the narrator.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sells |first1=Michael |title=Early Islamic Mysticism |date=1996 |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York |isbn=9780809136193 |pages=56–61}}</ref>

== Interpreting a Ghazal ==
The Ghazal tradition is marked by the poetry's ambiguity and simultaneity of meaning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Safdar|date=June 2012|title=Literary Romanticism and Islamic Modernity: The Case of Urdu Poetry|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|language=en|volume=35|issue=2|pages=434–455|doi=10.1080/00856401.2011.633300|s2cid=144687955|issn=0085-6401}}</ref> Learning the common tropes is key to understanding the ghazal.

There are several locations a ''sher'' might take place in the Urdu/South Asian tradition:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pritchett, Frances W., 1947-|title=Nets of awareness : Urdu poetry and its critics|date=2004|publisher=Katha Books|isbn=81-87649-65-8|oclc=419075128}}</ref>

* The Garden, where the poet often takes on the personage of the [[bulbul]], a [[songbird]]. The poet is singing to the beloved, who is often embodied as a [[rose]].

<blockquote>Hoon garmi-i-nishat-i-tasavvur se naghma sanj

Main andalib-i-gulshan-i-na afridah hoon

- Ghalib

''I sing from the warmth of the passionate joy of thought''

''I am the bulbul of a garden not yet created''</blockquote>

* The Tavern, or the ''maikhana'', where the poet drinks wine in search of enlightenment, union with [[God in Islam|God]], and desolation of self.<blockquote>'mir' un neem-baaz ankhon men saari masti sharab ki si hai - Mir Tai Mir ''<nowiki/>''' ''Mir' is in those half-closed eyes'' ''all flirtation is a bit like wine''</blockquote>

== History ==
=== Origins in Arabia ===
The ghazal originated in Arabia in the 7th century,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ghazal|title=Ghazal – Islamic literature|access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> evolving from the ''[[qasida]]'', a much older pre-Islamic Arabic poetic form.<ref name="Kanda" /> ''Qaṣīdas'' were typically much longer poems, with up to 100 couplets. Thematically, ''qaṣīdas'' did not include love, and were usually [[panegyric]]s for a tribe or ruler, lampoons, or moral maxims. However, the ''qaṣīda's'' opening prelude, called the ''[[Nasīb (poetry)|nasīb]],'' was typically nostalgic and/or romantic in theme, and highly ornamented and stylized in form. In time, the ''nasīb'' began to be written as standalone, shorter poems, which became the ghazal.<ref name=":1" />

The ghazal came into its own as a poetic genre during the Umayyad Era (661–750) and continued to flower and develop in the early Abbasid Era. The Arabic ghazal inherited the formal verse structure of the ''qaṣīda'', specifically, a strict adherence to meter and the use of the [[Qaafiyaa]], a common end rhyme on each couplet (called a ''bayt'' in Arabic and a ''sher'' in Persian).<ref name=":1" />

The nature of the ghazals also changed to meet the demands of musical presentation, becoming briefer in length. Lighter poetic meters, such as ''khafîf'', ''ramal'', and ''muqtarab'' were preferred, instead of longer, more ponderous meters favored for ''[[Qasida|qaṣīdas]]'' (such as ''kâmil'', ''basît'', and ''rajaz''). Topically, the ghazal focus also changed, from nostalgic reminiscences of the homeland and loved ones, towards romantic or erotic themes. These included sub-genres with themes of courtly love (''udharî''), eroticism (''hissî''), homoeroticism (''mudhakkar''), and as a highly stylized introduction to a larger poem (''tamhîdî'').<ref name=":1" /><ref>Dayf, Shawqî. ''Târîkh al-Adab al-Islâmî: 2 – al-`Asr al-Islâmî'' (A History of Arab Literature: 2- The Islamic Era). Cairo: Dâr al-Ma`ârif. 1963. (pp. 347–348)</ref>

==== Spread of the Arabian ghazal ====
With the spread of [[Islam]], the [[Arabia]]n ghazal spread both westwards, into [[Africa]] and [[Al-Andalus|Spain]], as well as eastwards, into [[Persia]]. The popularity of ghazals in a particular region was usually preceded by a spread of the [[Arabic language]] in that country. In medieval Spain, ghazals written in [[Hebrew]] as well as [[Arabic]] have been found as far back as the [[11th century]]. It is possible that ghazals were also written in the [[Mozarabic language]]. Ghazals in the Arabic form have also been written in a number of major West African literary languages like [[Hausa language|Hausa]] and [[Fula language|Fulfulde]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Dispersion into Persia ===

==== Early Arabo-Persian ghazals (10th to 11th century) ====
However, the most significant changes to the ghazal occurred in its introduction into Iran in the 10th century.<ref name="Kanda" /> The early Persian ghazals largely imitated the themes and form of the Arabian ghazal. These "Arabo-Persian" ghazals introduced two differences compared to their Arabian poetic roots. Firstly, the Persian ghazals did not employ radical enjambment between the two halves of the couplet, and secondly, the Persian ghazals formalized the use of the common rhyme in both lines of the opening couplet (''"'''matla'''"'').<ref name=":1" /> The imitation of Arabian forms in Persia extended to the ''qaṣīda'', which was also popular in Persia.

Because of its comparative brevity, thematic variety and suggestive richness, the ghazal soon eclipsed the ''qaṣīda'', and became the most popular poetry form in Persia.<ref name="Kanda" /> Much like Arabian ghazals, early Persian ghazals typically employed more musical meters compared to other Persian poetry forms.<ref name=":1" /> [[Rudaki]] (858–941 CE) is considered the most important Persian ghazal poet of this period, and the founder of classical Persian literature.

==== Early Persian ghazal poetry (12th to early 13th century) ====
The Persian ghazal evolved into its own distinctive form between the 12th and 13th centuries. Many of those innovations created what we now recognize as the archetypical ghazal form. These changes occurred in two periods, separated by the Mongol Invasion of Persia from 1219–1221 AD.

The 'Early Persian poetry' period spanned approximately one century, from the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid era]] (which lasted until 1187) till a little after the Mongol Invasion. Apart from the movement towards brevity, this period also saw two significant and lasting changes to the ghazal form.

The first change was the adoption of the ''[[Takhallus]]'', the practice of mentioning the poet's pen-name in the final couplet (called the {{'}}'''''maqta'''''{{'}}). The adoption of the ''takhallus'' became a gradually accepted part of the ghazal form, and by the time of [[Saadi Shirazi]] (1210–1291 AD), the most important ghazal poet of this period, it had become ''de rigueur.''<ref name=":1" /> The second marked change from Arabian ghazal form in Persian ghazals was a movement towards far greater autonomy between the couplets.

==== Late Persian poetry in the Early Mongol Period (1221–) ====
The ghazal later spread throughout the Middle East and South Asia. It was famous all around the Indian subcontinent in the 18th and 19th centuries {{Unreliable source?|date=February 2018}}

=== Introduction into South Asia ===
[[File:Amir Khusro.jpg|thumb|Amir Khusrow teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of ''Majlis al-Ushshaq'' by [[Husayn Bayqarah]]. Amir Khusrow is considered the first Urdu poet]]
{{Quote box
| title = Excerpt from [[The Divān of Hafez|Divan-e-Hafez]]
| quote = <poem>Vin bahs bā salāse-ye ghassāle miravad
''And with the three washers (cups of wine), this dispute goeth.''
Shekkar-shekan shavand hame tutiān-e [[India|Hind]]
''Sugar-shattering (excited), have become all the parrots (poets) of [[Al-Hind|Hind]],''
Zin qand-e Pārsi ke be Bangāle miravad.
''That this [[Farsi|Persian]] candy [ode], that to [[Bengal]] goeth.''</poem>
| source = {{snds}}Jointly penned by [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah|Azam Shah]] and [[Hafez]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |title=Persian - Banglapedia |publisher=En.banglapedia.org |date=2015-02-15 |access-date=2017-09-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911055911/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |archive-date=11 September 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| align = right
| qalign =
| salign = left
}}

The ghazal was spread from [[Persia]] into [[South Asia]] in the 12th century{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2018}} by the influence of [[Sufi]] mystics and the courts of the new Islamic sultanates{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2018}}. This period coincided with the early Islamic Sultanates in India, through the wave of Islamic invasions into the region in that period. The 13th century poet and musician [[Amir Khusrow|Ameer Khusrow]] is considered the first Urdu poet.

During the reign of the [[Sultan of Bengal]] [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]], the city of [[Sonargaon]] became an important centre of [[Persian literature]], with many publications of prose and poetry. The period is described as the "[[golden age]] of [[Persian literature]] in Bengal". Its stature is illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence with the Persian poet [[Hafez]]. When the Sultan invited Hafez to complete an incomplete ghazal by the ruler, the renowned poet responded by acknowledging the grandeur of the king's court and the literary quality of Bengali-Persian poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian|title=Persian – Banglapedia|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170102112117/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian|archive-date=2 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is said that [[Atul Prasad Sen]] pioneered the introduction of Bengali ghazals.<ref name="garland">{{cite book|first=Alison|last=Arnold|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2000|isbn=0-8240-4946-2|page=851}}</ref> Residing in [[Lucknow]], he was inspired by Persian ghazals and experimented a stream of Bengali music which was later enriched profusely by the contribution of [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and [[Moniruddin Yusuf]].<ref name="som">{{cite book|first=Shovan|last=Som|title=Atul Prasad Sen'er Shreshtha Kabita|publisher=Bharbi|year=2002|page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bf9nvzmIVvY|title=Rereading Kazi Nazrul Islam|last1=Hussain|first1=Azfar|format=Video lecture|access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/firoza-begum-a-taste-of-bengal/|title=A taste of Bengal|last=Ali|first=Sarwat|date=21 September 2014|website=The News International|publisher=The News on Sunday|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628184010/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/firoza-begum-a-taste-of-bengal/|archive-date=28 June 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=28 June 2018|quote=Firoza Begum too sang these Bengali ghazals of Nazrul Islam}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/25/d70525140299.htm|title=Nazrul: An ardent lover of humanity|last=Islam|first=Mohammad Shafiqul|date=25 May 2007|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204123949/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/25/d70525140299.htm|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live|access-date=28 June 2018|quote=He is best known for his songs, in which he pioneered new forms such as Bengali ghazals}}</ref><ref name="MOF2">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0899/f1608991.html|title=Nazrul Islam: The unparalleled lyricist and composer of Bengal|last=Chaudhuri|first=Dilip|date=22 September 2006|publisher=Press Information Bureau, [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021105092034/http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0899/f1608991.html|archive-date=5 November 2002|access-date=22 September 2006}} [http://nazrul.com.bd/nazrul/works_on_nazrul/articles/chaudhuri_lyricist.htm Alt URL]</ref>

== Themes ==
"The ghazal was initially composed to a purely religious theme".<ref>Hattangadi, Vidya.[https://drvidyahattangadi.com/listen-timeless-ghazals/.html "Listen to some of the Timeless Ghazals"],"drvidyahattangadi",August 16, 2018</ref> Now in this era ghazals are more likely to have romantic themes.<ref>[https://www.duniyawi.com/ "Ghazal Singers"],"Urdu Duniya"</ref>

=== Unconditional, superior love ===
[[File:Bodleian MS. Ouseley Add. 166 fol 13b.jpg|thumbnail|right|Layla visits Majnun in the wilderness; the story of [[Layla and Majnun]] is one of the most famous Arabic tales of unrequited, unconditional love]]

Can usually be interpreted for a higher being or for a mortal beloved. Love is always viewed as something that will complete a human being, and if attained will lift him or her into the ranks of the wise, or will bring satisfaction to the soul of the poet. Traditional ghazal law may or may not have an explicit element of sexual desire in it, and the love may be spiritual. The love may be directed to either a man or a woman.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shayari Network|url=https://www.shayaribox.com/}}</ref>

The ghazal is always written from the point of view of the unrequited lover whose beloved is portrayed as unattainable{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2018}}. Most often, either the beloved has not returned the poet's love or returns it without sincerity or else the societal circumstances do not allow it. The lover is aware and resigned to this fate but continues loving nonetheless; the lyrical impetus of the poem derives from this tension. Representations of the lover's powerlessness to resist his feelings often include lyrically exaggerated violence. The beloved's power to captivate the speaker may be represented in extended metaphors about the "arrows of his eyes", or by referring to the beloved as an assassin or a killer. Take, for example, the following couplets from [[Amir Khusro]]'s Persian ghazal ''Nemidanam che manzel būd shab'':
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|fa-Latn|namidanam chi manzil būd shab jayi ke man būdam;
be har sū raqs eh besmel būd shab jayi ke man būdam.
pari paikar negar eh sarv qaad e lalhaa rokhsar;
sarapa afat-e del būd shab jayi ke man būdam.}}
|
I wonder what was the place where I was last night,
All around me were half-slaughtered victims of love, tossing about in agony.
There was a nymph-like beloved with cypress-like form and tulip-like face,
Ruthlessly playing havoc with the hearts of the lovers.}}

=== [[Sufism]] ===
Many of the major historical ghazal poets were either avowed Sufis themselves (like [[Rumi]] or [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafiz]]), or were sympathizers with Sufi ideas.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Somewhat like [[America]]n [[soul music]], but with [[Depression (mood)|melancholy]] instead of [[funk]], most ghazals can be viewed in a [[Spirituality|spiritual]] context, with the Beloved being a [[metaphor]] for [[God in Islam|God]] or the poet's spiritual master. It is the intense Divine Love of Sufism that serves as a model for all the forms of love found in ghazal poetry.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Most ghazal scholars today recognize that some ghazal couplets are exclusively about [[Divine Love]] ({{lang|fa-Latn|ishq-e-haqiqi}}). Others are about [[Love|earthly love]] ({{lang|fa-Latn|ishq-e-majazi}}), but many can be interpreted in either context.

Traditionally invoking melancholy, love, longing, and [[Metaphysics|metaphysical questions]], ghazals are often sung by Afghan, Pakistani, and Indian musicians. The form has roots in seventh-century Arabia{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2018}},{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} and gained prominence in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, thanks to such Persian poets as Rumi and Hafiz, and later to Indian poets such as [[Mirza Ghalib]]. In the eighteenth-century, the ghazal was used by poets writing in Urdu. Among these poets, [[Ghalib]] is the recognized master{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2018}}.

== Important ghazal poets ==

Ghazals were written by [[Rumi]], [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafiz]] and [[Saadi Shirazi]] of [[Persia]]; the [[Turkic peoples|Azerbaijani Turkish]] poet [[Fuzûlî]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]; [[Mirza Ghalib]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal]] of [[North India]]; and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] of [[Bengal]]. Through the influence of [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] (1749–1832), the ghazal became very popular in [[Germany]] during the 19th century; the form was used extensively by [[Friedrich Rückert]] (1788–1866) and [[August von Platen]] (1796–1835). The [[Kashmir]]i poet [[Agha Shahid Ali]] was a proponent of the form, both in English and in other languages; he edited a volume of "real Ghazals in English". Ghazals were also written by [[Motiram Bhatta|Moti Ram Bhatta]] (1866–1896), the pioneer of Nepali ghazal writing in [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weallnepali.com/sahitya-sumana/motiram-bhatta|title=Hamza Sinwari Bhatta – We All Nepali|website=www.weallnepali.com|access-date=2016-06-21}}</ref> Ghazals were also written by [[Hamza Shinwari]], He is known as the father of [[Pashto]] Ghazals.

=== Important poets of Persian ghazal ===
In [[Persian language|Persian]], prominent and acclaimed ghazal poets include [[Hafez|Hafiz]], [[Rumi]], [[Saadi Shirazi]], [[Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi]], [[Khwaju Kermani]], [[Saib Tabrizi]], [[Hossein Monzavi]], [[Maryam Jafari Azarmani]], [[Wali Mohammed Wali]], [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Momin Khan Momin]], [[Daagh Dehlvi]], [[Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish]], [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]], [[Khwaja Mir Dard]], [[Jaun Elia]], [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], [[Ahmad Faraz]], [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Syed Amin Ashraf]], [[Qamar Jalalabadi]], [[Shakeb Jalali]], [[Nasir Kazmi]], [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], [[Hasrat Mohani]], [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin]], [[Jigar Moradabadi]], [[Khumar Barabankvi]] [[Saghar Siddiqui]], [[Munir Niazi]], [[Mirza Rafi Sauda]], [[Qateel Shifai]], [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], [[Dushyant Kumar]], [[Syed Waheed Ashraf]], [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq]], Madan Pal,<ref>https://www.rekhta.org/poets/madan-pal</ref> Ghulam Abbas Saghar and [[Kashmiri Lal Zakir]], [[Khumar Barabankvi]].


== Translations and performance of classical ghazal ==
Enormous collections of ghazal have been created by hundreds of well-known poets over the past thousand years in Persian, Turkish, and Urdu as well as in the Central Asian Turkic languages. Ghazal poems are performed in Uzbek-Tajik [[Shashmakom]], Turkish [[Makam]], Persian [[Dastgah]] and Uyghur [[Muqam]]. There are many published translations from Persian and Turkish by [[Annemarie Schimmel]], [[Arthur John Arberry]] and many others.

Ghazal "Gayaki", the art of singing or performing the ghazal in the Indian classical tradition, is very old. Singers like Ustad Barkat Ali and many other singers in the past used to practice it, but the lack of historical records make many names anonymous. It was with [[Begum Akhtar]] and later on Ustad [[Mehdi Hassan]] that classical rendering of ghazals became popular in the masses. The categorization of ghazal singing as a form of "light classical" music is a misconception.{{Why|date=December 2020}}

Classical ghazals are difficult to render because of the varying moods of the "shers" or couplets in the ghazal. [[Amanat Ali Khan]], Begum Akhtar, [[Talat Mahmood]], Mehdi Hassan, [[Abida Parveen]], [[Jagjit Singh]], [[Farida Khanum]] and Ustad [[Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)|Ghulam Ali]], Moinuddin Ahamed, are popular classical ghazal singers.

== Popularity ==
The ghazal has historically been one of the most popular poetic forms across the Middle East and South Asia. Even into the modern era the ghazal has retained its extreme popularity among South Asian royalty and nobility, among whom its education and patronisation has traditionally found shelter, especially with several Indian rulers including several [[Mughal emperors|Indian Emperors]] being profound composers of ghazals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anandi |first1=Sita Ram |title=Women in India: A Social and Cultural History |page=215}}</ref> In the 19th century ghazals gained popularity in [[Germany]] with [[Goethe]]'s translations, as well as with Spanish ghazal writers such as [[Federico García Lorca]]. Despite often being written in strong Urdu and rendered with classical Indian Ragas along with complex terminology most usually accessible to the upper classes, in South Asia ghazals are nonetheless popular among all ages.<ref>{{cite web |author=Karsh |title=Evolution of "Ghazal" — The Most popular form of Poetry in 21st Century |url=https://medium.com/arz-kia-hai-guru/evolution-of-ghazal-the-most-popular-form-of-poetry-in-21st-century-fd8d6a236fce |website=Medium |language=en |date=4 June 2018}}</ref> They are most popular in Turkey and South Asia, and readings or musical renditions of ghazals — such as at ''[[mehfil]]s'' and ''[[mushaira]]s'' — are well attended in these countries, even by the laity. Ghazals are popular in [[Music of Bollywood|South Asian film music]]. The ragas to which ghazals are sung are usually chosen to be in consonance with their lyrical content.

Understanding the complex lyrics of traditional ghazals required education typically available only to the upper classes. The traditional classical ''[[raga|rāgas]]'' in which the lyrics were rendered were also difficult to understand. The ghazal has undergone some simplification in recent years, in terms of words and phrasings, which helps it to reach a larger audience around the world. Modern [[Shayar (poet)|shayar]]s (poets) are also moving towards a less strict adherence to form and rules, using simpler language and words (sometimes even incorporating words from other languages, such as English - see [[Parveen Shakir]]), and moving away from a strictly male narrator.

Most of the ghazals are now sung in styles that are not limited to ''[[khyal|khayāl]], [[thumri]], [[raga|rāga]], [[Tala (music)|tāla]]'' and other classical and light classical genres. However, those forms of the ghazal are looked down on by purists of the Indian classical tradition.

In Pakistan, [[Noor Jehan]], [[Iqbal Bano]], [[Abida Parveen]], [[Farida Khanum]], [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]], [[Ahmed Rushdi]], [[Ustad Amanat Ali Khan]], [[Parvez Mehdi]] and [[Mehdi Hassan]] are known for ghazal renditions. Indian Singers like [[Jagjit Singh (singer)|Jagjit Singh]] (who first used a [[guitar]] in ghazals), [[Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Adithya Srinivasan (Singer)|Adithya Srinivasan]], [[Mohammad Rafi]], [[Pankaj Udhas]], [[Satyam Anandjee]], [[Umbayee]], [[Rajendra Mehta]], [[Nina Mehta]] and many others have been able to give a new shape to the ghazal by incorporating elements of Western music.

=== Ghazals in local languages ===
In North India, in addition to [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], ghazals have been very popular in the [[Gujarati language]]. For around a century, starting with [[Balashankar Kantharia]], there have been many notable Gujarati ghazal writers including [[Kalapi]], [[Barkat Virani]] 'Befaam', [[Asim Randeri]], Shunya Palanpuri, [[Amrut Ghayal]], [[Khalil Dhantejvi]] and many more. Some notable ghazals of those prominent writers have been sung by Bollywood playback singer [[Manhar Udhas]].

Renowned ghazal singer, and pioneer of Telugu ghazals, [[Ghazal Srinivas]] popularized the ghazal in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Srinivas also introduced ghazal singing in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], and ghazals in Kannada were written by Markandapuram Srinivas. Legendary musician [[Umbayee]] composed ghazals in [[Malayalam]] and popularised this form of music across [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Malini|title=How Kerala came to embrace the unfamiliar musical genre of ghazals|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/890155/how-kerala-came-to-embrace-the-alien-form-of-ghazals|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Suresh Bhat]] popularized ghazals in the [[Marathi language]]. Some of his amazing ghazals were sung by famous artists like [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Asha Bhosale]]. He was known as ''Ghazal Samrat'' (the [[Emperor]] of ghazals) for his exposition of the ghazal form of poetry and its adaptation to the [[Marathi language]]. His disciple [[Ilahi Jamadar]] continued the tradition, blending Urdu and Marathi verses in his work.

[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] brought ghazals to the [[Bengali language]], composing numerous [[Bengali Ghazals]] which are still famous in both [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]].

== In English ==
After nearly a century of "false starts", the early experiments of [[James Clarence Mangan]], [[James Elroy Flecker]], [[Adrienne Rich]], [[Phyllis Webb]], etc., many of whom did not adhere wholly or in part to the traditional principles of the form, experiments dubbed as "the bastard Ghazal",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wordsters.net/poetics/poetics01/01weaverprint.html |title=wordsters.net |access-date=18 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215734/http://wordsters.net/poetics/poetics01/01weaverprint.html |archive-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> the ghazal finally began to be recognized as a viable closed form in poetry of the [[English language]] some time in the early to mid-1990s. It came about largely as a result of serious, true-to-form examples being published by noted American poets [[John Hollander]], [[W. S. Merwin]] and [[Elise Paschen]] as well as by Kashmiri-American poet [[Agha Shahid Ali]], who had been teaching and spreading word of the Ghazal at American universities over the previous two decades. [[Jim Harrison]] created his own free-form Ghazal true to his poetic vision in ''Outlyer and Ghazals'' (1971).<ref>{{ISBN|0671208527}}</ref>

In 1996, Ali compiled and edited the world's first anthology of English-language ghazals, published by [[Wesleyan University Press]] in 2000, as ''Ravishing DisUnities: Real Ghazals in English''. (Fewer than one in ten of the ghazals collected in ''Real Ghazals in English'' observe the constraints of the form.)

A ghazal is composed of couplets, five or more. The couplets may have nothing to do with one another except for the formal unity derived from a strict rhyme and rhythm pattern.

A ghazal in English observes the traditional restrictions of the form:
<blockquote>
Where are you now? Who lies beneath your spell tonight? 
Whom else from rapture's road will you expel tonight? 
 
Those "Fabrics of Cashmere—" "to make Me beautiful—" 
"Trinket"— to gem– "Me to adorn– How– tell"— tonight? 
 
I beg for haven: Prisons, let open your gates– 
A refugee from Belief seeks a cell tonight. 
 
God's vintage loneliness has turned to vinegar– 
All the archangels– their wings frozen– fell tonight. 
 
Lord, cried out the idols, Don't let us be broken 
Only we can convert the infidel tonight. 
 
Mughal ceilings, let your mirrored convexities 
multiply me at once under your spell tonight. 
 
He's freed some fire from ice in pity for Heaven. 
He's left open– for God– the doors of Hell tonight. 
 
In the heart's veined temple, all statues have been smashed 
No priest in saffron's left to toll its knell tonight. 
 
God, limit these punishments, there's still Judgment Day– 
I'm a mere sinner, I'm no infidel tonight. 
 
Executioners near the woman at the window. 
Damn you, Elijah, I'll bless Jezebel tonight. 
 
The hunt is over, and I hear the Call to Prayer 
fade into that of the wounded gazelle tonight. 
 
My rivals for your love– you've invited them all? 
This is mere insult, this is no farewell tonight. 
 
And I, Shahid, only am escaped to tell thee– 
God sobs in my arms. [[Call me Ishmael]] tonight.

— [[Agha Shahid Ali]]
</blockquote>

===Notable poets who composed ghazals in English===
* [[Agha Shahid Ali]], "Ghazal ('...exiles')"
* [[Robert Bly]], ''The Night Abraham Called to the Stars'' and ''My Sentence Was a Thousand Years of Joy''
* [[Francis Brabazon]], ''In Dust I Sing'' (Beguine Library, 1974).
* [[G.S. Sharat Chandra]], "The Anonymous Lover"
* [[Andrew D. Chumbley]], "Qutub" (Xoanon), 1995.
* [[Lorna Crozier]], "Bones in Their Wings"
* [[Sukhdarshan Dhaliwal]], "Ghazals at Twilight" (SD Publications), 2009
* [[Judith Fitzgerald]], ''Twenty-Six Ways Out of This World'' (Oberon), 1999.
* [[Thomas Hardy]], "The Mother Mourns"
* [[Jim Harrison]], ''Outlyer and Ghazals'' (Touchstone), 1971
* [[John Hollander]], "Ghazal On Ghazals"
* [[Galway Kinnell]], "Sheffield Ghazal 4: Driving West", "Sheffield Ghazal 5: Passing the Cemetery" (Mariner Books), 2001
* [[Marilyn Krysl]], "Ghazals for the Turn of the Century"
* [[Maxine Kumin]], "On the Table"
* [[Edward Lowbury]], "A Ghazel (for Pauline)" (1968); "Prometheus: a ghazel" (1976); "Remembering Nine (a ghazel for Peter Russell)" (1981)
* [[William Matthews (poet)|William Matthews]], "Guzzle", "Drizzle"
* [[W. S. Merwin]], "The Causeway"
* [[Elise Paschen]], "Sam's Ghazal"
* [[Robert Pinsky]], "The Hall"
* [[Spencer Reece]], ''Florida Ghazals''
* [[Adrienne Rich]], ''Ghazals: Homage to Ghalib''
* [[John Thompson (poet)|John Thompson]], "Stilt Jack" (Anansi), 1978.
* [[Natasha Trethewey]], "Miscegenation", 2006.
* [[Phyllis Webb]], ''Water and Light: Ghazals and Anti Ghazals'' (Coach House), 1984.
* [[John Edgar Wideman]], "Lost Letter"
* [[Eleanor Wilner]], "Ghazal on What's to Lose, or Not"
* [[Rob Winger]], "The Chimney Stone" (Nightwood Editions), 2010

==Ghazal singers==
Some notable ghazal singers are:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Ahmed Rushdi]]
* [[Abida Parveen]]
* [[Ali Sethi]]
* [[Amjad Parvez]]
* [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
* [[Anup Jalota]]
* [[Ataullah Khan]]
* [[Ateeq Hussain Khan]]
* [[Salma Agha]]
* [[Kiran Ahluwalia]]
* [[Begum Akhtar]]
* [[Najma Akhtar]]
* [[Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)|Ghulam Ali]]
* [[Talat Aziz]]
* [[Gulbahar Bano]]
* [[Iqbal Bano]]
* [[Beauty Sharma Barua]]
* [[Munni Begum]]
* [[Asha Bhosle]]
* [[Rahmatullah Dard]]
* [[Chandan Dass]]
* [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
* [[Mehdi Hassan]]
* [[Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain]]
* [[Cassius Khan]]
* [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Ustad Amanat Ali Khan]]
* [[Asad Amanat Ali Khan]]
* [[Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan]]
* [[Bade Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Hamid Ali Khan]]
* [[Shahabaz Aman]]
* [[Khalil Haider]]
* [[Farida Khanum]]
* [[Runa Laila]]
* [[Master Madan]]
* [[Talat Mahmood]]
* [[Mahwash]]
* [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* [[Penaz Masani]]
* [[Aziz Mian]]
* [[Habib Wali Mohammad]]
* [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
* [[Sonu Nigam]]
* [[Nizami Brothers]]
* [[Nayyara Noor]]
* [[Noorjehan]]
* [[Bhimrao Panchale]]
* [[Shishir Parkhie]]
* [[Malika Pukhraj]]
* [[Mohammed Rafi]]
* [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
* [[Sunali Rathod]]
* [[Reshma]]
* [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Sabri Brothers]]
* [[Jagjit Singh]]
* [[Sajjad Ali]]
* [[Mohammad Hussain Sarahang]]
* [[Mohammad Reza Shajarian]]
* [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder and Mitali Singh]]
* [[Jasvinder Singh]]
* [[Ghazal Srinivas]]
* [[Adithya Srinivasan]]
* [[Tahira Syed]]
* [[Manhar Udhas]]
* [[Nirmal Udhas]]
* [[Pankaj Udhas]]
* [[Suresh Wadkar]]
* [[Ahmad Wali]]
* [[Alka Yagnik]]
* [[Umbayee]]
{{div col end}}

Many [[:Category:Indian film singers|Indian]] and [[:Category:Pakistani film singers|Pakistani film singers]] are famous for singing ghazals, such as these:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Ahmed Rushdi]]
* [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
* [[Mehdi Hassan]]
* [[Jagjit Singh]]
* [[Noor Jehan]]
* [[Talat Mahmood]]
* [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
* [[Mohammad Rafi]]
* [[Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)|Ghulam Ali]]
* [[Kundan Lal Saigal|K. L. Saigal]]
* [[Chitra Singh]]
* [[Asha Bhosle]]
* [[Tina Sani]]
{{div col end}}

Some [[Music of Malaysia|Malay singers]] are famous for singing Ghazal, such as these: {{Relevance inline|paragraph|date=February 2018}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Jamal Abdillah]]
* [[Sharifah Aini]]
* [[Rosiah Chik]]
* [[Noraniza Idris]]
* [[Rhoma Irama]]
* [[M. Nasir]]
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Filmi-ghazal]], Indian filmi music based on ghazal poetry

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* Agha Shahid Ali (ed.). ''Ravishing Disunities: Real Ghazals in English''. {{ISBN|0-8195-6437-0}}
* Agha Shahid Ali. ''Call Me Ishmael Tonight: A Book of Ghazals''. {{ISBN|0-393-05195-1}}
* Bailey, J. O. ''The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A handbook and Commentary''. {{ISBN|0-8078-1135-1}}
* Doty, Gene (ed. 1999–2014) and Jensen, Holly (ed. 2015-today). [http://www.ghazalpage.com/ ''The Ghazal Page'']; various postings, 1999—today
* Kanda, K.C., editor. Masterpieces of the Urdu Ghazal: From the 17th to the 20th Century. Sterling Pub Private Ltd., 1991
* Mufti, Aamir. "Towards a Lyric History of India." boundary 2, 31: 2, 2004
* Reichhold, Jane (ed.). ''Lynx''; various issues, 1996–2000
* Sells, Michael A. ''Early Islamic Mysticism''. {{ISBN|9780809136193}}
* Watkins, R. W. (ed.). ''Contemporary Ghazals''; Nos. 1 and 2, 2003–2004
* Lall, Inder jit. "Ghazal Movements", Century, May 23, 1964
* Lall, Inder jit. "Heightened sensibility" The Economic Times, December 31, 1978
* Lall, Inder jit. "The Ghazal – Evolution & Prospects", The Times of India, November 8, 1970
* Lall, Inder Jit. "The New Ghazal", The Times of India, July 3, 1971
* Lall, Inder jit. "Ghazal: A Sustainer of Spasms", Thought, May 20, 1967
* Lall, Inder jit. "Tuning into modern ghazals", Sunday Herald, January 29, 1989
* Lall, Inder Jit. "Ghazal: Melodies and minstrels", Sunday Patriot, June 29, 1986
* Lall, Inder jit. "Charm of ghazal lies in lyricism", Hindustan Times, August 8, 1985

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ghazals}}
* {{EI2|last1=Blachère|first1=R.|last2=Bausani|first2=A.|volume=2|title=G̲h̲azal|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ghazal-COM_0232?s.num=9&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=cawgan}}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ghalib/ghazal_index.html A Desertful of Roses] The Divan-e Ghalib – in Urdu, with Devanagari and Roman transliterations.
* [http://www.ghazalradio.com/ Ghazal Radio] dedicated ghazal radio.
* [http://www.ranjish.com/poets Ghazal poets] A list of ghazal writers.
* [http://gaana.com/song/mere-rashke-qamar Mere Rashke Qamar] One of the Best ghazal of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.
* Ghazals Manuscript, [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/medren/pageturn.html?q=ljs%2044&fq=collection_facet%3A%22Lawrence%20J.%20Schoenberg%20Collection%22&id=MEDREN_5404714& Rare Book & Manuscript Library University of Pennsylvania LJS 44]

{{Urdu poetry}}
{{Poetic forms}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}

[[Category:Ghazal| ]]
[[Category:Persian literature]]
[[Category:Persian poetry]]
[[Category:Urdu-language literature]]
[[Category:Arabic and Central Asian poetics]]
[[Category:Pakistani poetics]]
[[Category:Literary genres]]
[[Category:Indian music]]
[[Category:Pakistani music]]
[[Category:Ancient Persian literature]]
[[Category:Persian poetic forms]]
[[Category:Arabic poetry forms]]

Shehnai

2021-05-27T18:13:37Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{for|the films|Shehnai (1947 film)|Shehnai (1964 film)}} {{Weasel|date=February 2019}} {{Infobox Instrument |name=Shehnai |names= Shahnai, Shenai, Sahanai, Sanai, Shenoy, Sha..."

{{for|the films|Shehnai (1947 film)|Shehnai (1964 film)}}
{{Weasel|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=Shehnai
|names= Shahnai, Shenai, Sahanai, Sanai, Shenoy, Shanai, Sahnai
|image=Shehnai.jpg
|classification=
*[[Double reed]]
*[[Wind instrument|Wind]]
*[[Aerophone]]
|range=
|midi=111/112 (Shanai)
|related=
*[[nadaswaram]]
*[[sundari (instrument)|sundari]]
*[[suona]]
*[[sopila]]
*[[zurna]] }}

The '''''shehnai''''' is a [[musical instrument]], originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is made out of wood, with a [[double reed]] at one end and a metal or wooden flared bell at the other end.<ref name=EB>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/765595/shehnai Shehnai] [[Britannica.com]].</ref><ref>[[#Ra|Ranade. p. 307]].</ref><ref>[[#Ho|Hoiberg, p. 1]]</ref> Its sound is thought to create and maintain a sense of auspiciousness and sanctity and as a result, is widely used during [[marriage]]s, [[processions]] and in [[Temple|temples]] although it is also played in [[Concert|concerts]]. It was a part of the Naubat or traditional ensemble of nine instruments found in the royal court. The shehnai is similar to [[South India]]'s [[nadaswaram]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sahane.jpg|Nepal. The sahane is a curved instrument, played in the [[panche baja]].
File:A tribal shehnai player.jpg|India. A tribal shehnai player.
</gallery>

== Characteristics ==
This tubular instrument gradually broadens towards the lower end. It usually has between six and nine holes. It employs one set of [[quadruple reed]]s, making it a [[quadruple reed]] [[woodwind]]. To master the instrument, the [[musician]] must employ various and intricate [[embouchure]] and [[fingering (music)|fingering]] techniques.<ref name=EB/>

The shehnai has a range of two [[octave]]s, from the A below [[middle C]] to the A one line above the treble clef (A3 to A5 in [[scientific pitch notation]]).

A shehnai is often but not always made with a body of [[wood]] or [[bamboo]] and a flared [[metal]] end.<ref>{{cite web|last1=(N.A)|first1=(N.A.)|title=shehnai|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/indi/hd_indi.htm|website=metmuseum.org |publisher=Allen Roda|access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref>

== Origin of the shehnai ==
The shehnai is thought to have been developed by improving upon the [[pungi]] (a woodwind folk instrument used primarily for [[snake charming]]).

Another theory of the origin of the shehnai is that the name is a modification of the word "shah-nai". The word nai<ref>[[Nai (caste)]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2021}} is used in many Indian languages to mean barber. The word "shah" refers to a Royal. Since it was first played in the Shah's chambers and was played by a nai (barber), the instrument was named "shehnai". The sound of the shehnai began to be considered auspicious. And for this reason it is still played in temples and is an indispensable component of any North Indian wedding. In the past, the Shehnai was part of the naubat or traditional ensemble of nine instruments found at royal courts. Till recently it was used only in temples and weddings. The credit for bringing this instrument onto the classical stage goes to Ustad Bismillah Khan.<ref>[[Bismillah Khan]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2021}}

The counterparts to the shehnai played in West India<ref>[[Western India]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2021}} and Coastal Karnataka<ref>[[Kanara]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2021}} are indigenous to the territory. Shehnai players were/are an integral part of Goan/Konkani and temples along the western coast and the players are called ''Vajantri'' and were allotted lands for services rendered to the temples.<ref name=goa>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu}}</ref>

== Notable Indian shehnai players ==
*[[Bismillah Khan]]
*[[Anant Lal]]
*[[Ali Ahmed Hussain Khan]]
*[[Lokesh Anand]]
*[[S. Ballesh]]
*[[Pandit Basavaraj Bajantri]]

== See also ==
*[[Mizmar (instrument)|Mizmar]], a shawm similar to the shehnai
*[[Nadaswaram]], a similar South Indian instrument
*[[Reed instrument]], a type of woodwind instrument
*[[Shawm]], a type of reed instrument
== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |title=Music contexts: a concise dictionary of Hindustani Music|last=Ranade |first=Ashok Damodar|year=2006|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=81-85002-63-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFwbGi3oBHgC&q=Shehnai&pg=PA307 |ref=Ra }}
* {{cite book |title=Students' Britannica India|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|author2=Indu Ramchandani |year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn= 9780852297605|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=Shehnai&pg=PA1 |ref=Ho }}

{{Double reed}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Aerophones}}
{{Reed aerophones}}

[[Category:Single oboes with conical bore]]
[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Quadruple-reed instruments]]
[[Category:Nepalese musical instruments]]

Lokesh Anand

2021-05-27T18:12:33Z

Intelligence Journal:

{{short description|Indian Shehnai Player (born 1978)}}
{{UPE|date=January 2021}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Pandit]]
| name = Lokesh Anand
| image = Lokesh_Anand_Shehnai_Player.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Lokesh
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|03|13}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| instrument = [[Shehnai]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Musician
| website = {{URL|lokeshanand.com/}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Lokesh Anand''' (born March 13, 1978) is an Indian Shehnai Player. Lokesh has been learning under '''[[Sangeet Martand Pandit Jasraj]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-29|title=लोकेश आनंद ने बजाया मधुवंती राग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/lokesh-anand-plays-madhuvanti-raga-032628-3532436.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>, Hence belongs to '''[[Mewati gharana|Mewati Gharana]]'''.
He is empanelled with the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] ([[Government of India]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iccr.gov.in/cultural/list-of-empanelment-artist/lokesh-anand-shehnai-group-shri-lokesh-anand|title="Lokesh Anand Shehnai Group Shri Lokesh Anand " {{!}} Indian Council for Cultural Relations|website=iccr.gov.in|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> The key characteristics of Anand's Shehnai playing are neat fingering techniques, command over tempo along with richness and clarity in sound.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/music-maestros-cast-a-spell/329900.html|title=Music maestros cast a spell|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Lokesh performs solo and in duet and also does fusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgevent.in/artist/view_artist.php?artistid=0000001450/|title=LOKESH ANAND (SHEHNAI PLAYER) working as Instrument - Organ Player, Instrument - Sahnai Wadak, Sahnai Wadak, Tasa Party from Shahdara Delhi, India {{!}} DG Event.in, dg artist- Anchor & Singer Management company|website=www.dgevent.in|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eventaa.com/shehnaiplayer-1459411202-5394|title=Lokesh Anand-Shehnai Player,Delhi {{!}} eventaa|website=eventaa.com|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anandfoundation.com/business-directory/5294/lokesh-anand/|title=Lokesh Anand|website=Anand Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>

== Early life and training ==
Anand was born in [[Delhi]] and started receiving training from his father, Kalicharan when Lokesh was 8 years old. His father taught him the basic technique which separates him from others. Later in life, Lokesh received training from Pandit Anant Lal, Pandit Dayashankar and Pandit Jasraj.<ref name="लोकेश आनंद ने बजाया मधुवंती राग">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/lokesh-anand-plays-madhuvanti-raga-032628-3532436.html|title=लोकेश आनंद ने बजाया मधुवंती राग|date=2018-12-29|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>

== References ==

Lokesh Anand

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Intelligence Journal:

Lokesh Anand

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Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Indian Shehnai Player (born 1978)}} {{UPE|date=January 2021}} {{refimprove|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox musical artist | honorific_prefix = Pandit | n..."

Violin

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Intelligence Journal:

{{short description|Wooden bowed string instrument}}
{{about|the standard violin|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=Violin
|names=[[fiddle]]
|image=Violin VL100.png
|image_capt=A standard modern violin shown from the front and the side
|background=string
|hornbostel_sachs=321.322-71
|hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite [[chordophone]] sounded by a [[bow (music)|bow]]
|developed=Early 16th century
|range=[[File:Range violin.png|130px|center]]
|related=
*'''[[Violin family]]''' ([[viola]], [[cello]], [[double bass]])
*[[Viol]] family (some historians argue the [[double bass]] developed from the bass viol)
|musicians=
*[[List of violinists]]
|builders=
*[[List of luthiers]]
|sound sample =[[File:Violin sounds and techniques.ogg|thumb|center|Recording of violinist demonstrating different sounds of the violin.]]
}}

{{Violin}}

The '''violin''', sometimes known as a '''''[[fiddle]]''''', is a wooden chordophone ([[string instrument]]) in the [[violin family]]. Most violins have a hollow wooden body. It is the smallest and thus highest-pitched instrument ([[soprano]]) in the family in regular use.{{efn|Smaller violin-type instruments exist, including the [[violino piccolo]] and the [[pochette (musical instrument)|pochette]], but these are virtually unused.}} The violin typically has four [[strings (music)|strings]], usually tuned in [[perfect fifth]]s with notes G3, D4, A4, E5, and is most commonly played by drawing a [[bow (music)|bow]] across its strings. It can also be played by plucking the strings with the fingers ([[pizzicato]]) and, in specialized cases, by striking the strings with the wooden side of the bow ([[col legno]]).

Violins are important instruments in a wide variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the [[Western classical music|Western classical tradition]], both in ensembles (from [[chamber music]] to [[orchestra]]s) and as solo instruments. Violins are also important in many varieties of [[folk music]], including [[country music]], [[bluegrass music]], and in [[jazz violin|jazz]]. [[Electric violin]]s with solid bodies and [[Pickup (music technology)#Piezoelectric pickups|piezoelectric pickups]] are used in some forms of [[rock music]] and [[jazz fusion]], with the pickups plugged into [[instrument amplifier]]s and speakers to produce sound. The violin has come to be incorporated in many non-Western music cultures, including [[Indian music]] and [[Iranian music]]. The name ''fiddle'' is often used regardless of the type of music played on it.

The violin was first known in 16th-century [[Italy]], with some further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries to give the instrument a more powerful sound and projection. In Europe, it served as the basis for the development of other stringed instruments used in Western classical music, such as the [[viola]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Jhujhar|title=Interview: Kala Ramnath|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1SoZSosu6Y|website=News X|publisher=YouTube|access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=heron>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Edward Heron|title=Violin-making, as it was and is: Being a Historical, Theoretical, and Practical Treatise on the Science and Art of Violin-making, for the Use of Violin Makers and Players, Amateur and Professional. Preceded by An Essay on the Violin and Its Position as a Musical Instrument|date=1914|publisher= E. Howe}} Accessed 5 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Choudhary|first1=S.Dhar|title=The Origin and Evolution of Violin as a Musical Instrument and Its Contribution to the Progressive Flow of Indian Classical Music: In search of the historical roots of violin|date=2010|publisher=Ramakrisna Vedanta Math|isbn=978-9380568065|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUQWMwEACAAJ&q=history+violin+India|access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref>

Violinists and collectors particularly prize the fine historical instruments made by the [[Stradivari]], [[Guarneri]], [[Guadagnini]] and [[Amati]] families from the 16th to the 18th century in [[Brescia]] and [[Cremona]] (Italy) and by [[Jacob Stainer]] in [[Austria]]. According to their reputation, the quality of their sound has defied attempts to explain or equal it, though this belief is disputed.<ref name="NYT-201430407">{{cite news |last=Belluck |first=Pam |title=A Strad? Violinists Can't Tell |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/science/a-strad-violinists-cant-tell.html |date=April 7, 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=April 9, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Christopher Joyce|title=Double-Blind Violin Test: Can You Pick The Strad?|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2012/01/02/144482863/double-blind-violin-test-can-you-pick-the-strad?sc=fb&cc=fp|publisher=[[NPR]]|year=2012|access-date=2012-01-02}}</ref> Great numbers of instruments have come from the hands of less famous makers, as well as still greater numbers of mass-produced commercial "trade violins" coming from cottage industries in places such as [[Saxony]], [[Bohemia]], and [[Mirecourt]]. Many of these trade instruments were formerly sold by [[Sears|Sears, Roebuck and Co.]] and other mass merchandisers.

==References==

Violin

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Intelligence Journal:

Violin

2021-05-27T18:06:21Z

Intelligence Journal:

Violin

2021-05-27T18:05:51Z

Intelligence Journal: Created page with "{{short description|Wooden bowed string instrument}} {{about|the standard violin|other uses}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox Instrument |name=Violin |names=fi..."