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ISRO espionage case

2026-05-06T18:24:50Z

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{{Short description|Disproven allegation of espionage}}
[[File:Nambi Narayanan.jpg|thumb|Nambi Narayanan, former ISRO scientist falsely accused in the espionage case]]

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} '''ISRO espionage case''' involved discredited allegations of [[espionage]] made by Indian investigation agencies in the 1990s against some scientists of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=What was the ISRO spy case, involving scientist Nambi Narayanan? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/isro-spy-case-nambi-narayanan-sc-order-explained-8302499/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[List of Indian intelligence agencies|Indian intelligence agencies]] and the [[Kerala Police|Kerala police]] arrested some senior aerospace engineers on charges of attempting to sell confidential documents containing designs of indigenous rocket engine developed by ISRO.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-27 |title=Nambi Narayanan: The fake spy scandal that blew up a rocket scientist's career |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49836270 |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>

The most prominent victim was [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]] [[Nambi Narayanan]], who later alleged that the United States and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] may have involved in fabricating the case,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-27 |title=ISRO Spy Case May Have Been CIA Plot to Sabotage India's Cryogenic Progress: Former Scientist |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/isro-spy-case-may-have-been-cia-plot-to-sabotage-indias-cryogenic-progress-former-scientist-1558579.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2021 |title=Nambi Narayanan sees U.S. Hand in ISRO spy case |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-scientist-sees-us-hand-in-isro-spy-case/article35771034.ece}}</ref> thereby preventing India from entering into multi-billion dollar commercial space missions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-14 |title=ISRO spy case: SC judgment will help to change mindset of law enforcement machinery, says Nambi Narayanan |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/isro-spy-case-sc-judgment-will-help-to-change-mindset-of-law-enforcement-machinery-says-nambi-narayanan-5185951.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) politicians [[A. K. Antony]] and [[Oommen Chandy]] led 'A'-group caucus inside the INC in [[Kerala]]. Senior Kerala Police officials like [[Raman Srivastava]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/fake-isro-spy-case-the-seven-characters-of-the-false-espionage-story-5363242/ | title=Fake ISRO spy case: The seven characters of the false espionage story | date=18 September 2018 | access-date=23 August 2022 | archive-date=19 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019052720/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/fake-isro-spy-case-the-seven-characters-of-the-false-espionage-story-5363242/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Siby Mathews and the Malayalam newspaper ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' played a major role in sensationalising<ref>{{cite web |title=Who owns your media: How Malayala Manorama struggled with a steep fall in ad revenues |date=21 July 2021 |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/07/21/who-owns-your-media-how-malayala-manorama-struggled-with-a-steep-fall-in-ad-revenues}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Nambi Narayanan |title=ISRO Espionage Case 1994 : Nambi Narayanan Paper Cuttings |date=1994 |url=http://archive.org/details/nambi-narayanan |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref> and politicising the allegations made against the scientists.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/criminal-here-media-journalists-recount-how-isro-spy-case-was-concocted-165502 | title='The criminal here is the media': Journalists recount how ISRO spy case was concocted | date=3 July 2022 | access-date=9 August 2022 | archive-date=8 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808222852/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/criminal-here-media-journalists-recount-how-isro-spy-case-was-concocted-165502 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/sep/25/probe-role-of-cia-in-isro-spy-case-nambi-narayanan-1876724.html | title=Probe role of CIA in ISRO spy case: Nambi Narayanan | date=25 September 2018 }}</ref>

In April 1996, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] concluded that there was no case to be made and the [[Supreme Court of India]] stopped the Kerala government from pursuing further investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2018 |title=Indian court offers final vindication for innocent space scientist who was arrested and tortured |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/indian-court-offers-final-vindication-innocent-space-scientist-who-was-arrested-and}}</ref> The political fallout from the case caused [[K. Karunakaran]] to resign as chief minister of Kerala in March 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO spy case: KPCC president MM Hassan makes major revelation on removal of K Karunakaran as Kerala Chief Minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/dec/23/isro-spy-case-kpcc-president-mm-hassan-makes-major-revelation-on-removal-of-k-karunakaran-as-kerala-1735161.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2017 }}</ref> The ISRO employees, who had been subject to arrest, pursued redress in courts, with Nambi Narayanan being awarded around 19 [[lakh]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-07 |title=A shattered man now sits cool and detached |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-shattered-man-now-sits-cool-and-detached/article3871592.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in total as compensation. In 2021, the Supreme Court ordered a probe into the actions of involved police officers, who filed counter-suits alleging corruption on the part of CBI investigators. Siby Mathews IPS was the fourth accused in the espionage fabrication case and accused of ordering the alleged torture of Nambi Narayanan. He is fighting a case in the Supreme Court against a CBI plea to cancel Mathews's [[anticipatory bail]] in the fake case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2021 |title=Isro spy case: Ex-DGP Siby Mathews's bail extended |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/isro-spy-case-ex-dgp-siby-mathewss-bail-extended/articleshow/87218404.cms |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2022 |title=ISRO case: Supreme Court to hear CBI plea to cancel former Kerala DGP Siby Mathews' anticipatory bail |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-case-supreme-court-to-hear-cbi-plea-to-cancel-anticipatory-bail-to-former-kerala-dgp-siby-mathews/article65643123.ece |access-date=2022-08-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Arrests ==
In October 1994, during a [[Visa policy of India|visa verification]] check at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], police found the explanations of two Maldivian women, Mariam Rasheeda and [[Fauziyya Hassan]], suspicious. A diary written in [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi language]] was found in a raid on Rasheeda's lodging. Police said that it indicated she was a member of the [[National Security Service (Maldives)|National Security Service of Maldives]]. A [[first information report]] filed by police mentioned instances of Rasheeda contacting D Sasikumaran, then a general manager at [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]].{{Efn|Phone records showed calls by Rasheeda to [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] and the residence of Sasikumaran. Police also said that Sasikumaran visited Rasheeda's hotel.<ref name="Nileena-Caravan"/>}} A report that Rasheeda and Fauziyya Hassan were frequent visitors to the Pakistani embassy in Maldives spurred an investigation by [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) and [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) officials. The two women were arrested for overstaying their visa as well as under the [[Official Secrets Act (India)|Official Secrets Act]]. Based on their interrogation, which was recorded on video, Sasikumaran and K Chandrasekhar, a representative of [[Glavkosmos]], were arrested in November. In the interrogation, it was alleged that Narayanan and Sasikumaran were to collect documents; Chandrasekhar would arrange logistics and payments; and would transfer the documents to Alexi Vassive of Ural Aviation, who would forward it to Glavkosmos. Sasikumaran claimed that Narayanan and Vassive had already brokered a transfer of drawings of [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking engine]] to Brazil in 1989–90. A Pakistani scientist and a woman working with Pakistani High Commission in Colombo were also named.<ref name="Nileena-Caravan"/>

Between 21 November and 1 December 1994, four people associated with the ISRO; D. Sasikumaran, K. Chandrasekhar, Nambi Narayanan and Sudhir Kumar Sharma were arrested by the Crime Branch of the Kerala Police;<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 April 1998 |title=''K. Chandrasekhar v. The State Of Kerala and other'' |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/13247.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> Narayanan had submitted a request for voluntary retirement from ISRO a month prior to his arrest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=''S. Nambi Narayanan vs. Siby Mathews & Others'' |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2015/19295/19295_2015_Judgement_14-Sep-2018.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |page=12 |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217220617/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2015/19295/19295_2015_Judgement_14-Sep-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kerala Police special team headed by then DIG Siby Mathews had arrested Narayanan on charges of espionage.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=I am happy Nambi got justice: Former DGP Raman Srivastava |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/sep/15/i-am-happy-nambi-got-justice-former-dgp-raman-srivastava-1872054.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916110706/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/sep/15/i-am-happy-nambi-got-justice-former-dgp-raman-srivastava-1872054.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2018 |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Police recorded that confidential documents from LPSC were recovered from Sasikumaran's house the next day. The police alleged that $50,000 was given to Sasikumaran and Narayanan through Hassan's daughter between January and September 1994. Chandrasekhar mentioned the name of Ravindra Reddy as being involved in business with Russians. Reddy was alleged to be a business partner of Prabhakar Rao, son of the then prime minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]]. Because of the international aspects of the case, Siby Mathews, who was heading the police team, requested the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to take up the case, and the CBI did so on 4 December. At the time, CBI was also investigating other cases related to the Rao family, such as the [[Jain hawala case]].<ref name="Nileena-Caravan">{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/space-secrets|last=MS|first=Nileena|date=1 November 2020|title=Space Secrets: How the CBI killed India's biggest espionage case|work=[[Caravan (magazine)|Caravan]]|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628174412/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/space-secrets|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

== CBI investigation ==
Narayanan spent 50 days in jail. He claimed that officials from the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], who initially interrogated him, wanted him to make false accusations against the top brass of ISRO. He alleged that two IB officials had asked him to implicate [[A. E. Muthunayagam]], his boss and then Director of the [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC). He said that when he refused to comply, he was tortured until he collapsed and was hospitalised.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarin |first1=Ritu |title=Wrongly accused ISRO scientist seeks damages |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990103/0035021.html |access-date=31 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 January 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040928145200/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990103/0035021.html |archive-date=28 September 2004}}</ref> He said his main complaint against ISRO is that it did not support him. [[K. Kasturirangan]], who was ISRO chairman at the time, stated that ISRO could not interfere in a legal matter.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} He wrote that the director of CBI Vijaya Rama Rao met him in jail on 8 December (four days after the case was transferred), when he explained to the director that the drawings of rockets and engines was not classified. He wrote that the CBI director wondered how the case has gotten so far and apologized in that meeting.<ref name="Nileena-Caravan" />

A (fake) petition filed in Kerala High Court for the arrest of Srivastava was dismissed by the court on the grounds that the court did not have powers to direct inclusion of persons in cases without any evidence. But the court had examined three tapes of the interrogation and dismissed allegations of torture by IB that the suspects had made to CBI investigators. The judges also found fault with CBI's failure to investigate leads suggested by Kerala police as well as its heavy dependence on the retractions by the accused. The court order precipitated Srivastava's suspension.<ref name="Nileena-Caravan" /> [[K. Karunakaran]], who was criticized both by other Congressional factions and the opposition for seemingly shielding Srivastava,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kochukudy |first1=Anand |title=How the ISRO espionage scandal brought a CM down |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/09/17/isro-espionage-scandal-downfall-karunakaran |website=Newslaundry |date=17 September 2018 |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702060651/https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/09/17/isro-espionage-scandal-downfall-karunakaran |url-status=live }}</ref> resigned as chief minister and [[A. K. Antony]] assumed the post.<ref>{{cite web |last=G. |first=Rajiv |title=Karunakaran did not resign on Isro spy case: Oommen Chandy |date=3 February 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karunakaran-did-not-resign-on-isro-spy-case-oommen-chandy/articleshow/50837507.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702034332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karunakaran-did-not-resign-on-isro-spy-case-oommen-chandy/articleshow/50837507.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> This factional struggle within the Congress in Kerala and within the Kerala Police ensured that [[Nambi Narayanan]] was not able to obtain justice for a long time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=G. |date=15 April 2021 |title=ISRO case resurfaces to haunt Congress |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/isro-case-resurfaces-to-haunt-congress/article34330405.ece |access-date=2022-08-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Some of the critical comments by the High Court were later removed by the Supreme Court, when it adjudicated a special leave petition by the CBI.<ref name="RK-Frontline"/>

In April 1996, before the [[1996 Indian general election]], CBI submitted a closure report to the chief judicial magistrate of Ernakulam district,<ref name="Joshi-InToday">{{cite web |last=Joshi |first=Charulata |date=31 August 1996 |title=ISRO spy scandal: IB, Kerala Police dispute CBI contention of bungling up the probe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/investigation/story/19960831-isro-spy-scandal-ib-kerala-police-dispute-cbi-contention-of-bungling-up-the-probe-833786-1996-08-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> saying that there was no espionage and that the testimonies of suspects were coerced by torture.<ref name="Nileena-Caravan"/>{{rp|p=1|quote=The CBI submitted a closure report in April 1996, at a time when the Narasimha Rao government was facing a general election after a term in office that was mired in corruption scandals. ... Based on the testimonies of the accused, the CBI argued that there was no case of espionage at all. The bureau argued that the suspects were tortured by the police, and that their confessions had been extracted under duress}} In May 1996, Kerala [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|elected a new LDF government]]. Amid attention on lacunae in CBI closure report, a challenge of the report in Kerala High Court by S. Vijayan{{Efn|A police officer involved in the initial investigation<ref name="Joshi-InToday"/>}}<ref name="Joshi-InToday"/> and continuing pressure from his own party, the new chief minister [[E. K. Nayanar#Third term (1996 - 2001)|E. K. Nayanar]] revoked the permission granted previously to CBI to investigate the case and enjoined Kerala police to take it up again. But Supreme Court{{Efn|Bench consisting of judges M.K. Mukherji and [[Syed Shah Mohammed Quadri]]}} stopped it in April 1998, pointing out that the [[Official Secrets Act (India)|Indian Official Secrets Act]] limits the powers of state police to conduct further investigation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Menon |first1=Venu |title=The Rediff On The NeT Special: Venu Menon on how the SC order on ISRO spy scandal has affected the Kerala government |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/isro/19980511.htm |website=www.rediff.com |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702060640/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/isro/19980511.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It said that "the CBI found that no case had been made out" and ordered the Kerala government to pay Rs 100,000 each to the six accused.{{Efn|Rasheeda, Hassan, Narayanan, Sasikumaran, Chandrasekhar and S.K. Sharma, a labour contractor for ISRO<ref name="RK-Frontline"/>}}<ref name="RK-Frontline">{{cite web |last1=Krishnakuar |first1=R |title=Requiem for a scandal |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30161423.ece |website=frontline.thehindu.com |access-date=1 July 2022 |language=en |date=8 May 1998 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234910/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30161423.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 1999, the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) passed strictures against the government of [[Kerala]] for having damaged Narayanan's distinguished career in space research along with the physical and mental torture to which he and his family were subjected. After the dismissal of charges against them, the two scientists, Sasikumar and Narayanan were transferred out of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and were given desk jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?204019 |title=Cops Tortured Me |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107105801/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?204019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== CIA Involvement ==
Narayanan agrees on the role of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The CIA, according to him, wanted to make sure that India did not get cryogenic rocket technology from Russia. The US administration feared it would capacitate ISRO to launch satellites into the [[geostationary orbit]] and seize a sizeable portion of the global space market. Thus, the CIA is claimed to have acted “in connivance with investigators” to impede India’s cryogenic engine programme after the United States blocked a [[technology transfer]] from Russia in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nambi Narayanan sees U.S. hand in ISRO spy case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-scientist-sees-us-hand-in-isro-spy-case/article35771034.ece |website=The Hindu |date=6 August 2021 |access-date=8 October 2025}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nambi Narayanan and the Other Side of the ISRO Spy Story – J. Rajasekharan Nair |url=https://science.thewire.in/culture/books/nambi-narayanan-other-side-isro-spy-story-rajasekharan-nair |website=The Wire |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref> Former ISRO scientist Nambi Narayanan has publicly requested further inquiry into U.S. involvement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nambi Narayanan alleges US hand in ISRO espionage case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Aug/07/nambi-narayanan-alleges-us-hand-in-isro-espionage-case-2341319.html
|work=The New Indian Express |date=7 August 2021 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>
Allegations also mention Ratan Sehgal, an Intelligence Bureau officer, and purported CIA operatives named Timothy Long and Susan Brown, though no official records confirm their roles or the extent of covert activities in India. Following a 2021 Supreme Court directive for a CBI reinvestigation, Narayanan welcomed the probe, stating that the conspirators should be identified and exposed.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO spy case: Nambi Narayanan welcomes CBI probe, says conspirators should be exposed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/15/isro-spy-case-nambi-narayanan-welcomes-cbi-probe-says-conspirators-should-be-exposed-2290329.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415094846/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/15/isro-spy-case-nambi-narayanan-welcomes-cbi-probe-says-conspirators-should-be-exposed-2290329.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SC order on ISRO spy case revives conspiracy theories |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Apr/17/sc-order-on-isro-spy-case-revives-conspiracy-theories-2290984.html
|work=The New Indian Express |date=17 April 2021 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>
Additionally, the 1997 ''[[India Today]]'' report on the Ratan Sehgal episode highlighted the strain between India and the U.S., which some reports and media sources interpret as part of broader intelligence-related tensions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indo-US relations take a step backward following Ratan Sehgal episode |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/diplomacy/story/19970315-indo-us-relations-take-a-step-backward-following-ratan-sehgal-episode-831210-1997-03-14
|website=India Today |date=15 March 1997 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>

== Redressal suits ==
In 2001, the NHRC ordered the government of Kerala to pay [[Nambi Narayanan]] a compensation of {{INR}} 10 lakh.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3871592.ece A shattered man now sits cool and detached] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116221239/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3871592.ece |date=16 November 2012 }}. The Hindu, 8 September 2012.</ref> He retired in 2001. The [[Kerala High Court]] ordered a compensation amount of Rs 1 lakh to be paid to Narayanan based on an appeal from NHRC India in September 2012.

On 3 October 2012, ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that the government of Kerala had dropped charges against the police officials who were alleged to have falsely implicated Narayanan in the espionage case on the grounds that over 15 years had passed since the case was initiated. The top officer involved in the case, Siby Mathews, was later appointed Chief Information Commissioner in Kerala (2011–2016).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/kerala-drops-charges-against-police-officials-in-isro-espionage-case/article3958850.ece |title=Kerala drops charges against police officials in ISRO espionage case |work=[[The Hindu|Thehindu.com]] |date=2 October 2012 |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404124809/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/kerala-drops-charges-against-police-officials-in-isro-espionage-case/article3958850.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-was-one-who-was-victimised-isro-espionage-case-former-kerala-dgp-siby-mathews-63299|title=I was the one who was victimised in ISRO espionage case: Former Kerala DGP Siby Mathews|date=7 June 2017|publisher=The News Minute|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702051440/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-was-one-who-was-victimised-isro-espionage-case-former-kerala-dgp-siby-mathews-63299|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Later political implications==
[[File:Nambi_Narayanan_receiving_the_Padma_Bhushan_in_2019.png|thumb|Nambi Narayanan receiving the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2019]]
In September 2013, during his prime ministerial election campaign, [[Narendra Modi]] met with Narayanan in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/you-made-me-a-modi-admirer-nambi-naraynanan-217606-2013-11-15|title=You made me a Modi admirer: Nambinarayanan|date=15 November 2013|last=Radhakrishnan|first=MG|work=India Today|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701141117/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/you-made-me-a-modi-admirer-nambi-naraynanan-217606-2013-11-15|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R. B. Sreekumar]], who had served as Additional Director-General of Police in Gujarat in 2002, had by then, made allegations of complicity by Modi and his government in the [[2002 Gujarat riots]]. In November 2013, during the campaign for [[2014 Indian general election]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] aired claims that Sreekumar's allegations were in exchange for the [[United Progressive Alliance]] government dropping charges of faulty investigation in the ISRO espionage case.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/bjp-attacks-modi-baiter-cop-sreekumar-rakes-up-isro-spy-case/20131107.htm|title=BJP attacks Modi-baiter cop Sreekumar, rakes up ISRO spy case|work=PTI|date=7 November 2013}}</ref>

On 14 September 2018, the Supreme Court ordered a probe{{Efn|by a three member panel headed by D. K. Jain, a former judge}} into the "harrowing" arrest and alleged torture of former space scientist [[Nambi Narayanan]] in the 'ISRO spy scandal' that turned out to be fake. A three-judge bench led by Chief Justice [[Dipak Misra]] also awarded Narayanan Rs. 5 [[lakh]] in compensation for the "mental cruelty" he suffered all these years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-appoints-panel-to-look-into-harrowing-torture-of-nambi-narayanan/article24943213.ece?homepage=true|title=ISRO spy case victim wants justice|date= 14 September 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Rajagopal|first1=Krishnadas}}</ref> The same month, Narayanan's name was recommended for [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India#Padma awards|Padma awards]] by [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]], then a BJP member of parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/former-kerala-top-cop-t-p-senkumar-puts-bjp-in-spot-over-padma-award-for-nambi-narayanan/cid/1682872|title=Former Kerala top cop puts BJP in spot over Padma for Nambi |last=Rakesh|first=K.M.|date=26 January 2019|work=[[Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref> In January 2019, Modi said that "it was an honour for his government to confer the Padma Bhushan on Nambi Narayanan".<ref>{{cite web |title="Patriotic ISRO Scientist Falsely Implicated": PM Modi On Nambi Narayanan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-on-nambi-narayanan-says-patriotic-isro-scientist-falsely-implicated-1984006 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144105/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-on-nambi-narayanan-says-patriotic-isro-scientist-falsely-implicated-1984006 |url-status=live }}</ref> The case and the Padma award featured in BJP's campaign for [[2019 Indian general election]],<ref name="Nileena-Caravan" /> with Modi stating at a rally in Thiruvananthapuram, "I hope you are aware what the Congress has done to Kerala's own scientist Nambi Narayan" in a rally in.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/can-we-forgive-cong-what-they-did-scientist-nambi-narayanan-modi-kerala-100312|title='Can we forgive Cong for what they did to scientist Nambi Narayanan': Modi in Kerala|date=19 April 2019|work=The News Minute|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404111219/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/can-we-forgive-cong-what-they-did-scientist-nambi-narayanan-modi-kerala-100312|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Recent developments ==
In 2021, Kerala government settled the case filed against it by Narayanan by agreeing to a payment of {{INRConvert|13|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nambi Narayanan gets ₹1.3 cr. additional compensation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nambi-narayanan-gets-13-cr-additional-compensation/article32329022.ece |website=The Hindu |date=11 August 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312125858/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nambi-narayanan-gets-13-cr-additional-compensation/article32329022.ece|archive-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>

On 14 April 2021, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe into the involvement of police officers in the conspiracy.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO Spy Case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/15/isro-spy-case-nambi-narayanan-welcomes-cbi-probe-says-conspirators-should-be-exposed-2290329.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415094846/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/15/isro-spy-case-nambi-narayanan-welcomes-cbi-probe-says-conspirators-should-be-exposed-2290329.html |archive-date=15 April 2021 |date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/isro-case-getting-murkier-ex-cops-allege-nambi-narayanan-transferred-acres-of-land-to-cbi-officers-1.5854176|title=ISRO case getting murkier: Ex-cops allege Nambi Narayanan transferred acres of land to CBI officers|last=Cherukkad|first=Rajan|work=Mathrubhumi|date=24 July 2021}}</ref> The Kerala High Court dismissed one of the pleas to investigate the land deals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/isro-case-kerala-hc-dismisses-plea-claiming-nambi-narayanan-influenced-cbi-probe-by-land-deals/2369397/|title=ISRO case: Kerala HC dismisses plea claiming Nambi Narayanan influenced CBI probe by land deals|date=15 November 2021|work=PTI}}</ref> It said that the documents were not proof enough, but allowed the petitioners to file a fresh case with better sale records.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nambi-narayanan-isro-spy-case-cbi-kerala-high-court-7616337/|title=Nambi Narayanan influenced CBI probe in ISRO spy case through land deals with agency officials: Kerala HC told|date=10 November 2021|work=PTI|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701141115/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nambi-narayanan-isro-spy-case-cbi-kerala-high-court-7616337/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== In Popular Culture ==
''[[Pathram]]'' (1999) is a Malayalam political thriller written by Renji Panicker and directed by Joshiy, featuring Suresh Gopi and Manju Warrier. The film contains an indirect thematic reference to the ISRO spy scandal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ചാരക്കേസിനെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള എന്റെ ഉത്തമബോധ്യമാണ് എഴുതിയത്; പത്രത്തിലെ ആ ഡയലോഗുകളെക്കുറിച്ച് രഞ്ജി പണിക്കര്‍ |url=https://www.doolnews.com/renji-panikkar-about-pathram-film-and-isro-spy-case-554.html |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=DoolNews |language=en}}</ref> [[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]] (2022) is another films which portrays the events regarding this case faced by Nambi Narayanan, the accused in the espionage case.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Espionage scandals and incidents]]
[[Category:ISRO]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:1990s scandals]]
[[Category:1990s in Indian politics]]

Ginny Wedss Sunny 2

2026-05-05T08:16:52Z

Infycle Technologies:

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Prasshant Jha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ginny Wedss Sunny 2
| image = Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Prasshant Jha
| writer = Prasshant Jha
| producer = {{ubl|Vinod Bachchan|Umesh Kumar Bansal}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Avinash Tiwary]]
* [[Medha Shankr]]
}}
| cinematography = Archit Patel
| editing = Bunty Nagi
| music = Heer, Amaan Noor Usman Khan Sushant-Shankar Siddhant Kaushal Haroon-Gavin
| production_companies = [[Soundrya Production]] [[Zee Studios]]
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|04|24}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ginny-wedss-sunny-2-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmtezntk1 |website=BBFC |date=24 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTAyMDMyMDI2MDAyNDA= |website=CBFC |date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹16 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/ginny-weds-sunny-2-box-office-target-budget-article-154159262 |title=Budget and Box Office Goals for Ginny Weds Sunny 2: Required Earnings for HIT Status |author=Zoom TV Digital |website=Zoom TV Entertainment |date=2026-04-24 |access-date=2026-04-27}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹1.96 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ginny-wedss-sunny-2/box-office/ |title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 Box Office Collection |date= 24 April 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2026-04-27}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ginny Wedss Sunny 2''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Prasshant Jha. Produced under [[Soundrya Production]] and [[Zee Studios]], the film stars [[Avinash Tiwary]] and [[Medha Shankr]]. It is a [[spiritual sequel]] to ''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]'' (2020).

The film was released theatrically on 24 April 2026 and received negative reviews from critics.

== Premise ==
A solitary wrestler ([[Avinash Tiwary]]) re-evaluates his life when a young bachelorette crashes into his life and challenges his core assumptions , that's when he meets Ginny

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Avinash Tiwary]] as Shivansh "Sunny" Chaturvedi
* [[Medha Shankr]] as Geetanjali "Ginny" Goenka
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Neelu
* [[Sudhir Pandey]] as Ram Sewak
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Ayodhya Prakash
* [[Gopi Bhalla]] as Sugriv uncle
* [[Rohit Chaudhary]] as Rudranarayan D'Costa
* Nayani Dixit as Sarika
* Vishwanath Chatterjee as Purshram aka Pintu
*Preetika Pahwa as Sukriti
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was officially announced by [[Zee Studios]], with Prashant Jha serving as writer and director, while [[Soundrya Production]] managed the [[Filmmaking#Production|production]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Casting ===
[[Avinash Tiwary]] and [[Medha Shankr]] were cast in the lead roles.<ref name=":3" >{{cite web |title=Avinash Tiwary, Medha Shankr's Ginny Wedss Sunny 2's dance video leaked on the internet, watch here- Moneycontrol.com |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/avinash-tiwary-medha-shankr-s-ginny-wedss-sunny-2-s-dance-video-leaked-on-the-internet-watch-here-article-13138350.html |website=Moneycontrol |date=18 June 2025}}</ref> [[Lillete Dubey]], [[Sudhir Pandey]], [[Govind Namdev]], [[Gopi Bhalla]], [[Rohit Chaudhary]], Nayani Dixit, Vishwanath Chatterjee, and Preetika Pahwa were added to the cast.<ref name=":2" >{{cite web |title=Avinash Tiwary and Medha Shankr's Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 locks release date |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/avinash-tiwary-and-medha-shankr-ginny-wedss-sunny-2-locks-release-date-23616327 |website=Mid-day |date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Pre-production]] began in March 2025.<ref name=":1" >{{cite web |title=Yami Gautam And Vikrant Massey's Ginny Weds Sunny 2 Shoot To Begin Soon? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/yami-gautam-and-vikrant-masseys-ginny-weds-sunny-2-shoot-to-begin-soon-heres-what-we-know-9270049.html |website=News18 |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in May 2025<ref>{{cite web |title='Ginny Wedss Sunny 2' Filming; Indican Buys 'In The Fire Of War'; Netflix Gets 'Lovestruck In Korea – Global Briefs |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/ginny-wedss-sunny-2-filming-india-global-briefs-1236396973/ |website=Deadline |date=14 May 2025}}</ref> and concluded in July 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Avinash Tiwary and Medha Shankr wrap filming for 'Ginny Weds Sunny 2' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/avinash-tiwary-and-medha-shankr-wrap-filming-for-ginny-weds-sunny-2/cid/2111697 |website=Telegraph India |date=6 July 2025}}</ref> taking place in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":3" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ginny Wedss Sunny 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Heer, Amaan Noor, Usman Khan, Sushant-Shankar, Siddhant Kaushal and Haroon-Gavin
| released = {{Start date|2026|04|20}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Various Artists on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ginny-wedss-sunny-2-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1892998106 |website=Apple Music - Web Player |date=20 April 2026}}</ref>
| recorded = 
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:03
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|A30QpQgUpDs&t|Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:03
| title1 = Chhaap Tilak
| extra1 = Heer, Paradox
| lyrics1 = Amaan Noor, Amir Khusro
| music1 = Heer, Amaan Noor
| length1 = 4:05
| title2 = Aye Khuda
| extra2 = Altamash Faridi
| lyrics2 = Usman Khan
| music2 = Usman Khan
| length2 = 3:45
| title3 = Tumpe Hi Pyaar Aa Gaya
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kumaar]]
| music3 = Sushant-Shankar
| length3 = 5:09
| title4 = Tu Naa Jaane Ye
| extra4 = Sushant Rinkoo
| lyrics4 = [[Kumaar]]
| music4 = Sushant-Shankar
| length4 = 3:40
| title5 = Jappi Jawan
| extra5 = [[Javed Ali]], Prateeksha Shrivastava
| lyrics5 = Devendra Kafir
| music5 = Sushant-Shankar
| length5 = 4:01
| title6 = Bad Luck Kharab
| extra6 = Vijay Yamla, Swati Sharma, Kalpana Gandharva
| lyrics6 = Siddhant Kaushal
| music6 = Haroon-Gavin
| length6 = 2:36
| title7 = Jaan Kadd Ke
| extra7 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Sakshi Holkar
| lyrics7 = Devendra Kafir
| music7 = Sushant-Shankar
| length7 = 3:47
}}

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 24 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dacoit To Ginny Wedss Sunny 2: Films You Must Not Miss In Theatres In April 2026 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/dacoit-to-ginny-wedss-sunny-2-films-you-must-not-miss-in-theatres-in-april-2026-ws-l-10008989.html |website=News18 |date=1 April 2026}}</ref>
==Reception==
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "The ‘90s called, they want their jokes back".<ref>{{cite web |first=Rahul|last=Desai|title=‘Ginny Wedss Sunny 2’ Movie Review: A Bollywood Rom-Com Without the Rom or the Com|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ginny-wedss-sunny-2-movie-review-a-bollywood-rom-com-without-the-rom-or-the-com-2|website=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1 star out of 5 and said that "Simplistic, confused writing and instantly forgettable songs-and-dances leave the actors struggling."<ref>{{cite web |first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 movie review: Avinash Tiwary, Medha Shankr can’t save this confused rom-com|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ginny-wedss-sunny-2-movie-review-avinash-tiwary-medha-shankr-10654051/|website=The Indian Express|date=24 April 2026}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 2/5 stars and writes that "Ginny Weds Sunny 2 attempts to explore arranged marriage and societal expectations but falters with a scattered narrative and clichéd storytelling."<ref>{{cite web |first=Sana|last=Farzeen|title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 review: No magic, no logic. It's tragic|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ginny-wedss-sunny-2-review-avinash-tiwary-medha-shankr-film-regressive-2900922-2026-04-24|website=India Today|date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and said that "Perhaps the bigger question is whether Bollywood can move beyond this well-worn arranged marriage template. Because if this film is anything to go by, the genre isn’t just tired, it’s in desperate need of reinvention."<ref>{{cite web |first=Devesh|last=Sharma|title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 Review: Pati, Patni Aur Woe|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ginny-wedss-sunny-2-review-pati-patni-aur-woe-83444.html|website=Filmfare|date=24 April 2026}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "It feels less like a story that evolves and more like one that circles back to where it began."<ref>{{cite web |first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 review: Avinash Tiwary, Medha Shankr go through the motions in an occasionally funny rom-com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ginny-wedss-sunny-2-review-avinash-tiwary-medha-shankr-go-through-the-motions-in-an-occasionally-funny-romcom-101777019196408.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
Sreeju Sudhakaran writing for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 1 star our of 5 and said that "Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 is a humourless romcom weighed down by lazy writing and forced emotional conflicts."<ref>{{cite web |first=Sreeju|last=Sudhakaran|title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 Review: Band Baaja Boredom!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ginny-wedss-sunny-2-review-band-baaja-boredom/20260424.htm|website=Rediff.com|date=24 April 2026}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 2/5 stars and observed that "Ginny Weds Sunny 2 has a promising setup and a few sincere moments, but its uneven writing and underwhelming romance keep it from becoming an engaging watch."<ref>{{cite web |first=Dhaval|last=Roy|title=Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 Movie Review: A predictable romance that falls short of charm|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ginny-wedss-sunny-2/movie-review/130489139.cms|website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2026}}</ref>
Yatamanyu Narain writing for ''[[News 18]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Avinash Tiwary, Medha Shankr starrer falls flat with weak writing and lack of depth"<ref>{{cite web |first=Yetamanyu|last=Narain|title=Ginny Weds Sunny 2 Review: Avinash Tiwary, Medha Shankr Film Struggles To Rise Above Mediocrity|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/reviews/ginny-weds-sunny-2-review-avinash-tiwary-medha-shankr-film-struggles-to-rise-above-mediocrity-ws-l-10054490.html|website=News 18|date=24 April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36277018}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ginny-wedss-sunny-2}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Joyita Mondal

2026-04-26T22:36:20Z

Infycle Technologies: started a post

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Joyita Mondal''' is a social worker from [[West Bengal]], [[India]], and the first Bengali [[trans woman]] to be a member of a judicial panel of a civil court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/west-bengal-gets-a-transgender-lok-adalat-judge/story-PoFwwMctcQtQ8UFJiT13MK.html|title=In another first, Bengal gets a transgender Lok Adalat judge |date=2017-07-17|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://womensenews.org/2017/10/meet-the-first-transgender-judge-in-india/|title=Meet the First Transgender Judge in India|work=Women's eNews|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/meet-joyita-mondal-indias-first-transgender-judge/|title=Joyita Mondal, India's First Transgender Judge appointed|website=www.shethepeople.tv|date=2017-10-16|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mondal comes from a traditional Hindu household and suffered a lot of discrimination in her childhood because of her gender identity. She dropped out of school after class 10th. After, she slept at bus stands and begged on streets.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/joyita-mondal-indias-first-transgender-judge-some-facts-about-her-2051163.html|title=Joyita Mondal: India's first transgender judge – Some facts about her|date=2017-10-20|work=Zee News|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref>

She moved to [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Islampur]] in Uttar Dinajpur district and worked for the upliftment of the transgender community. Simultaneously, she also completed her studies through correspondence and got a degree in law. In 2010, she was the first trans person from her district to get a voter ID.<ref name=":1" />

Mondal also started her own organisation, Dinajpur Notun Alo (Dinajpur New Light), that is currently reaching out to and helping thousands of people in her district.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2017/10/16/meet-indias-first-transgender-judge-joyita-mondal|title=Meet India's first transgender judge Joyita Mondal|work=SBS Your Language|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mondal is a member of the transgender community of West Bengal and works for the welfare and development of the community. In 2015, Mondal was involved with others in setting up a home for older people who were HIV positive and forming patients' welfare committees.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/16/meet-the-woman-who-became-the-first-transgender-judge-in-india-7003614/|title=Meet the woman who became the first transgender judge in India|date=2017-10-16|work=Metro|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 8 July 2017, 29-year old Mondal became the first transgender judge of a Lok Adalat from [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. She attended office as judge of a Lok Adalat at Islampur in the North Dinajpur, where some of her first cases involved the recovery of loans made by banks.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jul/22/indias-first-transgender-judge-joyita-mondal-wants-jobs-for-her-community-1632169--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013213248/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jul/22/indias-first-transgender-judge-joyita-mondal-wants-jobs-for-her-community-1632169--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2017|title=India's first transgender judge Joyita Mondal wants jobs for her community|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Joyita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]

Pidathala Sai Kalpana

2026-04-26T18:07:46Z

Infycle Technologies: put up initial post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Pidathala Sai Kalpana''' '''Reddy''' (born 1959) is an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Kalpana Reddy: ఇదేం ఖర్మ నాకు ఎవరినో ఎమ్మెల్యేను చేయడానికి నేను తిరగాలా..! {{!}} Giddalur Ex-MLA Pidathala Sai Kalpana Reddy Expressed Dissatisfaction On TDP - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/prakasam/1591592 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> She was elected as an MLA in 2001 from [[Giddalur Assembly constituency]] in the erstwhile [[Prakasam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIDATHALA SAI KALPANA(PRAP):Constituency- Ongole(ANDHRA PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=4463 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sai Kalpana studied at St. Theresa High School, Eluru and passed SSLC in 1974. She did her Intermediate at St. Theresa Junior College and passed out in 1976. Later, she did her M.B.B.S at Ranga Raya Medical College, Kakinada but discontinued the course in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voterji |title=Welcome to Voterji |url=http://www.voterji.com/Candidates_Details/4812/3 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.voterji.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sai Kalpana won to the Giddalur Assembly constituency representing the Telugu Desam Party in the 2001 bye election which was caused by the death of her husband and sitting MLA, Pidathala Vijay Kumar Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=War Between Sister And Brother.Giddalur TDP - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/politics/war-between-sister-and-brothergiddalur-tdp-1732580 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2019 |title=తీర్పు-మార్పు |url=https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-747381 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625043525/https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-747381 |archive-date=2022-06-25 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Andhra Jyothi |language=en}}</ref> Her husband, Vijay Kumar Reddy, who won the seat on TDP ticket in the 1999 Assembly election died in 2001. She polled 53,919 votes and defeated her nearest rival Mudiam Peera Reddy of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giddalur Constituency History, Codes, MLA & MP Candidates {{!}} Andhra Pradesh Elections |url=http://apps.sakshi.net/election-2019/andhra_pradesh/constituency/giddalur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625043948/http://apps.sakshi.net/election-2019/andhra_pradesh/constituency/giddalur.html |archive-date=2022-06-25 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=apps.sakshi.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Giddalur (Andhra Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/giddalur.html |access-date=23 April 2026 |website=Elections.in}}</ref>

She also contested the Lok Sabha election in 2009 from [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency]] representing [[Praja Rajyam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIDATHALA SAI KALPANA(PRAP):Constituency- Ongole(ANDHRA PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=4463 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She polled 142,303 votes and finished behind winner, Magunta Srinivasulu Reddy of the Indian National Congress and [[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]] of the [[Telugu Desam Party]], who finished second.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2009 |title=IndiaVotes PC Summary: Ongole 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/summary/www.indiavotes.com/pc/summary/7217 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sai Kalpana, Pagadala}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]

Jalalpore Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:41Z

Infycle Technologies: started a entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalalpore
| mla = [[R.C. Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Navsari district|Navsari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:236244}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 174
}}
'''Jalalpore''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Navsari district|Navsari]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Jalalpore Taluka
# Navsari Taluka (Part) Villages – Asundar, Sarai, Dhaman, Parthan, Vejalpor, Telada, Sarona, Pera, Kurel, Supa, Pinsad, Padgha, Kadipor, Amri, Amadpor, Moldhara, Tarsadi, Khergam, Vachharvad, Shahu, Singod, Dandesar, Onchi, Virwadi, Dharagiri, Nasilpor, Bhattai, Munsad, Vasar, Ambada, Ugat, Navapara, Sisodra (Ganesh), Tighra, Arsan.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Rameshbhai Patel|R.C. Patel]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|} {{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Jalalpore Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R.C. Patel|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=106,244|percentage=66.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ranjit Panchal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=37,545|percentage=23.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pradeepkumar Mishra|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=10,396|percentage=6.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,549|percentage=2.23|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=68,699|percentage=43.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:232,573}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}<
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Jalalpore<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[R.C. Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[R.C. Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=76,797|percentage=53.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ranjitbhai Panchal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=58,930|percentage=40.91|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,867|percentage=12.40|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=144,051|percentage=73.12|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|20.94|72.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Navsari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Rajpur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:55Z

Infycle Technologies: put up a page v1.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2016}}}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajpur
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| established = 2002
| abolished = 2012
| district = [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| type= SLA
}}

'''Rajpur Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.

Rajpur Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Assembly
!Duration
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|1st]]||2002–2007 || [[Hira Singh Bisht]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]||2007–2012 || [[Ganesh Joshi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajpur, Uttarakhand<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ganesh Joshi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,446 |percentage=38.82% |change={{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hira Singh Bisht]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,876 |percentage=33.15% |change={{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Sood |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,403 |percentage=13.34% |change={{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivekanand Khanduri |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=3,816 |percentage=6.06% |change={{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Singh Pundir |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,667 |percentage=2.65% |change={{decrease}}13.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balesh Bavaniya |party=Independent politician |votes=402 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayeed Ahmad |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=399 |percentage=0.63% |change={{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=331 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Bangari |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=316 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,570 |percentage=5.67% |change= {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,973 |percentage=56.20% |change= {{increase}}13.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,062 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajpur, Uttarakhand<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hira Singh Bisht]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,061 |percentage=34.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushal Singh Ranavat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,282 |percentage=28.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suryakant Dhasmana]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,630 |percentage=16.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shushila Balooni |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,449 |percentage=6.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Raj |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=876 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. C. Verma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=874 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Bhandari |party=Independent politician |votes=804 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purushottam Kumar Agarwal Alias P. K. |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=762 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Farid |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=691 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvind Singh |party= Shivsena |votes=623 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kundaliya |party=Independent politician |votes=341 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,779 |percentage=6.91% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,195 |percentage=42.88% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,746 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rajpur Road (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |archive-date=Jun 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602083518/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/21-Dehradun%20Cantonment.pdf |date=2012 |website=election.uk.gov.in |language=hi |access-date=15 August 2023 |title=Dehradun Cantonment |url=http://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/21-Dehradun%20Cantonment.pdf}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=Nov 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105061909/http://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf |date=Mar 2012 |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |language=hi |access-date=14 August 2023 |title=Results}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.28|78.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Dehradun]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Bharat Jakat Majhi Pargana Mahal

2026-04-18T22:48:39Z

Infycle Technologies: Added the pg first draft

{{short description|Tribal social organisation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bharat Jakat Majhi Pargana Mahal
| full_name =
| native_name = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ
| native_name_lang = sat
| logo =
| logo_size =
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| logo_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
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| abbreviation = BJMPM
| pronunciation =
| pronounce_ref =
| pronounce_comment =
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| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation =
| founder = Nityananda Hembram (Former IIT, Kharagpur & University of California, Berkeley U.S.A and Chief of Architecture, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.)
| founding_location =
| dissolved =
| merger =
| type = Traditional Social Institution
| tax_id =
| registration_id = S0022799 of 2021-22
| status =
| purpose =
| professional_title =
| headquarters = Regd Office- Raghunathpur, PO- Nayasarai, PS- Mogra, [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]], PIN- 712513, India
| coordinates =
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| products =
| services = Socio education Development, Socio philosophy Development, Socio Economic Development
| methods =
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| language = [[Santali language|Santali, English, Bengali, Hindi, Odia]]
| owner =
| secretary_general =
| leader_title = Disam Pargana (India)
| leader_name = Rabin Tudu
| leader_title2 = Disam Jaga Pargana (India)
| leader_name2 = Parmeshwar Mandi
| leader_title3 = Disam Paranik (India)
| leader_name3 = Chandramohan Mandi
| leader_title4 = Disam Godet/President (India)
| leader_name4 = Dr. M Saren
| board_of_directors =
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| website = {{URL|bjmpm.org}}
| remarks =
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| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}
'''Bharat Jakat Majhi Pargana Mahal''' ({{langx|sat|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ}}) is an Indian social organisation dedicated to the socio-educational, socio-philosophical, socio-economic, and socio-cultural development of the [[Santal people|Santal]] community.<ref>{{cite web |title=অলচিকি ভাষার শিক্ষক চাই', ঘাটালে পথ অবরোধ আদিবাসী সংগঠনের |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/news/district-roadblock-in-ghatal-by-a-tribal-organization-775908 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608023247/https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/news/district-roadblock-in-ghatal-by-a-tribal-organization-775908 |archive-date=8 Jun 2023 |access-date=8 Jun 2023 |website=bengali.abplive.com|date=28 December 2020 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/train-services-hit-due-to-protest-by-tribal-1498823937.html |title= Train services hit due to protest by tribal |website= thestatesman.com |date= 30 June 2017 |access-date=8 Jun 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608024146/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/train-services-hit-due-to-protest-by-tribal-1498823937.html |archive-date= 8 Jun 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJMPM Protest in Salboni: শালবনীতে মমতার সফরের আগে অবরোধ ভারত জাকাত মাঝি পরগনা মহলের |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/paschim-medinipur/bharat-jakat-majhi-pargana-mahal-protests-blocking-roads-in-salboni/wb20230215201950349349920 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608025133/https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/paschim-medinipur/bharat-jakat-majhi-pargana-mahal-protests-blocking-roads-in-salboni/wb20230215201950349349920 |archive-date=8 Jun 2023 |access-date=8 Jun 2023 |website=etvbharat.com|date=15 February 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Working region==
Bharat Jakat Majhi Pargana Mahal gained popularity in [[Bihar]], [[Orissa]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Sambit Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03oTEAAAQBAJ |title=The Bengal Conundrum: The Rise of the BJP and the Future of the TMC |date=18 January 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9789389812688 |page= |author-link=}}</ref> [[Assam]] of [[India]] as well as various parts of [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Australia]], [[America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bjmpm.com/pir-kumut-panchayat |title=Disom Kumut (Central Committee) |website=www.bjmpm.com|access-date=8 Jun 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608020108/https://www.bjmpm.com/pir-kumut-panchayat |archive-date= 8 Jun 2023}}</ref>

==Description and traditional designations==
The ''Majhi'' word has been traditionally designated to the 'head of a village'. Similarly, the ''Pargana'' title has been endowed to a [[Santal]] person who is heading and leading the Santal inhabited groups of villages and hamlets. In short, this is a group of all ''Majhi'', ''Jog-Manjhi'' (the deputy village headman), ''Godet'' (represents the adivisor to the ''Manjhi''), ''Naike'' (represents the village priest), ''Pargana'' and ''Paranik'' (village judge) of the Santal Adivasi inhabited villages and community around the world mostly in the Asian subcontinent.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11938/11938-h/11938-h.htm |title=Folklore of the Santal Parganas Translated by Cecil Henry Bompas of the Indian Civil Service 1909 |publisher=Gutenberg.org |access-date=2024-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://iwgia.org/en/resources/publications/305-books/2735-the-situation-of-the-adivasis-of-chotanagpur-and-santal-parganas-bihar-indiahtml |title=The Situation of the Adivasis of Chotanagpur and Santal Parganas, Bihar, India |publisher=IWGIA 1972 |website=iwgia.org|access-date=2024-07-08}}</ref>

== YouTube channel==
Bharat Jakat Majhi Pargana Mahal also operates a YouTube channel named Pargana Arang, which is a [[Santali language|Santali]] language referring to the 'Voice of Santal leading person of the Santal tribe community'.<ref> {{cite web |title=Pargana Arang YouTube channel |url=https://youtube.com/@parganaarang5162?si=bcDihnmciwmCJCUD |access-date=17 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dishom Hor Bakhra Sandesh-CentralSandesh।Central Conference of BJMPM held on 15th-16June 2024 |url=https://youtube.com/@santalithought?si=1G3ubHOrDzPhlnFO |access-date=17 June 2024}} </ref>

==Conferences and activities==
Bharat Jakat Majhi Pargana Mahal organises frequent conferences and seminars for the awareness of Santal tribe.{{cn|date=July 2024}} The organization also organises frequent activities to draw the attention of the State as well as Central government for the upliftment of the dwindling [[Santal]]. It is also involved in the conservation of traditional culture, rural management, promotion of education in [[Santali language|Santali]] [[Ol Chiki script]] from nursery to post-graduation and research level in several universities, conservation and official demand of [[Sari Dharam]] religious code for Santal tribe. It believes in worshiping [[Marang Buru]] and Jaher Ayo for the well-being of humanity.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cultural organizations by country|India]]
[[Category:Culture of India|Organizations]]
[[Category:Cultural organizations based in Asia by country|India]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]

Gadde Rama Mohan

2026-04-18T09:34:20Z

Infycle Technologies: New - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gadde Rama Mohan
| image = Gadde Rama Mohan.jpg
| caption = Rama Mohan in 2020
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2004
| predecessor1 = [[P. Upendra]]
| successor1 = [[Lagadapati Rajagopal]]
| constituency1 = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = Y. Ravi
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency|Vijayawada East]]
| term_start3 = 1994
| term_end3 = 1999
| predecessor4 = M. Rathna Bose
| successor3 = D. V. Balavaradhan Rao
| constituency3 = [[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse = Gadde Anuradha
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| source = http://www.merinews.com/article/former-union-minister-parvathaneni-upendra-dies/15788425.shtml
}}

'''Gadde Rama Mohan Rao<ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh 2024|url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=88|website=MyNeta|language=en}}</ref>''' is an Indian politician who was a member of the [[13th Lok Sabha]] of India from [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada constituency]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/08/stories/2009040860320300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411071645/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/08/stories/2009040860320300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2009|title=Exciting contest on the cards |date=8 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Andhra%20Pradesh|title=Thirteens Lok Sabha, Members from Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=22 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182953/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Andhra%20Pradesh|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], representing [[Gannavaram]] constituency during 1994–1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/sep/14ap1.htm|title=Upendra seeks a hat-trick in AP's most politically conscious city|date=14 September 1999|publisher=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.partyanalyst.com/candidateElectionResultsAction.action?candidateId=7837 |title=Gadde Ramamohan Profile |accessdate=19 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223141325/http://www.partyanalyst.com/candidateElectionResultsAction.action?candidateId=7837 |archivedate=23 February 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> He was the Vijayawada Urban division convenor for TDP{{clarify|What do these letters stand for?|date=October 2020}} from 2004 to 2009. He serves as the head of TDP in Vijayawada East constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/22/stories/2009052258990300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526234729/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/22/stories/2009052258990300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2009|title=Gadde Rammohan resigns |date=22 May 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref> He won from Vijayawada (East) assembly constituency in 2014, 2019, 2024 Andhra Pradesh elections.

His wife, Gadde Anuradha, is also a politician from TDP party and had served as Krishna ZP Chairperson.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/zp-chief-breaks-down-on-seeing-pregnant-womens-plight/article19157158.ece | title=ZP chief breaks down on seeing pregnant women's plight | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=27 June 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramamohan, Gadde}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Infosys Foundation Konappana Agrahara metro station

2026-04-14T02:28:39Z

Infycle Technologies:

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Yellow Line important metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Infosys Foundation Konappana Agrahara
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| style = Namma Metro
| other_name = Konappana Agrahara
| image = Infosys Foundation Konappana Agrahara metro station (July '25) - 1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Fully constructed metro station as of July 2025
| address = Konappana Agrahara, Electronic City, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100
| coordinates = {{coord|12.85648|77.66361|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road}} Platform-2 → [[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Two-Wheeler Parking only
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|10 August 2025|df=y}}
| opening =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational and Staffed
| code = ECTN
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = ITD - ITD Cementation India [[Joint Venture|JV]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Yellow|left=Electronic City|to-left=Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road|right=Huskur Road|to-right=Delta Electronics Bommasandra}}
| route_map = {{BMR Yellow Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Infosys Foundation Konappana Agrahara''' (formerly called as '''Konappana Agrahara'''), is an elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India.

== History ==
In December 2016, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) issued a call for bids to construct the Electronic City metro station along the 6.418 km Reach 5 – Package 1 section (Bommasandra - Hosa Road) of the 18.825 km Yellow Line of Namma Metro. On 25 March 2017, ITD-ITD Cementation [[Joint venture|JV]] was selected as the lowest bidder for this stretch, with their bid closely aligning with the original cost estimates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-25 |title=ITD-ITD Cem JV Lowest Bidder for B'lore Metro's Bomasandra-HosaRd |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2017/03/25/itd-itd-cem-jv-lowest-bidder-for-blore-metros-bommasandra-hosard/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> Consequently, the contract was successfully awarded to the company, which then commenced construction of the metro station in accordance with the agreements. [[Infosys Foundation]] contributed {{INRConvert|115|c|[[us $Convert]] year=2023}} for this station, including {{INRConvert|100|c|[[us $Convert]] year=2023}} for station construction and {{INRConvert|15|c|[[us $Convert]] year=2023}} for installation of half-height [[platform screen doors]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Infosys Foundation-funded metro station in Bengaluru's tech hub set to be a model facility |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/infosys-foundation-funded-metro-station-in-bengalurus-tech-hub-set-to-be-a-model-facility-article-12773324.html}}</ref>

The [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] began operations from 10 August 2025 and has been officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], with four trainsets which are ready for operations after arriving from [[Titagarh Rail Systems]] in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Anupriya |date=2025-08-10 |title=As PM Narendra Modi Inaugurates Namma Metro Yellow Line, Here's All About This New Route |url=https://curlytales.com/india/ct-scoop/as-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-namma-metro-yellow-line-heres-all-about-this-new-route/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-03 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Bengaluru metro Yellow Line, launch Phase-3 expansion on August 10 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pm-modi-inaugurate-bengaluru-metro-yellow-line-august-10-10166672/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Yellow Line Updates, Metro Delay Bengaluru: Yellow Line Launch Pushed to July-End Amid Snags {{!}} Bengaluru Metro News |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/yellow-line-delayed-again-won-t-open-before-july-end-3558406 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Bengaluru's Yellow Line Metro faces further delay, unlikely to open before July-end: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengalurus-yellow-line-metro-faces-further-delay-unlikely-to-open-before-july-end-report-101748327183616.html |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-06 |title=Bengaluru Namma Metro Update: Yellow Line Operations To Start In June {{!}} Check Status, Key Stations |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bengaluru-namma-metro-update-yellow-line-operations-to-start-in-june-check-status-key-stations-10228542 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Bengaluru Metro Yellow Line: Operations To Start By June? Check Current Status & Key Stations |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bangalore-metro-yellow-line-operations-to-start-in-june-check-current-status-and-key-stations-article-151355237 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parangi |first=Shankrappa |date=2025-04-06 |title=Namma Metro Yellow line: ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ಅಂತ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ 3ನೇ ರೈಲು, ಹಳದಿ ಮಾರ್ಗ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಚರಣೆ ಅಪ್ಡೇಟ್ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-yellow-line-to-be-open-by-june-july-2025-407879.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=kannada.oneindia.com |language=kn}}</ref> The opening was delayed from May 2025 as previously announced by the [[Namma Metro]] Managing Director, Maheshwar Rao.<ref name=":522">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Bengaluru Metro Yellow Line To Become Operational By May 2025, Pink Line To Be Ready For Public Use By... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bangalore-metro-news-namma-metro-yello-line-and-pink-line-to-open-by-this-month-see-namma-metro-line-opening-news-article-118870216 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro Yellow Line From RV Road To Bommasandra, Connecting Electronics City, Set To Open By May 2025 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bengaluru-namma-metro-yellow-line-rv-road-to-bommasandra-connecting-electronics-city-set-to-open-by-may-2025-10222975 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro plans to open yellow line in April with 4 trains, 30-min headway |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-plans-to-open-yellow-line-in-april-with-4-trains-30-min-headway-3343856 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title =Infosys Foundation Konappana Agrahara track layout
| title color = black
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Electronic City}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Huskur Road}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Huskur Road}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Electronic City}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==Entry/Exits==
There are three entry/exit points – A, B and C. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

* Entry/Exit point A: Towards Electronic City Phase-1 Side
* Entry/Exit point B: Towards Electronic City Phase-1 Side
* Entry/Exit point C: Towards Electronic City Phase-2 Side

== Gallery ==
Here are some of the metro station captures shown below:-<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" heights="120" widths="195">
File:Electronic City - II metro station (Apr '24).jpg|Final stages of this metro station as in April 2024
File:Infosys Foundation Konappana Agrahara metro station (July '25) - 2.jpg|Side view of this metro station as in July 2025
File:Infosys Foundation Konappana Agrahara metro station (July '25) - 3.jpg|Another side view of this metro station as in July 2025
File:Infosys Foundation Konappana Agrahara metro station (Apr '26).jpg|Station Board of this metro station as of April 2026
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Namma Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bengaluru}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|yellow line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]

Manmatha Ray

2026-04-02T14:49:40Z

Infycle Technologies: Starting basic stub needs work!

{{Short description|Indian playwright (1899–1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manmatha Ray
| birth_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|06|16}}
| birth_place = Gala in [[Tangail District]], [[British India]] (present-day Bangladesh)
| death_date = {{death year and age|1988|1899}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| family =
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Soviet Land Nehru Award]] (1967)|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1969)|Dinabandhu Puraskar (1984)}}
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Playwright
| years_active =
}}
'''Manmatha Ray''' also known as '''Manmatha Roy''' was an Indian Bengali playwright. He responded to the socio-political conditions of India at the time through his plays. At least 17 of his plays have been adapted into films. He received the [[Soviet Land Nehru Award]] in 1967, the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for drama in 1969, the State Academy of West Bengal Award in 1971, award from University of Calcutta in 1972 and the West Bengal government's highest drama award 'Dinabandhu Puraskar' in 1984.

== Biography ==
Manmatha Ray was born on 16 June 1899, in the village of Gala in [[Tangail District]], present-day Bangladesh.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{Cite web |title=Roy, Manmatha |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Roy,_Manmatha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715011335/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Roy,_Manmatha |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=en.banglapedia.org |publisher=[[Banglapedia]] |language=en}}</ref> He was the only son among five children of his father, Debendragati, and mother, Sarojini Devi.<ref name="Amal Alo">{{cite web |title=অবিসংবাদিত নাট্যকার মন্মথ রায় {{!}} সংকলন- অসীম দাস |url=https://www.amalalojournal.com/dramatist-manmatha-roy/ |website=Amal Alo Journal |date=7 September 2022}}</ref> He made his debut in theatrical acting at a young age, playing the role of Dhruba in Rabindranath's play 'Bishorjoon' in 1906. After contracting malaria at the age of six, he moved to Balurghat with his family for treatment.<ref name="Amal Alo"/> He admitted to Balurghat School, West Dinajpur district, and passed matriculation from this school in 1917.<ref name="Amal Alo"/>

Studying primary education in [[Mymensingh]], Bangladesh, he passed his [[matriculation]] from [[Balurghat]], [[Intermediate of Arts]] from [[Rajshahi College]], [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Scottish Church College]], Kolkata in 1922.<ref name="anandabazar">{{cite news |last1=সংবাদদাতা |first1=নিজস্ব |title=Balurghat {{!}} ১২২তম জন্মবার্ষিকীতে বাংলা একাঙ্ক নাটকের 'জনক' মন্মথ রায়কে স্মরণ বালুরঘাটে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/north-bengal/tmc-leaders-pays-homage-to-dramatist-manmatha-ray-on-his-122-birth-anniversary-dgtld/cid/1287332 |language=bn}}</ref> He completed his [[Master's degree]] in Economics from the [[University of Dhaka]] in 1924 and graduated in law from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1925.<ref name="BFA">{{Cite web |title=Manmatha Ray |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/new-documentary-4.php?i=Mzg= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804143328/https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/new-documentary-4.php?i=Mzg= |archive-date=2024-08-04 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref><ref name="Banglapedia"/> After completing his law degree, he worked as a lawyer in [[Balurghat]] for some time. He had also served as mayor of Balurghat Municipality.<ref name="anandabazar"/>

Ray remained in India after the [[partition of India]] and died in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], in 1988.<ref name="Banglapedia"/>

==Activism==
At a very young age, Ray became interested in the [[Indian independence movement]] and he actively participated in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation Movement]], a political campaign led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] against the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British government]].<ref name="Banglapedia"/> He responded to the socio-political conditions of India at that time through his plays. His play, ''Karagar'' (meaning Prison), written in 1930, which is based on the story of [[Krishna]]'s birth in prison, destined to kill the tyrant [[Kamsa]],<ref name="Oxford">{{Citation |last=Lal |first=Ananda |title=Ray, Manmatha |date=2004 |work=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0560 |access-date=2025-07-17 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> was banned by the British government because it indirectly criticized the treatment of Indian nationalist leaders and followers of Indian independence movement by the British government.<ref name="Banglapedia"/> In the play, Kamsa was a metaphor for the British government, and [[Vasudeva]] was a metaphor for the nationalist leaders and their followers imprisoned by the British government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karagar by Manmantha Ray |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2821621 |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India}}</ref> He expressed his opposition to British rule and patriotic attitude towards the country through many other plays, including ''Mahabharata'', ''Mir Qasim'', ''Ashok'', ''Chand Saudagar'' and others.<ref name="euro">{{Cite web |title=Variegated Exertion in Bengali Drama : Dramatist Manmatha Roy |url=https://europub.co.uk/articles/variegated-exertion-in-bengali-drama-dramatist-manmatha-roy-A-30736 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=europub.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

When he was imprisoned in the Presidency Jail by the British due to the intensity of his theatrical activities and when he went on a hunger strike once in the jail, it was [[Rabindranath Tagore]] who asked him to give up the hunger strike, saying, "Give up the hunger strike, our literature needs you."<ref name="euro" />

== Career ==
His first play, ''Bange Musalman'', written while Ray was a [[Bachelor of Arts]] student.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> He wrote ''Muktir Dak'' in 1923.<ref name="BFA" /> 1927, he wrote and acted in the play ''Chand Saudagar'' (meaning: Chand the Trader) , in which he played the role of a Bengali rebel.<ref name="Banglapedia"/> Also his first full-length work, ''Chand Saudagar'' was based on the story of [[Chand Sadagar]].<ref name="Oxford" /> In 1933 he wrote historical drama ''Ashok'', based on the life of king [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Oxford" /> The 1938 historical drama ''Mir Qasim'' is based on the life of [[Mir Qasim]].<ref name="Oxford" />

Ray responded to the socio-political conditions of India at the time through his plays. ''Dharma ghat'', written in 1953, focuses on the role of mill owners in breaking a workers' strike and causing riots between Hindus and Muslims,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |author-link=Sisir Kumar Das |title=A History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&dq=manmatha+ray+died&pg=PA393 |year=1995 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |page=393 |language=en}}</ref> in ''Totopana'' (1956 and 1958), he dealt with the neglected poor, and in ''Santal Bidroha'' (meaning: The Santal Rebellion), written in 1958, he dealt with the exploited tribals.<ref name="Oxford" />

At least 17 of his plays have been adapted into films.<ref name="BFA" />

Ray, who introduced modern one-act plays in Bengali, wrote many such plays.<ref name="knit">{{Cite book |last=Sivasankari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irwOEQAAQBAJ&dq=manmatha+ray+bengali+1899&pg=PT307 |title=Knit India Through Literature Volume II - The East - Bengali |date=2024-05-23 |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |language=en}}</ref> ''Bidyutparna'' (meaning: A leaf of Lightning), written in 1927, is one of the best of his one-act plays.<ref name="knit" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTXougCB-NMC&dq=manmatha+ray+bengali+1899&pg=PA67 |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose |date=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-783-5 |language=en}}</ref> He is often referred as the father of one-act drama in Bengal.<ref name="anandabazar"/>

While working in the publicity department of the state government, in 1957, the [[Government of West Bengal]] commissioned him to make a documentary on [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]].<ref name="BFA" /> Manmatha wrote the script for the documentary film ''Bidrohi Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam'' and [[Manmohan Ghose]] narrated it.<ref name="BFA" /> He was also the first president of [[Paschim Banga Natya Akademi]].<ref name="Amal Alo"/>

==Awards and honors==
Manmatha Ray received the [[Soviet Land Nehru Award]] in 1967, the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for drama in 1969,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-31 |title=Bratya gets Sahitya Akademi for plays, first for West Bengal in 54 years in this genre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bratya-gets-sahitya-akademi-for-plays-1st-for-bengal-in-54-years-in-this-genre/articleshow/88602055.cms |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the State Academy of West Bengal Award in 1971, and the award from University of Calcutta in 1972.<ref name="Banglapedia"/> He was the first recipient of the West Bengal government's highest drama award 'Dinabandhu Puraskar' in 1984.<ref name="anandabazar"/> The [[University of North Bengal]] honored him with an honorary [[Doctor of Letters]] degree.<ref name="Banglapedia"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Manmatha}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Tangail District]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian hunger strikers]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Akshay Kumar filmography

2026-03-28T10:33:27Z

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[[File:Akshay Kumar at the Launch of new restaurant 'Arola' at J W Marriott 02.jpg|thumb|right|Kumar in 2012]]
[[Akshay Kumar]] is an Indian actor, television presenter, and film producer who works in [[Hindi]]-language films. He had a minor role in the 1987 Indian film ''[[Aaj (film)|Aaj]]''.<ref name="khalid">{{cite news|last1=Mohammad|first1=Khalid|title=Akshay Kumar is a Punjabi by pnature|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/akshay-kumar-is-a-punjabi-by-nature/article1-211213.aspx|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=17 June 2014|location=Mumbai|date=22 March 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225000554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Akshay-Kumar-is-a-Punjabi-by-nature/Article1-211213.aspx|archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Inc.2010" /> He debuted in a leading role with the film ''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]'' (1991) before his [[breakthrough role|breakthrough]] with ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992), first film of the [[Khiladi (franchise)|''Khiladi'' series]].<ref name="FP786">{{cite news|author=Trisha |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-khiladi-786-is-a-leave-your-brains-at-home-kinda-comedy-550305.html |title=Movie review: Khiladi 786 is a leave-your-brains-at-home kinda comedy |work=[[Firstpost]] |publisher=[[Network 18]] |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=3 December 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227131345/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-khiladi-786-is-a-leave-your-brains-at-home-kinda-comedy-550305.html |archive-date=27 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Akshay Kumar- The Khiladi superstar |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/akshay-kumar-the-khiladi-star_203.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] ([[Essel Group]]) |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053610/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/akshay-kumar-the-khiladi-star_203.html |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref> In 1994, Kumar featured in the successful releases ''[[Elaan (1994 film)|Elaan]]'', ''[[Mohra]]'', ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'', ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]'' and the romantic drama ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'', which earned him a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] nomination. He also found success with ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996) and ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), which earned him a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] nomination.<ref name="FFD">{{cite news|title=Happy Birthday Akshay Kumar: Jolly@49 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/happy-birthday-akshay-kumar-jolly-49-22807#photo-285417 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=9 September 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009154320/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/happy-birthday-akshay-kumar-jolly-49-22807 |archive-date= 9 October 2016 }}</ref> However, several other of his 1990s releases performed poorly at the box office, leading to a brief setback in his film career.<ref name="Journey" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Srinivasan |first1=V S |title=Akki up front |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/aug/10akki.htm |access-date=22 October 2014 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=11 August 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123351/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/aug/10akki.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jain |first1=Priyanka |title=I don't wallow in self-pity when my films flop: Akshay Kumar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/i-don-t-wallow-in-self-pity-when-my-films-flop-akshay-kumar/article1-866186.aspx |access-date=22 October 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 June 2012 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111105705/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/I-don-t-wallow-in-self-pity-when-my-films-flop-Akshay-Kumar/Article1-866186.aspx |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="JaiKishen">{{cite news|first=Syed Firdaus |last=Ashraf |title=Akshay Kumar: The new Comedy King? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/30akshay.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=16 June 2014 |date=30 November 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104115401/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/30akshay.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh |first1=Prashant |title=Bollywood actors are now back to basics! |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-actors-are-now-back-to-basics/article1-865717.aspx |access-date=2 November 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 June 2012 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102140516/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-actors-are-now-back-to-basics/article1-865717.aspx |archive-date=2 November 2014 }}</ref>

The 1999 crime drama ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]'' marked Kumar's comeback.<ref name="Journey">{{cite news|last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2566/ |title=Akshay Kumar celebrates 20 years in Bollywood – Special Feature: Part 2 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001004/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2566/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-akshay-kumar-bollywoods-khiladi-turns-46/#b_id_417845_akshaysangharshjanwar |title=Happy Birthday Akshay Kumar: Bollywood's Khiladi turns 46 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810223720/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-akshay-kumar-bollywoods-khiladi-turns-46/ |archive-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> His next films ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'' (2000), ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' (2000) and ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' (2001) were well received. He played a negative role in the latter, winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Filmfare Best Villain Award]] and then appeared in ''[[Andaaz]]'' (2003), ''[[Aitraaz]]'' (2004), ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' (2004) and ''[[Aan: Men at Work]]'' (2004) and ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time|Waqt]]'' (2005).<ref name="Inc.2010">{{cite book|title=Britannica Book of the Year 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeKbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |date=2010 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |isbn=978-1-61535-366-8 |page=95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715110711/http://books.google.com/books?id=QeKbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |archive-date=15 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="archiverediff" /> In this period, Kumar also proved himself as a great comic actor when he featured in financially successful comedies like ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' (2004), ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' (2005), ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]'' (2006), ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' (2006), ''[[Namastey London]]'' (2007), ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' (2007), ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' (2007), ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007), ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' (2008), ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010) and ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' (2010). He won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Filmfare Best Comedian Award]] for ''Garam Masala''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominees of 50th Filmfare Awards- The 51st Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1021384.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710013930/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1021384.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=28 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Inc.2010" /><ref name="archiverediff">{{cite web|last1=Verma|first1=Sukanya|title=40 things you didn't know about Akki|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/05akshay.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219044744/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/05akshay.htm|archive-date=19 February 2008|date=5 September 2007}}</ref> In 2004, he presented the television series ''[[Seven Deadly Arts with Akshay Kumar]]''.<ref name="SDA"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Shah |first=Kunal M |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-kind-to-everyone-but-trust-no-one-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/9779766.cms |title=I am kind to everyone, but trust no one: Akshay Kumar |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917030748/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-kind-to-everyone-but-trust-no-one-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/9779766.cms |archive-date=17 September 2015 }}</ref> In 2008, he founded the [[Hari Om Entertainment]] production company,<ref>{{cite news|last=Akhtar |first=Shabina |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120520/jsp/7days/story_15508989.jsp#.U949fxbq4TY |title=Action Stations! |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |publisher=[[ABP Group]] |date=20 May 2012 |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810040759/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120520/jsp/7days/story_15508989.jsp |archive-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> and hosted the reality shows ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' and ''[[MasterChef India]]'' in 2010. In 2011 he founded another production company [[Grazing Goat Pictures]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lalwani|first1=Vickey|title=Akshay Kumar gets a Grazing Goat|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-gets-a-Grazing-Goat/articleshow/10901424.cms|access-date=20 October 2014|work=The Times of India|date=28 November 2011|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622130903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-gets-a-grazing-goat/articleshow/10901424.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and produced the Indo-Canadian hockey-based film ''[[Breakaway (2011 film)|Breakaway]]'', which became the highest grossing cross-cultural film at the Canadian box office.<ref name="Breakaway">{{cite news|author=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshays-Production-Breakaway-breaks-records-in-Canada/articleshow/11293492.cms |title=Akshay's Production Breakaway breaks records in Canada |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2011 |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913211826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshays-Production-Breakaway-breaks-records-in-Canada/articleshow/11293492.cms |archive-date=13 September 2015 }}</ref>

Kumar again conquered the domestic box office in 2012 with his hit [[masala film]] ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'', the comedies ''[[Housefull 2]]'' and ''[[Khiladi 786]]'', and the satire ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' with the former two being his first films to enter [[100 Crore Club]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Barfi! joins INR1 billion club |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/446981/barfi-joins-inr1-billion-club/ |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |publisher=[[Lakson Group]] |access-date=29 July 2014 |date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809235140/http://tribune.com.pk/story/446981/barfi-joins-inr1-billion-club/ |archive-date= 9 August 2014 |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service }}</ref><ref name="OMGFF">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2012-nominations-list-55204.html|title=Filmfare Awards 2012 – Nominations List|date=15 January 2013|publisher=Indiatimes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812183740/http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2012-nominations-list-55204.html|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=live|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>
Shortly thereafter, he established a great box office pull with multiple diverse successful projects like the [[heist film]] ''[[Special 26]]'' (2013), the action thrillers ''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty|Holiday]]'' (2014) and ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]'' (2016), the spy drama ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' (2015), the masala film ''[[Gabbar Is Back]]'' (2015), the comedies ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]'' (2015) and ''[[Housefull 3]]'' (2016), the crime thriller ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' (2016), the dramas ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]'' (2017), ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2017) and ''[[Pad Man (film)|Padman]]'' (2018), the sports film ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'' (2018) and the [[war film]] ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' (2019); for ''Rustom'', he won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta |first=Priya |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Holiday-enters-the-100-crore-club/articleshow/37018014.cms? |title=Holiday enters the 100 crore club! |work=The Times of India |date=23 June 2014 |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610063136/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Holiday-enters-the-100-crore-club/articleshow/37018014.cms |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://youngbharat.in/list-akshay-kumar-upcoming-movies-2016-2017-2018/ |title=Akshay Kumar upcoming movies 2016-2017-2018 with release dates |work=Young Bharat |access-date=17 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019010138/http://youngbharat.in/list-akshay-kumar-upcoming-movies-2016-2017-2018/ |archive-date=19 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Akshay Kumar snubbed again because he won't dance? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140117/akshay-kumar-snubbed-again-because-he-wont-dance.html |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 January 2017 |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127090416/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140117/akshay-kumar-snubbed-again-because-he-wont-dance.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar on National Award win for Rustom: I've never cheated to win an award |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-national-award-win-for-rustom-i-ve-never-cheated-to-win-an-award/story-BDTl5Lz6c9dYGIgCyDxXkO.html |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 April 2017 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010083434/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-national-award-win-for-rustom-i-ve-never-cheated-to-win-an-award/story-BDTl5Lz6c9dYGIgCyDxXkO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He hosted ''[[Dare 2 Dance]]'' in 2014 and debuted in [[Tamil cinema]] with a negative role in the expensive sci-fi extravaganza ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' (2018) which is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|fifth highest-grossing Indian film]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=Akshay Kumar, Newcomer To Tamil Cinema, Lists What Bollywood Can Learn From South |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-newcomer-to-tamil-cinema-lists-what-bollywood-can-learn-from-south-1955286 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=29 November 2018}}</ref> In 2019 he delivered four consecutive 200 Crore Club films with ''[[Mission Mangal]]'', ''[[Housefull 4]]'', ''[[Good Newwz]]'', and ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' and followed it up with further commercial success with the film ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021). This was followed by a career decline from 2022 to mid-2025, with the exception of ''[[OMG 2]]'' (2023). Post mid-2025 he saw a slight career resurgence with the films ''[[Housefull 5]]'' (2025) and ''[[Jolly LLB 3]]'' (2025), both of which were moderately successful at the box office.

==Films==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
|+ List of Akshay Kumar film credits
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1" |1987
|''[[Aaj (film)|Aaj]]''
| Karate instructor
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="khalid"/>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]''
|{{sort|Shiva|Shiva Kirplani}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Saugandh (1991)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540348/Saugandh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230809/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540348/Saugandh |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dancer (1991 film)|Dancer]]''
|{{sort|Raju|Raju}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Dancer (1991)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534530/Dancer |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135919/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534530/Dancer |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 1992
|''[[Mr. Bond (film)|Mr. Bond]]''
|{{sort|Malhotra|Mr. Bond}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr. Bond (1992)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508093/Mr%20Bond |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212856/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508093/Mr%20Bond |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''
|{{sort|Bond|Raj Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Khiladi (1992)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539697/Khiladi |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174821/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539697/Khiladi |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Deedar (1992 film)|Deedar]]''
|{{sort|Malhotra|Anand Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Deedar (1992)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539129/Deedar |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714214033/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539129/Deedar |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | 1993
|''[[Vishnu Vijaya]]''
|rowspan="2" |{{sort||Vijay Roy}}
|rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]-Hindi bilingual film
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507893|title=Ashant (1993)|date=8 April 2009|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810164412/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507893|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-Twinkles-not-interested-in-films-anymore/articleshow/10868295.cms|title=Akshay Kumar: Twinkle's not interested in films anymore|last=Sangeetha|first=P|date=26 November 2011|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915071742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-Twinkles-not-interested-in-films-anymore/articleshow/10868295.cms|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Ashaant''
|-
|''[[Dil Ki Baazi]]''
|{{sort|Kashyap|Vijay Kashyap}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534175/Dil%20Ki%20Baazi|title=Dil Ki Baazi (1993)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233602/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534175/Dil%20Ki%20Baazi|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kayda Kanoon]]''
|Dawood Durani
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534488/Kayda%20Kanoon|title=Kayda Kanoon (1993)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534488/Kayda%20Kanoon|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Waqt Hamara Hai]]''
|{{sort|Sabkuchwala|Vikas Kumar Sabkuchwala}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508659/Waqt%20Hamara%20Hai|title=Waqt Hamara Hai (1993)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204907/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508659/Waqt%20Hamara%20Hai|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sainik]]''
|Lieutenant. {{sort|Dutt|Suraj Dutt}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508581/Sainik|title=Sainik (1993)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121041/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508581/Sainik|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="11" | 1994
|''[[Elaan (1994 film)|Elaan]]''
|{{sort|Chaudhary|Vishal Chaudhary}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Elaan (1994)
|date=13 August 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538486/Elaan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164152/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538486/Elaan |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yeh Dillagi]]''
|{{sort|Saigal|Vijayendra "Vijay" Saigal}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Yeh Dillagi (1994)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201816/Yeh%20Dillagi |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223231/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201816/Yeh%20Dillagi |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jai Kishen]]''
| Jai Verma / Kishen Verma{{efn|name=two|Kumar played two characters.}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="JaiKishen" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Jai Kishen (1994)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534810/Jai%20Kishan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141220/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534810/Jai%20Kishan |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mohra]]''
|{{sort|Saxena|Amar Saxena}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohra (1994)
|date=13 August 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201564/Mohra |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232631/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201564/Mohra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
|{{sort|Joglekar|Karan Joglekar}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Main Khiladi Tu Anari (1994)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201794/Main%20Khiladi%20Tu%20Anadi |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221751/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201794/Main%20Khiladi%20Tu%20Anadi |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Narinder |last=Flora |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/j2gt6/main-khiladi-tu-anari |title=Main Khiladi Tu Anari |work=[[Radio Times]] |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053030/http://www.radiotimes.com/film/j2gt6/main-khiladi-tu-anari |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]''
| Rajiv
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Ikke Pe Ikka(1994)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534917/Ikke%20Pe%20Ikka |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144645/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534917/Ikke%20Pe%20Ikka |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Amaanat (1994 film)|Amaanat]]''
| Amar Kumar
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538771/Amaanat|title=Amaanat (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204744/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538771/Amaanat|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=deviated|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]''
| Raj Sinha
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540421/Suhaag|title=Suhaag (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204617/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540421/Suhaag|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Zakhmi Dil (1994 film)|Zakhmi Dil]]''
|{{sort|Anand|Jaidev Anand}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540588/Zakhmi%20Dil|title=Zakhmi Dil (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220407/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540588/Zakhmi%20Dil|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Zaalim]]''
| Ravi Pratap
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540585/Zaalim|title=Zaalim (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192756/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540585/Zaalim|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hum Hain Bemisaal]]''
|{{sort|Sinha|Vijay Sinha}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534892/Hum%20Hain%20Bemisal|title=Hum Hain Bemisaal (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204905/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534892/Hum%20Hain%20Bemisal|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 1995
|''[[Paandav]]''
| Vijay Kumar
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Paandav (1995) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505873/Paandav |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232004/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505873/Paandav |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maidan-E-Jung]]''
| {{Sort|Singh|Karan Singh}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507942/Maidan-E-Jung|title=Maidan-E-Jung (1995)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231357/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507942/Maidan-E-Jung|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nazar Ke Samne]]''
|{{sort|Kumar|Jai Kumar}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507935/Nazar%20Ke%20Samne|title=Nazar Ke Samne (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231230/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507935/Nazar%20Ke%20Samne|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]''
| Vijay "Lallu" Kumar
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201921/Sabse%20Bada%20Khiladi|title=Sabse Bada Khiladi (1995)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231957/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201921/Sabse%20Bada%20Khiladi|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 1996
|''[[Tu Chor Main Sipahi]]''
|{{sort|Verma|Amar Verma}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Tu Chor Main Sipahi (1996) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508499/Tu%20Chor%20Main%20Sipahi |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195236/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508499/Tu%20Chor%20Main%20Sipahi |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]''
|{{sort|Malhotra|Akshay Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533191/Khiladiyon%20Ka%20Khiladi|title=Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233743/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533191/Khiladiyon%20Ka%20Khiladi|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sapoot]]''
| Prem Singhania
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508573/Sapoot|title=Sapoot (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191256/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508573/Sapoot|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" | 1997
|''[[Lahu Ke Do Rang (1997 film)|Lahoo Ke Do Rang]]''
|{{sort|Davai|Sikandar Davai}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahoo Ke Do Rang (1997) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539760/Lahu%20Ke%20Do%20Rang |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539760/Lahu%20Ke%20Do%20Rang |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Insaaf (1997 film)|Insaaf]]''
| Vikram "Vicky" Singh Jain
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539316/Insaaf|title=Insaaf (1997)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225809/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539316/Insaaf|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Daava]]''
| Arjun Sarwar
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534413/Daava|title=Daava (1997)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151435/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534413/Daava|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tarazu]]''
|{{sort|Yadav| Ram Yadav}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508272|title=Taraazu (1997)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810163951/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508272|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]''
| Rajant "Raja" Kapoor (Mr. Khiladi)
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508094/Mr%20And%20Mrs%20Khiladi|title=Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi (1997)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225409/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508094/Mr%20And%20Mrs%20Khiladi|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/bollywood-remakes-of-south-indian-films-8551/slide/9|title=Bollywood remakes of South Indian films|publisher=[[NDTV]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810060029/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/bollywood-remakes-of-south-indian-films-8551/slide/9|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=live|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''
|Ajay Sahni
|Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=23 years of 'Dil To Pagal Hai': Madhuri Dixit, Karisma get nostalgic about film co-starring Shah Rukh, Akshay Kumar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-23-years-of-dil-to-pagal-hai-madhuri-dixit-karisma-get-nostalgic-about-film-co-starring-shah-rukh-akshay-kumar-2853685 |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=DNA India |date=1 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107213700/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-23-years-of-dil-to-pagal-hai-madhuri-dixit-karisma-get-nostalgic-about-film-co-starring-shah-rukh-akshay-kumar-2853685 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aflatoon (1997 film)|Aflatoon]]''
| Rocky / Raja{{Efn|name=two}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="doubleroles">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-double-roles-in-bollywood/20120531.htm|title=The 25 Best Double Roles in Bollywood|last1=Verma|first1=Sukanya|date=31 May 2012|work=Rediff.com|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602071115/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-double-roles-in-bollywood/20120531.htm|archive-date=2 June 2012|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="aflatoon">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538738/Aflatoon|title=Aflatoon (1997)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165530/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538738/Aflatoon|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |1998
|''[[Keemat – They Are Back|Keemat]]''
| Dev
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Bike stunt in 'Keemat' most memorable: Akshay Kumar |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/bike-stunt-in-keemat-most-memorable-akshay-kumar_129769.html |work=Zee News (Essel Group) |access-date=17 June 2014 |date=12 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165247/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/bike-stunt-in-keemat-most-memorable-akshay-kumar_129769.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534490 |title=Keemat: They Are Back (1998) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906232637/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534490 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Angaaray (1998 film)|Angaaray]]''
| Amar Mehra
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Angaaray (1998) |date=13 August 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538802/Angaarey |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213753/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538802/Angaarey |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]''
|{{sort|Sharma|Jai Sharma}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538956/Barood|title=Barood (1998)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233701/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538956/Barood|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | 1999
|''[[Aarzoo]]''
|{{sort|Khanna|Vijay Khanna}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200444/Aarzoo|title=Aarzoo (1999)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221630/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200444/Aarzoo|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[International Khiladi]]''
| Devraj Anand
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534932/|title=International Khiladi (1999)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717205905/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534932|archive-date=17 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Zulmi]]''
| {{sort|Malhotra|Raj Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54611/Zulmi|title=Zulmi (1999)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154219/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54611/Zulmi|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sangharsh (1999 film)|Sangharsh]]''
|{{sort|Verma|Aman Verma}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Sangharsh (1999) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55953/Sangharsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204613/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55953/Sangharsh |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]''
| Baadshah / {{sort|Lohaar|Babu Lohaar}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Jaanwar">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539473/Jaanwar|title=Jaanwar (1999)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204047/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539473/Jaanwar|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2000
|''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]''
| Raju
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Hera Pheri (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201831/Hera%20Pheri |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225407/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201831/Hera%20Pheri |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Siddiques-not-teaming-up-with-Priyadarshan-for-Hera-Pheri-3/articleshow/18046718.cms |title=Siddique's not teaming up with Priyadarshan for Hera Pheri 3 |work=The Times of India |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914025139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Siddiques-not-teaming-up-with-Priyadarshan-for-Hera-Pheri-3/articleshow/18046718.cms |archive-date=14 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
| {{Sort|Verma|Ram Verma}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/493/Dhadkan|title=Dhadkan: Review by Taran Adarsh|last1=Adarsh|first1=Taran|date=15 December 2000|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016185902/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/493/Dhadkan|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khiladi 420]]''
|{{br list | Dev Kumar Malhotra / |Anand Kumar Malhotra{{efn|name=two}}}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/29khil.htm|title=Action ? Thriller|last1=Verma|first1=Sukanya|date=29 December 2000|work=Rediff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315075447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/29khil.htm|archive-date=15 March 2013|url-status=live|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
|Vikram "Vicky" Bajaj
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma |first1=Sampada |title=Ajnabee at 20: When Akshay Kumar says 'everything is planned' and it turns out to be a delicious mess|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/ajnabee-at-20-akshay-kumar-bipasha-basu-bobby-deol-kareena-kapoor-everything-is-planned-7519063/lite/|work=The Indian Express |date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921163026/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/ajnabee-at-20-akshay-kumar-bipasha-basu-bobby-deol-kareena-kapoor-everything-is-planned-7519063/lite// |archive-date=21 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

|-
|''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]] ''
|Ajay Kapoor
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Someshwar |first=Savera R |date=18 May 2001 |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/may/18rish.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: The film review of Ek Rishtaa-The Bond of Love |website=Rediff.com |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |{{Nobold|2002}}
|''Aadhar''
|Akshay, Jagdish's friend
|Cameo; [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44wiqZByeeU |title=Akshay Kumar & Aishwary Marathi Movie AADHAR - Jaya Prada - Laxmikant Berde - Ankush - Part 7 |via=YouTube |date=5 April 2021 |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya]]''
|{{sort|Malhotra|Raj Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya (2002) |date=13 August 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201755/Haan%20Maine%20Bhi%20Pyaar%20Kiya |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182533/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201755/Haan%20Maine%20Bhi%20Pyaar%20Kiya |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]''
|{{sort|Prajapati| Vishwas Prajapati}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/aankhen-review.shtml|title=Aankhen takes you on a roller-coaster ride|date=12 April 2002|work=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028234118/http://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/aankhen-review.shtml|archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Awara Paagal Deewana]]''
|{{sort|Khatri|Guru Gulab Khatri}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/21apd.htm|title=Akshay, Sunil, Aftab's star power fails, Paresh Rawal steals the show|author=Anjum, N|date=21 June 2002|work=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141728/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/21apd.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani|Jaani Dushman]]''
| Atul
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Movies: The Rediff Review: Jaani Dushman |url=https://rediff.com/entertai/2002/aug/17jaani.htm |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=m.rediff.com |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204025936/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/aug/17jaani.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2003
|''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins...|Talaash]]''
| Arjun Raichand
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Movie review: Talaash... The Hunt Begins |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/923/Talaash...%20The%20Hunt%20Begins |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=3 January 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903143630/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/923/Talaash...%20The%20Hunt%20Begins |archive-date= 3 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Andaaz]]''
|{{sort|Malhotra|Raj Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/23andaaz.htm|title='Andaaz': Flight to boredom|last1=Magotra|first1=Ashish|date=24 May 2003|work=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227100804/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/23andaaz.htm|archive-date=27 February 2015|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" | 2004
|''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]] ''
|{{sort|Verma|[[Senior Inspector]] Shekhar Verma}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="filmfares">{{cite web|title=Nominees of 50th Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-3.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720125013/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-3.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2012 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=16 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elley |first1=Derek |title=Review: 'Khakee' |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/khakee-1200536726/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=31 January 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904174851/http://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/khakee-1200536726/ |archive-date= 4 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Police Force: An Inside Story|Police Force]]''
|{{sort|Singh|Vijay Singh}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/956/Police%20Force|title=Movie review : Police Force|last1=Adarsh|first1=Taran|date=28 May 2004|access-date=30 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903144811/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/956/Police%20Force|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aan: Men at Work]]''
|{{sort|Pattnaik|[[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] Hari Om Pattnaik}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/27akshay.htm|title=Akshay: It's payback time!|last1=Fernandes|first1=Vivek|date=27 May 2004|work=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120631/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/27akshay.htm|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
|{{sort|Khanna|Arun "Sunny" Khanna}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="mujhseshadikarogi">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54557/|title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810164049/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54557/|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-4.cms|title=Nominees of 50th Filmfare Awards|publisher=Indiatimes|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714184733/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-4.cms|archive-date=14 July 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}
</ref>
|-
|''[[Hatya (2004 film)|Hatya]]''
|{{sort|Lal|Ravi Lal}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534777/|title=Hatya: The Murder (2004)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810164207/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534777/|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aitraaz]]''
|{{sort|Malhotra|Raj Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200448/Aitraaz|title=Aitraaz (2004)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002311/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200448/Aitraaz|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Meri Biwi Ka Jawaab Nahin]]''
| Ajay Khanna
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505044/|title=Meri Biwi Ka Jawaab Nahin (2004)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720203822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505044|archive-date=20 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo]]''
|{{sort|Singh|Rajeev Singh}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54464|title=Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo (2004)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831180504/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54464|archive-date=31 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | 2005
|''[[Insan]]''
| Amjad Khan
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Insan (2005) |date=13 August 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55992/Insan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233334/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55992/Insan |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|Bewafaa]]''
| Raja Bhosle
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20050314-film-review-bewafaa-starring-anil-kapoor-akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-788261-2005-03-13|title=Old refashioned|last1=Chopra|first1=Anupama|date=14 March 2005|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907155805/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-bewafaa-starring-anil-kapoor-akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor/1/194289.html|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=live|publisher=[[Living Media]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time|Waqt]]''
|{{sort|Thakur|Aditya Thakur}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/04/20/waqt_2005_review.shtml|title=Waqt: The Race Against Time (2005)|last1=Pandohar|first1=Jaspreet|date=14 April 2005|work=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006152845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/04/20/waqt_2005_review.shtml|archive-date=6 October 2009|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]''
|{{sort|Godbole|Makrand "Mac" Godbole}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538491/Garam%20Masala|title=Garam Masala (2005)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230654/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538491/Garam%20Masala|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Deewane Huye Paagal]]''
|{{sort|Hiranandani|Ranbir "Rocky" Hiranadani}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/25dhp.htm|title=Deewane Hue Paagal: Good fun|last1=N|first1=Patcy|date=25 November 2005|work=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127105831/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/25dhp.htm|archive-date=27 January 2015|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dosti: Friends Forever]]''
|{{sort|Malhotra|Raj Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534204/Dosti%20-%20Friends%20Forever|title=Dosti: Friends Forever (2005)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021347/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534204/Dosti%20-%20Friends%20Forever|archive-date=10 November 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | 2006
|'' [[Family (2006 film)|Family]]''
|{{sort|Bhatia|Shekhar Bhatia}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Family – Ties of Blood (2006) |date=13 August 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54503/Family%20-%20Ties%20of%20Blood |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144049/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54503/Family%20-%20Ties%20of%20Blood |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (2006 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]''
| Vicky Bahl
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539931/Mere%20Jeevan%20Saathi|title=Mere Jeevan Saathi (2006)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212215/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539931/Mere%20Jeevan%20Saathi|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]''
|{{sort|Malhotra|Aditya Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54517/Humko%20Deewana%20Kar%20Gaye|title=Humko Deewana Kar Gaye (2006)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225846/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54517/Humko%20Deewana%20Kar%20Gaye|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]''
| Raju
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54567/Phir%20Hera%20Pheri|title=Phir Hera Pheri (2006)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714234109/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54567/Phir%20Hera%20Pheri|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]''
|{{sort|Rao|Agastya Rao}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/23jaan.htm|title=Jaan-E-Mann is a bizarre movie|last1=Pradhan|first1=Vidya|date=23 October 2006|work=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013232214/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/23jaan.htm|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhagam Bhag]]''
| Bunty Rajkumar
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Bhagam-Bhaag/movie-review/903798.cms|title=Movie review : Bhagam Bhaag|last1=Kazmi|first1=Nikhat|date=22 December 2006|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108020548/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Bhagam-Bhaag/movie-review/903798.cms|archive-date=8 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | 2007
|''[[Namastey London]]''
|{{sort|Singh|Arjun Singh}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |title=Movie review : Namastey London |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Namastey-London/movie-review/1802925.cms |access-date=21 August 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222013623/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Namastey-London/movie-review/1802925.cms |archive-date=22 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Heyy Babyy]]''
|{{sort|Mehra|Aarush Mehra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54366/Heyy%20Babyy|title=Heyy Babyy (2007)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123223/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54366/Heyy%20Babyy|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''
|{{sort|Shrivastava|Aditya Shrivastava}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54360/Bhool%20Bhulaiyaa|title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa (2007)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225535/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54360/Bhool%20Bhulaiyaa|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="oso">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |title=Om Shanti Om (2007) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025045139/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]''
|{{sort|Saini|Rajiv Saini}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508650/Welcome|title=Welcome (2007)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182530/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508650/Welcome|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2008
|''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]''
|{{sort|Pandey|Bachchan Pandey}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Tashan (2008) |date=13 August 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58411/Tashan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154217/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58411/Tashan |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''
|{{sort|Singh|Happy Singh}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/3rd-afa-nominees-and-winners/#film1|title=3rd AFA Nominees and Winners|publisher=[[Asian Film Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808083051/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/3rd-afa-nominees-and-winners/|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/reviews/singh-is-kinng-1200507766/|title=Singh is Kinng|date=13 August 2008|work=Variety|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202212/http://variety.com/2008/film/reviews/singh-is-kinng-1200507766/|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jumbo (2008 film)|Jumbo]]''
|Jaybir "Jumbo" Singh
|Also narrator
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Jumbo (2008) |date=13 August 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201901/Jumbo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223619/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201901/Jumbo |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | 2009
|''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]''
|{{sort|Sharma|Sidhu / Sidhesh Sharma}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kazmi |first1=Nikhat |title=Movie review : Chandni Chowk to China |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Chandni-Chowk-to-China/movie-review/3985572.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=15 January 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109045851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Chandni-Chowk-to-China/movie-review/3985572.cms |archive-date= 9 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[8 x 10 Tasveer]]''
|{{sort|Puri|Jai Puri}} / {{sort|Puri|Jeet Puri}}{{efn|name=two}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Tasveer">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502847/8x10%20Tasveer|title=8 x 10 Tasveer (2009)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231842/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502847/8x10%20Tasveer|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''
|{{sort|Shergill|Viraj Shergill}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201764/Kambakkht%20Ishq|title=Kambakkht Ishq (2009)|date=13 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233422/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201764/Kambakkht%20Ishq|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]''
|{{sort|Malhotra|Aarav Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/blue-442|title=Movie review : Blue|last1=Chopra|first1=Anupama|date=16 October 2009|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908181441/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/blue-442|archive-date=8 September 2014|url-status=live|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|''[[De Dana Dan]]''
|{{sort|Bankar|Nitin Bankar}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/De-Dana-Dan/movie-review/5272173.cms|title=Movie review : De Dana Dan|last1=Kazmi|first1=Nikhat|date=26 November 2009|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109053246/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/De-Dana-Dan/movie-review/5272173.cms|archive-date=9 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2010
|''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
| Aarush Awasthi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Housefull (2010) |date=13 August 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549425/Housefull |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233321/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549425/Housefull |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]''
|{{sort|Tichkule|Sachin Tichkule}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-khatta-meetha-a-schizophrenic-film/127366-47.html|title=Masand: 'Khatta Meetha', a schizophrenic film|last1=Masand|first1=Rajeev|date=31 July 2010|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908171847/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-khatta-meetha-a-schizophrenic-film/127366-47.html|archive-date=8 September 2014|url-status=dead|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Action Replayy]]''
|{{sort|Kumar Chopra|Kishen Kumar Chopra }}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-action-replayy/article1-622338.aspx|title=Mayank Shekhar's review: Action Replayy|last1=Shekhar|first1=Mayank|date=4 November 2010|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116144133/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-action-replayy/article1-622338.aspx|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
|{{sort|Khan|Tabrez Mirza Khan}} / {{sort|Khan|Tees Maar Khan}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-tees-maar-khan-is-not-worth-even-a-free-ticket-1485367|title=Review: Tees Maar Khan is not worth even a free ticket|last1=Rao|first1=Renuka|date=23 December 2010|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012223534/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-tees-maar-khan-is-not-worth-even-a-free-ticket-1485367|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=live|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2011
|''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]''
|{{sort|Kahlon|[[Monty Panesar|Parghat Singh "Gattu" Kahlon]]}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Patiala House : Bend it like Akshay! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-patiala-house/20110211.htm |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=Rediff.com |date=11 February 2011 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108151149/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-patiala-house/20110211.htm |archive-date= 8 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thank You (2011 film)|Thank You]]''
| Kishen Khurana
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/movie-review-thank-you/20110407.htm|title=Review: Thank You is unwatchable|last1=Sen|first1=Sudhish|date=24 September 2011|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014201950/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/movie-review-thank-you/20110407.htm|archive-date=14 October 2014|url-status=live|work=Rediff.com|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Breakaway (2011 film)|Breakaway]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/spend-it-like-beckham/article2481954.ece|title=Spend it like Beckham|last1=Kamath|first1=Raja|date=7 April 2011|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615072008/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/spend-it-like-beckham/article2481954.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Desi Boyz]]''
|{{sort|Patel|Jignesh "Jerry" Patel}} / Rocco
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-desi-boyz/20111125.htm|title=Review: Desi Boyz and bad, bad girlz|last1=Sen|first1=Raja|date=25 November 2011|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108150718/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-desi-boyz/20111125.htm|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=live|work=Rediff.com|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chalo Dilli]]''
|Lt. Col. Vikram Singh Rana
|Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chalo-dilli/critic-review/chalo-dilli-movie-review/ | title=Chalo Dilli Movie Review: "Be Kind to Whoever You Meet- Because everyone is going Through a Hard Battle— PLATO" Chalo Dilli is a road movie. A journey that begins with the dynamic Mihika Mukherjea. A strong willed young woman who is a Senior Vice President of a top multinational Financial Institution in Mumbai. A jet setter, go-getter, no nonsenseRead More | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=29 April 2011 | access-date=9 February 2023 | archive-date=9 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209111007/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chalo-dilli/critic-review/chalo-dilli-movie-review/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2012
|''[[Housefull 2]]''
| Sunny Pujari / Sunil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen |first1=Raja |title=Review: Housefull 2 is shamefully bad |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-housefull-2-is-shamefully-bad/20120406.htm |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=Rediff.com |date=6 April 2012 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108150839/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-housefull-2-is-shamefully-bad/20120406.htm |archive-date= 8 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rowdy Rathore]]''
| Shiva / {{sort|Rathore|ASP Vikram Singh Rathore}}{{efn|name=two}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="rowdy786">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Another-double-role-for-Akshay/articleshow/16335924.cms|title=Another double role for Akshay|date=11 September 2012|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717105548/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Another-double-role-for-Akshay/articleshow/16335924.cms|archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-rowdy-rathore/20120601.htm|title=Review: Rowdy Rathore has old Khiladi, no new tricks|last1=Sen|first1=Raja|date=1 June 2012|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108150946/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-rowdy-rathore/20120601.htm|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=live|work=Rediff.com|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]''
| Rajkumar Joker Sattu / Agastya Sattu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-to-pay-compensation-for-not-promoting-joker/article1-929954.aspx|title=Akshay Kumar to pay compensation for not promoting Joker?|last1=Marwah|first1=Navdeep Kaur|date=14 September 2012|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315022336/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-to-pay-compensation-for-not-promoting-joker/article1-929954.aspx|archive-date=15 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/2012/aug/31/review-joker.htm|title=Review: Joker is a daft comedy|last1=Sen|first1=Raja|date=31 August 2012|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108150754/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/2012/aug/31/review-joker.htm|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=live|work=Rediff.com|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
|''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]''
|{{sort|Yadav| [[Krishna|God Krishna Vasudev Yadav]]}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="OMGFF" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-oh-my-god-is-a-brave-absorbing-take-on-religion/20120928.htm|title=Review: OMG-Oh My God is brave and absorbing|last1=Verma|first1=Sukanya|date=28 September 2012|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016204554/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-oh-my-god-is-a-brave-absorbing-take-on-religion/20120928.htm|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=live|work=Rediff.com|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khiladi 786]]''
|{{No wrap | Bahattar Singh /}} {{sort|Singh|Tehattar Singh}}{{efn|name=two}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-khiladi-786-is-unclever-unfunny/20121207.htm|title=Review: Khiladi 786 is unfunny, unclever|last1=Rishi|first1=Shubhir|date=7 December 2012|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019171725/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-khiladi-786-is-unclever-unfunny/20121207.htm|archive-date=19 October 2014|url-status=live|work=Rediff.com|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | 2013
|''[[Bhaji in Problem]]''
|Himself
| Special appearance; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Srivastava |first1=Priyanka |title=Going regional: How celebs stars are taking to cinema here in a big way |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bollywood-regional-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-amitabh-bachchan-292329-2014-09-13 |access-date=30 October 2014 |work=India Today |publisher=Living Media |date=13 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095721/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-regional-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-amitabh-bachchan/1/382647.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Special 26]]''
|{{sort|Vardhan|Ajay Singh Vardhan}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Special-26/Article1-1008866.aspx|title=Anupama Chopra's review: Special 26|last1=Chopra|first1=Anupama|date=8 February 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108160536/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Special-26/Article1-1008866.aspx|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Once Upon A Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]''
|{{sort|Khan|Shoaib Khan}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobaara/article1-1108821.aspx |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai Dobaara! |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 August 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817121535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbaai-Dobaara/Article1-1108821.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]''
|Suryakant "Surya" Shastri / Boss
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566663 |title=Boss (2013) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705161512/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566663 |archive-date=5 July 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
|Himself ||Special appearance in the song "[[Apna Bombay Talkies]]" || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/588998 |title=Bombay Talkies (2013) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707001430/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/588998 |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2014
|''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty|Holiday]]''
|{{sort|Bakshi|[[Captain]] Virat Bakshi}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Thuppakki remake is titled Holiday |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thuppakki-remake-is-titled-Holiday/articleshow/23149747.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 July 2014 |date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917032253/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thuppakki-remake-is-titled-Holiday/articleshow/23149747.cms |archive-date=17 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Akshay Kumar on 'Holiday': This is one character I'm gonna be sad to say goodbye to |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-holiday-this-is-one-character-im-gonna-be-sad-to-say-goodbye-to/ |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=7 June 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108105019/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-holiday-this-is-one-character-im-gonna-be-sad-to-say-goodbye-to/ |archive-date= 8 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fugly (film)|Fugly]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance in the song "Fugly Fugly Kya Hai"
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |last=Chakravorty |first=Vinayak |title=Movie Review: Fugly loses its plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/fugly-review-196907-2014-06-14 |access-date=11 December 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=14 June 2014 |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211094241/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/fugly-review-196907-2014-06-14 |url-status=live }}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]''
|{{sort|Johri|Akhil Johri}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Entertainment/movie-review/39875295.cms|title=Movie review : Entertainment|last1=Iyer|first1=Meena|date=8 August 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929040144/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Entertainment/movie-review/39875295.cms|archive-date=29 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''{{sort|Shaukeens|[[The Shaukeens]]}}''
| Himself / Rajiv Bhatia
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/akshay-kumar-doesnt-want-to-over-promote-himself-for-the-shaukeens/15639156|title=Akshay Kumar doesn't want to over-promote himself for 'The Shaukeens'|last1=Tarannum|first1=Asira|date=27 September 2014|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031153721/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/akshay-kumar-doesnt-want-to-over-promote-himself-for-the-shaukeens/15639156|archive-date=31 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | 2015
|''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]''
| Ajay Singh Rajput
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|author1=Press Trust of India |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Baby' trailer released |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumars-baby-trailer-released/ |access-date=18 December 2014 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=4 December 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217165454/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumars-baby-trailer-released/ |archive-date=17 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hey Bro]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance in the song "Birju"
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-double-take-on-twins/article6933010.ece |title=A double take on twins |last=Rodricks |first=Allan Moses |date=25 February 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 July 2015 |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |location=Bengaluru |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212085516/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-double-take-on-twins/article6933010.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gabbar Is Back]]''
| Professor Aditya "Gabbar" Singh Rajput
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-sholay-style-teaser-of-akshay-kumar-s-gabbar-is-back-2068549|title=Watch: Sholay style teaser of Akshay Kumar's 'Gabbar Is Back'|date=13 March 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315230653/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-sholay-style-teaser-of-akshay-kumar-s-gabbar-is-back-2068549|archive-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''
|{{Sort|Fernandes|David Fernandes}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Brothers-trailer-Things-we-liked-about-it/photostory/47627979.cms|title='Brothers' trailer: Things we liked about it|last1=Khuranaa|first1=Amann|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614051127/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Brothers-trailer-Things-we-liked-about-it/photostory/47627979.cms|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Singh Is Bliing|Singh Is Bling]]''
| Raftaar Singh
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/singh-is-bliing-review-nothing-is-shining-here/story-IZzAVR7Gq3mVXbCCWYfrXI.html Singh Is Bliing review: Nothing is shining here {{Rating|1|5}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003165823/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/singh-is-bliing-review-nothing-is-shining-here/story-IZzAVR7Gq3mVXbCCWYfrXI.html |date=3 October 2015 }}. [[Hindustan Times]]. Rohit Vats. 2 October 2015</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2016
|''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]''
|{{Sort|Katyal|Ranjit Katyal}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Twinkle Khanna, kids Nitara-Aarav in Jodhpur for dad Akshay Kumar's shoot |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/twinkle-khanna-kids-nitara-aarav-in-jodhpur-for-dad-akshay-kumars-shoot/ |access-date=18 November 2015 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express Limited |date=12 November 2015 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119023439/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/twinkle-khanna-kids-nitara-aarav-in-jodhpur-for-dad-akshay-kumars-shoot/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Housefull 3]]''
| Sanket "Sandy" Sehgal / Sundy
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Around-the-world-in-the-50s-with-Akshay/articleshow/49826676.cms|title=Around the world in the '50s with Akshay|last1=Iyer|first1=Sanyukta|date=18 November 2015|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119013524/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Around-the-world-in-the-50s-with-Akshay/articleshow/49826676.cms|archive-date=19 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dishoom]]''
|{{Sort|Gazi|Sameer Gazi}}
| Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/26/akshay-kumar-has-a-cameo-in-dishoom_a_21438850/|title=Surprise! Akshay Kumar Has A Cameo In 'Dishoom'|date=26 July 2016|work=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903114643/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/26/akshay-kumar-has-a-cameo-in-dishoom_a_21438850/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]''
| Rustom Pavri
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-begins-Rustom-with-a-strong-ensemble-cast/articleshow/50706361.cms|title=Akshay Kumar begins 'Rustom' with a strong ensemble cast|date=25 January 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127232955/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-begins-Rustom-with-a-strong-ensemble-cast/articleshow/50706361.cms|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2017
|''[[Jolly LLB 2]]''
|Advocate Jagdishwar "Jolly" Mishra
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-akshay-kumar-looks-promising-as-jolly-in-jolly-llb-2-trailer/articleshow/56059688.cms |title=Watch: Akshay Kumar is promising as Jolly in 'Jolly LLB 2' trailer |work=The Times of India |date=19 December 2016 |access-date=16 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-akshay-kumar-looks-promising-as-jolly-in-jolly-llb-2-trailer/articleshow/56059688.cms |archive-date=23 December 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naam Shabana]]''
| Ajay Singh Rajput
| Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/naam-shabana-trailer-taapsee-pannus-action-akshay-kumar-punchline-keeps-you-hooked-watch-video-4518053/|title=Akshay Kumar's Punchline Keeps You Hooked to Naam Shabana Trailer|date=10 February 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211022520/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/naam-shabana-trailer-taapsee-pannus-action-akshay-kumar-punchline-keeps-you-hooked-watch-video-4518053/|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live|publisher=Indian Express Group|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]''
| Keshav Sharma
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/movies-to-look-forward-to/Akshay-Kumars-Toilet-Ek-Prem-Katha-to-release-on-June-2/photostory/55409624.cms|title=Movies to look forward to|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202013752/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/movies-to-look-forward-to/Akshay-Kumars-Toilet-Ek-Prem-Katha-to-release-on-June-2/photostory/55409624.cms|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2018
|''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]''
| Lakshmi Kant Chauhan
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/padman-review-public-service-cinema/article22701683.ece|title='Pad Man': example of how good causes may not always make great cinema|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|work=The Hindu|date=9 February 2018|access-date=11 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209093451/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/padman-review-public-service-cinema/article22701683.ece|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
| Tapan Das
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gold-movie-review-akshay-kumar-is-biggest-weakness-2-stars-out-of-5-1900703|title=Gold Movie Review: Akshay Kumar Is Biggest Weakness In Film That Glitters Only Intermittently|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|publisher=NDTV|date=15 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811224627/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gold-movie-review-akshay-kumar-is-biggest-weakness-2-stars-out-of-5-1900703|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''
| Pakshi Rajan
| [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/2-0/critic-review/2-0-movie-review/|title=2.0 Movie Review 4.5/5|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=29 November 2018|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104200807/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/2-0/critic-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Simmba]]''
| [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Veer "Surya" Sooryavanshi
| Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-akshay-kumars-character-from-simmba-has-a-salman-khan-connect/articleshow/67282187.cms|title=Did you know Akshay Kumar's character from 'Simmba' has a Salman Khan connect?|publisher=Times of India|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206102540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-akshay-kumars-character-from-simmba-has-a-salman-khan-connect/articleshow/67282187.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |2019
|''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''
|[[Havildar Ishar Singh]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/akshay-kumar-karan-johar-proudly-present-new-film-kesari-based-on-battle-of-saragarhi/104992|title=Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar 'proudly present' new film Kesari, based on Battle of Saragarhi|date=11 October 2017|work=Times Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212085516/http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/akshay-kumar-karan-johar-proudly-present-new-film-kesari-based-on-battle-of-saragarhi/104992|archive-date=12 February 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Blank (2019 film)|Blank]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance in the song "Ali Ali"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar's song in Blank was his way of saying good luck: Karan Kapadia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-s-song-in-blank-was-his-way-of-saying-good-luck-karan-kapadia-1514162-2019-05-01 |access-date=6 November 2019 |work=India Today |date=1 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106093442/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-s-song-in-blank-was-his-way-of-saying-good-luck-karan-kapadia-1514162-2019-05-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mission Mangal]]''
| Rakesh Dhawan
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-vidya-balan-kick-off-mission-mangal/articleshow/66780147.cms|title=Akshay Kumar, Vidya Balan kick off Mission Mangal|date=24 November 2018|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124074015/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-vidya-balan-kick-off-mission-mangal/articleshow/66780147.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Housefull 4]]''
| Harry Sinha / Bala Dev Singh{{efn|name=two}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Nilanjana |title=Housefull 4 Begins. Akshay Kumar, Bobby Deol, Riteish Deshmukh Have A Warning For You |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/housefull-4-begins-akshay-kumar-bobby-deol-riteish-deshmukh-have-a-warning-for-you-1880629 |work=NDTV |access-date=29 August 2018 |date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811152521/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/housefull-4-begins-akshay-kumar-bobby-deol-riteish-deshmukh-have-a-warning-for-you-1880629 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Good Newwz]]''
| Varun Batra
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/DharmaMovies/status/1087318830890663936|title=Dharma Productions on Twitter|date=21 January 2019|work=Twitter|access-date=21 January 2019|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509055630/https://twitter.com/DharmaMovies/status/1087318830890663936|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
|''[[Laxmii]]''
| Asif Ahmed / Laxmii Sharma
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laxmmi-bomb-to-premiere-on-disney-plus-hotstar-6480589|title=Akshay Kumar film Laxmmi Bomb to premiere on Disney Plus Hotstar|date=29 June 2020|work=[[Indian Express]]|language=en-US|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702104201/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laxmmi-bomb-to-premiere-on-disney-plus-hotstar-6480589/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]''
| Anshul Malhotra / Bell Bottom
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-s-bell-bottom-release-date-may-28-see-you-in-theatres-1770924-2021-02-19|title=Akshay Kumar's Bell Bottom release date May 28. See you in theatres|first=Vibha|last=Maru|date=19 February 2021|access-date=19 February 2021|work=India Today|language=en|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219081413/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-s-bell-bottom-release-date-may-28-see-you-in-theatres-1770924-2021-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
| [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Veer Sooryavanshi "Surya"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mid-day.com/articles/sooryavanshi-rohit-shetty-shares-a-pic-with-his-three-cops-says-the-game-has-begun/20889161|title=Sooryavanshi: Rohit Shetty shares a pic with his three cops, says the game has begun|access-date=6 May 2019|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=6 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506154213/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sooryavanshi-rohit-shetty-shares-a-pic-with-his-three-cops-says-the-game-has-begun/20889161|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Sooryavanshi': Akshay Kumar joins forces with Ranveer Singh and Ajay Devgn and it has blockbuster written all over it! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooryavanshi-akshay-kumar-joins-forces-with-ranveer-singh-and-ajay-devgn-and-it-has-blockbuster-written-all-over-it/articleshow/71517561.cms |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=10 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512124654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooryavanshi-akshay-kumar-joins-forces-with-ranveer-singh-and-ajay-devgn-and-it-has-blockbuster-written-all-over-it/articleshow/71517561.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Atrangi Re]]''
| Sajjad Ali Khan
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/sara-akshay-dhanushs-atrangi-re-goes-on-floors20200305103642/|title=Sara, Akshay, Dhanush's 'Atrangi Re' goes on floors!|work=Ani News|date=5 March 2020|access-date=5 March 2020|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200305060756/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/sara-akshay-dhanushs-atrangi-re-goes-on-floors20200305103642|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 2021|title=Akshay Kumar, Sara Ali Khan and Dhanush starrer Atrangi Re to premiere on Disney+ Hotstar, trailer out tomorrow|work=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-sara-ali-khan-dhanush-starrer-atrangi-re-premiere-disney-hotstar-trailer-tomorrow/|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127231141/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-sara-ali-khan-dhanush-starrer-atrangi-re-premiere-disney-hotstar-trailer-tomorrow/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]''
| Bachchan Pandey
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.om/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bachchan-pandey-akshay-kumar-and-kriti-sanon-starrer-goes-on-floors-with-a-muhurat-shot/articleshow/80128628.cms|title='Bachchan Pandey': Akshay Kumar and Kriti Sanon starrer goes on floors with a muhurat shot|work=The Times of India|date=6 January 2021|access-date=6 January 2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 January 2021|title=Akshay Kumar announces 'Bachchan Pandey' release date with a deadly still|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-akshay-kumar-announces-bachchan-pandey-release-date-kriti-sanon-jacqueline-fernandez-arshad-warsi-2870086|access-date=23 January 2021|work=Daily News & Analysis|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123054105/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-akshay-kumar-announces-bachchan-pandey-release-date-kriti-sanon-jacqueline-fernandez-arshad-warsi-2870086|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''
| [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-and-manushi-chhillar-start-prithviraj-with-hawan-here-s-to-auspicious-beginnings-1619285-2019-11-15|title=Akshay Kumar and Manushi Chhillar start Prithviraj with hawan: Here's to auspicious beginnings|date=15 November 2019|work=India Today|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512124714/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-and-manushi-chhillar-start-prithviraj-with-hawan-here-s-to-auspicious-beginnings-1619285-2019-11-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raksha Bandhan (film)|Raksha Bandhan]]''
| Lala Kedarnath Agarwal
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Akshay Kumar wraps up Raksha Bandhan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-wraps-up-raksha-bandhan-1863766-2021-10-12|date=12 October 2021|work=India Today|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012041425/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-wraps-up-raksha-bandhan-1863766-2021-10-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cuttputlli]]''
| [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Arjan Sethi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edules.com/2022/08/19/akshay-kumars-film-puppet-will-release-on-disney-hotstar-on-september-2/|title=Akshay Kumar's film 'Puppet' will release on Disney + Hotstar on September 2|work=Edules|date=19 August 2022|access-date=23 August 2022|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823003409/https://www.edules.com/2022/08/19/akshay-kumars-film-puppet-will-release-on-disney-hotstar-on-september-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]''
| Aryan Kulshrestha
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-wraps-ram-setu-announces-diwali-2022-release-10335151.html/|title=Akshay Kumar wraps Ram Setu, announces Diwali 2022 release|work=Firstpost|date=22 January 2022|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131114832/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-wraps-ram-setu-announces-diwali-2022-release-10335151.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[An Action Hero]]''
| Himself
| Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2022 |title=Akshay Kumar to have a cameo in Ayushmann Khurrana starrer An Action Hero |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-cameo-ayushmann-khurrana-starrer-action-hero/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130145358/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-cameo-ayushmann-khurrana-starrer-action-hero/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2023
| ''[[Selfiee]]''
| Vijay Kumar
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=''Selfiee'': Akshay Kumar And Emraan Hashmi's Film Gets A Release Date|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-and-emraan-hashmi-s-selfiee-has-a-release-date-3693738/|work=[[NDTV]]|date=15 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210054950/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-and-emraan-hashmi-s-selfiee-has-a-release-date-3693738|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[OMG 2]]''
| [[Lord Shiva]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |date=1 September 2021 |title=Pankaj Tripathi to start shooting for Oh My God 2 from today; Akshay Kumar back as Lord Krishna |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-start-shooting-oh-god-2-today-akshay-kumar-back-lord-krishna/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901074025/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-start-shooting-oh-god-2-today-akshay-kumar-back-lord-krishna/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mission Raniganj]]''
| Jaswant Singh Gill
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar starrer Mission Raniganj to release on October 6, 2023|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-starrer-mission-raniganj-release-october-6-2023-watch-first-motion-poster/|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=6 September 2023|access-date=6 September 2023|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906135012/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-starrer-mission-raniganj-release-october-6-2023-watch-first-motion-poster/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2024
| ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
| Captain Firoz "Freddy"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ali-abbas-zafar-starts-shooting-akshay-kumar-tiger-shroff-starrer-bade-miyan-chote-miyan/|title=Ali Abbas Zafar starts shooting for Akshay Kumar-Tiger Shroff starrer Bade Miyan Chote Miyan|date=16 January 2023|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116121530/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ali-abbas-zafar-starts-shooting-akshay-kumar-tiger-shroff-starrer-bade-miyan-chote-miyan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarfira]]''
| Vir Mhatre
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Kanabar|first=Nirali|date=25 April 2022|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-radhika-madan-start-filming-for-suriya-s-soorarai-pottru-hindi-remake-1941512-2022-04-25|title=Akshay Kumar, Radhika Madan start filming for Suriya's Soorarai Pottru Hindi remake|work=India Today|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425063931/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-radhika-madan-start-filming-for-suriya-s-soorarai-pottru-hindi-remake-1941512-2022-04-25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-suriya-soorarai-pottru-remake-titled-sarfira-release-date-out-2501291-2024-02-13|title='Sarfira': Akshay Kumar-Radhika Madan's 'Soorarai Pottru' remake title announced|magazine=India Today|date=13 February 2024|access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213082033/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-suriya-soorarai-pottru-remake-titled-sarfira-release-date-out-2501291-2024-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
| Rishabh Malik
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pait Chowdhury |first=Madhumant |date=21 October 2023 |title=Akshay Kumar Begins Filming Khel Khel Mein In London: "Can't Help But Smile When The Camera Rolls" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-begins-filming-khel-khel-mein-in-london-cant-help-but-smile-when-the-camera-rolls-4502651/ |work=NDTV |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104112215/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-begins-filming-khel-khel-mein-in-london-cant-help-but-smile-when-the-camera-rolls-4502651 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Stree 2]]''
| Sarkata's descendant
| rowspan="2"| Cameo
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar to feature in a cameo in Stree 2, reveal reports |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-feature-cameo-stree-2-reveal-reports/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710123106/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-feature-cameo-stree-2-reveal-reports/ |archive-date=10 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Singham Again]]''
| [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Veer Sooryavanshi "Surya"
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ajay-devgn-akshay-kumar-ranveer-singh-begin-filming-for-rohit-shetty-singham-again-deepika-padukone-3060807/|title=Ajay Devgn, Akshay Kumar, Ranveer Singh begin filming for Rohit Shetty's Singham Again: 'Hum apni jaan laga denge'|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=16 September 2023|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920023230/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ajay-devgn-akshay-kumar-ranveer-singh-begin-filming-for-rohit-shetty-singham-again-deepika-padukone-3060807|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2025
| ''[[Sky Force (film)|Sky Force]]''
|[[Wing Commander]] Kumar Om Ahuja
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar spotted filming Sky Force in Sitapur|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-spotted-filming-sky-force-sitapur-watch/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=30 August 2023|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830043650/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-spotted-filming-sky-force-sitapur-watch/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
| [[C. Sankaran Nair]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-akshay-kumar-r-madhavan-ananya-pandays-next-gets-title-kesari-chapter-2/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar-R Madhavan-Ananya Panday's next gets a title – Kesari Chapter 2|date=3 February 2025|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Housefull 5]]''
|Julius "Jolly 3"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar delights female fans in London while shooting for Housefull 5 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akshay-kumar-delights-female-fans-london-shooting-housefull-5/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 September 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921210239/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/akshay-kumar-delights-female-fans-london-shooting-housefull-5/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kannappa (film)|Kannappa]]''
| [[Shiva]]
| Cameo; [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Arya |first=Prachi |date=16 April 2024 |title='Kannappa': Akshay Kumar meets Vishnu Manchu, Mohan Babu in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannappa-akshay-kumar-vishnu-manchu-mohan-babu-hyderabad-telugu-debut-2527722-2024-04-16 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416063721/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannappa-akshay-kumar-vishnu-manchu-mohan-babu-hyderabad-telugu-debut-2527722-2024-04-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jolly LLB 3]]''
| [[Advocate]] Jagdishwar "Jolly" Mishra
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Pics: Akshay Kumar, Arshad Warsi begin 'Jolly LLB 3' shoot in Ajmer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-arshad-warsi-begin-jolly-llb-3-shoot-in-ajmer-2534271-2024-05-02 |magazine=India Today |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502084758/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-arshad-warsi-begin-jolly-llb-3-shoot-in-ajmer-2534271-2024-05-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2026
| {{Pending film|[[Bhooth Bangla]]}}
| Arjun
| Completed
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar announces wrap of Bhooth Bangla with a bts video: "Grateful for the madness, the magic, and the memories"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-announces-wrap-bhooth-bangla-bts-video-grateful-madness-magic-memories/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 May 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Welcome to the Jungle}}
| rowspan="4"| {{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="2"| Completed
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |date=25 December 2025 |title=Akshay Kumar Unveils Welcome To The Jungle Teaser On Christmas, Confirms 2026 Release: "It's A Wrap" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-unveils-welcome-to-the-jungle-teaser-on-christmas-confirms-2026-release-its-a-wrap-9950344 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Haiwaan (2026 film)|Haiwaan]]}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhingra |first=Snehal |title=Haiwaan: Akshay Kumar, Saif Ali Khan Wrap Priyadarshan Film In Mumbai |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/haiwaan-akshay-kumar-saif-ali-khan-wrap-priyadarshan-film-in-mumbai-article-153259350 |work=[[Times Now News]] |date=7 December 2025 |access-date=8 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2027
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Untitled'' film}}
| rowspan="2"| Filming
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2026 |last=Seta |first=Fenil |title=Anees Bazmee CONFIRMS casting of his next film: "It stars Akshay Kumar, Vidya Balan, Raashii Khanna, Vijay Raaz…"; CLARIFIES on Sankranthiki Vasthunam remake rumours |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anees-bazmee-confirms-casting-next-film-stars-akshay-kumar-vidya-balan-raashii-khanna-vijay-raaz-clarifies-sankranthiki-vasthunam-remake-rumours/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Golmaal 5}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Soumya |date=14 March 2026 |title=Golmaal 5 announced on Rohit Shetty's birthday: This time, Akshay Kumar joins Ajay Devgn and gang for another epic ride |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/golmaal-5-announced-on-rohit-shettys-birthday-this-time-akshay-kumar-joins-ajay-devgn-and-gang-for-another-epic-ride-101773491787043.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>
|}


== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Akshay Kumar television credits
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2004
! scope="row" | ''[[Seven Deadly Arts with Akshay Kumar]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="SDA">{{cite web |last1=Fernandes |first1=Vivek |date=26 April 2004 |title=Akshay Kumar: Winning hearts with martial arts! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/26akshay.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142634/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/26akshay.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=19 October 2014 |work=Rediff.com |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–2009, 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''
| Host
|Season 1, 2, 4
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article202006.ece |title=Priyanka Chopra to host 'Fear Factor, Season 3' |date=8 August 2010 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |publisher=Express Publications |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article202006.ece |archive-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-back-to-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-4/148294-8-66.html |title=Akshay Kumar back to Khatron Ke Khiladi season 4 |date=5 April 2011 |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810191721/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-back-to-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-4/148294-8-66.html |archive-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2010
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|''MasterChef India'']]
| Host
|Season 1
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Living Media">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-shipra-khanna-masterchef-india-season-2-salma-shazia-88274-2012-01-02|title=Akshay Kumar appearance in the final|work=India Today|publisher=Living Media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104030531/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/akshay-kumar-shipra-khanna-masterchef-india-season-2-salma-shazia/1/166940.html|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2012
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|Season 2; Special appearance
|
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abplive.in/tv/2014/06/05/article337189.ece/Akshay-Kumar-performs-action-sequence-in-Qubool-Hai |title=Akshay Kumar performs action sequence in 'Qubool Hai' |date=5 June 2014 |work=[[ABP News]] |publisher=ABP Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190600/http://www.abplive.in/tv/2014/06/05/article337189.ece/Akshay-Kumar-performs-action-sequence-in-Qubool-Hai |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
| Producer
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2576644/Akshay-turns-TV-serial-producer-with-Jamai-Raja |title=Akshay turns TV serial producer with Jamai Raja |date=14 July 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028184646/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2576644/Akshay-turns-TV-serial-producer-with-Jamai-Raja |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Dare 2 Dance]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="d2d">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Dare-To-Dance-with-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/40264409.cms |title=Dare To Dance with Akshay Kumar |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175702/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Dare-To-Dance-with-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/40264409.cms |archive-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''
| Judge
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/akshay-kumar-s-the-great-indian-laughter-challenge-kicks-off-with-mallika-dua-zakir-khan/story-lBxThRfkvSKR1c8XSo6w9H.html|title=Akshay Kumar's The Great Indian Laughter Challenge kicks off with Mallika Dua, Zakir Khan|work=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107092134/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/akshay-kumar-s-the-great-indian-laughter-challenge-kicks-off-with-mallika-dua-zakir-khan/story-lBxThRfkvSKR1c8XSo6w9H.html|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]''
| rowspan="4" | Himself
| rowspan="3" |Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi season 9: Here's what Punit J Pathak has to say on winning the trophy |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-9-here-s-what-punit-j-pathak-has-to-say-on-winning-the-trophy-2728516 |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=DNA India |date=11 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425131547/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-9-here-s-what-punit-j-pathak-has-to-say-on-winning-the-trophy-2728516 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Man vs. Wild|Into The Wild With Bear Grylls]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 September 2020|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Into The Wild With Bear Grylls and Akshay Kumar: A piece of cake for International Khiladi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/into-the-wild-with-bear-grylls-and-akshay-kumar-a-piece-of-cake-for-international-khiladi-1720992-2020-09-11|access-date=21 September 2020|work=India Today|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921155944/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/into-the-wild-with-bear-grylls-and-akshay-kumar-a-piece-of-cake-for-international-khiladi-1720992-2020-09-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[India's Ultimate Warrior]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-makes-special-appearance-indias-ultimate-warrior-announces-rs-10-lakh-prize-money-winner-show-hosted-vidyut-jammwal/|title=Akshay Kumar makes a special appearance on India's Ultimate Warrior; announces Rs. 10 lakh prize money for the winner of the show hosted by Vidyut Jammwal : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2026
! scope="row|''[[Wheel of Fortune India]]''
|Host
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-akshay-kumar-to-host-wheel-of-fortune-in-india-after-the-success-of-amitabh-bachchans-kaun-banega-crorepati-101766036104121.html|title=Akshay Kumar to host Wheel Of Fortune in India after the huge success of KBC: Hindustan Times|first=Hindustan|last=Times|website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Music videos ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Akshay Kumar music video credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2019
|''[[Filhall]]''
| Dr. Kabir Malhotra
| [[B Praak]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akshay Kumar releases first music video Filhall. Another gem from your tijori, says Bollywood|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-releases-first-music-video-filhall-another-gem-from-your-tijori-says-bollywood-1617553-2019-11-10|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=India Today|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111083720/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-releases-first-music-video-filhall-another-gem-from-your-tijori-says-bollywood-1617553-2019-11-10 |archive-date=11 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Muskurayega India''
|Himself
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2020|title=Phir Muskurayega India belongs to every Indian: Vishal Mishra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/phir-muskurayega-india-belongs-to-every-indian-vishal-mishra/story-X8BaoXyUBGQHLgn7gtJqDJ.html|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127181625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/phir-muskurayega-india-belongs-to-every-indian-vishal-mishra/story-X8BaoXyUBGQHLgn7gtJqDJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Filhaal2 Mohabbat|Filhaal 2: Mohabbat]]''
|Dr. Kabir Malhotra
|rowspan="2"| [[B Praak]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Filhall 2.0: Akshay Kumar announces second part of B Praak's music video with Nupur Sanon|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/filhall-2-0-akshay-kumar-announces-second-part-of-b-praak-s-music-video-with-nupur-sanon-1639442-2020-01-23|work=India Today|date=23 January 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108115029/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/filhall-2-0-akshay-kumar-announces-second-part-of-b-praak-s-music-video-with-nupur-sanon-1639442-2020-01-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Kya Loge Tum''
|Unnamed
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Akshay Kumar, B Praak team up for heartbreak song 'Kya Loge Tum'|date=12 May 2023|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/akshay-kumar-b-praak-team-up-for-heartbreak-song-kya-loge-tum-507169|access-date=13 May 2023|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513113922/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/akshay-kumar-b-praak-team-up-for-heartbreak-song-kya-loge-tum-507169|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Shambhu''
|Unnamed
|[[Akshay Kumar]], Sudhir Yaduvanshi, [[Vikram Montrose]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Akshay Kumar turns singer with 'Shambhu': 'It comes from a deep place in my heart' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-shambhu-song-singer-ganesh-acharya-2497891-2024-02-05 |magazine=India Today |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217120514/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-shambhu-song-singer-ganesh-acharya-2497891-2024-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0474774|Akshay Kumar}}

{{Akshay Kumar}}
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film|India|Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Akshay}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Akshay Kumar|Filmography]]

Kriti Bharti

2026-03-26T18:45:20Z

Infycle Technologies: started new post

{{short description|Indian rehabilitation psychologist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kriti Bharti
| birth_name = Kriti Chopra
| birth_date = August 19, 1987
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| alma_mater = [[Jai Narain Vyas University]]
| organization = Saarthi Trust
| known_for = Child marriage activism
}}

''' Kriti Bharti''' (born August 19, 1987) is an Indian [[Rehabilitation psychology|rehabilitation psychologist]] and children's rights activist.<ref name="Friday Mag 50 Death Threats">{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Helen |title='I've had over 50 death threats…but I won't stop saving child brides' |url=https://fridaymagazine.ae/life-culture/-i-ve-had-over-50-death-threats-but-i-won-t-stop-saving-child-bride-1.1252439 |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=fridaymagazine.ae |publisher=GN Publishing |date=8 November 2013 |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027212139/https://fridaymagazine.ae/life-culture/-i-ve-had-over-50-death-threats-but-i-won-t-stop-saving-child-bride-1.1252439 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bharti made headlines as the first [[Annulment|annuller]] of [[child marriage in India]].<ref name="LA Times headlines global development">{{cite news |last1=BENGALI |first1=SHASHANK |title=Global Development: An Indian activist fights in court to help child brides and grooms win their lives back |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-india-child-marriage-20180618-story.html |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=18 June 2018}}</ref>
She is the founder and director of Saarthi Trust, a non-profit organization that primarily rescues and ensures the recovery and welfare of child marriage victims.<ref name="Gilrs Not Brides Saarthi Trust">{{cite web |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not |title=About Girls Not Brides |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/about-girls-not-brides/ |website=Girls Not Brides |access-date=7 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Bharti's team has annulled more than 41 child marriages and prevented more than 1,400 from occurring.<ref name="Hindustan Times Rajasthan Court" />

==Early life and education==
Bharti was born on August 19, 1987, in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]. Bharti's father abandoned her pregnant mother, Indu Chopra.<ref name="Friday Mag 50 Death Threats" /> This was considered a disgrace in a conservative environment, and relatives demanded that Chopra [[Abortion|abort]] or remarry. Despite the pressure, Bharti's mother persisted and raised the child alone.<ref name="Medium Inter" /> Her mother also suffered medical complications during her pregnancy and Bharti was born prematurely at seven months.<ref name="OnManorama this woman battled">{{cite news |title=This woman battled personal odds to become crusader against child marriages |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/women/2018/10/09/woman-child-marriage-battle-crusader.html |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=OnManorama |publisher=Manorama Online |date=10 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

As a child, Bharti was physically and verbally tortured by relatives who considered her cursed. One went to the extent of giving her a slow poison at 10 years old, and Bharti managed to survive but she was bedridden and paralyzed. She went through several treatments from different hospitals, until she was able to recover two years later, attributing her healing to [[reiki]] therapies.<ref name="Gulf News battled odds childhood">{{cite news |title=Battling personal odds to champion the fight against child marriages |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/battling-personal-odds-to-champion-the-fight-against-child-marriages-1.2287089 |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=gulfnews.com |publisher=GN Media |language=en}}</ref>

Upon her recovery, she changed her last name to "Bharti" (Daughter of India) in an attempt to free herself from the [[caste system]], religion and kin.<ref name="Medium Inter">{{cite news |last1=Sacheti |first1=Priyanka |title=Thanks To This Woman, There's Hope For Child Brides In Rajasthan |url=https://medium.com/the-establishment/thanks-to-this-woman-theres-hope-for-child-brides-in-rajasthan-d6a863b50a56 |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=Medium |issue=The Publisher |publisher=A Medium Corporation |date=1 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Due to the paralysis, Bharti was unable to finish fourth grade. She managed to accelerate to 10th grade as she cleared her boards.<ref name="Icy Tales Dr.">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=Navya |title=In Conversation with Dr. Kriti Bharti – India's First Child Marriage Annuler |url=https://www.icytales.com/kriti-bharti-india-first-child-marriage-annuler/ |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=www.icytales.com |publisher=Icy Media |date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

Bharti obtained a Doctorate in Psychology at the [[Jai Narain Vyas University]] in [[Jodhpur]].<ref name="Gulf News battled odds childhood" />

==NGOs==
At college, Bharti joined many NGOs and started counselling simultaneously. Her first case was a rape victim who was just 9 years old. Bharti thought that a temporary relief via counselling is ultimately pointless. The encounter prompted her to pursue.<ref name="Icy Tales Dr." />

Through the NGOs, Bharti was able to work with several street children that suffered from child labour, poverty and child marriage. After seven months, she noticed that a pressing issue among the homeless children is child marriage. Child marriage, although considered [[Child marriage in India|illegal]] in India, remained prevalent, especially in rural areas.<ref name="Friday Mag 50 Death Threats" /> Bharti's hometown, [[Rajasthan]], was considered the world's epicenter of child marriage.<ref name="CBN Indias Innocent CBN">{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=George |title=India's Innocent: Secret Weddings of Child Brides |url=https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2012/june/innocence-lost-indias-children-marrying-at-age-8 |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=CBN News |publisher=CBN News |date=12 June 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

A report of the [[UNICEF]] in 2009, titled ''State of the Worlds Children'', goes on further to say that 40 percent of the world's child marriages happen in India. The report also stated that 56 percent of the women surveyed in rural areas married before 18 years old.<ref name="Friday Mag 50 Death Threats" />

==Saarthi Trust==
As Bharti worked with NGOs, she noticed how they were just spreading awareness; while she believed it is essential, it is merely treating the problem at the surface level. Thus, in 2011, driven by her experience with children in NGOs, she established Saarthi Trust. Saarthi Trust works on grassroots level and ensures the rehabilitation and welfare of child marriage victims after rescue.<ref name="Icy Tales Dr." /> The organization provides education, [[vocational training]] and employment opportunities to ensure the independence of the victims thereafter.<ref name="Gilrs Not Brides Saarthi Trust" />

In 2012, Bharti made headlines on her first case, Laxmi Sargara. She was the first woman in India to have her child marriage nullified.<ref name="Friday Mag 50 Death Threats" /> Since then, Bharti and her team have been working on personally visiting villages and schools to discuss the detrimental effects of child marriage and to teach women empowerment.<ref name="The Establishment">{{cite news |last1=Sacheti |first1=Priyanka |title=Thanks To This Woman, There's Hope For Child Brides In Rajasthan |url=https://theestablishment.co/thanks-to-this-woman-theres-hope-for-child-brides-in-rajasthan/index.html |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=The Establishment |publisher=The Establishment |date=17 September 2018}}</ref> The organization has a helpline for underage brides and grooms to report their case. As victims reach out, Bharti's team obtains proof of the marriage and then talks to the family of both the bride and bridegroom, and then to the elders of the community in an attempt to convince them. If it fails, Bharti's team seeks legal help and takes the case to the court.<ref name="DARPAN Dr. Kriti Bharti">{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Garima |title=Dr. Kriti Bharti: Taking Child Marriage to Courts |url=https://darpanmagazine.com/news/india/dr-kriti-bharti-taking-child-marriage-to-courts/ |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=darpanmagazine.com |publisher=DARPAN PUBLICATION LTD. |date=20 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout years of activism, Bharti has faced countless death and [[rape threats]].<ref name="OnManorama this woman battled" /> Hidebound Hindu leaders who approve the practice of child marriage have threatened to chop her nose and [[gang-rape]] her.<ref name="LA Times headlines global development" />

Saarthi Trust has rehabilitated more than 6,000 children and 5,500 women.<ref name="BusinessStandard">{{cite news |title=What a woman! She battled personal odds to become crusader against child marriages (IANS Special Series) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/what-a-woman-she-battled-personal-odds-to-become-crusader-against-child-marriages-ians-special-series-118100700159_1.html |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd. |date=7 October 2018}}</ref> Since it was established in 2011, Bharti's team has annulled more than 44 child marriages and halted more than 1,400 from happening.<ref name="Hindustan Times Rajasthan Court">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan court annuls child marriage that took place 14 years ago |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-court-annuls-child-marriage-that-took-place-14-years-ago/story-7kQhjCQwCFgoZdoZ0pNXcN.html |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Media Limited |date=23 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Kriti}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Activists against child marriage]]
[[Category:Activists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Child marriage in India]]
[[Category:Children's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]

Paganism

2026-03-23T15:59:05Z

Infycle Technologies: rework formatting and fixed typos

{{Short description|Polytheistic religious groups}}
{{Distinguish|Modern paganism}}
{{redirect|Pagan||Pagan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1887) b 016.jpg|thumb|Engraving depicting two [[Roman women]] offering a ritual sacrifice to the pagan goddess [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]], 1887]]
In [[early Christianity]], '''paganism''' (from {{Langx|la|paganus}}, {{Literal translation|rustic}}) collectively referred to the diverse religious practices of all people who were [[polytheists]].<ref name="Bowersock1999p625">{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Brown |editor-first=Glen Warren |editor-last=Bowersock |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last2=Brown |editor-first3=Oleg |editor-last3=Grabar |chapter=Pagan |title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World |url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-51173-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/625 625]–26}}</ref> More specifically, it denoted anyone who did not adhere to an [[Abrahamic religion]] in the [[Roman Empire]]. Individuals fell into the pagan class either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the [[Christianity in the Roman Empire|Christian population]] or because they were not a [[Miles Christianus|soldier of Christ]] ({{Langx|la|miles Christi|label=none}}).<ref name="CF">J. J. O'Donnell (1977), [http://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/paganus.html ''Paganus'': Evolution and Use] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329170344/http://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/paganus.html |date=29 March 2019 }}, ''Classical Folia'', '''31''': 163–69.</ref><ref>Augustine, Divers. Quaest. 83.</ref> Terms synonymously used in Christian texts of the period include ''heathen'', ''[[Hellenes (religion)|Hellene]]'', and ''[[gentile]]''.<ref name="Bowersock1999p625" /> A widely regarded indication of whether a person was a pagan or a Christian was their partaking in ritual sacrifice,<ref name="James2014">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Christopher P. |title=Between Pagan and Christian |date=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-72520-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG22AgAAQBAJ&q=pagan+sacrifice&pg=PT74}}</ref> which was an integral part of [[Greco-Roman religion]].<ref name="James2014" /> Paganism has broadly connoted the "religion of the [[peasantry]]" in Christian thought.<ref name="Bowersock1999p625" /><ref name="Davies2011p1">{{cite book |author=Owen Davies |title=Paganism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjP8Cr28GCIC |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-162001-0 |pages=1–2}}</ref>

During and after the [[Middle Ages]], Christians generally applied the term "pagan" to any non-Christian group with the implication of belief in [[false god]]s.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kaarina |last=Aitamurto |title=Paganism, Traditionalism, Nationalism: Narratives of Russian Rodnoverie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5c4eDAAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-08443-3 |pages=12–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Owen Davies |title=Paganism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjP8Cr28GCIC |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-162001-0 |pages=1–6, 70–83 |quote=This definition seems to have become redundant by the 4th century though, and does not provide a satisfactory link with the later development of ‘pagan’ as explicitly non-Christian.}}</ref> The origin of the term's application to polytheism, however, is debated.<ref name="Davies, Owen 2011">Davies, Owen (2011). ''Paganism: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0191620010}}.</ref> In the 19th century, paganism was adopted as a self-descriptor by members of various artistic groups inspired by the [[ancient world]]. In the 20th century, it came to be applied as a self-descriptor by practitioners of [[modern paganism]], [[List of modern pagan movements|modern pagan movements]], and [[Polytheistic reconstructionism|polytheistic reconstructionists]]. Modern pagan traditions often incorporate beliefs or practices (such as [[nature worship]]) that are different from those of the [[Abrahamic world|world's largest religions]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114225/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/paganism Paganism], Oxford Dictionary (2014)</ref><ref>[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199754670.001.0001/acref-9780199754670-e-659?rskey=Uq4ZiB&result=9 Paganism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021530/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199754670.001.0001/acref-9780199754670-e-659?rskey=Uq4ZiB&result=9 |date=25 June 2018 }}, ''The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature'', Bron Taylor (2010), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199754670}}</ref>

Contemporary knowledge of old pagan religions and beliefs comes from several sources, including anthropological field research, the evidence of archaeological artifacts, the philology of [[ancient language]], and the historical accounts of ancient writers regarding cultures known to [[classical antiquity]]. Most modern pagan religions existing today express a worldview that is polytheistic, [[pantheistic]], [[panentheistic]], or [[animistic]], but some are [[monotheistic]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |title=The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-514986-6 |page=13 |author-link=James R. Lewis (scholar)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hanegraff |first=Wouter J. |title=New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought |year=1006 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-10696-0 |page=84}}</ref>{{sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=28, 30}}

== Etymology and nomenclature ==

=== Pagan ===
{{Further|Pagus}}
{{Blockquote|It is crucial to stress right from the start that until the 20th century, people did not call themselves pagans to describe the religion they practiced. The notion of paganism, as it is generally understood today, was created by the early Christian Church. It was a label that Christians applied to others, one of the antitheses that were central to the process of Christian self-definition. As such, throughout history it was generally used in a derogatory sense.|[[Owen Davies (historian)|Owen Davies]]|Paganism: A Very Short Introduction, 2011{{sfn|Davies|2011}}}}

The term ''pagan'' derives from [[Late Latin]] {{lang|la|[[wikt:paganus|paganus]]}}, revived during the [[Renaissance Latin|Renaissance]]. Itself deriving from [[classical Latin]] {{lang|la|[[wikt:pagus|pagus]]}} which originally meant 'region delimited by markers', {{lang|la|paganus}} had also come to mean 'of or relating to the countryside', 'country dweller', 'villager'; by extension, '[[wikt:rustic|rustic]]', 'unlearned', '[[wikt:yokel|yokel]]', '[[wikt:bumpkin|bumpkin]]'; in Roman military [[jargon]], 'non-combatant', 'civilian', 'unskilled soldier'. It is related to {{lang|la|[[wikt:pangere|pangere]]}} ('to fasten', 'to fix or affix') and ultimately comes from [[Proto-Indo-European]] ''*pag-'' ('to fix' in the same sense):<ref name="etymonline_pagan">{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=pagan (n.) |url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=pagan&allowed_in_frame=0 |work=The Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The adoption of ''paganus'' by the Latin Christians as an all-embracing, pejorative term for polytheists represents an unforeseen and singularly long-lasting victory, within a religious group, of a word of Latin slang originally devoid of religious meaning. The evolution occurred only in the Latin west, and in connection with the Latin church. Elsewhere, Hellene or gentile (''[[Wikt:ethnicon|ethnikos]]'') remained the word for pagan; and paganos continued as a purely secular term, with overtones of the inferior and the commonplace.|[[Peter Brown (historian)|Peter Brown]]|''Late Antiquity'', 1999<ref name="Peter Brown 1999">Peter Brown, in Glen Warren Bowersock, Peter Robert Lamont Brown, Oleg Grabar, eds., ''Late Antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world'', 1999, ''s.v.'' Pagan.</ref>}}

[[Medieval]] writers often assumed that ''paganus'' as a religious term was a result of the conversion patterns during the [[Christianization of Europe]], where people in towns and cities were converted more easily than those in remote regions, where old ways tended to remain. However, this idea has multiple problems. First, the word's usage as a reference to non-Christians pre-dates that period in history. Second, paganism within the Roman Empire centred on cities. The concept of an urban Christianity as opposed to a rural paganism would not have occurred to Romans during [[Early Christianity]]. Third, unlike words such as [[wikt:rusticitas|''rusticitas'']], ''paganus'' had not yet fully acquired the meanings (of uncultured backwardness) used to explain why it would have been applied to pagans.{{sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=14–15}}

''Paganus'' more likely acquired its meaning in Christian nomenclature via [[Roman military]] jargon (see above). Early Christians adopted military motifs and saw themselves as ''[[Milites Christi]]'' (soldiers of Christ).<ref name="etymonline_pagan" />{{sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=14–15}} A good example of Christians still using ''paganus'' in a military context rather than a religious one is in [[Tertullian]]'s ''De Corona Militis'' XI.V, where the Christian is referred to as ''paganus'' (''civilian''):{{Sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=14–15}}
{|
|style="padding-left: 6em; padding-right: 1em;"|''Apud hunc [Christum] tam miles est paganus fidelis quam paganus est miles fidelis.''<ref>[[s:la:De corona militis#11|''De Corona Militis'' XI.V]]</ref>
|style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 6em;"|With Him [Christ] the faithful citizen is a soldier, just as the faithful soldier is a citizen.<ref>[[s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Apologetic/The Chaplet, or De Corona/Chapter XI|Ante-Nicene Fathers III, De Corona XI]]</ref>
|}

''Paganus'' acquired its religious connotations by the mid-4th century.{{sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=14–15}} As early as the 5th century, ''paganos'' was metaphorically used to denote persons outside the bounds of the Christian community. Following the [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack of Rome]] by the [[Visigoths]] just over fifteen years after the [[Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14577d.htm |title="Theodosius I",'' The Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1912}}</ref> murmurs began to spread that the old gods had taken greater care of the city than the Christian God. In response, [[Augustine of Hippo]] wrote [[The City of God|''De Civitate Dei Contra Paganos'']] ('The City of God against the Pagans'). In it, he contrasted the fallen "city of Man" with the "city of God", of which all Christians were ultimately citizens. Hence, the foreign invaders were "not of the city" or "rural".<ref>"The City of God". [[Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD]], 2003.</ref><ref>Orosius Histories 1. Prol. ''"ui alieni a civitate dei..pagani vocantur."''</ref><ref>C. Mohrmann, ''Vigiliae Christianae'' 6 (1952) 9ff; [http://dictionary.oed.com/ ''Oxford English Dictionary'', (online) 2nd Edition (1989)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625103623/http://dictionary.oed.com/ |date=25 June 2006 }}</ref>

The term pagan was not attested in the English language until the 17th century.<ref>The ''[[OED]]'' instances [[Edward Gibbon]]'s ''[[Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', Vol. II, "Chapter XXI: Persecution of Heresy, State of the Church. Part VII" (1776): "The divisions of Christianity suspended the ruin of {{sic|hide=y|reason=Gibbon capitalized here, though did not do so consistently throughout the work.|Paganism}}."</ref> In addition to ''[[wikt:infidel|infidel]]'' and ''[[wikt:heretic|heretic]]'', it was used as one of several [[pejorative]] Christian counterparts to ''[[wikt:goy|goy]]'' ({{lang|he|[[גוי]]|rtl=yes}} / {{lang|he|נכרי|rtl=yes}}) as used in Judaism, and to ''[[kafir]]'' ({{lang|ar|كافر|rtl=yes}}, 'unbeliever') and ''[[mushrik]]'' ({{lang|ar|مشرك|rtl=yes}}, 'idolater') as in Islam.<ref>Eisenstadt, S.N. (1983). "Transcendental Visions – Other-Worldliness – and Its Transformations: Some More Comments on L. Dumont. ''Religion''" 13:1–17, at p. 3.</ref>

=== Hellene ===
{{Further|Hellenes (religion)}}

In the Latin-speaking [[Western Roman Empire]] of the newly [[Christianization of the Roman Empire|Christianizing Roman Empire]], [[Koine Greek]] became associated with the [[Religion in ancient Greece|traditional polytheistic religion]] of [[Ancient Greece]] and was regarded as a foreign language (''lingua peregrina'') in the west.<ref>Augustine, ''Confessions'' 1.14.23; Moatii, "Translation, Migration, and Communication", p. 112.</ref> By the latter half of the 4th century in the Greek-speaking [[Eastern Empire]], pagans were—paradoxically—most commonly called ''Hellenes'' ({{lang|grc|Ἕλληνες}}, lit. "Greeks") The word had almost entirely ceased being used in a cultural sense.<ref name="Cameron93">{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=Alan G. |last2=Long |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Sherry |first3=Lee |title=Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius |year=1993 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-06550-5 |pages=66–67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9780520065505 |chapter=2: Synesius of Cyrene; VI: The ''Dion''}}</ref>{{sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=16–17}} It retained that meaning for roughly the first millennium of Christianity.

This was influenced by Christianity's early members, who were [[Jewish Christian|Jewish]]. The Jews of the time distinguished themselves from foreigners according to religion rather than [[Ethnicity|ethno]]-[[cultural]] standards, and early Jewish Christians would have done the same. Since Hellenic culture was the dominant pagan culture in the Roman east, they referred to pagans as Hellenes. Christianity inherited Jewish terminology for non-Jews and adapted it to refer to non-Christians with whom they were in contact. This usage is recorded in the [[New Testament]]. In the [[Pauline epistles]], ''Hellene'' is almost always juxtaposed with ''Hebrew'' regardless of actual ethnicity.{{sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=16–17}}

The usage of Hellene as a religious term was initially part of an exclusively Christian nomenclature, but some Pagans began to defiantly call themselves Hellenes. Other pagans even preferred the narrow meaning of the word from a broad cultural sphere to a more specific religious grouping. However, there were many Christians and pagans alike who strongly objected to the evolution of the terminology. The influential [[Archbishop of Constantinople]] [[Gregory of Nazianzus]], for example, took offence at imperial efforts to suppress Hellenic culture (especially concerning spoken and written Greek) and he openly criticized the emperor.<ref name="Cameron93" />

The growing religious stigmatization of Hellenism had a [[chilling effect]] on Hellenic culture by the late 4th century.<ref name="Cameron93" />

By late antiquity, however, it was possible to speak Greek as a primary language while not conceiving of oneself as a Hellene.<ref>Simon Swain, "Defending Hellenism: Philostratus, in Honour of Apollonius", in ''Apologetics,'' p. 173.</ref> The long-established use of Greek both in and around the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] as a [[lingua franca]] ironically allowed it to instead become central in enabling the spread of Christianity—as indicated for example, by the use of Greek for the [[Epistles of Paul]].<ref>Treadgold, ''A History of the Byzantine State,'' p. 5.</ref> In the first half of the 5th century, Greek was the standard language in which bishops communicated,<ref>Millar, ''A Greek Roman Empire,'' pp. 97–98.</ref> and the ''Acta Conciliorum'' ("Acts of the Church Councils") were recorded originally in Greek and then translated into other languages.<ref>Millar, ''A Greek Roman Empire,'' p. 98.</ref>

=== Heathen ===
"Heathen" comes from {{langx|ang|hæðen}} (not Christian or Jewish); cf. [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|[[wikt:heiðinn|heiðinn]]}}. This meaning for the term originated from [[Gothic language|Gothic]] {{lang|got|[[wikt:haiþno|haiþno]]}} ([[gentile]] woman) being used to translate Hellene<ref>cf. {{bibleverse||Mark|7:26|KJV}}</ref> in [[Gothic Bible|Wulfila's Bible]], the first translation of the Bible into a [[Germanic language]]. This may have been influenced by the Greek and Latin terminology of the time used for pagans. If so, it may be derived from Gothic {{lang|got|[[wikt:haiþi|haiþi]]}} (dwelling on the [[heath]]). However, this is not [[attested language|attested]]. It may even be a borrowing of Greek {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἔθνος|ἔθνος]]}} ({{Transliteration|el|ethnos}}) via [[Armenian language|Armenian]] {{lang|hy|[[wikt:հեթանոս#Armenian|hethanos]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=heathen (n.) |url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=heathen&allowed_in_frame=0 |work=The Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>

The term has recently been revived in the forms "Heathenry" and "Heathenism" (often but not always capitalized), as alternative names for the [[modern Germanic pagan]] movement, adherents of which may self-identify as Heathens.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Definition ==
{{blockquote|It is perhaps misleading even to say that there was such a religion as paganism at the beginning of [the Common Era] ... It might be less confusing to say that the pagans, before their competition with Christianity, had no religion at all in the sense in which that word is normally used today. They had no tradition of discourse about ritual or religious matters (apart from philosophical debate or antiquarian treatise), no organized system of beliefs to which they were asked to commit themselves, no authority-structure peculiar to the religious area, above all no commitment to a particular group of people or set of ideas other than their family and political context. If this is the right view of pagan life, it follows that we should look on paganism quite simply as a religion invented in the course of the second to third centuries AD, in competition and interaction with Christians, Jews and others.|J A North 1992, 187–88|{{sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=26–27}}}}

Defining paganism is very complex and problematic. Understanding the context of its associated terminology is important.{{sfn|Davies|2011|loc=Defining paganism}} [[Early Christian]]s referred to the diverse array of [[Cult (religious practice)|cults]] around them as a single group for reasons of convenience and [[rhetoric]].{{sfn|Cameron|2011|p=26}} While paganism generally implies [[polytheism]], the primary distinction between classical pagans and Christians was not one of [[monotheism]] versus polytheism, as not all pagans were strictly polytheist. Throughout history, many of them believed in a [[Creator deity|supreme deity]]. However, most such pagans believed in a class of subordinate gods/[[daimon]]s—see [[henotheism]]—or divine [[Emanationism|emanations]].{{sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=28, 30}} To Christians, the most important distinction was whether or not someone worshipped the ''[[one true God]]''. Those who did not (polytheist, monotheist, or [[atheist]]) were outsiders to the [[Christian Church|Church]] and thus considered pagan.{{sfn|Cameron|2011|pp=27, 31}} Similarly, classical pagans would have found it peculiar to distinguish groups by the number of [[deities]] followers venerate. They would have considered the priestly colleges (such as the [[College of Pontiffs]] or [[Epulones]]) and cult practices more meaningful distinctions.{{sfn|Cameron|2011|p=29}}

Referring to paganism as a pre-Christian indigenous religion is equally untenable. Not all historical pagan traditions were pre-Christian or indigenous to their places of worship.{{sfn|Davies|2011|loc=Defining paganism}}

Owing to the history of its nomenclature, paganism traditionally encompasses the collective pre- and non-Christian cultures in and around the [[classical world]]; including those of the Greco-Roman, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic tribes.{{sfn|Cameron|2011|p=28}} However, modern parlance of [[folklorist]]s and [[contemporary pagan]]s in particular has extended the original four millennia scope used by early Christians to include similar religious traditions stretching far into [[prehistory]].{{sfn|Davies|2011|loc=Chapter 1: The ancient world}}

== Perception and Ethnocentrism ==
Paganism came to be equated by Christians with a sense of [[hedonism]], representing those who are sensual, materialistic, self-indulgent, unconcerned with the future, and uninterested in more mainstream religions. Pagans were usually described in terms of this worldly [[stereotype]], especially among those drawing attention to what they perceived as the limitations of paganism.<ref>Antonio Virgili, Culti misterici ed orientali a Pompei, Roma, Gangemi, 2008</ref>

Recently, the [[ethnocentric]] and [[moral absolutist]] origins of the common usage of the term pagan have been proposed,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanegraaff |first1=Wouter |title=Reconstructing "Religion" from the Bottom Up |journal=Numen |year=2016 |volume=63 |issue=5/6 |pages=576–605 |doi=10.1163/15685276-12341439 |jstor=44505310 |hdl=11245.1/8b66dd94-5e6c-4c56-95ec-dbf822201e46 |s2cid=171686966 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44505310}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blumberg |first1=Antonia |title=What Not To Say When You Meet Someone Who Is Pagan |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-not-to-say-when-you-meet-someone-who-is-pagan_n_57474735e4b055bb11719b22 |access-date=23 March 2021 |agency=Huffington Post |date=27 May 2016}}</ref> with scholar David Petts noting how, with particular reference to Christianity, "...local religions are defined in opposition to privileged 'world religions'; they become everything that world religions are not, rather than being explored as a subject in their own right."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Petts |first1=David |title=Pagan and Christian: Religious Change in Early Medieval Europe |date=26 May 2011 |publisher=Bristol Classical Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-7156-3754-8 |page=31}}</ref> In addition, Petts notes how various spiritual, religious, and metaphysical ideas branded as "pagan" from diverse cultures were studied in opposition to Abrahamism in early anthropology, a binary he links to ethnocentrism and colonialism.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kourbage |first1=Melanie |title=Kourbage on Petts, 'Pagan and Christian: Religious Change in Early Medieval Europe' |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/42650/kourbage-petts-pagan-and-christian-religious-change-early-medieval |website=Humanities and Social Sciences Online |publisher=H-German |access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Prehistoric ===
*[[Prehistoric religion]]
**[[Paleolithic religion]]

==== Bronze Age to Early Iron Age ====
* [[Religions of the ancient Near East]]
** [[Ancient Egyptian religion]]
** [[Ancient Semitic religion]]
** [[Ancient Iranian religion]]
** [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion]]

=== Ancient history ===
==== Classical antiquity ====
{{Main|Ancient Greek religion|Ancient Roman religion|Hellenistic religion|Roman imperial cult}}

[[Ludwig Feuerbach]] defined the paganism of [[classical antiquity]], which he termed {{lang|de|Heidentum}} ('heathenry') as "the unity of religion and politics, of spirit and nature, of god and man",<ref>cf. the civil, natural and mythical theologies of [[Marcus Terentius Varro]]</ref> qualified by the observation that man in the pagan view is always defined by [[ethnicity]], i.e., As a result, every pagan tradition is also a national tradition. Modern historians define paganism instead as the aggregate of cult acts, set within a civic rather than a national context, without a written creed or sense of [[orthodoxy]].<ref>A summary of the modern view is given in Robin Lane Fox, ''Pagans and Christians'' 1989, pp. 31 ''ff.'': "The modern emphasis on {{sic|hide=y|reason=Fox appears to have used "pagan", lower case, per external sources quoting him.|paganism}}'s cult acts was also acknowledged by {{sic|hide=y|pagans}} themselves. It shaped the way they tried and tested Christians."</ref>

==== Late Antiquity ====
{{further|Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism|Hellenic philosophy and Christianity}}
''Pagan'' as a religious concept arose out of the development of Christianity, as an [[exonym]] to refer to certain non-Christian peoples and practices, both at the center of and in the outer reaches of the [[Roman Empire]].

Early Christianity was one of several monotheistic cults within the Roman Empire, emerging from [[Second Temple Judaism]] and [[Hellenistic Judaism]]. It developed in context, relationship, and competition with other religions advocating both monotheism and polytheism. Early Christianity distinguished itself from these other religions through the concept of paganism, naming those "pagan" who did not worship "the one true God".

Notable monotheistic cults contemporary with Early Christianity included those of [[Dionysus]],<ref>E. Kessler, ''Dionysian Monotheism in Nea Paphos, Cyprus''
"two monotheistic religions, Dionysian and Christian, existed contemporaneously in Nea Paphos during the 4th century C.E. [...] the particular iconography of Hermes and Dionysos in the panel of the Epiphany of Dionysos [...] represents the culmination of a {{sic|hide=y|Pagan|reason=Kessler capitalized; verified with source.}} iconographic tradition in which an infant divinity is seated on the lap of another divine figure; this {{sic|hide=y|Pagan}} motif was appropriated by early Christian artists and developed into the standardized icon of the Virgin and Child. Thus the mosaic helps to substantiate the existence of {{sic|hide=y|Pagan}} monotheism." [https://books.google.com/books?id=y1-hBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91]</ref> [[Neoplatonism]], [[Mithraism]], [[Gnosticism]], and [[Manichaeanism]].{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} The cult of [[Dionysus]] is thought to have strongly influenced Early Christian themes, and is an example of how Christianity defined itself against "paganism" while incorporating "pagan" religious themes and practices. Numerous scholars have concluded that the conceptual construction of [[historical Jesus|Jesus the wandering rabbi]] into the image of [[Christ the Logos]], reflects direct influence from the cult of Dionysus, and the symbolism of wine and the importance it held in the mythology surrounding both Dionysus and Jesus Christ exemplifies this.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' 6. 26. 1–2</ref><ref>[[Athenaeus]], ''Deipnosophistae'' 2. 34a</ref> Peter Wick argues that the use of wine [[religious symbolism|symbolism]] in the [[Gospel of John]], including the story of the [[Marriage at Cana]] at which Jesus turns water into wine, was intended to show Jesus as superior to Dionysus.<ref name="Wick 2004 179–198" /> The scene in ''The Bacchae'' wherein Dionysus appears before King Pentheus on charges of claiming divinity can be compared to the New Testament scene of Jesus being interrogated by [[Pontius Pilate]].<ref name="Wick 2004 179–198">{{cite journal |last=Wick |first=Peter |title=Jesus gegen Dionysos? Ein Beitrag zur Kontextualisierung des Johannesevangeliums |journal=Biblica |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=179–98 |publisher=Pontifical Biblical Institute |location=Rome |year=2004 |url=http://www.bsw.org/?l=71851&a=Comm06.html |access-date=2007-10-10}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLPOx1B-AwC&dq=%22dionysus+had+been+at+home+in+palestine+for+a+long+time%22&pg=PA331 Studies in Early Christology], by [[Martin Hengel]], 2005, p. 331 ({{ISBN|0567042804}})</ref><ref name="Powell">Powell, Barry B., ''Classical Myth'' Second ed. With new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M. Howe. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998.</ref>

==== In Albania ====
[[File:Gjama.jpg|thumb|Men of [[Theth]] ([[Shala (tribe)|Shala]]) practicing the [[gjâmë]] – the [[Albanians|Albanian]] lamentation of the dead – in 1937. The earliest figurative representations of this practice in traditional Albanian-inhabited regions appear on [[Dardani]]an funerary stelae of classical antiquity.{{sfn|Joseph|Dedvukaj|2024|pp=1–3}}]]
Paganism in Albania serves as an example of how indigenous folk religious practices persisted under official policies of Christian conversion. [[Proto-Albanian]] speakers were Christianized under the [[Latin]] sphere of influence, specifically in the 4th century CE, as shown by the basic [[Christianity|Christian]] terms in Albanian, which are of [[Latin]] origin and entered Proto-Albanian before the [[Gheg]]–[[Tosk]] dialectal diversification.{{sfn|Malcolm|1998|pp=36–38}}{{sfn|Fischer|Schmitt|2022|p=16}} Regardless of Christianization, [[Albanian paganism|paganism persisted among Albanians]], and especially within the inaccessible and deep interior{{sfn|Norris|1993|p=34}} where [[Albanian folklore]] evolved over the centuries in a relatively isolated [[Albanian tribes|tribal culture and society]].{{sfn|Elsie|2001|pp=vii–viii}} It has continued to persist, despite partially transformation by Christian, and later Muslim and Marxist beliefs, that were either to be introduced by choice or imposed by force.<ref>{{harvnb|Norris|1993|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Qafleshi|2011|pp=43–71}}; {{harvnb|Hykolli|Krasniqi|2020|p=78}}</ref> The Albanian traditional customary law ([[Kanun (Albania)|Kanun]]) has held a longstanding, unwavering, and sacred – although secular – unchallenged authority with a cross-religious effectiveness over the Albanians, which is attributed to an earlier pagan code common to all the [[Albanian tribes]].{{sfn|Tarifa|2008|p=11}} Historically, the Christian clergy has vigorously fought, but without success, to eliminate the [[Albanian paganism#Rituals and practices|pagan rituals]] practiced by Albanians for [[Albanian paganism#Traditional festivals|traditional feasts]] and particular events, especially the fire rituals ([[Zjarri (Albanian paganism)|Zjarri]]).{{sfn|Tirta|2004|p=250}}{{sfn|Qafleshi|2011|p=49}}

=== Postclassical history ===

==== The Byzantine lineage ====

Christianity was introduced late in Mani, with the first Greek temples converted into churches during the 11th century. Byzantine monk [[Saint Nikon the Metanoeite|Nikon "the Metanoite"]] (Νίκων ὁ Μετανοείτε) was sent in the 10th century to convert the predominantly [[pagan]] Maniots. Although his preaching began the conversion process, it took over 200 years for the majority to accept Christianity fully by the 11th and 12th centuries. [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]] noted that the Maniots, isolated by mountains, were among the last Greeks to abandon the old religion, doing so towards the end of the 9th century: {{blockquote|Sealed off from outside influences by their mountains, the semi-[[rock-cut architecture|troglodytic]] Maniots themselves were the last of the Greeks to be converted. They only abandoned the old religion of Greece towards the end of the ninth century. It is surprising to remember that this peninsula of rock, so near the heart of the Levant from which Christianity springs, should have been baptised three whole centuries after the arrival of [[Augustine of Canterbury|St. Augustine]] in far-away [[Kent]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leigh Fermor |first=Patrick |title=Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese |year=1958 |publisher=John Murray |page=46}}</ref>}} According to [[Constantine VII]] in ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'', the Maniots were referred to as 'Hellenes' and only fully [[Christianized]] in the 9th century, despite some church ruins from the 4th century indicating early Christian presence. The region's mountainous terrain allowed the Maniots to evade the Eastern Roman Empire's Christianization efforts, thus preserving pagan traditions, which coincided with significant years in the life of [[Gemistos Plethon]].

===== The End of the Athenian and Alexandrian Schools (5th–6th Century) =====
The continuity of classical philosophical thought, especially [[Neoplatonism]] and [[Aristotelianism]], within the [[Byzantine Empire]] necessitated a strategic management of theological risk, given that the Hellenic tradition implied pagan cosmology and metaphysics contradicting Christian orthodoxy. Modern scholarship posits that key Byzantine intellectuals employed conscious strategies of intellectual accommodation, or [[Oikonomia (theology)|oikonomia]], which secured the transmission of non-Christian material, often discussed under the framework of crypto-pagan dissimulation.<ref>Siniossoglou, N. (2011). ''Plato and Theodoret: The Christian Appropriation of Hellenic Philosophy and the Hellenic-Christian Synthesis''. Routledge, pp. 2–10.</ref> These strategies allowed for the academic preservation of texts while publicly adhering to Christian orthodoxy.

The final generation of Neoplatonists established the survival strategies that would be inherited by Byzantium:

[[Proclus]] (412–485) and [[Damascius]] (458–538): As the successive heads of the [[School of Athens|Athenian School]], both were overt practitioners of [[Hellenistic religion|Hellenic paganism]] and [[Theurgy]]. The intellectual survival of their doctrines relied on structural abstraction: Proclus's systematic method in works like the ''Elements of Theology'' made him an indispensable philosophical quarry for later Christian theologians seeking a rigorous conceptual framework, thus ensuring his content's survival under the guise of intellectual utility.<ref>Dodds, E. R. (1963). ''Proclus: The Elements of Theology''. Clarendon Press, Introduction, pp. xix–xxii.</ref> Damascius, the last head of the school before its closure in 529, is implicated in the most radical act of dissimulation: the [[pseudepigraphy]] of [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] (c. 500), which placed advanced Proclean [[Henology]] under apostolic authority, a strategy interpreted by scholars like Tuomo Lankila as a conscious "resurrect[ion of] the polytheistic religion" through concealment.<ref>Siniossoglou, N. (2012). ''Radical Platonism in Byzantium: Illumination and Utopia''. Cambridge University Press, pp. 54–57; Lankila, T. (2014). ''The Corpus Areopagiticum and the Neoplatonic Succession: A Comparative Study''. Helsinki University Press, p. 191.</ref>

[[Ammonius Hermiae]] (440–520): In [[Alexandria]], Ammonius employed a pragmatic strategy of accommodation. Although a pagan, he negotiated with the Christian authorities (specifically the patriarch Proterius) to keep the school open, ensuring the continuous teaching of the Aristotelian and Neoplatonic curriculum. This public compliance allowed for the technical preservation of philosophical texts.<ref>Sorabji, R. (2005). ''The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200–600 AD: A Sourcebook''. Cornell University Press, Vol. 1, p. 19.</ref>

[[Simplicius of Cilicia]] (6th century): Following the closure of the Athenian School, Simplicius moved to [[Persia]]. His immense commentaries on [[Aristotle]] served as a primary strategy of intellectual neutrality. By focusing on the historical and technical exposition of his predecessors' pagan arguments without overtly endorsing them, Simplicius became the essential vehicle for the objective transmission of Greek philosophy into the Byzantine and later [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic worlds]].<ref>Hadot, P. (1995). ''Qu'est-ce que la philosophie antique?''. Gallimard, pp. 245–248.</ref>

[[Dionysius Thrax|Dionysius of Thrace]] (5th–6th century commentator): The tradition surrounding the Tékhnē grammatikḗ ensured the survival of pagan myth references within a dry, academic structure. Scholars note that the accompanying Christianized scholia (commentaries), written by Unknown early Byzantine commentators (7th–8th centuries), preserved the detailed mythological content, only adding perfunctory Christian disclaimers that did not meaningfully engage with or neutralize the pagan knowledge, thus ensuring its continuity.<ref>Wilson, N. G. (1983). ''Scholars of Byzantium''. Duckworth, p. 74.</ref> This group of commentators are precursors to the later Aristotelian circle in [[Constantinople]]. Figures like [[John Philoponus]] (490–570), a student of Ammonius, also preserved Hellenism through the strategic refutation of pagan doctrines, such as in ''Against Proclus on the Eternity of the World'', preserving the detailed philosophical arguments under the guise of neutralization.<ref>Wildberg, C. (2007). "Philosophy in the Age of Justinian." In A. Cameron (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian''. Cambridge University Press, pp. 316–318.</ref>

===== The Macedonian Renaissance and Komnenian Era (9th–12th Century) =====
The revival of scholarship formalized the use of disclaimers and political strategy:

[[Leo the Mathematician]] (c. 790–869) and [[Theodore of Smyrna]] (8th–9th century): Leo's promotion of advanced mathematics and Platonic-inspired thought while Archbishop and head of the [[Magnaura School]] led to explicit accusations of crypto-paganism from contemporaries, who charged him with "having rejected Christianity and adopted Greek paganism." His public disclaimers—or the political defenses he was forced to mount—were essential for his institutional survival.<ref>Senina, T.A. (2017). "Leo the Mathematician and his role in the Macedonian Renaissance." In S. Mariev (ed.), ''Byzantine Science and Technology''. Routledge, pp. 112–121.</ref> Theodore of Smyrna, often cited as a student of Leo, participated in this transmission, though direct evidence of his own use of disclaimers is less prominent in scholarship.

[[Photius]] (c. 810–893) and [[Arethas of Caesarea]] (c. 860–935): Both utilized a strategy of archival preservation. Photius’s [[Myriobiblon]] preserved lost pagan philosophical and historical works by framing them as academic reviews.<ref>Wilson, N. G. (1983). ''Scholars of Byzantium''. Duckworth, pp. 106–107.</ref> Arethas’s patronage secured the physical copying of vital pagan texts, including [[Plato|Plato's dialogues]]. Arethas further used a political disclaimer by publicly attacking others (like Leo) for being "Hellenic," rhetorically distancing himself from the theological risk while actively enabling pagan scholarship.<ref>Siniossoglou, N. (2012), pp. 88–92.</ref>

[[Michael Psellos]] (1017–1078): Psellos refined the strategy of the explicit disclaimer through dissimulation (oikonomia). He openly studied Proclus, [[Plotinus]], and the [[Chaldaean Oracles]], while publicly disavowing belief in pagan practices (like [[astrology]]) to "distance himself from heretical doctrines," a necessary facade to secure Hellenic philosophical concepts within the Christian educational system.<ref>Criscuolo, A. (2004). ''Michael Psellos: De omnifaria doctrina''. L'Erma di Bretschneider, p. 18; Siniossoglou, N. (2012), pp. 138–145.</ref>

[[John Italos]] (1025–1085), [[Eustratios of Nicaea]] (960–1030), and [[Michael of Ephesus]] (11th century): This group formed the core of the 11th-century Aristotelian circle. Italos's reliance on [[apodeictic proof]] over patristic authority was perceived as a failure of his disclaimers, leading to his condemnation and ten anathemas in 1082 for promoting "(crypto-)pagan" doctrines, recorded in the [[Synodikon of Orthodoxy]].<ref>Bucossi, A. (2017). "John Italos and the Condemnation of 1082." In A. Calof, et al. (eds.), ''The Routledge Handbook of Byzantine Philosophy''. Routledge, pp. 162–163.</ref> Eustratios, his student, continued the tradition but his strategy of survival lay in focusing commentary on the [[Nicomachean Ethics]] (practical philosophy), a less theologically dangerous area, while Michael of Ephesus focused on monumentalizing the complete Aristotelian corpus (e.g., Parva Naturalia), a crucial act of systemic preservation for philosophical completeness.<ref>Baron, R. (2010). ''Eustratios of Nicaea's Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics''. PhD Thesis, King's College London, Introduction, pp. 15–18;</ref><ref>Demetracopoulos, J. A. (2014). "Michael of Ephesus and the Byzantine Aristotelianism." In R. K. W. J. G. Sluiter (ed.), The Afterlife of the Platonic Tradition. Brepols, pp. 88–90.</ref>

===== The Palaiologan Renaissance (13th–15th Century) =====
This final period saw renewed engagement with classical sources, requiring careful strategies to manage the transmission of volatile texts:

[[Gregory Choniades]] (c. 1240–1302) and [[Maximus Planudes]] (c. 1260–1330): Choniades's contribution was the importation of advanced Hellenic astronomical and mathematical knowledge from [[Persianate society|Persia]]. His strategy involved the technical translation of these texts into Greek, focusing on their empirical utility rather than their religious or philosophical implications, a form of intellectual compartmentalization aimed at protection.<ref>Pingree, D. (1993). "The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Byzantium." In M. B. J. K. J. V. K. D. V. D. D. C. F. K. M. L. E. P. G. S. T. F. (eds.), Transit to the Modern World: Hellenic Science and Scholarship in the Age of Transition. University of Crete Press, pp. 31–32.</ref> Planudes, a grammarian, employed the strategy of literary preservation, compiling and commenting on potentially controversial texts, such as the [[Greek Anthology]] and [[Ptolemy|Ptolemy's works]], ensuring their survival through the guise of academic philology.<ref>Wilson, N. G. (1983). ''Scholars of Byzantium''. Duckworth, pp. 240–242.</ref>

[[Theodore Metochites]] (1270–1332): Metochites championed the preservation of classical science and philosophy through a strategy of apologetic structural integration. His literary projects employed sophisticated apologetic language, positioning pagan customs and prophecies as historical precursors fulfilled by Christian truth. This structure functioned as an overarching disclaimer that neutralized the theological threat of Hellenism through reinterpretation and "Hellenic-Christian synthesis."<ref>Heyden, A. (2000). "Theodore Metochites and the Defense of Philosophy." In E. Koutrakou (ed.), ''The Legacy of Theodore Metochites''. University of Athens, p. 210.</ref>

[[Georgios Gemistos Plethon]] (c. 1355–1452): Plethon was arguably the most radical proponent of Platonism in the Byzantine world. His intellectual survival strategy was based on radical dissimulation and secrecy: while publicly engaging in political and philosophical debates, he authored the [[Nómoi (Plethon)|Nómoi]] (Laws), a text that proposed a comprehensive, state-sanctioned neo-pagan, polytheistic religious system intended to replace Christianity in the reformed Byzantine state. Scholars view this concealed work as the ultimate statement of crypto-paganism, intended for a secret intellectual elite. The failure of this deep concealment led to its discovery after his death by [[Gennadios Scholarios|Patriarch Gennadios Scholarios]], who condemned Plethon and ordered the destruction by fire of the Nómoi, saving only the table of contents.<ref>Woodhouse, C. M. (1986). ''George Gemistos Plethon: The Last of the Hellenes''. Clarendon Press, pp. 240–242.</ref><ref>Siniossoglou, N. (2012). ''Radical Platonism in Byzantium: Illumination and Utopia''. Cambridge University Press, pp. 200–215.</ref>

==== The Arabic transmission ====
In the near east, the survival of specific technical and intellectual traditions from late antiquity, including advanced astrology, specialized mathematical techniques, and the corpus of [[Hermeticism|Hermetic alchemy]], was secured through organized non-Muslim communities integrated within the [[Islamic Golden Age|Arabic intellectual world]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=2002 |title=The Sabians of Harran and the Transmission of Greek Astronomy |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=95 |pages=17–25 |quote=p. 17}}</ref> This transmission route was centered on the non-Islamic community of the [[Sabians of Harran]], who employed religious dissimulation (kitmān) while serving as essential scholars and translators.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |year=1968 |title=Science and Civilization in Islam |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=112 |quote=p. 112}}</ref> Their technical expertise allowed them to preserve and transmit non-orthodox cosmological frameworks within scientific pursuits.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dhanani |first=Alnoor |date=1996 |title=Islamic Alchemy and Neoplatonism |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=22–39 |quote=pp. 22–23}}</ref>

===== Harran =====
The city of [[Harran]] served as a geographically and politically resilient center for a unique syncretic religion that blended Mesopotamian paganism with [[Neoplatonism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=2002 |title=The Sabians of Harran and the Transmission of Greek Astronomy |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=95 |pages=17–25 |quote=p. 17}}</ref> This persistence allowed the community to function as a crucial hub for intellectual continuity well into the Abbasid period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |year=1968 |title=Science and Civilization in Islam |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=114 |quote=p. 114}}</ref>

Harran negotiated a peaceful surrender to the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] in 639–640.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=2002 |title=The Sabians of Harran and the Transmission of Greek Astronomy |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=95 |pages=17–25 |quote=p. 17}}</ref> The city gained particular political prominence under the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Caliph]], [[Marwan II]] (r. 744–750), serving as his capital.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |year=2003 |title=The Umayyad Caliphate |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=13}}</ref> Although it later lost this status, its established schools and university flourished, actively participating in the [[Translation Movement]] during the reign of [[Harun al-Rashid]] (r. 786–809).<ref>{{citation |last=Pingree |first=David |date=1993 |chapter=The Teaching of the ''Almagest'' in Late Byzantium |editor-last=B. J. K. J. V. K. D. V. D. D. C. F. K. M. L. E. P. G. S. T. F |title=Transit to the Modern World: Hellenic Science and Scholarship in the Age of Transition |publisher=University of Crete Press |pages=31}}</ref> Following a decree by Caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] in 830, the community successfully adopted the protected legal status of "Sabians" mentioned in the [[Quran]], ensuring the survival of their distinct religious and intellectual identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=2002 |title=The Sabians of Harran and the Transmission of Greek Astronomy |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=95 |pages=17–25 |quote=p. 23}}</ref>

===== The Sabian Core: Pagan Identity and Literary Transmission =====
The Sabians explicitly maintained a pagan identity, viewing their scientific and esoteric studies as integral to their religious practice.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=2002 |title=The Sabians of Harran and the Transmission of Greek Astronomy |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=95 |pages=17–25 |quote=p. 19}}</ref> Their devotion to the Chaldean-style astral cultus and their claim that [[Hermes Trismegistus]] was their primary prophet made them the natural custodians of the esoteric Greek and Babylonian scientific lineages.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dhanani |first=Alnoor |date=1996 |title=Islamic Alchemy and Neoplatonism |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=22–39 |quote=p. 25}}</ref>

The most influential scholarly line was founded by [[Thābit ibn Qurra]] (836–901), a Harranian scholar and major figure in the [[Translation Movement]]. Thābit was an open pagan; his funeral inscription explicitly refers to him as a "Sabian, son of a Sabian."<ref>{{cite book |last=Dodge |first=Bayard |year=1970 |title=The Fihrist of al-Nadim |publisher=Columbia University Press |volume=I |pages=759}}</ref> He was a mathematician, astronomer, and translator whose works introduced the theoretical framework for celestial mechanics and the technical basis for talismanic operations into Arabic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=2002 |title=The Sabians of Harran and the Transmission of Greek Astronomy |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=95 |pages=17–25 |quote=p. 20}}</ref> His lineage continued through his descendants, including his son Sinān ibn Thābit ibn Qurra (c. 880–943) and grandson Ibrāhīm ibn Sinān ibn Thābit (c. 908–946), who served as elite court physicians and mathematicians.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dodge |first=Bayard |year=1970 |title=The Fihrist of al-Nadim |publisher=Columbia University Press |volume=I |pages=759}}</ref>

The foundational corpus of Arabic [[alchemy]] is associated with [[Jābir ibn Ḥayyān]] (Geber) (c. 721–815). The intellectual history surrounding Geber firmly links his esoteric knowledge to the Harranian scholarly network.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |year=1968 |title=Science and Civilization in Islam |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=114 |quote=p. 114}}</ref> This connection is rooted in the Sabian tradition of viewing Hermes as the prophet of alchemy.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dhanani |first=Alnoor |date=1996 |title=Islamic Alchemy and Neoplatonism |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=22–39 |quote=p. 30}}</ref> Geber is understood to have served as a conduit for the technical and intellectual currents connected to the Sabian traditions, embedding a Hermetic and Chaldean-influenced cosmology into early Islamic chemical arts.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dhanani |first=Alnoor |date=1996 |title=Islamic Alchemy and Neoplatonism |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=22–39 |quote=p. 39}}</ref> Scholars such as Ibn Waḥshiyya (d. 930s) helped codify and transmit texts rooted in ancient Babylonian–Sabian priesthoods, ensuring the literary survival of magical and alchemical lore for subsequent generations of Arabic scholars.<ref>{{citation |last=Burnett |first=Charles |date=2001–2011 |chapter=Michael Scot and the Transmission of the Sciences |title=The Coherence of the Arabic Hermetic Tradition |editor-last=multiple editors |pages=191}}</ref>

===== The Transmission to the Latin West (13th Century) =====
The established Arabic intellectual heritage, which contained the Sabian cosmological influences, was transmitted directly into the Latin West via the court of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] (1194–1250) and his primary translator.

Frederick was a unique patron who explicitly sought Arabic esoteric knowledge during the [[Sixth Crusade]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Richard C. |year=2018 |chapter=Ibn Rushd (Averroes) |editor-last=Black, U. M. K. K. B. E. R. M. N. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=267 |quote=p. 267}}</ref> His host, the [[Al-Kamil|Ayyubid ruler al-Kāmil]], patronized scholars preserving Harranian-style astral science.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=2002 |title=The Sabians of Harran and the Transmission of Greek Astronomy |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=95 |pages=17–25 |quote=p. 24}}</ref> Contemporary sources <ref>{{citation |title=Chronicon Maius |last=Richard of San Germano |date=1229 |type=Primary Source}}</ref> confirm that Frederick requested specific books on astrology, treatises on talismans, and Greek philosophical works preserved in Arabic—the very material in which Harranian scholars specialized.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Richard C. |year=2018 |chapter=Ibn Rushd (Averroes) |editor-last=Black, U. M. K. K. B. E. R. M. N. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=268 |quote=p. 268}}</ref> Historians (Burnett, Pingree, Akasoy) concur that Frederick's exposure to this lineage of intellectual knowledge is extremely plausible.<ref>{{citation |last=Burnett |first=Charles |date=2001–2011 |chapter=Michael Scot and the Transmission of the Sciences |title=The Coherence of the Arabic Hermetic Tradition |editor-last=multiple editors |pages=191}}</ref> This contact was established through meeting scholars associated with the Ayyubid court, rather than through direct contact with the Harranian community itself.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Richard C. |year=2018 |chapter=Ibn Rushd (Averroes) |editor-last=Black, U. M. K. K. B. E. R. M. N. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=268 |quote=p. 268}}</ref>

[[Michael Scot]] (c. 1175–1232): Frederick II's chief court scholar. His work was the primary literary vector for this transmission into Europe.<ref>{{citation |last=Burnett |first=Charles |date=2001–2011 |chapter=Michael Scot and the Transmission of the Sciences |title=The Coherence of the Arabic Hermetic Tradition |editor-last=multiple editors |pages=191}}</ref> his writings show clear signs of working within the Arabic Hermetic–astral tradition, a lineage that incorporated elements preserved by the Sabians of Harran;<ref>{{citation |last=Burnett |first=Charles |date=2001–2011 |chapter=Michael Scot and the Transmission of the Sciences |title=The Coherence of the Arabic Hermetic Tradition |editor-last=multiple editors |pages=191}}</ref> Scot’s corpus reflects a strong indirect link to the Sabian tradition through his translation and use of works by Thābit ibn Qurra and his connection to the intellectual network that produced Picatrix-type material (the [[Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm]]), which drew upon Harranian cosmology.<ref>{{citation |last=Burnett |first=Charles |date=2001–2011 |chapter=Michael Scot and the Transmission of the Sciences |title=The Coherence of the Arabic Hermetic Tradition |editor-last=multiple editors |pages=191}}</ref>

===== Islam in Arabia =====
{{See also|Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia}}
Arab paganism gradually disappeared during [[Muhammad]]'s era through [[Islamization]].<ref name="sealednectar2">{{citation |title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA245 |first=Saifur Rahman Al |last=Mubarakpuri |year=2005 |publisher=Darussalam Publications |isbn=978-9960-899-55-8 |pages=245–46}}</ref><ref name="online">Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nmUrN0B8cvQC&pg=PA139 Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 2 (Part 2): Al-Baqarah 142 to Al-Baqarah 252 2nd Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102164909/https://books.google.com/books?id=nmUrN0B8cvQC&pg=PA139 |date=2 January 2023 }}, p. 139, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, {{ISBN|1861796765}}. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090529214150/http://www.fda.gov/fsrscripts/triggerParams.js online])</ref> The sacred months of the Arab pagans were the 1st, 7th, 11th, and 12th months of the Islamic calendar.<ref name="The Sealed Nectar Free Version">Mubarakpuri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA129 The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)]{{dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 129</ref> After Muhammad had conquered [[Mecca]] he set out to convert the pagans.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book |last=Sa'd |first=Ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Hatim |title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2 |year=1967 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |asin=B0007JAWMK |page=380}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{citation |title=The Sealed Nectar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA269 |first=Saifur |last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri |year=2005 |publisher=Darussalam Publications |page=269 |isbn=9798694145923}}</ref><ref name="Mufti Dec 2007 103">{{citation |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiAtbfbHgVoC&pg=PA103 |first=M. Mukarram Ahmed |last=Mufti |year=2007 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-261-2339-1 |page=103}}</ref> One of the last military campaigns that Muhammad ordered against the Arab pagans was the [[Demolition of Dhul Khalasa]]. It occurred in April and May 632 AD, in 10AH of the Islamic Calendar. [[Dhul Khalasa]] is referred to as both an idol and a temple, and it was known by some as the [[Ka'ba]] of Yemen, built and worshipped by polytheist tribes.<ref name="b3">{{cite book |title=Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHufEXRlR6EC&pg=PA297 |first=William |last=Robertson Smith |year=2010 |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=978-1-4400-8379-2 |page=297}}</ref><ref name="b2">{{cite book |title=Who Was Jesus?: Conspiracy in Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWzcsddrx_wC&pg=PA146 |first=Kamal |last=S. Salibi |year=2007 |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks |isbn=978-1-84511-314-8 |page=146}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=When the Moon Split |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJL6gxPUV4EC&pg=PA296 |first=Saifur Rahman Al |last=Mubarakpuri |year=2002 |publisher=DarusSalam |isbn=978-9960-897-28-8 |page=296}}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
==== Early Modern Renaissance ====
The [[Osirian Egyptian Order|Ordine Osirideo Egizio]] claimed direct descent from a colony of Alexandrian priests who, fleeing persecution after the 4th century AD, sought refuge in Naples, preserving ancient pagan liturgies almost intact.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lo Monaco |first=Gaetano |title=The Osirian Egyptian Order and the Pythagorean Transmission |publisher=Letture S…consigliate |location=Marostica (Vicenza) |year=2000}}</ref> Through the Middle Ages (5th–15th centuries) these rites persisted in secret esoteric circles and re-emerged during the Renaissance (14th–17th centuries), later inspiring figures such as [[Raimondo di Sangro]] (1710–1771), Prince of Sansevero.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Iah-Hel |title=La Pietra Angolare Miriamica. Storia documentata della Fratellanza di Miriam di Giuliano Kremmerz |publisher=Rebis |location=Viareggio |year=1989}}</ref>

Among modern theories concerning the transmission of pagan and hermetic elements in Renaissance and post-Renaissance Italy, one of the most elaborate posits an uninterrupted chain of initiatory figures, defined as “Great [[Hierophant|Hierophants]]" or "Supreme [[Pontiffs]]”, who are said to have succeeded one another beginning with the great humanist [[Giovanni Pontano]]. This narrative, rooted in esoteric and Masonic milieus—particularly those connected to the Neapolitan Egyptian rites—aims to illustrate a subterranean continuity of ancient paganism through humanism, hermeticism, and modern occultism.<ref>G. Di Giovanni, ''Ordine Tradizionale Iniziatico Sacro Egizio. Storia, documenti e continuità'', Milan, 2023.</ref> Although these theories are often regarded as retrospective constructions intended to legitimize initiatory orders of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Introvigne |first=Massimo |title=Il simbolo ritrovato. Massoneria e società segrete: la verità oltre i miti |publisher=Piemme |year=2010 |isbn=978-8856608809 |language=it}}</ref> they nevertheless reflect persistent Neopagan and Pythagorean influences in southern Italy. This theory forms part of the broader discourse on the survival of paganism, which includes syncretisms with Christianity, folkloric traditions, and occult revivals, highlighting how ancient magical and cosmological elements permeated European philosophical and initiatory thought.

'''15th century'''
* Giovanni Pontano (1426–1503, humanist, philosopher, and scholar, founder of the [[Accademia Pontaniana]])<ref>Kidwell, Carol. ''Pontano: Poet and Prime Minister''. Duckworth, 1991.</ref>

'''16th century'''
*[[Giambattista della Porta]] (1535–1615, natural philosopher and esoteric thinker, founder of the Academy of Secrets),<ref>Yates, Frances A. ''Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition''. University of Chicago Press, 1964.</ref> [[Giordano Bruno]] (1548–1600, hermetic philosopher with magical and cosmological conceptions),<ref>Rowland, Ingrid D. ''Giordano Bruno: Philosopher/Heretic''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008.</ref> [[Tommaso Campanella]] (1568–1639, philosopher of nature and natural magic).<ref>Headley, John M. ''Tommaso Campanella and the Transformation of the World''. Princeton University Press, 1997.</ref>

'''17th–18th centuries'''
*[[Raimondo di Sangro]] (1710–1771, Prince of Sansevero, alchemist, Freemason, member of the Egyptian Rite),<ref>De Frede, Carlo. ''Ricerche per la storia della massoneria in Napoli dal 1733 al 1750''. Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1962.</ref> [[Alessandro Cagliostro]] (1743–1795, occultist, alchemist, and Freemason),<ref>McCalman, Iain. ''The Last Alchemist: Count Cagliostro, Master of Magic in the Age of Reason''. Harper Perennial, 2004.</ref> Vincenzo di Sangro (southern Italian esoteric nobleman, member of the di Sangro family),<ref>De Felice, Renzo. ''Note e ricerche sugli "Illuminati" e il misticismo rivoluzionario (1789–1800)''. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1960.</ref> [[Francesco Mario Pagano|Mario Pagano]] (1748–1799, political philosopher with Masonic interests),<ref>Imbruglia, Girolamo. ''Illuminismo e rivoluzione nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia: Mario Pagano e il Saggio politico''. Naples: Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, 1984.</ref> [[Pietro Colletta]] (1775–1831, historian and politician with Masonic connections),<ref>Croce, Benedetto. ''Storia del Regno di Napoli''. Bari: Laterza, 1925.</ref> Domenico Bocchini (active in the nineteenth century, initiated intellectual and Freemason).<ref name="Introvigne, Massimo 1988">Introvigne, Massimo. ''Il cappuccio e la cazzuola: Massoneria e società segrete nella storia d'Italia''. Milan: SugarCo, 1988.</ref>

'''19th century'''
*[[Gabriele Rossetti]] (1783–1854, poet and symbolist with esoteric affinities),<ref>Dorr, J. C. R. ''A Life of Gabriele Rossetti''. London: Sands & Co., 1887.</ref> Orazio De Attellis (1790–1860, esotericist),<ref>Praz, Mario. ''La carne, la morte e il diavolo nella letteratura romantica''. Florence: Sansoni, 1930.</ref> [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]] (1803–1873, affiliate of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia),<ref>Greensill, T. M. ''A History of Rosicrucian Thought and of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia''. 2nd rev. ed. Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia, 2003.</ref> Giuseppe Gallone (Prince of Tricase, 1820–1880, southern Italian esotericist),<ref name="Castiglione, Giacomo 2002">Di Castiglione, Giacomo. ''I riti egiziani della massoneria napoletana''. Foggia: Bastogi, 2002.</ref> Pasquale del Pezzo (Duke of Caianello, 1825–1890, hermetic initiate),<ref name="Introvigne, Massimo 1988"/> Michelangelo Caetani (Duke of Sermoneta, 1804–1882, traditional scholar and Freemason),<ref>Venturi, Franco. ''L'Italia fuori d'Italia''. Turin: Einaudi, 1973.</ref> Pasquale De Servis (1815–1880, Freemason and occultist)<ref name="Castiglione, Giacomo 2002"/> [[Giustiniano Lebano]] (1832–1910, Neapolitan hermeticist and promoter of the Egyptian Rite),<ref name="Castiglione, Giacomo 2002"/> Ciro Formisano, known as [[Giuliano Kremmerz]] (1861–1930, founder of the Fraternity of Miriam),<ref name="Introvigne, Massimo 1988"/> [[Leone Caetani]] (1869–1935, scholar of religions with esoteric interests).<ref>Gabrieli, Giuseppe. ''Leone Caetani''. Rome: Fondazione Caetani, 1936.</ref>

==== Late Modern Romanticism ====
The 19th century saw much scholarly interest in the reconstruction of pagan mythology from folklore or fairy tales. Depictions of reconstructed themes in theater, poetry, and music flourished alongside political invocations of reimagined pagan codes and ethics.

Folklore reconstructions were notably attempted by the [[Brothers Grimm]], especially [[Jacob Grimm]] in his ''Teutonic Mythology'', and [[Elias Lönnrot]] with the compilation of the ''[[Kalevala]]''. The work of the Brothers Grimm influenced other collectors, both inspiring them to collect tales and leading them to similarly believe that the fairy tales of a country were particularly representative of it, to the neglect of cross-cultural influence. Among those influenced were the Russian [[Alexander Afanasyev]], the Norwegians [[Peter Christen Asbjørnsen]] and [[Jørgen Moe]], and the Englishman [[Joseph Jacobs]].<ref>Jack Zipes, ''The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm'', p. 846, {{ISBN|0-393-97636-X}}</ref>

Poetic examples display how paganist themes were mobilized in ethical and cultural discourse of the era. [[G. K. Chesterton]] wrote: "The {{sic|hide=y|reason=Chesterton used "pagan", lower case; verified with source.|pagan}} set out, with admirable sense, to enjoy himself. By the end of his civilization he had discovered that a man cannot enjoy himself and continue to enjoy anything else."<ref>''[[Heretics (book)|Heretics]]'', G. K. Chesterton, 2007, Hendrickson Publishers Inc., p. 88</ref> In sharp contrast, the poet [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] would comment on this same theme: "Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilean; the world has grown grey from thy breath; We have drunken of things Lethean, and fed on the fullness of death."<ref>'Hymn to Proserpine'</ref>

Romanticist interest in non-classical antiquity coincided with the rise of [[Romantic nationalism]] and the rise of the [[nation state]] in the context of the [[1848 revolutions]], leading to the creation of ''[[national epic]]s'' and [[national myth]]s for the various newly formed states. Pagan or folkloric topics were also common in the [[musical nationalism]] of the period. Paganism resurfaces as a topic of fascination in 18th to 19th-century [[Romanticism]], in particular in the context of the literary [[Celtic Revival|Celtic]], [[Slavic reconstructionism|Slavic]] and [[Viking Revival|Viking]] revivals, which portrayed historical [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]], [[Slavic paganism|Slavic]] and [[Germanic polytheism|Germanic]] polytheists as [[noble savage]]s.{{rquote|right|Great God! I'd rather be A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn; So might I, standing on this pleasant lea, Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn; Have sight of [[Proteus]] rising from the sea; Or hear old [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]] blow his wreathèd horn.|[[William Wordsworth]], "[[The World Is Too Much with Us]]", lines 9–14}}

===== In Italy =====
With the fall of the [[Papal States]] the process of [[Italian unification]] fostered [[anti-clerical]] sentiment among the intelligentsia.
The Brotherhood of Myriam, founded in 1899, inherited its lineage from the [[Osirian Egyptian Order|Ordine Osirideo Egizio]] and can be understood as a form of modern neopaganism that revives and adapts ancient Egyptian and Greco-Egyptian rituals for contemporary spiritual practice.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Iah-Hel |title=La Pietra Angolare Miriamica. Storia documentata della Fratellanza di Miriam di Giuliano Kremmerz |publisher=Rebis |location=Viareggio |year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lo Monaco |first=Gaetano |title=The Osirian Egyptian Order and the Pythagorean Transmission |publisher=Letture S…consigliate |location=Marostica (Vicenza) |year=2000}}</ref> Intellectuals like archaeologist [[Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)|Giacomo Boni]] and writer [[Roggero Musmeci Ferrari Bravo]] promoted the restoration of Roman religious practices.<ref name="giudice">{{cite journal |last=Giudice |first=Christian |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9521300 |title=Pagan Rome was Rebuilt in a Play: Roggero Musmeci Ferrari Bravo and the Representation of Rumon |journal=The Pomegranate |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=212–232 |doi=10.1558/pome.v14i2.212 |issn=1743-1735}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Buscemi |first=Francesco |year=2019 |chapter=The Sin of Eating Meat: Fascism, Nazism and the Construction of Sacred Vegetarianism |editor1-last=Gentilcore |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=Matthew |title=Proteins, Pathologies and Politics: Dietary Innovation and Disease from the Nineteenth Century |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=144 |isbn=978-1-350-05686-2}}</ref> In 1927, philosopher and esotericist [[Julius Evola]] founded the [[Gruppo di Ur]] in Rome, along with its journal ''Ur'' (1927–1928), involving figures like [[Arturo Reghini]]. In 1928, Evola published ''[[Imperialismo Pagano]]'', advocating Italian political paganism to oppose the [[Lateran Pacts]]. The journal resumed in 1929 as ''Krur''. A mysterious document published in ''Krur'' in 1929, attributed to orientalist [[Leone Caetani]], suggested that Italy's [[World War I]] victory and the rise of [[fascism]] were influenced by Etruscan-Roman rites.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sandro |last=Consolato |date=18 October 2017 |title=La Grande Guerra degli esoteristi |url=https://www.tempi.it/la-grande-guerra-degli-esoteristi/ |work=Tempi |language=it}}</ref>

=== Late 20th century ===
The 1960s and 1970s saw a resurgence in [[neo-Druidism]] as well as the rise of [[modern Germanic paganism]] in the United States and in [[Iceland]]. In the 1970s, [[Wicca]] was notably influenced by feminism, leading to the creation of an eclectic, [[Goddess]]-worshipping movement known as [[Dianic Wicca]].{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=178–239}} The 1979 publication of [[Margot Adler]]'s ''[[Drawing Down the Moon (book)|Drawing Down the Moon]]'' and [[Starhawk]]'s ''[[The Spiral Dance]]'' opened a new chapter in public awareness of paganism.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=ix}} With the growth and spread of large, pagan gatherings and festivals in the 1980s, public varieties of [[Wicca]] continued to further diversify into additional, eclectic sub-denominations, often heavily influenced by the [[New Age]] and [[counter-culture]] movements. These open, unstructured or loosely structured traditions contrast with [[British Traditional Wicca]], which emphasizes secrecy and initiatory lineage.{{sfn|Adler|2006|pp=429–456}}

The public appeal for pre-Christian Roman spirituality in the years following [[fascism]] was largely driven by [[Julius Evola]]. By the late 1960s, a renewed "operational" interest in pagan Roman traditions emerged from youth circles around Evola, particularly concerning the experience of the ''Gruppo di Ur''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Giudice |first=Christian |title=Occultism and Traditionalism: Arturo Reghini and the Antimodern Reaction in Early Twentieth-Century Italy |publisher=[[University of Gothenburg]] |year=2016 |pages=19–20}}</ref> Evola's writings incorporated concepts from outside classical Roman religion, such as [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[sexual magic]], and private [[ritual nudity]]. This period saw the rise of the ''Gruppo dei Dioscuri'' in cities like Rome, Naples, and Messina, which published a series of four booklets, including titles such as ''L'Impeto della vera cultura'' and ''Rivoluzione Tradizionale e Sovversione'', before fading from public view.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Del Ponte |first=Renato |title=Studi su Evola e la Tradizione |publisher=Indipendente |year=1990 |language=it}}</ref> The Evolian journal ''Arthos'', founded in [[Genoa]] in 1972 by Renato del Ponte, expressed significant interest in Roman religion. In 1984, the ''Gruppo Arx'' revived Messina's ''Dioscuri'' activities, and Reghini's ''Pythagorean Association'' briefly resurfaced in [[Calabria]] and [[Sicily]] from 1984 to 1988, publishing ''Yghìeia''.

Other publications include the Genoese ''Il Basilisco'' (1979–1989), which released several works on pagan studies, and ''Politica Romana'' (1994–2004), seen as a high-level Romano-pagan journal. One prominent figure was actor Roberto Corbiletto, who died in a mysterious fire in 1999.The 1980s and 1990s also saw an increasing interest in serious academic research and [[Polytheistic reconstructionism|reconstructionist pagan]] traditions. The establishment and growth of the Internet in the 1990s brought rapid growth to these, and other pagan movements.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=429–456}}

By the time of the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse]] of the former [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, [[freedom of religion]] was legally established across Russia and a number of other newly independent states, allowing for the growth in both Christian and non-Christian religions.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=45}}

== Modern paganism ==
{{anchor|Neopaganism}}
{{Main|Modern paganism}}

[[File:Celebrazione del 2777 Natale di Roma - Pietas Comunità Gentile 2.jpg|thumb|The Pietas Comunità Gentile Celebrates the 2777th [[Natale di Roma]] at the [[Circus Maximus]] ]]
=== 21st century ===
[[File:Thyrsus, YSEE e Pietas Comunità Gentile.jpg|thumb|Meeting between Thyrsus, YSEE, and Pietas Comunità Gentile]]
In the 2000s, [[Pietas Comunità Gentile|Associazione Tradizionale Pietas]] began reconstructing temples across Italy and sought legal recognition from the state, drawing inspiration from similar groups like [[YSEE]] in Greece. In 2023, Pietas participated in the [[European Congress of Ethnic Religions|ECER]] meeting, resulting in the signing of the Riga Declaration, which calls for the recognition of European ethnic religions.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Riga Declaration | url=https://ecer-org.eu/?s=riga+declaration |access-date=2024-05-04}}</ref> Public rituals, such as those celebrating the ancient festival of the [[Natale di Roma]], have also resumed in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |title=PROGRAM |url=https://www.natalidiroma.it/programma |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=GRUPPO STORICO ROMANO |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Gruppo Storico Romano for the 2777th Natale di Roma |url=https://www.turismoroma.it/it/eventi/gruppo-storico-romano-il-2777esimo-natale-di-roma |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Turismo Roma |language=it |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603205824/https://www.turismoroma.it/it/eventi/gruppo-storico-romano-il-2777esimo-natale-di-roma |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Natale di Roma all'ETRU |url=https://www.museoetru.it/natale-di-roma-alletru |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Museo ETRU |language=it}}</ref>
[[File:Ritual of the summer solstice - 2023 YSEE & Pietas Comunità Gentile.jpg|thumb|Summer Solstice Ritual held in collaboration by YSEE and Pietas Comunità Gentile ]]

The idea of practicing Roman religion in the modern era has spread beyond Italy, with practitioners found in countries across Europe and the Americas. The most prominent international organization is [[Nova Roma]], founded in 1998, with active groups worldwide.<ref>Chryssides, George D. ''Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements'' (2011, 2nd ed.).</ref> [[File:Lady of Cornwall.jpg|thumb|Children standing with ''The Lady of Cornwall'' in a neopagan ceremony in England]]
[[File:Paganavebury.jpg|thumb|Neopagan [[Handfasting (Neopaganism)|handfasting]] ceremony at Avebury (Beltane 2005)]]

[[Modern paganism]], or Neopaganism, includes [[polytheistic reconstructionism|reconstructed practice]] such as [[Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism]], [[Hellenism (religion)|Hellenism]], [[Slavic Native Faith]], [[Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism]], or [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|heathenry]], as well as modern eclectic traditions such as [[Wicca]] and its many offshoots, [[Neo-Druidism]], and [[Discordianism]].

However, there often exists a distinction or separation between some polytheistic reconstructionists such as Hellenism and revivalist neopagans like Wiccans. The divide is over numerous issues such as the importance of accurate [[orthopraxy]] according to ancient sources available, the use and concept of magic, which calendar to use and which holidays to observe, as well as the use of the term pagan itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecauldron.net/dc-faq.php#4 |title=Hellenismos FAQ |work=The Cauldron: A Pagan Forum |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802152116/https://www.ecauldron.net/dc-faq.php#4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="sceh">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ysee.gr/index-eng.php?type=english&f=faq#24 |title=Pagans |access-date=7 September 2007 |publisher=Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes}}</ref><ref name="heath">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.wyrdwords.vispa.com/heathenry/callusheathen.html |title=Call us Heathens! |access-date=7 September 2007 |journal=Journal of the Pagan Federation |year=1997 |first1=Arlea |last1=Anschütz |first2=Stormerne |last2=Hunt |archive-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712021536/http://www.wyrdwords.vispa.com/heathenry/callusheathen.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1717 [[John Toland]] became the first Chosen Chief of the Ancient Druid Order, which became known as the British Circle of the Universal Bond.<ref name="BBC 2002">{{cite web |title=History of modern Paganism |website=BBC |date=2 October 2002 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/paganism/history/modern_1.shtml |access-date=2023-01-24}}</ref> Many of the revivals, Wicca and Neo-Druidism in particular, have their roots in 19th century [[Romanticism]] and retain noticeable elements of [[occultism]] or [[Theosophy]] that were current then, setting them apart from historical rural ({{lang|la|paganus}}) folk religion. Most modern pagans, however, believe in the divine character of the natural world and paganism is often described as an Earth religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/20693321 |title=Pagan beliefs: nature, druids and witches |work=BBC Religion & Ethics |access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref>

[[File:A copy of the Thor's hammer from Skåne - Nachbildung des Thorshammers von Skåne 02.jpg|right|thumb|The hammer [[Mjölnir]] is one of the primary symbols of [[Germanic neopaganism]].]]
There are a number of neopagan authors who have examined the relation of the 20th-century movements of polytheistic revival with historical polytheism on one hand and contemporary traditions of folk religion on the other. [[Isaac Bonewits]] introduced a terminology to make this distinction.<ref name="Defs">[http://www.neopagan.net/PaganDefs.html "Defining Paganism: Paleo-, Meso-, and Neo-"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403210554/http://neopagan.net/PaganDefs.html |date=3 April 2005 }}(Version 2.5.1) 1979, 2007 c.e., Isaac Bonewits</ref>

;Neopaganism: The overarching contemporary pagan revival movement which focuses on nature-revering, living, pre-Christian religions or other nature-based spiritual paths, and frequently incorporating contemporary liberal values.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} This definition may include groups such as [[Wicca]], Neo-Druidism, Heathenry, and Slavic Native Faith.

;{{vanchor|Paleopaganism}}: A [[retronym]] coined to contrast with [[Neopaganism]], original polytheistic, nature-centered faiths, such as the pre-Hellenistic [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]] and pre-imperial [[Roman religion]], pre-Migration period [[Germanic paganism]] as described by [[Tacitus]], or [[Celtic polytheism]] as described by [[Julius Caesar]].
;{{vanchor|Mesopaganism}}: A group, which is, or has been, significantly influenced by monotheistic, dualistic, or nontheistic worldviews, but has been able to maintain an independence of religious practices. This group includes [[aboriginal Americans]] as well as [[Aboriginal Australians]], [[Viking Age]] [[Norse paganism]] and [[New Age]] spirituality. Influences include: [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualism]], and the many Afro-Diasporic faiths like [[Haitian Vodou]], [[Santería]] and Espiritu religion. [[Isaac Bonewits]] includes [[British Traditional Wicca]] in this subdivision.

Prudence Jones and Nigel Pennick in their ''A History of Pagan Europe'' (1995) classify pagan religions as characterized by the following traits:
* [[Polytheism]]: Pagan religions recognise a plurality of divine beings, which may or may not be considered aspects of an underlying unity (the [[Polytheism#Soft versus hard|soft and hard polytheism]] distinction).
* [[Earth religion|Nature-based]]: Some pagan religions have a concept of the divinity of [[nature]], which they view as a manifestation of the divine, not as the fallen creation found in [[dualistic cosmology]].
* [[Sacred feminine]]: Some pagan religions recognize the female divine principle, identified as [[Goddess movement|the Goddess]] (as opposed to individual [[goddesses]]) beside or in place of the male divine principle as expressed in the Abrahamic God.<ref>Jones, Prudence; Pennick, Nigel (1995). ''A History of Pagan Europe''. p. 2. Routledge.</ref>

In modern times, Heathen and Heathenry are increasingly used to refer to those branches of modern paganism inspired by the pre-Christian religions of the Germanic, Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon peoples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/paganism/subdivisions/heathenry_1.shtml |title=Paganism: Heathenry |work=BBC – Religions |access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref>

In [[Iceland]], the members of ''[[Ásatrúarfélagið]]'' account for nearly 2% of the total population,<ref>Statistics Iceland – [http://www.statice.is/?PageID=1180&src=/temp_en/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=MAN10001%26ti=Populations+by+religious+organizations+1990-2008+%26path=../Database/mannfjoldi/Trufelog/%26lang=1%26units=Number Statistics >> Population >> Religious organisations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609140557/http://www.statice.is/?PageID=1180&src=%2Ftemp_en%2FDialog%2Fvarval.asp%3Fma%3DMAN10001%26ti%3DPopulations+by+religious+organizations+1990-2008+%26path%3D..%2FDatabase%2Fmannfjoldi%2FTrufelog%2F%26lang%3D1%26units%3DNumber |date=9 June 2009 }}</ref> therefore being nearly six thousand people. In [[Lithuania]], many people practice [[Romuva (religion)|Romuva]], a revived version of the pre-Christian religion of that country. Lithuania was among the last areas of Europe to be Christianized. [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]] has been established on a formal basis in Australia since at least the 1930s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://odinicriteofaustralia.wordpress.com/ |title=The Odinic Rite of Australia |access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref>

== Ethnic religions of pre-Christian Europe ==
{{further|Christianization}}
{{columns-list|
* [[Proto-Indo-European mythology]]
* [[Albanian paganism]]
* [[Baltic mythology]]
* [[Basque mythology]]
* [[Celtic polytheism]]
* [[Etruscan mythology]]
* [[Finnic mythologies]]
* [[Germanic paganism]]
* [[Ancient Greek religion]]
* [[Minoan religion]]
* [[Mari religion]]
* [[Norse mythology]]
* [[Religion in ancient Rome]]
* [[Sámi shamanism]]
* [[Slavic paganism]]
* [[Thracian religion]]
}}

== Reconstructionist groups ==
* [[Hellenism (modern religion)|Hellenism]]
** [[Romuva (religion)|Romuva]]

== See also ==
{{columns-list|
* [[Animism]]
* [[Anitism]]
* [[Crypto-paganism]]
* [[Dharmic religions]]
* [[East Asian religions]]
* [[Eleusinian Mysteries]]
* [[Henotheism]]
* [[Jungian psychology]]
* [[Kemetism]]
* [[List of pagans]]
* [[List of modern pagan movements]]
* [[List of modern pagan temples]]
* [[List of religions and spiritual traditions]]
* [[Myth and ritual]]
* [[Naturalistic pantheism]]
* [[Nature worship]]
* [[Panentheism]]
* [[Polytheism]]
* [[Secular paganism]]
* [[Sentientism]]
* [[Totemism]]
* [[Virtuous pagan]]
* [[Worship of heavenly bodies]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{Cite book |last=Cameron |first=Alan G. |author-link=Alan Cameron (classical scholar) |title=The Last Pagans of Rome |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-978091-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHgvpINWV_QC |oclc=553365192}}

* {{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Owen |title=Paganism: A Very Short Introduction |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-162001-0}}

* {{cite book |last=Elsie |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Elsie |title=A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture |place=London |publisher=Hurst & Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC |isbn=1-85065-570-7 |year=2001}}

* {{cite book |first1=Bernd J. |last1=Fischer |first2=Oliver Jens |last2=Schmitt |title=A Concise History of Albania |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-00-925490-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbqVEAAAQBAJ}}

* Hua, Yih-Fen. book review to: Maria Effinger / Cornelia Logemann / Ulrich Pfisterer (eds): Götterbilder und Götzendiener in der Frühen Neuzeit. Europas Blick auf fremde Religionen. In: sehepunkte 13 (2013), Nr. 5 [15 May 2013], URL: http://www.sehepunkte.de/2013/05/21410.html. (Book review in English).
* {{cite journal |last1=Hykolli |first1=Atdhe |last2=Krasniqi |first2=Seniha |title=The Phenomenon of Calendar Lyrical Poetry and Its Genesis |journal=Journal of Awareness |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2020 |pages=77–84 |doi=10.26809/joa.5.007 |doi-broken-date=13 October 2025 |eissn=2149-6544|doi-access=free }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Joseph |first1=Brian D. |author-link1=Brian D. Joseph |last2=Dedvukaj |first2=Lindon |title=Turning night into day: Milieu and semantic change in Albanian |journal=Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America |publisher=[[Linguistic Society of America]] |doi=10.3765/plsa.v9i1.5681 |volume=9 |number=1 |year=2024 |page=5681 |doi-access=free}}

* {{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=Noel |title=Kosovo: A Short History |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-330-41224-7}}

* {{cite book |last=Norris |first=Harry Thirlwall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGmzir-ITtUC&pg=PA34 |title=Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-87249-977-5 |location=Columbia, S.C |pages=211 |language=en |oclc=28067651}}

* {{cite book |last=Qafleshi |first=Muharrem |title=Opoja dhe Gora ndër shekuj |trans-title=Opoja and Gora During Centuries |publisher=[[Albanological Institute of Pristina]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-9951-596-51-0}}

* Robert, P. & Scott, N. (1995). ''A History of Pagan Europe''. New York, Barnes & Noble Books, {{ISBN|0-7607-1210-7}}.

* {{cite journal |last=Tarifa |first=Fatos |title=Of Time, Honor, and Memory: Oral Law in Albania |journal=Oral Tradition |volume=23 |issue=1 |year=2008 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1353/ort.0.0017 |url=https://journal.oraltradition.org/wp-content/uploads/files/articles/23i/02_23.1tarifa.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Tirta |first=Mark |title=Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë |language=sq |editor=Petrit Bezhani |publisher=Mësonjëtorja |year=2004 |place=Tirana |isbn=99927-938-9-9}}

* York, Michael (2003). ''Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion'' NYU Press, {{ISBN|0-8147-9708-3}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline|pagan|heathen}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}

{{Paganism}}
{{Pagan studies}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{Religious slurs}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Paganism| ]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Christianity in late antiquity]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman religion]]

George Abraham Grierson

2026-03-19T18:22:23Z

Infycle Technologies: Done

{{Short description|Irish administrator and linguist in British India (1851-1941)}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir George Abraham Grierson
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|OM|KCIE|size=100%}}
| image = George A Grierson NPGx78693.jpg
| caption = Grierson in June 1920, photo from the [[National Portrait Gallery, London]].
| birth_date = {{birth date|1851|01|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], Ireland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1941|03|09|1851|01|07|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Linguistic Survey of India]]
| occupation = [[Linguist]]
| relatives =
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sir George Abraham Grierson''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|KCIE|FBA}} (7 January 1851 – 9 March 1941) was an Irish administrator and linguist in [[British Raj|British India]]. He worked in the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] but an interest in [[philology]] and linguistics led him to pursue studies in the languages and folklore of India during his postings in Bengal and Bihar. He published numerous studies in the journals of learned societies and wrote several books during his administrative career but proposed a formal linguistic survey at the Oriental Congress in 1886 at Vienna. The Congress recommended the idea to the British Government and he was appointed superintendent of the newly created [[Linguistic Survey of India]] in 1898.

Grierson continued the work until 1928, surveying people across the British Indian territory, documenting spoken languages by recording voices and written forms. He was responsible for documenting information on 179 languages, defined by him through a test of [[mutual unintelligibility]], and 544 dialects which he placed in five language families. He published the findings of the Linguistic Survey in a series that consisted of 19 volumes.

==Biography==
Grierson was born in [[Glenageary]], [[County Dublin]]. His father and grandfather ([[George Grierson (printer)|George Grierson]]) were well-known Dublin printers and publishers. His mother Isabella was the daughter of Henry Ruxton of Ardee. He was educated at [[St. Bees School]], and from the age of 13 at [[Shrewsbury School|Shrewsbury]]. He then went up to [[Trinity College, Dublin]], where he was a student of mathematics. Grierson qualified for the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] in 1871 ranking twenty-eighth for the year. He continued studies at Trinity College for two probationary years where he was influenced by [[Robert Atkinson (philologist)|Robert Atkinson]], professor of oriental languages. He took a deep interest in languages, won prizes for studies in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] before leaving for the [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1873.<ref name=ria-dict>{{cite book| last1 = McGuire| first1 = James| last2 = Quinn |first2 = James |year=2009|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|volume= III|location=Dublin|publisher= Royal Irish Academy-Cambridge University Press|isbn = 9780521633314}}</ref> First posted to [[Bankipore]] (Patna) in Bihar, he became Magistrate and Collector at [[Patna]] and still later in 1896, Opium Agent for [[Bihar]]. He married Lucy Elizabeth Jean, daughter of Maurice Henry Fitzgerald Collis, a Dublin surgeon, in 1880 but they had no children.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33572|author1=Turner, R.L. (revised by John D. Haigh)|editor1-first=John D|editor1-last=Haigh|chapter=Grierson, Sir George Abraham (1851–1941)|title= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume=1|year= 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=1941|title=Obituary: Sir George Abraham Grierson, O.M.; 7 January, 1851-7 March, 1941.|journal=Man|volume=41|pages=62–63|jstor=2793347|author=[J. L. M.]}}</ref>

Grierson attended the Oriental Congress in 1886 at Vienna and proposed the idea of a formal linguistic in India. Grierson was a delegate of the Royal Asiatic Society along with Dr [[Theodor Duka]], [[Albert Étienne Jean Baptiste Terrien de Lacouperie|Albert Terrien de Lacouperie]], [[Cecil Bendall]], and [[Robert Needham Cust|R. N. Cust]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 January 1887|title=VI. Seventh International Oriental Congress|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0035869X00019353|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=New Series |volume=19|issue=1|pages=185–189|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00019353|s2cid=250349868 |issn=1474-0591|url-access=subscription}}</ref> At the Congress it was noted that the number of Indian languages was unknown with estimates varying from 20 to 250. A resolution was passed urging the Government to undertake a 'deliberate systematic survey of the languages of India.' The signatories included [[Karl Bühler]], [[Max Müller]], [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier Williams]] and Grierson. The recommendation was made to the British Government and in 1898 he was appointed Superintendent of the newly formed Linguistic Survey of India. For the survey a standard set of materials was sought. He had government officials collect material for every language, dialect, and subdialect, going from village to village and sampling across the classes and sexes. He provided forms and instructional material to his correspondents.<ref name=patil>{{cite book|author=Pandit, Prabodh B. | chapter=The linguistic survey of India - perspectives on language use|pages=71–85| chapter-url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED104170.pdf#page=77 |year= 1975 |editor=Ohannessian, Sirarpi |editor2=Charles A Ferguson |editor3=Edgar C. Polome|title=Language surveys in developing nations: papers and reports on sociolinguistic surveys|place= Arlington, Va.|publisher= Center for Applied Linguistics}}</ref> He sought a version of the parable of the prodigal son, oral narratives and a predefined list of 241 words and phrases (this list had been made by Sir George Campbell in 1866). The parable was chosen because 'it contains the three personal pronouns, most of the cases found in the declension of nouns, and the present, past, and future tenses of the verb'.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2002|title=George Abraham Grierson, 1851–1941|journal=Hermathena|issue=172|pages=39–55|jstor=23041283|first=Siddhartha|last=Sen }}</ref> The survey classified the languages of 290,000,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sir George Grierson| newspaper=Birmingham Daily Post| date=10 March 1941|page=6|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000619/19410310/142/0006|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1900 he moved to England "for convenience of consulting European libraries and scholars".<ref>Thomas and Turner, p. 3.</ref> By 1903 most of the data had come in and he retired from the Indian Civil Service. He spent the following thirty years editing the enormous amount of material gathered<ref name=ria-dict/> and worked briefly in collaboration with the Norwegian linguist [[Sten Konow]] (who contributed to volume III on Tibetan languages).<ref name=odnb /> On 8 May 1928 the completion of the Linguistic Survey of India was celebrated at the [[Criterion Restaurant]] by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland with Lord Birkenhead proposing the toast.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Sir George Grierson and the "Linguistic Survey of India"| journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland| issue=3| year=1928| pages= 711–718 }}</ref>

Grierson published scholarly works throughout his career: on the dialects and peasant life of Bihar, on [[Hindi]] literature, on [[bhakti]], and on [[linguistics]]. His contemporaries noted both his lack of sympathy for [[Advaita Vedanta]], which he regarded as "pandit religion," and his "warm appreciation of the monotheistic devotion of the country folk".<ref name=odnb /><ref>Thomas and Turner:p. 11.</ref> He also published on literary texts and writers, including a paper on [[Kalidasa]] in 1877.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gode |first=P. K. |title=Sir George Abraham Grierson (1852-1941) |date=1939 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688849 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=21 |issue=3/4 |pages=310–311 |jstor=41688849 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>

Most of Grierson's later work deals with linguistics. In a celebratory account of his life, [[Frederick William Thomas (philologist)|F. W. Thomas]] and [[Ralph Lilley Turner|R. L. Turner]] refer to the extensive publications of the Linguistic Survey of India as "a great Imperial museum, representing and systematically classifying the linguistic botany of India".<ref>Thomas and Turner:p. 18.</ref>

Grierson died in [[Camberley]], Surrey, England at Rathfarnham, the house he built and named after his grandfather's castle in Dublin.<ref name=odnb />

==Honours==

* 1894: Appointed CIE
* 1912: Knighted as a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE)
* 1917-1939: Fellow of the [[British Academy]]
* 1927: President of the [[Gypsy Lore Society]]<ref name="odnb" />
* 1928: Appointed to the [[Order of Merit]] (OM)
* 1929: Awarded the [[Sir William Jones|Sir William Jones Gold]] Medal and the Campbell Memorial Medal from the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal]] (now The Asiatic Society).<ref name=":0" />
* 1902: [[Honorary doctorate|Honorary]] [[Doctor of Letters|Doctorate of Letters]] (D.Litt.) from the [[University of Dublin]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times|title=University intelligence|date=2 June 1902|page=9|issue=36783}}</ref>

Grierson was an honorary member of the [[Nagari Pracharini Sabha]] at Benares.<ref>{{cite book |author=Anonymous |url=https://archive.org/stream/GriersonCommemoration/Grierson-Commemoration#page/n9/mode/2up |title=Grierson Commemoration Volume. |publisher=The Linguistic Society of India |year=1936 |place=Lahore |page=2}}</ref> He was an honorary fellow of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal]], the Bihar and Orissa Research Society, the Modern Language Association, Linguistic Society of India, and the [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishat]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=mountains>{{Cite web |last=Majeed |first=Javed |date=2023-11-21 |title=The mountains and hills of South Asia's languages and dialects |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/focus/news/the-mountains-and-hills-south-asias-languages-and-dialects-3474936 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He received several other honorary degrees from the universities of Halle, Cambridge, Oxford, and Bihar.<ref name="odnb" /> A literary award of India, the [[Dr. George Grierson Award]], was named in his honour in 1989.

==Selected publications==
Grierson was a prolific writer. On his 85th birthday, an article was contributed in his honour and published by the School of Oriental Studies which included a list of Grierson's publications occupying 22 pages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=R. L.|date=1941|title=Sir George A. Grierson, O.M., K.C.I.E.|jstor=25221815|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=73|issue=4|pages=383–386|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00097823|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Edith M.|date=1936|title=Bibliography of the Published Writings of Sir George A. Grierson|jstor=608043|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|volume=8|issue=2/3|pages=297–318}}</ref>
* {{cite book|author=Grierson, George Abraham| title=Linguistic Survey of India| url=https://archive.org/details/LSIV0-V11|place=Calcutta|publisher=Government Press|year=1898–1928}}
* {{cite book|author=Grierson, George Abraham| title=Bihar Peasant Life, Being a Discursive Catalogue of the Surroundings of the People of That Province, With Many Illustrations From Photographs Taken By the Author. Prepared Under Orders of the Government of Bengal.|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924072688025|place= London|publisher= Trübner & Co.|year=1885}}
* Grierson, George Abraham. ''Seven Grammars of the Dialects and Subdialects of the Bihari Language (1883–87)'' 3 vols. {{ISBN|81-7835-451-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Grierson|first=Sir George Abraham |title=The Pisaca languages of north-western India|url=https://archive.org/stream/pisacalanguageso00grie#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1906|publisher=The Royal asiatic Society, London}}
* Grierson George Abraham, ''[[Linguistic Survey of India]],'' 11 Vols. in 19 Parts
* {{cite book|author=Grierson, George Abraham|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofkash01grieuoft#page/n5/mode/2up| title=A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language|place= Calcutta|publisher= Asiatic Society of Bengal|year= 1916}}
* {{cite book|author=Grierson, George Abraham|url=https://archive.org/stream/ishkashmizebakiy00grieuoft#page/n5/mode/2up|title= Ishkashmi, Zebaki and Yazghulami. An Account of Three Eranian Dialects.|place= London|publisher= Royal Asiatic Society|year= 1920}}
* {{cite book|title=Lalla-Vakyani|author1= Grierson, Sir George|author2=Barnett, Lionel D. Barnett|url=https://archive.org/details/lallavakyani014969mbp|place=London|year= 1920|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society}}
* The Lay of Alha: A Saga of Rajput Chivalry as Sung by Minstrels of Northern India, SAMP early 20th-century Indian books project, Editor Sir George Abraham Grierson, Translated by William Waterfield, Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1923
* Grierson, George Abraham 1909. Gleanings from the Bhakta-Mala. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 607–644.
* Grierson, George Abraham 1910. Gleanings from the Bhakta-Mala. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 269–306.
* Grierson, George Abraham 1910. Gleanings from the Bhakta-Mala. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 87–109.
*Grierson, George Abraham, 2007, [https://www.amazon.in/dp/B08NZTWTWT Kachhi Ji Bhasa VIgnanik Vadhod (ક્છી જ્ી ભાસા વ̃ગ્ નાનીક્ વાધૉડ઼્)], Translated in [[Kachhi language|Kachhi Language]] from Linguistic Survey of India, Volume 8, Part 1 (1919) by Manilal Gala, Vadhod PIrkasan: 1–122.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=George Abraham|title=Kachhi Ji Bhasa VIgnanik Vadhod|publisher=Vadhod PIrkasan|year=2007|isbn=|location=Kachh|pages=1–122|language=kac|translator-last=Gala|translator-first=Manilal|asin=B08NZTWTWT |asin-tld=in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Herbert Hope Risley]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Thomas, F. W. and R. L. Turner. 1941. ''George Abraham Grierson 1851–1941''. London: Humphrey Milford Amen House, E.C.
* Thomas, F. W., and R. L. Turner. 1942. George Abraham Grierson 1851–1941. Proceedings of the British Academy, 28:283–306.

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* [https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&query=%28%28dc.creator%20all%20%22Linguistic%20survey%20of%20India%22%20or%20dc.contributor%20all%20%22Linguistic%20survey%20of%20India%22%29%29&suggest=2 BNF Gallica] - digitized gramophone recordings from the Linguistic Survey of India
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170704231551/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/lsi/ Digital South Asia Library - partly defunct] - gramophone recordings from the Linguistic Survey of India (LSI)
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=George Abraham Grierson |sopt=t}}
* [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp60908/sir-george-abraham-grierson?search=sas&sText=george+abraham+grierson Photos of Sir George Abraham Grierson]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grierson, George Abraham}}
[[Category:Linguists from the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:Irish people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:People from Glenageary]]
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at St Bees School]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:British civil servants in British India]]
[[Category:Irish colonial officials]]

Mehli Mehta

2026-03-16T15:54:55Z

Infycle Technologies: created redirect page

{{Short description|Indian conductor and violinist}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2007}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mehli Mehta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth date|df=yes|1908|9|25}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], British India
| death_date ={{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|10|19|1908|9|25}}
| death_place = [[Santa Monica – UCLA Medical Center]], [[Santa Monica, California]]
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship =
| education = [[University of Bombay]] [[Trinity College of Music]] in London ([[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]], 1929)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = violinist, [[Conductor (music)|conductor]]
| known_for = founded, Bombay Symphony Orchestra (1935); founded, Bombay String Quartet (1940); founded American Youth Sym. Orch. (1964)
| notable_works =
| spouse = Tehmina Daruvala (m. ca 1935)
| partner =
| children = [[Zubin Mehta]] [[Zarin Mehta]]
| parents =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|www.mmmfindia.org|Mehli Mehta Music Foundation}}
| footnotes =<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Mehli Mehta |title= Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians |location=New York City |publisher=[[G. Schirmer|Schirmer Books]] |year=2001 |accessdate=6 September 2011 |chapter-url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=BIC2&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CK2420007898&mode=view&userGroupName=fairfax_main&jsid=75e026c1ab3c837a9f12faea9e700571 |id={{Gale|K2420007898}}|title-link= Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians|series= [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] Biography in Context}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Obituaries – Mehli Mehta, 94; Youth Symphony Conductor  |first=Chris |last=Pasles |date=22 October 2002 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=6 September 2011 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-20-me-mehta20-story.html}}</ref>
}}
'''Mehli Mehta''' (25 September 1908 – 19 October 2002) was an Indian conductor and violinist.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |author= |title=Mehli Mehta, Symphony Conductor, 94 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/22/arts/mehli-mehta-symphony-conductor-94.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=October 22, 2002 |access-date=January 28, 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mehta was born in [[Bombay]], [[India]] to a [[Parsi people|Parsi]] family.<ref name=NYT/> His involvement in music stemmed from his birth. As a young violinist his main musical influence and inspiration was [[Jascha Heifetz]]. A pioneering figure in the Indian musical world, he founded the [[Bombay Symphony Orchestra]] in 1935, and was its [[Concertmaster]] (1935–1945) and [[Conductor (music)|conductor]] (1945–1955). He was married to Tehmina.

==Performing career==
In 1940 Mehta founded the [[Bombay String Quartet]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sorabji |first=Deepika |date=October 8, 2010 |title=MMMF: Classical music in Mumbai has a savior |url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/play/mehli-mehta-music-foundation-261459/ |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=January 28, 2018}}</ref> He spent five years in New York City studying with eminent violin pedagogue [[Ivan Galamian]], and earned degrees from the [[University of Bombay]] and [[Trinity College of Music]] in London.

He moved to the United States in 1945, where he studied violin in New York. In 1955 Mehli Mehta moved to England, where he served for five years as Assistant Concertmaster and Concertmaster of the [[Hallé Orchestra]] of [[Manchester]] under Sir [[John Barbirolli]]. Mehta came to regard Barbirolli as "one of the greatest influences of my conducting life."

In 1959 he joined the [[Curtis String Quartet|Curtis Quartet]] of [[Philadelphia]] and toured with them across the United States for the next five years. In later years he was to state, "the string quartet has been the prime, basic factor of my entire musical philosophy." He then moved to Los Angeles and was Director of the Orchestra Department at [[UCLA]] (1964 to 1976).

Within two months of his arrival in 1964, he organised the [[American Youth Symphony]] with students from all the universities in Los Angeles. Under his dedicated leadership the orchestra grew to its current size of 110 young musicians, ages 16–27, from all over Los Angeles and the surrounding areas. He conducted the orchestra at the twelve-hour [[Beethoven]] Marathon in a performance of a Beethoven symphony on Beethoven's 200th birthday, 16 December 1970, in the [[Dorothy Chandler Pavilion]], a concert at which his son, [[Zubin Mehta]], also conducted.<ref>[http://www.riprense.com/Odetojoy.htm Riposte by Rip Rense: "Ode To Joy..."]</ref> He led the orchestra until its 34th season in 1998.

In his biography of Barbirolli, author [[Michael Kennedy (music critic)|Michael Kennedy]] quotes the great conductor as saying, "I... attended Mehli's concert with the American Youth Symphony. I am glad I did, for dear Mehli was magnificent. Made those children play really quite splendidly. I was really thrilled and impressed."

Mehta was highly acclaimed when he appeared as conductor with the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] in 1978, 1980, 1982 and 1984. In addition, he conducted the [[Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin|RIAS Berlin]], [[Israel]], Tokyo, [[Yokohama]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Brazil]] Symphonies; the [[Israel]] Sinfonietta; and the symphony orchestras of [[San Antonio Symphony|San Antonio]], [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]], [[Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra|Milwaukee]], Miami, [[Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra|Puerto Rico]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra|Jacksonville]], [[Memphis Symphony Orchestra|Memphis]], [[Ashland Symphony Orchestra|Ashland]] and [[Eugene Symphony|Eugene]]. In March 1983, he made his New York debut at [[Carnegie Hall]] to unanimous acclaim with the National Orchestra Association Symphony.

Mehta was the recipient of the Governor's "Award for the Arts" of the [[California Arts Council]]: the "Magnum Opus Award" of the [[University of Southern California]]; the American String Teachers Award; the Award of Merit from the Mayor and Council of Los Angeles; and the Zoroastrian Association of California's Honorable Award. Mehta was under the management of [[International Creative Management|ICM Artists Ltd.]], New York.

Mehli Mehta died in [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], California on 19 October 2002, aged 94.

==Legacy==
Mehta's son, [[Zubin Mehta|Zubin]], is a well-known classical music conductor. His other son, [[Zarin Mehta|Zarin]], was the executive director of the New York Philharmonic and was previously the executive director of the Montreal Symphony as well as the [[Ravinia Festival]] in Chicago.

==Sources==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.mvdaily.com/news/item.cgi?id=103799 MV Daily.com]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Mehli}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College of Music]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television faculty]]
[[Category:American musicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian conductors (music)]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mehta family (classical music)|Mehli]]
[[Category:American people of Parsi descent]]

Good morning

2026-03-13T11:34:05Z

Infycle Technologies: Created First Post W/ Sources

{{wiktionary|good morning|good mornings}}
"'''Good morning'''" is a common [[greeting]] in the English language. It may also refer to:

{{TOC right}}

== Television ==
* [[Good Morning!!! (Australian show)|''Good Morning!!!'' (Australian show)]], a children's show
* [[Good Morning (New Zealand show)|''Good Morning'' (New Zealand show)]], a daytime talk show
* [[Good Morning (Russian show)|''Good Morning'' (Russian show)]], a news talk show
* [[Good Morning (CBS)|''Good Morning'' (CBS)]], a predecessor of the American news talk show ''The Early Show''
* [[GMTV]], a former national UK breakfast television contractor
* "Good Morning", an [[List of Teletubbies episodes|episode of the television series ''Teletubbies'']]

== Film ==
* [[Good Morning (1955 film)|''Good Morning'' (1955 film)]], a Russian film
* [[Good Morning (1959 film)|''Good Morning'' (1959 film)]], a Japanese film
* ''Good Morning'', a 2008 short Japanese animated film featured in ''[[Ani*Kuri15]]''
* [[Good Morning (2022 film)|''Good Morning'' (2022 film)]], a South Korean film
* [[Good Mourning (film)|''Good Mourning'' (film)]]

== Music ==
===Artists===
* [[Good Morning (duo)]], an Australian indie rock duo

===Albums===
* ''Good Morning'', a 1976 album by [[Daevid Allen]], or the title song
* ''[[GO:OD AM]]'', a 2015 album by Mac Miller
* ''Good Morning'', a 2024 album by [[Choi Ye-na]], or the title song

===Songs===
* [[Good Morning (1939 song)|"Good Morning" (1939 song)]], a song by Nacio Herb Brown from the 1939 film ''Babes in Arms'', also used in the 1952 musical ''Singin' in the Rain''
* [[Good Morning (Kanye West song)|"Good Morning" (Kanye West song)]], a 2007 song by American hip-hop artist Kanye West
* "Good Morning", a song by [[D'Cinnamons]]
* "Good Morning", a song by Eggstone from ''[[Somersault (Eggstone album)|Somersault]]''
* "Good Morning", a song by Grouplove from ''[[Big Mess (Grouplove album)|Big Mess]]''
* "Good Morning", a song by Baekhyun from ''[[Hello, World (EP)|Hello, World]]''
* "Good Morning", a song by Blackfoot from ''[[Marauder (Blackfoot album)|Marauder]]''
* "Good Morning", a song by Brymo from ''[[The Son of a Kapenta]]''
* "Good Morning", a song by Lionel Richie from ''[[Just Go (album)|Just Go]]''
* [[Good Morning (Chamillionaire song)|"Good Morning" (Chamillionaire song)]], a 2009 hip-hop single
* "Good Morning", a song by John Legend from ''[[Evolver (John Legend album)|Evolver]]''
* [[Good Morning (Max Frost song)|"Good Morning" (Max Frost song)]], a 2018 pop single
* "Good Morning", a song by Rogue Wave from ''[[Permalight]]''
* "[[Good Mornin']]{{-"}}, a song by You Am I
* "Goodmorning", a song by Bleachers from ''[[Gone Now]]''
* "Good Morning", a song from the 2019 film ''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]''

== Other uses ==
* [[Good-morning]], a weight training exercise
* [[Good Morning (magazine)|''Good Morning'' (magazine)]], a magazine published by Ellis Jones and cartoonist Art Young from 1919 to 1921

==See also==
* ''[[Good Morning Good Morning]]'', a 1967 song by the Beatles
* [[Good Mourning (disambiguation)]]
* [[God morgon (disambiguation)]]
* {{lookfrom|Good morning}}
* {{lookfrom|Good Morning}}
* {{intitle|Good morning}}

{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:English phrases]]

Paar Magaley Paar

2026-03-04T05:16:41Z

Infycle Technologies: put up some details first draft

{{short description|1963 film directed by A. Bhimsingh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paar Magaley Paar
| image = Paar Magaley Paar.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| screenplay = [[Valampuri Somanathan]]
| based_on = {{based on |''Petral Thaan Pillaiya''|Pattu}}
| producer = V. C. Subburaman
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] [[R. Muthuraman]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari]]
| cinematography = G. Vittal Rao
| editing = [[A. Bhimsingh]] A. Paul Duraisingham R. Thirumalai
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Kasturi Films
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1963|07|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Paar Magaley Paar''''' ({{IPA|ta|paːɾ maɡaɭeː paːɾ|pron}} {{translation|Look daughter, look}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]] and written by [[Valampuri Somanathan]]. Based on the play ''Petral Thaan Pillaiya'' by Pattu, which in turn was based on the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Parvarish (1958 film)|Parvarish]]'' (1958), it stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[M. R. Radha]], [[Sowcar Janaki]] and [[C. R. Vijayakumari]]. The film was released on 12 July 1963.

== Plot ==
Zamindar Sivalingam is married to Lakshmiammal and takes his family's prestige and heritage very seriously. Dancer Sulochana and Lakshmiammal have baby girls at the same time in the same hospital.

Sivalingam is not in town at the time of the delivery and his close friend Ramaswamy takes care of Lakshmiammal. When the babies are taken for cleaning by the nurses, there is a short circuit and both nurses die. There is no way of identifying the babies. Sulochana who was abandoned by her husband, leaves the hospital. The doctor brings both babies to Lakshmiammal and she is not able to identify her baby either.

Sivalingam arrives and seeing both babies in the room assumes he has twins. Knowing how important the family line is to him, Lakshmiammal, Ramaswamy and the doctor don't tell him the truth. Both girls, Chandra and Kantha grow up as the zamindar's daughters. Sulochana's brother, Nadaraj, who learns that his niece is growing up in Sivalingam's household and faced with the same confusion, takes up Lakshmiammal's offer and stays on there as a caretaker. Meanwhile, Lakshmiammal and Ramaswamy's wife, Parvathi, who are childhood friends promise to get their children married to each other.

Chandra has a birthmark which is said to be very lucky, but is by nature more like her Lakshmiammal. Kantha is more like Sivalingam. Chandra falls in love with her classmate Shekar. Since he is the son of his wealthy friend, the late Mohanasundaram, Sivalingam agrees to the wedding.

Ramaswamy, who lives lavishly and who is careless in his business matters, faces severe business losses and approaches Sivalingam to back him in business matters. Sivalingam promises to give him money, but refuses to let him use his name or claim his acquaintance. He also gives a job to Sundaram in one of his factories, but refuses to have any further contacts with their family.

When Ramaswamy and Parvathi hear that Chandra's engagement is fixed, they attend the function uninvited. Sivalingam insults them and Ramaswamy is driven to reveal that one of his daughters is not his own. The doctor who was also present there needs to confide too. The engagement is stopped and the family is thrown into confusion. Due to this, Shekar's mother (Rukmani) forces him to leave the place.

Sivalingam refuses to talk to his family or the children and becomes extremely disturbed. Chandra tries to solve the problem by leaving the house. She gives a lady called Maragatham her ring to act as the dancer Sulochana. Maragatham goes to Sivalingam's house and says that her daughter can be identified by means of a birthmark.

The police arrive with some jewels and a suicide note from Chandra and they realise that she is now dead. Sivalingam is very happy when he finally becomes convinced that Kantha is his real daughter and fixes her marriage with Shekar. Lakshmiammal is very disturbed because she believes that all the confusion in the house was caused because they did not keep their word to Ramaswamy and Parvathi and get one of the daughters married to Sundaram.

Kantha wants to humiliate Sivalingam, whose conceit caused Chandra's death and she made Lakshiammal practically bedridden. She refuses to marry Shekar and says that she will marry Sundaram. Meanwhile, Nadaraj, who was thrown out of the house by Sivalingam, traces Maragatham through the ring that she tried to pawn and the family is again thrown into confusion.

Meanwhile, Chandra, who attempts suicide by jumping into a river is saved by the students of an ashram. They persuade her to stay on as a teacher to the orphan students and she agrees. Shekar who is now an Education Inspector comes to the school and sees her. The principal, however, convinces him that she is an orphan girl who always lived in the ashram.

Shekar then narrates the story of Chandra and also tells the principal that her sacrifice was wasted because Maragatham confessed the truth. He also tells her that both Sivalingam and Lakshmi are bedridden and that Kantha is struggling to care for both parents. Chandra wants to go back home, but makes up her mind to move away instead. She requests a transfer. Nadaraj overhears the principal and Chandra talking and is realises that Chandra is alive. He tells Sivalingam and Lakshmiammal and they set out in search of her.

Chandra's taxi hits Sivalingam and he is admitted in the hospital. Both daughters give him blood and he understands that character is more important than family's prestige and heritage. Sivalingam who had turned over a new leaf accepts both Chandra and Kantha as his daughters. Finally, Chandra marries Shekar and Kantha marries Sundaram as both Sivalingam and Ramaswamy reunited.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Zamindar Sivalingam
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Lakshmi
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as Shekar
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Chandra / Saradha
*[[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Sundaram
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Kaantha
*[[Kumari Rukmani]] as Shekar's mother
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Ramasamy
*[[M. R. Radha]] as Nataraj
*[[A. Karunanidhi]] as Manickam
*[[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]] as Madasamy
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Aaravalli
*N. Seethalakshmi
*Radhabhai as Parvathi
*S. R. Janaki as the principal
*[[Tambaram Lalitha]] as the doctor
*M. S. S. Bhagyam as Maragatham
*Seethalakshmi as Aravalli's mother
}}

== Production ==
''Paar Magaley Paar'' was a film adaptation of the stage play ''Petral Thaan Pillaiya'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=20 September 2004 |title=You and Sivaji made a great jodi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/20/stories/2004092000580300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009092236/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/20/stories/2004092000580300.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Santhanam |first=Kausalya |date=9 April 2001 |title=Doing it with joie de vivre |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/09/stories/13090789.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150128131956/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/09/stories/13090789.htm |archive-date=28 January 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> itself based on the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Parvarish (1958 film)|Parvarish]]'' (1958).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜானகி |first=சௌகார் |author-link=Sowcar Janaki |date=2 May 1993 |title=வித்தியாச வாய்ப்பு; கூடவே சோதனை! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-02/page/n63/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240328140953/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-02/page/n63/mode/2up? |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=62–63 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The play had the concept of two sons, but it was changed to daughters for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=30 April 2010 |title=A feat so unique! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-feat-so-unique/article15694070.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628061022/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-feat-so-unique/article15694070.ece |archive-date=28 June 2020 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> As a result, [[Y. G. Mahendran]], who portrayed one of the two sons in the play and was signed on to reprise the role in the film, was unable to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2015 |title=Oscar-worthy performance by Sivaji: Y Gee Mahendra |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Oscar-worthy-performance-by-Sivaji-Y-Gee-Mahendra/articleshow/45883224.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150406085857/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Oscar-worthy-performance-by-Sivaji-Y-Gee-Mahendra/articleshow/45883224.cms |archive-date=6 April 2015 |access-date=31 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]], who played a character named "Mechanical Madasamy" in the play, reprised his role in the film,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |last2=Raman |first2=Mohan |author-link2=Mohan Raman |date=7 December 2016 |title=A different brand of wit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-different-brand-of-wit/article16773046.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210080325/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-different-brand-of-wit/article16773046.ece |archive-date=10 December 2016 |access-date=19 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2016 |title=Madras Bashai and Cho -a tribute |url=http://rotarymadras.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lighthouse_Dec-20-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203252/http://rotarymadras.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Lighthouse_Dec-20-2016.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=21 May 2019 |work=The Lighthouse |publisher=The Rotary Club of Madras}}</ref> which also marked his cinematic acting debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=8 December 2016 |title=Playwright, comedian par excellence |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/081216/playwright-comedian-par-excellence.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828174721/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/081216/playwright-comedian-par-excellence.html |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=21 May 2019 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sridhar-Chaamaa |date=7 May 1993 |title=Farewell to plays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p9KAQAAIAAJ&q=Unmaiye |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307115425/https://books.google.com/books?id=3p9KAQAAIAAJ&q=Unmaiye |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=26 October 2020 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu|Kasturi & Sons]] |page=94 |volume=10 |issue=1–9}}</ref> Ganesan's home, Annai Illam, also features in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=26 August 2020 |title=#MadrasThroughTheMovies: Tracing the parallel journey of MGR and Sivaji in Madras |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madrasthroughthemovies-tracing-the-parallel-journey-of-mgr-and-sivaji-in-madras/articleshow/77749961.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612094346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madrasthroughthemovies-tracing-the-parallel-journey-of-mgr-and-sivaji-in-madras/articleshow/77749961.cms |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1963 |title=Paar Magale Paar |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/paar-magale-paar/jo,ZDSUEUy4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007100229/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/paar-magale-paar/jo,ZDSUEUy4_ |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paar Magaley Paar Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/paar-magaley-paar-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227065604/https://macsendisk.com/product/paar-magaley-paar-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers
!Lyrics!! Length
|-
| "Aval Paranthu Ponale" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || rowspan="9" | [[Kannadasan]] || 05:19
|-
| "Ennai Thottu" || P. B. Sreenivas, [[P. Susheela]] || 03:21
|-
| "Enthan Kannai" || [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:27
|-
| "Madhura Nagaril" || P. B. Sreenivas, P. Susheela || 05:44
|-
| "Neerodum Vaikaiyile" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 04:30
|-
| "Paar Magaley Paar" || T. M. Soundararajan || 05:02
|-
| "Paar Magaley Paar" 2 || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || 02:31
|-
| "Poochudum Nerathile" || P. Susheela || 03:46
|-
| "Thuyil Kondal" || P. Susheela || 03:06
|-
| "Vetkamai Irukkuthu" || [[P. Leela]], [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|[[Shuddhananda Bharati|Shuddhananda Bharathiyar]]|| 06:59
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Paar Magaley Paar'' was released on 12 July 1963,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 1963 |title=Paar Magaley Paar |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19630712&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> distributed by Ganesan's [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 1963 |title=Paar Magaley Paar |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and sold for {{INRConvert|21|l|year=1963}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |title=MGR: A Life |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-14-342934-0 |location=India |pages=134}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'', T. M. Ramachandran derided the film, comparing it unfavourably to the original play but praised the performance of the cast, particularly Ganesan.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=10 August 1963 |title=Acting Redeems Paar Magaley Paar |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n325/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230207055324/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n325/mode/2up |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=7 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=42 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', however, reviewed the film more positively for the cast performances and emotional incidents.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=28 July 1963 |title=பார் மகளே பார் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1963/jul/28-07-1963/p21.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220724041757/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1963/jul/28-07-1963/p21.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=7 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. Bhimsingh}}
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1963 drama films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thanga Thambi

2026-03-04T05:11:43Z

Infycle Technologies: starting basic pg w/ refs!

{{short description|1967 film by Ramnath-Francis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thanga Thambi
| image = Thanga Thambi.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ramnath–Francis
| producer = R.Periyanayagam S. P. Karuppiah Pillai
| writer = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]]
* [[Vanisri]]
* [[Major Sundarrajan]]
}}
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = Sundara Babu
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Umayal Productions
| distributor = Jayalakshmi Pictures Circuit
| released = {{film date|1967|1|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 139–175 minutes{{efn|While ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'' says it was 139 minutes long,{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=393–394}} ''World Filmography: 1967'' by Peter Cowie and Derek Elley goes with 175 minutes.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=282}}}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thanga Thambi''''' ({{translation|Golden Brother}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by Ramnath–Francis and written by [[M. Karunanidhi]]. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]], [[Vanisri]] and [[Major Sundarrajan]]. It was released on 26 January 1967.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2021}}

== Cast ==
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Venu/Venugopal{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=393–394}}
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]] as Saraswathi/Sarasu{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=393–394}}
* [[Vanisri]] as Sundari{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=393–394}}
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Varathan{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=393–394}}
Other supporting roles are played by [[Nagesh]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[O. A. K. Thevar]] and ''En Thangai'' Natarajan.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=282}}

== Production ==
''Thanga Thambi'' was directed by Ramnath–Francis and written by [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=393–394}} R.Periyanayagam and S. P. Karuppaiah Pillai produced the film under Umayal Productions.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=282}}<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> Cinematography was handled by Sundara Babu, art direction by Angamuthu and the editing by R. Devarajan.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=282}}

== Music ==
The music of the film was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. The lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and Avinasi Mani.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=282}}

== Release and reception ==
''Thanga Thambi'' was released on 26 January 1967,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and was distributed by Jayalakshmi Pictures Circuit.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=282}} ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film stumbled in the beginning, but post [[Intermission|interval]] it did better.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 February 1967 |title=தங்க தம்பி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/feb/19-02-1967/p16.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725100420/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/feb/19-02-1967/p16.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1967 – தங்கதம்பி – உமையாள் புரொ . |trans-title=1967 – Thanga Thambi – Umayal Pro . |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails17.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171022094153/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails17.asp |archive-date=22 October 2017 |access-date=22 October 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Cowie |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&q=ramnath+francis&pg=PA685 |title=World Filmography: 1967 |last2=Elley |first2=Derek |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-498-01565-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0318750}}

[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 drama films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vashyam

2026-03-03T21:23:32Z

Infycle Technologies: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vashyam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Suresh Unnithan]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]] [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]]
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Sree Bhuvaneswari Movie Arts
| distributor = Sree Bhuvaneswari Movie Arts
| released = {{Film date|1991}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Vashyam''''' is a 1991 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Suresh Unnithan]]. The film stars [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]] and [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2458|title=Vashyam|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2524|title=Vashyam|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/vashyam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235104/https://spicyonion.com/title/vashyam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 March 2019|title=Vashyam|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]]
*[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Maanasa Yamunayile" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Oru Poomaarithan Kuliril" || K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chithra]] || Poovachal Khade ||
|-
| 3 || "Raavinmohamnjan" || K. S. Chithra || Poovachal Khader ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0354160|Vashyam}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kshana Kshanam

2026-03-03T18:23:01Z

Infycle Technologies: enhance formatting for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kshana Kshanam
| image = Kshana Kshanam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = K. L. Narayana Y. Lakshmana Chowdary [[S. Gopal Reddy]] ('''Presenter''')
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Ram Gopal Varma '''Dialogues''': Satyanand
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Sridevi]] [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = S. Gopal Reddy
| editing = Shankar
| studio = Sri Durga Arts
| released = {{film date|df=y|1991|10|9}}
| runtime = 158 minutes<ref name="toi">{{cite news |title=Kshana Kshanam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/kshana-kshanam/movieshow/61309254.cms |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626214933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/kshana-kshanam/movieshow/61309254.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Kshana Kshanam''''' ({{Translation|Every Moment}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Road movie|road]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The film stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Sridevi]], [[Paresh Rawal]], and [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]. The plot follows Satya (Sridevi), a young woman who is hounded by a gang of robbers headed by Nayyar (Rawal) and the police. With the help of a pickpocket, Chandu (Venkatesh), she escapes into the forests.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |page=503 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994 |access-date=24 September 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821193440/https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Varma introduced road and [[film noir]] to the Indian screen with ''Kshana Kshanam''. Varma experimented with close-to-life performances by the lead actors, which brought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with unnecessary commercial fillers.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Kanchibhotla |title=Mattilo Maanikyaalu - Best movies, yet box office failures - Kshanakshanam |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/kshanakshanam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111214418/http://idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/kshanakshanam.html |archive-date=11 November 2011 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}</ref>

Featured at the [[Ann Arbor Film Festival]], and the [[Fribourg International Film Festival|Fribourg Festival]], it went on to gather a [[cult following]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=kshana+kshanam+encyclopedia+of+indian+cinema&pg=PA1994-IA196 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20120528-edouard-waintrop-on-the-new-indian-cinema-758464-2012-05-18 |title=Cannes critic on RGV's filmography at Fribourg|publisher=Indiatoday.in |date= 18 May 2012|accessdate=2023-01-21}}</ref> It won five state [[Nandi Awards]], including [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Direction]], [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay]], and a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] to Sridevi. Varma later adapted ''Kshana Kshanam'' in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Daud (film)|Daud]]'', and produced road films such as ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]],'' ''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]'' and ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]''.<ref name=":1"/>

==Plot==
Narayana and his accomplice, working for gangster Nayar, break into a bank in [[Hyderabad]] and rob {{INRConvert|1|c}}. Found out by the police, the group engages in a shootout and later a chase, during which one of the gang members and the policemen are killed. Narayana, going rogue, kills his accomplice and betrays Nayar, hoping to keep the loot for himself. With the police watching all routes out of Hyderabad, Nayar and his men track Narayana to his brother's photo studio. Before he gets caught, Narayana hides the clue to where he hid the money in one of the photo envelopes.

Tortured for information, Narayana reveals the clue, but before they can retrieve it, the envelope is taken by Satya, a middle-class working woman. Before dying, Narayana reveals the truth and the clue to his brother. Heading home, Satya is accosted by one of Nayar's men, who demands the envelope. Trying to escape, Satya accidentally stabs him, after which her nosy neighbor calls the police on her. While on the phone, the thug gets up again, only to fall dead, a knife lodged in his back, which later is shown as being thrown by Narayana's brother.

Meanwhile, Chandu is a small-time thief posing as a police officer to con and steal from people. While relaxing at a [[Dhaba]], Satya enters the place and calls her friend to inform her about what happened, unaware that the police were listening in. Chandu inadvertently saves her from being harassed by a gang of hoodlums, and while she is thanking him, the police arrive. Thinking that they are after him, Chandu takes Satya hostage and escapes into the jungle with her. Meanwhile, Nayar and his men also join the pursuit.

Chandu and Satya face a few challenges in avoiding the police, Narayana's brother, and Nayar in the forest, gradually growing closer to each other. They run into Nayar, who demands to know where the envelope is. Escaping the police led by Inspector Yadav and Narayana's brother, Chandu deduces that the clue to the money is hidden in that envelope. They eventually stumble across Nayar's truck, which they use to escape the jungle and into the city. Knowing that Satya's apartment is a crime scene and will be guarded, Chandu and Satya decide to scale the building from outside through her neighbor's apartment.

They eventually find the envelope, which contains a storage receipt for the cloakroom at the railway station. Evading Nayar's henchmen and the police, Chandu and Satya face off against one of Nayar's henchmen at Chandu's apartment and tie him up. While Chandu goes off to meet his friend and decide what to do with the money they found, Satya is left to guard the henchman, who breaks free and subdues her, then calls Nayar. Chandu decides to keep half the money and return the rest, but is ambushed by Nayar's henchmen and brought to his apartment, where he is forced to hand over the receipt.

The police, tipped off to their location by a police informant, arrive at the location, and a shootout ensues. Chandu manages to subdue Nayar and get the receipt, and they head for the station with Nayar and the police in pursuit. The duo reaches the station and retrieves the money bag. They then climb the train to escape Nayar. At the next station, Nayar and his men board the train, leading to a fight between Chandu and the goons. Confronted by Nayar and one of his men atop the train, Nayar holds Chandu and Satya at gunpoint, demanding the money.

In response, Chandu hangs the bag over the side, threatening to drop it if he shoots. Left with no options, Nayar decides to have the train stopped so that he can shoot them and retrieve the money, only for his henchman and the train driver to struggle and fall out of the train. Chandu unhooks the engine from the rest of the train, jumping back to grab the bag and jump off, while the engine crashes into several houses and stops. Nayar is arrested by the police, and Chandu returns the money to Yadav after Satya questions his motives. The film ends with Satya asking Chandu to drop her home, offering to introduce him to her mother, and an amused Chandu agrees.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Chandu
* [[Sridevi]] as Satya
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Nayar
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Inspector Yadav
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Store Manager
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Narsing
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Sarala
* Horse Babu as Narayana
* [[Jack Gaud]] as Ungan
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Apartment resident
* [[Manik Irani]] as Nayar gang member
}}

==Production==
After the success of ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989), cinematographer [[S. Gopal Reddy]] approached Varma to make a film with [[Sridevi (actress)|Sridevi]]. Varma, being an ardent fan of hers, agreed to it and called the film "a love letter to her".<ref name=idle>{{cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/blog-rgv-sri.html|date=5 June 2010|website=Idlebrain|access-date=7 July 2024|title=Ram Gopal Varma blog about Sri}}</ref> ''Takkari Donga Chakkani Chukka'' and ''36 Gantalu'' were initially considered as the film's titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/trivia/nosta16.html|date=10 February 2002|website=Idlebrain|access-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030611001234/http://idlebrain.com/trivia/nosta16.html|title=Nostalgic Trivia|archive-date=11 June 2003}}</ref>

Filming was done in [[Hyderabad]], [[Nallamala Hills|Nallamala forests]], and [[Mudumalai National Park]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Reddy |first=D. Siva Rami |date=2019-04-26 |title=Film tourism gains traction in Kurnool |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260419/film-tourism-gains-traction-in-kurnool.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904113817/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260419/film-tourism-gains-traction-in-kurnool.html |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The climax was filmed at Nandyal.<ref name=idle /> Sridevi's character was named after Satya, a woman who Ram Gopal Varma used to love in college, who did not love him back.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=Ram Gopal Varma Shares Photos of His First Love, the Woman Who Inspired Rangeela and Title of Satya |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-gopal-varma-shares-photos-of-his-first-love-the-woman-who-inspired-rangeela-and-title-of-satya-4128344.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904113425/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-gopal-varma-shares-photos-of-his-first-love-the-woman-who-inspired-rangeela-and-title-of-satya-4128344.html |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The song "Ko Ante Koti" ("Kingu La Kanipisthunnadu") was shot in [[The Leela Mumbai]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kshana Kshanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1991
| recorded = 1991
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 28:37
| label = Surya Audio
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Azhagan]]
| prev_year = 1991
| next_title = [[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]
| next_year = 1991
}}

The film's music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]], who revealed that it took him 12 days to compose the background score. This was due to the film being the first in Telugu to use a 6-track sound system, which introduced new technical challenges in sound design.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2011 |title=Keeravani on Rajanna interview |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/keeravani-rajanna.html |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

The song "Jaamu Raatiri," with lyrics by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[K. S. Chithra]], is regarded as a timeless classic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dasagrardhi |first=Madhuri |title=A soothing lullaby turns 30 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/a-soothing-lullaby-turns-30 |access-date=2020-08-23 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> A revamped version of the song was released on 23 August 2019 by Vel Records.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2019 |title=This rekindled version of Jaamu Raathiri song from Kshana Kshanam will make your day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/this-rekindled-version-of-jaamu-raathiri-song-from-kshana-kshanam-will-make-your-day/articleshow/70671900.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/this-rekindled-version-of-jaamu-raathiri-song-from-kshana-kshanam-will-make-your-day/articleshow/70671900.cms |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The new version featured vocals by [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], [[Kaala Bhairava]], [[Manisha Eerabathini]], Deepu, Damini, Mounima, Shruthi, [[Noel Sean]], and Prudhvi Chandhra.<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title='Jaamu Raathiri': Rekindled version becomes a big hit - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jaamu-raathiri-rekindled-version-becomes-a-big-hit-telugu-news-242499 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711071107/https://www.indiaglitz.com/jaamu-raathiri-rekindled-version-becomes-a-big-hit-telugu-news-242499 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='జామురాతిరి జాబిలమ్మ' మరోసారి సక్సెస్.. |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/video-gallery/telugu-music-videos/latest-telugu-video-songs/kshana-kshanam-telugu-movie-jaamu-raathiri-rekindled-video-song/videoshow/70713371.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711071108/https://telugu.samayam.com/video-gallery/telugu-music-videos/latest-telugu-video-songs/kshana-kshanam-telugu-movie-jaamu-raathiri-rekindled-video-song/videoshow/70713371.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Telugu Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:37

| title1 = Jaamu Raatiri
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 4:59

| title2 = Jumbaaye
| lyrics2 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra2 = Chitra, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length2 = 6:55

| title3 = Ammayi Muddu
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length3 = 5:37

| title4 = Andanantha Etta
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length4 = 5:18

| title5 = Ko Ante Koti
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sridevi]]
| length5 = 5:25
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tamil Track-List
| title1 = Kattazhagu Rani
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Thanimai Ratri
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title3 = Inru Naan Kadhal Rani
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title4 = Ammadi Muthum
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title5 = Ada Machhinikki
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
}}

==Release==
''Kshana Kshanam'' was released on 9 October 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-09 |title=30 ఏళ్ళ 'క్షణ క్షణం' |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/specials/kshana-kshanam-movie-completes-30-years-66088.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Ennamo Nadakudhu'' and in Hindi as ''Hairaan'' in October 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=16 October 1992 |title=Sridevi sizzles |page=7 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1226,2087793 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924052232/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1226%2C2087793 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote his review on 18 October 1991, appreciating the performances of the lead cast and the action sequences. Gopalrao, however, opined that the writing could have been better. He felt that the suspense was diluted because the audience was fed details which the characters themselves were not aware of.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=18 October 1991|title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: క్షణ క్షణం|language=te|page=7|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18-oct-1991.pdf|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913133558/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18-oct-1991.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 October 1992, Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' termed the film a "comic-thriller." She wrote that "The climax scene on a train has been superbly directed."<ref name=":0" />

In July 2020, ''[[The News Minute]]''{{'s}} Balakrishna Ganeshan opined that the ''Kshana Kshanam'' tells the story from a female perspective which is rare in Indian cinema, however, he added that the film still suffers from male saviour complex. On the performance of the lead cast, he wrote: "Sridevi and Venkatesh are understated and subtle in their respective performances." Appreciating the cinematography, he stated: "S Gopal Reddy's cinematography too deserves mention. The film has a lot of top angle shots during the chasing sequences, which establish the chaos and keep the film fast-paced."<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-07-03|title=Revisiting 'Kshana Kshanam': The Sridevi-Venkatesh crime drama that remains a classic|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-kshana-kshanam-sridevi-venkatesh-crime-drama-remains-classic-127893|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210713/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-kshana-kshanam-sridevi-venkatesh-crime-drama-remains-classic-127893|url-status=live}}</ref>

The soundtrack and score were composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] received positive reviews. The narrative by Varma and the cinematography by [[S. Gopala Reddy]] were appreciated.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kanchibhotla |first=Srinivas |title=Mattiloa Maanikyaalu {{!}} Best movies, yet box office failures |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/kshanakshanam.html |url-status=dead |website=idlebrain.com |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=11 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111214418/http://idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/kshanakshanam.html }}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Sridevi]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] - Ram Gopal Varma
* [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] - [[S. Gopala Reddy]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] - Shankar

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] - [[Sridevi]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Telugu|Best Music Director - Telugu]] - [[M. M. Keeravani]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0187115|title=Kshana Kshanam}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1990s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:1990s chase films]]
[[Category:1990s comedy road movies]]
[[Category:1990s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:1990s heist films]]
[[Category:1991 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1991 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about bank robbery]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Naayak

2026-03-03T17:50:02Z

Infycle Technologies: basic improved citations based on references and corrected details

{{short description|2013 film directed by V. V. Vinayak}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naayak
| image = Naayak poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. V. Vinayak]]
| screenplay = V. V. Vinayak
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Siva Akula}}
}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[D. V. V. Danayya]]|[[S. Radha Krishna]] (presenter)}}
| story = Siva Akula
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ram Charan]]|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]|[[Amala Paul]]}}
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[DVV Danayya|Universal Media]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|1|9|India}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 160 minutes
| budget = {{INR|35 crore}}<ref name="DH">{{Cite news |date=17 December 2013 |title=Comedies reaped gold for Indian cinema |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/375104/comedies-reaped-gold-southern-cinema.html |access-date=11 February 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Naayak''''' ({{translation|Leader}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action]] [[comedy film|comedy]]-[[Drama (film and television)|drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Leader |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-leader-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjc4odk |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]] who co-wrote the film with Akula Siva. The film was produced by [[DVV Danayya]] and presented by [[S. Radha Krishna]] under the banner Universal Media. The film stars [[Ram Charan]] (in a dual role), [[Kajal Aggarwal]], and [[Amala Paul]] in the lead roles. [[S. Thaman]] composed the film's score and soundtrack. [[Chota K. Naidu]] was the cinematographer and Gautham Raju the film's editor.

Production began on 9 November 2011 and [[principal photography]] began on 7 February 2012. The film was extensively shot in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Kolkata]], while a couple of the songs were shot in [[Dubai]], [[Iceland]], and [[Slovenia]], making ''Naayak'' the first Indian film to be shot in Slovenia. Filming ended on 29 December 2012.

''Naayak'' was released on 9 January 2013 on 1,589 screens worldwide, during the season of the [[Makar Sankranti|Makara Sankranti]], where it received generally positive reviews from critics and emerged as the [[List of Telugu films of 2013|fifth highest-grossing Telugu film of 2013]], grossing over ₹84 crore at the box office with a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]] of ₹46.5 crore.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

== Plot ==
[[Union Council of Ministers|Central Minister]] Rawat's brother Taxi Seth and his henchmen are killed by a person named Siddharth Naayak in order to save his friends. Rawat orders a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer to catch the fugitive in order to have him executed. Meanwhile, Siddharth's [[doppelganger]] Charan alias "Cherry" works as a software engineer in CgTrix, [[Hyderabad]]. Cherry's uncle Jilebi, who is the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of CgTrix, unexpectedly runs into trouble by angering the local gangster named Babji. Cherry saves Jilebi from Babji by manipulating him, where he becomes romantically interested in Babji's sister Madhu. After Cherry saves several children from a group of [[Human trafficking|human traffickers]] led by Dassu, Madhu reciprocates his love.

Meanwhile, Siddharth sneaks into the police headquarters and kills the [[Director General of Police|DGP]] of [[West Bengal]], with a gun, where the CBI officer confusingly believes that Cherry killed DGP, although Siddharth is the real culprit. With Jilebi, the CBI officer goes to [[Kumbh Mela]] in pursuit of Cherry. As Rawat is offering holy rituals, the CBI officer catches Cherry and holds him, but Siddharth stabs Rawat with a ''[[trishula]]''. However, the CBI Officer attacks him with a [[taser]] and arrests him, thereby releasing Cherry. Later on the way back, Cherry learns about Siddharth's past.

'''Past''': Siddharth visits his sister's house in [[Kolkata]] after passing [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] in [[Delhi]] and lives with his sister, brother-in-law and fiancée Nandini. Siddharth's brother-in-law, who is a doctor, attends a case of a minor who was injected with [[steroid]]s by Rawat's second brother Badvel and then forced into prostitution. When Siddharth's brother-in-law complains to the police, he is unaware that the police officer is in cahoots with Badvel, who later kills him. Enraged in revenge, Siddharth kills Badvel and his men, where he becomes a public sensation overnight.

One night, Rawat, Taxi Seth and their men tries to kill Siddharth, but Siddharth fights them and warns Rawat and Taxi Seth. Siddharth becomes the reigning leader of West Bengal and a terror to Rawat and the [[Organised crime in India|Kolkata underworld]], where he also seizes Rawat's property and distributes it to the public. Enraged, Rawat kills the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|Minister]], and frames on Siddharth, who gets stabbed and thrown into the [[Ganges]]. Rawat becomes the Central Minister within a week, while Siddharth survives and plans to finish Rawat.

'''Present''': After learning this, Cherry decides to help him and goes to the CBI prison where Siddharth is in custody. The two hatches a plan to get Siddharth exonerated. Siddharth and Cherry arrive at the court and both starts an argument, leading to some confusion. The judge orders the CBI to find out the real identities of the two persons within 10 days. During that time, Siddharth manages to bring Madhu and her family to Kolkata, thus uniting Cherry and Madhu.

The next day, Rawat calls Siddarth to come to his place to save the kidnapped school children, but Cherry eavesdrops on the conversation and goes to Rawat's place ahead of Siddharth, where he is severely attacked by Rawat. Siddharth reaches the place after watching a [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] sent by Rawat, where he saves Cherry and finally kills Rawat, with a bomb. The case is dismissed due to lack of evidence, and Siddharth is acquitted. After this, Siddharth and Cherry unite with their respective lovers.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ram Charan]] in a [[dual role]] as:
**Siddharth Naayak<ref name="Brahmi">{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=17 June 2012 |title=Ram Charan as Cherry; Brahmi as Jilebi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charan-as-Cherry-Brahmi-as-Jilebi/articleshow/14202320.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215091600/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charan-as-Cherry-Brahmi-as-Jilebi/articleshow/14202320.cms |archive-date=15 February 2015 |access-date=15 February 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
**Charan (Cherry)
*[[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Madhu, Cherry’s love interest & Babji's sister<ref name="Closing cr">Naayak (DVD). Closing credits from 2:37:31 to 2:37:47</ref>
*[[Amala Paul]] as Nandini, Siddharth's fiancée<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Jilebi, Cherry's uncle<ref name="Brahmi" />
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as [[Central ministers of india|Central Minister]] Rawat alias Rawat Bhai (International Criminal)<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer <ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Rahul Dev]] as Gandi Babji<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Babji's paternal uncle<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Shukla Bhai<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Dev Gill]] as Badvel, Rawat's younger brother<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Minister, Siddharth's follower<ref name="Closing cr" />
*Surekha Vani as Siddharth's sister<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Siddharth's brother-in-law<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as drunkard CBI officer dubbing specialist<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Babji's henchman<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Vinni Babji's henchman's sister
*[[Ajaz Khan]] as Taxi Seth, Rawat's first brother<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Fish Venkat]] as Babji's henchmen<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Vineet Kumar]] as Dassu, a [[human trafficking|human trafficking leader]] in [[Hyderabad]]<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as lawyer<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as [[Judge]]<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Venu's friend<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Dassu's henchman<ref name="Closing cr" />
*Sravan as Dassu's son<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Cherry's mother<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as doctor<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Venu's friend<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]] as a College professor<ref name="Closing cr" />
*[[Charmee Kaur]] in a special appearance in the song "Nellorae"{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
At the end of April 2011, [[V. V. Vinayak]] held story discussions for his next film, featuring [[Ram Charan]] as the protagonist and written by Akula Siva. By then, Vinayak was busy in giving final touches to his film ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]'' (2011), and Ram Charan was participating in the shooting of ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' (2012), directed by [[Sampath Nandi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2011 |title=Vinayak-Ram Charan movie on cards |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vinayak-ram-charan-movie-on-cards-news-news-le3nfXjaecbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131163448/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinayak-ram-charan-movie-on-cards-news-news-le3nfXjaecbsi.html |archive-date=31 January 2015 |access-date=2 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After completing all of the promotional activities for ''Badrinath'', Vinayak and Siva started working on the film's script in early July 2011. [[DVV Danayya]] was confirmed to produce the film under the banner Universal Media, and pre-production on the film was expected to be launched in August, followed by filming starting in September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2011 |title=Ram Charan, Vinayak film from Sept |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-vinayak-film-from-sept-news-news-lhip1Kecfbesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131163443/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-vinayak-film-from-sept-news-news-lhip1Kecfbesi.html |archive-date=31 January 2015 |access-date=2 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's script was approved by Ram Charan's father, and it was announced that actor [[Chiranjeevi]] would be part of the cast; [[Kona Venkat]] was brought in to assist with the film's screenplay. The project was confirmed in late October 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2011 |title=V V Vinayak's next with Ram Charan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/v-v-vinayak-s-next-with-ram-charan-news-news-lkyo8aghfaasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131163444/http://www.sify.com/movies/v-v-vinayak-s-next-with-ram-charan-news-news-lkyo8aghfaasi.html |archive-date=31 January 2015 |access-date=2 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was officially launched on 9 November 2011, at [[Annapurna Studios]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

[[S. Thaman]] was announced as the music director, marking his first collaboration with both Vinayak and Charan; [[Chota K. Naidu]] and Gautham Raju were announced as the film's cinematographer and editor, respectively. The film's title was announced as ''Naayak'', with the caption "The Leader", on 13 August 2012.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} Weeks before the film's release, a few [[Girijan]] students protested that the term "Naayak" referred to a certain tribal group, and they demanded a change of the title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=25 December 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak runs in title trouble? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-runs-in-title-trouble/articleshow/17759615.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131163821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-runs-in-title-trouble/articleshow/17759615.cms |archive-date=31 January 2015 |access-date=6 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> While censoring the film, the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] looked into the group's objection about the title. They found that there was no derogatory reference to either the name Naayak or the caste of tribes, either visually or in the audio part of the film, and cleared the use of the title.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Casting ===
{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Amala Paul]], the film's female leads. The latter was reported to be angry that her portions in the film were significantly reduced. Amala later denied those reports saying both of them had equal roles and what was narrated to them was finally shot, adding that she could not promote the film due to her prior commitments at that time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Lata |date=24 January 2013 |title='Kajal and I had equal roles in Naayak': Amala Paul |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kajal-and-I-had-equal-roles-in-Naayak-Amala-Paul/articleshow/18161126.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201094743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kajal-and-I-had-equal-roles-in-Naayak-Amala-Paul/articleshow/18161126.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| width =


| image1 = KajalAggarwal01.jpg
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| image2 = Amala Paul at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013 (cropped).jpg
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}}

[[Kajal Aggarwal]] was considered for one of the two female leads in the film in early October 2011,{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} later signing on to the film, which marked her second collaboration with [[Ram Charan]] after ''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2012 |title=Kajal bags biggies! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-bags-biggies-news-telugu-mcipBKfgbhjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201094036/http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-bags-biggies-news-telugu-mcipBKfgbhjsi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Ram Charan confirmed that he would be seen in a dual role in the film.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} [[Hansika Motwani]] was rumoured as the second female lead, however this was denied by Danayya, who added that she was never considered for that role, and Kajal was the only actress who had been signed up until that point.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2012 |title=Hansika not part of Charan movie |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-not-part-of-charan-movie-news-news-mbnrznjdhabsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201094227/http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-not-part-of-charan-movie-news-news-mbnrznjdhabsi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In late February 2012, [[Amala Paul]] was selected as the second female lead, which she confirmed to [[Sify]] saying "Mynaa meets Magadheera".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2012 |title=Amala signs a biggie in Tollywood! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-signs-a-biggie-in-tollywood-news-tamil-mcxi36dcefjsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201094225/http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-signs-a-biggie-in-tollywood-news-tamil-mcxi36dcefjsi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

It was reported that [[Shruti Haasan]] would perform an [[item number]] in the film, which she later denied.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] were rumoured to make cameo appearances in the film.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} [[Charmee Kaur]] confirmed in late December 2012 that she would perform an item number along with Ram Charan.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} [[Posani Krishna Murali]] and [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] were seen in comic roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=11 March 2013 |title=Reign of the funny men |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Reign-of-the-funny-men/articleshow/18908908.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201094504/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Reign-of-the-funny-men/articleshow/18908908.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 7 February 2012.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} By April 2012, the film was shot at various locales in Hyderabad. A few action sequences were shot at night, for which Ram Charan trained for several days; he performed several of the stunt sequences himself without using a body double. Filming was suspended for almost three weeks when Ram Charan was injured during filming ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' (2012). Vinayak intended to complete shooting Ram Charan's solo portions and then start the schedule with Kajal; Ram Charan and Amala Paul would take part in the final part of the planned schedule.<ref name="South Scope">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2012 |title=Ram Charan Teja in a Dual Avatar |url=http://www.southscope.in/telugu/article/ram-charan-teja-dual-avatar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201101645/http://www.southscope.in/telugu/article/ram-charan-teja-dual-avatar |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |publisher=[[South Scope]]}}</ref>

The next portion of the schedule started in [[Dubai]], where a song, "Laila O Laila", with Ram Charan and Kajal was shot. Ram Charan later said "It was a week before my wedding and I had just returned from my bachelor's party. I landed directly in Dubai to shoot the song. I had to wear shades to hide the fatigue" and added "I was told that I wouldn't need much rehearsals, but was zapped when I saw the choreographer take me through the routine. I was like 'can we please slow the beat or something?' I couldn't settle for anything less than the best and went ahead and completed the song in seven days."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=9 January 2013 |title=I was born to handle pressure: Ram Charan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-was-born-to-handle-pressure-Ram-Charan/articleshow/17954891.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201101829/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-was-born-to-handle-pressure-Ram-Charan/articleshow/17954891.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> After its completion, some key scenes and songs were shot in Europe involving the three leads.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2012 |title=Ram Charan, Vinayak film shoot in Dubai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-vinayak-film-shoot-in-dubai-news-telugu-mfvqKadgfgjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201101648/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-vinayak-film-shoot-in-dubai-news-telugu-mfvqKadgfgjsi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Subsequent to the marriage ceremony, Ram Charan resumed his work on ''Naayak'' in late June 2012, after shooting for a [[Tata DoCoMo]] commercial.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2012 |title=Ram Charan resumes work |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-resumes-work-news-telugu-mg0o2Njbgcesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201101852/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-resumes-work-news-telugu-mg0o2Njbgcesi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The song "Subhalekha Raasukunna" was shot in Iceland on 22 August 2012. It was originally planned to be shot using Ram Charan and Kajal, but it was filmed using Amala Paul instead, as Kajal had a scheduling conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=21 August 2012 |title=Subhalekha Rasukunna song to be shot in Iceland |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Subhalekha-Rasukunna-song-to-be-shot-in-Iceland/articleshow/15581497.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201101906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Subhalekha-Rasukunna-song-to-be-shot-in-Iceland/articleshow/15581497.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> After the completion of that song, two more songs were shot using Ram Charan and Kajal.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} After returning from Iceland, filming continued in the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] in Hyderabad. On 7 October 2012, scenes featuring Ram Charan and Amala Paul were shot at the Cineplanet Multiplex near [[Kompally]].{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

The next part of the schedule started in [[Kolkata]] from 12 October 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak moving to Kolkata |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-moving-to-Kolkata/articleshow/16722953.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201102013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-moving-to-Kolkata/articleshow/16722953.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Some action episodes involving Ram Charan, Dev Gill, and others, and a few continuity scenes were shot. An entire day was spent shooting a few action episodes with Ram Charan at Chhotelal Ghat near the Mullickghat flower market, since Vinayak insisted on perfection. This portion of the schedule ended on 22 October 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=15 October 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak progressing in Kolkata |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-progressing-in-Kolkata/articleshow/16819403.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201102142/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-progressing-in-Kolkata/articleshow/16819403.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The team returned to Hyderabad and filming continued in a set erected at [[Sarathi Studios]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=27 October 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak audio release on Nov 25 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-audio-release-on-Nov-25/articleshow/16978849.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201102144/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-audio-release-on-Nov-25/articleshow/16978849.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> By mid November 2012, a majority of the filming was complete, with final completion expected in December 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=19 November 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak to be wrapped up by Dec |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-to-be-wrapped-up-by-Dec/articleshow/17277170.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201102145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-to-be-wrapped-up-by-Dec/articleshow/17277170.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The last portion of the schedule began on 4 December 2012, during which the remaining climax action episodes scenes and a song were planned to be shot until 18 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak final schedule from Dec 4 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-final-schedule-from-Dec-4/articleshow/17413319.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201102246/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-final-schedule-from-Dec-4/articleshow/17413319.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Amala Paul joined the filming of the climax on 7 December 2012, after returning from the sets of ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Shiva |date=7 December 2012 |title=Amala Paul busy with 'Nayak' climax |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Amala-Paul-busy-with-Nayak-climax/articleshow/17516959.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201102248/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Amala-Paul-busy-with-Nayak-climax/articleshow/17516959.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The song "Nellorae" was shot using Ram Charan and Charmee at [[Ramoji Film City]] on 24 December 2012, and after its completion, filming came to an end on 29 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=24 December 2012 |title=Charmme turning item girl? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Charmme-turning-item-girl/articleshow/17731202.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201102250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Charmme-turning-item-girl/articleshow/17731202.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The filming phase lasted for approximately 9 months, and the film was the first Indian film to be shot in [[Slovenia]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=6 January 2013 |title='Naayak' shooting in Slovenia, Iceland |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/naayak-shooting-in-slovenia-iceland/article4278495.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131163818/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/naayak-shooting-in-slovenia-iceland/article4278495.ece |archive-date=31 January 2015 |access-date=2 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ram Charan completed his part of [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] in late December 2012.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

== Themes and influences ==
The film features a protagonist in a dual role, revolving around their lifestyles and the circumstances when they meet. A reviewer from [[Sify]] felt that the film's script was inspired from V. V. Vinayak's previous works like ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' (2003), ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]'' (2006), ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' (2008) and ''[[Adhurs]]'' (2009), as well as from [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s past works like ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' (2003) and ''[[Chhatrapati (film)|Chhatrapati]]'' (2005) and [[S. Shankar]]'s Tamil film ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007).<ref name="Sify MR 2" />

Akula Siva said that the dialogue in the film had a philosophical touch despite being humorous and added, "The hero is elevated on par with divinity in the introduction; such glorification is imperative, if the hero doesn't have that power and courage he cannot fight so many people".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunita Chowdary |first=Y. |date=13 January 2013 |title=Recipe for success |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/recipe-for-success/article4303044.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131163819/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/recipe-for-success/article4303044.ece |archive-date=31 January 2015 |access-date=2 December 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Naayak (soundtrack)}}
[[S. Thaman]] composed the film's soundtrack and background music, marking his first collaboration with both [[V. V. Vinayak]] and [[Ram Charan]]. The soundtrack featured six songs with lyrics written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]], [[Bhaskarabhatla|Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]] and Sahithi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=14 December 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak audio track list |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-audio-track-list/articleshow/17611566.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201120958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-audio-track-list/articleshow/17611566.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The song "Subhalekha Rasukunna", originally composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for the film ''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]'' (1990) was remixed for this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2012 |title='Kondaveeti Donga' song in Charan's next |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kondaveeti-donga-song-in-charan-s-next-news-telugu-mhtqGVihahhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201120955/http://www.sify.com/movies/kondaveeti-donga-song-in-charan-s-next-news-telugu-mhtqGVihahhsi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's soundtrack, which was marketed by [[Aditya Music]], was launched on 17 December 2012, during a promotional event at [[Ramanaidu Studios]].{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

== Release ==
''Naayak'' was planned to be released on 12 January 2013, coinciding with [[Sankranthi]] weekend. Later the film's release was rumoured to be delayed due to Danayya's financial hardships. although he later confirmed the release date as 9 January 2013, denying the previous reports as rumors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=8 October 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak releasing on Jan 9 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-releasing-on-Jan-9/articleshow/16720732.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201121924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-releasing-on-Jan-9/articleshow/16720732.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was awarded an 'A' certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on 4 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2013 |title=Nayak censored; gets A certificate |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nayak-censored-gets-A-certificate/articleshow/17885228.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nayak-censored-gets-A-certificate/articleshow/17885228.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Six cuts were suggested by the board to delete politically charged dialogue, and few other lines that included the names of the [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Governors]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. The board also requested a few words being altered in the song "Nellorae", and the display of a statutory warning on drinking and smoking wherever they occur in the film.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

The film was shown on 110 screens in Hyderabad, breaking the previous records set by ''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' (2012) and ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'' (2012), which were released in 105 and 103 theatres, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2013 |title=Naayak vying for a record release |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naayak-vying-for-a-record-release-news-telugu-nbel7Thifjisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122131/http://www.sify.com/movies/naayak-vying-for-a-record-release-news-telugu-nbel7Thifjisi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Universal Media, in association with Praneeth Media, released the film on more than 100 screens in the [[United States]], including 70 digital prints and sixteen 35 mm prints, which was a first for a Telugu film in an overseas market.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=5 January 2013 |title=Naayak to release in record number of theaters |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Naayak-to-release-in-record-number-of-theaters/articleshow/17897841.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122132/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Naayak-to-release-in-record-number-of-theaters/articleshow/17897841.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The makers said that the film would be released in more than 1200 theatres in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2013 |title=Charan's Nayak leads in screen count |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/charan-s-nayak-leads-in-screen-count-news-telugu-nbioTnjehjisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122134/http://www.sify.com/movies/charan-s-nayak-leads-in-screen-count-news-telugu-nbioTnjehjisi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
On the eve of Valentine's Day, first look stills of the film were released to the media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2012 |title=First look of Ram Charan, Vinayak's next |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/first-look-of-ram-charan-vinayak-s-next-news-telugu-mcoqWXiiafhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122421/http://www.sify.com/movies/first-look-of-ram-charan-vinayak-s-next-news-telugu-mcoqWXiiafhsi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A few stills featuring Ram Charan were unveiled on 18 August 2012, which featured him sporting a new look.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=18 August 2012 |title=First look pics of Ram Charan's Nayak |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-pics-of-Ram-Charans-Nayak/articleshow/15545415.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-pics-of-Ram-Charans-Nayak/articleshow/15545415.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Two first look posters, confirming the film's title and its spelling, were unveiled on 26 November 2012.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The film's first teaser was unveiled on 14 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=14 December 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak teaser |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-teaser/articleshow/17622480.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122652/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-teaser/articleshow/17622480.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Allu Arjun]] and [[S. S. Rajamouli]] unveiled the trailers at Shilpakala Vedika during the soundtrack launch.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Distribution ===
By early November 2012, the film's trade came to an end in all areas except [[Guntur]]. Bharath Pictures acquired the film's [[Nellore]] distribution rights, while Shobu acquired the rights for the [[Ceded Districts|Ceded area]] ([[Rayalaseema]]). Shakti Films acquired the theatrical rights for [[Krishna district]], and Siri Media obtained the film's [[Nizam Circuit|Nizam region]] rights. V. Rao, Challa Shankar Rao and Tulasi Films acquired the screening rights in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari district]], and [[West Godavari district]]. Abhirami Movies acquired the film's [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights. Errabus acquired the screening rights for the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Europe]].<ref name="UK E">{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=1 November 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak picked up for a record price |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ram-Charans-Nayak-picked-up-for-a-record-price/articleshow/17047302.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201123018/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-picked-up-for-a-record-price/articleshow/17047302.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Gayathri Films bought the [[Karnataka]] distribution rights for {{INR}}41 million, the highest price offered for any Telugu film in Karnataka up to that time.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} Universal Media distributed the film in the [[United States]].<ref name="USA">{{Cite news |last=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |date=3 November 2012 |title=Universal Media to release Ram Charan's Nayak in USA |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Universal-Media-to-release-Ram-Charans-Nayak-in-USA/articleshow/17073242.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201123022/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Universal-Media-to-release-Ram-Charans-Nayak-in-USA/articleshow/17073242.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Producer [[Dil Raju]] acquired the film's distribution rights in the Nizam region in mid-December 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=14 December 2012 |title=Nayak sets a new record in Nizam |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nayak-sets-a-new-record-in-Nizam/articleshow/17611857.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201123100/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nayak-sets-a-new-record-in-Nizam/articleshow/17611857.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Dubbed versions ===
The film was dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] under the same title and in [[Hindi]] as ''Double Attack'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2015 |title=Naayak (நாயக் ) 2013 Tamil Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwbDAhE9XHE |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2014 |title=Malayalam Full Movie - Naayak - Malayalam Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eBfFb3ZJLY |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=Double Attack (HD) (Naayak) - राम चरण की ब्लॉकबस्टर एक्शन मूवी |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8R4pdw6rMxo |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The satellite rights for the Hindi dubbed version were sold for a record price of {{INR}}3.5 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=30 December 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Naayak sets a new record |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ram-Charans-Naayak-sets-a-new-record/articleshow/17823459.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201121922/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ram-Charans-Naayak-sets-a-new-record/articleshow/17823459.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=6 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Gemini TV]] paid an advance of {{INR}}2.6 crore for the satellite rights of the original version, and fully acquired them after the film's release for an additional {{INR}}7.5 crore.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The DVD and Blu-ray were marketed by Sri Balaji Videos and were released on 3 April 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=Naayak Telugu DVD |url=http://www.njmtv.com/naayak_naayak-telugu-dvd_ram-charan-teja-kajal-aggarwal-amala-paul-9689.html#link9689 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134246/http://www.njmtv.com/naayak_naayak-telugu-dvd_ram-charan-teja-kajal-aggarwal-amala-paul-9689.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015 |publisher=njmtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=Naayak Telugu Blu Ray |url=http://www.njmtv.com/naayak_naayak-telugu-blu-ray_ram-charan-teja-kajal-aggarwal-amala-paul-9781.html#link9781 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134244/http://www.njmtv.com/naayak_naayak-telugu-blu-ray_ram-charan-teja-kajal-aggarwal-amala-paul-9781.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015 |publisher=njmtv.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Naayak'' grossed {{INR}}11 crore at the worldwide box office on its opening day, and {{INR}}17 crore on its second day, taking its two-day total to {{INR}}28 crore.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The film collected a total of {{INR}}29.5 crore in its first week.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} As of late April 2014, the film stood in fifth place of the top 10 Telugu films with the highest first week gross.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} In its second week of release, the film's gross suffered due to the competition from the release of ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'', slipping to the second spot in the charts. It witnessed more than a 50% drop in its business, collecting approximately {{INR}}8 crore during the second weekend, and a total of {{INR}}45 crore in 10 days.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} By the end of its second week, the film had added approximately {{INR}}5.5 crore, for a 16-day total of {{INR}}50.5 crore net.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The film grossed {{INR}}82 crore in its lifetime worldwide, and became the third most successful film of 2013, after ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' and ''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu''.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} Its distributor share of {{INR}}46.5 crore made it Ram Charan's third film to cross the {{INR}}40 crore mark.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} It was fifth on the list of top 10 all-time highest-grossing movies at the [[Andhra Pradesh]] box office, as of November 2013.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} It also ranked tenth on the list of top 20 hit Telugu movies of all time at the box office, as of May 2014.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

==== India ====
The film averaged 90% occupancy in both single screens and multiplexes in India on its opening day, collecting {{INR}}8.55 crore at the Andhra Pradesh box office and {{INR}}2.7 crore throughout the rest of India.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} With an average of 66% across the globe, it collected {{INR}}13.49 crore at the Andhra Pradesh box office, and {{INR}}3.55 crore in the rest of India on its second day.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} In six days, it collected a total {{INR}}23.46 crore net at Andhra Pradesh box office, and {{INR}}2.5 crore in the rest of India.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The film completed a successful 50-day run in several centres across Andhra Pradesh on 27 February 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=27 February 2013 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak completes 50 days |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-completes-50-days/articleshow/18710958.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201151839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-completes-50-days/articleshow/18710958.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=6 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film collected a distributor share of {{INR}}41 crore net at Andhra Pradesh box office in its lifetime, placing it sixth on the list of all-time highest grossing Telugu films, as of November 2013.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

==== Overseas ====
The film collected {{INR}}45 [[lakh]] in overseas receipts on its opening day, which increased to {{INR}}65 lakh on its second day.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} However, the film's trade was severely affected by ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'', dropping 70% at the overseas box office, with a three-day total of {{INR}}92 lakh, compared to ''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu'' 3 day opening day total of {{INR}}1.13 crore.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The film collected {{INR}}2.11 crore in six days at the overseas box office.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The film did good business by the end of its second weekend at the USA box office, ranking third in the charts by collecting {{INR}}2.53 crore, despite the adverse effect of ''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu'' which was in first place. ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]'' stood in second place, although its per screen average was lower than that of ''Naayak''.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The film suffered a big setback after the release of ''[[Race 2]]'' and ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'', dropping to sixth place while collecting {{INR}}2.65 crore in 23 days.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Critical response ===
The film received positive reviews from critics.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}}

Y. Sunita Chowdary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "... the writing is humorous, lively and consistent. What more, the film works mainly on its dialogues and a brisk screenplay and has all the potential to rake in moolah at the box office," and added, "Vinayak, having read the pulse well, comes out with Naayak that is a throwback to many of his earlier films but with correct dose of humour added, to cover the flaws. By the time you sense something wrong, he cleverly comes up with another funny scene. This way the film progresses and winds up before it gets too heavy, and voila there are smiles everywhere".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunita Chowdary |first=Y. |date=13 January 2013 |title=A sure shot crowd puller |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-sure-shot-crowd-puller/article4303093.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201125600/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-sure-shot-crowd-puller/article4303093.ece |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Mahalakshmi Prabhakaran of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' wrote, "We’ll say that even if the film is about the age-old formula of the hero bashing the bad guys and coming up trumps, Naayak is an entertaining film that you won’t regret watching," and rated the film 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhakaran |first=Mahalakshmi |date=12 January 2013 |title=Review: 'Naayak' (Telugu) |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-naayak-telugu-1788247 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201125745/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-naayak-telugu-1788247 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}} {{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> AS Sashidhar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' termed the film a "pot boiling [[wikt:paisa vasool|paisa vasool]] entertainer" and rated the film 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=9 January 2013 |title=Naayak Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Naayak/movie-review/17956250.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201124859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Naayak/movie-review/17956250.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015 |work=The Times of India}} {{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "The first half of the film moves at a breezy pace while the interval brings in the twist. In the second half there's mostly stomach-churning violence which is pretty repulsive. Technically the film is top-notch. V V Vinayak delivers a hardcore commercial entertainer for the festival. If you can watch Naayak without analysing it, you will find it fun," and rated the film 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=9 January 2013 |title=Review: Naayak is a masala pot-boiler |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-naayak-is-a-masala-pot-boiler/20130109.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201125747/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-naayak-is-a-masala-pot-boiler/20130109.htm |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}} {{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

In contrast, a reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' stated, "Director V V Vinayak, has chosen a routine story which has nothing new to offer. He chose a simple story and weaved an entertaining screenplay around it. Vinayak concentrated more on the presentation of the movie rather than the subject. The story and screenplay is predictable after the interesting interval bang" and called the film "Average".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2013 |title=Ram Charan excels as Nayak |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-excels-as-nayak-review-telugu-15017419.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201130026/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-excels-as-nayak-review-telugu-15017419.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Another reviewer from Sify rated the film 3 out of 5 and stated, "Nayak, a regular commercial potboiler, starts off as a regular mass movie and ends up the same way. Nayak team should have concentrated on the story more. A rehashed film that can be watched once".<ref name="Sify MR 2">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2013 |title=Nayak review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nayak-review-review-telugu-15017355.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201130027/http://www.sify.com/movies/nayak-review-review-telugu-15017355.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}} {{Rating|3|5}}</ref> B. V. S. Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "Even though Ram Charan impresses in the role of a brooding young IT employee who is determined to smash evil forces, the final outcome is more comic than serious. Vinayak tends to repackage scenes from his earlier movies. Akula Siva pens strong punch lines to enthral Ram Charan fans".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=13 January 2013 |title=Review: 'Nayak' |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130113/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-nayak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125170030/http://deccanchronicle.com/130113/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-nayak |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=3 December 2014 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="colspan" | Ceremony
! scope="colspan" | Category
! scope="colspan" | Nominee
! scope="colspan" | Result
! scope="colspan" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[61st Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]]
| [[Ram Charan]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2014 |title=Winners list: 61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/38287405.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201152114/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/38287405.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=5 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Hey Naayak"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actor
| [[Ram Charan]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="9" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2014 |title=2014 SIIMA award winners list |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2014-SIIMA-award-winners-list/articleshow/42547641.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201152301/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2014-SIIMA-award-winners-list/articleshow/42547641.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=5 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[V. V. Vinayak]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[S. Thaman]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Hey Naayak"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Comedian
| [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative role
| [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Fight Choreographer
| [[Kanal Kannan]] & [[Stunt Silva]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Dance Choreographer
| Johnny for "Laila O Laila"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] – [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]] National Film Awards
| Best Actor
| [[Ram Charan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=2440354}}

{{V. V. Vinayak}}

[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:Films about child trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. V. Vinayak]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Iceland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology in fiction]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films produced by D. V. V. Danayya]]

Frederick Maurice (British Army officer, born 1841)

2026-02-27T12:11:40Z

Infycle Technologies: typo fix

{{Short description|English general (1841–1912)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major general]]
| name = Sir Frederick Maurice
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|size=100%}}
| image = John Frederick Maurice (1841–1912).png
| caption = In ''[[The Sketch]]'', 8 August 1900
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1841|05|24|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|12 January 1912|24 May 1841|df=y}}
| nickname =
| birth_name = John Frederick Maurice
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_place = [[Camberley]], England
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1861–1912
| servicenumber =
| rank = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major general]]
| unit =
| battles = {{ubl | [[Anglo-Ashanti Wars]] | [[Anglo-Zulu War|Zulu War]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Annie FitzGerald|1869}}
| children = at least 11 (including [[Frederick Maurice (British Army officer, born 1871)|Frederick Barton Maurice]])
| relations = {{ubl | [[Frederick Denison Maurice|Frederick Maurice]] (father) | [[Joan Robinson]] (granddaughter)}}
| laterwork = {{hlist | [[Writer]] | [[Scholar|academic]]}}
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir John Frederick Maurice''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}} (24 May 1841 – 12 January 1912) was a senior [[British Army]] [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]], chiefly remembered for his military writings.<ref name="times">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-obituary-major-general-sir-fr/135104907/ |title= Obituary: Major-General Sir Frederick Maurice |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |date=13 January 1912 |page=11 |access-date=2023-11-12 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

==Family and early life==
Maurice was born in [[Southwark]], London in 1841, the eldest son of Rev. [[Frederick Denison Maurice]], an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] priest, theologian and author,<ref name=Times>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-frederick-denison-maurice/135105035/ |title=Frederick Denison Maurice |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |date=12 April 1884 |page=4 |access-date=2023-11-12 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> by his first wife, Anna Eleanor Barton, a daughter of [[Charles Barton (British Army officer)|Lieutenant-General Charles Barton]].<ref>[[Thomas Carlyle]], Charles Richard Sanders, Clyde de L. Ryals, ''The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle'' (1981), p. 45</ref><ref>{{ODNBweb |first=Brian |last=Bond |title=Maurice, Sir John Frederick (1841–1912) |origyear=2004 |year=2006 |edition=online |id=34949}}</ref> He published several volumes on his father's life in 1884.<ref name=Times/>

Maurice was educated at the [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|Royal India Military College, Addiscombe]], and the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], and was commissioned into the [[Royal Artillery]] in December 1861.<ref name="times"/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22587|page=70|date=7 January 1862}}</ref>

==Career==
Maurice served as private secretary to [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Sir Garnet Wolseley]] in the [[Anglo-Ashanti wars#Third Anglo-Ashanti War 1873–1874|Ashanti Campaign]] of 1873–1874; in the [[Anglo-Zulu War|Zulu War]] in 1879; was deputy assistant adjutant general of the [[Anglo-Egyptian War|Egyptian expedition in 1882]]; and was [[Brevet (military)|brevetted]] colonel in 1885. In 1885–1892 he was [[professor]] of military history at the [[Staff College, Camberley]], and in 1895 was promoted to major general. Later in his career he was commander of the [[Woolwich]] District until September 1902,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-naval-military-intelligence/135103836/ |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |title=Naval & Military Intelligence |date=9 September 1902 |page=8 |issue=36868 |access-date=2023-11-12 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and he retired from the army in January 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27515 |date=13 January 1903 |page=237 }}</ref>

He was subsequently appointed [[Colonel (United Kingdom)#Honorary Colonel|Honorary Colonel]] of the [[3rd Kent Artillery Volunteers (Royal Arsenal)]] on 14 February 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27524|page=930|date=13 February 1903}}</ref>

In 1905, Maurice was part of a team which went to Berlin to negotiate with the Germans on the problems of the Navy estimates and the escalating threat posed to the Empire. In January 1906, news was leaked to ''[[The Times]]'' that implicated him in the leaking of war material purchases, which he had discussed.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Sir Edward Grey letter to Lascelles, F.O. 371/76 (no. 53), dated 31 January 1906 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1crDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |title=The Hidden Perspective: The Military Conversations 1906–1914 |first=David |last=Owen |publisher=[[Haus Publishing]] |isbn=9781908323675 |page= |date=2014-09-15 |access-date=2023-11-12 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Sir [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]], the prime minister, complained to Sir [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]], the [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]], of "an outrageous interview with Genl. Sir F. Maurice in a French paper, describing all that wd. happen if Germany & France went to war; how we of course should join France".<ref>Campbell-Bannerman letter to Grey, 26 January 1906, quoted in {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cblifeofsirhenry0000wils/page/529/mode/1up |first=John |last=Wilson |title=CB: A Life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman |publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable]] |place=London |isbn=009458950X |page=529 |date=1973 |access-date=2023-11-12 |via=Internet Archive |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Later in the same parliament British government policy evolved around Grey's adherence to the ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' and the British willingness to defend the neutrality of the Low Countries.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cblifeofsirhenry0000wils/page/528/mode/1up |first=John |last=Wilson |title=CB: A Life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman |publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable]] |place=London |isbn=009458950X |pages=528–529 |date=1973 |access-date=2023-11-12 |via=Internet Archive |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Hidden Perspective: The Military Conversations 1906–1914 |first=David |last=Owen |publisher=[[Haus Publishing]] |isbn=9781908323675 |page=86 |date=2014-09-15}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:John Frederick Maurice (1841–1912) in civilian dress.png|thumb|right|200px]]

In Dublin in 1869, Maurice married Anne Frances "Annie" FitzGerald, the daughter of Richard Augustine FitzGerald (1814-1889). They had a large family of at least 11 children. His eldest son was Sir [[Frederick Maurice (British Army officer, born 1871)|Frederick Maurice]] (1871–1951).<ref name="times"/> His second daughter Annie married [[John Macmillan (bishop)|John Macmillan]], Bishop of Guildford. Another daughter, Cosette, married the Oxford military historian, [[C. T. Atkinson]].

==Writings==
Maurice's reputation depends chiefly on his military writings, which include:
*''Hostilities without Declaration of War'' (1883)
*''Popular History of Ashanti Campaign'' (1874)
*''The Life of [[F. D. Maurice|Frederick Denison Maurice]]; Chiefly Told in His Own Letters'' (1884)
*''The Balance of Military Power in Europe'' (1888)
*''War'' (1891)
*''[[The Great War of 1892]]'' (1892) (along with P.H. Colomb and others)
*''National Defences'' (1897)
*''The Franco-German War, 1870–1871'' (1900) (along with Wilfred J. Long, A. Sonnenschein et al.)
*''Diary of [[John Moore (British soldier)|Sir John Moore]]'' (1904)
*''History of the War in South Africa'', an official account (four volumes, 1906–1910)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{NIE}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=33169 | name=John Frederick Maurice}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Frederick Maurice |sopt=t}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurice, Frederick}}
[[Category:1841 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Ashanti War]]
[[Category:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:Military personnel from the London Borough of Southwark]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:English military writers]]
[[Category:Writers from the London Borough of Southwark]]
[[Category:20th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:English male writers]]
[[Category:Academics of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:People from Southwark]]

Zardozi

2026-02-03T18:10:05Z

Infycle Technologies: small edit

{{Short description|Type of embroidery using metal wire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Close Shot of the Zardozi (Zardouzi) Embroidery Cushion Covers.jpg|thumb|Close-up shoot of zardozi (zardouzi) embroidery]]
[[File:Lady Curzon's peacock gown - Chicago Tribune 27 September 1903.jpg|thumb|[[Vicereine]] [[Lady Curzon's peacock dress]], with a skirt made of Indian zardozi needlework featuring green beetle wings and gold and silver thread, was a sensation at her [[coronation]], making the front page of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' on 27 September 1903.]]
'''Zardozi''', or '''zar-douzi''' or '''zarduzi''' (from [[Classical Persian]] زَردوزی ''zardōzī'', literally "gold embroidery"; {{langx|fa|label=[[Modern Persian]]|زَردوزی|translit=zarduzi}}; {{langx|hi|ज़रदोज़ी}}, {{langx|tg|зардӯзӣ}}, {{langx|ur|زردوزی}}, {{langx|uz|zardoʻzi}}), is an [[Iran]]ian, [[Indian subcontinent|Indian-subcontinent]] and [[Central Asia]]n embroidery type. Zardozi comes from two Persian words: ''zar'' or ''zarin'' meaning 'gold', and ''dozi'' meaning 'sewing'.<ref name="Pathak2018">{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Nilima |title=Zardozi workers struggle to make ends meet |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/zardozi-workers-struggle-to-make-ends-meet-1.2253404 |access-date=7 April 2019 |work=Gulf News |date=18 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Zardozi is a type of heavy and elaborate metal embroidery on a silk, satin, or velvet fabric base.<ref name="Naik1996">{{cite book |last1=Naik |first1=Shailaja D. |title=Traditional embroideries of India |date=1996 |publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp |isbn=8170247314 |page=144}}</ref> Zardozi embroidery uses a wide variety of gold and silver embellishments such as: flat metal wires, spangles, coiled wires, heavy wires, and twisted wires.{{Cn|date=May 2025}} Designs are often created using gold and silver threads and can incorporate pearls, beads, and precious stones.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Zari Embroidery |url=https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/regional-traditions/indian-subcontinent/indian-zari-embroidery |website=TRC Needles |publisher=Textile Research Center |access-date=7 April 2019 |language=en-gb}}</ref> It is used as decoration for a wide range of applications, including clothes, household textiles, and animal trappings.<ref name="Naik1996"/> Historically, it was used to adorn the walls of royal tents, scabbards, wall hangings and the paraphernalia of regal elephants and horses.<ref name="Bhattacharyya2017">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Ranadeep |title=Silver and Gold- Story of Zardozi |url=https://heritage-india.com/silver-gold-story-zardozi/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |work=Heritage India Magazine |date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408014544/https://heritage-india.com/silver-gold-story-zardozi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Initially, the embroidery was done with pure silver wires and real gold leaves. However, today, craftsmen make use of a combination of copper wire, with a golden or silver polish, and silk thread.

==Iran==
Zardozi is an important [[handicraft]] in Persian culture. It is known around the country by names such as ''zar-douzi'' ({{langx|fa|زردوزی}}), ''kam-douzi'' ({{langx|fa|کم‌دوزی}}), ''gol-douzi'' ({{langx|fa|گل‌دوزی}}) and ''kaman-douzi'' ({{langx|fa|کمان‌دوزی}}). Nowadays it is more popular in [[Hormozgan]], especially in [[Bandar-e Lenge]], [[Bandar-e Abbas]], and [[Minab]].<ref name="aftab">{{cite web |url=http://www.aftabir.com/articles/view/art_culture/handicrafts/c5c1232795885_passementerie_p1.php/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C |title=گلابتون دوزی |trans-title=Scarabs |language=fa |date=5 February 2008 |access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref>

Persian zardozi is of three kinds:

* Some people completely sew the basic fabric with Bakhie ({{langx|fa|بخیه}}) in order to produce novel patterns and colors, such as the [[Baloch people|Baloch]]'s Souzan-douzi ({{langx|fa|سوزن‌دوزی}}), [[Rasht]]'s Qollab-douzi ({{langx|fa|قلاب‌دوزی}}) and [[Kerman]]'s Pate-douzi ({{langx|fa|پَته‌دوزی}}).
* Some sew with less density of work on the original fabric. They cross the strings throughout the woof of the fabric and sew them to each other to form a colorfully patterned lattice, such as ''sekke-douzi'' ({{langx|fa|سکّه‌دوزی}}) or ''qollab-douzi'' ({{langx|fa|قلاب‌دوزی}}) in [[Isfahan]].
* A third way is to sew a variety of patterns on the original fabric with gold and silver strings, such as ''Dah-Yek-Douzi'' ({{langx|fa|ده‌يک‌دوزی}}), Naqade-douzi ({{langx|fa|نقده‌دوزی}}), Tafte-douzi ({{langx|fa|تافته‌دوزی}}), Kous-douzi ({{langx|fa|خوس‌دوزی}}) Zari-douzi ({{langx|fa|زر‌دوزی}}) or Golabatoun-douzi ({{langx|fa|گلابتون‌دوزی}}).<ref name="aftab"/>

==Indian subcontinent==
[[File:John Lockwood Kipling - Zardozi workers in Delhi 2007BM7334 jpg l.jpg|thumb|Drawing of [[Delhi]] gold embroiderers at work in 1870, by [[John Lockwood Kipling]]]][[File:Zari tap.jpg|thumb|Zari tapestry]]
As an embroidery, zardozi was first used in the 14th century.{{Cn|date=May 2025}} It prospered during the 17th century during the reign of the [[Mughal emperor|Mughal empire]], but later a loss of royal patronage and [[Industrial Revolution|industrialization]] led to its decline. The craft is often called "zari" and began to experience a resurgence in popularity following [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India's independence in 1947]].<ref name="Pathak2018"/> Today, it is one of the most popular embroideries found on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Bhattacharyya2017"/>

Zardozi and chikan were historically favored by [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] elites; products made in these styles symbolized wealth, power and status. The Zardozi production was often associated with a courtly culture and commonly found on handicrafts throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wilkinson-Weber |first1=Clare M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckQHEAAAQBAJ&dq=zardozi+predominantly+Muslims&pg=PT194 |title=Critical Craft: Technology, Globalization, and Capitalism |last2=DeNicola |first2=Alicia Ory |date=2020-05-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-18177-7 |language=en}}</ref> This craft is practiced throughout India, from major cities like [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], to smaller centers such as [[Agra]], [[Bareilly]], and [[Farrukhabad]], and historic regions like [[Lucknow]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-crafts/zardozi.html |title=Zardozi |website=Cultural India |access-date=25 May 2008 |archive-date=8 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408083037/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-crafts/zardozi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indication Registry (GIR)]] accorded [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) registration to the Lucknow zardozi. With GI status, zardozi artisans, distributors, and retailers in Lucknow and the six surrounding districts of [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], [[Unnao district|Unnao]], [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]], [[Rae Bareli district|Rae Bareli]], [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]] and [[Amethi district|Amethi]] can become authorized users of the "Lucknow zardozi" brand and carry a unique mark of authenticity.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucknow zardozi gets GI registration|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/lucknow-zardozi-gets-gi-registration-113042400432_1.html|access-date=10 July 2013|newspaper=The Business Standard|date=24 April 2013 |author=Rawat, Virendra Singh |location=New Delhi/Lucknow }}</ref>

Zardozi is a popular embroidery choice across [[Pakistan]] especially for wedding or formal wear, with artisans and couture houses alike producing clothing with zardozi work

==Central Asia==
Zardozi has also been present in [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] since ancient times.<ref>{{cite news|lang=fr|title=À l'Institut du monde arabe, à Paris, l'Ouzbékistan et ses chemins brodés d'or|year=2022|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2022/11/23/a-l-institut-du-monde-arabe-a-paris-l-ouzbekistan-et-ses-chemins-brodes-d-or_6151187_3246.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Zardozi}}

{{embroidery}}
{{Clothing in South Asia}}
{{Uzbek clothing}}

[[Category:Culture of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Embroidery in India]]
[[Category:Pakistani embroidery]]
[[Category:Turkish embroidery]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani embroidery]]
[[Category:Kuwaiti embroidery]]
[[Category:Iraqi embroidery]]
[[Category:Persian embroidery]]
[[Category:Persian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Iranian clothing]]
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Economy of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Culture of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Culture of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Uzbek clothing]]

2016 UCLA shooting

2026-01-21T08:16:26Z

Infycle Technologies: Added initial info w/ infobox

{{Short description|School shooting in Los Angeles, California}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = UCLA shooting
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| location = Engineering Building IV [[UCLA]], Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|34.068828|-118.443919|region:US-OR_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| date = {{start date|2016|06|01}}
| time = Before 9:49 a.m.<ref name=Tweet1/>
| timezone = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
| type = [[School shooting]], [[murder-suicide]]
| weapons = [[Handgun]]
| fatalities = 3 total: 2 at the school (including the perpetrator) and 1 other in Minnesota
| injuries =
| perp = Mainak Sarkar
| motive = Personal grudges, alleged theft of intellectual property
}}
{{wikinews|Two people killed in apparent murder-suicide at UCLA}}
On June 1, 2016, two men were killed in a [[Murder–suicide|murder-suicide]] at a [[UCLA School of Engineering|School of Engineering]] building on the campus of [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). The gunman was identified as Mainak Sarkar, an Indian-born 38-year-old former UCLA [[Ph.D]] student. The victim was William Scott Klug, a professor who was Sarkar's thesis advisor while Sarkar was a student at UCLA. A woman, later identified as Sarkar's estranged wife, was found dead in [[Minnesota]] during the subsequent investigation into the shooting, and is suspected to have been killed by Sarkar several days before the UCLA shooting.

==Details==
[[Image:UCLA Engr IV Bldg.jpg|thumb|right|Engineering IV, the building where the shooting occurred]]
The shooting occurred at a fourth-floor office in Engineering IV, a building that is part of the [[UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science]].<ref name="bhcouriertwodeadinapparentjune1">{{cite news|title=Two Dead In Apparent Murder-Suicide Shooting At UCLA|url=http://bhcourier.com/two-dead-in-murder-suicide-shooting-at-ucla/|access-date=June 1, 2016|work=The Beverly Hills Courier|date=June 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name=ChuckBlankstein>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/ucla-gunman-mainak-sarkar-had-kill-list-may-have-slayed-n584616|title=UCLA Gunman Mainak Sarkar Had Kill 'List,' May Have Killed Minnesota Woman: LAPD|work=NBC News|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Chuck|first2=Andrew|last2=Blankstein}}</ref>

Immediately after the shooting, Christopher Lynch, an aerospace and mechanical engineering professor who heard the gunshots, went to Klug's office<ref name=LATimes.Quick>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/education/la-me-ln-ucla-shooting-account-klug-sarkar-20160603-snap-story.html|title=Quick action by professors kept UCLA gunman from escape and potentially shooting more people|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=June 4, 2016|access-date=June 4, 2016|first=Teresa|last=Watanabe}}</ref> and held the door shut, after which he heard another shot and then silence. Another professor said she heard someone fall after the last shot. Lynch later said that he did not feel the gunman try to open it but suspected the gunman heard yells for the hallway to be cleared out and that police were called in. Lynch was credited for potentially saving lives during the shooting.<ref name=LATimes.Quick/><ref name=CBS.Quick>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ucla-shooting-professor-william-klugs-office-door-mainak-sarkar-los-angeles/|title=UCLA prof's quick thinking hailed for saving lives during shooting|work=CBS News|date=June 4, 2016|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name=DailyBruin.Recount>{{cite web|url=http://dailybruin.com/2016/06/08/faculty-recount-events-at-engineering-building-the-day-of-ucla-shooting/|title=Faculty recount events at engineering building the day of UCLA shooting|work=Daily Bruin|date=June 8, 2016|access-date=June 9, 2016|first=Angie|last=Wang}}</ref>

A campus-wide alert to avoid the area was issued via UCLA's BruinAlert system at 9:49 a.m. [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]],<ref name=Tweet1>{{cite tweet|user=UCLABruinAlert|author=UCLA BruinAlert|number=738049937326252032|date=1 June 2016|title=BruinAlert: Police Activity vic Engineering Building 4. Avoid area until further notice|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> and [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD) officers were summoned to the building shortly before 10:00 a.m. PDT.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=LAPDHQ|author=LAPD HQ|number=738076031463002113|date=1 June 2016|title=#LAPD News: Official statement regarding the incident at #UCLA. @UCPDLA @UCLABruinAlert @LAMayorsOffice|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> When officers responded at Engineering IV and met Lynch, he gave them his office key so they could check rooms, and then left with another professor to check on students who locked themselves in the laboratories on the lower floor.<ref name=DailyBruin.Recount/>

Two [[handgun]]s and a suicide note were found near the two bodies.<ref name="bhcouriertwodeadinapparentjune1"/><ref name=MargolinSoneKeneally>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/ucla-student-killed-professor-kill-list/story?id=39554492|title=Ex-UCLA Student Tied to Another Fatality Before Campus Shooting|work=ABC News|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Josh|last1=Margolin|first2=Julie|last2=Sone|first3=Meghan|last3=Keneally}}</ref> Shortly after the shooting, police sources told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' that from the appearance of the bodies, a student may have killed a professor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-ucla-shooting-live-updates-htmlstory.html|title=UCLA shooting updates: Shooter's UCLA note leads police to "kill list"|last=Winton|first=Richard|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 1, 2016|access-date=June 1, 2016}}</ref> At least three shots were fired in the shooting.<ref name=ChuckBlanksteinCarrero/>

==Aftermath==
Based on initial reports of the shooting, authorities mistook it for an attempted [[mass shooting]], prompting a massive police response.<ref name=APAL/> School officials put the campus on [[lockdown]] as hundreds of [[UCLA]] and [[LAPD]] officers, including [[SWAT]] officers, and officers of other agencies searched the area.<ref name=APAL/><ref name=CNN>{{cite web|last1=Yan|first1=Holly|last2=Bloom|first2=Deborah|last3=Mossburg|first3=Cheri|title=UCLA shooting: Murder-suicide occurs on campus|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/01/us/ucla-shooting-report/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=June 1, 2016|access-date=June 1, 2016}}</ref> A nearby hospital and three elementary schools were also put on lockdown. When the lockdown was lifted just after noon ([[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]]),<ref>{{cite tweet|user=UCLABruinAlert|author=UCLA BruinAlert|number=738087056061042689|date=1 June 2016|title=Lockdown lifted All Clear Check for details|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> classes at UCLA were canceled for the day.<ref name=ChuckBlanksteinCarrero/> An apartment traced to the gunman was searched by police, and a description of his vehicle, which had not been located, was released.<ref name=ShoichetBerlingerChan/><ref name=BloomPascucci>{{cite web|url=http://ktla.com/2016/06/03/car-matching-description-plate-of-suspected-ucla-shooter-found-in-culver-city-video/|title=UCLA Shooter's Car Found in Culver City; Bomb Squad Called: LAPD|work=KTLA|date=June 3, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2016|first1=Tracy|last1=Bloom|first2=Christina|last2=Pascucci}}</ref><ref name=WalshXiong>{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/woman-shot-dead-in-brooklyn-park-death-linked-to-ucla-shooting/381659331/#1|title=Killing in Twin Cities linked to UCLA shooting|work=Star-Tribune|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Paul|last1=Walsh|first2=Chao|last2=Xiong}}</ref>

While the school was in lockdown, people at many locations found it difficult to shelter in place, as few of the doors had locks. As a result, some students resorted to creative mechanisms to keep the doors closed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/ucla-students-on-active-shooter-lockdown-are-engineerin-1779897413|title=UCLA Students on Active Shooter Lockdown Are Engineering the Hell Out of Doors Without Locks|first=Matt|last=Novak|publisher=Gizmodo|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> Scott Waugh, the school's executive vice-chancellor and provost, said the university will review its [[Active shooter|active-shooter]] protocols.<ref name=SvrlugaBerman/> The issue was previously brought up during deadly mass shootings at [[Virginia Tech shooting|Virginia Tech]] and [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting|Sandy Hook Elementary School]], where students and teachers also had to improvise to keep the doors to classrooms closed. Although some schools across the country installed locks to doors, a more widespread adoption of this security measure was hindered by "the cost to retrofit doors and local fire codes that require doors to open in one motion during emergencies", according to experts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/ucla-shooting-renews-concerns-classrooms-locks-39609955|title=UCLA Shooting Renews Concerns About Classrooms With No Locks|work=ABC News|agency=Associated Press|date=June 4, 2016|access-date=June 4, 2016|first=Christine|last=Armario}}</ref> Some schools and universities disagreed about the importance of door locks during active-shooter situations; the [[University of Colorado]] stated that it wanted students and teachers to rely on training instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/cu-news/ci_30001959/locks-all-classroom-doors-ucla-shooting-raises-concerns|title=Locks on all classroom doors? UCLA shooting raises concerns|work=Boulder Daily Camera|date=June 11, 2016|access-date=June 11, 2016|first=Sarah|last=Kuta}}</ref>

U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] was briefed about the shooting aboard [[Air Force One]], according to [[White House Press Secretary]] [[Josh Earnest]].<ref name=ChuckBlanksteinCarrero/>

On June 3, two days after the shooting, the gunman's car was discovered by a bicyclist, parked in a residential area in [[Culver City, California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/03/us/ucla-shooting/|title=UCLA shooting: Gunman's car found near Los Angeles|work=CNN|date=June 3, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2016|first1=Catherine E.|last1=Shoichet|first2=Joshua|last2=Berlinger|first3=Stella|last3=Chan}}</ref><ref name=KPCC>{{cite web|url=http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/06/03/61303/police-ucla-assailant-s-car-found-in-culver-city/|title=UCLA shooting update: Gun used in Minnesota, UCLA shootings appears to be the same|work=KPCC|date=June 3, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> located about six miles southeast of the UCLA campus. It contained multiple containers of gasoline and an additional handgun. Police theorized that the containers were used to refuel the car during the gunman's drive from Minnesota to Los Angeles.<ref name=BloomPascucci/> They also theorized that the gunman parked in Culver City, where he had lived at one time, and took a bus that he regularly used to get to UCLA during his attendance there. A bus transfer was found on his body.<ref name=KPCC/>

On June 8, a week after the shooting, UCLA announced the launch of a task force that would review the university's response to the incident, as well as a security analysis of the campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-shooting-university-idUSKCN0YU0AB|title=UCLA to launch task force and investigation into campus shooting|work=Reuters|date=June 8, 2016|access-date=June 8, 2016|first=Sharon|last=Bernstein}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/06/09/ucla-launches-task-force-on-campus-safety-after-shooting/|title=UCLA Launches Task Force On Campus Safety After Shooting|work=CBS Los Angeles|date=June 9, 2016|access-date=June 9, 2016}}</ref> The task force would later recommend "more frequent staff and student emergency-response training, more wardens to conduct emergency drills and a requirement that all faculty, staff and students provide cellphone numbers to the school so they could receive emergency-alert text messages."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ohio-state-attack-prompts-colleges-to-review-emergency-response-plans-1480605230|title=Ohio State Attack Prompts Colleges to Review Emergency-Response Plans|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=December 1, 2016|access-date=December 1, 2016|first1=Melissa|last1=Korn|first2=Kris|last2=Maher|first3=Douglas|last3=Belkin}}</ref> Two days later, on June 10, UCLA students and campus leaders also called for more research into the increase of gun violence in American schools, and announced its intention to create the UCLA Institute on Campus Violence. It will be a research center that would "utilize the university's research and public service capacity to study strategies to combat campus violence."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.com/social-affairs/20160610/ucla-students-plan-institute-on-gun-violence-dedicated-to-shooting-victim-william-klug|title=UCLA students plan institute on gun violence dedicated to shooting victim William Klug|work=Los Angeles Daily News|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=June 11, 2016|first=Joshua|last=Cain}}</ref>

==Victims==
===William Klug===
William Scott Klug (June 19, 1976{{snds}}June 1, 2016)<ref name=CBSLocal.Connected/><ref name=UCLAobit>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/william-klug-39-ucla-engineering-professor-whose-research-crossed-disciplines|title=William Klug, 39, UCLA engineering professor whose research crossed disciplines|publisher=UCLA Newsroom|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first=Alison|last=Hewitt}}</ref> was identified as the victim in the shooting at UCLA. He was a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering. He was married and had two children at the time of his death.<ref name=ChuckBlanksteinCarrero/> He was described by students as humble and easily approachable.<ref name=NBCChuck/> Colleagues said he had a strong Christian faith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/technology/article81279917.html|title=Friends remember UCLA shooting victim as 'gentle soul'|work=Miami Herald|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Amanda Lee|last1=Myers|first2=Christine|last2=Armario}}</ref>

Klug received an undergraduate degree at [[Westmont College]], a Christian [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts college]], in 1998, and master's degree and Ph.D. degrees at UCLA and the [[California Institute of Technology]], respectively.<ref name=ShoichetBerlingerChan/><ref name=SvrlugaBerman/> Klug joined the UCLA faculty in 2003, and headed the Klug Research Group, a research group studying the field of biomechanics, specifically "theoretical and computational biomechanics", of which Sarkar was a member while a doctoral student.<ref name=DailyBruin.Recount/><ref name=MargolinSoneKeneally/><ref name="Farrell">{{cite web|url=http://heavy.com/news/2016/06/william-klug-ucla-murder-suicide-june-1-victim-suspect-rip-dead/|title=William Klug: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|work=Heavy|date=June 1, 2016|access-date=June 1, 2016|last=Farrell|first=Paul}}</ref>

===Ashley Hasti===
Ashley Erin Hasti,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/what-we-know-about-ashley-hasti-minnesota-victim-of-ucla-shooter-mainak-sarkar/381681181/|title=What we know about Ashley Hasti, Minnesota victim of UCLA shooter Mainak Sarkar|work=Minneapolis Star Tribune|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603133902/http://www.startribune.com/what-we-know-about-ashley-hasti-minnesota-victim-of-ucla-shooter-mainak-sarkar/381681181/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarkar's estranged wife at the time of her murder, was found dead at her Brooklyn Park, Minnesota home. Police found a broken window at the home, which they believe Sarkar used to break into the house. Hasti was found the day following the shooting at UCLA after police in Los Angeles notified police in Minnesota of a note Sarkar left in his car asking authorities to check on his cat left at his home in St. Paul.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-shooting-university-idUSKCN0YP12R|title=UCLA gunman killed estranged wife before campus attack|work=Reuters|date=June 3, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref>

Hasti graduated from the [[University of Minnesota]] in 2008 with a bachelor's degree in Asian languages and literature.<ref name=WalshXiong/><ref name=NYPostLi/> She completed a post-baccalaureate pre-med program at [[Scripps College]] in [[Claremont, California]], from 2009 to 2010. During that time, she met Sarkar, and married him in 2011.<ref name="startribune.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/woman-shot-dead-in-brooklyn-park-death-linked-to-ucla-shooting/381659331/|title=Woman found dead in Brooklyn Park was married to UCLA shooter|publisher=[[Star Tribune]]|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>

At the time of her death, Hasti was a medical student at the [[University of Minnesota Medical School]], where she had been enrolled since 2012. A native of [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]], Hasti attended [[North Hennepin Community College]] from 2003 to 2006 on a part-time basis, and also took classes there from 2011 to 2012.<ref name="startribune.com"/> From 2011 to 2012, Hasti worked as a tutor at the community college.<ref name=HeavyCleary/>

==Perpetrator==
Mainak Sarkar, a former [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]] student of Klug's, was identified as the gunman on the day after the shooting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ucla-campus-shooting-victim-gunman-safety-protocols/|title=Details emerge about gunman, victim in UCLA murder-suicide|work=CBS News|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/06/02/gunman-identified-ucla-shooting/|title=Officials Identify Gunman In UCLA Shooting|publisher=CBS Local|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>

Sarkar was born and raised in [[Durgapur]], a city in the state of [[West Bengal]], India. In 1984, he enrolled in St. Michael's School, a local [[Mixed-sex education|co-education]], [[English-medium education|English-medium]] school. A schoolteacher working there described Sarkar as "an ordinary boy. Very quiet. Extremely well behaved and obedient. Never causing any trouble to anyone." The teacher also said that Sarkar left the school to attend the nearby Durgapur Bidhan Chandra Institute. From 2000 to 2001, he worked for eighteen months as a software developer at [[Infosys]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ucla-shooting-mainak-sarkar-remembered-as-good-student-in-his-hometown-2833413/|title=UCLA shooter Mainak Sarkar remembered as 'good student' in his hometown of Durgapur|work=The Indian Express|date=June 3, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2016|first=Esha|last=Roy}}</ref>

According to sources and his now-deactivated [[LinkedIn]] profile, Sarkar graduated from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] in [[West Bengal]], India, in 2000 with an undergraduate degree in aerospace engineering. He then traveled to the U.S. in 2001 on a [[Visa (document)|student visa]] to pursue graduate studies. He first attended [[Stanford University]] from 2003 to 2005, graduating with a master's degree in aeronautical and astronautical engineering. Sarkar then attended UCLA's engineering school from the fall of 2007 to the summer of 2013, graduating with a Ph.D. degree in [[solid mechanics]].<ref name=ChuckBlankstein/><ref name=MargolinSoneKeneally/><ref name=MatherWintonRochaWatanabe/><ref name="Kharagpur">{{cite news|title=IIT alumnus, disgruntled student: Who is UCLA gunman Mainak Sarkar?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/iit-alumni-disgruntled-student-who-is-ucla-gunman-mainak-sarkar/story-dyCATG886H8rsgXWhfWrEM.html|access-date=June 2, 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=June 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/what-we-know-about-mainak-sarkar-ucla-shooter/381683701/|title=What we know about Mainak Sarkar, UCLA shooter|work=The Star-Tribune|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|archive-date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603145313/http://www.startribune.com/what-we-know-about-mainak-sarkar-ucla-shooter/381683701/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=MatherWintonWatanabeHamilton2>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ucla-shooting-20160602-snap-story.html|title=An allegation of academic theft at heart of UCLA shooting|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Kate|last1=Mather|first2=Richard|last2=Winton|first3=Teresa|last3=Watanabe|first4=Matt|last4=Hamilton}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twincities.com/2016/06/03/what-we-know-about-ucla-shooter-mainak-sarkar/|title=What we know about UCLA shooter Mainak Sarkar|work=Twin Cities Pioneer Press|date=June 3, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> Professors at UCLA described him as a "quiet and reserved" man who would not greet them whenever he passed by, and stated that he left "little impression" in their classes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/ucla-gunman-mainak-sarkar-did-not-impress-in-class-indian-origin-professor-1415673|title=UCLA Gunman Mainak Sarkar Did Not Impress In Class: Indian-Origin Professor|work=NDTV|date=June 5, 2016|access-date=June 5, 2016}}</ref>

Sarkar became a permanent U.S. resident in May 2014.<ref name=MatherWintonWatanabeHamilton2/> He lived in [[Culver City, California|Culver City]] while attending UCLA,<ref name=KPCC/> but sometime after graduating from the university, he moved to [[Minnesota]].<ref name=SvrlugaBerman>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/06/02/ucla-shooting-suspect-and-victim-a-professor-identifed-in-murder-suicide/|title=UCLA attack: Gunman who shot former professor had 'kill list,' connected to second death in Minnesota, police say|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Susan|last1=Svrluga|first2=Mark|last2=Berman}}</ref>

At some point after his relocation to the U.S., Sarkar briefly worked as a research assistant at the [[University of Texas at Arlington]] and as a software developer. After graduating from UCLA, he had been employed remotely as an engineering analyst for a rubber company in [[Ohio]]. In August 2014, he left his job, according to a former coworker.<ref name=MatherWintonRochaWatanabe/><ref name=MatherWintonWatanabeHamilton2/><ref name=IBTMindock/>

===Relationship with victims===
Sarkar maintained a personal blog called "''thelongdarktunnel''", which has since been deleted.<ref name=ChuckBlanksteinCarrero/> For months, he had been making hostile comments about Klug on social media, according to ''The Los Angeles Times''. At one point, he called Klug a "very sick person" and accused him of stealing his computer code and giving it to another student.<ref name=ChuckBlanksteinCarrero>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ucla-professor-victim-apparent-murder-suicide-n584056|title=Police Identify UCLA Shooter in Murder-Suicide as Mainak Sarkar|work=NBC News|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Chuck|first2=Andrew|last2=Blankstein|first3=Jacquellena|last3=Carrero}}</ref><ref name=APAL>{{cite web|url=http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2016/06/who_was_mainak_sarkar_ucla_sho.html|title=Who was Mainak Sarkar? UCLA murder-suicide shooter identified|publisher=Alabama Live|agency=Associated Press|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first=Ivana|last=Hrynkiw}}</ref><ref name=MatherWintonRochaWatanabe>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-mainak-sarkar-ucla-20160602-snap-story.html|title=UCLA gunman planned to kill two professors, but could find only one, police say|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Kate|last1=Mather|first2=Richard|last2=Winton|first3=Hailey|last3=Branson-Potts|first4=Matt|last4=Hamilton}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/06/01/police-check-reports-shooter-ucla/85245782/|title=Gunman in UCLA murder-suicide was victim's former student|work=USA Today|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Chris|last1=Woodyard|first2=Matt|last2=Krantz|first3=Bill|last3=Keveney}}</ref> UCLA denied the accusation through a police official, who said, "This is the workings of his imagination."<ref name=ShoichetBerlingerChan>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/02/us/ucla-shooting/|title=UCLA shooting: Gunman's wife found dead in Minnesota|work=CNN|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first1=Catherine E.|last1=Shoichet|first2=Joshua|last2=Berlinger|first3=Stella|last3=Chan}}</ref> Previously, however, he was listed in 2010 as Klug's teaching assistant in a mechanical and aerospace engineering class,<ref name=APAL/> and had expressed gratitude to him in his doctoral dissertation; Klug was listed as his adviser in it.<ref name=SvrlugaBerman/><ref name=IBTMindock>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/who-mainak-sarkar-ucla-murder-suicide-shooter-identified-engineering-graduate-student-2377188|title=Who Is Mainak Sarkar? UCLA Murder-Suicide Shooter Identified As Engineering Graduate Student|work=International Business Times|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first=Clark|last=Mindock}}</ref> He was also one of six doctoral students involved in the Klug Research Group, a computational [[biomechanics]] research group organized by Klug, which developed "continuum and multiscale methods to understand the mechanics of biological structures from the molecular and cellular scales upward," according to the group's website.<ref name=DailyBruin.Recount/><ref name=CBS.Wife>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ucla-gunman-mainak-sarkar-kill-list-woman-dead-minnesota-los-angeles-police/|title=Wife of UCLA shooter found dead along with "kill list"|work=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|date=June 2, 2016|accessdate=June 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Farrell"/> According to a source familiar with Sarkar and Klug's relationship, Sarkar had struggled with mental health problems such as depression, which compromised his work at UCLA.<ref name=MatherWintonWatanabeHamilton2/>

Sarkar was linked to another murder in [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota]]; this victim, a woman later identified as Ashley Hasti, was found shot to death in her residence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-la-mainak-sarkar-ucla-shooter-20160602-snap-story.html|title=For UCLA shooter Mainak Sarkar, sudden rage after years of intense academic studies|last1=Hamilton|first1=Matt|date=2016-06-03|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-06-29|last2=Watanabe|first2=Teresa|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|last3=Winton|first3=Richard}}</ref> Sarkar met and dated Hasti while both were living in California.<ref name=HeavyCleary>{{cite web|url=http://heavy.com/news/2016/06/ashley-hasti-mainak-sarkar-minnesota-girlfriend-ucla-gunman-photos-pictures-facebook-kill-list/|title=Ashley Hasti: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|work=Heavy|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first=Tom|last=Cleary}}</ref> According to the [[Hennepin County, Minnesota]] Clerk's Office, Sarkar and Hasti married on July 14, 2011, but at the time of the murder, they were known to have been living separately for some time.<ref name=CBSLocal.Connected>{{cite web|url=http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2016/06/02/minnesota-woman-connected-to-ucla-shooter/|title=LAPD: Woman Found Dead In Minnesota Connected To UCLA Shooter|work=CBS Minnesota|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name=MatherWintonWatanabeHamilton2/> Hasti's grandmother described Sarkar as being polite and reserved, but unable to handle Hasti teasing him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/ucla-killer-mainak-sarkar-turned-violent-despite-foundation-for-success-1415436|title=UCLA Killer Mainak Sarkar Turned Violent Despite Foundation For Success|publisher=NDTV|agency=Associated Press|date=June 4, 2016|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref> Police believe Hasti had been dead for "maybe a couple of days" when the shooting at UCLA occurred.<ref name=ChuckBlankstein/><ref name=WalshXiong/><ref name=MatherWintonRochaWatanabe/> Sarkar is believed to have gained entry into Hasti's home by breaking a window.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ucla-holds-vigils-professor-investigators-sort-shooting-101218136.html|title=UCLA gunman killed estranged wife before campus attack|publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=Reuters|date=June 3, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2016|first=Alex|last=Dobuzinskis}}</ref>

Police found a "kill list" at Sarkar's home in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]], which named Hasti and Klug as well as another UCLA professor who remains unidentified but is stated to be "alright" by a police official.<ref name=ChuckBlankstein/><ref name=WalshXiong/><ref name=MatherWintonRochaWatanabe/> This professor, who had been aware of Sarkar's issues with him, was later confirmed to have been off campus at the time of the shooting.<ref name=MargolinSoneKeneally/>

===Weapons===
After killing Hasti, Sarkar is believed by police to have equipped himself with two legally-purchased [[handgun]]s, along with several rounds of ammunition and [[Magazine (firearms)|magazines]], and driven from his home to Los Angeles to commit Klug's murder.<ref name=ChuckBlankstein/><ref name=MargolinSoneKeneally/><ref name=WalshXiong/> A police official said of his weaponry, "He was certainly prepared to engage multiple victims".<ref name=NYPostLi>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2016/06/02/woman-on-ucla-shooters-kill-list-found-dead-in-minnesota/|title=Woman on UCLA shooter's 'kill list' found dead in Minnesota|work=New York Post|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first=David K.|last=Li}}</ref> Ballistic tests indicated Klug and Hasti were both killed by the same handgun. A search of Sarkar's Minnesota apartment recovered more ammunition and a ballistic vest, alongside other items.<ref name=KPCC/>

==Reactions==
Klug was memorialized in a tweet posted by [[Lieutenant Governor of California|California Lieutenant Governor]] [[Gavin Newsom]], who called him an "empathetic, brilliant teacher".<ref name=NBCChuck>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/slain-ucla-professor-william-klug-was-father-two-brilliant-teacher-n584496|title=Slain UCLA Professor William Klug Was a Father of Two, 'Brilliant' Teacher|work=NBC News|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016|first=Elizabeth|last=Chuck}}</ref> On the day after the shooting, UCLA hosted a candlelight vigil, attended by hundreds, including the Mayor of Los Angeles, [[Eric Garcetti]].<ref name="ktlavigil">{{cite news|last1=Hawkins|first1=Kirk|title=L.A. Mayor, University Chancellor Among Hundreds Attending Somber Vigil at UCLA|url=http://ktla.com/2016/06/03/l-a-mayor-university-chancellor-among-hundreds-attending-somber-vigil-at-ucla/|access-date=June 3, 2016|work=KTLA 5|date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> UCLA established a support fund for Klug's family on June 7.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-establishes-fund-for-family-of-slain-faculty-member-william-klug|title=UCLA establishes fund for family of slain faculty member William Klug|work=UCLA Newsroom|date=June 7, 2016|access-date=June 8, 2016|first=Bill|last=Kisliuk}}</ref>

Media outlets in India noted some similarities between Sarkar's killings and a 1969 murder case at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where student [[Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California#History|Prosenjit Poddar]] "misconstrued a friendship with an American girl as an abiding commitment to a relationship, and murdered her in a fit of madness."<ref name="Chatterjee 2016">{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Gouri|title=UCLA shooting: Answers to Mainak Sarkar mystery may lie in Prosenjit Poddar's story|work=The First Post|date=June 3, 2016|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/ucla-shooting-answers-to-mainak-sarkar-mystery-may-lie-in-prosenjit-poddars-story-2815358.html|accessdate=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UCLA Shooter Mainak Sarkar Deserves A Film. Here's Why.|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/ucla-shooter-mainak-sarkar-deserves-a-film-heres-why-1416152|access-date= June 8, 2016 |quote=An old student comes back to his alma mater and murders his PhD guide, shortly after killing his former wife. Can it get more bizarre? Some 50 years ago, there was a similar case involving Prosenjit Poddar, like Sarkar an IIT Kharagpur alumnus who went to the United States for higher studies. Poddar went to the University of California at Berkeley, misconstrued a friendship with an American girl as an abiding commitment to a relationship, and murdered her in a fit of madness.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of homicides in California]]
* [[List of school shootings in the United States by death toll]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{UCLA}}
{{School shootings in the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:UCLA shooting, 2016}}
[[Category:2016 in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:2016 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in 2016]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in California]]
[[Category:History of the University of California, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Intellectual property law]]
[[Category:June 2016 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:Murder in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Murder in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Murder–suicides in California]]
[[Category:School shootings in California]]
[[Category:University and college shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Uxoricides in the United States]]
[[Category:Violence against women in California]]

New Horizon College of Engineering

2026-01-13T18:20:11Z

Infycle Technologies: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|College in Bangalore, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = New Horizon College of Engineering
| image = File:New Horizon College of Engineering logo.png
| other_name = NHEI, NHCE
| image_alt = New Horizon Educational Institution
| caption =
| image_size = 240px
| established = {{Start date|2001}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| parent = New Horizon Educational Institution
| chairman = Dr.Mohan Manghnani
| principal =
| academic_staff = 1000+
| students = 7500+
| address = New Horizon Knowledge Park, Ring Road, Bellandur Post, near Marathahalli
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| postalcode = 560103
| country = India
| language = English
| academic_affiliations =
| website = {{URL|https://newhorizoncollegeofengineering.in/}}
}}
[[File:NHCE Campus.jpg|thumb|NHCE Campus]]
[[File:NHCE Campus pic 2.jpg|alt=|thumb|NHCE Campus]]
The '''New Horizon College of Engineering (NHCE)''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[engineering college]] located near Marathahalli, in [[Bangalore]], India. Established in 2001, the college is part of the New Horizon Educational Institution which was established in 1970.

In 2024, the College was ranked between 151 and 200 in Engineering according to the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Rankings 2024: Engineering (Rank-band: 151-200) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking200.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework Ministry of Education Government of India}}</ref> It is accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade and [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rotti |first=Jolad |date=2013-05-12 |title=Karnataka Engineering Colleges Ratings 2013 |url=https://www.karnataka.com/education/engg/karnataka-engineering-colleges-ratings-2013/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Karnataka.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NHCE Bangalore: Courses, Admission 2025, Cutoff, Fees, Placements, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/colleges/new-horizon-college-of-engineering-bangalore |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=@careers360 |language=en}}</ref> The New Horizon College of Engineering affiliated to [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] (VTU), approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and University Grants Commission (UGC).

Each year, New Horizon College of Engineering hosts Sargam Fest, a National Level inter collegiate cultural festival for students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get Ready for Sargam Cultural Festival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/Sep/09/get-ready-for-sargam-cultural-festival-811788.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spotlight on quirky themes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/spotlight-quirky-themes-2217202 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, several students were arrested after allegedly chanting pro-Pakistan slogans at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-19 |title=Bengaluru cops book two students for saying Pakistan Zindabad at college fest |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bengaluru-cops-book-two-students-saying-pakistan-zindabad-college-fest-170122 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Bengaluru College Students Chant "Pakistan Zindabad", Suspended |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/video-new-horizon-college-of-engineering-in-bengaluru-suspends-3-students-over-pakistan-zindabad-slogan-3535002 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, the College came into controversy after a student was required to pay four years off tuition fees in advance in order to have original documents returned after they were sent to the university for consideration of admission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Merlin |date=2014-10-07 |title=College Demands 4 Years' Fees for Student's Documents |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/Oct/07/college-demands-4-years-fees-for-students-documents-668938.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Bangalore Urban District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum later termed the move as "blackmail" of students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forum takes to task colleges that blackmail students |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/forum-takes-task-colleges-705815.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, the College lost a lawsuit brought by the student for withholding their original documents, preventing them from pursuing studies elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subbaiah |first=N. Shivani |date=2018-11-22 |title=Medical student wins legal battle against Bengaluru engineering college |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/Nov/22/medical-student-wins-legal-battle-against-bengaluru-engineering-college-1901597.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, the College came under suspicion for a seat-blocking scheme for the 2024-2025 academic year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=Seat-blocking scam: Bengaluru police issue notices to three engineering colleges |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/seat-blocking-scam-police-issue-notices-three-engineering-colleges-9717718/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka government suspects 2,348 engineering seats blocked; notice to students |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-government-suspects-2348-engineering-seats-blocked-notice-to-students-3246148 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-13 |title=Karnataka engineering seat blocking scam: FIR booked against IP addresses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/engineering-seat-blocking-scam-fir-booked-against-ip-addresses/article68865323.ece |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=Seat-blocking scam: Enforcement Directorate seizes Rs 1.4 crore unaccounted cash from Bengaluru colleges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/seat-blocking-scam-enforcement-directorate-seizes-rs-1-4-crore-unaccounted-cash-from-bengaluru-colleges/articleshow/122167246.cms |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The College was alleged to use student's login information to sell study positions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goudar |first=Mahesh M. |date=2024-11-21 |title=Karnataka engineering colleges accused of misusing students' login info to sell seats |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/news/karnataka-engineering-colleges-accused-of-misusing-students-login-info-to-sell-seats/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> and for money laundering.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 28, 2025 |title=Bengaluru colleges sold engineering seats for cash: ED raids 17 locations, seizes ₹1.37 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluru-colleges-sold-engineering-seats-for-cash-ed-raids-17-locations-seizes-rs-1-37-crore-101751121372525.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-12 |title=Engineering seat blocking scam: Minister seeks police report on possible role of colleges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/engineering-seat-blocking-scam-minister-seeks-police-report-on-possible-role-of-colleges/article69567357.ece |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In June 2025, the college, along with Akash Institute of Engineering and Technology and [[B.M.S. College of Engineering|BMS College of Engineering]] were raided by officials at the Enforcement Directorate.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-06-25 |title=Engineering seat blocking scam: ED raids engineering colleges in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ed-raids-engineering-colleges-in-bengaluru-in-connection-with-seat-blocking-scam-bms-college-akash-institute-of-engineering-and-technology-new-horizon-college/article69735098.ece |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-29 |title=ED raids 17 locations in seat-blocking scam investigation in Bengaluru |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2025/Jun/29/ed-raids-17-locations-in-seat-blocking-scam-investigation-in-bengaluru |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering Seat Blocking Scam: ED Finds Money Laundering Evidence in Bengaluru Colleges |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/engineering-seat-blocking-scam-ed-unearths-incriminating-documents-related-to-money-laundering-3607212 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> As of July 2025, the Karnataka state government has not approved further seat enhancements for the college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seat Scam Fallout: Govt Withholds NOC for BMS, New Horizon Engineering Colleges |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/no-govt-nod-for-seat-enhancement-pleas-of-two-pvt-engg-colleges-3607306 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2025, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] conducted raids on multiple private engineering colleges, including New Horizon, in connection with a seat-blocking investigation. However, in subsequent proceedings, the [[Karnataka High Court]] recorded that no charge sheet had been filed against New Horizon College of Engineering in relation to the case.<ref>{{cite web |title=IN THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA AT BENGALURU DATED THIS THE 17TH DAY OF JUNE, 2025 |url=https://judiciary.karnataka.gov.in/judgment_download.php?data=MEQ5MWlaR0xmZ0doM1FGSEVISkwrc01hd0tDam9JUVRsTHdXL09nUzhIaz0=}}</ref>

In August 2025, the High Court further held that the college was not named as an accused in the charge sheet and therefore quashed the State Government’s refusal to grant approval for increased student intake and new courses, directing the authorities to issue the necessary No Objection Certificate (NOC).<ref>{{cite web |title=IN THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA AT BENGALURU DATED THIS THE 1ST DAY OF AUGUST, 2025 |url=https://judiciary.karnataka.gov.in/judgment_download.php?data=bHlLd2JuQ1pIdnB3RkllYTVIY210dEtOSjZXNENJVjBwL2tZZzF3N1huWT0=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Karnataka]]

Manohar Elavarthi

2025-12-09T15:56:21Z

Infycle Technologies: Starting a article w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian human rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Manohar Elavarthi''' (born 4 September 1971) is a human rights activist<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-05 |title=Azad's comments on gays sparks outrage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/azads-comments-on-gays-sparks-outrage/articleshow/9115043.cms |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> who has been working for LGBTQ+ rights for over two decades. He is the founder of [[Sangama (human rights group)|Sangama]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-18 |title=Fights to create safer space for sexual minorities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/fights-to-create-safer-space-for-sexual-minorities/articleshow/9263215.cms |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a sexual minorities and [[sex workers' rights]] organisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sukhdeep |date=2012-11-01 |title=A Political Turn |url=https://www.gaylaxymag.com/exclusive/a-political-turn/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Gaylaxy Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> He also founded or headed rights-based [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] like Aneka, Suraksha, Solidarity Foundation and Sanchaya Nele.

== Early life ==
Manohar was born in [[Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He attended school in Gyarampalle, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narrain |first=Arvind |title=Many people, many sexualitie: A personal journey. In Because I have a voice |publisher=Yoda Press, New Delhi |year=2009 |pages=107–114 |language=English}}</ref>

== Advocacy ==
He supported the formation of independent advocacy-focused community organisations like the Karnataka Sexual Minorities Forum,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-12 |title=Transgender voters in Karnataka double in 5 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/transgender-voters-in-karnataka-double-in-5-years/articleshow/62030534.cms |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the Karnataka Sex Workers Union and Karnataka Vikalachethanara Sanghatane, an organisation of persons with disabilities in [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura District]]. Along with [[Shubha Chacko]], he nurtured and built Sangama, Aneka and Solidarity Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2012 |first1=Jayanthi |last1= Madhukar|title=Support for sexual minorities |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/support-for-sexual-minorities/articleshow/21257016.cms |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

He is involved in advocacy for the health rights<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-07 |title=Rapid survey highlights lack of access to free medicines in Karnataka government hospitals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/rapid-survey-highlights-lack-of-access-to-free-medicines-in-government-hospitals/article67168721.ece |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of marginalised communities and mentored networks and platforms like South Asia Human Rights Association,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-29 |title=Development and Change for LGBT Indians, Nepalese |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/development-and-change-lgbt-indians-nepalese |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=blogs.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Coalition for Sexual Minorities and Sexworkers Rights (based in [[Bangalore]]), National Network of Sex Workers, Bangalore Citizens Initiative for Peace, Narmada Solidarity Forum, and popularised the Freedom Miles concept for Gender Justice and North-East Solidarity. In response to the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]], he organised a series of Freedom Miles<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Navya P. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Bengaluru protestors looking for deeper change |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/4789-bengaluru-protestors-against-violence-against-women-looking-for-long-term-change-4789 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |language=en-GB}}</ref> or public walks for women's safety in Bangalore. He was instrumental in Sangama taking up HIV prevention work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-14 |title='Equal medical care is our right too' |url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/equal-medical-care-our-right-too |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Governance Now |language=en}}</ref>

He was a member of the CCM-Global Fund (India Country Coordination Mechanism for The [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria|Global Fund to Fight AIDS]], Tuberculosis and Malaria) and served as its vice-chair for a term of two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://india-ccm.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CCM-Member.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106191952/https://india-ccm.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CCM-Member.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2024|website=india-ccm.in|title=CCM Members}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elavarthi, Manohar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]

Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team

2025-12-04T16:54:54Z

Infycle Technologies:

{{short description|Indian women's cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Arunachal Pradesh Women
| image =
| captain = Bengia Ritu
| founded = 2012
| ground =
| title1 = [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|WSODT]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy|WSTT]]
| title2wins = 0
}}

The '''Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team''' is a women's [[cricket]] team that represents the [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. They were formed in 2012, and have competed in the Indian women's domestic system since the 2018–19 season, in the [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] and the [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]].<ref name="team"/>

==History==
Arunachal Pradesh Women first played in 2012, in the BCCI Associate Members Women's Tournament, playing four matches, losing three with one match abandoned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/16/BCCI_Associate_Members_Womens_Tournament_2011-12.html |title=BCCI Associate Members Women's Tournament 2011/12 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> The team joined the full Indian domestic system ahead of the 2018–19 season, after an expansion of teams in Indian domestic cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-well-deserved-opportunity-for-northeastern-states-bihar-puducherry-to-exhibit-/313770 |title=A Well-Deserved Opportunity For Northeastern States, Bihar, Puducherry |work=Outlook India |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> In their first season, they competed in the [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|Senior Women's One Day League]], finishing 8th out of 9 in the Plate competition, and in the [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|Senior Women's T20 League]], finishing bottom of their group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/32/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2018-19.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2018/19 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/32/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2018-19.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2018/19 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>

The following season, 2019–20, Arunachal Pradesh finished bottom of the table in both the Plate competition of the [[2019–20 Senior Women's One Day League|Senior Women's One Day League]] and Group E of the [[2019–20 Senior Women's T20 League|Senior Women's T20 League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/33/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2019-20.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2019/20 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/33/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2019-20.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2019/20 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> The following season, 2020–21, with only the One Day League going ahead, Arunachal Pradesh again finished bottom of their group, losing all seven of their matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/34/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2020-21.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2020/21 Points Tables |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> They finished bottom of their group in both tournaments in 2021–22 as well as 2022–23.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/230/senior-womens-t20-trophy |title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy 2021/22 |publisher=BCCI |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/35/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2021-22.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2021/22 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2022-23.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2022/23 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/36/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2022-23.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2022/23 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref> Arunachal Pradesh have only ever won one match to date, a 34-run victory over [[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]] in the 2018–19 One Day League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1093/1093602.html |title=Arunachal Pradesh Women v Sikkim Women, 3 December 2018 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>

==Seasons==
===Women's Senior One Day Trophy===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings<ref name="team">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/19/19213/19213.html |title=Arunachal Pradesh Women |website=CricketArchive |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | P
! scope="col" | W
! scope="col" | L
! scope="col" | T
! scope="col" | NR
! scope="col" | NRR
! scope="col" | Pts
! scope="col" | Pos
|-
! scope="row" | [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|2018–19]]
| Plate
| 8 || 1 || 7 || 0 || 0 || –3.021 || 4 || 8th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2019–20 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2019–20]]
| Plate
| 9 || 0 || 9 || 0 || 0 || –2.655 || 0 || 10th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2020–21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2020–21]]
| Plate
| 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 0 || –2.180 || 0 || 7th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2021–22 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2021–22]]
| Plate
| 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 0 || –1.448 || 0 || 7th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2022–23]]
| Group B
| 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || –2.843 || 0 || 8th
| style="background: white;" |
|}

===Senior Women's T20 League===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings<ref name="team"/>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | P
! scope="col" | W
! scope="col" | L
! scope="col" | T
! scope="col" | NR
! scope="col" | NRR
! scope="col" | Pts
! scope="col" | Pos
|-
! scope="row" | [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|2018–19]]
| Group C
| 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 0 || −6.125 || 0 || 7th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2019–20 Senior Women's T20 League|2019–20]]
| Group E
| 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || −6.502 || 0 || 8th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2021–22 Women's Senior T20 Trophy|2021–22]]
| Plate
| 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 0 || –3.367 || 0 || 7th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior T20 Trophy|2022–23]]
| Group B
| 7 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 1 || –4.524 || 2 || 8th
| style="background: white;" |
|}

==See also==
* [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband

2025-10-03T21:17:09Z

Infycle Technologies: Done

{{short description|History of Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox convention
| name = Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband
| logo = Poster, Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
| image = Qari Abdul Basit & Indira Gandhi at Centenary Celebration Of Darul Uloom Deoband 1980.jpg
| image_size = 270
| alt = Black & White Image
| caption = At the beginning of the centennial conference, Egypt's Qari [[Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad]] recited from the Quran, with former Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]] in the background
| begins = {{start date|1980|03|21}}
| ends = {{end date|1980|03|23}}
| venue = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| location = Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.6982495|N|77.6760821|E|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| participants = 1.5 to 2 million
| area = {{Convert|100|ha}}
| patron = [[Government of India]]
| organised = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| website = {{URL|https://darululoom-deoband.com}}
}}
[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] is a [[Madrasa]] located in [[Saharanpur district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, established on 30 May 1866. Its centennial conference was held on 21, 22 and 23 March 1980. The conference was inaugurated by [[Abdallah Ben Abdel Mohsen At-Turki]], the representative of the [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian king]], and included Quran recitation by [[Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad]] from Egypt, an opening speech by the Madrasa's rector, [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi|Qari Muhammad Tayyib]], and a speech by the Indian Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]]. The conference concluded with a prayer by Qari Muhammad Tayyib and was broadcast live on the [[All India Radio]]. A 100 hectares area was prepared for the conference, with the number of participants ranging from 1.5 to 2 million, including 18,000 participants from outside the [[Indian subcontinent]]. In this gathering, more than ten thousand Madrasa graduates are awarded with honorary [[turban]]. In addition to supporting the [[Afghan mujahideen]], the conference also included several initiatives against the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Russian invasion in Afghanistan]] through the efforts of [[Minnatullah Rahmani]]. Alongside the main conference, a special seminar was organized to discuss the responsibilities and curriculum of the madrasa at Darul Hadith.

== Background ==
[[File:1980 Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg|thumb|Darul Uloom Deoband in 1980]]
In 1949, at a meeting in Darul Uloom Deoband, the centennial conference was proposed by [[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]] and [[Manzoor Nomani]] in the lifetime of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], the purpose was to send a message to the government about the importance of Darul Uloom Deoband in the aftermath of the [[Partition of India]]. Prior to this, such a conference had been held in undivided India in April 1910. Finally, decisions were made at the end of the meeting, and an office was opened for this purpose. However, this conference cannot be organized for various reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani |title=[[Karwan-e-Zindagi]] |publisher=Muhammad Brothers |year=2015 |isbn=978-984-91840-1-0 |volume=2 |location=Dhaka |pages=283 |language=bn}}</ref>

In 1975, the centennial celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband's sister institution, [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], was held. As a result of the event, the decisions of the Deoband Conference held on 21, 22, and 23 March 1980, were also widely publicized.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2015|p=279}} The governments of India and Pakistan provided special facilities for participants in the conference through an agreement. The [[Government of Pakistan]] arranged a special train from [[Lahore]] to [[Attock]], and the [[Government of India]] started a special train from [[Attock]] to [[Deoband]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usmani |first=Taqi |url=https://goonok.com/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/ |title=Muslim tourists in non-Muslim countries |publisher=Maktabatul Ashraf |year=2003 |isbn=984-8291-06-7 |location=Dhaka |pages=49 |language=bn |author-link=Taqi Usmani |access-date=13 February 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213204526/https://goonok.com/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the Government of India published a commemorative stamp.

== Venue ==
An area of one million square meters is prepared for this conference. The area of the [[pandal]] was 6 [[lakh]] square feet. The stage is 10 feet high and 150x150 feet wide. There are 400 guests on the stage and 150 journalist chairs on both sides.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband1981VolumeTwo |title=History of Dar al-Ulum Deoband |date=1981 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |edition=1st |volume=2 |location=Darul Uloom Deoband |pages=357 |language=English |translator=Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi |oclc=20222197}}</ref> The gathering place starts from the western rail line and goes to the garden two and a half miles away in the east. GT Road is the northern boundary and Eidgah is the southern boundary. Camps are set up outside for incoming guests. Separate camps are set up for guests from each area, and boards are placed with the names of each area. Hand pumps are installed every three hundred yards for water. The food stalls are located in the north. Three lakh people sit under the [[shamiana]], and the same amount of space is left outside the shamiana as an open field. The camps for those who stay overnight are behind them.{{Sfn|Usmani|2003|p=49}}

== General Session ==
=== First session ===
[[File:Left view Indira Gandhi at Centenary Celebration Of Darul Uloom Deoband 1980.jpg|thumb|Audience with [[Indira Gandhi]] at Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
On 21 March 1980, the first session began at 2:00 pm after [[Friday prayer|Jumma prayer]]. A running commentary of this first session was broadcast by [[All India Radio]], New Delhi.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=361}} [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia]], King of Saudi Arabia's special representative, and delegation leader [[Abdallah Ben Abdel Mohsen At-Turki]] from Saudi Arabia were the chairman of this inaugural session. Kuwait's [[Kuwait Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs|Minister of Awqaf]] Yusuf Al-Hadji inaugurated it. Six representative teams from Saudi Arabia participated in the event. While one representative from the Saudi Arabian government was nominated by King Khalid, the other five representative teams were formed with significant personalities from international organizations and universities, including Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd]] who sent a message. Representatives from Jordan's King, Oman's Sultan, Egypt's President Sadat (led by Kuwait's Minister Abdul Al-Munim Al-Namareh), Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Sri Lanka, and Nepal also participated in the event. A delegation from the Islamic organizations of the United Kingdom and Syed Ehtesham Qazimi from the United States also attended. The first session of this general session was inaugurated by the recitation of Quran by renowned contemporary reciter [[Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad]].{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=361–365}}

=== Second session ===
[[File:Representative Of Kuwait at Centenary Celebration Of Darul Uloom Deoband 1980.jpg|thumb|Representative of [[Kuwait]] at Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
The second session started at 9 pm on March 21 and ended at 1 am. The session began after recitation of the Quran. Yusuf Al-Hadji, the Minister of Awqaf of the Kuwaiti government, chaired the session, and [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] was the co-chair.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=365–367}}

=== Third session ===
On the next day, March 22, the program of the third session started at 9am and ended at 1:30pm. The vice-chancellor of [[Islamic University of Madinah]], Abdullah Al-Jayed, was a bit late for the session and until his arrival, the chairman of the session was [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]. The program started with Quran recitation. In this session, the written statement of the President of India, [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], was read out by [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi|Qari Muhammad Tayyib]]. Then the Chief Minister of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [[Mufti Mehmood]], gave a speech. Afterwards, a written statement of the President of Pakistan, [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], was read out.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=367–370}}

=== Forth session ===
[[File:Abdul Basit Abdul Samad at Centenary Celebration Of Darul Uloom Deoband 1980.jpg|thumb|[[Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad]] at Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
The program of the fourth session started at 3 pm on 22 March. In this session, [[Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad]] recited the Quran for one and a half hours.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=370–371}}

=== Fifth session ===
The fifth session began at 9 pm on 22 March and ended at 12:30 am. Maulana Golamullah chaired this session.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=371–372}}

=== Sixth session ===
[[File:Audience and Qari Tayeb at Centenary Celebration Of Darul Uloom Deoband 1980.jpg|thumb|Audience and [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi|Qari Muhammad Tayyib]] at Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
On 23 March at 8:30 PM, the sixth and final session began, which ended at 1:30 PM. The program started with recitation of the Quran. Several people recited poetry, expressing their admiration for the success of the centennial conference and the historic service of Darul Uloom Deoband. Speakers included [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi|Qari Muhammad Tayyib]] and [[Asad Madani]]. A representative from [[Russia]] issued a statement, and India's former Deputy Prime Minister [[Jagjivan Ram]] was also a speaker.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=372–375}}

== Special seminar ==
[[File:Darul Uloom Deoband 1980.jpg|thumb|Darul Hadith, Darul Uloom Deoband in 1980]]
During the centennial celebration, a special seminar was arranged at Darul Uloom's Darul Hadith. The subject of the seminar was religious madrasas and their responsibilities in the current era, including the curriculum. Two sessions were held with [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]] and [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] as the chairmen. The first session began at 3 pm on 22 March. and the second session started after the evening prayer. [[Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi]] conducted the program.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=385}}{{Sfn|Usmani|2003|p=55}}

== Aftermath ==
After the centenary celebration conference, disagreements arose between the rector of Darul Uloom Deoband, [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi|Qari Muhammad Tayyib]], and Majlis-e Shura, the management committee of the madrasa. As part of the opposition, Muhammad Tayyib announced the dissolution of the madrasa's constitution and the management committee in a general meeting in [[Delhi]] and formed an ad hoc committee. In contrast, a few of Muhammad Tayyib's followers established a parallel madrasa in the Jamia Masjid of Deoband, which is now known as [[Darul Uloom Waqf]]. The accumulated funds of Darul Uloom were frozen. Muhammad Tayyib died on July 17, 1983.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2015|p=289}}

[[File:Indira Gandhi at Centenary Celebration Of Darul Uloom Deoband in 1980.jpg|thumb|[[Indira Gandhi]] at Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
In this conference, Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi participated in the first session. Criticism was focused on the participation of a female prime minister in an Islamic conference. Pakistani Islamic scholar [[Taqi Usmani]] wrote in his book titled "Muslim Tourists in Non-Muslim Countries" that,{{Cquote|Indira Gandhi's participation in this gathering was undoubtedly a tragic incident. However, initially the news was completely misleading and provocative in that it was reported that she had started the conference. The actual incident was that she participated in the gathering as a regular speaker. Her presence was not at the behest of the administrators of Darul Uloom. Rather, her presence was due to her own decision.
| source = {{Sfn|Usmani|2003|p=51}}
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
* [[Bibliography of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|n=no}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Islamic conferences]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:1980 conferences]]
[[Category:International conferences in India]]
[[Category:March 1980 in India]]
[[Category:1980 in India]]
[[Category:1980 in Islam]]

Samson Singh Kumam

2025-09-27T22:35:51Z

Infycle Technologies:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1984)}}
{{Meitei name|Kumam|Samson|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Samson Singh
| image =
| fullname = Samson Singh Kumam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|6|2}}
| birth_place = [[Moirang, Manipur]], India
| currentclub = N/A
| clubnumber =
| height = {{height|m=1.73}}
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| years1 = 20??–2012
| clubs1 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| caps1 = 35
| goals1 = 12
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Samson Singh Kumam''' ({{langx|mni|Kumam Samson Singh}}, born 2 June 1984) is an Indian [[association football|football]] player. He played for [[Salgaocar FC]], [[Air India FC]] in the [[I-League]] in India as a striker.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-09/top-stories/27896200_1_samson-singh-bimal-ghosh-soccor-velho|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131122154140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-09/top-stories/27896200_1_samson-singh-bimal-ghosh-soccor-velho|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2013|title=Air India beat JCT, jump to second place|date=9 November 2008|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/21119/samson-singh

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Samson}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Air India FC players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Imphal]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]

{{India-footy-forward-stub}}

Gurbachan Singh

2025-09-26T14:35:39Z

Infycle Technologies: added references

{{Short description|Religious figure and third Guru of the Sant Nirankari mission}}
{{Distinguish|Gurbachan Singh Manochahal|Gurbachan Singh Salaria}}
{{For|the Indian Olympic athlete|Gurbachan Singh (athlete)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background = #0095DE
| religion = [[Sant Nirankari Mission]]
| name = Gurbachan Singh
| predecessor = Avtar Singh
| title = 3rd Satguru of Sant Nirankari Mission
| successor = [[Hardev Singh]]
| birth_date = 10 December 1930
| death_date = {{death date and age|1980|4|24|1930|12|10|df=yes}}
| father = Avtar Singh
| mother = Budhwanti
| spouse = Kulwant Kaur
| children = [[Hardev Singh]]
| image = Gurbachan Singh of the Sant Nirankari sect.png
| caption = Official portrait
| occupation = {{nowrap|Head of the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]]}} (1962–1980)
| honorific prefix = Satguru Baba
| honorific suffix = Ji Maharaj
| period = 1962-1980
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
'''Gurbachan Singh''' (10 December 1930 – 24 April 1980) was the third [[satguru]] of the [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankari]] mission,<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=SNM History – Baba Gurbachan Singh Ji |url=http://www.nirankari.com/history/hist4.htm |work=Sant Nirankari Mission |publisher=Sant Nirankari Mandal (Regd.) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |location=Delhi, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714184417/http://www.nirankari.com/history/hist4.htm |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> considered to be [[Heterodoxy|heterodox]] by mainstream [[Sikhs]].<ref name="Pritpal Singh Bindra">{{cite web |url=http://bindra.net/s-022.html |title=Nirankaris and Sant (Neo-)Nirankaris |author=Pritpal Singh Bindra |date=30 August 2009 |work=Essays on Sikhism |accessdate=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025013/http://bindra.net/s-022.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was born in [[Peshawar]] (modern-day Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Gurbachan Singh Ji Maharaj (10th Dec 1930- 24th April 1980) |url=https://www.nirankari.org/legacy/baba-gurbachan-singh-ji-maharaj-10th-dec-1930-24th-april-1980/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Sant Nirankari Mission |language=en-US}}</ref> He was declared next Satguru by his father and predecessor Baba Avtar Singh in 1962. He was assassinated in 1980 following a clash with [[Sikh]] fundamentalists.

== Early life ==

Gurbachan Singh was born to Avtar Singh and his wife Budhwanti. He completed his [[middle school]] education in Peshawar, and then matriculated from the Khalsa School in [[Rawalpindi]]. He had to abandon his higher studies due to the violence during the [[partition of India]] in 1947. He married Kulwant Kaur, the daughter of Bhai Manna Singh, 22 April 1947.

In 1947, the Singh family migrated from the present-day Pakistan to present-day India. Gurbachan Singh established an auto parts business, first in [[Jalandhar]] and then in [[Delhi]]. Later, he started taking interest in the congregations of his father.

Gurbachan Singh was declared as the next satguru by his father on 3 December 1962 at [[Paharganj]] in Delhi. At the two conferences of the mission in [[Mussoorie]] (1965 and 1973), he made important changes to the organisation and established a code of conduct.

== Clashes with orthodox Sikhs ==
{{Further|1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash}}
In 1978, the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]]<ref name="Articles, Poems and Plays">{{cite web |title=Articles, Poems and Plays – Montreal Branch |url=http://www.nirankari.com/montreal/articles.html |work=Sant Nirankari Mission |publisher=Sant Nirankari Mandal (Regd.) |accessdate=14 December 2010 |location=Delhi, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725131004/http://www.nirankari.com/montreal/articles.html |archive-date=25 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> from [[Delhi]] and other parts of the [[Indian sub-continent]] gathered a congregation at [[Amritsar]]. A clash would soon erupt between orthodox Sikh groups and the Sant Nirankaris, although the cause and instigator of the clash is disputed and unclear. The orthodox Sikhs had a negative perception of the Sant Nirankaris due to perceived "offences" committed against their religion, remarks made, and the Sant Nirankari practice of a ''dehdhari'' guru (living/physical human guru), which mainstream Sikhs ceased to follow since the death of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Brian2001" /><ref name="SATP">{{cite web |date=31 December 2001 |title=Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood – Psalms of Terror |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm |accessdate=13 December 2010 |work=South Asia Terrorism Portal |publisher=Institute for Conflict Management |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Furthermore, mainline Sikhs were vexed by the Sant Nirankari practice of devotees touching the feet of the Nirankari guru, Avtar Singh, in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singal |first=R. L. |title=Our Failures and Frustrations Since 1947 |publisher=Intellectual Publishing House |year=1995 |pages=82}}</ref> An SGPC white-paper authored by [[Kapur Singh Ghuman|Kapur Singh]] charges Avtar Singh with installing the Guru Granth Sahib on a lower platform than him, emulating Sikh practices, insulting the Sikh scripture, and a myriad of other issues which mainstream Sikhs interpreted very negatively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kapur |title=They Massacre Sikhs: A White Paper by the Sikh Religious Parliament (Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee) |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee |year=1978 |pages=16–25}}</ref> The SGPC claimed that the Sant Nirankari mission's aim was to absorb Sikhism into Hinduism and "mislead and beguile Sikhs", as part of a greater conspiracy orchestrated by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party. The central issue was that Sikhs believed Gurbachan Singh had elevated himself to a position of authority higher than the Sikh scripture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |title=What’s Happening to India?: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test for Federalism |date=Jul 27, 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349234103 |edition=2nd |pages=87–88}}</ref>

A few orthodox Sikhs of [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] and [[Damdami Taksal]] marched from the [[Harmandir Sahib|Darbar Sahib]] to protest the Nirankari congregation, whom they considered [[heterodox]]. In the [[1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash|resulting violence]], 15 individuals including thirteen Khalsa Sikhs and two Sant Nirankaris were killed.<ref name="Brian2001">{{cite book | author=Brian Keith Axel | title=The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora" | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC&pg=PA123 | accessdate=14 March 2013 | year=2001 | publisher=Duke University Press | isbn=978-0-8223-2615-1 | page=123 }}</ref> The [[Jatha]] leader [[Bhai Fauja Singh]] was also among the Sikhs killed.

On 25 September 1978, Gurbachan Singh arrived in [[Kanpur]]. A group of protesters arrived at the [[Nirankari Bhawan]] to protest against his presence.<ref name="All About Sikhs">{{cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/sikh-history-kanpur-massacre-1978.html |title=Sikh History:Kanpur Massacre 1978 |publisher=Gateway to Sikhism |accessdate=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206014831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/sikh-history-kanpur-massacre-1978.html |archive-date=6 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 28 September 1978, anticipating fresh trouble, the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]] barred Nirankari Chief Gurbachan Singh from entering [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] for six months. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] later rescinded the ban.<ref name="All About Sikhs" />

On 6 October 1978, a [[Hukamnama|Hukumnama]] by the [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht]] was issued, calling upon Sikhs to socially boycott the Nirankaris.<ref name="All About Sikhs" /> The Nirankaris claimed to have been attacked by "fanatics" and that ensuing criminal cases against Nirankaris were "false cases".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enlightening the World: MY EXPERIMENT WITH TRUTH - TRUTH BECOMES BITTER |url=https://www.nirankari.org/literature/books/enlightening_the_world/FromTheAuthor.htm |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=Nirankari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Master - AMRITSAR INCIDENT |url=https://www.nirankari.org/literature/books/great_master/great_master1.htm |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=Nirankari}}</ref>

== Death ==

In 1980, Ranjit Singh, a member of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, managed to obtain employment at the Nirankari headquarters in [[Delhi]] as a carpenter. On the evening of 24 April 1980, he waited with an automatic rifle in a room of the guest house. Ranjit Singh and his accomplice Kabal Singh shot Gurbachan Singh through a window when he returned from a public function at about 11pm for justice against the 28 Sikhs he killed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirankari head Baba Gurbachan Singh shot dead |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800515-nirankari-head-baba-gurbachan-singh-shot-dead-806668-2014-01-28 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Amandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KimgEAAAQBAJ&dq=gurbachan+singh+killed+ranjit+singh&pg=PT73 |title=Panjab: Journeys Through Fault Lines |date=2022-12-05 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-859-8 |language=en}}</ref> Ranjit Singh managed to escape. The [[First Information Report]] named twenty people for the murder, including several known associates of [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], who was also charged with conspiracy to commit murder.<ref name="Sikh Times">{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhtimes.com/bios_060604a.html |title=Biographies – Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: Five Myths |author=Puneet Singh Lamba |date=6 June 2004 |publisher=The Sikh Times |location=Toronto, Ontario |oclc=284842558 |accessdate=13 December 2010 |quote=After the assassination of the Nirankari leader Gurbachan Singh on April 24, 1980, Bhindranwale is universally acknowledged to have remarked that if he ever met Bhaii Ranjit Singh, the suspected killer, he would weigh him in gold (i.e. reward him with his weight in gold). }}</ref> Ranjit Singh surrendered in 1983, and was in jail for 13 years. In 1990, while still in [[Tihar Jail]], he was named the Akal Takht Jathedar,<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |title=Chandigarh: Brittle Peace |author=India Today The Nation [Newnotes] |author-link=India Today |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20101997/newsnot.html#peace |newspaper=India Today |publisher=India Today Group |location=New Delhi |issn=0254-8399 |oclc=2675526 |date=20 October 1997 |accessdate=13 December 2010 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034625/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20101997/newsnot.html#peace |url-status=dead }}</ref> and took over the post when he was released in 1996. According to a ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' report, Ranjit Singh said about the murder: "I have no regrets. I did it for the [[Panth]] (religion)."<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news|title=Sikh politics at a key turn |first=Vishal |last=Thapar |url=http://www.media-watch.org/articles/0299/307.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=HT Media Ltd |location=New Delhi |oclc=232114063 |date=14 February 1999 |accessdate=13 December 2010 |quote=Fundamentalism comes easy to Bhai Ranjit Singh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010926/http://www.media-watch.org/articles/0299/307.html |archive-date=11 March 2007 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> In 1997, the [[Delhi High Court]] upheld his conviction and cancelled the bail. Ranjit Singh refused to surrender. The government quickly ordered a remission of his remaining sentence to avoid a confrontation.<ref name="Indian Kanoon">{{cite court |litigants= Bhaii Ranjit Singh vs State |vol= |reporter= |opinion=1997 VAD Delhi 689, 69 (1997) DLT 188 |pinpoint= |court=Delhi High Court |date=3 October 1997 |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/319244/ |quote=(1) This is an appeal by the appellant Bhaii Ranjit Singh under Sub-section 2 of Section 374 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, against conviction by judgment dated 26th March, 1993 and order of sentence dated 27th March, 1993, passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, Delhi, in Sessions Case No. 33 of 1984. }}</ref><ref name="Frontline">{{cite journal |author=Frontline |author-link=Frontline (magazine) |date=15–28 November 1997 |title=A Jathedar is free |journal=Frontline |volume=14 |issue=23 |location=Chennai, Madras, India |publisher=Kasturi and Sons Ltd |issn=0970-1710 |oclc=12086614 |accessdate=13 December 2010 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1423/14231220.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008141646/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1423/14231220.htm |archive-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Gurbachan Singh was succeeded by his son [[Hardev Singh]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurbachan}}

[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian people]]
[[Category:People murdered in Delhi]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:20th-century religious leaders]]
[[Category:1980 murders in India]]

Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College

2025-09-18T12:40:08Z

Infycle Technologies: Starting initial article more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College
| image =
| image alt = 
| Caption = 
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| logo = 
| logo Size = 
| location = [[Kolenchery]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|9|58|57|N|76|28|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = Private
| parent = [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
| established = 2002
| closed = 
| website = [http://www.moscmm.org www.moscmm.org]
}}

'''Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College''' ('''MOSCMC''') is a private [[medical school]], located at [[Kolenchery]], in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mosccon.org/ |title=MOSC Kolenchery |publisher=Mosccon.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref>

==History==
[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] Medical Mission, a charitable institution registered under Travancore Cochin Literary, was established in 1970.<ref name =hist/>

The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College was established in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/viewdetails.php?college=TU1D |title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College, Kolencherry, Ernakulam: Estd:2002 |publisher=Cee.kerala.gov.in |accessdate=2015-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315121700/http://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/viewdetails.php?college=TU1D |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The college of nursing was established in 2006. It is managed by the M.O.S.C. Medical Mission.<ref name=hist>{{cite web |title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |website=demo.idynasite.com |url=http://demo.idynasite.com/mosc/nursing/history |access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref>

==Location==
The complex is spread over an extensive area of {{convert|35|acre|m2|adj=on}} and is located about 26 km east from the heart of [[Ernakulam|Ernakulam District Headquarters]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.moscmm.org Official website]

{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College, Kolencherry}}
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kolencherry]]
[[Category:Christian universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Kochi]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Private medical colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2002]]

List of Victoria Cross recipients of the Indian Army

2025-09-07T21:00:19Z

Infycle Technologies:

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[Image:Victoria Cross Medal without Bar.png|thumb|upright|right|The [[Victoria Cross]]|alt=A medal in the shape of a cross hanging from a crimson red ribbon.]]

The [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) was awarded to 153 members of the [[British Indian Army]] and civilians under its command, from 1857 until independence in 1947. The Victoria Cross is a [[military decoration]] awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of armed forces of some [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries and previous [[British Empire]] territories. It takes precedence over all other Orders, decorations and medals. It may be awarded to a person of any [[Military rank|rank]] in any service and to civilians under military command. The VC is traditionally presented to the recipient by the [[British monarchy|British monarch]] during an investiture at [[Buckingham Palace]], though in a large number of cases this was not possible and it was presented in the field by a prominent civil or military official. The VC was introduced in Great Britain on 29 January 1856 by [[Queen Victoria]] to reward acts of valour during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>Ashcroft, M, preface; XI–XIII</ref>

Indian troops were not originally eligible for the VC, because since 1837 they had been eligible for the [[Indian Order of Merit]]—the oldest British gallantry award for general issue. When the VC was created, Indian troops were still controlled by the [[British East India Company]], and did not come under Crown control until 1860. European officers and men serving with the East India Company were not eligible for the [[Indian Order of Merit]]; the VC was extended to cover them in October 1857. It was only at the end of the 19th century that calls for Indian troops to be awarded the VC intensified. Indian troops became eligible for the award in 1911.<ref>Parker 2005, p. 62.</ref> The first awards to Indian troops appeared in ''[[The London Gazette]]'' on 7 December 1914 to [[Darwan Singh Negi]] and [[Khudadad Khan]], whose gallantry on 31 October 1914 was nearly a month earlier than Negi's gallantry on 24/25 November.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28999|page=10425|date=4 December 1914}}</ref> Negi was presented with the VC by [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] two days earlier, on 5 December 1914, during a visit to troops in France. He is one of a small number of soldiers presented with his award before it appeared in the ''London Gazette''.<ref>Crook, MJ, Chapter 11. pp 117–125</ref>

There have been a total of 148 VC recipients who were serving with an Indian Army or Honourable East India Company (HEIC) unit. 63 VCs were awarded to British officers and men of the HEIC during the [[Anglo-Persian War]] (1856–1857) and the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. 33 VCs were awarded for action in various campaigns between the rebellion in 1857 and the First World War. 18 VCs were awarded for action in the [[First World War]], and 30 in the [[Second World War]]. In addition to these, 5 civilians under military command were awarded the VC.

==Recipients==

{{legend2|#e3d9ff|This along with the *, indicates that the Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name!!Unit!!Date of action!!Conflict!!Place of action
|-
|{{sortname|James|Adams|James Adams (chaplain)}}||[[Bengal Ecclesiastical Department]]||align="center"|1879||[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]||[[Killa Kazi]], [[Afghanistan]]
|-
|{{sortname|Robert|Adams|Robert Bellew Adams}}||[[Corps of Guides (British India)|Corps of Guides]]||align="center"|1897||[[Tirah Campaign]]||[[Swat (Pakistan)|Nawa Kili]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Frederick|Aikman|Frederick Robertson Aikman}}||004[[4th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Amethi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Robert|Aitken|Robert Hope Moncrieff Aitken}}||013[[13th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Michael|Allmand}}||[[British Indian Armoured Corps|Indian Armoured Corps]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1944*||[[Second World War]]||[[Pin Hmi Road Bridge]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Henry|Andrews|Henry John Andrews}}||[[Indian Medical Service]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1919*||[[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)]]||[[Waziristan]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Charles|Baker|Charles George Baker}}||[[45th Rattray's Sikhs|Bengal Police Battalion]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Suhejnee]], [[Bengal]]
|-
|{{sortname|Premindra|Bhagat|Premindra Singh Bhagat}}||[[Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners]]||align="center"|1941||[[Second World War]]||[[Metemma]], [[Ethiopia|Abyssinia]]
|-
|{{sortname|James|Blair|James Blair (VC)}}||002[[13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers|2nd Bombay Light Cavalry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Neemuch]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Guy|Boisragon|Guy Hudleston Boisragon}}||[[Indian Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1891||[[Hunza-Naga Campaign]]||[[Nilt Fort]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Francis|Brown|Francis David Millet Brown}}||001[[1st European Bengal Fusiliers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Narnoul]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Sam|Browne}}||046[[46th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Seerporah]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Bruce|William Arthur McCrae Bruce}}||059[[59th Scinde Rifles]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1914*||[[First World War]]||[[Givenchy]], [[France]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Buckley|John Buckley (soldier)}}||[[Commissariat Department (Bengal Establishment)|Commissariat Department]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Thomas|Butler|Thomas Adair Butler}}||001[[1st European Bengal Fusiliers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Thomas|Cadell|dab=VC}}||002[[Royal Munster Fusiliers|2nd European Bengal Fusiliers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Cafe|William Martin Cafe}}||056[[56th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Fort Ruhya]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Herbert|Carter|Herbert Augustine Carter}}||[[Poona Mounted Infantry]]||align="center"|1903||[[Fourth Somaliland Expedition]]||[[Sanaag|Jidballi]], [[Somaliland]]
|-
|{{sortname|George|Channer|George Nicolas Channer}}||[[Bengal Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1875||[[Perak War]]||[[Perak]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Chase|William St. Lucien Chase}}||028[[128th Pioneers|28th Bombay Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1880||[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]||[[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]
|-
|{{sortname|George|Chicken|George Bell Chicken}}||Indian Naval Brigade[[Naval Brigade|Indian Naval Brigade]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Peroo]], [[Bengal]]
|-
|{{sortname|Herbert|Clogstoun|Herbert Mackworth Clogstoun}}||019[[19th Madras Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1859||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Chichumbah]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Alexander|Cobbe}}||[[King's African Rifles]]||align="center"|1902||[[Third Somaliland Expedition]]||[[Erigo]], [[Somaliland]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Connolly|William Connolly (VC)}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Jhelum (city)|Jhelum]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Cook|John Cook (VC)}}||[[Bengal Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1878||[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]||[[Peiwar Kotal]], [[Afghanistan]]
|-
|{{sortname|Edmond|Costello|Edmond William Costello}}||022[[22nd Punjabis|22nd Punjab Infantry]]||align="center"|1897||[[Tirah Campaign]]||[[Siege of Malakand|Malakand]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Garrett|Creagh|O'Moore Creagh}}||[[Bombay Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1879||[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]||[[Kam Dakka]], [[Afghanistan]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Crimmin}}||[[Bombay Medical Service]]||align="center"|1889||[[Third Burmese War]]||[[Lwekaw]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Cubitt|William George Cubitt}}||013[[13th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Lucknow|Chinhut]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Arthur|Cumming|Arthur Edward Cumming}}||012[[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]||align="center"|1942||[[Second World War]]||[[Kuantan]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]]
|-
|{{sortname|Mir|Dast}}||055[[55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)]]||align="center"|1915||[[First World War]]||[[Ypres|Wieltje]], [[Belgium]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Daunt|John Charles Campbell Daunt}}||011[[11th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chota Behar]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Frank|de Pass|Frank Alexander de Pass}}||034[[34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1914*||[[First World War]]||[[Festubert]], [[France]]
|-
|{{sortname|Bernard|Diamond|Bernard Diamond (VC)}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Bolandshahr]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Fazal|Din}}||010[[10th Baluch Regiment]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1945*||[[Second World War]]||[[Meiktila]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Thomas|Duffy|Thomas Duffy (fusilier)}}||001[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|1st Madras European Fusiliers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|James|Dundas|dab=VC}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners|Bengal Engineers]]||align="center"|1865||[[Bhutan War]]||[[Bhutan|Dewan-Giri]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Richard|Fitzgerald|dab=VC}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Bolandshahr]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Andrew|Fitzgibbon}}||[[Indian Medical Service|India Medical Establishment]]||align="center"|1860||[[Third China War]]||[[Taku Forts]], [[China]]
|-
|{{sortname|George|Forrest|George Forrest (VC)}}||[[Bengal Veterans Establishment]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|George|Fosbery}}||004[[4th Bengal European Regiment]]||align="center"|1863||[[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)]]||[[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Yeshwant|Ghadge}}||005[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1944*||[[Second World War]]|| Upper [[Tiber Valley]], [[Italy]]
|-
|{{sortname|Gaje|Ghale}}||005[[5th Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1943||[[Second World War]]||[[Chin Hills]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Peter|Gill|Peter Gill (VC)}}||[[Loodiana Regiment]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Benares]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Charles|Goodfellow|Charles Augustus Goodfellow}}||[[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Engineers]]||align="center"|1859||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Kathiawar]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Hugh|Gough|Hugh Henry Gough}}||001[[1st Bengal European Light Cavalry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Alumbagh]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Charles|Gough|Charles John Stanley Gough}}||005[[5th Bengal European Cavalry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Khurkowdah]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Charles|Grant|Charles James William Grant}}||[[Indian Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1891||[[Manipur Expedition]]||[[Thobal]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Grant|John Duncan Grant}}||008[[8th Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1904||[[British expedition to Tibet]]||[[Gyantse|Gyantse Jong]], [[Tibet]]
|-
|{{sortname|Bhanbhagta|Gurung}}||002[[2nd Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1945||[[Second World War]]||[[Snowdon East]], [[Tamandu]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Lachhiman|Gurung}}||008[[8th Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1945||[[Second World War]]||[[Taungdaw]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Thaman|Gurung}}||005[[5th Gurkha Rifles]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1944*||[[Second World War]]||[[Monte San Bartolo]], [[Italy]]
|-
|{{sortname|Ali|Haidar|Ali Haidar (military)}}||013[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]||align="center"|1945||[[Second World War]]||[[Fusignano]], [[Italy]]
|-
|{{sortname|Rao Abdul|Hafiz Khan|Abdul Hafiz (VC)}}||009[[9th Jat Infantry]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1944*||[[Second World War]]||[[Imphal]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Walter|Hamilton|Walter Richard Pollock Hamilton}}||[[Corps of Guides (British India)|Corps of Guides]]||align="center"|1879||[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]||[[Futtehabad]], [[Afghanistan]]
|-
|{{sortname|Arthur|Hammond|Arthur George Hammond}}||[[Bengal Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1879||[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]||[[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
|-
|{{sortname|Hastings|Harington|Hastings Edward Harington}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|James|Hills}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Duncan|Home|Duncan Charles Home}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners|Bengal Engineers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Eustace|Jotham}}||051[[51st Sikhs]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1915*||[[First World War]]||[[Tochi Valley]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|James|Innes|James John McLeod Innes}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners|Bengal Engineers]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpore]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Namdeo|Jadhav}}||005[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]]||align="center"|1945||[[Second World War]]||[[Senio River]], [[Italy]]
|-
|{{sortname|Hanson|Jarrett|Hanson Chambers Taylor Jarrett}}||026[[26th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Baroun]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Edward|Jennings|Edward Jennings (VC)}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Karamjeet|Judge|Karamjeet Singh Judge}}||015[[15th Punjab Regiment]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1945*||[[Second World War]]||[[Meiktila]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Thomas|Kavanagh|Thomas Henry Kavanagh}}||[[Bengal Civil Service]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Richard|Keatinge|Richard Harte Keatinge}}||Bombay Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bombay Artillery]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Chundairee]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Kenny|William David Kenny}}||039[[39th Garhwal Rifles]]||align="center"|1920||[[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)]]||[[Kot Kai]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Kerr|William Alexander Kerr}}||024[[24th Bombay Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Kolapore]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Khudadad|Khan}}||129[[129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis]]||align="center"|1914||[[First World War]]||[[Hollebeke]], [[France]]
|-
|{{sortname|Shahamad|Khan}}||089[[89th Punjabis]]||align="center"|1916||[[First World War]]||[[Beit Ayeesa]], [[Mesopotamia]]
|-
|Lala[[Lala (VC)|Lala]]||041[[41st Dogras]]||align="center"|1916||[[First World War]]||[[El Orah]], [[Mesopotamia]]
|-
|{{sortname|Ganju|Lama}}||007[[7th Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1944||[[Second World War]]||[[Ningthoukhong]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Thomas|Laughnan}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Harry|Lyster|Harry Hammon Lyster}}||072[[72nd Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Calpee]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Donald|Macintyre|Donald Macintyre (VC)}}||[[Bengal Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1872||[[North-West Frontier (military history)|Looshai Expedition]]||[[Lalgnoora]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Hector|MacLean|Hector Lachlan Stewart MacLean}}||[[Corps of Guides (British India)|Corps of Guides]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1897*||[[Tirah Campaign]]||[[Swat (Pakistan)|Nawa Kili]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Patrick|Mahoney}}||001[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|1st Madras European Fusiliers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Mungulwar]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Malcolmson|John Grant Malcolmson}}||003[[The Poona Horse|3rd Bombay Light Cavalry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Anglo-Persian War]]||[[Khushab District|Khoosh-ab]], [[Persia]]
|-
|{{sortname|Ross|Mangles|Ross Lowis Mangles}}||[[Bengal Civil Service]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Arrah]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Arthur|Mayo|Arthur Mayo (naval officer)}}||Indian Naval Brigade[[Naval Brigade|Indian Naval Brigade]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Arrah]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Francis|Maxwell|Francis Aylmer Maxwell}}||[[Indian Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1900||[[Second Boer War]]||[[Korn Spruit]], [[South Africa]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|McDonell|William Fraser McDonell}}||[[Bengal Civil Service]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Arrah]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Hugh|McInnes}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|McGovern|John McGovern (soldier)}}||001[[1st Bengal Fusiliers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|James|McGuire|James McGuire (VC)}}||001[[1st Bengal Fusiliers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Charles|Melliss|Charles John Melliss}}||[[Indian Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1900||[[Third Ashanti Expedition]]||[[Obuasi|Obassa]], [[Ashanti Empire|Ashanti]]
|-
|{{sortname|Godfrey|Meynell}}||012[[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1935*||[[Second Mohmand Campaign]]||[[Mohmand]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|James|Miller|James Miller (VC 1857)}}||[[Bengal Ordnance Depot]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Futtehpore]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Arthur|Moore|Arthur Thomas Moore}}||003[[The Poona Horse|3rd Bombay Light Cavalry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Anglo-Persian War]]||[[Khushab District|Khoosh-ab]], [[Persia]]
|-
|{{sortname|Darwan|Negi|Darwan Singh Negi}}||039[[39th Garhwal Rifles]]||align="center"|1914||[[First World War]]||[[Festubert]], [[France]]
|-
|{{sortname|Gabbar|Negi|Gabbar Singh Negi}}||039[[39th Garhwal Rifles]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1915*||[[First World War]]||[[Neuve Chapelle]], [[France]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Olpherts}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|James|Park|James Park (VC)}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Everard|Phillipps|Everard Aloysius Lisle Phillipps}}||011[[11th Bengal Native Infantry]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1857*||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Henry|Pitcher|Henry William Pitcher}}||004[[4th Punjab Infantry]]||align="center"|1863||[[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)]]||[[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Harry|Prendergast}}||[[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Engineers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Mundisore]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Dighton|Probyn|Dighton MacNaghton Probyn}}||002[[12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)|2nd Punjab Cavalry]]||align="center"|1857<ref>Probyn was awarded his VC for numerous gallant acts throughout the period of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. {{London Gazette|issue=22154 |date=1858-06-18 |page=2960 }}</ref>||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Tulbahadur|Pun}}||006[[6th Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1944||[[Second World War]]||[[Mogaung]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Agansing|Rai}}||005[[5th Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1944||[[Second World War]]||[[Bishenpur (city)|Bishenpur]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Bhandari|Ram}}||010[[10th Baluch Regiment]]||align="center"|1944||[[Second World War]]||[[Rakhine State|Arakan]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Chhelu|Ram}}||006[[6th Rajputana Rifles]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1943*||[[Second World War]]||[[Enfidha|Djebel Garci]], [[Tunisia]]
|-
|{{sortname|Kamal|Ram}}||008[[8th Punjab Regiment]]||align="center"|1944||[[Second World War]]||[[Gari River]], [[Italy]]
|-
|{{sortname|Richhpal|Ram}}||006[[6th Rajputana Rifles]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1941*||[[Second World War]]||[[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]], [[Eritrea]]
|-
|{{sortname|Karanbahadur|Rana}}||003[[3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1918||[[First World War]]||[[El Kefr]], [[Egypt]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Raynor}}||[[Bengal Veterans Establishment]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|George|Renny|George Alexander Renny}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Richard|Ridgeway|Richard Kirby Ridgeway}}||[[Bengal Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1879||[[Gun War|Basuto War]]||[[Konoma]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Frederick|Roberts|Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Khodagunge]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Patrick|Roddy}}||[[Bengal Army]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Kuthirga]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|George|Rolland|George Murray Rolland}}||001[[1st Bombay Grenadiers]]||align="center"|1903||[[Third Somaliland Expedition]]||[[Sanaag|Daratoleh]], [[Somaliland]]
|-
|{{sortname|Matthew|Rosamund}}||037[[37th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Benares]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Ryan|John Ryan (VC 1857)}}||001[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|1st Madras European Fusiliers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Miles|Ryan}}||101[[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Philip|Salkeld}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners|Bengal Engineers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Reginald|Sartorius|Reginald William Sartorius}}||006[[6th Bengal Cavalry]]||align="center"|1874||[[First Ashanti Expedition]]||[[Abogu]], [[Ashanti Empire|Ashanti]]
|-
|{{sortname|Andrew|Scott|Andrew Scott (VC)}}||[[Bengal Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1877||[[Balochistan Campaign]]||[[Quetta]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Sher|Shah|Sher Shah (VC)}}||016[[16th Punjab Regiment]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1945*||[[Second World War]]||[[Kyeyebyin]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Badlu|Singh}}||014[[14th Murray's Jat Lancers]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1918*||[[First World War]]||[[River Jordan]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]
|-
|{{sortname|Chatta|Singh}}||009[[9th Bhopal Infantry]]||align="center"|1916||[[First World War]]||[[Wadi]], [[Mesopotamia]]
|-
|{{sortname|Gian|Singh|Gian Singh (soldier)}}||015[[15th Punjab Regiment]]||align="center"|1945||[[Second World War]]||[[Kamye]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Gobind|Singh|Gobind Singh (VC)}}||028[[28th Light Cavalry]]||align="center"|1917||[[First World War]]||[[Épehy]], [[France]]
|-
|{{sortname|Ishar|Singh}}||028[[28th Punjab Regiment]]||align="center"|1921||[[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)]]||[[Waziristan|Haidari Kach]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Nand|Singh}}||011[[11th Sikh Regiment]]||align="center"|1944||[[Second World War]]||[[Maungdaw-Buthidaung Road]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Parkash|Singh}}||008[[8th Punjab Regiment]]||align="center"|1943||[[Second World War]]||[[Rakhine State|Donbaik]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Prakash|Singh|Prakash Singh Chib}}||013[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1945*||[[Second World War]]||[[Kanlan Ywathit]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Ram|Sarup Singh}}||001[[1st Punjab Regiment]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1944*||[[Second World War]]||[[Kennedy Peak (Burma)|Kennedy Peak]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Umrao|Singh}}||[[Royal Indian Artillery]]||align="center"|1944||[[Second World War]]||[[Kaladan River|Kaladan Valley]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Sinton|John Alexander Sinton}}||[[Indian Medical Service]]||align="center"|1916||[[First World War]]||[[Orah Ruins]], [[Mesopotamia]]
|-
|{{sortname|Robert|Shebbeare|Robert Haydon Shebbeare}}||060[[60th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Smith|John Smith (sergeant)}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Smith|John Smith (private)}}||001[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|1st Madras European Fusiliers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Smith|John Manners Smith}}||[[Indian Staff Corps]]||align="center"|1891||[[Hunza-Naga Campaign]]||[[Nilt Fort]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Smyth|Sir John Smyth, 1st Baronet}}||015[[15th Ludhiana Sikhs]]||align="center"|1915||[[First World War]]||[[Richebourg-l'Avoué|Richebourg L'Aouve]], [[France]]
|-
|{{sortname|Edward|Thackeray|Edward Talbot Thackeray}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners|Bengal Engineers]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Kulbir|Thapa}}||003[[3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1915||[[First World War]]||[[Fauquissart]], [[France]]
|-
|{{sortname|Lalbahadur|Thapa}}||002[[2nd Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1943||[[Second World War]]||[[Rass-es-Zouai]], [[Tunisia]]
|-
|{{sortname|Netrabahadur|Thapa}}||005[[5th Gurkha Rifles]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1944*||[[Second World War]]||[[Bishenpur (city)|Bishenpur]], [[Burma]]
|-
|{{sortname|Sher Bahadur|Thapa}}||009[[9th Gurkha Rifles]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1944*||[[Second World War]]||[[San Marino]], [[Italy]]
|-
|{{sortname|Jacob|Thomas|Jacob Thomas (VC)}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Henry|Tombs}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian of 1857]]||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|James|Travers}}||002[[2nd Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Indore]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Trevor|William Spottiswoode Trevor}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners|Bengal Engineers]]||align="center"|1865||[[Bhutan War]]||[[Bhutan|Dewan-Giri]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Tytler|John Adam Tytler}}||066[[66th Bengal Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Choorpoorah]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Vousden|William John Vousden}}||005[[12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)|5th Punjab Cavalry]]||align="center"|1879||[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]||[[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Walker|William George Walker}}||004[[4th Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1903||[[Third Somaliland Expedition]]||[[Sanaag|Daratoleh]], [[Somaliland]]
|-
|{{sortname|William|Waller|William Francis Frederick Waller}}||025[[25th Bombay Light Infantry]]||align="center"|1858||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Gwalior]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Watson|John Watson (VC)}}||001[[11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)|1st Punjab Cavalry]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|George|Wheeler|George Campbell Wheeler}}||009[[9th Gurkha Rifles]]||align="center"|1917||[[First World War]]||[[Shumran]], [[Mesopotamia]]
|-
|{{sortname|George|Wheeler|George Godfrey Massy Wheeler}}||007[[7th Hariana Lancers]]||style="background:#e3d9ff;" align="center"|1915*||[[First World War]]||[[Shaiba]], [[Mesopotamia]]
|-
|{{sortname|Frederick|Whirlpool}}||003[[3rd Bombay European Regiment]]||align="center"|1857||[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]||[[Jhansi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|Harry|Whitchurch|Harry Frederick Whitchurch}}||[[Indian Medical Service]]||align="center"|1895||[[Chitral Expedition]]||[[Chitral|Chitral Fort]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|John|Wood|John Augustus Wood}}||020[[20th Bombay Native Infantry]]||align="center"|1856||[[Anglo-Persian War]]||[[Bushire]], [[Persia]]
|}

==References==

;Specific
{{reflist}}
;General
* {{cite web |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/gurkha/4thgurkhas.htm|title=4th Gorkha Rifles page on www.britishempire.co.uk|access-date=2009-03-21}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/victoriacross.asp |title=Victoria Cross Registers |publisher=National Archives (UK) |access-date=2008-04-11}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ccinarvc.htm |title=Honourable East India Company and Indian Army holders of the Victoria Cross |publisher=VictoriaCross.org |access-date=2008-04-11}}
* {{cite book |last = Ashcroft |first = Michael |author-link = Michael Ashcroft |title = Victoria Cross Heroes |publisher = Headline Book Publishing |date = 2006 |isbn = 0-7553-1632-0 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/victoriacrossher0000ashc }}
* {{cite book |last=Crook |first=M.J. |title=The Evolution of the Victoria Cross |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofvicto0000mjcr |url-access=registration |publisher=Midas books |date=1975 |isbn=0-85936-041-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Parker |first=John |title=The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers|publisher=Headline Book Publishing |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-7553-1415-7}}

{{Victoria Cross recipients}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Victoria Cross lists|Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian recipients of the Victoria Cross| ]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]

Sartuinek

2025-08-16T23:53:56Z

Infycle Technologies: starting initial info needs work!

{{Short description|Village in Pherzawl District, Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sartuinek
| native_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.29853|N|93.04200|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1903
| founder = Dolienpui
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 707<ref>{{cite book |title="Village and Town Directory", District Census Handbook, Churachandpur |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |page=86 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sartuinek''' is a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] village in [[Pherzawl district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages {{!}} Pherzawl District {{!}} India |url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/sub-division-villages/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Hringtuinek'', a [[Hmar Ethnic Cultural Sites|Hmar ethnic cultural site]] is from this village.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/tourist-place/tipaimukh-dam/ | title=Barak River | Pherzawl District | India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://hmarram.com/important-places/legendary-hringtuinek-river-in-hmar-hills/ | title=Legendary Hringtuinek River in Hmar Hills - HMARRAM | date=31 May 2014 }}</ref> The village was established in 1903 and celebrated its [[centennial]] in 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Thiek |first=Hrilrokhum |title=Sartuinek Village Centenary (1903-2003) Celebration Souvenir |date=2011 |publisher=Chief of Sartuinek and his family}}</ref>

== History ==
Sartuinek was founded by Mr. Dolienpui in 1903. The name 'Sartuinek' comes from a [[rivulet]] of the same name, which is said to be formed by a [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]].<ref name=":0" /> In [[Hmar people|Hmar]] mythology, this specific [[rivulet]] is where people who die unnatural deaths (called ''sarthi'') drink as they pass through the 'land of the dead' (called ''mithi khuo'').{{fact|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Sartuinek.jpg|thumb|Sartuinek (rivulet)]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pherzawl district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

INS Vajrakosh

2025-08-15T23:30:16Z

Infycle Technologies: basic enhance citations further and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}{{Infobox military installation
| name = INS Vajrakosh
| native_name =
| partof =
| location = [[Karwar]], [[Karnataka]]
| image =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| type = Naval ammunition and missile storage facility
| coordinates =
| code =
| built = {{Start date|2015}}
| builder =
| materials =
| height =
| used = 2015–present
| demolished =
| condition =
| ownership =
| open_to_public =
| controlledby = [[Indian Navy]]
| garrison =
| current_commander = [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Deepak Nair<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Deepak Nair Assumes Command of INS Vajrakosh in Karwar |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2024/06/captain-deepak-nair-assumes-command-of-ins-vajrakosh-in-karwar.html |access-date=2024-06-27}}</ref>
| commanders =
| occupants = [[Western Naval Command]]
| battles =
| events =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

'''INS Vajrakosh''' is a missile and ammunition base of the [[Indian Navy]] at [[Karwar]], Karnataka and is the third naval establishment. It was commissioned on 9 September 2015 by the [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[Manohar Parrikar|Mr. Manohar Parrikar]].<ref name="pib-hi-39843">{{Cite web|url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/hindirelease.aspx?relid=39843|title = रक्षा मंत्री ने कारवाड़ में आईएनएस वज्रकोष को राष्ट्र को समर्पित किया|publisher = पत्र सूचना कार्यालय, भारत सरकार|date = 9 September 2015|access-date = 22 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-vajrakosh-commissioned-karwar|title=INS Vajrakosh commissioned at Karwar {{!}} Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref>

== Objective ==
[[File:Vajrkosh 5Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar with Admiral RK Dhowan during the commissioning of INS Vajrkosh.jpg|thumb|Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar with Admiral RK Dhowan during the commissioning of INS Vajrkosh]]
''INS Vajrakosh'' serves as a special storage facility for specialized armaments, missiles, ammunition on the Western Sea Board.<ref>{{Cite web|title = India's INS Vajrakosh: World's Largest Naval Base East of the Suez Canal goes operational — India News|url = http://www.theindianpanorama.news/india/indias-ins-vajrakosh-worlds-largest-naval-base-east-of-the-suez-canal-goes-operational-article-46414.html|website = The Indian Panorama|access-date = 2015-12-28}}</ref> It is also reportedly able to equip warships and airplanes with ammunition and has an infrastructure providing specialized servicing facilities, for sophisticated missiles and ammunition. <ref name="pib-hi-39843"/><ref>{{Cite web|title = INS Vajrakosh: Manohar Parrikar commissions Indian Navy's latest establishment at Karwar - The Economic Times|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-vajrakosh-manohar-parrikar-commissions-indian-navys-latest-establishment-at-karwar/articleshow/48886584.cms|website = The Economic Times|access-date = 2015-12-28}}</ref>

The commissioning of INS Vajrakosh was believed to allow the Indian Navy to further bolster the offensive and defensive capabilities of its platforms.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
; Indian navy
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[INS Kadamba]], a major naval base on the west coast

; Integrated commands and units
* [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]]
* [[Defence Cyber Agency]]
* [[Integrated Defence Staff]]
* [[Integrated Space Cell]]
* [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]]
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Special Forces of India]]

; Other lists
* [[Strategic Forces Command]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vajrakosh}}
[[Category:Indian Navy bases|Vajra]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 2015]]

Hamsa (bird)

2025-07-31T09:50:45Z

Infycle Technologies: formatting fix

{{short description|Species of aquatic bird mentioned in ancient Indian texts}}

[[File:Hamsa, Goose or Swan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.65|Hamsa is thought to refer to the [[bar-headed goose]] found in India (left) or a species of swan.<ref name=monier/>]]

The '''{{IAST|haṃsa}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: हंस ''{{IAST|haṃsa}}'' or ''hansa'') is an [[aquatic bird|aquatic]] [[migratory bird]], referred to in ancient Sanskrit texts which various scholars have interpreted as being based on the [[goose]], the [[swan]],<ref name="jones">{{cite book|first=Lindsay |last=Jones |year=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of religion, Volume 13 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Reference]] |isbn=978-0028657332 |page=8894 |quote=In Hindu iconography the swan personifies Brahman-Atman, the transcendent yet immanent ground of being, the Self.}}</ref> or even the [[flamingo]].<ref name="monier"/><ref name="cush">{{cite book|first=Denise |last=Cush |year=2007 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415556231 |page=697}}</ref> Its image is used in [[Indian culture|Indian]] and [[Culture of Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian culture]] as a spiritual symbol and a decorative element. It is also used in a metaphorical sense with the bird attributed with the mythical ability to extract milk from a mixture of milk and water or good from evil. In [[Hindu iconography]], ''hamsa'' is the [[vahana]] (or ''vehicle'') of [[Brahma]], [[Gayatri]], [[Saraswati]], and [[Vishvakarma]].<ref name=cush/>
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

== Identification ==
Asian language professor [[Monier Williams]] translates the term from Sanskrit as "a goose, gander, swan, flamingo (or other aquatic bird, considered as a bird of passage [migratory bird] ...)."<ref name="monier">{{cite dictionary |first=Monier|last=Monier-Williams|author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |dictionary=Monier Williams Sanskrit Dictionary |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1300/mw__1319.html |title=हंस, Hamsa |date=2001 |publisher=[[University of Cologne]] |location=Germany |isbn=978-8120615090 |pages=1286}}</ref> The word is also used for a mythical or poetical bird with knowledge. In the [[Rig Veda]], it is the bird which is able to separate [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] from water, when mixed; in later Indian literature, the bird separates milk from water when mixed.<ref name=monier/> In Indian philosophical literature, ''hamsa'' represents the individual soul or spirit (typified by the pure sunlight-white like color of a goose or swan), or the "Universal Soul or Supreme Spirit".<ref name=monier/>

The word ''Hamsa'' is [[cognate]] with Latin "(h)anser", Greek "χήν", German "Gans", Dutch "gans", English "goose", Spanish "ganso" and Russian "гусь".<ref>{{cite dictionary |first=J. |last=Pokorny |dictionary=[[Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch]] |url=http://indo-european.info/pokorny-etymological-dictionary/index.htm#ĝhan-s.htm |title=*ĝhan-s- |language=de |access-date=2017-01-16 |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511072751/http://indo-european.info/pokorny-etymological-dictionary/index.htm#ĝhan-s.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Swan or goose controversy ==
[[J. Ph. Vogel|Jean Vogel]], in 1952, questioned if ''hamsa'' is indeed a swan, because according to Dutch ornithologists [[George Junge]] and [[Eduard Daniël van Oort|E.D. van Oort]] he consulted, swans were rare in modern India while [[Bar-headed goose|bar-headed geese]] (''[[Anser indicus]]'') were common.<ref name=vogel/> According to Vogel, Western and Indian scholars may have preferred translating ''hamsa'' from Sanskrit to swan as the indigenous goose appears plump while the swan (and, Vogel adds, the flamingo) appears more graceful.<ref name=vogel>{{cite book|first=Jean P. |last=Vogel |url=https://archive.org/details/TheGooseInIndianLiteratureAndArt |title=The Goose in Indian Literature and Art (Arts & Letters, Vol. XXVII, 1952 |edition=Reprint |publisher=E. J. Brill|place=Leiden |year=1962 |pages=1–2}}</ref>

[[File:Tile with hamsa bird, inner court of the Palace of Panduvasnuvara, central Sri Lanka, 12th century AD, terracotta - Linden-Museum - Stuttgart, Germany - DSC03737.jpg|thumb|A tile with a hamsa bird with flowery tail from Sri Lanka, c. 12th century CE]]
Some{{who|date=August 2021}} have criticised Vogel's view as being over-reliant on artistic representations from south India and Sri Lanka, where the white swan is rare.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} American ornithologist [[Paul Johnsgard]], in 2010, stated that mute swans ([[Mute swan|Cygnus Olor]]) do migrate to the northwestern Himalayan region of India every winter, migrating some 1000 miles each way.<ref>[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=biosciducksgeeseswans Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World] Paul Johnsgard (2010), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, page 29-31</ref> Similarly, the British ornithologist [[Peter Scott]], in his ''Key to the Wildfowl of the World'' (1957),{{Update inline|date=August 2021}} states that northwestern India is one of the winter migration homes for mute swans, the others being [[Korea]] and the [[Black Sea]].<ref>Peter Scott (1957), Key to the Wildfowl of the World, Collins, Plate II, {{ISBN|978-0002201100}}, {{oclc|867723645}}</ref> Grewal, Harvey and Pfister, in 2003, state that the mute swan is "a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] mainly in Pakistan but also northwestern India" and include a map marking their distribution.<ref>Grewal, Harvey and Pfister (2003), ''A Photographic Guide to the Birds of India'', [[Princeton University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0691114965}}, page 58</ref> Asad Rahmani and Zafar-ul Islam, in their 2009 book, describe the three species of swans and 39 species of ducks and geese found in India.<ref>Asad Rahmani and M. Zafar-ul Islam (2009), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9EhVPgAACAAJ Ducks, Geese And Swans of India]'', Oxford University Press and IBCN, {{ISBN|9780198060338}}, Chapters 5–7</ref>

Dave stated, "the present position according to Hume is that Swans do not occur anywhere within Indian limits outside the Himalayas except in the extreme North-West", and suggested that they were perhaps more common in the "hoary past."<ref>KN Dave (2005), ''Birds in Sanskrit Literature'', Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120818422, page 423.</ref>

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 300px
| image1 = Brahma on hamsa.jpg |caption1=Himachal Pradesh painting (c. 1700 CE)
| image2 = 1825 CE Brahma and Saraswati on Hamsa, South Indian Painting.jpg |caption2=South Indian painting (c. 1825 CE)
| footer = Paintings of Brahma on a ''hamsa''
}}
The hymns of [[Rigveda]], verses in Hindu epics and Puranas, as well as other early Indian texts, states KN Dave, mention a variety of birds with the root of ''hamsa'' (हंस), such as Maha-hamsa, Raj-hamsa, Kal-hamsa and others. These should be identified as members of the [[Anatidae]] family, namely swans, geese or ducks.<ref name=dave422/> This identification is based on the details provided in the Sanskrit texts about the changes in plumage over the bird's life, described call, migratory habits, courtship rituals and flying patterns.<ref name=dave422>KN Dave (2005), ''Birds in Sanskrit Literature'', Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120818422, pages 422-447 with footnotes.</ref> Specific examples where ''"hamsa''" should be interpreted as "swan" include hymns 1.163, 3.8, 4.45, 8.35, 9.32 and others in the ''Rigveda'', verse 7.339 of ''Ramayana manjari'', chapter 30.56 of ''Skanda Purana'', chapter 101.27 of the ''Padma Purana'', and others. Dave also lists examples of Indian texts where "''hamsa''" should be interpreted as "goose". Some Sanskrit texts, states Dave, distinguish between ''"hamsa''" and ''"kadamb''", the former according to him being a swan and the latter a bar-headed goose.<ref name=dave422/>

The Indian ornithologist [[Salim Ali]] stated in his Azad Memorial Lecture of 1979 that Sanskrit names for birds were based on their calls, coloration, habits, gait, method of feeding or other observed traits. However, these are sometimes difficult to assign unambiguously to species. He mentions 4th to 5th-century [[Kalidasa]]'s poem about Lake Manasa. This Manasa, assumes Salim Ali, is [[Lake Manasarovar]] and then states that the ''hamsa'' birds therein should be interpreted as bar-headed geese that do migrate over the Himalayas from Tibet.<ref>{{cite book|first=Salim |last=Ali |title=Bird study in India: Its history and its importance |url=https://archive.org/details/AzadMemorialBirds/page/n22/mode/1up/ |year=1979 |publisher=ICCR |place=New Delhi}}</ref> The historic Sanskrit and [[Prakrit]] literature of India does not mention the location of the lake Manasa that they consider the natural abode of the ''hamsa''.

[[Ethnoornithology|Ethno-ornithologists]] Sonia Tidemann and Andrew Gosler in ''Ethno-ornithology: Birds, Indigenous Peoples, Culture and Society'' state that ''hamsa'' has been identified as "swans" in early Indian texts, and that titles such as Raja-hamsa were applied to [[Asceticism|ascetics]] and holy-men in Indian culture because ancient Hindu and Buddhist stories ascribed the ability to separate good from evil to the ''hamsa''.<ref name="Tidemannp145">{{cite book |last1=Tidemann |first1=Sonia C. |last2=Gosler |first2=Andrew |title=Ethno-ornithology: Birds, Indigenous Peoples, Culture and Society |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-54383-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9n5DFxOnjIC&pg=PA145 |pages=145–146}}</ref>

The birds painted at the [[Ajanta Caves]] in central India ([[Maharashtra]]) on the Hamsa Jataka, as well as those in [[Sanchi]] resemble a swan (and a series of swans in one panel), states the [[art historian]] [[C. Sivaramamurti]]. These early Buddhist arts can be dated between the 3rd century BCE and 5th century CE.<ref name="Sivaramamurti1974">{{cite book |last=Sivaramamurti |first=C. |title=Birds and Animals in Indian Sculpture |publisher=National Museum |year=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn1QAAAAMAAJ |pages=62–67, with Figures 64a, 64b, 68}}</ref> The text of the Jataka itself clearly describes white swans that are like clouds in a blue sky.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

According to [[Nanditha Krishna]], the ''hamsa'' in the early north Indian tradition is best identified as a swan as the mythical symbol of wisdom. However, the ''hamsa'' became a popular motif included in temple artwork, [[Textile printing|textile prints]] and other artworks. It became a highly stylized mythical bird, with a plump body and short neck, along with flowery beak and tail, one that looks more like a goose.<ref name="Krishna2014"/>

==In Hinduism==
The hamsa is often identified with the Supreme Spirit, Ultimate Reality or [[Brahman]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=jones/> The flight of the hamsa symbolizes [[moksha]], the release from the cycle of birth, death, and reincarnation known as [[samsara]].<ref name=bowker>John Bowker (1998), Picturing God, Series Editor: Jean Holm, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1855671010}}, pp 99-101</ref><ref>Richard Leviton (2011), Hierophantic Landscapes, {{ISBN|978-1462054145}}, pp 543</ref>

The hamsa is also the [[vahana]] (mount) of [[Saraswati]], the goddess of knowledge and creative arts, [[Brahma]], the god of creation and one of the [[Trideva]] (Hindu trinity), and [[Gayatri]], the goddess of vedas.<ref name=cush/><ref name=bowker/>

=== Paramahamsa ===
{{main|Paramahamsa Upanishad|Hamsa Upanishad}}
In view of the association of the hamsa with several attributes as indicated above, Hindu [[rishi]]s (sages) and [[sadhu]]s (Hindu ascetic or holy person) have been given the title of ''paramahamsa'', that is, the ''supreme hamsa''. It connotes a particular person who has reached a high level of spirituality.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=717–720}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=137–140}}

For example, ''[[Paramahamsa Upanishad]]'' calls that [[yogi]] a Paramahamsa who is neither opinionated nor affected by defamation, nor jealous, not a show off, is humble, and is oblivious to all the human frailties. He is immune to the existence of his body, which he treats as a corpse. He is beyond false pretensions and lives realizing the Brahman. In chapter 3, the ''Paramahamsa Upanishad'' states that the one who understands the difference between "staff of knowledge" and "staff of wood", is a [[Paramahamsa]].{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=137–140}}

{{Quote|
<poem>
He does not fear pain, nor longs for pleasure.
He forsakes love. He is not attached to the pleasant, nor to the unpleasant.
He does not hate. He does not rejoice.

Firmly fixed in knowledge, his Self is content, well-established within.
He is called the true Yogin. He is a knower.

His consciousness is permeated with that, the perfect bliss.
That Brahman I am, he knows it. He has that goal achieved.
</poem>
|Paramahamsa Upanishad, Chapter 4 (Abridged)|{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=137–140}}{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=753-755}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/paramahamsa_upan.html?lang=sa |title=परमहंसोपनिषत् |trans-title=Paramahansa Upanishad |language=hi |access-date=7 January 2016 |publisher=sanskritdocuments.org |page=॥ ४॥, verse 4}}</ref>}}

=== In Indian text ===
Hamsa, or hansa, are part of Indian text. ''Arayanna'', or heavenly hamsa (swans), are said to live in ''Manasasaras'' in the [[Himalayas]].<ref name=george/> They are mentioned in the Hindu epic, the [[Ramayana]].<ref name=george/> Hamsa, the swan, is part of the mythical love story of [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]], where it carries the stories, historical information and messages between the two strangers.<ref name=george>{{cite book|first=George |last=Williams |date=2001 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |isbn=978-1576071069 |pages=58–59|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>

In Indian text, it is said to eat pearls and separate milk from water from a mixture of the two.<ref>Helen Myers (1999), Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226554532}}, page 4</ref> Charles Lanman states that the references to ''hamsa'' being able to separate or discriminate is used primarily in a metaphorical sense in Sanskrit poetry. One possibility is the belief that the milk refers to the sap exuded from the stems of lotuses (''kshira''). The other, states Lanman, is that "the swan, goose, duck and flamingo have a series of [[Lamellae (zoology)|lamellae]] which serve as a sieve for straining their food from the water that they take in". Thus, it may be referring to the bird's ability to extract the nourishing part from a mixture.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lanman |first=Charles R. |date=1898 |title=The Milk-Drinking Haṅsas of Sanskrit Poetry |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/592478 |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=19 |pages=151–158 |doi=10.2307/592478 |jstor=592478 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Buddhism ==
The hamsa was also used extensively in the art of [[Gandhara]], in conjunction with images of the [[Shakyamuni Buddha]]. Nanditha Krishna translates this as swan, in the Gandharan context.<ref name="Krishna2014">{{cite book |last=Krishna |first=N. |title=Sacred Animals of India |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-182-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC |chapter=Swan}}</ref> Martin Lerner and Steven Kossak identify a 2nd-century BCE Gandharan relief now in the collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York, item 1987.142.212) that shows a swan with a rider.<ref name="Lerner">{{cite book |last1=Lerner |first1=M. |last2=Kossak |first2=S. |title=The Lotus Transcendent: Indian and Southeast Asian Art from the Samuel Eilenberg Collection |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-87099-613-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVoKd9vDSxsC |page=62}}</ref>

The hamsa is deemed sacred in the [[Buddhism]], as a symbol of wisdom.<ref name="Krishna2014"/><ref name="Gasparini">{{cite book |last=Gasparini |first=M. |title=Transcending Patterns: Silk Road Cultural and Artistic Interactions through Central Asian Textile Images |publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]] |series=Perspectives on the Global Past |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-8248-7798-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FvGDwAAQBAJ |pages=111–112}}</ref> Some scholars such as Donald Swearer translate it as swan,<ref name="Swearer">{{cite book |last=Swearer |first=D.K. |title=Becoming the Buddha: The Ritual of Image Consecration in Thailand |publisher=Princeton University Press |series=Buddhisms: A Princeton University Press Series |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-691-21602-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql3sDwAAQBAJ |pages=56–58}}</ref> others such as Thien Chou as goose.<ref name="Chau">{{cite book |last1=Châu |first1=T. |last2=Boin-Webb |first2=S. |title=The Literature of the Personalists of Early Buddhism |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |series=Buddhist traditions |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-208-1622-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENiK2quJcyYC&pg=PA22 |page=22}}</ref> In historic [[Art of Nepal|Nepalese art]], hamsa are either sketched as a swan or goose-like bird, while in historic [[Tibetan artwork]] it appears as goose-like bird likely reflecting the Indian region from where the Tibetan monks borrowed their iconography.<ref name="Gasparini"/>

== Contemporary usage ==
The name in other languages in which it is culturally important are [[Hindi]]: ''hans'', [[Kannada]]: "ಹಂಸ", [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: హంస, ''hamsa'' [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''அன்னப்பறவை'' Aṉṉappaṟavai; {{langx|km|ហង្ស}}, ''hong''; {{langx|my|ဟင်္သာ}}, {{IPA|my|hɪ́ɰ̃θà|IPA}}, and commonly spelt ''hintha'' or ''hinthar''; {{langx|mnw|ဟံသာ (ၜိုပ်)}}, {{IPA|mnw|hɔŋsa}} or ''hongsa''; [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{lang|my|ႁင်းသႃႇ}}, {{IPA|shn|haŋ˦ sʰaː˨}} or ''hangsa''; [[Thai language|Thai]]: ''hong'' (หงส์), {{IPA|th|hǒŋ}}. It is also borrowed into [[Malay language|Malay]] ''angsa'' ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: اڠسا), though modern definitions provided by dictionaries of its present literary standards differ: the [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] dictionary ''Kamus Dewan'' defines this specifically to the ''[[Anser (genus)|Anser]]'' genus especially ''[[Anser albifrons|A. albifrons]]'' whereas the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] counterpart ''Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia'' defines this towards ''[[Cygnus (genus)|Cygnus]]'',<ref>Compare sources in:
* {{cite dictionary |title=angsa|year=2017|dictionary=Kamus Dewan|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia |url=https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=angsa |edition=4th |access-date=29 March 2022}}

* {{Cite dictionary|year=2016|title=angsa|dictionary=Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia|publisher=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/angsa|edition=3rd}}</ref> both mirroring Monier's varied interpretations of the original Sanskrit word itself.

The hintha (equivalent to hamsa) is widely depicted in [[Burmese art]], considered to be a [[ruddy shelduck]] in its culture, and has been adopted as the symbol of the [[Mon people]].<ref>Sylvia Fraser-Lu (1994), Burmese Crafts: Past and Present, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195886085}}, page 116</ref><ref>Robert Reid and Michael Grosberg (2005), Myanma (Burma), {{ISBN|978-1740596954}}, page 140</ref> In parts of [[Myanmar]], the ''hintha'' iconography is more like a hen than a duck, reflecting the local fauna.<ref>Pascal Christel (2020), Splendour of Buddhism in Burma, Patridge Singapore, {{ISBN|9781543758177}}, pages 79–84 with figures</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{commons category|Hamsa}}
<gallery>
File:KanishkaCasket.JPG|Hamsa border on the [[Kanishka casket]], 2nd century CE
File:BimaranCasket.JPG|Hamsa birds between the architectural spires on the [[Bimaran casket]], 1st century CE
File:1895 CE Saraswati on hamsa सरस्वती हंस painting 2.jpg|Saraswati with a hamsa (c. 1895, British Library)
File:1895 CE Saraswati on hamsa सरस्वती हंस painting.jpg|Sarasvati with a hamsa (19th-century, British Library)
File:2 Hindu deity Sarasvati Saraswati on ceramic tile in Munnar Kerala India March 2014.jpg|Sarasvati and a hamsa (Kerala tile)
File:Ravi Varma-Princess Damayanthi talking with Royal Swan about Nala.jpg|Hamsa talking to [[Damayanti]] as depicted by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (19th century)
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dallapiccola
* {{cite book|last=Deussen |first=Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA757 |year=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120814677}}
* {{cite book|first=Patrick |last=Olivelle |year=1992 |title=The Samnyasa Upanisads |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0195070453}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamsa (Bird)}}
[[Category:Legendary birds]]
[[Category:Culture of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]

Anjuman-e-Taraqqi-e-Urdu Bihar

2025-07-25T16:34:38Z

Infycle Technologies: Added a entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Organisation for the promotion of Urdu}}

'''Anjuman-e-Tarraqi-e-Urdu Bihar''' is a registered organisation working for the promotion and dissemination of [[Urdu|Urdu language]], literature and culture across [[Bihar]]. It was registered in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjuman Taraqqui Urdu Bihar NGO in Bihar|url=https://www.searchdonation.com/ngo/anjuman-taraqqui-urdu-bihar.php |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=searchdonation.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjuman Taraqqi-e Urdu Bihar's old demand fulfilled partly |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/1175-anjuman-taraqqi-e-urdu-bihars-old-demand-fulfilled-partly-india/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref> It runs in all 38 districts of Bihar with their representatives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 5, 2024 |title=हमीदुज्जमा बने अंजुमन तरक्की-ए-उर्दू बिहार के जिला सचिव |trans-title=Hamiduzzama became the district secretary of Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu Bihar |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bagaha/story-hameeduzzama-appointed-district-secretary-of-anjuman-tarakki-e-urdu-bihar-201728143823254.html |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 6, 2024 |title=अंजुमन तरक्की-ए-उर्दू के जिला प्रवक्ता बने मो.कौनैन अली |trans-title=Mo. Kaunain Ali became the district spokesperson of Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/begusarai/story-bihar-anjuman-tarakki-e-urdhu-appoints-mo-kounain-ali-as-district-spokesperson-201728223679611.html |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref> It has once a collection thousands of rare Books in the Library of Anjuman-e-Tarraqi-e-Urdu Bihar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-30 |title=Once a rich Urdu library, now a den of gamblers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/once-a-rich-urdu-library-now-a-den-of-gamblers/articleshow/48287713.cms |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sahil |first=Afroz Alam |author-link=Afroz Alam Sahil |date=2015-06-12 |title=लाइब्रेरी बचाने की तमन्ना, जिनके दिल में है |trans-title=Those who have a desire in their hearts to save the library |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/06/150612_urdu_library_patna_ruin_tk |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
It was established by Khan Bahadur Ibrahim Hussain, Justice Akhtar Hussain, [[Bismil Azimabadi]].<ref name=":0" />

In February 2022, Abdul Qaiyum Ansari, secretary of the organisation along with [[Mohd Zama Khan]], minister of Minority Welfare Department in the Government of Bihar launched the Website of Anjuman-e-Tarraqi-e-Urdu Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaurasiya |first=Rakesh |date=February 12, 2022 |title=अंजुमन-ए-तरक्की-ए-उर्दू बिहार की नई वेबसाइट का शुभारंभ |trans-title=Launch of new website of Anjuman-e-Taraqqi-e-Urdu Bihar |url=https://www.hindi.awazthevoice.in/india-news/launch-of-new-website-of-anjuman-e-tarqui-e-urdu-bihar-13275.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.hindi.awazthevoice.in |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Bihar]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]
[[Category:Urdu in India]]
[[Category:Literature of Bihar]]

Kozhikodan

2025-05-27T01:10:15Z

Infycle Technologies: started pg

{{short description|Indian film critic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Kozhikodan
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = K. Appukuttan Nair
| birth_date = 1925
| birth_place = Chembra, [[Palghat]], Kerala, India
| death_date = 2007
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Film critic
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| portaldisp =
}}
'''K. Appukuttan Nair''' (1925–2007), better known as '''Kozhikodan''', was a film critic and writer from [[Kerala]], India. He began writing on films from the early 1950s. He started writing in ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' and ''[[Chandrika (Malayalam newspaper)|Chandrika]]'', and later became a regular columnist of ''[[Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly]]'' along with Cynic and Nadirsha (T. M. P. Nedungadi). Kozhikodan received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] in 1988 for ''Chalathitraswadanam Engane?'' and the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (Humour) in 2010 for the poetry collection ''Padachonikku Salam''. He died on 20 January 2007.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/21/stories/2007012103070500.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703114713/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/21/stories/2007012103070500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Film critic Kozhikodan passes away - KERALA |date=2007-01-21 |access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref>

'Kozhikodan Smaraka Samiti' has instituted Kozhikodan Puraskaram, an award given annually to the best book on cinema in Malayalam.<ref name="dcbooks">{{cite web |url=http://www.dcbooks.com/kozhikkodan-award-to-bhagyalakshmi.html |publisher=dcbooks.com |title=Kozhikkodan award to bhagyalakshmi | "ഭാഗ്യലക്ഷ്മിയ്ക്ക് കോഴിക്കോടന്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം" |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229044639/http://www.dcbooks.com/kozhikkodan-award-to-bhagyalakshmi.html |archive-date=29 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Works==
===Cinema===
* ''Chalachitra Sallapam'' (DC Books, 1982)
* ''Chalachitra Niroopanam'' (NBS, 1984)
* ''Chalachitra Jalakom'' (Mathrubhumi,1985)
* ''Chalachitraswadanam Engane'' (PK Brothers, 1988)
* ''Sathyan Enna Natan'' (NBS, 1992)
* ''Malayala Cinema: Ente Premabhajanam'' (Poorna, 1999)
* ''Malayala Cinemayile Ekkalatheyum Ettavum Mikacha Pathu Chithrangal'' (Poorna, 2001)

===Essays===
* ''Navollekham'' (1966)
* ''Mahanaya Shikari'' (1973)
* ''Eshani Puranam'' (1988)

===Humour===
* ''Padachonikk Salaam'' (1998)

===Children's literature===
* ''Vado Njanum Koode Varaam'' (1986)
* ''Vadamalliyum Panineer Poovum'' (1992)
* ''Mahacharithamala'' – Two volumes (1983)
* ''Kuttikalkkoru Sammanam'' (2000)

==Selection==
Kozhikodan lists the following ten films as the best ever in Malayalam cinema in one of his books.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kozhikodan |author-link=Kozhikodan |year=2001 |title=മലയാള സിനിമയിലെ എക്കാലത്തെയും മികച്ച പത്ത് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ [Malayala Cinemayile Ekkalatheyum Mikacha Pathu Chithrangal: 10 Best Films of All Time in Malayalam Cinema] |location=[[Calicut]], India |publisher=Poorna Publications }}</ref>

* ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Yavanika]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Sandhya Mayangum Neram]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Njan Gandharvan]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Vasthuhara]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Vembanad (film)|Vembanad]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Aparahnam]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Thenmavin Kombathu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Ormakal Undayirikkanam]]'' (1995)

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://venkiteswaran.blogspot.in/2007/01/remembering-kozhikodan.html C. S. Venkiteswaran remembering Kozhikodan]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Thomas Tharayil (bishop of Kottayam)

2025-01-04T14:30:19Z

Infycle Technologies: starting the entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian eparchial bishop}}
{{confused|text=the [[Thomas Tharayil (archbishop of Changanassery)]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=April 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = bishop
| honorific-prefix = [[Mar (title)|Mar]]
| name = Thomas Tharayil
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam|Bishop of Kottayam]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]]
| see = [[Kottayam]]
| appointed = 9 June 1945
| term_start = 8 January 1951
| term_end = 5 May 1974
| predecessor = Mar [[Alexander Choolaparampil]]
| successor = Mar [[Kuriakose Kunnacherry]]
| other_post =
| ordination = 18 December 1926
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 7 October 1945
| consecrated_by = Mar [[Alexander Choolaparampil]]
| cardinal =
| rank = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Kaipuzha]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1975|7|16|1899|5|5}}
| death_place = Thellakom [[Kottayam]], India
| nationality = Indian
| previous_post = Headmaster, S.H. Mount High School, [[Kottayam]]
| alma_mater = Propaganda College, [[Rome]]
| coat_of_arms =
| motto = Omnes Unum Sint
}}
'''Thomas Tharayil''' (5 May 1899 – 26 July 1975) was an eparchial bishop of the Knanaya Catholic Eparchy of Kottayam, belonging to the Syro-Malabar Church. He was born in [[Kaipuzha]], [[India]]. He is buried in Christ the King Cathedral Kottayam.

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Tharayil, Jose, Mar Thomas Tharayil, A Collection of Historical Documents, Alwaye, 2001.
*Mutholath, Fr. Abraham & Bijo Karakkattu (Editors), ''Jubilee Smruthi, Episcopal Silver Jubilee Souvenir of Mar Kuriakose Kunnacherry,'' Kottayam: Jyothi Book House, 1993.
* Mutholath, Fr. Abraham (Editor), ''The Diocese of Kottayam Platinum Jubilee Souvenir 1911-1986,'' Kottayam: Jyothi Book House, 1986.
* Poothrukayil, Fr. Luke (Editor), ''Episcopal Consecration Souvenir of Mar Mathew Moolakkatt,'' Kottayam: Jyothi Book House, 1999.

==External links==
*[http://kottayamad.org/ Archdiocese of Kottayam website]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/btharayil.html Thomas Tharayil bio] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy]]
*[https://knanayaregion.us/ Knanaya Catholic Region, USA]
*[https://www.knanayology.org/ Knanaya Resources]
*[http://apnades.in/ Apna Des]
*[https://christianhomily.com/ Sunday and Feast Homilies]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tharayil, Thomas}}
[[Category:20th-century Eastern Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Kottayam]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]

{{SyroMalabar-bishop-stub}}

Posti (2022 film)

2024-11-14T07:34:15Z

Infycle Technologies: put up some stub initial version.

{{short description|Punjabi-language film by Gippy Grewal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Posti
| image = Posti poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rana Ranbir
| producer = [[Gippy Grewal]] Ravneet Kaur Grewal
| writer = Rana Ranbir
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Babbal Rai]] [[Prince Kanwaljit Singh]] [[Surilie Gautam]] Raghbir Boli
| music = '''Songs:''' Jay K Desi Routz Late So New Ramgarhia '''Score:''' Salil Amrute
| cinematography = Sukh Kamboj
| editing = Rohit Dhiman
| studio = Humble Motion Pictures
| distributor = Omjee Star Studios
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|03|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
}}
'''''Posti''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language film directed by [[Rana Ranbir]] and produced by [[Gippy Grewal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/punjabi-movies-to-look-forward-to-in-2020/posti-gippy-grewal-announces-his-another-2020-scheduled-production/photostory/71082336.cms|title=Posti: Gippy Grewal announces his another 2020 scheduled production - Punjabi movies to look forward to in 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/posti-its-a-wrap-for-the-rana-ranbir-directorial/articleshow/72362161.cms|title=Posti: It's a wrap for the Rana Ranbir directorial - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> It stars [[Babbal Rai]], Prince Kanwaljit Singh, Surilie Gautam and Raghbir Boli.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/posti-makers-drop-new-character-posters-from-the-movie/articleshow/74076421.cms|title=Posti: Makers drop new character posters from the movie - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> Initially scheduled to be released on 20 March 2020, the release was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name=toi:corona /> The film was later scheduled for release on 17 June 2022.

== Cast ==
* [[Babbal Rai]]
* [[Prince Kanwaljit Singh]] as Keeda
* [[Surilie Gautam]]
* [[Raghveer Boli]] as Soni
* Zareen Khan as Heer Saleti
* [[Rana Ranbir]]
* Jass Dhillon
* Malkeet Rauni
* Rana Jung Bahadur
* Tarsem Paul
* Seema Kaushal

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Posti
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jay K, Desi Routz and Late So New Ramgarhia
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 March 2020
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| length =
| label = Humble Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack is composed by Jay K, Desi Routz and Late So New Ramgarhia, lyrics are by Babbal Rai, Maninder Kailey, Pardeep Malik and Ricky Khan. The songs are sung by Jazzy B, Gippy Grewal, Babbal Rai, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Prabh Gill and Afsana Khan.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Posti (Title Track)
| extra1 = Gippy Grewal
| length1 = 3:41
| music1 = Jay K
| lyrics1 = Ricky Khan
| title2 = Gabhru
| extra2 = Babbal Rai
| length2 = 3:18
| music2 = Desi Routz
| lyrics2 = Babbal Rai
}}

==Release ==
The film was scheduled to be released on 20 March 2020, but the release was postponed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=toi:corona>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/weekly-roundup-posti-being-postponed-to-yaar-anmulle-returns-trailer-release-heres-what-all-happened-on-pollywood-front-this-week/photostory/74634442.cms|title=Weekly Roundup: 'Posti' Being Postponed To 'Yaar Anmulle Returns' Trailer Release; Here's What All Happened On Pollywood Front This Week|date=2020-03-15|website=Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref> And after the pandemic the same has released on 17th June 2022 and got praise for its story telling and raising a serious issue in humorously .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/GhaintPunjab/Article/30208/rana-ranbir-posti-release-date-jan-2022|title=Finally Rana Ranbir's ''Posti'' Has A Release Date!|website=Ghaint Punjab|date=26 April 2022|access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|11680472}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Anupa kingdom

2024-09-01T00:12:44Z

Infycle Technologies: Added a pg v1

{{Short description|Kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata}}

'''Anupa''' is a kingdom mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]]. It lay to the north west of [[Vidarbha kingdom|Vidarbha]], in what is now [[Maharashtra]] . It was founded by the races from the western kingdoms like [[Madra kingdom|Madra]] and [[Kamboja kingdom|Kamboja]]

== References in Mahabharata ==

=== Anupa mentioned as a kingdom of Ancient India (Bharata Varsha) ===

....the Upavrittas, the '''Anupa Vrittas''', the Surashatras, Kekayas; the Kutas, the Maheyas, the Kakshas, the Samudranishkutas; the Andhras (6,9)

=== Anupa, in the line of Daksha ===

Daksha was a ''Prajapati'' (one who have many sons and thus a founder of a race). Pradha was one of his daughters. She was married to the sage [[Kasyapa]], the son of sage Marichi. Anupa was one of her daughters. (1,65)

=== King named Paschimanupaka ===

That best of [[Asuras]] who was known as Mritapa became on earth, the monarch, '''Pascimanupaka'''.(1,67)

=== Anupa Raja in Yudhishthira's court ===

Ketumata, Vasudana, and Vaideha and Kritakshana: Sudharman, Aniruddha, Srutayu endued with great strength; the invincible '''Anupa Raja''' (king of Anupa), the handsome Karmajit; Shishupala with his son, the king of Karusha; and the invincible youths of the Vrishni race, all these kings were present in [[Yudhishthira]]'s newly built court at his capital [[Indraprastha]]. (2,4)

=== Anupas in Kurukshetra War ===

The ruler of the Dasarnas, and the Prayagas, with the Daserakas, and the '''Anupakas''', and the Kiratas were placed in the neck of the military configuration of the name ''Krauncharuma'' (of the shape of a bird) of the [[Pandavas]], on day two of [[Kurukshetra War]]. (6,50)

== See also ==

*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== References ==
*[[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]], ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883–1896.

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

Delhi Public School

2024-06-14T10:38:49Z

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#REDIRECT [[Delhi Public School Society]]

Tumsa Nahin Dekha

2024-05-25T19:31:57Z

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'''''Tumsa Nahin Dekha''''' ({{Lit|Never Seen Someone Like You}}) may refer to:

*[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)|''Tumsa Nahin Dekha'' (1957 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language film
**"Tumsa Nahin Dekha", the title track of the film by Mohammed Rafi
*''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha: A Love Story]]'', a 2004 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film

{{disambig}}

Loganatha Perumal Temple

2024-04-28T22:48:14Z

Infycle Technologies: Starting a place needs work!

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Loganatha Perumal Temple
| image = Thirukannangudi 01 09 2021 withRahul.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|45|23.7|N|79|45|48.7|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Nagapatnam]]
| location = Thirukannagudi, [[Sikkal]]
| elevation_m = 33
| deity = Loganathar ([[Vishnu]])
Aravindavalli ([[Lakshmi]])
Damodara Narayanan ([[Vishnu]])
Loganayaki ([[Lakshmi]])
| temple_tank = Sravana
| tower = Utpala
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}{{Short description|Hindu temple in Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

The '''Loganatha Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located 2 km away from [[Sikkal]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India on the [[Tiruvarur]]-[[Nagapatnam]] highway.<ref>''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu''. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.</ref> Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshiped as Loganatha Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Loganayagi.

The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Medieval Cholas]] of the late 9th century CE, with later contributions from [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]]. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and its bodies of water. The temple has a five-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower.

The deity Loganatha is believed to have appeared to [[Brahma]], sages [[Gautama]], Uparivasu, [[Vashista]], [[Bhrighu|Bhrigu]], and Madarar . Six daily rituals and four yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Panguni Brahmostavam, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Panguni'' (April–May), is the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
As per Hindu legend, sage [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] is believed to have worshiped the deity here.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=govindaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA242|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982}}</ref> As per the temple legend, sage [[Vasishtha]] is considered the most devout devotee of [[Krishna]], an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. Once the sage was worshiping Krishna with an idol made of butter. Krishna appeared in the form of a child, ate the idol and ran away. Vasishtha was chasing the child, who came running to this place. There were many other sages who were performing penance at this place. Krishna gave them a boon that he would be tied by the devotion of the sages and requested them to help Vashishta with his wishes. The sages requested Krishna to remain in this place and provide appearance to his devotees like he did for them. Vashishta and all the sages were pleased with the view of Krishna.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Loganatha Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=250|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple<ref>''Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu''. Sura books.</ref> has a five-tier raja[[gopuram]] and a vast temple complex. The [[Pushkarni|temple tank]] is right outside the temple. The prime deity, Loganathar has an imposing image is housed in the sanctum. The sanctum is approached from the gateway tower through a flag staff located axial to the entrance and the sanctum. The sanctum is approached through two pillared halls named Mukha Mandapa and Ardha mandapa. The shrine of Loganayagi and other deities are located around the sanctum in the first and second precinct.<ref>{{cite web|title=Temple renovation under way|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Temple-renovation-under-way/article14500417.ece|last=M.|first=Balaganessin|location=Nagapattinam|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 August 2017|date=21 July 2016}}</ref>

==Religious Significance==
The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumazhisai Aazhwar|Tirumalisai Alvar]] in one hymn. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Loganatha Perumal Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=250|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:300"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Pancha Kannan Temples'''
|-
|align="center"| Loganatha Perumal Temple||[[Thirukannangudi]]
|-
|align="center"|[[Gajendra Varadha Temple]]||[[Kabisthalam]]
|-
|align="center"| [[Neelamegha Perumal Temple]] ||[[Thirukannapuram]]
|-
|align="center"| [[Bhaktavatsala Perumal temple, Tirukannamangai|Bhaktavatsala Perumal Temple]] ||[[Thirukannamangai]]
|-
|align="center"| [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]] ||[[Tirukkoyilur|Thirukkovilur]]
|}

This temple is one of the Panchakanna (Krishnaranya) Kshetrams. Kannan refers to [[Krishna]], the [[avatar]] of Vishnu, while ''pancha'' means five and ''Kshetrams'' refers to holy places. Four of the five temples are situated in [[Chola Nadu]], in modern times, in the region surrounding [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Nagapattinam]] and one of them in Nadu Nadu. There are five similar temples located in North India, called Pancha-dvarakas. Krishna is not the presiding deity in any of the temples. The processional deity, Krishna, led to the derivation of the names of these places.<ref>{{cite book |last=T. |first=Padmaja |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamil Nadu |year=2002 |publisher=Shakti Malik |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-398-1|pages=93–94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&q=pancha+kannan&pg=PA93}}</ref>

==Festivals and religious practices==
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Loganatha Perumal and Loganayagi. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. Thiruneerani Vizha is a festival when the festival idol is smeared with ash, which is usually done only for Shiva.<ref name="dinamalar"/><ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=459–61}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Nagapattinam district]]

Maruti Versa

2024-04-26T05:53:49Z

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#REDIRECT [[Suzuki Carry#Maruti_Versa]]

[[Category:Maruti vehicles|Versa]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2001]][[de:Maruti Versa]]
[[hi:मारुति वर्सा]]

Mashhoor Amrohi

2024-04-15T17:34:00Z

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#REDIRECT [[Humsey Hai Jahaan]]

[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:People from Amroha]]

Rashmika filmography

2024-04-05T02:07:50Z

Infycle Technologies: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Rashmika Mandanna#Filmography]]

Kanmani

2024-04-03T17:46:05Z

Infycle Technologies:

'''Kanmani''' may refer to:
* [[Kanmani (album)|''Kanmani'' (album)]], a Malayalam-language album
* [[Kanmani (film)|''Kanmani'' (film)]], a 1994 Indian Tamil-language film
* [[Kanmani (TV series)|''Kanmani'' (TV series)]], a 2018 Indian Tamil language village family soap opera
* [[Kanmani (director)]], a Tamil and Telugu film director from India

== See also ==
* [[Kana Kanmani (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

2012 Royal Indian Open – Doubles

2024-03-13T08:32:58Z

Infycle Technologies: Added some stub v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Tennis events|2012|Royal Indian Open|s
| defchamp =
| champ = {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nina Bratchikova]] {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Oksana Kalashnikova]]
| runner = {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Julia Glushko]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Noppawan Lertcheewakarn]]
| score = 6–0, 4–6, [10–8]
| type = singles doubles
| before_year = 2008
| before_name = Canara Bank Bangalore Open
| after_year = 2017
| after_name = Mumbai Open
}}
{{main|2012 Royal Indian Open}}

This was a new event in 2012.

[[Nina Bratchikova]] and [[Oksana Kalashnikova]] won the title, defeating [[Julia Glushko]] and [[Noppawan Lertcheewakarn]] 6–0, 4–6, [10–8] in the final.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Eva Birnerová]] / {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Nina Bratchikova]]''' / {{flagicon|GEO}} '''[[Oksana Kalashnikova]] (champions)'''
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Monique Adamczak]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Stephanie Bengson]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Julia Glushko]] / {{flagicon|THA}} [[Noppawan Lertcheewakarn]] ''(final)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

===Draw===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Eva Birnerová|E Birnerová]] {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač|A Klepač]]'''
| RD1-score01-1=3
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed02= 
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Chin-wei|C-w Chan]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Chang (tennis)|C Liu]]
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2=4
| RD1-score02-3=[3]

| RD1-seed03= 
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Kimiko Date-Krumm|K Date-Krumm]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kurumi Nara|K Nara]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=WC
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anushka Bhargava|A Bhargava]] {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Sofia Shapatava|S Shapatava]]
| RD1-score04-1=2
| RD1-score04-2=1
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=4
| RD1-team05='''{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Julia Glushko|J Glushko]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Noppawan Lertcheewakarn|N Lertcheewakarn]]}}'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06= 
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Chan Wing-yau|W-y Chan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nidhi Chilumula|N Chilumula]]
| RD1-score06-1=2
| RD1-score06-2=2
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07= 
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Prerna Bhambri|P Bhambri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rishika Sunkara|R Sunkara]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''6'''
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=WC
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arantxa Andrady|A Andrady]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shivika Burman|S Burman]]
| RD1-score08-1=4
| RD1-score08-2=0
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09= 
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jang Su-jeong|S-j Jang]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-ra (tennis)|S-r Lee]]
| RD1-score09-1=2
| RD1-score09-2=3
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10= 
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xu Yifan|Y Xu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Yimiao|Y Zhou]]'''
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11= 
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rushmi Chakravarthi|R Chakravarthi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina|A Raina]]
| RD1-score11-1=64
| RD1-score11-2=4
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=3
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Monique Adamczak|M Adamczak]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Stephanie Bengson|S Bengson]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''77'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13= 
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Olga Savchuk|O Savchuk]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina|E Svitolina]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14= 
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|THA}} [[Luksika Kumkhum|L Kumkhum]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Varatchaya Wongteanchai|Vara Wongteanchai]]
| RD1-score14-1=3
| RD1-score14-2=3
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15= 
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale|R Bhosale]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare|P Thombare]]
| RD1-score15-1=3
| RD1-score15-2=3
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Nina Bratchikova|N Bratchikova]] {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Oksana Kalashnikova|O Kalashnikova]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Eva Birnerová|E Birnerová]] {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač|A Klepač]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''77'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kimiko Date-Krumm|K Date-Krumm]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kurumi Nara|K Nara]]
| RD2-score02-1=64
| RD2-score02-2=4
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=4
| RD2-team03={{nowrap|{{flagicon|ISR}} '''[[Julia Glushko|J Glushko]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Noppawan Lertcheewakarn|N Lertcheewakarn]]'''}}
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04= 
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerna Bhambri|P Bhambri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rishika Sunkara|R Sunkara]]
| RD2-score04-1=1
| RD2-score04-2=3
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Xu Yifan|Y Xu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Yimiao|Y Zhou]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3= 
| RD2-seed06=3
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Monique Adamczak|M Adamczak]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Stephanie Bengson|S Bengson]]
| RD2-score06-1=3
| RD2-score06-2=2
| RD2-score06-3= 

| RD2-seed07= 
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Olga Savchuk|O Savchuk]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina|E Svitolina]]
| RD2-score07-1=5
| RD2-score07-2=2
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nina Bratchikova|N Bratchikova]] {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Oksana Kalashnikova|O Kalashnikova]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''7'''
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Eva Birnerová|E Birnerová]] {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač|A Klepač]]
| RD3-score01-1=3
| RD3-score01-2=4
| RD3-score01-3= 
| RD3-seed02=4
| RD3-team02='''{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Julia Glushko|J Glushko]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Noppawan Lertcheewakarn|N Lertcheewakarn]]}}'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3= 

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xu Yifan|Y Xu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Yimiao|Y Zhou]]
| RD3-score03-1=3
| RD3-score03-2=5
| RD3-score03-3= 
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nina Bratchikova|N Bratchikova]] {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Oksana Kalashnikova|O Kalashnikova]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''6'''
| RD3-score04-2='''7'''
| RD3-score04-3= 

| RD4-seed01=4
| RD4-team01={{nowrap|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Julia Glushko|J Glushko]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Noppawan Lertcheewakarn|N Lertcheewakarn]]}}
| RD4-score01-1=0
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=[8]
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Nina Bratchikova|N Bratchikova]] {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Oksana Kalashnikova|O Kalashnikova]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''6'''
| RD4-score02-2=4
| RD4-score02-3='''[10]'''
}}

==References==
* [http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/posting/2012/1061/MDD.pdf Main Draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2012 Royal Indian Open - Doubles}}
[[Category:2012 WTA 125K series|Royal Indian Open - Doubles]]
[[Category:2012 in Indian tennis]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Open]]

Mardanpur, Raebareli

2023-09-29T05:16:08Z

Infycle Technologies: adjusted structure after review and updated info

{{other uses|Mardanpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mardanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mardānpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Amawan block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Mardanpur (#299) in Amawan CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.306245|N|81.270254|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.28
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1927
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mardanpur''' is a village in [[Amawan]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=185–201 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> It is located 15 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, its population is 1,927, in 333 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Mardanpur (as "Mardapur") as comprising 7 hamlets, with a total population of 808 people (435 male and 373 female), in 118 households and 104 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xxxvi-xxxvii of section "Rae Bareli Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 729 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Mardanpur (again as "Mardapur") as having a population of 1,256 people, in 203 households, and having an area of 276.41 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=78–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
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{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Indian Railway Medical Services

2022-07-05T06:49:31Z

Infycle Technologies: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Indian Railway Health Service]]

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