Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

23rd Infantry Division (India)

2026-05-26T17:16:02Z

Info: creating details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=23rd Infantry Division (India)
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1942-1947 1959-present
|country={{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]] {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
|allegiance={{flag|British Empire}} {{flag|India}}
|branch={{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
|type=[[Infantry]]
|role=
|size=[[Division (military)|Division]]
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|equipment=

|current_commander= Major General RS Guraya, Vishisht Seva Medal
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Reginald Savory]] Major General [[Ouvry Lindfield Roberts]]

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_2=

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[Battle of Imphal]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
The '''23rd Infantry Division''' is an [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[Indian Army]]. It was raised as a part of the [[Indian Army during World War II]]. It fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] and the [[Battle of Surabaya]] during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]].

==History==
The division was raised on 1 January 1942, at [[Jhansi]] in Central [[India]]. Its badge was a red [[fighting cock]] on a red circle. (The animal was chosen by Major General [[Reginald Savory]], the division's first commander, as one which would offend neither the [[Moslem]] nor [[Hindu]] soldiers of the division.

In May that year, while the division was still forming, it was ordered to [[Imphal]] in [[Manipur]], where [[Burma Corps]] was retreating, having been driven out of [[Burma]] by the Japanese. Imphal lay within the mountainous frontier between India and Burma, and the division was ordered to move while the monsoon season was at its height. Movement was difficult, and disease (mainly [[malaria]], but also [[typhus]]) was rampant. The division's chief claim to respect lies in holding its positions in these trying conditions, while also trying to undertake basic training.

On 3 June 1943, Major General Savory was promoted and appointed Director of Infantry in India. The division was temporarily commanded by Brigadier Collingridge of 37th Brigade until 15 August, when Major General [[Ouvry Lindfield Roberts]], who had gained widespread respect by his handling of operations in the Middle East, was appointed.

===Battle of Imphal===
In March, 1944, the Japanese launched a major attack on the British troops at Imphal. At the time, 23rd Division was the reserve unit for [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|Indian IV Corps]]. After its previous service in Imphal, the division was no less than 5,000 men short of establishment (about 18,500). This was due mainly to disease, and poor administration in the rear areas in 1943, which prevented many recovering sick men from rejoining the division.

When the Japanese offensive began, [[17th Infantry Division (India)|Indian 17th Infantry Division]] was cut off in its forward position at Tiddim. One brigade of 23rd division was left to hold Imphal while the remainder of the division was sent to help extricate the 17th Division. Once the two divisions had linked up, they retreated to Bishenpur south of Imphal, being supplied by parachute drops.

The 23rd Division was then sent to Kanglatongbi, north of Imphal, where Japanese troops had cut the road linking Imphal with India and were threatening a major supply dump. The Japanese were held back while the dump was emptied of stores.

In June, all the divisions at Imphal were reorganised and repositioned. 23rd Division defended the Shenam Saddle southeast of Imphal against the last Japanese attacks in this area.

===Operation Zipper===
After the end of the Battle of Imphal, the division was withdrawn to India. After recuperating, it began training for future operations in Malaya. Major General Roberts was promoted to command [[XXXIV Corps (India)|Indian XXXIV Corps]], and the division was commanded by Major General [[Douglas Hawthorn]]. In mid-1945, the division was due to take part in [[Operation Zipper]], a landing on the west coast of Malaya, as part of XXXIV Corps. Although forestalled by the Japanese surrender, the landing took place unopposed, as the quickest means of sending troops to Malaya to enforce the surrender.

Later that year, the division was sent to [[Java]], where the end of the war had brought widespread disorder and conflict between the restored [[Dutch East Indies]] colonial regime and pro-independence movements. The division was broken up in Java in 1947,<ref>Renaldi and Rikhye 2011, 48</ref> and its units were merged into the [[Indian 5th Infantry Division]].

===Postwar===
Current Divisional HQ is located at Dipatoli Cantonment, Ranchi in [[Jharkhand]]. The division was raised 1 September 1959 for the Nagaland insurgency when GOC Assam was redesignated as GOC 23rd Infantry Division.<ref>Renaldi and Rikhye, 2011, 48.</ref>

===Current Status of 23 Infantry Division===
There are 4 brigades in 23 Infantry Division. They are:
* 23 Artillery Brigade (Dipatoli Cantt, Ranchi, Jharkhand)
* 61 Infantry Brigade (Dipatoli Cantt, Ranchi, Jharkhand)
* 167 Infantry Brigade (Shahjahanpur Cantt, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh)
* 301 Infantry Brigade (MONUSCO, South Africa)

==23 Artillery Brigade==
The Arty Brigade is situated in Deepatoli Cantonment in Ranchi and consist of many units. Earlier 17 Corps’s only Sata Bty was also a part of brigade which also coordinated with 17 Corp Artillery Brigade was handed over to 17 Corps. The last existing Sata Bty to Brigade was 632 Sata Bty which moved to Ladakh and was replaced by 126 Sata Bty but 126 Sata did not join the Brigade.

The units under the brigade are as follow:

# 44 Field Regiment
# 299 Field Regiment
# 328 Field Regiment

== 61 Infantry Brigade ==
The infantry brigade was earlier situated in Namkom Military Station, Ranchi, Jharkhand. On 1 August 2019, the brigade is shifting to Dipatoli Cantt after the moving of 17 Corps to Panagarh, West Bengal. The brigade is assigned with 5 different Infantry Regiment. They are:
* 15th Battalion The Sikh Light Infantry
* 8th Battalion The Bihar Regiment
* 8th Battalion The Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
* 1st Battalion The Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry
* 9th Battalion The Mahar Regiment

==167 Infantry Brigade==
The brigade is situated in Shahjahanpur Military Station, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The brigade consists of 4 Infantry Regiments. They are:
* 21st Battalion The Madras Regiment
* 4th Battalion The 4th Gorkha Rifles (4/4 GR)
* 2nd Battalion The Kumaon Regiment (Berar)

==301 Infantry Brigade==
The brigade is situated in South Africa. The brigade is on the MONUSCO Mission from the year 2004 shifting from Ranchi to South Africa.

==Order of battle==
''as of 1 April 1944''
*GOC Major General [[Ouvry Lindfield Roberts|Ouvry Roberts]]
*[[1st Indian Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier A. King)
** 1st Battalion, [[Seaforth Highlanders]]
** 1st Battalion, [[16th Punjab Regiment]]
** 1st Battalion, [[Patiala Infantry Regiment]] (State forces)
*[[37th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier P. C. Marindin)
** 3rd Battalion, [[3rd Gurkha Rifles]]
** 3rd Battalion, [[5th Gurkha Rifles| 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]
** 3rd Battalion, [[10th Gurkha Rifles]]
*[[49th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (Brigadier F. Esse)
** 4th Battalion, [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]]
** 6th Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry
** 5th Battalion, [[6th Rajputana Rifles]]
*Divisional Units
** 2nd Battalion, [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] (divisional reconnaissance unit)
** 4th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] (divisional machine-gun unit)
** 158th Field Assault Regiment, [[Royal Artillery]] (The Fighting Cock 23rd div history)
** 3rd Field Regiment [[Royal Indian Artillery]] (IA)
** 28th Mountain Regiment IA
** 2nd Anti-Tank/Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment IA
** 23rd Indian Infantry Division Provost Unit
** 23rd Indian Infantry Division Signal Unit
** 69th, 71st, 91st Field Companies [[Royal Indian Engineers]] (IE)
** 305th Field Park Company IE
** 21st, 24th, 50th, 61st Animal Transport Companies [[Indian Army Service Corps]] (IASC)
** 121st, 122nd, 123rd General Purpose Transport Companies IASC
** 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th Composite Units IASC
** 24th, 47th, 49th Indian Field Ambulances, [[Indian Army Medical Corps]] (IAMC)
** 23rd Ordnance Field Park, [[Indian Army Ordnance Corps]] (IAOC)
** 38th, 61st Infantry Workshop Companies, [[Indian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers]] (IEME)
** 23rd Indian Division Recovery Company IEME

==Presently Units assigned in 23rd Infantry Division==
* 23 IDSR (Infantry Division Signal Regiment)
* 23 IDOU (Infantry Division Ordnance Unit)
* 23 IDPU (Infantry Division Provost Unit)(CMP)
* 51 Armoured Regiment
* 100 (Independent) Tank Transporter Company (ASC)
* 107 Engineers Regiment (Bombay Sappers)
* 323 Field Hospital
* 423 Field Hospital
* 523 ASC Battalion
* 623 EME Battalion

==Assigned brigades==
All these brigades were assigned or attached to the division at some time during World War II
*[[63rd Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[98th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[64th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[23rd Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[1st Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[49th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[123rd Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[37th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[50th Indian Parachute Brigade]]
*[[32nd Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[37th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[268th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2009-10-22|publisher=Order of Battle|title=23 Division units|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6013&Tab=Sub|archive-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926043414/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6013&Tab=Sub|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=Howard|title=Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire|date=1973|publisher=Arms and Armour Press|location=London}}

==Further reading==
* Parrott, J. G. A., Role of the 49 Indian Infantry Brigade in Surabaya, Oct.-Nov. 1945, Australian thesis

==External links==
* {{oob unit | id = 6013 | name = 23 Indian Infantry Division }}
*[http://www.burmastar.org.uk/123rdind.htm Burma Star organisation site]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Indian Divisions in World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:23 Indian Infantry Division}}
[[Category:Indian World War II divisions]]
[[Category:Divisions of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:British Indian Army divisions]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:American organizations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|D]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1959]]

First Bordoloi ministry (Assam Province)

2026-05-02T12:06:40Z

Info: created initial info w/ sources

{{Short description|1938 cabinet in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| date_formed = 19 September 1938
| date_dissolved = 17 November 1939
| government_head = [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
| state_head = [[Henry Joseph Twynam]] [[Robert Reid (civil servant)|Robert Reid]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| government_head_title = Prime Minister
| political_parties = *'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| predecessor = [[First Saadulah ministry|Saadulah I]]
| successor = [[Second Saadulah ministry|Saadulah II]]
| image = Gopinath Bordoloi.jpg
}}

The '''First''' '''Bordoloi provincial government''', was the Cabinet of [[Assam Province]] headed by [[Chief Minister of Assam|Prime Minister of Assam]] [[Gopinath Bordoloi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordoloi government |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref> The government lasted from 19 September 1938 to 17 November 1939.

== History ==
Following the resignation of the [[First Saadulah provincial government|Saadulah government]], the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-coalition [[Gopinath Bordoloi|Bordoloi]] government was formed. However, following the outbreak of the Second World War, which Congress refused to be a part of, the government resigned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Amlan |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Assam_State_Gazetteer/xy5uAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Assam State Gazetteer |last2=Choudhury |first2=S. B. Roy |date=1999 |publisher=Editor-in-Chief, District Gazetteers, Government of Assam |language=en}}</ref>

== Ministers ==

=== Cabinet ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolios
!Party
|-
|[[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
Premier
|
* Home
* Education<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commerce |first=Bengal Chamber of |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/_/PaggP1C0p9AC?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibsM7T9J6TAxV8WEEAHZ6nFycQre8FegQIAxAQ |title=Report of the Committee |date=1939 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Akshay Kumar Das]]
|
* Excise
* Agriculture
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ram Nath Das
|
* Public Health
* Medical
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Kamini Kumar Sen
|
* Local self-government
* Judicial
* General
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Rupnath Brahma]]
|
* Forests
* Registration
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|
* Finance
* Revenue
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Mahmud Ali (politician)|Mahmud Ali]]
|
* Cooperation
* Industries
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Ali Haider Khan|Ali Haidur Khan]]
|
* Public Works
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Assam]]

2026 Nashik BPO workplace harassment case

2026-05-02T10:39:26Z

Info: Adding a article...

{{Short description|Maharashtra, India investigation into Tata}}
'''2026 Nashik BPO workplace harassment case''' refers to a series of serious allegations involving sexual harassment, mental abuse, and forced religious conversion to Islam at a [[Tata Consultancy Services]] (TCS) unit in [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] reported in April 2026.<ref>[https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/deep-dive/what-is-the-tcs-nashik-case-allegations-arrests-and-next-steps/2993095/1 Forbes India - What is the TCS Nashik Case?]</ref>

In early 2026, multiple employees at the Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) [[Business Process Outsourcing|Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)]] campus in Nashik, Maharashtra, filed First Information Reports (FIRs) alleging sustained sexual harassment and religious coercion by several team leaders. The allegations, which reportedly span from 2022 to 2026, prompted the Nashik Police to form a Special Investigation Team (SIT).

As part of the probe, six female police officers were deployed undercover as employees within the facility for 40 days to monitor workplace interactions and gather evidence. By mid-April 2026, authorities had registered nine FIRs and arrested seven employees, including several team leaders and an Assistant General Manager. The HR responsible for the Nashik office still remains unknown. The SIT investigation highlighted an alleged failure of the facility's internal grievance mechanisms. Police reported that the AGM was arrested for allegedly ignoring a verbal complaint, from one of the victims, thereby failing to trigger mandatory [[Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013|POSH (Prevention of Sexual Harassment)]] protocols.

TCS suspended the accused employees and initiated an investigation.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/posh-failure-at-tcs-nashik-hr-agm-arrested-for-ignoring-complaints-78-emails-chats-under-sit-scanner/articleshow/130253907.cms The Times of India - POSH failure at TCS Nashik?]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India-stub}}

[[Category:Tata Consultancy Services]]
[[Category:Sexual harassment in India]]
[[Category:April 2026 in India]]

2025 Nowgam explosion

2026-05-01T00:40:25Z

Info: Adding new article...

{{Short description|Accidental explosion at Nowgam, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2025 Nowgam explosion
| image = CCTV image of the area near the explosion.png
| image_size =
| caption = CCTV image of the explosion
| location = Nowgam, [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| coordinates = {{coord| 34.026486|N|74.827450|E|display=inline}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| date = 14 November 2025
| time = 23:20 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| type = Accidental explosion
| fatalities = 9
| injuries = 27–32
| weapons = [[Ammonium nitrate bomb|Ammonium nitrate fuel oil]], [[potassium nitrate]], [[sulphur]]
}}
On 14 November 2025, an explosion occurred in Nowgam police station located on the outskirts of [[Srinagar]], in the [[Indian administered Kashmir|Indian administered]] union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The blast occurred while forensic and police teams were examining the explosive materials seized earlier during an investigation into a suspected [[terrorist cell]]. The blast killed nine people and injured between 27 and 32 others. The Indian government ruled out any outside involvement and declared the incident as an accident.

== Background ==
In early November 2025, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]], along with the [[Haryana Police]], recovered more than {{cvt|2900|kg}} of explosives, [[assault rifles]], [[handguns]], [[timer|timing devices]], and [[ammunition]] from two houses in [[Faridabad]], a city adjacent to Delhi.<ref name="ND">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-500-kg-suspected-explosives-found-at-j-k-doctors-house-in-faridabad-9608141 |title=2,900 kg Explosives Found At 2 Houses Of J&K Doctor In Faridabad |work=[[NDTV]] |date=10 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref> These included chemicals such as [[ammonium nitrate bomb|ammonium nitrate fuel oil]], [[potassium nitrate]], and [[sulphur]], and were subsequently transferred to Nowgam police station for forensic analysis.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Massive explosion inside J&K police station leaves 8 injured |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/massive-explosion-inside-jk-police-station-leaves-8-injured/article70281760.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> A team of forensic specialists, police personnel, and revenue officials assembled at the station on 14 November 2025 to examine the seized chemicals.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |title=Blast at police station in Indian Kashmir kills nine, injures 27 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/explosion-rips-through-police-station-indias-kashmir-official-says-2025-11-14/ |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{cite news |title=At least 9 killed and 32 injured in an explosion at an Indian-controlled Kashmir police station |url=https://apnews.com/article/08270165746d64343cc4318eeebcbee1 |agency=AP News |date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

== Explosion ==
At 11:20 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], a powerful explosion ripped through the police station complex. Subseuqent [[CCTV]] footage showed a large fireball followed by a shock wave that destroyed vehicles parked nearby and damaged adjacent buildings.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=Kashmir police station explosion leaves several injured |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cnvel2gvqeqo |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> The blast triggered multiple smaller secondary explosions.<ref name="Reuters" />

== Aftermath ==
The explosion caused severe structural damage to the police station building, apart from damage to vehicles and nearby structures.<ref name="BBC"/> Nine people were killed in the explosion and between 27 and 32 others were injured.<ref name="Reuters" /><ref name="AP" /> Those killed included three forensic experts, two revenue department officials, two police photographers, one investigative officer, and a civilian tailor. The injured included police personnel, government officials, and civilians residing nearby.<ref name="Reuters" /><ref name="AP" /><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Was He Your Servant?’: Wife Of Lone Civilian Killed in Srinagar Blast Seeks Justice |url=https://thewire.in/rights/was-he-your-servant-wife-of-sole-civilian-killed-nowgam-explosion-seeks-justice |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=16 November 2025 |date=16 November 2025}}</ref> Debris and human remains were found scattered for over {{cvt|100|m}} from the site.<ref name="Reuters" />

== Investigation and response ==
In the aftermath, security was tightened in the area and forensic teams were deployed to determine the cause of the detonation. [[Nalin Prabhat]], the [[Director General of Police]], said that the incident was likely an accidental explosion caused by the seized material.<ref name="Hindu" /> The Indian government later confirmed that no evidence of foul play or outside involvement was found in the initial investigation, and the explosion was an accident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nowgam Police Station blast was an "accidental incident," says MHA; 9 dead, 32 injured |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nowgam-police-station-blast-was-an-accidental-incident-says-mha-9-dead-32-injured20251115114156/ |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[ANI News]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Muzaffar Raina |title='Accidental blast' at Kashmir's Nowgam police station jolts 'white-collar terror module' probe |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/accidental-blast-at-kashmirs-nowgam-police-station-jolts-white-collar-terror-module-probe-prnt/cid/2133106 |work=[[Telegraph (India)|Telegraph]] |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=16 November 2025 }}</ref> The [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir government]] announced a compensation of {{INRconvert|1|m}} for the families of the deceased and {{INRconvert|0.1|m}} for the injured.<ref>{{cite news |title=J&K govt announces Rs 10 lakh ex-gratia for Nowgam blast victims, Rs 1 lakh for injured |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/jk-govt-announces-rs-10-lakh-ex-gratia-for-nowgam-blast-victims-rs-1-lakh-for-injured/articleshow/125350045.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2025 Delhi car explosion]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Disasters in India in 2025}}
[[Category:2020s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2025]]
[[Category:Explosions in India]]
[[Category:November 2025 in India]]

Lakhpat Singh Butola

2026-04-25T03:44:35Z

Info: put up first biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =Lakhpat Singh Butola
| office = Member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 July 2024
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Singh Bhandari]]
| constituency = [[Badrinath Assembly constituency|Badrinath]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
}}
'''Lakhpat Singh Butola''' is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]]. As a member of [[Indian National Congress]], he is the incumbent MLA from [[Badrinath Assembly constituency|Badrinath]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-13 |title=Congress stages Uttarakhand bypoll comeback, month after Lok Sabha rout |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-badrinath-maglaur-bypoll-congress-win-9450980/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bye Election to Assembly Constituencies: Results July-2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/ConstituencywiseS284.htm}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butola, Lakhpat Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Uttarakhand-INC-politician-stub}}

Delimitation Bill, 2026

2026-04-21T10:16:06Z

Info: created basic details w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Delimitation Bill, 2026
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = A Bill to provide for the readjustment of the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and Union territories, the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of each State and Union territories having a Legislative Assembly, the division of each State and each Union territory having a Legislative Assembly into territorial constituencies for elections to the House of the People and Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union territories and for matters connected therewith.
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| enacted_by2 =
| date_passed2 =
| assented_by =
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-delimitation-bill-2026
| bill = Delimitation Bill, 2026
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2026/Delimitation_Bill,_2026.pdf Bill No. 108 of 2026]
| introduced_by = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]], MoS(I/C) for Law & Justice and MoS of Parliamentary Affairs
| date_introduced = 16 April 2026
| status = rejected in initiating chamber committee
}}

The '''Delimitation Bill, 2026''', was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] on 16 April 2026 by [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]], the Minister of Law. The bill intends to increase the number of seats in the Lok Sabha from 543 to 850. 815 of the 850 members will be elected from the States and 35 members will be elected from the Union territories. The bill allows for the constitution of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] to undertake the exercise of delimitation before the completion of the [[2027 census of India]], thus facilitating a shorter time for the reservation of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and the legislative assemblies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 16, 2026 |title=Lok Sabha takes up Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2026’, Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026’, Delimitation Bill, 2026’ |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/parliament-budget-session-begins-opposition-protests-against-key-bills/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=News On AIR}}</ref>

==Criticism==
On 17 April 2026, during the special session of the Lok Sabha, [[Shashi Tharoor]] stated that linking the Delimitation to the Women's Quota Act "is to hold the aspirations of Indian women hostage".<ref name="News18Bill17April">{{Cite news |last=Shekhawat |first=Meemansa |date=April 17, 2026 |title=Delimitation Bill 2026 LIVE Updates: Amit Shah To Address Lok Sabha Shortly |url=https://www.news18.com/india/delimitation-bill-2026-live-updates-parliament-special-session-lok-sabha-850-seats-women-reservation-2-liveblog-ws-l-10038068.html |work=News18}}</ref>

==Government explanation==
[[Home Minister of India]] [[Amit Shah]] assured the members of Lok Sabha that the representation of southern States in the House would not decrease. He stated the number of Lok Sabha seats in the five southern States would go up from the existing 129 to 195, with the share increasing from 23.76 per cent to 23.87 per cent.<ref name="News18Bill17April" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-law-stub}}

[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Proposed laws of India]]

M. Chandran (politician)

2026-04-20T01:26:37Z

Info: put up new article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician (1946–2023)}}
{{for|the Malaysian footballer|M. Chandran (Malaysian footballer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = M. Chandran
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|07|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Anakkara (Palakkad)|Anakkara]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|05|01|1946|07|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Alathur]]
| term_start = 2006
| term_end = 2016
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = K. Komalavally
| footnotes =
| source =
| native_name = എം. ചന്ദ്രൻ
| native_name_lang = ml
}}

'''M. Chandran''' ([[Malayalam]]: എം. ചന്ദ്രൻ; 15 July 1946 – 1 May 2023) was an Indian politician from [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]. He was a two-term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Alathur Assembly constituency|Alathur constituency]].

== Political career ==
Chandran first entered politics when he was a student. He was a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], serving two terms in the Legislative Assembly representing Alathur between 2006 and 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri M. Chandran |url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/members/m_chandran.htm |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[Kerala Niyamasabha]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Alathur (Kerala) Assembly constituency elections |url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/alathur.html |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Death ==
Chandran died in [[Ernakulam]], Kerala, on 1 May 2023, at the age of 76.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Former Alathur MLA, CPM state secretariat member M Chandran passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/former-alathur-mla-cpm-state-secretariat-member-m-chandran-passes-away-1.8522944 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, M.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Politicians from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Banashree Sengupta

2026-04-14T18:58:47Z

Info: Adding a article

{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=October 2020}}
{{Fan POV|date=October 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{infobox musical artist
| name = Banashree Sengupta
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|05|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hugli-Chuchura]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|02|19|1945|05|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[SSKM Hospital]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupations = Singer
| years_active =
}}
'''Banashree Sengupta''' ({{langx|bn|বনশ্রী সেনগুপ্ত}}; 6 May 1945 – 19 February 2017) was a singer from [[India]].<ref name = toi1 >{{ cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/banashree-sengupta-passes-away-at-73/articleshow/57239071.cms |title = Banashree Sengupta paases at 73| date = 20 February 2017 | newspaper= [[The Times of India]] }}</ref> She had given her voice in numerous Bengali, Hindi, Assamese, Bhojpuri, and Odia films during her long career.<ref name =ht>{{ cite news | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/eminent-bengali-singer-banasree-sengupta-passes-away/story-X1GCy5GXsfGDRL8vpZCsgK.html |title=Eminent Bengali singer Banasree Sengupta passes away | date = 20 February 2017 | newspaper= [[Hindistan Times]] }}</ref>

==Early years==
Banashree's father Shri Shailendranath Roy ({{langx|bn|শৈলেন্দ্রনাথ রায়}}) was a noted Indian classical singer of [[Hugli-Chuchura]], West Bengal. She was born to a family of ''Ayurveda'' doctors and their house in Chinsurah was known as ''Kabiraj Bari'' (doctors' house /{{langx|bn|কবিরাজ বাড়ি}}). However, her grandfather and father were proficient artists in Indian Classical Music. Her father introduced her to Indian Classical music at an early age. She passed School Final Examination from ''Banimandir Balika Vidyalaya'' ({{langx|bn|বাণীমন্দির বালিকা বিদ্যালয়}}).<ref name =mumu>{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Tapesh|url= https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/cimage19/107942review10.jpg|newspaper=বাংলা খবর |date=1 September 2011 |title=মুখোমুখি|language= Bengali| location=Kolkata |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

==Learning Music==
Apart from her father, Banashree received training in singing from various masters. Shri Rajen Bandyopadhyay imparted training in Indian classical music while she was at Chinsurah. After her marriage to Sri Shanti Sengupta in 1965, she moved to Kolkata. Here, she received training from several exponents of music in various branches, such as Khayal from Ustad Sagiruddin Khan, Pandit Usharanjan Mukhopadhyay and Pandit Shailen Bandyopadhyay, a folk song from Dinendra Choudhury, Geet and Bhajan from Kamal Ganguly, Najrul Geeti from Ramanuj Dasgupta and adhunik song from Rabindra Jain, Prabir Majumder, Neeta Sen, and Sudhin Dasgupta.<ref name = ie>{{cite news | newspaper=The Indian Express |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/singer-banasree-sengupta-dies-4533730/ | date = 20 February 2017 |title=Singer Banashree Sengupta dies| location=Kolkata|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Banashree Sengupta started singing in Akashvani in 1964, where she rendered Geet, Bhajan, Adhunik, Rabindra Sangeet, Nazrul Geeti, and songs for children. Her first album was released from [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] in 1966.<ref name = ie/>

She will be remembered for her outstanding performances in Tapan Sinha's movie Harmonium, Yatrik's Chhinnapatra etc. Her notable renditions are {{Transliteration|hi|Aaj bikeler daake}}, {{Transliteration|hi|Dur aakashe tomar sur}}, {{Transliteration|hi|Andhokaarke bhoy kori}}, {{Transliteration|hi|Sundor boner sundori gaachh}} and many others.
She also sang in the 1976 Mahalaya program, Devim Durgatiharinim, where she rendered her voice in a duet with Manabendra Mukhopadhyay. The song was "Shudha Tarangini he leela rangini". However the song wasn't played in the radio program.

==Awards==
Banashree received many awards. The government of West Bengal conferred the Sangeet Sanman award in 2012 and Maha Sangeet Sanman in 2013.<ref name =ht/> Apart from that she received Uttam Kumar Award, Dishari Award, Bengali Film Journalists Association award, Pramathesh Barua award, Michael Madhusudan award, etc.<ref name = ebela>{{cite news | newspaper=E Bela |url= https://ebela.in/entertainment/banashree-sengupta-passes-away-dgtl-1.566910| date = 19 February 2017 |title=চলে গেলেন কিংবদন্তি গায়িকা বনশ্রী সেনগুপ্ত| location=Kolkata|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

==Literary works==
Though literature was not her domain, she contributed an article that is a pleasant read, published in a newspaper on 23 July 2016, describing the locality where she lived in Argya Abasan of Pratapaditya Road, Kolkata.<ref name =abp2>{{cite news | newspaper=Ananda Bazar Patrika |url= https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/banashree-sengupta-shares-her-days-at-pratapaditya-road-1.440548 | date = 23 July 2016 |title=প্রতাপাদিত্য রোড- তরুণ প্রজন্ম বাইরে, পাড়াটা যেন বৃদ্ধাশ্রম | location=Kolkata|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

==Travel==
Banashree Sengupta traveled to many countries to present her songs. She visited USSR as a part of the Government delegation in 1986. She attended North America Bango Sammiloni in Toronto in 1998 and Basanta Utsab in Toronto in 2011. She performed in Milton Keynes, Luton, London, and Glasgow in England, New York, New Jersey, Cherry Field, Long Island, Heart Ford, Boston, Tarrency City, Clave Land, and Florida in the USA, and Montreal and Toronto in Canada.<ref name = kolinfo>{{cite web |url= http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2012/05/banasree-sengupta-profile-family-career.html | title= Kolkata Bengal Info|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

==Death==
On 19 February 2017, Sengupta died at SSKM Hospital in Kolkata after a ten-day illness. West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee expressed condolences, as did various members of the arts community<ref name="abp1">{{cite web | url= https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/banashree-sengupta-passes-away-dgtl-1.566923| date=20 February 2017 |title= প্রয়াত বনশ্রী সেনগুপ্ত |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>. Her body was kept for public viewing at Rabindra Sadan before the cremation at Keoratolla burning ghat.<ref name="ine">{{cite web | url= https://indianewengland.com/2017/02/obituary-eminent-bengali-singer-banasree-sengupta-dead/ | title= Obituary: Eminent Bengali singer Banasree Sengupta dead | date= 19 February 2017 | access-date= 20 October 2020 | archive-date= 23 October 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201023015927/https://indianewengland.com/2017/02/obituary-eminent-bengali-singer-banasree-sengupta-dead/ | url-status= dead }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian playback singers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

== External links ==

* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3691664/ Banashree Sengupta] on IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Banashree}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian classical singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]

Namrata Das

2026-04-14T06:29:19Z

Info:

{{Short description|Indian actress from Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Namrata Das
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = or
| image = Namrata Das.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Alapua, [[Kendrapara]], [[Odisha]], India
| nickname = Dolly
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 1973–present
| awards = Bhumi Kanya
}}
'''Namrata Das''' is an Indian actress in [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia film Industry]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Orissa Reference: Glimpses of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RBuAAAAMAAJ&q=namrata+das+odia+actress|year=2001|publisher=TechnoCAD Systems}}</ref> Das is best known for her supporting roles often as a mother or grandmother in film and telivision.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://utkalodisha.com/photo-gallery/ |title=Photo Gallery Odia Actress |date=24 January 2020 |format= |accessdate=}}</ref> She made her film debut in ''[[Dharitri]]'' in 1973 and has since acted in over 200 Odia film and three [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]s.<ref name="Mycitylinks- Bhubaneswar">{{cite web | title=The Iconic Screen Mom Of Ollywood | website=Mycitylinks- Bhubaneswar {{pipe}} Cuttack {{pipe}} Puri | date=2018-08-27 | url=https://www.mycitylinks.in/the-iconic-screen-mom-of-ollywood | access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref><ref name="Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST 2018">{{cite web | title=My Sunday of Namrata Das | website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST | date=2018-01-25 | url=https://www.orissapost.com/my-sunday-of-namrata-das/ | access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref> In January 2020 Das received a ' ''Bhumi Kanya'' ' award for her contribution in the odia film industry. She is also the recipient of a state award for the film [[Lakshmi Pratima (film)|Lakshmi Pratima]].<ref name="LocalWire">{{cite web | title=Veteran actress Namrata Das receives Bhumi Kanya Award | website=LocalWire | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://localwire.me/veteran-actress-namrata-das-receives-bhumi-kanya-award/?amp | access-date=2020-09-13}}</ref>

==Biography==
Das was born to a [[Zamindar]] family in Alapua in the state of [[Odisha]]. Her mother died when she was nine years old. She has four younger sisters and brothers.<ref name="Bureau 2020">{{cite web | title=Odia Actresses Who Immortalized The Role Of Mother On Big Screen - ODISHA BYTES | website=ODISHA BYTES | date=2020-05-10 | url=https://odishabytes.com/odia-actress-who-immortalized-the-role-of-mother/ | access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref>

==Awards==
*1998: Best supporting actress for film [[Lakshmi Pratima (film)|Lakshmi Pratima]].<ref name="Ollywood">{{cite web | title=Orissa State Film Award Winners | website=Orissa Cinema | url=http://orissacinema.com/history/orissa-state-film-award.html | language=it | access-date=2020-09-20}}</ref>
*2020: Bhumi Kanya awards for Odia film industry<ref name="\ 2020">{{cite web | title=Namrata Das to get Bhumi Kanya award - OrissaPOST | website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST | date=2020-01-15 | url=https://www.orissapost.com/namrata-das-to-get-bhumi-kanya-award/ | language=la | access-date=2020-09-20}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year
! Film
! Language
|-
|2016
| ''[[Tu kahibu na mu ]]''
| Odia
|-
|2015
| ''[[Kie daba Takkar]]''
| Odia
|-
|2015
| ''[[Jie jaha kahu mora dho]]''
| Odia
|-
|2014
| ''[[Sindura]]''
| Odia
|-
|2014
| ''[[Jay hind]]''
| Odia
|-
|2013
| ''[[Gaddbadd]]''
| Odia
|-
|2013
| ''[[Sandehi Priyatama]]''
| Odia
|-
|2013
| ''[[Kehi Jane bhala lagere]]''
| Odia
|-
|2013
| ''[[Tu mo dehara chhai ]]''
| Odia
|-
|2013
| ''[[Hata dhari chalutha]]''
| Odia
|-
|2013
| ''[[Target (2013 film)|Target]]''
| Odia
|-
|2012
| ''[[Raju Awara]]''
| Odia
|-
|2011
| ''[[Mane rahiba e prema kahani]]''
| Odia
|-
|2011
| ''[[Balunga toka]]''
| Odia
|-
|2011
| ''[[E mana khoje Manatie]]''
| Odia
|-
|2010
| ''[[Prema Adhei Akhyara]]''
| Odia
|-
|2010
| ''[[To akhire mun]]''
| Odia
|-
|2010
| ''[[Tu thile mo Dara kahaku]]''
| Odia
|-
|2009
| ''[[Aa re Sathia]]''
| Odia
|-
|2009
| ''[[Abhimanyu (2009 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
| Odia
|-
|2008
| ''[[Mate anidela lakshe faguna]]''
| Odia
|-
|2007
| ''[[Mu Tate Love karuchhi]]''
| Odia
|-
|2007
| ''[[Mahanayak (2007 film)|Mahanayak]]''
| Odia
|-
|2007
| ''[[Lakshmi Pratima]]''
| Odia
|-
|2007
| ''[[Kali Shankar]]''
| Odia
|-
|2007
| ''[[Chaka Chaka Bhaunri]]''
| Odia
|-
|2006
| ''[[De Maa Shakti De]]''
| Odia
|-
|2006
| ''[[Sashu Ghara Chalijibi]]''
| Odia
|-
|2004
| ''[[Kandhei akhire luha]]''
| Odia
|-
|2003
| ''[[Bidhata]]''
| Odia
|-
|2003
| ''[[Sata Michha]]''
| Odia
|-
|2003
| ''[[Sabata Maa]]''
| Odia
|-
|2003
| ''[[Aeithi Swarga aeithi narka]]''
| Odia
|-
|2002
| ''[[Rahichi Rahibi Tori Paain]]''
| Odia
|-
|2002
| ''[[Rakter Sindoor]]''
| Bengali
|-
|2002
| ''[[Dharma Sahile Hela]]''
| Odia
|-
|2002
| ''[[Sei Jhiati]]''
| Odia
|-
|2002
| ''[[Sindura nuhen khela ghara]]''
| Odia
|-
|2001
| ''[[Mo kola to jhulana]]''
| Odia
|-
|2001
| ''[[Baazi (2001 film)|Baazi]]''
| Odia
|-
|2001
| ''[[Dharma Debata]]''
| Odia
|-
|2001
| ''[[Gare sindura dhare luha]]''
| Odia
|-
|2000
| ''[[Babu Parshuram]]''
| Odia
|-
|1999
| ''[[Dharma Nikiti]]''
| Odia
|-
|1999
| ''[[Pua bhangidela suna sansara]]''
| Odia
|-
|1999
| ''[[Maa goja Bayani]]''
| Odia
|-
|1999
| ''[[Kalki Abatar]]''
| Odia
|-
|1999
| ''[[Pabitra Bandhan]]''
| Odia
|-
|1999
| ''[[Sola Shukrabar]]''
| Odia
|-
|1998
| ''[[Rupa Gaanra Suna Kania]]''
| Odia
|-
|1998
| ''[[Stree (1998 film)|Stree]]''
| Odia
|-
|1997
| ''[[Nari bi pindhipare rakta sindura]]''
| Odia
|-
|1997
| ''[[Ganga Siuli]]''
| Odia
|-
|1996
| ''[[Sakala Tirtha to Charane]]''
| Odia
|-
|1995
| ''[[Suna Panjuri]]''
| Odia
|-
|1995
| ''[[Rakata kahiba kie kahara]]''
| Odia
|-
|1994
| ''[[Bhai hela Bhagari]]''
| Odia
|-
|1994
| ''[[Suna Bhauja]]''
| Odia
|-
|1994
| ''[[Samaya Bada Balaban]]''
| Odia
|-
|1994
| ''[[Gadhi janile Ghara sundara]]''
| Odia
|-
|1993
| ''[[Bhagya hate doro]]''
| Odia
|-
|1992
| ''[[Panjuri bhitare sari]]''
| Odia
|-
|1992
| ''[[Maa (1992 Bengali film)|Maa]]''
| Bengali
|-
|1991
| ''[[Ki heba sua poshile]]''
| Odia
|-
|1990
| ''[[Paradesi Chadei]]''
| Odia
|-
|1990
| ''[[Agni Beena]]''
| Odia
|-
|1989
| ''[[Panchu Pandaba]]''
| Odia
|-
|1988
| ''[[Bohu heba emiti]]''
| Odia
|-
|1987
| ''[[Tunda Baida]]''
| Odia
|-
|1983
| ''[[Kaberi]]''
| Odia
|-
|1982
| ''[[Astaraga]]''
| Odia
|-
|1981
| ''[[Akhi Trutia]]''
| Odia
|-
|1980
| ''[[Anuradha (1980 film)|Anuradha]]''
| Odia
|-
|1980
| ''[[Ramayan (1980 Odia film)|Ramayan]]''
| Odia
|-
|1978
| ''[[Balidan (1978 film)|Balidan]]''
| Odia
|-
|1978
| ''[[Taapoi]]''
| Odia
|-
|1978
| ''[[Priyatama (1978 film)|Priyatama]]''
| Odia
|-
|1976
| ''[[Krushna Sudama]]''
| Odia
|-
|1976
| ''[[Sindura Bindu]]''
| Odia
|-
|1973
| ''[[Kanakalata]]''
| Odia
|-
|1973
| ''[[Dharitri]]''
| Odia
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Serial
! Network
|-
| ''[[Katha Kahuthile Saribani ]]''
| DD Odia
|-
| ''[[Adhikara]]''
| DD Odia
|-
| ''[[Suna Kalasa]]''
| DD Odia
|-
| ''[[Gayatri (TV series)|Gayatri]]''
| ETV Odia
|-
| ''[[Tapasya (TV series)|Tapasya]]''
| ETV Odia
|-
| ''[[To Aganara Tulasi Mun]]''
| Sarthak TV
|-
| ''[[Tara Tarini (TV series)|Tara Tarini]]''
| Tarang TV
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9154173}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Namrata}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Kendrapara district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

M. R. Anitha

2026-04-10T13:55:05Z

Info: put up basic post more to come

{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Infobox Judge
| name = M. R. Anitha
| honorific_prefix = '''Retd. Justice'''
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 06 March 2020
| term_end = 31 May 2023
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
| predecessor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|5|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kuzhikkattussery, [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| father = M.K.Raman
| mother = P.R.Radha
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/mra.html|High Court of Kerala}}
| signature =
}}
'''Mudalikulam Raman Anitha''' (born 31 May 1961) is a retired judge of the [[Kerala High Court]], which is the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. The High Court is headquartered at [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/mra.html|title=Official|work=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Appointment">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%20Shri%20T%20R%20Ravi%20and%2003%20others%20to%20be%20Additional%20Judges%20of%20the%20Kerala%20HC%20%2804.03.2020%29.pdf|title=Appointment Notification|work=Official - Department of Justice - Government of India|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="SCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/03/05/kerala-hc-appointment-order-of-4-additional-judges-for-a-period-of-2-years/|title=Appointment Order of 4 Additional Judges for a period of 2 years|work=scconline.com|accessdate=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="SCConline">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/01/30/collegium-approves-elevation-of-3-advocates-and-1-judicial-officer-as-judge-of-kerala-hc/|title=Collegium approves — elevation of 3 Advocates and 1 Judicial Officer as Judge of Kerala HC|work=scconline.com|accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sc-collegium-recommends-to-appoint-four-new-hc-judges-1.4487313|title=SC collegium recommends to appoint four new HC judges|work=mathrubhumi.com|accessdate=30 January 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307011659/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sc-collegium-recommends-to-appoint-four-new-hc-judges-1.4487313|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-high-court-gets-four-new-judges/articleshow/74481247.cms|title=Kerala high court gets four new judges|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="LL">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/centre-notifies-the-appointment-of-three-lawyers-and-one-jud-officer-as-additional-judges-of-kerala-hc-read-resolution-153455|title=Centre Notifies The Appointment Of Three Lawyers And One Jud. Officer As Additional Judges Of Kerala HC|work=livelaw.in|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Anitha was born at Kuzhikkattussery, [[Thrissur]] to M.K.Raman and P.R.Radha. Anitha graduated from [[St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda]] and obtained a law degree from [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]].<ref name="hc"/>

==Career==
Anitha joined Kerala Judicial Service on 28 January, 1991. She was appointed as Additional District and Sessions Judge in 2005 at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] as Fast Track-III, served as Principal District and Sessions Judge of [[Wayanad]] and as Principal District and Sessions Judge of [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="hc"/> 06 March 2020 she was appointed as additional judge of Kerala High Court.<ref name="Appointment"/><ref name="hc"/><ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><ref name="MMO">{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2020/03/06/high-court-judges-took-charge.html|title=െഹെക്കോടതി ജഡ്ജിമാർ ‌സത്യപ്രതിജ്ഞ ചെയ്തു|work=manoramaonline.com|accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> Justice Anitha demitted her office upon attaining age of superannuation on 31 May 2023.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anitha, M. R.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

Spirit possession

2026-03-27T10:59:39Z

Info: reworked layout and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Purported control of a human body by spirits, ghosts, demons}}
{{distinguish|Obsession (Spiritism)|Mediumship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Paranormal}}
{{Anthropology of religion}}

'''Spirit possession''' is an [[altered state of consciousness]] and associated behaviors purportedly caused by the control of a human body and its functions by [[Supernatural#Spirit|spirit]]s, [[ghost]]s, [[demon]]s, [[angel]]s, or [[Deity|dieties]].{{sfnp|Jones|2005|page=8687}} The concept of spirit possession exists in many cultures and religions, including [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]],<ref name="new1">Mark 5:9, Luke 8:30</ref> [[Dominican Vudú]], [[Haitian Vodou]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Wicca]], and [[Southeast Asia]]n, [[Africa]]n, and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] traditions. Depending on the cultural context in which it is found, possession may be thought of as voluntary or involuntary and may be considered to have beneficial or detrimental effects on the host.<ref name="HAU 2021">{{cite journal |author-last= Santiago |author-first= Christopher |date= Autumn 2021 |title= Twilight states: Comparing case studies of hysteria and demonic possession |editor1-last= Costa |editor1-first= Luiz |editor2-last= Ferme |editor2-first= Marianne |editor3-last= Kaur |editor3-first= Raminder |editor4-last= Kipnis |editor4-first= Andrew B. |journal= [[HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory]] |publisher= [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume= 11 |issue= 2 |pages = 635–659 |doi= 10.1086/715812 |doi-access= free |issn= 2049-1115}}</ref> The experience of spirit possession sometimes serves as evidence in support of belief in the existence of spirits, deities or demons.<ref>{{cite book |first= Hans| last= Van Eyghen| title= The Epistemology of Spirit Beliefs | publisher= Routledge | date= 14 April 2023| isbn= 978-1-003-28113-9 | url = https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-mono/10.4324/9781003281139/epistemology-spirit-beliefs-hans-van-eyghen | series = Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Religion | pages = 118, 127 | doi= 10.4324/9781003281139| quote = Regarding an experience as a possession-experience can serve a psychological need and be veridical at the same time. [...] [...] possession-experiences [...] can [...] provide prima facie justification for a set of beliefs regarding spirits and their natures.}}</ref> In a 1969 study funded by the [[National Institute of Mental Health]], spirit-possession beliefs were found to exist in 74% of a sample of 488 societies in all parts of the world, with the highest numbers of believing societies in Pacific cultures and the lowest incidence among [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] of both [[Indigenous peoples of north america|North]] and [[Indigenous peoples of South America|South America]].{{sfnp|Jones|2005|page= 8687}}{{sfnp|Bourguignon|Ucko|1969}} As [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] and [[Charismatic Christianity|Charismatic]] [[Christian church (denomination)|Christian churches]] move into both African and Oceanic areas, a merger of belief can take place, with demons becoming representative of the "old" indigenous religions, which Christian ministers attempt to [[Exorcism|exorcise]].{{sfnp|Robbins|2004a|pp=117–143}}

== Organized religions ==
=== Christianity ===
{{see also|Baptism with the Holy Spirit|Holy laughter}}
{{Further|Exorcism in Christianity}}

From the beginning of [[Christianity]], adherents have held that possession derives from the [[Devil]] (i.e. [[Satan]]) and demons. In the battle between Satan and [[Heaven]], Satan is believed to engage in "spiritual attacks", including [[demonic possession]], against human beings by the use of [[supernatural]] powers to harm them physically or psychologically.{{sfnp|Jones|2005|page=8687}} [[Prayer]] for deliverance, [[blessing]]s upon the person's house or body, [[sacraments]], and [[exorcisms]] are generally used to drive the demon out.

Some [[Theology|theologians]], such as [[Ángel Manuel Rodríguez]], say that [[Mediumship|mediums]], like the ones mentioned in [[Leviticus 20]]:27, were possessed by demons. Another possible case of demonic possession in the [[Old Testament]] includes the [[false prophet]]s that King [[Ahab]] relied upon before re-capturing [[Ramoth-Gilead]] in [[1 Kings 22]]. They were described as being empowered by a deceiving spirit.{{sfnp|Rodríguez|1998|pp=5–7}}

{{anchor|New Testament}}

The [[New Testament]] mentions several episodes in which [[Miracles of Jesus#Exorcisms|Jesus drove out demons from persons]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2019&version=NIV|title=The New Testament|date=2011|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=November 21, 2019}}</ref> Whilst most Christians believe that demonic possession is an involuntary affliction,{{sfnp|Malachi|1976|p=462}} some biblical verses have been interpreted as indicating that possession can be voluntary. For example, Alfred Plummer writes that when Satan entered into [[Judas Iscariot]] in [[John 13]]:27, this was because Judas had continually agreed to Satan's suggestions to betray [[Jesus]] and had wholly submitted to him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John 13:27 |work=Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/john/13.htm|via=Bible Hub}}</ref>

The [[New Testament]] indicates that people can be possessed by demons, but that the demons respond and submit to Jesus Christ's authority:
{{blockquote|In the [[synagogue]], there was a man possessed by a demon, an evil spirit. He cried out at the top of his voice, "Ha! What do you want with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are—the Holy One of God!" "Be quiet!" Jesus said sternly. "Come out of him!" Then the demon threw the man down before them all and came out without injuring him. All the people were amazed and said to each other, "What is this teaching? With authority and power he gives orders to evil spirits and they come out!" And the news about him spread throughout the surrounding area|Luke 4:33–35<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke| 4:33–35|NIV}}</ref>}} and {{blockquote|And when He came to the other side into the country of the [Gadarenes]([[Gergesa]]), two demon-possessed men confronted Him as they were coming out of the tombs. They were so extremely violent that no one could pass by that way. 29 And they cried out, saying, "What business do You have with us, Son of God? Have You come here to torment us before the time?" 30 Now there was a herd of many pigs feeding at a distance from them. 31 And the demons begged Him, saying, "If You are going to cast us out, send us into the herd of pigs." 32 And He said to them, "Go!" And they came out and went into the pigs; and behold, the whole herd rushed down the steep bank into the sea and [c]drowned in the waters. 33 And the herdsmen ran away, and went to the city and reported everything, including what had happened to the demon-possessed men. 34 And behold, the whole city came out to meet Jesus; and when they saw Him, they pleaded with Him to leave their region.|Matthew 8:28–34<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew| 8:28–34|NASB}}</ref>}}

It also indicates that demons can possess animals as in the [[exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac]].
This is dramatic in European literature and for adherents to Christianity.
See also Luke 8:26-37.
The Gospel writings state that [[Mary Magdelene]] had demons cast out as well.

{{anchor|Catholicism}}
==== Catholicism ====
{{Main|Exorcism in the Catholic Church}}

[[Roman Catholic doctrine]] states that [[angel]]s are [[Non-physical entity|non-corporeal]], spiritual beings<ref>Catechism of the [[Catholic Church]], paragraph 328.</ref> with intelligence and [[Will (philosophy)|will]].<ref>Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 330.</ref> [[Fallen angel]]s, or [[demon]]s, are able to "demonically possess" individuals without the victim's knowledge or consent, leaving them morally blameless.{{sfnp|Amorth|1999|p=33}}

{{anchor|Old Testament}}

The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' says that there is only one apparent case of demonic possession in the Old Testament, of King [[Saul]] being tormented by an "evil spirit" ([[Books of Samuel#1 Samuel|1 Samuel]] 16:14), but this depends on interpreting the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word "''rûah''" as implying a personal influence which it may not; as a result, even this example is described as "not very certain". In addition, Saul was only described to be tormented, rather than possessed, and he was relieved from these torments by having [[David]] play the [[Kinnor|lyre]] to him.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Demoniacal Possession}}</ref>

[[File:Ottheinrich_Folio018v_Mt8F.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Exorcism of the Gerasene Demoniac]]
Catholic exorcists differentiate between "ordinary" Satanic/demonic activity or influence (mundane everyday ''temptations'') and "extraordinary" Satanic/demonic activity, which can take six different forms, ranging from complete control by Satan or demons to voluntary submission:{{sfnp|Amorth|1999|p=33}}
# Possession, in which Satan or demons take full possession of a person's body without their consent. This possession usually comes as a result of a person's actions; actions that lead to an increased susceptibility to Satan's influence.
# Obsession, which typically influences dreams. It includes sudden attacks of irrationally [[obsessive thought]]s, usually culminating in [[suicidal ideation]].
# [[Oppression]], in which there is no loss of consciousness or involuntary action, such as in the biblical [[Book of Job]] in which [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] was tormented by Satan through a series of misfortunes in business, material possessions, family, and health.
# External physical pain caused by Satan or demons.
# Infestation, which affects houses, objects/things, or animals; and
# Subjection, in which a person voluntarily submits to Satan or demons.

In the [[Roman Ritual]], true demonic or Satanic possession has been characterized since the [[Middle Ages]], by the following four typical characteristics:{{sfnp|Wilkinson|2007|p=25}}{{sfnp|Baglio|2009}}
# Manifestation of [[superhuman strength]].
# [[Speaking in tongues]] or languages that the victim cannot know.
# [[Revelation]] of [[knowledge]], distant or hidden, that the victim cannot know.
# [[Blasphemy|Blasphemous]] rage, [[Obscene gesture|obscene hand gestures]], using [[profanity]] and an [[wikt:Special:Search/aversion|aversion]] to holy symbols, names, [[relic]]s or places.

The ''[[New Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' states, "[[Ecclesiastical polity|Ecclesiastical authorities]] are reluctant to admit diabolical possession in most cases, because many can be explained by physical or mental illness alone. Therefore, medical and psychological examinations are necessary before the performance of major [[exorcism]]. The standard that must be met is that of moral certitude (''De exorcismis'', 16). For an exorcist to be morally certain, or beyond reasonable doubt, that he is dealing with a genuine case of demonic possession, there must be no other reasonable explanation for the phenomena in question".<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Catholic Encyclopedia Supplement|publisher=Gale|year=2009|location=Detroit, MI|page=359}}</ref>

Official [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] doctrine affirms that demonic possession can occur as distinguished from [[mental illness]],{{sfnp|Netzley|2002}} but stresses that cases of mental illness should not be misdiagnosed as demonic influence. Catholic exorcisms can occur only under the authority of a [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]] and in accordance with strict rules; a simple exorcism also occurs during [[baptism]].{{sfnp|Jones|2005|page=8687}}

{{anchor|Reformed}}
==== Anglican ====
The infliction of demonic torment upon an individual has been chronicled in premodern [[Protestantism|Protestant]] literature. In 1597, [[King James VI and I|King James]] discussed four methods of daemonic influence upon an individual in his book [[Daemonologie]]:{{sfnp|Warren|2019|p=69}}
# Spectra, being the haunting and troubling of certain houses or solitary places.
# Obsession, the following and outwardly torment of an individual at diverse hours to either weaken or cast diseases upon the body, as in the [[Book of Job]].
# Possession, the entrance inwardly into an individual to beget uncontrollable fits, induce blasphemies,
# Faerie, being the influence those who voluntarily submit to consort, prophesy, or servitude.

King James attested that the symptoms derived from demonic possession could be discernible from natural diseases. He rejected the symptoms and signs prescribed by the Catholic church as vain (e.g. rage begotten from [[Holy Water]], fear of the [[Crucifix|Cross]], etc.) and found the [[exorcism]] rites to be troublesome and ineffective to recite. The [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|Rites of the Catholic Church]] to remedy the torment of demonic spirits were rejected as counterfeit since few possessed could be cured by them. In James' view: "It is easy then to understand that the casting out of Devils, is by virtue of fasting and prayer, and in-calling of the name of God, suppose many imperfections be in the person that is the instrument, as CHRIST himself teaches us (Mat. 7) of the power that false [[Prophet]]s all have cast out devils".{{sfnp|Warren|2019|pp=84–86}}

In [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Great Britain]], the Christian church had offered suggestions on safeguarding one's home. Suggestions ranged from dousing a household with [[holy water]], placing wax and herbs on thresholds to "ward off [[Witchcraft|witches]] [[occult]]", and avoiding certain areas of townships known to be frequented by witches and Devil worshippers after dark.{{sfnp|Broedel|2003|pp=32–33}} Afflicted persons were restricted from entering the church, but might share the shelter of the [[church porch|porch]] with [[leprosy|lepers]] and persons of offensive life. After the prayers, if quiet, they might come in to receive the bishop's blessing and listen to the [[sermon]]. They were fed daily and prayed over by the exorcists and, in case of recovery, after a fast of from 20 to 40 days, were admitted to the [[Eucharist]], and their names and cures entered in the church records.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Energici|volume=9|page=398}}</ref> In 1603, the [[Church of England]] forbade its clergy from performing exorcisms because of numerous fraudulent cases of demonic possession.{{sfnp|Netzley|2002}}

{{anchor|Baptist}}
==== Baptist ====
In May 2021, the Baptist Deliverance Study Group of the [[Baptist Union of Great Britain]], a [[Christian denomination]], issued a "warning against occult spirituality following the rise in people trying to communicate with the dead". The commission reported that "becoming involved in activities such as Spiritualism can open up a doorway to great spiritual oppression which requires a Christian rite to set that person free".{{sfnp|Showalter|2021}}

In September 2023, Pastor Rick Morrow of Beulah Church in [[Richland, Missouri]] gave a sermon in which he presented the cause of [[Autism spectrum|autism]] in the following way: "the devil's attacked them, he's brought this infirmity upon them, he's got them where he wants them". He asserted that the cure for the [[neurodevelopmental disorder]] was prayer by claiming to "know a minister who has seen lots of kids that are autistic, that he cast that demon out, and they were healed, and then he had to pray and their brain was rewired and they were fixed."<ref name="FA">{{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Hemant |title=Baptist pastor falsely claims autism is demonic: "My God doesn't make junk" |url=https://www.friendlyatheist.com/p/baptist-pastor-falsely-claims-autism |website=Friendly Atheist |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>
Members of the pastor's community found his comment to be "derogatory toward individuals with certain disabilities." Their public outcry led to Morrow's resignation from the [[Board of education|school board]] on which he was a member.<ref name="KY3">{{cite web |last1=Hoffman |first1=Michael |title=Pastor resigns from Stoutland School Board amidst backlash from autism comments during sermon |url=https://www.ky3.com/2023/09/13/richland-mo-pastor-resigns-stoutland-mo-school-board-amidst-backlash-autism-comments-during-sermon/ |website=KY3 |date=13 September 2023 |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>

{{anchor|Evangelical}}
====Evangelical====
In both [[Charismatic movement|charismatic]] and [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] Christianity, exorcisms of demons are often carried out by individuals or groups belong to the [[Deliverance ministry|deliverance ministries]] movement.{{sfnp|Cuneo|1999}} According to these groups, symptoms of such possessions can include [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[homosexuality]], addiction to [[pornography]], and [[alcoholism]].{{sfnp|Tennant|2001}} The New Testament's description of people who had evil spirits includes a knowledge of future events (Acts 16:16) and great strength (Act 19:13–16),<ref name=":1" /> among others, and shows that those with evil spirits can speak of Christ (Mark 3:7–11).<ref name=":1" /> Some Evangelical denominations believe that demonic possession is not possible if one has already professed their faith in Christ, because the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] already occupies the body and a demon cannot enter.

=== Islam ===
Various types of creatures, such as ''[[jinn]]'', ''[[Shaitan|shayatin]]'', ''[[Ifrit|ʻafarit]]'', found within [[Islam]]ic culture, are often held to be responsible for spirit possession. Spirit possession appears in both [[Islamic theology]] and wider cultural tradition.

{{anchor|Ifrit|Afarit}}
Although opposed by some Muslim scholars, sleeping near a graveyard or a tomb is believed to enable contact with the [[ghost]]s of the dead, who visit the sleeper in dreams and provide hidden knowledge.{{sfnp|Diem|Schöller|2004|p=144}} Possession by ''ʻafarit'' (a vengeful ghost) are said to grant the possessed some supernatural powers, but it drives them insane as well.{{sfnp|Westermarck|2014|pp=263–264}}

{{anchor|Jinn|Geni}}
''[[Jinn]]'' (singular ''jinni'') are much more physical than spirits.{{sfnp|Chodkiewicz|2012}} Due to their [[Subtle body|subtle bodies]], which are composed of fire and air (''marijin min nar''), they are purported to be able to possess the bodies of humans. Such physical intrusion of the jinn is conceptually different from the whisperings of the devils.<ref name="Böttcher–2021">{{cite book|last=Krawietz|first=B.|year=2021|title=Islam, Migration and Jinn: Spiritual Medicine in Muslim Health Management|location=Deutschland|publisher=Springer International Publishing}}</ref>{{rp|67}} Since ''jinn'' are not necessarily evil, they are distinguished from cultural concepts of possession by devils/demons.{{sfnp|Al-Krenawi|Graham|1997|p=211}}

Since such ''jinn'' are said to have [[Predestination in Islam#Qadar and free will|free will]], they can have their own reasons to possess humans and are not necessarily harmful. There are various reasons given as to why a ''jinni'' might seek to possess an individual, such as falling in love with them, taking revenge for hurting them or their relatives, or other undefined reasons.{{sfnp|Rassool|2015}}{{sfnp|Bulkeley|Adams|Davis|2009}} At an intended possession, the covenant with the ''jinni'' must be renewed.{{sfnp|Maʻrūf|2007|p=2}} Soothsayers (''kāhin'' pl. ''kuhhān''), would use such possession to gain hidden knowledge. Inspirations from jinn by poets requires neither possession nor obedience to the jinn. Their relationship is rather described as mutual.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yosefi, Maxim|title=The origins of the traditional approach towards the jinn of poetic inspiration in tribal Arab culture|journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|volume=49|publisher=Archaeopress|pages=293–302|year=2019|jstor=27014158}}</ref>

The concept of jinn-possession is alien to the Quran and derives from pagan notions.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Islam, F.|author2=Campbell, R.A.|title=Satan Has Afflicted Me!" Jinn-Possession and Mental Illness in the Qur'an|journal=J Relig Health|volume=53|pages=229–243 |year=2014|issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s10943-012-9626-5|pmid=22688386 }}</ref> It is widespread among Muslims and also accepted by most Islamic scholars.{{sfnp|Dein|2013|pp=290-293}} It is part of the ''[[aqida]]'' (theological doctrines) in the tradition of [[Ashari]],<ref name="Böttcher–2021"/> and the [[Atharism|Atharis]], such as [[ibn Taimiyya]] and [[ibn Qayyim]].<ref name="Böttcher–2021"/>{{rp|56}} Among [[Maturidites]] it is debated, as some accept it, but it has been challenged since the early years by Maturidite scholars such as [[al-Rustughfanī]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Ramon|title=Transcendent God, Rational World: A Maturidi Theology|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2021|page= 164}}</ref> The [[Mu'tazila]] are associated with substituting jinn-possession by devilish-whisperings, denying bodily possession altogether.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dein, Simon|author2=Abdool Samad Illaiee|title=Jinn and mental health: looking at jinn possession in modern psychiatric practice|journal=The Psychiatrist|volume=37|issue=9 |year=2013|pages=290–293|doi=10.1192/pb.bp.113.042721 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{anchor|Shaitan|Shayatin}}
In contrast to ''jinn'', the devils (''[[Shaitan|shayatin]]'') are inherently evil.{{sfnp|Meldon|1908|pp=123–146}} [[Iblis]], the father of the devils, dwells in the fires of hell, although not suffering wherein, he and his children try to draw people into damnation of hell.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bullard, A.|year=2022|title=Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal: A History of Transcultural Psychiatry|location=US|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> Devils don't physically possess people, they only tempt humans into sin by following their lower ''[[nafs]]''.{{sfnp|Sells|1996|p=143}}{{sfnp|Griffel|2005|p=103}} [[Hadith]]s suggest that the devils whisper from within the human body, within or next to the [[Qalb|heart]], and so "devilish whisperings" ({{langx|ar|waswās}} <big>وَسْوَاس</big>) are sometimes thought of as a kind of possession.{{sfnp|Szombathy|2014}} Unlike possession by ''jinn'', the whispering of devils affects the soul instead of the body. Inspiration by angels, on the other hand, is called {{langx|ar|ilhām}}.<ref>MacDonald, D.B. (2012). Ilhām. In P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3533</ref>

Demons (also known as ''[[Div (mythology)|div]]''), though part of the human conception, get stronger through acts of sin.<ref>{{cite periodical |first=Moiseeva Anna |last=Vladimirovna |year=2020 |title=Prophet Sulaimān v klassische persische Poesie: Semantik und struktur des Bildes |lang=de |trans-title=The prophet Solomon in classical Persian poetry: Semantics and structuring of images |periodical=Orientalistik. Afrikanistik. |number=3 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prorok-sulaym-n-v-klassicheskoy-persidskoy-poezii-semantika-i-struktura-obraza |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> By acts of obedience (to God), they get weaker. Although a human might find pleasure in obeying the demons first, according to Islamic thought, the human soul can only be free if the demons are bound by the spirit (ruh).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shalinsky, Audrey C.|title=Reason, Desire, and Sexuality: The Meaning of Gender in Northern Afghanistan|journal=Ethos|volume=14|issue=4|year=1986|pages=323–43|publisher=JSTOR|doi=10.1525/eth.1986.14.4.02a00010 |jstor=640408}}</ref> Sufi literature, as in the writings of [[Rumi]] and [[Attar of Nishapur]], pay a lot of attention to how to bind the inner demons. Attar of Nishapur writes: "If you bind the ''div'', you will set out for the royal pavilion with Solomon" and "You have no command over your self's kingdom [body and mind], for in your case the ''div'' is in the place of Solomon".<ref>{{cite book |author=Hamori, Andras |year=2015 |title=On the Art of Medieval Arabic Literature |place=US |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=158}}</ref> He further links the demons to the story alluded in the Quran (38:34) that a demon replaced the prophet Solomon: one must behave like a triumphant 'Solomon' and chain the demons of the ''[[nafs]]'' or lower self, locking the demon-prince into a 'rock', before the ''[[rūḥ]]'' (soul) can make the first steps to the Divine.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lewisohn, L.|author2=Shackle, C.|year=2006|title=Attar and the Persian Sufi Tradition: The Art of Spiritual Flight|location=Vereinigtes Königreich|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=156}}</ref>

=== Judaism ===
{{anchor|Shedim}}{{anchor|Dybbuk}}
{{main|Shedim|Shade (mythology)|Dybbuk}}

Although forbidden in the [[Hebrew Bible]], magic was widely practiced in the late [[Second Temple Period]] and well documented in the period following the destruction of the Temple into the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries C.E.{{sfnp|Bohak|2008|p={{page needed|date=November 2020}}}}{{sfnp|Wahlen|2004|p=19}} [[Jewish magical papyri]] were inscriptions on [[amulets]], [[ostraca]] and [[incantation bowls]] used in Jewish magical practices against ''shedim'' and other [[unclean spirit]]s. According to the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Jewish methods of exorcism were described in the [[Book of Tobit|Book of Tobias]].<ref name="CathEncy|wstitle=Exorcism">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Exorcism}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/demons-and-demonology|title=Demons and demonology|date=2008|website=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>

In the [[16th century]], [[Isaac Luria]], a Jewish [[Mysticism|mystic]], wrote about the [[Transmigration of a soul|transmigration of souls]] seeking perfection. His disciples took his idea a step further, creating the idea of a ''dybbuk'', a soul inhabiting a victim until it had accomplished its task or atoned for its sin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dybbuk-Jewish-folklore|title=Dybbuk|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref> The ''dybbuk'' appears in Jewish folklore and literature, as well as in chronicles of Jewish life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/dibbuk-dybbuk|title=Dybbuk|website=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=November 21, 2019}}</ref> In [[Jewish folklore]], a ''dybbuk'' is a disembodied spirit that wanders restlessly until it inhabits the body of a living person. The [[Baal Shem]] could expel a harmful ''dybbuk'' through [[exorcism]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Dybbuk| url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174964/dybbuk| website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online| access-date=10 June 2009}}</ref>

Possession-trance and [[adorcism]] are also engaged with by some Jews. Notably, Ethiopian Jewish women may participate in [[zār]], and Tuisinian Jewish women have a practice called Stambali.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Somer |first1=Eli |last2=Saadon |first2=Meir |date=December 2000 |title=Stambali: Dissociative Possession and Trance in a Tunisian Healing Dance |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/136346150003700406 |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=580–600 |doi=10.1177/136346150003700406 |issn=1363-4615|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Stambali uses incense, music (traditionally performed by Black musicians from fraternal orders), dance, animal sacrifice, and large spreads of food to induce trance and to appease jinn which may be afflicting someone, and ceremonies may be regularly repeated by that person. Stambali is also sometimes done preventatively as part of wedding, bnei mitzvah, and housewarming festivities to ward away the evil eye. The afflictions of jinn may simply be buildups of emotional stress or more serious illness. During trance, the jinn enter the body, and the participants do not remember what occurred during trance afterwards. If a particular person has needed a Stambali ceremony organized, the jinn afflicting them will be asked what it wants as it possesses them. Usually requests involve clothes and an animal for sacrifice. The atmosphere is festive, and participants wear bright clothes and henna. Aside from musicians, the participants are all women. The dances and lyrics are improvised. Those seen as particularly susceptible to jinn affliction are the victims and perpetrators of aggression, those who are frightened, and those who may have the evil eye directed at them. Showers are also seen as particularly vulnerable places where a jinn may attach themselves to a person.<ref name=":5" />

== African traditions ==
===Central Africa===
{{anchor|Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

====Democratic Republic of the Congo====
[[Zebola]]<ref>[http://www.aequatoria.be/04common/020publications_pdf/Etudes%20Aequatoria%20-%206%20Jebola.pdf ETUDES AEQUATORIA·6 JEBOLA Textes, rites et signification Thérapie traditionnelle mongo Piet KORSE MONDJULU Lokonga BONGONDO Bonje wa Mpay Centre IEquatoria B. P. 276 Bamanya -Mbandaka-Zaire 1990]</ref> is a women's spirit possession dance ritual practised by certain ethnic groups of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. It is believed to have therapeutic qualities and has been noted in the West as a traditional form of [[psychotherapy]].

It originated among the [[Mongo people]] but is also practised among various ethnic groups in [[Kinshasa]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Lambek | first=Michael |author-link=Michael Lambek| title=Bodies and persons: comparative perspectives from Africa and Melanesia | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, U.K. New York | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-521-62737-5 | oclc=39035692|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8RI22OdxFQC&pg=PA87 | page=87}}</ref>

===Horn of Africa===

====Ethiopia====
Among the [[Gurage people]] of Ethiopia, spirit possession is a common belief. William A. Shack postulated that it is caused by Gurage cultural attitudes about food and hunger, while they have a plentiful food supply, cultural pressures that force the Gurage to either share it to meet social obligations, or hoard it and eat it secretly cause feelings of anxiety. Distinctions are drawn between spirits that strictly possess men, spirits that possess women, and spirits that possess victims of either sex. A ritual illness that only affects men is believed to be caused by a spirit called ''awre''. This affliction presents itself by loss of appetite, nausea, and attacks from severe stomach pains. If it persists, the victim may enter a trance-like stupor, in which he sometimes regains consciousness long enough to take food and water. Breathing is often labored. Seizures and trembling overcome the patient, and in extreme cases, partial paralysis of the extremities.{{sfnp|Shack|1971|pp=40–43}}

If the victim does not recover naturally, a traditional healer, or ''sagwara'', is summoned. Once the ''sagwara'' has determined the spirit's name through the use of divination, he prescribes a routine formula to exorcise the spirit. This is not a permanent cure, it merely allows the victim to form a relationship with the spirit while subject to chronic repossession, which is treated by repeating the formula. This formula involves the preparation and consumption of a dish of ''[[ensete]]'', butter, and red pepper. During this ritual, the victim's head is covered with a drape, and he eats the ''ensete'' ravenously while other ritual participants participate by chanting. The ritual ends when the possessing spirit announces that it is satisfied. Shack notes that the victims are overwhelmingly poor men, and that women are not as food-deprived as men, due to ritual activities that involve food redistribution and consumption. Shack postulates that the ''awre'' serves to bring the possessed man to the center of social attention, and to relieve his anxieties over his inability to gain prestige from redistributing food, which is the primary way in which Gurage men gain status in their society.{{sfnp|Shack|1971|pp=40–43}}

The belief in spirit possession is part of the native culture of the [[Sidama people]] of southwest [[Ethiopia]]. [[Anthropologist]]s Irene and John Hamer postulated that it is a form of compensation for being deprived within Sidama society, although they do not draw from I.M. Lewis (see Cultural anthropology section under Scientific views). The majority of the possessed are women whose spirits demand luxury goods to alleviate their condition, but men can be possessed as well. Possessed individuals of both sexes can become healers due to their condition. Hamer and Hamer suggest that this is a form of compensation among deprived men in the deeply competitive society of the Sidama, for if a man cannot gain prestige as an [[orator]], warrior, or farmer, he may still gain prestige as a spirit healer. Women are sometimes accused of faking possession, but men never are.{{sfnp|Hamer|Hamer|1966}}

===East Africa===
{{anchor|Kenya}}'''Kenya'''
{{See also|Ufufunyane|label 1=Saka}}

* The [[Digo people]] of [[Kenya]] refer to the spirits that supposedly possess them as ''shaitani''. These ''shaitani'' typically demand luxury items to make the patient well again. Despite the fact that men sometimes accuse women of faking the possessions in order to get luxury items, attention, and sympathy, they do generally regard spirit possession as a genuine condition and view victims of it as being ill through no fault of their own. Other men suspect women of actively colluding with spirits in order to be possessed.{{sfnp|Gomm|1975}}
* The [[Giriama people]] of coastal Kenya believe in spirit possession.{{sfnp|McIntosh|2004}}

{{anchor|Mayotte}}'''Mayote'''

* In [[Mayotte]], approximately 25% of the adult population, and five times as many women as men, enter trance states in which they are supposedly possessed by certain identifiable spirits who maintain stable and coherent identities from one possession to the next.{{sfnp|Lambek|1988|pp=710–731}}

{{anchor|Mozambique}}'''Mozambique'''
{{See also|Makonde witchcraft and sorcery}}

* In [[Mozambique]], a new belief in spirit possession appeared after the [[Mozambican Civil War]]. These spirits, called ''gamba'', are said to be identified as dead soldiers, and allegedly overwhelmingly possess women. Prior to the war, spirit possession was limited to certain families and was less common.{{sfnp|Igreja|Dias-Lambranca|Richters|2008|pages=353–371}} Mozambicans who practice [[Islam]] attribute some illnesses to spirit possession by [[djinn]], a concept borrowed from [[Arab culture]].<ref name = "West1">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kupilikula/RUoy5qcbPC8C?hl=en&gbpv=0 West, Harry G. ''Kupilikula: Governance and the Invisible Realm in Mozambique.'' University of Chicago Press, 2005.]</ref>{{rp|222–226}}

{{anchor|Uganda}}'''Uganda'''

* In [[Uganda]], a woman named [[Alice Auma]] was reportedly possessed by the spirit of a male Italian soldier named Lakwena ('messenger'). She ultimately led a failed insurrection against governmental forces.{{sfnp|Allen|1991|pp=370–399}}

{{anchor|Tanzania}}'''Tanzania'''

* The [[Sukuma people]] of [[Tanzania]] believe in spirit possession.{{sfnp|Tanner|1955|pp=274–279}}
* A now-extinct spirit possession cult existed among the [[Hadimu]] women of [[Zanzibar]], revering a spirit called ''kitimiri''. This cult was described in an 1869 account by a French missionary. The cult faded by the 1920s and was virtually unknown by the 1960s.{{sfnp|Alpers|1984|pp=677–702}}

===Southern Africa===
{{See also|Amafufunyana}}
* A belief in spirit possession appears among the [[Xesibe]], a [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]-speaking people from [[Transkei]], [[South Africa]]. The majority of the supposedly possessed are married women. The condition of spirit possession among them is called ''intwaso''. Those who develop the condition of ''intwaso'' are regarded as having a special calling to divine the future. They are first treated with sympathy, and then with respect as they allegedly develop their abilities to foretell the future.{{sfnp|O'Connell|1982|pp=21–37}}

===West Africa===
* One religion among [[Hausa people]] of West Africa is that of [[Hausa animism]], in which belief in spirit possession is prevalent.

==African diasporic traditions==
Most, if not all, Afro-diasporic traditions actively practice spirit possession.<ref>{{cite web|title= Philosophy of African Diaspora Religions|last=Van Eyghen|first=Hans|date=2025|website=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/african-diaspora/}}</ref> In many of the [[African diaspora religions]] possessing spirits are not necessarily harmful or evil, but are rather seeking to rebuke misconduct in the living.{{sfnp|Verter|1999|p=187}} Possession by a spirit in the African diaspora and traditional African religions can result in healing for the person possessed and information gained from possession as the spirit provides knowledge to the one they possessed.<ref name="University of Georgia Press">{{cite book |last1=Pollitzer |first1=William |title=The Gullah People and Their African Heritage |date=2005 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-2783-9 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2efDSQdNq-cC&q=possession}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Peggy |title=African Dance |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/African-dance |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fernandez Olmos |last2=Paravisini-Gebert |title=Sacred Possessions Vodou, Santería, Obeah, and the Caribbean |date=1997 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-2361-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvOEdueU4GkC&q=possession}}</ref>

===Haitian Vodou===
In [[Haitian Vodou]] and related African diaspora religions, one way that those who participate or practice can have a spiritual experience is by being possessed by the ''[[Loa]]'' (or ''lwa''). When the ''Loa'' descends upon a practitioner, the practitioner's body is being used by the spirit, according to the tradition. Some spirits are believed to be able to give prophecies of upcoming events or situations pertaining to the possessed one, also called a ''Chwal'' or the "Horse of the Spirit". Practitioners describe this as a beautiful but very tiring experience. Most people who are possessed by the spirit describe the onset as a feeling of blackness or energy flowing through their body.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fernandez Olmos |last2=Paravisini-Gebert |title=Sacred Possessions Vodou, Santería, Obeah, and the Caribbean |date=1997 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-2361-3 |pages=19–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvOEdueU4GkC&q=loa}}</ref>

===Umbanda===
The concept of spirit possession is also found in [[Umbanda]], an [[Afro-Brazilians|Afro-Brazilian]] [[folk religion]] that has origins in [[Yoruba people]]. According to tradition, there are some guiding spirits that possess a voluntary person, which is normally done when there is a person that wants to ask for some guidance. When the person is possessed by a guiding spirit, the possessed person gives guidance to people that ask for consultation, by answering questions and sometimes explaining rituals to help the consulting person to achieve their goals or solve problems in their life. Examples of such spirits are [[Pomba Gira]] (female guardian spirit) or [[Exú|Exu]] (male guardian spirit), who possesses both women and men. According to the tradition everyone has a Pomba Gira and an Exu who they can call for help and protection, even if they don't possess the person asking for help, and they can always be called when the person feels it to be necessary.{{sfnp|Hayes|2008|pp=1–21}}

===Hoodoo===
The culture of [[Hoodoo (spirituality)|Hoodoo]] was created by African-Americans. There are regional styles to this tradition, and as African-Americans traveled, the tradition of Hoodoo changed according to African-Americans' environment. Hoodoo includes [[Ancestor worship|reverence to ancestral spirits]], African-American [[Quilting|quilt making]], [[Herbal medicine|herbal healing]], [[Kongo religion|Bakongo]] and [[Odinala|Igbo burial practices]], [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Ghost]] shouting, [[Mary Jenkins Community Praise House|praise houses]], [[Snake worship|snake reverence]], [[Black church|African-American churches]], spirit possession, some [[Nkisi|Nkisi practices]], [[Spiritual church movement|Black Spiritual churches]], [[Black theology]], the [[ring shout]], the [[Kongo cosmogram]], [[Simbi]] water spirits, graveyard [[Evocation|conjuring]], the [[crossroads spirit]], making [[conjure cane]]s, incorporating animal parts, pouring of [[libation]]s, [[Bible conjuring]], and conjuring in the African-American tradition. In Hoodoo, people become possessed by the Holy Ghost. Spirit possession in Hoodoo was influenced by [[West African Vodun]] spirit possession. As Africans were enslaved in the United States, the Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost) replaced the African gods during possession.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uncovering the Power of Hoodoo: An Ancestral Journey |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/uncovering-the-power-of-hoodoo-an-ancestral-journey-skgy16/ |website=Public Broadcasting Service |publisher=PBS |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref> "Spirit possession was reinterpreted in Christian terms."<ref name="University of Georgia Press"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Opala |title=Gullah Customs and Traditions |url=https://glc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Gullah%20Customs%20and%20traditions.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907122717/http://glc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Gullah%20Customs%20and%20traditions.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-07 |url-status=live |website=Yale University |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> In African-American churches this is called being filled with the [[Shout (Black gospel music)|Holy Ghost]]. "Walter Pitts (1993) has demonstrated the modern importance of 'possession' within African- American Baptist ritual, tracing the origins of the ecstatic state (often referred to as 'getting the spirit') to African possessions."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilkie |first1=Laurie |title=Magic and Empowerment on the Plantation: An Archaeological Consideration of African-American World View |journal=Southeastern Archaeology |date=1995 |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=141 |jstor=40713617 }}</ref> Church members in Black Spiritual churches become possessed by spirits of deceased family members, the Holy Spirit, Christian saints, and other [[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources|biblical figures]] from the Old and New Testament of the Bible. It is believed when people become possessed by these spirits they gain knowledge and wisdom and act as intercessors between people and God.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |title=Spirit Guides and Possession in the New Orleans Black Spiritual Churches |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |date=1989 |volume=102 |issue=403 |pages=46–48 |doi=10.2307/540080 |jstor=540080 }}</ref> [[W. E. B. Du Bois|William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]] (W. E. B. Du Bois) studied African-American churches in the early twentieth century. Du Bois asserts that the early years of the Black church during slavery on plantations was influenced by Voodooism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wortham |first1=Robert |title=W. E. B. Du Bois and the Sociology of the Black Church and Religion, 1897–1914 |date=2017 |publisher=Lexington Books |page=153 |isbn=978-1-4985-3036-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opY-DwAAQBAJ&q=voodooism}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hucks |title=African-Derived American Religions |journal=Religion and American Cultures an Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions · Volume 1 |date=2003 |page=20 |isbn=978-1-57607-238-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RYs-Z6AdpQC&pg=PA20}}</ref>
[[File:Yowa (b8b4e9d1-581f-4325-bc6b-e9ef5739ff33).jpg|thumb|The Kongo cosmogram inspired the ring shout, a sacred dance in Hoodoo performed to become possessed by the Holy Spirit or ancestral spirits.]]
Through counterclockwise circle dancing, ring shouters built up spiritual energy that resulted in the communication with ancestral spirits, and led to spirit possession. Enslaved African Americans performed the counterclockwise circle dance until someone was pulled into the center of the ring by the spiritual vortex at the center. The spiritual vortex at the center of the ring shout was a sacred spiritual realm. The center of the ring shout is where the ancestors and the Holy Spirit reside at the center.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hazzard-Donald |first1=Katrina |title=Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout |journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies |date= 2011 |volume=4 |issue=6 |page=203 |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol4no6/4.6-11HoodooReligion.pdf |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=C. Eric |title=The Black Church in the African American Experience |date=1990 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-1073-0 |pages=5–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_oSBFOgzJYC&q=possessed%20by%20the%20Holy%20Ghost}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pollitzer |first1=William |title=The Gullah People and Their African Heritage |date=2005 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-2783-9 |pages=8, 138, 142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2efDSQdNq-cC&q=possession}}</ref> The Ring Shout (a sacred dance in Hoodoo) in Black churches results in spirit possession. The Ring Shout is a counterclockwise circle dance with singing and clapping that results in possession by the Holy Spirit. It is believed when people become possessed by the Holy Spirit their hearts become filled with the Holy Ghost which purifies their heart and soul from evil and replace it with joy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stuckey |first1=Sterling |title=Reflections on the Scholarship of African Origins and Influence in American Slavery |journal=The Journal of African American History |date=2006 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=438–440 |doi=10.1086/JAAHv91n4p425 |jstor=20064125 |s2cid=140776130 }}</ref> The Ring Shout in Hoodoo was influenced by the [[Kongo cosmogram]] a sacred symbol of the [[Kongo people|Bantu-Kongo]] people in Central Africa. It symbolizes the cyclical nature of life of birth, life, death, and rebirth (reincarnation of the soul). The Kongo cosmogram also symbolizes the rising and setting of the sun, the sun rising in the east and setting in the west that is counterclockwise, which is why ring shouters dance in a circle counterclockwise to invoke the spirit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hazzard-Donald |first1=Katrina |title=Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout |journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies |date= 2011 |volume=4 |issue=6 |page=203 |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol4no6/4.6-11HoodooReligion.pdf |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |title=Magic Bowls |url=https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/lowCountry_furthRdg4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830161931/http://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/lowCountry_furthRdg4.htm |archive-date=30 August 2010 |website=African American Heritage and Ethnography |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

===Mardi Gras Indians===
In [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]] the practice of spirit possession continues in the cultural traditions of [[Mardi Gras Indians]]. Mardi Gras Indians are [[African Americans]] that practice a masking creole tradition that combines Native American traditions from Louisiana, [[Traditional African masks|West African masking]] traditions, and [[List of Caribbean carnivals around the world|Afro-Caribbean carnival]] practices. During Mardi Gras, some Black maskers wear masks and suits (regalia) to invite the spirits and gods to possess them. This is a continued African tradition of spirit communication and possession.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Ariel |title="The Freedom to Express Yourself:"The National Park Service and the African Diasporic Roots of Black Dance in New Orleans |journal=University of New Orleans Thesis and Dissertations |date=2023 |pages=30, 45 |url=https://scholarworks.uno.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4319&context=td/ |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chester |first1=Tim |title=Stunning Portraits of New Orleans's Black Masking Indians |url=https://www.afar.com/magazine/stunning-portraits-of-new-orleanss-black-masking-indians |website=AFAR |date=April 9, 2019 |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> Masking Indian "Big Chief" [[Allison Montana]] said: "...You're dancing with a spirit, with a feeling. If there are five or six chiefs in my practice, I'll out dance all of them until they short-winded and they have to run outside looking for air. I'll still be on the dance floor soaking wet. Look like I can't stop. My duty was to out dance every one of them. I'm just dancing with a spirit. I'm not just dancing to be dancing."<ref>{{cite web |title=He's The Prettiest: A Tribute To Big Chief Allison "Tootie" Montana's 50 Years Of Mardi Gras Indian Suiting |url=https://www.louisianafolklife.org/lt/virtual_books/hes_prettiest/hes_the_prettiest_tootie_montana.html |website=Folklife In Louisiana |publisher=Louisiana Division of Arts |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==Asian traditions==

===Yahwism===
There are indications that trance-related practices might have played a role in the prophetic experiences of adherents of [[Yahwism]]. According to [[Martti Nissinen]], Yahwist prophets may have received messages from the different gods and goddesses in the [[Canaanite Religion|Yahwist Pantheon]] through a state of trance possession. This theory can be reconstructed from [[Sumerian Mythology]], a similar theology to that of Yahwism, where the standard prophetic designations in the [[Akkadian language]], muḫḫûm/muḫḫūtum (masc./fem., Old Babylonian) and maḫḫû/maḫḫūtu (masc./fem., Neo-Assyrian), are derived from the Akkadian verb maḫû "to become crazy, to go into a frenzy."<ref name="nissinen">{{cite journal |last1=Nissinen |first1=Martti |title='Prophecy and Ecstasy', Ancient Prophecy: Near Eastern, Biblical, and Greek Perspectives |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/25797/chapter/193398813#401699355 |website=Oxford |date=23 November 2017 |publisher=Oxford Academic |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> According to bible scholar Simon B. Parker, trance rituals may have occurred such as nudity or a less extreme alternative, a trance where the person to enter trance receives the god or spirit into their body.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Simon B. |title="Possession Trance and Prophecy in Pre-Exilic Israel." |journal=Vetus Testamentum |date=4 September 1978 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=271–285 |publisher=Simon B. Parker|doi=10.1163/156853378X00518 |jstor=1517036 }}</ref>

Further according to Nissinen, the [[Hebrew Bible]], may contain evidence that trance-related practices may have been the origins of the Jewish traditions of [[Prophets in Judaism|prophetic messages]].<ref name="nissinen" /> However, these instances may have been limited, with trance instead being a way of confirming divine appointment to a leadership position.<ref name=":4" />

Nissinen also recorded that music was an essential part to these trance-ceremonies in the Ancient Near-East and so it can be reconstructed it could have been found in Yahwism.<ref name="nissinen" /> Instruments such as the tambourine, harps, lyres, and flutes may have been utilized, as those were common instruments in Ancient Israel.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sounds of Music in Ancient Israel |url=https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g201103/The-Sounds-of-Music-in-Ancient-Israel/ |website=Jehovah's Witnesses}}</ref> Along with music, incense may have also been used, either as an offering, or to be used as an [[entheogen]], or possibly as both.

[[Exorcisms]] were also common. They can be reconstructed from both Medieval Jewish texts and texts from neighboring ancient cultures that practiced exorcisms. Exorcists acting almost like shamans would do rituals to exorcise one of a "demon" or evil spirit. According to Gina Konstantopoulos, a figure named an "Āshipu" acted as an exorcist in Mesopotamia and were trained in many fields of occultism, priesthood and herbalism.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Konstantopoulos |first1=Gina |title=Demons and exorcism in ancient Mesopotamia |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:33220/datastreams/CONTENT/content |publisher=Gina Konstantopoulos}}</ref> As amulets (called teraphim) were also used in Yahwism to ward off evil spirits, it may also be reconstructed that there were people in Ancient Israel who acted as exorcists or shamans who would do specific rituals to ward off evil spirits. As mentioned previously, these may have included music, incense, prayers, and trance-rituals. According to Reimund Leicht, formulae was used ward off the evil, along with ritualistic sacrifices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leicht |first1=Reimund |title=Mashbiaʿ Ani ʿAlekha: Types and Patterns of Ancient Jewish and Christian Exorcism Formulae |journal=Jewish Studies Quarterly |date=4 September 2023 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=319–343 |publisher=Reimund Leicht|doi=10.1628/094457006780130466 |jstor=40753414 }}</ref>

===Buddhism===
According to the Indian medical literature and [[Vajrayana|Tantric Buddhist]] scriptures, most of the "seizers", or those that threaten the lives of young children, appear in animal form: cow, lion, fox, monkey, horse, dog, pig, cat, crow, pheasant, owl, and snake. Apart from these "nightmare shapes", the impersonation or incarnation of animals can in some circumstances also be highly beneficial, according to Michel Strickmann.{{sfnp|Strickmann|2002|p=251}}

Ch'i Chung-fu, a Chinese gynecologist writing early in the 13th century, wrote that in addition to five sorts of falling frenzy classified according to their causative factors, there were also four types of other frenzies distinguished by the sounds and movements given off by the victim during his seizure: cow, horse, pig, and dog frenzies.{{sfnp|Strickmann|2002|p=251}}

[[File:Buddha,_resisting_the_demons_of_Mara,_Wellcome_V0046085.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Buddha, resisting the demons of Mara]]
{{anchor|Māra|Mara}}
In [[Buddhism]], a ''[[Mara (demon)|māra]]'', sometimes translated as "demon", can either be a being suffering in the [[Naraka|hell realm]]{{sfnp|Sutherland|2013}} or a delusion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tibetan Buddhist Psychology and Psychotherapy|url=http://www.tibetanmedicine-edu.org/index.php/psychology-and-psychotherapy/34-tibetan-buddhist-psychology-and-psychotherapy|website=Tibetan Medicine Education center|access-date=December 12, 2019}}</ref> Before Siddhartha became [[Gautama Buddha]], He was challenged by [[Mara (demon)|Mara]], the embodiment of temptation, and overcame it.{{sfnp|Kinnard|2006}} In traditional Buddhism, four forms of ''māra'' are enumerated:{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2013}}
* ''Kleśa-māra'', or '' māra'' as the embodiment of all [[Kleshas (Buddhism)|unskillful emotions]], such as greed, hate, and delusion.
* ''Mṛtyu-māra'', or ''māra'' as [[Mrtyu|death]].
* ''Skandha-māra'', or ''māra'' as [[metaphor]] for the entirety of conditioned existence.
* ''Devaputra-māra'', the [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]] of the sensuous realm, who tried to prevent Gautama Buddha from attaining liberation from the [[Samsara|cycle of rebirth]] on the night of the Buddha's enlightenment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamayeshe.com/glossary/four-maras|title=Four maras|date=2019|work=Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive|access-date=December 8, 2019}}</ref>

It is believed that a ''māra'' will depart to a different realm once it is appeased.{{sfnp|Sutherland|2013}}

===East Asia===
{{See also|East Asian religions}}
Certain sects of [[Taoism]], [[Korean shamanism]], [[Shinto]], some [[Japanese new religions|Japanese new religious movements]], and other East Asian religions feature the idea of spirit possession. Some sects feature [[Shamanism|shamans]] who supposedly become possessed; [[Mediumship|mediums]] who allegedly channel beings' supernatural power; or [[Enchanter (paranormal)|enchanters]] are said to imbue or foster spirits within objects, like [[samurai swords]].{{sfnp|Oxtoby|Amore|2010|pp=256–319}} The Hong Kong film ''Super Normal II'' (''大迷信'', 1993) shows the famous true story of a young lady in [[Taiwan]] who possesses the dead body of a married woman to live her pre-determined remaining life.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://tsasf.myweb.hinet.net/asf_5a.htm| title = 朱秀華借屍回陽記}}</ref> She is still serving in the Zhen Tian Temple in [[Yunlin County]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ztg.com.tw| title = 豐原鎮天宮全球資訊網}}</ref>

{{anchor|China}}
====China====
{{main|Chinese spirit possession}}

===== Background =====
China is a country where 73.56% of the population is defined as [[Chinese folk religion]]/unaffiliated (nonreligion). Therefore, the Chinese population's knowledge of spirit possession is not majorly obtained from religion. Instead, the concept is spread through fairy tales/folk tales and literary works of its traditional culture. In essence, the concept of soul possession has penetrated into all aspects of Chinese life, from people's superstitions, folk taboos, and funeral rituals, to various ghost-themed literary works, and has continued to spread to people's lives today.

===== Development =====
Spirit possession in China was prominent until the [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Communist victory]] in the [[Chinese Civil War|Chinese civil war]] and most of the data gathered on this topic will be from the late 18th century. Some Chinese believe that illnesses to man is due to the possession of an evil yin spirit (鬼: [[Ghosts in Chinese culture|kuei]], "gui" in modern Pinyin). These evil spirits become such when the deceased are not worshiped by the family, they have died unexpectedly, or did not follow Confucius's ideals of filial piety and ancestral reverence accordingly. These evil spirits cause unexplainable disasters, agricultural shocks and possessions. Disease is the cause of the supernatural where they do not have control over. Usually in the writings about this, the healers are the ones being described with detail, not so much the patient. Magical practices are sometimes what spirit possession is referred to as. It is very hard to distinguish between the religion, magic and local traditions. This is because many times, all three are fused together, so sometimes trying to distinguish between them is hard.

===== Shaman =====
Another type of spirit possession works through a [[shaman]], a prophet, healer and religious figure with the power to partially control spirits and communicate for them. Messages, remedies and even oracles are delivered through the shaman. This is sometimes used by people who would like to become important figures. Usually, shamans give guidance that reflects the customer's existing values.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spirit-Writing and the Development of Chinese Cults |url=https://jstor-jac.orc.scoolaid.net/stable/3712120?searchText=Chinese+spirit+possession&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DChinese%2Bspirit%2Bpossession%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A805862bf6169d3d628b6d045776b6bdb&seq=2}}</ref>

===== Yin-yang theory =====
The yin-yang theory is one of the most important bases and components of Chinese traditional culture. The yin-yang theory has penetrated into various traditional Chinese cultural things including calendar, astronomy, meteorology, Chinese medicine, martial arts, calligraphy, architecture, religion, feng shui, divination, etc. The yin-yang theory also applies to spirit possession. In general, one is considered to be "weak", when the yin and yang in the body are imbalanced, especially when the yin is on the dominant side. The spirits, which are categorized as the yin side, will then take control of these individuals with the imbalanced and yin-dominant situation more easily.
* [[Shi (personator)|Shi]] ([[Chinese ancestor veneration]])
* [[Solon people#Shamanism|Shamanism of the Solon People]] ([[Inner Mongolia]])
* [[Tangki]]

{{anchor|Japan}}
====Japan====
* [[Misaki#Spirit possession|Misaki]]

===India===
{{anchor|Ayurveda}}
====Ayurveda====
''Bhūtavidyā'', the exorcism of possessing spirits, is traditionally one of the [[Ayurveda#Eight components|eight limbs of Ayurveda]].

{{anchor|Rajasthan}}
====Rajasthan====
The concept of spirit possession exists in the culture of modern [[Rajasthan]]. Some of the spirits allegedly possessing Rajasthanis are seen as good and beneficial, while others are seen as malevolent. The good spirits are said to include murdered royalty, the underworld god [[Bhaironji]], and [[Muslim]] saints and fakirs. Bad spirits are believed to include perpetual debtors who die in debt, stillborn infants, deceased widows, and foreign tourists. The supposedly possessed individual is referred to as a ''ghorala'', or "mount". Possession, even if by a benign spirit, is regarded as undesirable, as it is seen to entail loss of self-control, and violent emotional outbursts.{{sfnp|Snodgrass|2002|pp=32–64}}

{{anchor|Tamik Nadu}}
====Tamil Nadu====
{{see also|Buta Kola}}
[[Tamil people|Tamil]] women in India are said to experience possession by ''peye'' spirits. According to tradition, these spirits overwhelmingly possess new brides, are usually identified as the ghosts of young men who died while romantically or sexually frustrated, and are ritually exorcised.
{{sfnp|Nabokov|1997|pp=297–316}}

{{anchor|Sri Lanka}}
====Sri Lanka====
The [[Coast Veddas]], a social group within the minority group of [[Sri Lankan Tamil people]] in [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka]], enter trances during religious festivals in which they are regarded as being possessed by a spirit. Although they speak a dialect of [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialect|Tamil]], during trances they will sometimes use a mixed language that contains words from the [[Vedda language]].{{sfnp|Dart|1990|p=83}}

===Southeast Asia===

{{anchor|Indonesia}}
====Indonesia====
In Bali, the animist traditions of the island include a practice called ''[[sanghyang]]'', induction of voluntary possession trance states for specific purposes. Roughly similar to voluntary possession in [[Vaudon]] (Voodoo), ''sanghyang'' is considered a sacred state in which [[hyang]]s (deities) or helpful spirits temporarily inhabit the bodies of participants. The purpose of sanghyang is believed to be to cleanse people and places of evil influences and restore spiritual balance. Thus, it is often referred to as an exorcism ceremony.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} In Sulawesi, the women of the [[Bonerate people]] of [[Sulawesi]] practice a possession-trance ritual in which they smother glowing embers with their bare feet at the climax. The fact that they are not burned in the process is considered proof of the authenticity of the possession.{{sfnp|Broch|1985|pp=262–282}}

Influenced by the religion of Islam, among the several spirits in Indonesian belief are demons (''[[Shaitan|setan]]''), composed of fire, prone to anger and passion. They envy humans for their physical body, and try to gain control of it. When they assault a human, they would intrude their mind, trying to displace the human spirit. The human's mind would adapt to the passions of anger, violence, irrationality and greed, the intruding demon is composed of. The demon is believed to alter the person, giving him supernatural attributes, like strength of many men, ability to appear in more than one place, or assume the form of an animal, such as a tiger or a pig, or to kill without touching. Others become lunatics, resembling epilepsy. In extreme cases, the presence of the demon may alter the condition of the body, matching its own spiritual qualities, turning into a ''[[raksasha]]''.<ref>Woodward, Mark. Java, Indonesia and Islam. Deutschland, Springer Netherlands, 2010. p. 88</ref>

{{anchor|Malaysia}}
====Malaysia====
Female workers in [[Malaysia]]n factories have allegedly become possessed by spirits, and factory owners generally regard it as [[mass hysteria]] and an intrusion of irrational and archaic beliefs into a modern setting.{{sfnp|Ong|1988|pp=28–42}}
Anthropologist [[Aihwa Ong]] noted that spirit possession beliefs in Malaysia were typically held by older, married women, whereas the female factory workers are typically young and unmarried. She connects this to the rapid industrialization and modernization of Malaysia. Ong argued that spirit possession is a traditional way of rebelling against authority without punishment, and suggests that it is a means of protesting the untenable working conditions and sexual harassment that the women were compelled to endure.{{sfnp|Ong|1988|pp=28–42}}

====Thailand====
The roles and cultures of each region have different reputations, for example the northern region is called fon phi (ฟ้อนผี) or the southern region is divided into two groups are thai folk religion and Chinese folk religion.<ref>{{cite web | title=ร่างทรง เข้าทรง ความหวัง ความเชื่อและความศรัทธา | url=https://arit.kpru.ac.th/ap2/local/?nu=pages&page_id=2251&code_db=610004&code_type=01 }}</ref><ref>https://www.sac.or.th/portal/th/article/detail/316</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=ศิริภาประภากร | first1=ยโสธารา | title=ศึกษาความเชื่อในพิธีกรรมการเข้าทรงของชาวพุทธ : กรณีศึกษาชุมชน บ้านศาลาสามัคคี ตำบลบ้านชบ อำเภอสังขะ จังหวัดสุรินทร์ | journal=วารสารวนัมฎองแหรกพุทธศาสตรปริทรรศน์ | date=2014 | volume=1 | issue=1 | url=https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/Vanam_434/article/view/247662 }}</ref>

====Myanmar====
See more : [[Burmese folk religion|Nat-kadaw and nat-pwe]]

==The Americas and Caribbean==

===Indo-Caribbean Shaktism===
In [[Caribbean Shaktism|Indo-Caribbean Madrasi Religion]], a state of trance-possession known as "Sami Aduthal" in Tamil and as a "manifestation" in English occurs whence a devotee enters a trance state after praying. It is an essential part to Indo-Caribbean Shakti ceremonies, being accompanied by Tappu drumming, the singing of devotional songs, and the drumming of [[Udukai]] drums.

Ceremonies called Pujas often include the drumming of three to five [[Parai|tappu]] to invoke the deity to the space.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/civilisations/4822?lang=en |title=Invoking the supernatural and the supranational: Tappu, trance and Tamil recordings in Indo-Guyanese 'Madras Religion' and the politics of sonic presence|journal=Civilisations. Revue Internationale d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Humaines |date=12 August 2018 |issue=67 |pages=41–56 |doi=10.4000/civilisations.4822 |last1=George |first1=Stephanie Lou }}</ref> Then, the head pujari receives the God or Goddess into their body, acting as a medium. A mixture of water, [[turmeric]] powder, and [[Azadirachta indica|neem]] leaves are poured onto the medium, as it is believed that the God's energy heats up the body while the water and turmeric with the neem leaves cools it down again.<ref>{{cite web |title=Un Karagam Perantha Amma | date=28 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqZEecfr6bE&t |publisher=Shri Maha Kali Ammaa Mandir}}</ref> Puja services are often held once a week.

==Oceanic traditions==

===Melanesia===
The [[Urapmin people]] of the [[New Guinea Highlands]] practice a form of group possession known as the "spirit disco" ({{langx|tpi|spirit disko}}).{{sfnp|Robbins|1998|pp=299–316}} Men and women gather in church buildings, dancing in circles and jumping up and down while women sing Christian songs; this is called "pulling the [Holy] spirit" ({{langx|tpi|pulim spirit|links=no}}, [[Urapmin language|Urap]]: {{lang|urm|Sinik dagamin}}).{{sfnp|Robbins|1998|pp=299–316}}{{sfnp|Robbins|2004b|p=284}} The songs' melodies are borrowed from traditional women's songs sung at drum dances (Urap: {{lang|urm|wat dalamin}}), and the lyrics are typically in Telefol or other [[Mountain Ok languages]].{{sfnp|Robbins|2004b|p=284}} If successful, some dancers will "get the spirit" ({{langx|tpi|kisim spirit|links=no}}), flailing wildly and careening about the dance floor.{{sfnp|Robbins|1998|pp=299–316}} After an hour or more, those possessed will collapse, the singing will end, and the spirit disco will end with a prayer and, if there is time, a Bible reading and sermon.{{sfnp|Robbins|1998|pp=299–316}} The body is believed to normally be "heavy" ({{lang|urm|ilum}}) with sin, and possession is the process of the Holy Spirit throwing the sins from one's body, making the person "light" ({{lang|urm|fong}}) again.{{sfnp|Robbins|1998|pp=299–316}} This is a completely new ritual for the Urapmin, who have no indigenous tradition of spirit-possession.{{sfnp|Robbins|1998|pp=299–316}}

===Micronesia===
The concept of spirit possession appears in [[Chuuk State]], one of the four states of [[Federated States of Micronesia]]. Although Chuuk is an overwhelmingly Christian society, traditional beliefs in spirit possession by the dead still exist, usually held by women, and "events" are usually brought on by family conflicts. The supposed spirits, speaking through the women, typically admonish family members to treat each other better.{{sfnp|Hezel|1993}}

== European traditions ==

=== Ancient Greece ===
{{further|Nympholepsy}}

=== Italian folk magic ===
In traditional Italian folk magic spirit possessions are not uncommon. It is known in this culture that a person may be possessed by multiple entities at once. The way to be rid of the spirit(s) would be to call for a ''curatore, guaritore'' or ''pratico'' which all translate to healer or knowledgeable one from Italian. These healers would perform sacred rituals to be rid of the spirits; the rituals are passed down through generations and vary based on the region in Italy. It is said that for many Italian rituals specifically those to be rid of negative spirits, that the information may only be shared on Christmas Eve (specifically for ''il malocchio''). If the family is religious they may even call in a priest to perform a traditional catholic exorcism on the spirit(s).<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526137975/9781526137975.00012.xml | isbn=978-1-5261-3797-5 | title=Witchcraft, healing and vernacular magic in Italy | date=January 2020 | pages=151–173 | publisher=Manchester University Press }}</ref>

==Shamanic traditions==
{{further|Shamanism#Beliefs}}
Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner who is believed to interact with a spirit world through [[Altered state of consciousness|altered states of consciousness]], such as [[trance]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/shamanism|title= Shamanism|last1= Mircea Eliade|last2= Vilmos Diószegi|date= May 12, 2020|website= Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date= May 20, 2020|quote= Shamanism, religious phenomenon centred on the shaman, a person believed to achieve various powers through trance or ecstatic religious experience. Although shamans' repertoires vary from one culture to the next, they are typically thought to have the ability to heal the sick, to communicate with the otherworld, and often to escort the souls of the dead to that otherworld.}}</ref> The goal of this is usually to direct these spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world, for healing or another purpose.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Manvir|title=The cultural evolution of shamanism|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318255042|journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences|volume=41|pages=e66: 1–61|doi=10.1017/S0140525X17001893|pmid=28679454|year=2018|article-number=e66 |s2cid=206264885}}</ref>

==New religious movements==

===Wicca===
[[Wicca]]ns believe in voluntary possession by the [[Goddess]], connected with the sacred ceremony of [[Drawing Down the Moon (ritual)|Drawing Down the Moon]]. The high priestess solicits the Goddess to possess her and speak through her.{{sfnp|Adler|1997|p={{page needed|date=November 2020}}}}

==Scientific views==

===Cultural anthropology===
The works of [[Jean Rouch]], [[Germaine Dieterlen]], and [[Marcel Griaule]] have been extensively cited in research studies on possession in [[Western Africa]] that extended to [[Brazil]] and North America due to the [[History of slavery|slave trade]].{{sfnp|Queiroz|2012|pp=184–211}}{{sfnp|De Heusch|2007|pp=365–386}}

The anthropologist I.M. Lewis noted that women are more likely to be involved in spirit possession cults than men are, and postulated that such cults act as a means of compensation for their exclusion from other spheres within their respective cultures.{{sfnp|Lewis|1966|pp=307–329}}

===Physical anthropology===
Anthropologists [[Alice Beck Kehoe|Alice B. Kehoe]] and Dody H. Giletti argued that women are more commonly seen in [[Afro-Eurasia]]n spirit possession cults because of deficiencies in [[thiamine]], [[tryptophan]]-[[Niacin (substance)|niacin]], [[calcium]], and [[vitamin D]]. They argued that a combination of poverty and diet causes this problem, and that it is exacerbated by the strains of pregnancy and lactation. They postulated that the involuntary symptoms of these deficiencies affecting their nervous systems have been institutionalized as spirit possession.{{sfnp|Kehoe|Giletti|1981|pp=549–561}}

===Medicine and psychology===
{{see also|Culture-bound syndrome|Bicameral mentality}}
Spirit possession of any kind, including demonic, is just one [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] or medical diagnosis recognized by the [[DSM-5]] or the [[ICD-10]]: "F44.3 Trance and possession disorders".{{sfnp|Henderson|1981|pp=129–134}} In clinical psychiatry, trance and possession disorders are defined as "states involving a temporary loss of the sense of personal identity and full awareness of the surroundings" and generally classed as a type of dissociative disorder.{{sfnp|Bhavsar|Ventriglio|Dinesh|2016|pp=551–559}}

People alleged to be possessed by spirits sometimes exhibit symptoms similar to those associated with [[mental illness]]es such as [[derealization]], [[hallucinogen]] abuse, [[psychosis]], [[catatonia]], [[mania]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[epilepsy]], [[schizophrenia]], or [[dissociative identity disorder]],<ref name="How Exorcism Works">{{cite web|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/exorcism5.htm|title=How Exorcism Works|date=8 September 2005}}</ref>{{sfnp|Goodwin|Hill|Attias|1990|pp=94–101}}{{sfnp|Ferracuti|Sacco|Lazzari|1996|pp=525–539}} including involuntary, uncensored behavior, and an extra-human, extra-social aspect to the individual's actions.{{sfnp|Strickmann|2002|p=65}} It is not uncommon to ascribe the experience of [[sleep paralysis]] to demonic possession, although it's not a physical or mental illness.{{sfnp|Beyerstein|1995|pp=544–552}} Studies have found that alleged demonic possessions can be related to trauma.{{sfnp|Braitmayer|Hecker|Van Duijl|2015}}

In entry article on [[dissociative identity disorder]], the [[DSM-5]] states, "possession-form identities in dissociative identity disorder typically manifest as behaviors that appear as if a 'spirit,' supernatural being, or outside person has taken control such that the individual begins speaking or acting in a distinctly different manner".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-554-1|location=Washington, DC|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/293|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/293 293]}}</ref> The symptoms vary across cultures.{{sfnp|Bhavsar|Ventriglio|Dinesh|2016|pp=551–559}} The DSM-5 indicates that personality states of dissociative identity disorder may be interpreted as possession in some cultures, and instances of spirit possession are often related to traumatic experiences—suggesting that possession experiences may be caused by mental distress.{{sfnp|Braitmayer|Hecker|Van Duijl|2015}} In cases of dissociative identity disorder in which the [[Alter ego|alter]] personality is questioned as to its identity, 29 percent are reported to identify themselves as demons.{{sfnp|Erlendsson|2003}} A 19th century term for a mental disorder in which the patient believes that they are possessed by demons or evil spirits is demonomania or cacodemonomanis.{{sfnp|Noll|2009}}

Some have expressed concern that belief in demonic possession can limit access to health care for the mentally ill.{{sfnp|Karanci|2014}}

==Notable examples==

===Purported demonic possessions===
In chronological order:
{{div col|content=
* [[Exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac|Legion]] ([[1st century]])
* [[Martha Brossier]] (1578)
* [[Aix-en-Provence possessions]] (1611)
* [[Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.#Demonic possession|Mademoiselle Elizabeth de Ranfaing]] (1621)
* [[Loudun possessions]] (1634)
* [[Dorothy Talbye trial]] (1639)
* [[Louviers possessions]] (1647)
* [[The Possession of Elizabeth Knapp]] (1671)
* [[George Lukins]] (1788)
* [[Johann Blumhardt|Gottliebin Dittus]] (1842)
* [[Antoine Gay]] (1871)
* [[Clara Germana Cele]] (1906)
* [[Exorcism of Roland Doe]] (1940)
* [[Anneliese Michel]] (1968)
* [[Michael Taylor (demoniac)|Michael Taylor]] (1974)
*[[Arne Cheyenne Johnson]] (1981)
*[[Tanacu exorcism]] (2005)
}}

==See also==
{{portal|Religion}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Adorcism]]
* [[Automatic writing]]
* [[Body hopping]]
* ''[[Chinkon kishin]]''
* [[Demonology]]
* [[Dissociative Identity Disorder]]
* [[Divine madness]]
* [[Enthusiasm]]
* [[Epiphany (feeling)]]
* [[Jamaican Maroon spirit-possession language]]
* [[List of exorcists]]
* [[Necromancy]]
* [[Sexuality in Christian demonology]]
* [[Spirit spouse]]
* [[Spiritualist Church]]
* ''[[The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner]]''
* [[Unclean spirit]]
* [[Walk-in (concept)|Walk-in]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite book |last1=Adler |first1=Margo |title=Drawing Down the Moon |publisher=Penguin |year=1997}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Tim |title=Understanding Alice: Uganda's Holy Spirit Movement in context |journal=Africa|year=1991 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=370–399 |doi=10.2307/1160031 |jstor=1160031|s2cid=145668917 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Al-Krenawi |first1=A. |last2=Graham |first2=J.R. |title=Spirit Possession and Exorcism in the Treatment of a Bedouin Psychiatric Patient |journal=Clinical Social Work Journal |year=1997 |volume=25 |issue=2 |page=211 |doi=10.1023/A:1025714626136|s2cid=140937987 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Alpers |first1=Edward A. |title='Ordinary Household Chores': Ritual and Power in a 19th-Century Swahili Women's Spirit Possession Cult |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |date=1984 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=677–702 |doi=10.2307/218907 |jstor=218907}}
* {{cite book |last1=Amorth |first1=Gabriele |title=An Exorcist Tells his Story |translator1-last=MacKenzie |translator1-first=Nicoletta V. |publisher=Ignatius Press |location=San Francisco |year=1999 |page=33}}

* {{cite book |last1=Baglio |first1=Matt |title=The Rite: The Making of a Modern Exorcist |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location=New York |year=2009}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beyerstein |first1=Barry L. |year=1995 |contribution=Dissociative States: Possession and Exorcism |editor1-last=[[Gordon Stein|Stein]] |editor1-first=Gordon |title=The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |pages=544–552 |isbn=1-57392-021-5|author1-link=Barry Beyerstein }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bhavsar |first1=Vishal |last2=Ventriglio |first2=Antonio |last3=Dinesh |first3=Bhugra |title=Dissociative trance and spirit possession: Challenges for cultures in transition |journal=Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=551–559 |publisher=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |doi=10.1111/pcn.12425 |year=2016 |pmid=27485275 |s2cid=24609757|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last1=Bohak |first1=Gideon |title=Ancient Jewish magic: a history |year=2008}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bourguignon|first1=Erika|last2=Ucko|first2=Lenora|title=Cross-Cultural Study of Dissociational States|year=1969|publisher=The Ohio State University Research Foundation with National Institute of Mental Health grant}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Braitmayer|first1=Lars|last2=Hecker|first2=Tobias|last3=Van Duijl|first3=Marjolein|title=Global mental health and trauma exposure: The current evidence for the relationship between traumatic experiences and spirit possession|journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology|volume=6|article-number=29126|year=2015|doi=10.3402/ejpt.v6.29126|pmid=26589259|pmc=4654771}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Broch |first1=Harald Beyer |title='Crazy Women are Performing in Sombali': A Possession-Trance Ritual on Bonerate, Indonesia |journal=Ethos |date=1985 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=262–282 |doi=10.1525/eth.1985.13.3.02a00040 |jstor=640005}}
* {{cite book |last=Broedel |first=Hans Peter |title=The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft |url=https://archive.org/details/malleusmaleficar00broe |url-access=limited |location=Great Britain |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2003 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/malleusmaleficar00broe/page/n42 32]–33 |isbn=978-0-7190-6441-8}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Bulkeley|editor1-first=Kelly|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Kate|editor3-last=Davis|editor3-first=Patricia M.|title=Dreaming in Christianity and Islam: Culture, Conflict, and Creativity|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-813-54610-0|location=New Brunswick, NJ|page=148}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr.|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S.Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|pages=530–531, 550, 829|year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-15786-3}}

* {{cite book|last1=Calmet|first1=Augustine|title=Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. 2016|year=1751|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-5331-4568-0}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Chodkiewicz |first1=M. |title=Rūḥāniyya |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6323 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Cuneo|first=Michael|title=Contemporary American Religion|chapter=Exorcism |chapter-url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3401300162/GVRL?u=epfl&sid=GVRL|date=1999|volume=1 |pages=243–245 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA: Gale eBooks |access-date=December 3, 2019}}

* {{cite book |author1-last=Dart |author1-first=Jon Anderson |title=The Vanishing aborigines: Sri Lanka's Veddas in transition |editor1-last=Dharmadasa |editor1-first=Karuna N.O. |editor2-last=De Alwis Samarasinghe |editor2-first=S.W.R. |date=1990 |publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies in association with NORAD and Vikas Pub. House |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-7069-5298-8 |page=83}}
* {{cite journal |last1=De Heusch |first1=Luc |author-link1=Luc de Heusch |title=Jean Rouch and the Birth of Visual Anthropology: A Brief History of the Comité international du film ethnographique |journal=Visual Anthropology |date=2 October 2007 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=365–386 |doi=10.1080/08949460701424155 |s2cid=143785372}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Dein|first=S.|s2cid=29032393|date=2013|title=Jinn and mental health: Looking at jinn possession in modern psychiatric practice|journal=The Psychiatrist|volume=37|issue=9|pages=290–293|doi=10.1192/pb.bp.113.042721|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last1=Diem |first1=Werner |last2=Schöller |first2=Marco |title=The Living and the Dead in Islam: Epitaphs as texts |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2004 |isbn=978-3-447-05083-8 |page=144}}

* {{cite web |last=Erlendsson |first=Haraldur |url=https://www.academia.edu/3065960 |title=Multiple Personality Disorder - Demons and Angels or Archetypal aspects of the inner self |date=2003}}{{self-published inline|date=November 2020}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Ferracuti |first1=Stefano |last2=Sacco |first2=Roberto |last3=Lazzari |first3=R |title=Dissociative Trance Disorder: Clinical and Rorschach Findings in Ten Persons Reporting Demon Possession and Treated by Exorcism |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |year=1996 |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=525–539 |doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_4 |pmid=8667145}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Gomm |first1=Roger |title=Bargaining from Weakness: Spirit Possession on the South Kenya Coast |journal=Man |date=1975 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=530–543 |doi=10.2307/2800131 |jstor=2800131}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Goodwin |first1=Jean |last2=Hill |first2=Sally |last3=Attias |first3=Reina |title=Historical and folk techniques of exorcism: applications to the treatment of dissociative disorders |journal=Dissociation |year=1990 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=94–101 |hdl=1794/1530}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Griffel|first1=Frank|title=Islam and rationality : the impact of al-Ghazālī: papers collected on his 900th anniversary|publisher=Brill|year=2005|isbn=978-9-004-29095-2|location=Leiden, Netherlands|page=103}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Hamer |first1=John |last2=Hamer |first2=Irene |title=Spirit Possession and Its Socio-Psychological Implications among the Sidamo of Southwest Ethiopia |journal=Ethnology |year=1966 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=392–408 |doi=10.2307/3772719 |jstor=3772719|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hayes |first1=Kelly E. |title=Wicked Women and Femmes Fatales: Gender, Power, and Pomba Gira in Brazil |journal=History of Religions |year=2008 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1086/592152 |s2cid=162196759}}
* {{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=J. |year=1981 |title=Exorcism and Possession in Psychotherapy Practice |publisher=[[The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=2 |pages=129–134}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hezel |first1= Francis X. |year=1993 |title=Spirit Possession in Chuuk: Socio-Cultural Interpretation |publisher=Micronesian Counselor |volume=11}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Igreja |first1=Victor |last2=Dias-Lambranca |first2=Béatrice |last3=Richters |first3=Annemiek |title=Gamba spirits, gender relations, and healing in post-civil war Gorongosa, Mozambique |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |year=2008 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=353–371 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2008.00506.x|doi-access=free }}

* {{Cite book|last= Jones|first= Lindsay|title= Encyclopedia of Religion|volume=13|edition=2|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|year= 2005|isbn= 0-02-865733-0|location= Detroit, MI|page=8687|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3424502953/GVRL?u=epfl&sid=GVRL}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Karanci|first1=A. Nuray|title=Concerns About Schizophrenia or Possession?|journal=Journal of Religion and Health|volume=53|issue=6|pages=1691–1692|year=2014|doi=10.1007/s10943-014-9910-7|pmid=25056667|s2cid=34949947}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kehoe |first1=Alice B. |last2=Giletti |first2=Dody H. |title=Women's Preponderance in Possession Cults: The Calcium-Deficiency Hypothesis Extended |journal=American Anthropologist |date=September 1981 |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=549–561 |doi=10.1525/aa.1981.83.3.02a00030 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kinnard|first1=Jacob|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practice|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3437900018/GVRL?u=epfl&sid=GVRL|publisher=Gale|year=2006|location=Gale Virtual Reference Library}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Lambek |first1=Michael |title=spirit possession/spirit succession: aspects of social continuity among Malagasy speakers in Mayotte |journal=American Ethnologist |date=November 1988 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=710–731 |doi=10.1525/ae.1988.15.4.02a00070}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=I. M. |title=Spirit Possession and Deprivation Cults |journal=Man |date=1966 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=307–329 |doi=10.2307/2796794 |jstor=2796794}}

* {{cite book |last1=Maʻrūf |first1=Muḥammad |title=Jinn Eviction as a Discourse of Power: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Moroccan Magical Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-16099-6 |page=2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Malachi |first1=M. |year=1976 |title=Hostage to the Devil: the possession and exorcism of five living Americans |location=San Francisco |publisher=Harpercollins |page=462 |isbn=0-06-065337-X}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Meldon|first=J.A.|year=1908|title=Notes on the Sudanese in Uganda|journal=Journal of the Royal African Society|volume=7|issue=26|pages=123–146|jstor=715079}}
* {{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Janet |title=Reluctant Muslims: embodied hegemony and moral resistance in a Giriama spirit possession complex |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=March 2004 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=91–112 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2004.00181.x}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Nabokov |first1=Isabelle |title=Expel the Lover, Recover the Wife: Symbolic Analysis of a South Indian Exorcism |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=1997 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=297–316 |doi=10.2307/3035021 |jstor=3035021}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Netzley|first1=Patricia D.|title=The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Witchcraft|publisher=Greenhaven Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7377-4638-9|location=San Diego, CA|url=https://archive.org/details/greenhavenencycl00patr/page/206|page=206}}
* {{cite book|last1=Noll|first1=Richard|title=The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA129|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7508-9|pages=129–}}

* {{cite journal |last1=O'Connell |first1=M. C. |title=Spirit Possession and Role Stress among the Xesibe of Eastern Transkei |journal=Ethnology |date=1982 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=21–37 |doi=10.2307/3773703 |jstor=3773703|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ong |first1=Aihwa |title=the production of possession: spirits and the multinational corporation in Malaysia |journal=American Ethnologist |year=1988 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1525/ae.1988.15.1.02a00030 |s2cid=30121345|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1gg97481 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Oxtoby |editor2-last=Amore |title=World Religions: Eastern Traditions |edition=3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |pages=9, 256–319}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Queiroz |first1=Ruben Caixeta de |title=Between the sensible and the intelligible: Anthropology and the cinema of Marcel Mauss and Jean Rouch |journal=Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology |year=2012 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=184–211 |doi=10.1590/S1809-43412012000200007 |doi-access=free}}

* {{Cite book|last=Rassool|first=G. Hussein|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-44124-3|location=New York}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Robbins |first1=Joel |author-link=Joel Robbins|title=Becoming Sinners: Christianity and Desire among the Urapmin of Papua New Guinea |journal=Ethnology |date=1998 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=299–316 |doi=10.2307/3773784 |jstor=3773784|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Robbins|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Robbins|date=2004a|title=The globalization of pentecostal and charismatic Christianity|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=33|pages=117–143|doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421|id={{ProQuest|199862299}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Robbins | first = Joel |author-link=Joel Robbins| title = Becoming Sinners: Christianity and Moral Torment in a Papua New Guinea Society | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2004b | isbn = 0-520-23800-1 |page=284}}
* {{cite journal|first=Ángel Manuel|last=Rodríguez|title=Old Testament demonology|url=https://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1998/06/old-testament-demonology|journal=Ministry: International Journal for Pastors|year=1998 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=5–7|access-date=October 29, 2017}}

* {{cite book |last1=Sells |first1=Michael Anthony |title=Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Qurʼan, Miraj, Poetic and Theological Writings |publisher=Paulist Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-809-13619-3 |page=143}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Shack |first1=William A. |title=Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession Among the Gurage of Ethiopia |journal=Man |year=1971 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=30–43 |doi=10.2307/2798425 |jstor=2798425}}
* {{cite web |last1=Showalter |first1=Brandon |title=UK Baptist group warns against occultism amid rise in grief-stricken seeking to contact the dead |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/baptist-group-warns-against-seeking-occult-to-speak-to-the-dead.html |publisher=[[The Christian Post]] |access-date=27 May 2021 |language=English |date=26 May 2021 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Jeffrey G. |title=Imitation Is Far More than the Sincerest of Flattery: The Mimetic Power of Spirit Possession in Rajasthan, India |journal=Cultural Anthropology |year=2002 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=32–64 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.1.32 |jstor=656672|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last1=Strickmann |first1=Michel |year=2002 |title=Chinese Magical Medicine |editor1-last=Faure |editor1-first=Bernard |publisher=Stanford University Press |pages=65, 251}}
* {{cite web|last1=Sutherland|first1=Gail Hinich|title=Demons and the Demonic in Buddhism|website=Oxford Bibliographies|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0171.xml|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780195393521-0171|access-date=December 12, 2019|year=2013}}
* {{cite book |last1=Szombathy |first1=Zoltan |contribution=Exorcism |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=3 |editor1-last=Fleet |editor1-first=Kate |editor2-last=Krämer |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor3-last=Matringe |editor3-first=Denis |editor4-last=Nawas |editor4-first=John |editor5-last=Rowson |editor5-first=Everett |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26268 |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-26963-7}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Tanner |first1=R.E.S. |title=Hysteria in Sukuma Medical Practice |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |year=1955 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=274–279 |doi=10.2307/1157107 |jstor=1157107|s2cid=145594255 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Tennant|first=Agnieszka|date=September 3, 2001|title=In need of deliverance|journal=Christianity Today|volume=45|pages=46–48+|id={{ProQuest|211985417}}}}

* {{Cite book|last=Verter|first=Bradford|title=Contemporary American Religions|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|year=1999|location=Gale eBooks|page=187}}

* {{cite book |last1=Wahlen |first1=Clinton |title=Jesus and the impurity of spirits in the Synoptic Gospels |year=2004 |page=19 |quote=The Jewish magical papyri and incantation bowls may also shed light on our investigation. However, the fact that all of these sources are generally dated from the third to fifth centuries and beyond requires us to exercise particular ...}}
* {{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=Brett |title=The Annotated Daemonologie: A Critical Edition |year=2019 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-5329-6891-4}}
* {{cite book |last1= Westermarck |first1=Edward |title=Ritual and Belief in Morocco |volume=1 |series=Routledge Revivals |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-91268-2 |pages=263–264}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1= Tracy |title=The Vatican's Exorcists |publisher=[[Hachette Book Group#Current imprints|Warner Books]] |location=New York |year=2007 |page=25}}
{{refend}}

{{Spiritualism and spiritism}}
{{Authority control}}

==External links==
*[https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-problems/demonic-possession/ghost-possession-symptoms/ Symptoms of Demonic Possession]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spirit possession}}
[[Category:Spirit possession| ]]
[[Category:Anthropology of religion]]
[[Category:Demonic possession| ]]
[[Category:Exorcism]]
[[Category:Neurotheology]]
[[Category:Paranormal terminology]]

Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki

2026-03-25T19:44:52Z

Info: new first info with sources

{{Short description| 2026 Indian Gujarati Family drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki
| image = Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki Poster.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Dharmesh S. Mehta
| producer = Shrikant Mohta Mahendra Soni
| writer = Amit Aryan Bhargav Trivedi Dharmesh S. Mehta
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Siddharth Randeria]]
*[[Vaishali Thakkar|Vaishalee Thakkar]]
*[[Hitu Kanodia]]
*[[Aneri Vajani]]
*Shrey Maradiya
}}
| cinematography = Rahul Soni
| editing = Nilesh Gavand
| music = Kedar Upadhyay Bhargav Purohit
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Entertainment]] Namanraj Productions Pvt. Ltd Siddharth Randeria Production LLP
| distributor = Rupam Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|2026|1|9|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2026 |title=''Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki'' (G) |url=https://www.alberta.ca/search-movie-ratings.aspx?filmsearchtitle=Jai+Kanhaiyalall+Ki&filmsearchrating=&filmsearchadvisory=&filmsearchdistributor=&filmsearchdatefrom=&filmsearchdateto=&searchfilm= |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Canadian motion picture rating system|Alberta Film Classification Office]] |language=en-CA}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki''''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: '''''જય કનૈયાલાલ કી''''') is a 2026 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] [[Drama (film and television)|family drama]], [[Crime film|crime]] and [[Comedy film|comedy]] film directed by Dharmesh S. Mehta. It is produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni from [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Entertainment]], in partnership with Namanraj Productions and Siddharth Randeria Production, marking [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF's]] entry into the Gujarati film market<ref name=TI1>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/svf-in-association-with-namanraj-productions-pvt-ltd-siddharth-randeria-production-llp-unveils-the-first-glimpse-of-jai-kanhaiyalall-ki-film/ |title=SVF, In Association With Namanraj Productions Pvt. Ltd & Siddharth Randeria Production LLP, Unveils the First Glimpse of Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki Film |date=10 December 2025|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

The film features [[Siddharth Randeria]] in the lead role, alongside [[Vaishali Thakkar|Vaishalee Thakkar]], [[Aneri Vajani]] and [[Hitu Kanodia]]. Its theatrical release was on 9 January 2026.<ref name=DB2>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/gujarati-film-jai-kanaiyalal-ki-teaser-release-siddharth-randeria-vaishali-thakkar-hitu-kanodia-136625651.html |title='જય કનૈયાલાલ કી'નું ટિઝર રમુજ અને લાગણીથી ભરપૂર:TMKOC ફેમ ધર્મેશ મહેતાના ડિરેક્શનમાં બનેલી ફિલ્મમાં સિદ્ધાર્થ રાંદેરિયા, હિતુ કનોડિયા મુખ્ય ભૂમિકામાં |date=9 December 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kanhaiyalall, an honest and recently retired engineer, lives a modest middle-class life with his family. As preparations begin for his daughter's wedding, his life takes a sudden turn when he loses all his life savings in a bank scam. With the wedding approaching and his family's dignity at stake, Kanhaiyalall finds himself under immense emotional and financial pressure.As conventional solutions fail and time runs out, Kanhaiyalall is forced into a moral dilemma that challenges his lifelong values of honesty and faith. In a desperate attempt to protect his family from humiliation and social fallout, he makes a decision he never imagined he would take, setting off a chain of tense and emotionally charged events.

Meanwhile, Inspector Govardhan Rathod, a sharp and determined police officer, begins to sense irregularities surrounding the case. As the investigation progresses, the film unfolds as a race against time, intercutting between wedding preparations, family emotions, and the tightening grip of the law.
The narrative explores the emotional cost of survival, the weight of responsibility, and the conflict between belief and logic. As secrets begin to unravel, Kanhaiyalall must confront the consequences of his actions and decide whether faith, courage, and compassion can help him reclaim his family's future.
<ref name=DB2/>

== Cast ==
* [[Siddharth Randeria]] as Kanhaiyalal
* [[Vaishali Thakkar|Vaishalee Thakkar]] as Pushpa
* [[Hitu Kanodia]]
* [[Aneri Vajani]]<ref name=IF1/>
* Shrey Maradiya
* Chilka Prit

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki
| type = Album
| artist = Kedar Upadhyay, Bhargav Purohit
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025-2026
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=6|s=36}}
| language = Gujarati
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = [https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jai-kanhaiyalall-ki-title-track-from-jai-kanhaiyalall-ki/-miQrClCpeI_ Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki Full Album] on [[JioSaavn]]}}
}}

=== Tracklist ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 6:36
| all_music = Kedar Upadhyay and Bhargav Purohit
| all_lyrics = Niren Bhatt
| title1 = Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki - Title Track
| extra1 = [[Aditya Gadhvi]]
| music1 = Kedar Upadhyay, Bhargav Purohit
| lyrics1 = Niren Bhatt
| length1 = 3:06
| title2 = Thangan Mor Kare
| extra2 = [[Parthiv Gohil]]
| music2 = Kedar Upadhyay, Bhargav Purohit
| lyrics2 = Bhargav Purohit
| length2 = 3:30
| title3 =
| extra3 =
| music3 =
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Directed by Dharmesh S. Mehta, known for his work on the show ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' and the film ''Mom Tane Nai Samjay''.<ref name=DB1/> The story is written by Amit Aryan, with dialogues by Bhargav Trivedi.

''Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki'' is part of [[SVF Entertainment|SVF]]'s expansion into Western India as they celebrate 30 years in the industry.<ref name="ThePrint">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Tina |title=Bengal top film producer travels west to Gujarat with Jai Kanhaiyalal Ki |url=https://theprint.in/feature/bengal-top-film-producer-gujarat-jai-kanhaiyalal-ki/2756461/ |access-date= |work=The Print |date=8 November 2024}}</ref> Abhishek Daga from SVF mentioned that the goal is to connect with audiences through family-focused stories.<ref name=TI1/>

=== Casting ===
The film stars [[Siddharth Randeria]], a prominent figure in [[Gujarati theatre]] and cinema, widely recognised for his work in the stage play ''Bluffmaster Gujjubhai''. It also features [[Hitu Kanodia]], known for his performance in the National Award-winning Gujarati film ''[[Vash (film)|Vash]]'' (2023).<ref name="ThePrint"/>

The film marks the Gujarati cinema debut of television actress [[Aneri Vajani]].<ref name=IF1>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/aneri-vajani-makes-her-gujarati-film-debut-with-jai-kanhaiyalal-ki_227955
|title=Aneri Vajani makes her Gujarati film debut with Jai Kanhaiyalal Ki… |date=7 October 2025|work=India Forums |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref> Vajani is known for her roles in Hindi television series such as ''[[Nisha Aur Uske Cousins]]'', ''[[Beyhadh]]'' and ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=My parents always wanted me to act in Gujarati films: Aneri Vajani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-parents-always-wanted-me-to-act-in-gujarati-films-aneri-vajani/articleshow/124357232.cms
|work=The Times of India |access-date= }}</ref> In interviews, Vajani stated that working in a Gujarati film had long been a personal aspiration influenced by her family, particularly her parents. She described Gujarati cinema as an increasingly vibrant space with emotionally driven and relatable storytelling, and noted that she had been waiting for the right story and timing to make her debut. Vajani also expressed her continued attachment to television, calling it a medium close to her heart and stating that she remains open to returning to daily soaps in the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/i-will-never-say-no-to-tv-thats-where-people-know-me-aneri-vajani/2025/10/11
|title=I Will Never Say No to TV — That's Where People Know Me: Aneri Vajani |author=Srividya Rajesh |date=11 October 2025 |work=IWMBuzz}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music for the film is by Dr. Kedar Upadhyay and Bhargav Purohit, featuring songs performed by singers [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Aditya Gadhvi]] and [[Parthiv Gohil]].<ref name=DB1/>

== Marketing ==
A [[Moster (motion movie poster)|motion poster]] for the film was released on [[social media]] during the festival of [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]].<ref name=DB1>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/jai-kanhaiyalal-ki-motion-poster-release-shoot-starts-tomorrow-136072533.html |title='જય કનૈયાલાલ કી'નું મોશન પોસ્ટર રિલીઝ:'તારક મહેતા...' ફેમ ધર્મેશ મહેતા સિદ્ધાર્થ રાંદેરિયા અને હિતુ કનોડિયાની ફિલ્મનું ડિરેક્શન કરશે |date=2 October 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>
Director Dharmesh S. Mehta and actor Siddharth Randeria unveiled the film's first official poster in December 2025. The poster presents Randeria as a simple, middle-class man standing at a doorway with a warm smile, accompanied by a family photograph and festive elements, reflecting the film's light-hearted and emotional tone.<ref name="TOIposter">{{cite news
|title=Siddharth Randeria's NEW LOOK in 'Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki' excites fans. Dharmesh S. Mehta says, 'It is my humble attempt' – Exclusive
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/siddharth-randerias-new-look-in-jai-kanhaiyalall-ki-excites-fans-dharmesh-s-mehta-says-it-is-my-humble-attempt-exclusive/articleshow/125979340.cms
|work=The Times of India
|author=Vaishali Rathod
|date=15 December 2025
|access-date=15 December 2025
}}</ref>

In an interview with [[Times Of India|ETimes]], Randeria described the film as a reflection of the life and belief system of a common man, calling it a slice-of-life story filled with warmth and quirks. Mehta stated that the film was his attempt to narrate a story where belief, courage, and compassion coexist, and expressed his intention for the film to resonate with audiences beyond the screen.<ref name="TOIposter"/>

An official [[Teaser trailer|teaser]] was later released on [[YouTube]]. This introduces the storyline where Siddharth Randeria's character faces an unexpected problem and goes through a journey filled with rituals and superstitions. The teaser highlights the conflict between logic and faith within a family.<ref name=DB2/><ref name=TI1/> The official [[Teaser trailer|trailer]] was released on [[Social Media]] on 24 December 2025, further expanding on the film's storyline and principal characters.<ref>{{cite web |title=SVF unveils the trailer of Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki, promising a warm, witty and heartfelt family entertainer |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/svf-unveils-the-trailer-of-jai-kanhaiyalall-ki-promising-a-warm-witty-and-heartfelt-family-entertainer/81905078.html
|website=Ahmedabad Mirror |access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Pre-release event ===
Ahead of its theatrical release, the makers of ''Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki'' hosted a grand afternoon cruise celebration in Ahmedabad as part of the film's promotional activities. The event was attended by the cast and crew and marked a key pre-release milestone, reflecting the growing anticipation surrounding the film. Ahmedabad was chosen due to its strong cultural association with Gujarati theatre, family-oriented storytelling, and its importance as a promotional hub for Gujarati cinema.<ref name="ND1">{{cite web
|title=Jai Kanhaiyalal Ki Sparks Joy Before Big Screen Arrival
|url=https://www.newzdaddy.com/jai-kanhaiyalal-ki-sparks-joy/?amp=1
|website=Newz Daddy
|date=January 2026
|access-date=9 January 2026
}}</ref>
The cruise celebration took place in a relaxed and celebratory atmosphere, with the team engaging in informal interactions and reflecting on the film's journey. Such pre-release gatherings are commonly organised in the Indian film industry to foster team spirit and mark the completion of production ahead of a film's release.<ref name="ND1"/>

Director Dharmesh S. Mehta stated that the celebration reflected the film's core values of family, warmth, and tradition, while lead actor Siddharth Randeria described the film as being emotionally close to him and expressed appreciation for the audience response ahead of release. The film was scheduled for theatrical release on 9 January 2026.<ref name="ND1"/>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
'''Sampark Gujarati''' reviewed the film and described ''Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki'' as a clean, family-oriented Gujarati entertainer that blends emotion, humour, culture, and traditional values. The reviewer noted that the film focuses strongly on family bonds, faith, and moral conflicts rooted in Gujarati culture, making it suitable for audiences across all age groups. The narrative was praised for being simple, emotionally engaging, and easy to follow, avoiding unnecessary complications and remaining grounded in everyday life. Siddharth Randeria's performance was highlighted as one of the film's strongest aspects, with the critic praising his screen presence, dialogue delivery, and emotional depth. The supporting cast was appreciated for adding warmth and natural humour, while the female leads were commended for their graceful performances that supported the emotional flow of the story. The direction was described as clean and message-driven, maintaining a balance between entertainment and sentiment. The review also praised the background score, situational songs, and cinematography for capturing Gujarati traditions effectively. Criticism was directed at the predictable storyline at certain points and the slower pacing in the second half. *Sampark Gujarati* rated the film 3.5 out of 5.<ref name="SG1">{{cite web
|title=Jai Kanhaiyalal Ki Movie Review (2026) – A Clean Family Entertainer with Emotion, Humor & Gujarati Soul
|url=https://samparkgujarati.com/jai-kanhaiyalal-ki-movie-review/
|website=Sampark Gujarati
|date=January 2026
|access-date=9 January 2026
}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

'''Newz Daddy''' reviewed the film as an emotionally driven family drama with elements of suspense, centring on an honest, recently retired man whose life is upended after losing his savings in a bank scam just days before his daughter's wedding. The review highlighted the wedding deadline as an effective narrative device that adds urgency and tension, turning the story into a race between desperation and law enforcement. Siddharth Randeria's portrayal of Kanhaiyalall was praised for its restraint and emotional authenticity, with the reviewer noting his ability to convey fear, guilt, and determination without exaggerated dialogue. Hitu Kanodia's performance as Inspector Govardhan Rathod was also appreciated for adding intensity and momentum to the second half of the film. The chemistry between Randeria and Vaishalee Thakkar was positively mentioned, while Aneri Vajani and Shrey Maradiya were commended for their confident performances and fluent Gujarati dialogue despite their backgrounds in Hindi television. The direction by Dharmesh S. Mehta was described as grounded and focused, avoiding unnecessary drama while maintaining emotional weight and suspense. The review noted the film's limited locations and observed that while the second half is gripping, the first half progresses at a slower pace and contains fewer comedic moments than expected given Randeria's reputation. *Newz Daddy* rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and recommended it as a sincere and engaging family drama with a strong social message.<ref name="NDReview">{{cite web
|title=Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki Movie Review
|url=https://www.newzdaddy.com/jai-kanhaiyalall-ki-movie-review/
|website=Newz Daddy
|author=
|date=9 January 2026
|access-date=9 January 2026
}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Gujarati films of 2026]]
*[[List of Gujarati films]]
*[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
*[[List of Shree Venkatesh Films productions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt38672615}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 drama films]]
[[Category:2026 comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 crime comedy films]]

Pappa Vidyaakar

2026-03-13T05:52:00Z

Info: Starting new info...

{{short description|Indian humanitarian worker (born 1953)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pappa Vidyaakar
| image = PAPPA VIDYAAKAR.JPG
| alt = Pappa Vidyaakar
| caption = Pappa Vidyaakar with one of his rescued children
| birth_name = Steven Vidyaakar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|04|16}}
| birth_place = Tamil Nadu
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Humanitarian worker
| known_for = Founder of [[Udavum Karangal]]
}}
'''"Pappa" Vidyaakar''' (born Steven Vidyaakar, [[Mangalore]], 16 April 1953) is an Indian [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian worker]]. He is mostly known to be the founder of [[Udavum Karangal]], a [[NGO]] based in [[Chennai]], [[India]]

==Early life and the meeting with Ramakrishnan==

Pappa Vidyaakar was born in Mangalore but grew up in [[Kollegal]] in the state of [[Karnataka]]. There when he was aged 13, witnessed an accident and rescued a man from Chennai named Ramakrishnan. 
The two kept in touch and few years later Pappa went to visit him in Chennai. Here he stayed under the shelter of the man, who raised in him his natural inclination towards seeking the good of others. 
Pappa trained in Psychiatric social work and psychological counseling at the [[Madras School of Social Work]], and after joined Chennai's leading organizations delivering care for leprosy and mental health. He also had the privilege of serving with [[Mother Teresa]]. Before he turned 30 he started working in a voluntary counseling and guidance center in the area of NSK Nagar.

==The foundation of Udavum Karangal==

At the beginning of the 1980s Vidyaakar moved to NSK Nagar, a poor area in Chennai, to start a volunteering collaboration with a local charity. By living among the people he was trying to help he soon raised popularity in the area. Many people started to address him for help and assistance. 
In 1983 a rickshaw puller came to him with an abandoned child found in a cinema hall after a show. Vidyaakar tried in vain to find a solution for him, but nobody was able to help; determined to take care of the poor victim, he fostered him.
Following this example, he used his own house to shelter more children<ref>{{cite web|last=Gilon|first=Catherine|title=Starting with one abandoned child, Udhavum Karangal has grown into a big family of 1263 in 30 years|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Heroism/1583/Papa-.html|publisher=The Weekend Leader|accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref> and few days later registered Udavum Karangal (Helping Hands, in [[Tamil language]]). 
Soon many people started spontaneously to support his project, allowing him to hire other social workers and expand the area of interest of the charity to elders, mentally challenged and education. 
In the 1990s a new headquarters was built in the outskirts town of [[Thiruverkadu]] and in 1997 a public, free of charge school by Udavum Karangal started operating in the same area. Recently a new branch has started in [[Coimbatore]] and Udavum Karangal is now a NGO fostering over 2,000 between students, elders and mentally challenged and giving work to over 120 people. 
Thanks to the life-changing impact they had in the area and the relief work produced following the [[Tsunami of 2004|2004 tsunami event]] which struck Chennai, both Pappa Vidyaakar and Udavum Karangal received in the last decades several international and Indian awards

==Awards and accolades==

1. International award for most outstanding voluntary organisation in India - Matsushita, Japan, 1992 
2. [[Aurelius Maschio#Fr Maschio Humanitarian Award|Maschio Humanitarian Award]] - Mumbai, 1996 
3. Certificate Of Honour - The Madras School of Social Works, 1996 
4. Award for best institution - Government of Tamil Nadu, 2002 
5. Recognition for Outstanding Services - City of Philadelphia, 2003 
6. Congratulatory letter - Mayor of Seattle, 2003 
7. Award for best social worker - Government of Tamil Nadu, 2004 
8. Citation for services provided for tsunami victimes - Denver Sister Cities, 2005 
9. [[Rotary International|Rotary International Award]] - Chennai, 2007 
10. Indira Gandhi Award - New Delhi, 2008 
11. Kannada Rajotsava Award - Karnataka, 2012 
12. [[Rising personality of the century]] - Penguin Publications 
13. Award of excellence - Loud Thinking Forum 
14. Citation Honouring Udavum Karangal - Governor of Pennsylvania

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidyaakar, Pappa}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Soil types in Kerala

2026-03-10T13:51:54Z

Info: put up initial post basic info

{{orphan|date=March 2026}}
[[File:Kerala_ecozones_map_labelled3.png|thumb|Map showing the agro-ecological zones of Kerala]]
The '''soils of Kerala''' (in [[Malayalam]]: കേരളത്തിലെ മണ്ണിനെ) have been scientifically classified based on their [[chemical]] and physical characteristics. Variations in rainfall, [[temperature]], and alternating humid and dry conditions, along with the swiftly flowing rivers running from the western coastal plains to the eastern highlands, significantly influence the state’s diverse natural vegetation and the formation of different [[soil type]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=നമ്മുടെ നാട്ടിലെ എട്ടു മണ്ണിനങ്ങൾ|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/agriculture/farm-technology/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-1.152919|website=www.mathrubhumi.com/agriculture|accessdate=7 February 2017|archive-date=2016-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114202109/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/agriculture/farm-technology/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-1.152919|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>നമ്മുടെ മണ്ണിനെ അറിയുക; കേരളത്തിലെ മണ്ണിനങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ഒരു ലഘുലേഖ - [[മണ്ണുപര്യവേഷണ സംരക്ഷണ വകുപ്പ്]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=എച്മുക്കുട്ടി|title=മണ്ണ് ചരക്കാകുന്ന വികസനത്തിന്റെ പുതിയ കാലം; 2015 അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര മണ്ണ് വർഷം|url=http://www.azhimukham.com/international-soil-year-environment-protection-c-raveendranath/|website=azhimukham.com|accessdate=7 February 2017|archive-date=2018-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519064502/http://www.azhimukham.com/international-soil-year-environment-protection-c-raveendranath/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In general classification, eight major types of soil are found in Kerala: coastal alluvial soil, laterite soil, black soil, forest loam, red loam, hill soil, black cotton soil, and forest soil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralasoils.gov.in/index.php/2016-04-27-09-26-39/taxonomic-grouping-of-soils-of-kerala|title=Kerala Soil Survey & Soil Conservation Department website|access-date=7 February 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|archive-date=2017-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413073839/http://keralasoils.gov.in/index.php/2016-04-27-09-26-39/taxonomic-grouping-of-soils-of-kerala|url-status=dead}}</ref> The classification of [[Kerala]]’s soils follows a specialized system developed by the [[United States]] Department of Agriculture (USDA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Taxonomic_Grouping_2320.aspx|title=ENVIS Centre: Kerala State of Environment and Related Issues|access-date=7 February 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=}}</ref> Approximately 82 distinct soil varieties identified across Kerala are displayed at the Kerala Soil Museum, located within the Central Soil Analytical Laboratory at Parottukonam, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Soil Museum Inaugurated|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/First-Soil-Museum-Inaugurated/2014/01/02/article1978006.ece|accessdate=5 January 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=2 January 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215607/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/First-Soil-Museum-Inaugurated/2014/01/02/article1978006.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2">{{cite news|last=T. Nandakumar|title=Museum to Showcase Soil Diversity in Kerala|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/museum-to-showcase-soil-diversity-in-kerala/article5517946.ece|accessdate=5 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kerala-geo-stub}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Geography of Kerala]]
[[Category:Soil science in India]]

Chandra Shekhar Azad

2026-02-28T05:15:02Z

Info: general updated formatting based on references and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Indian revolutionary (1906–1931)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandra Shekhar Azad
| image = Chandrasekhar Azad.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Azad in 1926
| birth_name = Chandra Shekhar Sitaram Tiwari
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|07|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bhavra|Bhabhra]], [[Alirajpur State]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asoulwindow.com/revealing-the-truth-behind-the-real-birth-place-and-date-of-azad/|title = REVEALING THE TRUTH BEHIND THE REAL BIRTH PLACE AND DATE OF AZAD! – A Soul Window|date = 28 January 2017}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1931|02|27|1906|07|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_cause = [[Suicide by gunshot]]
| occupation = [[Revolutionary]]
| movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]]
| organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
| other_names = {{ubl|Azad|Balraj}}
}}

'''Chandra Shekhar Sitaram Tiwari''' (23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931), popularly known as '''Chandra Shekhar Azad''', was an Indian [[Indian independence movement|revolutionary]] who reorganised the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA) under its new name of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) after the death of its founder, [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], and three other prominent party leaders, [[Roshan Singh]], [[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]] and [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]. He hailed from [[Badarka|Bardarka village]] in [[Unnao district]] of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] and his parents were Sitaram Tiwari and Jagrani Devi. He often used the pseudonym "Balraj" while signing pamphlets issued as the commander-in-chief of the HSRA.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahatma Gandhi tried his best to save Bhagat Singh |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/mahatma-gandhi-tried-his-best-to-save-bhagat-singhs-life |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>[[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru]] worked closely with him as his pupil.

==Early life==
Chandra Shekhar Azad was born on 23 July 1906 in [[Bhavra|Bhabhra village]] as Chandra Shekhar Tiwari, in a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] family, in the princely state of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]. His forefathers were from [[Badarka|Badarka village]], of the [[Unnao district]] of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pratappur Bhaunti इस the ancestral village of Chandrashekhar Aazad|date=2024 |publisher=inext live|url=https://www.inextlive.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/pratappur-bhaunti-is-the-ancestral-village-of-chandrashekhar-azad-1708963363}}</ref> His mother, Jagrani Devi, was the third wife of Sitaram Tiwari, whose previous wives had died young. After the birth of their first son, Sukhdev, in Badarka, the family moved to the [[Alirajpur State]].<ref name="CalcuttaEnglish1958">{{cite book | publisher = University of Calcutta. Dept. of English | title=The Calcutta review | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BAxAQAAMAAJ | access-date=11 September 2012 | year=1958 | page=44}}</ref><ref name="CatherineAsher1994">{{cite book | editor=Catherine B. Asher | title=India 2001: reference encyclopedia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ | access-date=11 September 2012 | date=June 1994 | publisher=South Asia Publications | isbn=978-0-945921-42-4 | page = 131 }}</ref>

His mother wanted her son to be a great [[Sanskrit]] scholar and persuaded his father to send him to Kashi Vidyapeeth at [[Varanasi|Banaras]] to study. In 1921, when the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] was at its height, Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year-old student, joined. As a result, he was arrested on 24 December. On being presented before the Parsi district magistrate Justice M. P. Khareghat two weeks later, he gave his name as "Azad" (''The Free''), his father's name as "Swatantrata" (''Independence'') and his residence as "Jail". The angered magistrate punished him with 15 blows.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India) |first=Bhawan Singh |last=Rana |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |year=2005 |isbn=9788128808166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC |pages=22–24}}</ref>

==Revolutionary life==
After the suspension of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] in 1922 by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Azad became disappointed. He met a young revolutionary, [[Manmath Nath Gupta]], who introduced him to [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] who had formed the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA), a revolutionary organisation. He then became an active member of the HRA and started to collect funds for HRA. Most of the fund collection was through robberies of government property. He was involved in the [[Kakori Train Robbery]] of 1925, the shooting of [[John P. Saunders]] at [[Lahore]] in 1928 to avenge the killing of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], and at last, in the attempt to blow up the [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Viceroy of India's]] train in 1929.

Azad got to read [[Karl Marx]]'s [[The Communist Manifesto|Manifesto of the Communist Party]] from his comrade Shiv Verma. When Azad was the commander-in-chief of the revolutionary party, he often used to borrow a book called ABC of Communism from writer Satyabhakta to teach socialism to his cadres.
Despite being a member of [[Indian National Congress]], [[Motilal Nehru]] regularly gave money in support of Azad.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Congress and the Revolutionaries in the 1920s |first1=S. K. |last1=Mittal |first2=Irfan |last2=Habib |journal=Social Scientist |volume=10 |issue=6 |date=June 1982 |pages=20–37 |doi=10.2307/3517065 |jstor=3517065| issn = 0970-0293 }}</ref>

==Activities in Jhansi==
Azad made [[Jhansi]] his organisation's hub for some time. He used the forest of [[Orchha]], situated {{convert|15|km|mi}} from Jhansi, as a site for shooting practice and, being an expert marksman, he trained other members of his group. He built a hut near to a [[Hanuman temple]] on the banks of the [[Betwa River|Satar River]] and lived there under the alias of Pandit Harishankar Bramhachari for a long period. He taught children from the nearby village of [[Tikamgarh|Dhimarpura]] and thus managed to establish a good rapport with the local residents.

While living in Jhansi, he also learned to drive a car at the Bundelkhand Motor Garage in [[Sadar Bazar Jhansi|Sadar Bazar]]. Sadashivrao Malkapurkar, [[Vishwanath Vaishampayan]] and Bhagwan Das Mahaur came in close contact with him and became an integral part of his revolutionary group. The then congress leaders, [[Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar]] and [[Sitaram Bhaskar Bhagwat]] were also close to Azad. He also stayed for some time in the house of Rudra Narayan Singh at Nai Basti, as well as Bhagwat's house in [[Nagra Jhansi|Nagra]].
[[File:Chandrasekhar Azad in Jhansi, in Rudranarayan's house.jpg|thumb|Chandrasekhar Azad in Jhansi, in Rudranarayan's house]]

==With Bhagat Singh==
[[File: Pamphlet by HSRA after Saunders murder.jpg|thumb|HSRA pamphlet after Saunders' murder, signed by Balraj, a pseudonym of Azad]]
The [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA) was formed by [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]], [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] and Sachindra Nath Bakshi in 1923. In the aftermath of the [[Kakori train robbery]] in 1925, the British suppressed revolutionary activities. Prasad, [[Ashfaqulla Khan]], [[Thakur Roshan Singh]] and [[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]] were sentenced to death for their participation. Azad, [[Keshab Chakravarthy]] and [[Murari Sharma|Murari Lal Gupta]] evaded capture. Azad later reorganised the HRA with the help of fellow revolutionaries like [[Shiv Verma]] and [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahabir Singh]].

In 1928, along with [[Bhagat Singh]] and other revolutionaries he secretly reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), renaming it as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) on 8—9 September,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Civil Disobedience 1930–31 |first=Irfan |last=Habib |author-link=Irfan Habib |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |date=September 1997 |pages=43–66 |doi=10.2307/3517680 |jstor=3517680 }}</ref> so as to achieve their primary aim of an independent socialist [[India]]. Azad then conspired with revolutionaries like [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru]] to assassinate the Superintendent of police, [[James Alexander Scott|James A. Scott]] in order to avenge [[Lala Lajpat Rai|Lala Rajpat Rai's]] death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Amit Kumar |date=September 1997 |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897-1938 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517678 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.2307/3517678|jstor=3517678 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, in a case of mistaken identity, the plotters assassinated [[John P. Saunders]], an Assistant Superintendent of Police, instead of Scott. Azad also shot dead an Indian police head constable Channan Singh who attempted to chase Singh and Azad, as he was leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |title=The martyr : Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution |date=2000 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=81-241-0700-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=39 |oclc=46929363}}</ref> An insight into his revolutionary activities is provided by [[Manmath Nath Gupta]], a fellow member of HSRA in his numerous writings. Gupta has also written his biography titled "Chandrashekhar Azad" in his book ''History of the Indian Revolutionary Movement'' (English version of above: 1972) which provides further insights on Azad's activities, his ideologies, and the HSRA.

==Death==
[[File: The tree at whose platform Azad shot himself.jpg|thumb|left|The tree in [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park]], Prayagraj where Azad died]]
On 27 February 1931, the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] head of the police at [[Allahabad]], [[John Nott-Bower|J. R. H. Nott-Bower]] was tipped off that Azad was at [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park|Alfred Park]] and was having a talk with his companion and aide Sukhdev Raj. On receiving it, Bower called on the [[Indian Imperial Police|Allahabad Police]] to accompany him to the park to arrest him. The police arrived at the park and surrounded it from all four sides. Some constables along with [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|DSP]] Thakur Vishweshwar Singh entered the park armed with rifles and the shootout began. Azad killed three policemen but was badly wounded in the process of defending himself and helping his colleague Raj. Azad told him to move out in order to continue the freedom struggle and gave him cover fire for Raj to safely escape from the park. Azad hid behind a [[Syzygium cumini|jamun tree]] to save himself and began to fire from behind it. That tree no longer survives because it was cut down by the British on the same day, now Azad's statue stands at the place of tree. One of the shot from Azad hit Bower's wrist who was hiding behind a [[Morus (plant)|Moolashree tree]], tree survived for a long time but no longer survives. The police fired back. After a long shootout, holding true to his pledge to always remain ''Azad'' (Free) and never be captured alive, he shot himself in the head with his gun's last bullet. In the shootout, Bower and DSP Singh were injured in the right hand and jaws respectively. The police recovered Azad's body after the other officers arrived at the site. They were hesitant to come close to Azad after finding him dead.

The body was sent to Rasulabad Ghat for cremation without informing the general public. As it came to light, people surrounded the park where the incident had taken place. They chanted slogans against the [[British Raj|British government]] and praised Azad.<ref name="Khatri 1983 138–139">{{Cite book|title=Shaheedon Ki Chhaya Mein|last=Khatri|first=Ram Krishna|year=1983|publisher=Vishwabharati Prakashan|location=Nagpur|pages=138–139}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File: Chandrashekar azad.jpg|thumb|Statue of Azad at [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park|Alfred Park]] in Prayagraj |left]]
[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in his [[An Autobiography (Nehru)|autobiography]] wrote that Azad met him a few weeks before his death, inquiring about the possibility of not being considered an outlaw as a result of [[Gandhi-Irwin pact]]. Nehru wrote that Azad also saw the 'futility' of his methods and so did many of his associates, though was not completely convinced that 'peaceful methods' would work either.<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Autobiography|publisher=Nehru, Jawaharlal|year=1936|isbn=9780143031048|pages=262}}</ref>

Several schools, colleges, roads, and other public institutions across [[India]] are also named after Azad.

Starting from Jagdish Gautam's 1963 film ''Chandrasekhar Azad'' and [[Manoj Kumar]]'s 1965 film ''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]'', many films have featured the character of Azad. [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] played Azad in the 1965 film, [[Sunny Deol]] portrayed Azad in the movie ''[[23rd March 1931: Shaheed]]'' (2002), Azad was portrayed by [[Akhilendra Mishra]] in ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'' (2002) and [[Raj Zutshi]] portrayed Azad in ''[[Shaheed-E-Azam]]'' (2002). In the 2006 film, ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'', produced and directed by [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]], Azad was portrayed by [[Aamir Khan]], which was about the lives of Azad, [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shivaram Rajguru]], [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], and [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]; the film drew parallels between the lives of young revolutionaries such as Azad and Singh, and today's youth, and dwelt upon the lack of appreciation among Indian youth today for the sacrifices made by these men.<ref>{{Cite AV media|via=YouTube|publisher=Film Writers Association|title=Is The Indian Script Unique|date=13 April 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BFSpBoX9uM&t=23m34s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/8BFSpBoX9uM |archive-date=13 December 2021 |url-status=live|time=23:34|access-date=1 August 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The 2018 television series ''[[Chandrashekhar (TV series)|Chandrashekhar]]'' chronicled the life of Azad from his childhood to his being a revolutionary leader. In the series, young Azad was portrayed by Ayaan Zubair, Azad in his teens by [[Dev Joshi]] and the adult Azad by Karan Sharma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/this-peace-is-the-result-of-the-sacrifice-of-freedom-fighters-like-azad-ayaan-zubair/articleshow/63545605.cms|title=This peace is the result of the sacrifice of freedom fighters like Azad: Ayaan Zubair |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2018 }}</ref>

In 2023 [[DD National]] serial [[Swaraj (TV series)|''Swaraj'']] included a full episode (epi:65) on Chandra Shekar Azad. The title role of Chandra Shekar Azad was played by actor [[Manish Naggdev]].

== See also ==
* [[Bhagat Singh]]
* [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]
* [[Kakori Train Robbery]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Partition of India]]
* [[Partition of Bengal (1905)]]
* [[Independence Day (India)]]
* [[Indian independence movement]]
* [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
* [[Women of the Indian independence movement]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* Brahmdutt, Chandramani. ''Kranti Ki Laptain''. {{ISBN|81-88167-30-4}} {{in lang|hi}}
* Krishnamurthy, Babu. ''Ajeya'' ("Unconquered"). Biography of Azad {{in lang|kn}}
* Amar Shaheed Chandrashekhar Azad by Vaishampayan (in Hindi)
* Waiting for Swaraj: Inner Lives of Indian Revolutionaries by Aparna Vaidik

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Chandra Shekhar Azad}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Chandra Shekhar}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:People from Alirajpur district]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence armed struggle activists]]
[[Category:1931 suicides]]

Seipuia

2026-02-26T05:14:28Z

Info: put up basic details needs work

{{Short description|Southern Mizo chief}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Seipuia
| image =
| title = Chief of Zohmun {{lang|lus|Zohmun Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = Tlutpawrha
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| spouse-type = Spouse
| consort =
| issue =
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = Tlutpawrha
| mother = Bawngkhawli
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}

'''Seipuia''' was a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] chief in the Southern [[Lushai Hills]]. He belonged to the Haulawng clan of the Sailo. Seipuia was a British ally and supported the British in the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] and made an oath of friendship with [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]].

==Early life==
Seipuia was born to Chief Tlutpawrha of the Haulawng Sailos.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=38}} His brothers were Vanhnuaichhana, Lathangvunga and Laluava from his mother and [[Vandula]] from Tlutpawrha's first wife.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=}}{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=38}}

Seipuia moved with his family and father to Haulawng before settling in their own villages. Tlutpawrha and Seipuia moved south to establish Khawthir. In 1860, Seipuia established a new village called Zopui.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=38}}
==Chieftainship==
Following the death of Tlutpawrha, Seipuia moved to Tuihual. During his rule at Tuihual, the [[mautam]] famine broke out and the village moved to settle at Ralvawng. Seipuia settled at Ralvawng for a decade before moving to Zohmun (Ramzotlang) with 300 households. With no enemies, Seipuia's rule grew prosperous and self-sufficient. Seipuia's prestige grew with the presence of [[Pasalṭha|{{lang|lus|pasalṭha|cat=no}}]] [[Chawngbawla]]. One time, the {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} [[Zampuimanga]] was sent to scout Zohmun to attack it. However, Zampuimanga turned back and abandoned the scheme after being charmed by it.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=39}}

===Lushai Expedition===
{{main|Lushai Expedition}}
During his rule at Zohmun, Seipuia encountered the British. General Brownlow's Chittagong Column encamped at Savunga's village in Buarpui while [[Rothangpuia]] was sent to negotiate with chiefs to submission. Seipuia had restricted Subadar Mohamad Azim from accompanying Rothangpuia to travel deeper into Lushai territory due to the consequences of any danger occurring to Azim.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=39}}{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=237}}

Azim informed the British that Seipuia and Vandula were prepared to submit and surrender all captives to Rothangpuia's village of Lungsen.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=40}}{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=237}} However, both chiefs delayed fulfilling the condition, leading to [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]] proposing military retaliation. Lewin reached Seipuia's village with the 4th Gurkhas and the 27th Punjab Infantry after a three-day journey.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=40}}{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=248}} Seipuia met with Lewin, took an oath of friendship, and handed over all captives.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=40}}{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=249}} Seipuia further gave an elephant tusk as a gift, while Lewin gave a double-barreled gun with {{currency|800|INR}}.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=40}}

Seipuia was invited by Lewin to visit Calcutta. The Chiefs were hesitant to trust the British after knowing the fate of Chief [[Lalchukla|Lalsuthlaha]], whose promise of a fair trial and pardon was betrayed.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=40}} In November 1873, seven chiefs with a few followers assembled at Demagiri, but Seipuia refused to go with Lewin and the other chiefs.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=41}} Seipuia asked Lewin if the Governor-General was more powerful than Lewin. Lewin honestly answered that the Governor-General had more power.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=276}} The chiefs inquired, "What if he ordered Seipuia to be speared?" {{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=277}}

===Migrations===
In 1876, Seipuia moved from Zohmun to Saza and then to Thuampui. In 1879, he settled at Valcheng when the [[mautam]] famine {{lang|lus|Thing Tam}} occurred. Seipuia assigned a {{lang|lus|khawper}} (sub-village) at Luanman to increase the supply of rice. In 1885, Seipuia shifted the village from Valcheng to Kawmzawl. He gave his old village to Vandula's son Thanzama.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=41}}

===Chin-Lushai Expedition===
{{main|Chin-Lushai Expedition}}
In 1888, Robert Lyall proposed dispatching a column from Demagiri, using the villages of Seipuia and Vandula as a base, if both chiefs were trustworthy.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=41}} When Seipuia warned the British of impending raids on a survey party on the Lushai Hills border, it was ignored.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=278}}{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=348}} Seipuia assured the cooperation of his brothers and gave information about Zahuata and [[Hausata]] who murdered Lieutenant [[John Fraser Stewart]].{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=41}}

On 19 December 1888 the Government of India ordered another expedition in the Lushai Hills. Seipuia helped the British. On 3 April 1889, the British held a durbar of chiefs at Lunglei which Seipuia attended with lalvunga, Sangliana and Lalruma. The chiefs took an oath of loyalty to the British. Seipuia also aided the British in establishing a fort at Lungleh by providing men to work.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=42}} As a token of friendship, Seipuia ceded hios old village to the British to build military stockades and thus developed Lungleh town.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=151}}

During the [[Lushai Rising]] Seipuia and his brothers did not rise against the British and cooperated in supporting the British.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=43}}

===Lushai Hills District===
Captain [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] was given an elephant tusk by Seipuia and his brothers as a token of friendship when he was departing from the district as superintendent. In 1895, Seipuia moved from Khawthir to Baichi. In 1899, Seipuia shifted his village from Baichi to Zopui. To avoid the Government Coolie labourers, he shifted to Saitluk, where he lost many followers and shrunk to 70 houses.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=43}}
==Later life==
Rothangpuia had married Seipuia's sister and was brother-in-law to him.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=150}}{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=235}} He had two sons, Lalvuta and Liannawla.{{sfn|Zorema|2009|p=43}} In 1912, Shakespear published the book ''The Lushei Kuki Clans'' and forwarded to Lewin the publication dedicated to him. He noted to Lewin that Seipuia was alive at the time.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=381}} In 1915, when communicating with [[James Herbert Lorrain]], Lorrain notified Lewin that Seipuia had died a few years back.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=416}}

==Genealogy==
{{Rolura family tree}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7|page=170}}
*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}
*{{cite book |last=Whitehead |first=John |date=1992 |title=Thangliena: The Life of T.H. Lewin |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1992%20Thangliena--the%20Life%20of%20T.H.%20Lewin%20by%20Whitehead%20s.pdf |location=Gartmore, Stirlingshire |publisher=Kiscadale Publications |isbn=1870838068 |access-date=22 January 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Zorema |first1=J. |title=Chief Seipuia Sailo |journal=Historical Journal Mizoram |date=2009 |volume=X |issue=1 |pages=38-43 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2009/11/ |access-date=12 October 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Zorema |first1=J. |title=Vandula |journal=Historical Journal Mizoram |date=2010 |volume=XI |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2010/11/}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Southern Lushai chiefs]]

Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao

2026-02-20T00:34:05Z

Info: put up initial bio needs work...

{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao
| image = Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao.jpg
| caption = Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao
| birth_date = 7 February 1921
| birth_place = Gudivada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh
| parents = Tummalapalli Jwalapati, Mahalakshmamma
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Litterateur
| notable_works = Sri Lalitha Sahasranama Stotra Bhashyamu, Srichakra Vilasanamu, Srichakra Pooja Vidhaanam, Dharmanirnayam, Tikkana Somayaji.
| spouse = Visalakshi
| children = 4
| honours = Aarsha Vidya Vaachaspati, Srividya Ratnakara, Sarvatantra Swatantra
| website = https://tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com
| death_date = 16 October 1991
| death_place = Hyderabad, Telangana State
| guru = Jagadguru Sri Chandrasekhara Bharati Mahaswami, the 34th Pontiff of Sringeri Sharada Peetham
| pen_name = Sadasivananda natha
| philosophy = Advaita Vedanta
| religion = Hinduism
}}
'''Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao''' (7 February 1921 – 16 October 1991) was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet, novelist, literary critic, philosophical journalist, writer of English prose and an exponent of [[Mantra|Mantra Shastra]] and [[tradition]]. His works covered a wide range of subjects like history, sociology, literature, philosophy, religion and spiritualism. His popular works include ''Sri Lalitha Sahasranama Stotra Bhashyamu'', ''Sri Chakra Vilasanamu'', ''Sri Chakra Pooja Vidhanam'' (Mantra Sastra, philosophy and spiritualism), ''Dharmanirnayam'' (social novel), [[Tikkana|''Tikkana Somayaji'']] (Historical novel), ''Sivanugrahamu Pitruyagnamu'' (Poetry) and ''Sringeri Revisited'' (Musings in Philosophy and mysticism).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Brahmasri Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao garu|url=https://tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com|website=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao was born on 7 February 1921 to the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] family of Tummalapalli Jwalapati and Mahalakshmamma in [[Gudivada]], [[Krishna district|Krishna District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. After completing his school education in [[Gudivada]], he went on to study at the Government Arts College, [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and received his bachelor's degree in science. Ramalingeswara Rao married Visalakshi from [[Telaprolu]] in [[Krishna district|Krishna District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and with her had three daughters (Uma Devi, Janaki, Lakshmi Savitri) and a son (Dr. Jwalaprakasa Vidyapati). He worked in Revenue Department of [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] District, [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He resigned the government job to join a mining company in [[Kadapa district|Cuddapah]], Andhra Pradesh and worked as a business executive. He shifted to [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1961 and retreated into solitude of [[meditation]] and probe into the rationality of Indian spiritual and religious thought. He shed his mortal coil on the day of [[Durga Ashtami|Durgashtami]] (16 October 1991) during [[Navaratri]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Biography|title=శ్రీ అద్వయానంద భారతీ స్వామి జీవనరేఖలు|url=https://www.tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com/biography.php|website=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoNmAAAAMAAJ|title=Who's Who in India 1986|publisher=Business Press Private Limited|year=1986|pages=384}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=తుమ్మలపల్లి రామలింగేశ్వర రావు|url=http://www.telugurachayita.org/details/#/6155ab4cc1a5845a6375fa7c|archive-url=|website=Telugu Rachayita}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=రచయిత పరిచయం (Introducing the Author)|work=Andhra Prabha (Telugu daily)|publication-date=January 29, 1989}}</ref>[[File:Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao with his wife Visalakshi.jpg|thumb|Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao with his wife Visalakshi|left]]

== Spirituality ==
Ramalingeswara Rao secured the grace of [[Chandrashekhara Bharati III|Sri Chandrasekhara Bharati Mahaswami]], the 34th Pontiff of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] and he was initiated into [[Shri Vidya|Sri Vidya]] by the Mahaswami. Guru’s grace made Rao's tongue the seat of the myriad faced literary muse. He authored several books on [[Mantra|Mantra Sastra.]] With the divine blessings of [[Abhinava Vidyatirtha|Sri Abhinava Vidyatirtha Mahaswami]] (35th Pontiff of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Sarada Peetham]]) and [[Bharathi Tirtha|Sri Bharati Tirtha Mahaswami]] (36th Pontiff of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]), he served as Editor of '''Sri Sankara Krupa''' (a philosophical and spiritual Telugu monthly magazine of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]) for more than two decades. After the demise of his wife, he embraced [[Sannyasa|Sanyasa]] in 1988 at [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri]]. He was given the yogapatta (monastic name) Sri Adwayananda Bharati.<ref>{{Cite web|last=HH Sri Bharati Tirtha Mahaswami|date=4 December 2012|title=Anugraha Bhashanam in Telugu (Golden Jubilee Celebrations of Sri Sankara Krupa, Hyderabad)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAsGUuwTgaE|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
[[File:SABS1.jpg|thumb|Sri Adwayananda Bharati Swami]]
Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao’s works include Social and historical novels, poems, books on [[Mantra|Mantra Sastra]] and [[Hindu philosophy|Darsana]] Sastra, books on literary criticism, essays, translations from English to Telugu, introductions and forewords, editing, short stories for children and radio talks. His books on [[Mantra|Mantra Sastra]] got appreciation from Saints of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]], Siddheswari Peetham,[[Courtallam]] and other scholars.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=శ్రీ లలితా సహస్రనామ స్తోత్ర భాష్యము - View More|first=శ్రీచక్ర విలసనము - View More|title=Books Authored by Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao|url=https://tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com|website=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao}}</ref> His novels and literary criticism made landmarks in the history of Telugu literature. His social novel ''Dharmanirnayam'' was considered as one of the best ten novels in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Poranki|first=Dakshina Murthy|title=తెలుగు నవల (Telugu Navala)|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy|year=1975|location=Hyderabad|pages=39–40}}</ref> Two of his works - ''Dharmanirnayam'' and ''Sringeri Revisited'' - were translated into [[Kannada]] language. His novels were the subject of study for doctoral level research in the field of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] literature.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muttevi Srinivas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XlfHAAACAAJ|title=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao Navalalu - Pariseelana|publisher=Radha Madhav Publications|year=1998|location=Sangareddi}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
Following works of Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao (Sri Adwayananda Bharati Swami in his Turiyashrama) have been published.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Literary works|title=శ్రీ అద్వయానంద భారతీ స్వామి సాహితీ ప్రస్థానం|url=https://www.tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com/literary-work.php|website=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Adwayananda Bharati Swami|url=https://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n89158326|website=worldcat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Paramahamsa Parivrajakacharya Sri Adwayananda Bharati Swami|url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999856859902121|via=Library. wisc.edu|year=1989}}</ref>

=== Poetry ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Vani Kumari |first=Tummalapalli |title=Brahmasri Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao gari Padya Kavitvam |url=https://sanchika.com/brahmasri-tummalapalli-ramalingeswara-rao-gari-padya-kavitvam/?sfw=pass1655431374 |journal=Sanchika |issue=February 2022}}</ref>
* ''Sivanugrahamu – Pitruyagnamu''
* ''Hasyagaadha Dwisathi''
* ''Preyonuvakamu''
* ''Godavari Garbhamu''
* ''Agnishtomamu''

=== Social and historical novels ===
* ''Dharmanirnayam''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raman |first=A S |date= |title=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/compilation/triveni-journal/d/doc70520.html |journal=[[Triveni (journal)|Triveni]] |volume=October - December 1977}}</ref>
* ''[[Tikkana]] Somayaji''
* ''[[Pothana]]matyulu''
* ''Tallapaka [[Annamacharya|Annamachary]]ulu''
* ''Manaku Migilindi''
* ''Meenakshi Pellichesukundi''
* Subbaiah Kodukulu
* Idi Eppudoo Inte
* Kollam Andu

=== Mantra Sastra ===
* ''[[Shri Yantra|Sri Chakra]] Vilasanamu''
* ''[[Shri Yantra|Sri Chakra]] Pooja Vidhanamu''
* [[Saundarya Lahari|''Saundaryalahari'']]
* ''Sri [[Lalita Sahasranama|Lalitha Sahasranama]] Stotra Bhashyamu''<ref>{{Cite news|last=N C Ramanujachary|date=November 11, 2003|title=Book Review - Commentary on a Hymn|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/commentary-on-a-hymn/article28467021.ece}}</ref>
* ''Sri Lalitha Trisathinama Bhashyanuvadamu''

=== Literary criticism ===
* ''Sri Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao Sahitya Vimarsalu''

=== Vedic commentary ===
* [[Mantra pushpam|''Mantra Pushpamu'']]
* ''Panchasukta Manyusooktamulu''
* ''[[Ādityahṛdayam|Aditya Hrudayam]]u''
* ''Kesavadi Chaturvimsatinama Vyakhyanamu''
* ''Sri [[Vishnu Sahasranāma|Vishnu Sahasranama]] Stotramu''
* ''[[Bhaja Govindam|Mohamudgara]]ha''
* ''Sri Lalitha Sahasranama Stotramu''
* ''Sri [[Kanakadhāra Stotram|Kanakadhara Stotra]]mu''

=== Philosophy and religion ===

* ''Manamu Mana Mathamu''

=== English books ===
* ''[[Sringeri]] Revisited''
* ''Sri [[Sureśvara|Sureswaracharya]]''
* ''A Profile of [[Kalady]]''
* ''Rationale of [[Mantra|Mantra Sastra]]''
* ''Our Sannidhanam''

=== Translations ===
* ''[[Brahmavidya]] Vyakhyana Simhasanamu''
* ''[[Kalady]]''
* ''Malli Chuchina [[Sringeri]]''
* ''[[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] Sri [[Kamakshi Amman Temple|Kamakshi]] Devi''
*''Sri [[Shankaracharya|Sankaracharya]] Vijayamu''

== Awards and honors ==
Source:<ref name=":5" />
* He was given the honorifics Aarsha Vidya Vachaspati, [[Shri Vidya|Sri Vidya]] Ratnakara and Sarvatantra Swatantra.<ref name=":0" />
* In 1974 he was honored by a felicitations Committee in [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sri T Ramalingeswara Rao Felicitations Souvenir (View More)|title=Gallery - Souvenirs, in Telugu & English|url=https://www.tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com/souvenirs.php|website=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao}}</ref>
* In 1979 he was felicitated by Kalabharati, [[Chennai|Madras]].
* In 1980 he was honored with Sri Yarlagadda Rajyalakshmi Venkanna Chowdary Kalapeetham Award.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Past/Upcoming Events|url=https://www.tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com/events.php|website=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao}}</ref>
* In 1981 he was honored on the occasion of his [[Shashthipurti]] in [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff reporter|first=|date=6 February 1981|title=A Telugu Scholar Forgotten|work=[[The Indian Express]]|publication-place=Madras city edition|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff reporter|title=మరుగున పడిన మహాకవి|work=[[Andhra Prabha]]|publication-place=Bangalore|publication-date=8 February 1981}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gallery - Photos, page 2|url=https://tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com/photos-2.php|website=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao}}</ref>
* In 1989 Sri Adwayananda Bharati Swami (Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao in his poorvashrama) was honored in [[Hyderabad]] on his completion of first [[Chaturmas]]ya [[Vrata|Vratha]] [[Diksha|Deeksha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=శ్రీ అద్వయానంద భారతీ స్వామి ప్రస్తుతి మాల (View More)|title=Gallery-Souvenirs|url=https://www.tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com/souvenirs.php|website=tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com}}</ref>

== Sri Adwayananda Bharati Swami Trust ==
With a view to preserve and maintain the traditional, cultural and spiritual values and heritage of India, Sri Adwayananda Bharati Swami Trust was established in 1989 in honor of Sri Adwayananda Bharati Swami.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Adwayananda Bharati Swami Trust|url=https://www.tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com/sri-adwayananda-bharati-Swami-trust.php|website=Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara Rao}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://tummalapalliramalingeswararao.com BRAHMASRI TUMMALAPALLI RAMALINGESWARA RAO GARU]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Tummalapalli Ramalingeswara}}
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]

Howrah district

2026-02-13T04:22:04Z

Info:

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Howrah|other uses|Howrah (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Howrah district
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = Belur Math - Ramakrishna Math and around, Howrah, Kolkata- IRCTC 2017 (20).jpg
|photo1b = Andul Road & Danesh Sheikh Lane Junction - Howrah 050069.JPG
|photo2a = Tarani Majhi Ghat at Raspur, Amta 05.jpg
|photo2b = Santragachi Lake - Howrah 2013-01-25 3601.JPG
|photo3a = Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden - Howrah 2011-01-08 9744.JPG
|photo3b = Howrah Station.jpg
|size = 300
|foot_montage = Clockwise from top-left: [[Belur Math]], Andul Road and Danesh Sheikh Junction in [[Howrah]], [[Santragachhi]] Lake, [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]], Tarani Majhi Ghat at Raspur, [[Howrah railway station]]
}}
| image_map = Howrah in West Bengal (India).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Howrah district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5736296|N|88.3251045|E|display=inline,title|region:IN-WB}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Howrah]]
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]
| leader_name = [[Howrah Sadar subdivision|Howrah Sadar]], [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]]
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name1 = [[Bally Jagachha]], [[Domjur (community development block)|Domjur]], [[Panchla (community development block)|Panchla]], [[Sankrail (community development block)|Sankrail]], [[Jagatballavpur (community development block)|Jagatballavpur]], [[Amta I]], [[Amta II]], [[Bagnan I]], [[Bagnan II]], [[Uluberia I]], [[Uluberia II]], [[Shyampur I]], [[Shyampur II]], [[Udaynarayanpur]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]], [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]], [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Howrah Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Uttar]], [[Howrah Madhya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Madhya]], [[Shibpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shibpur]], [[Howrah Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Dakshin]], [[Bally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bally]], [[Sankrail (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sankrail]], [[Panchla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panchla]], [[Uluberia Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uluberia Purba]], [[Uluberia Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uluberia Uttar]], [[Uluberia Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uluberia Dakshin]], [[Shyampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shyampur]], [[Bagnan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagnan]], [[Amta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amta]], [[Udaynarayanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udaynarayanpur]], [[Jagatballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatballavpur]], [[Domjur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Domjur]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 1467
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4,850,029
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 3074144
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 83.31 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 935 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://howrah.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Howrah district''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aʊ|r|ə}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈɦao̯ɽa|lang}}) is a district of the [[West Bengal]] state in eastern [[India]]. Howrah district is one of the highly urbanised area of West Bengal. It has thousands of years of rich heritage in the form of the great Bengali kingdom of [[Bhurshut]]. The district is named after its headquarters, the city of [[Howrah]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050907115747/http://www.nicd.org/Dst_Howrah.asp Howrah]}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of Howrah district .svg|300px|thumb|Map of Howrah District|left]]

The Howrah district lies between 22°48′ N and 22°12′ N latitudes and between 88°23′ E and 87°50′ E longitudes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.howrah.gov.in/Templates/geography.htm|title=Geographical location of Howrah district and its headquarters|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223172520/http://howrah.gov.in/Templates/geography.htm|archive-date=23 December 2008}}</ref> The district is bounded by the [[Hooghly River]] and the [[North 24 Parganas]] and [[South 24 Parganas]] districts on the east, on the north by the [[Hooghly district]] (Arambagh and Shrirampur sub-divisions), and on the south by [[Midnapore East]] district ([[Tamluk]] sub-division). On the west Howrah district is bordered by the Ghatal sub-division of [[Midnapore West]] district, and partly by the Arambagh sub-division of Hooghly district to the north-west, and the Tamluk sub-division of [[Midnapore East]] district to the south-west.

Boundaries of the district are naturally determined by [[Rupnarayan River]] on west and south-west, and by [[Hooghly river|Bhagirathi-Hooghly river]] on east and south-east side. On north side, the boundary is an artificial one except for Bally Canal on north-east and [[Damodar River]] on north-west.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.howrah.gov.in/Templates/Howrah%20history.htm|title=Howrah, the second largest city of West Bengal and twin of Kolkata is said to have a rich history that dates back to 500 years|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220200439/http://howrah.gov.in/Templates/Howrah%20history.htm|archive-date=20 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Annual normal rainfall is 1461 millimetre per year. Annual maximum temperature varies between 32-39 °C, whereas minimum temperature varies between 8-10 °C.

==Divisions==
Howrah District is split into the [[Howrah Sadar subdivision]] and the [[Uluberia subdivision]]. The [[Howrah Sadar subdivision]] has 1 municipal corporation with 1 municipality and 5 [[Community development block in India|community development (CD) blocks]]. The [[Uluberia subdivision]] has 1 municipality and 9 community development blocks.

Each block consists of a rural area divided into [[gram panchayat]]s along with [[Census town#India|census towns]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_16.htm
|title=Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001
|access-date=12 October 2008 |work=West Bengal
|publisher=Directorate of census operations
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204740/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_16.htm
|archive-date=28 September 2011
}}</ref> The district has 30 police stations (Howrah Police Commissionerate has 16 general police stations including 1 Women PS, 1 Cyber Crime PS and Howrah Rural PD has 10 general police stations including 1 Women PS, 1 Cyber Crime PS), 157 gram panchayats<ref name=blocdir>{{cite web
|url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008
|date=19 March 2008 |access-date=11 November 2008 |work=West Bengal
|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc
|archive-date=25 February 2009
}}</ref> and 50 census towns.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Area !! Subdivision !! Type !! Notes
|-
| [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]] || [[Howrah Sadar subdivision|Howrah Sadar]] || Municipal Corporation || includes the merged [[Bally Municipality]] and total number of wards is sixty six now<ref>{{cite web |title=About HMC – Howrah Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.myhmc.in/about-hmc/ |website=About HMC |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Pritesh |title=HMC sets up 'Mayor's Cop' to monitor civic amenities |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/hmc-sets-up-mayors-cop-to-monitor-civic-amenities-118977 |access-date=13 January 2021 |work=www.millenniumpost.in |date=5 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bally Jagachha]] || [[Howrah Sadar subdivision|Howrah Sadar]] || CD Block || consists of rural area with 8 gram panchayats and six census towns: Bally (different from Bally municipality), Chakapara, Chamrail, Eksara, Khalia and Jagadishpur Durgapur-Avoynagar1, Durgapur-Avoynagar2, Nischinda
|-
| [[Domjur (community development block)|Domjur]] || [[Howrah Sadar subdivision|Howrah Sadar]] || CD Block || consists of rural area with 18 gram panchayats and sixteen census towns: [[Domjur]], [[Dakshin Jhapardaha]], [[Khantora]], [[Bhandardaha]], [[Makardaha]], [[Kantlia]], [[Tentulkuli]], [[Salap]], [[Bankra]], [[Nibra]], [[Ankurhati]], [[Bipra Noapara]], [[Kalara]], [[Kesabpur, India|Kesabpur]], [[Natibpur]], and [[Mahiari]]
|-
| [[Panchla (community development block)|Panchla]] || [[Howrah Sadar subdivision|Howrah Sadar]] || CD Block || consists of rural area with 11 gram panchayats and seven census towns: [[Bikihakola]], [[Beldubi]], [[Deulpur]], [[Gangadharpur, Howrah|Gangadharpur]], Jujersha, Jala-Biswanathpur, Banaharishpur, Chara-Panchla, [[Panchla]], Subharara and [[Sahapur]]
|-
| [[Sankrail (community development block)|Sankrail]] || [[Howrah Sadar subdivision|Howrah Sadar]] || CD Block || consists of rural area with 16 gram panchayats and fourteen census towns: [[Argari]], [[Dhuilya]], [[Andul]], [[Ramchandrapur, India|Ramchandrapur]], [[Podara]], [[Panchpara]], [[Hatgachha]], [[Jhorhat]], Banipur, Mashila, [[Sankrail]], [[Manikpur, West Bengal|Manikpur]], [[Nalpur]], [[Raghudebbati]] and [[Sarenga]]
|-
| [[Jagatballavpur (community development block)|Jagatballavpur]] || [[Howrah Sadar subdivision|Howrah Sadar]] || CD Block || consists of rural area with 14 gram panchayats and two census town: [[Mansinhapur]] and [[Munsirhat]]
|-
| [[Uluberia|Uluberia Municipality]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || Municipality ||
|-
| [[Amta I]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || CD Block || CD block consists of rural area with 13 gram panchayats and Two census town: Amta and Guzarpur
|-
| [[Amta II]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || CD Block || CD block consists of rural area only with 14 gram panchayats and three census town: Khorop, Narit and Joypur
|-
| [[Bagnan I]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || CD Block || CD block consists of rural area with 10 gram panchayats and two census towns: [[Khalor]] and [[Bagnan]]
|-
| [[Bagnan II]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || CD Block || CD block consists of rural area with 7 gram panchayats and one census town: [[Naupala]]
|-
| [[Uluberia I]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || CD Block || CD block consists of rural area only with 9 gram panchayats.The most important village is Bar-Mongrajpur under Hatgacha-1 G.P.
|-
| [[Uluberia II]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || CD Block || CD block consists of rural area with 8 gram panchayats and three census towns: [[Santoshpur, Uluberia|Santoshpur]], [[Balaram Pota]] and [[Uttar Pirpur]]
|-
| [[Shyampur I]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || CD Block || CD block consists of rural area only with 10 gram panchayats
|-
| [[Shyampur II]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || CD Block || CD block consists of rural area only with 8 gram panchayats
|-
| [[Udaynarayanpur]] || [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]] || CD Block || CD block consists of rural area only with 11 gram panchayats
|}

==Demographics==
{{See also| List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=8,50,514|13=1911|14=9,43,502|15=1921|16=9,97,403|17=1931|18=10,98,867|19=1941|20=14,90,304|21=1951|22=16,11,373|23=1961|24=20,38,477|25=1971|26=24,17,286|27=1981|28=29,66,861|29=1991|30=37,29,644|31=2001|32=42,73,099|33=2011|34=48,50,029|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Howrah district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,850,029,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Howrah |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1356/download/4438/DH_2011_1915_PART_A_DCHB_HAORA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Singapore]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Singapore 4,740,737 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Alabama]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Alabama 4,779,736
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 23rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 3306 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.31%.<ref name=districtcensus/> 63.38% of the population lives in urban areas. Haora has a [[sex ratio]] of 935 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 83.85%. 63.38% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14.82% and 0.31% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

Total area in Howrah District is 1467 km2. Total population is 4,273,099 as per census 2001 records. 57.91% of the population live in Howrah Sadar subdivision and rest 42.09% live in Uluberia subdivision. Population Density: 2913 per km2.

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions of Howrah District (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|72.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|26.20}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.90}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religion in Howrah district
!Religion
!Population (1941)<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|75}}
!Percentage (1941)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
|[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|1,184,863
|79.50%
|3,535,844
|72.90%
|-
|[[Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|296,325
|19.88%
|1,270,641
|26.20%
|-
|Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
|9,116
|0.61%
|43,544
|0.90%
|-
|'''Total Population'''
|'''1,490,304'''
|'''100%'''
|'''4,850,029'''
|'''100%'''
|}
Hindus are the majority population. Muslims, unlike the rest of Bengal, are more concentrated in urban areas than Hindus. Muslims are a significant minority in Panchla (46.62%), Uluberia I (43.92%), Uluberia II (39.36%) and Bagnan I (36.74%) blocks and make up a significant minority (44.79%) in Uluberia city.<ref name="religion" />[[File:Howrah Municipal Corporation - Howrah 050032.JPG|thumb|Howrah Municipal Corporation]]

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Howrah District (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 84.99 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 10.92 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 2.86 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.23 |color4 = grey
}}

According to the 2011 census, 84.99% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 10.92% [[Hindi]] and 2.86% [[Urdu]] as their first language. Hindi and Urdu are mainly spoken in urban areas.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Assembly constituencies==
{{see also|List of constituencies of West Bengal Legislative Assembly}}
The district is divided into 16 [[assembly constituency|assembly constituencies]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S25/WB_ACPC.pdf |title=General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |access-date=19 November 2008 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411104739/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S25/WB_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2008 }}</ref> Sankrail and Uluberia North constituencies will remain reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates. The division is represented in the [[Lok Sabha]] by the [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)]] .

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
![[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|S No.]]
!Name
!Lok Sabha constituency
!MLA
!colspan="2" |2021 Winner
!colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
| 169
| [[Bally Assembly constituency|Bally]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
| [[Rana Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=16}}
|{{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=16}}
|-
| 170
| [[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency|Howrah Uttar]]
|[[Gautam Chowdhuri]]
|-
| 171
| [[Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency|Howrah Madhya]]
|[[Arup Roy]]
|-
| 172
| [[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]]
|[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
|-
| 173
| [[Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency|Howrah Dakshin]]
|[[Nandita Chowdhury]]
|-
| 174
| [[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail (SC)]]
|[[Priya Paul]]
|-
| 175
| [[Panchla Assembly constituency|Panchla]]
|[[Gulsan Mullick]]
|-
| 176
| [[Uluberia Purba Assembly constituency|Uluberia Purba]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]]
|[[Bidesh Ranjan Bose]]
|-
| 177
| [[Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency|Uluberia Uttar (SC)]]
|[[Nirmal Maji]]
|-
| 178
| [[Uluberia Dakshin]]
|[[Pulak Roy]]
|-
| 179
| [[Shyampur Assembly constituency|Shyampur]]
|[[Kalipada Mandal]]
|-
| 180
| [[Bagnan Assembly constituency|Bagnan]]
|[[Arunava Sen (politician)|Arunava Sen]]
|-
| 181
| [[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta]]
|[[Sukanta Kumar Paul]]
|-
| 182
| [[Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency|Udaynarayanpur]]
|[[Samir Kumar Panja]]
|-
| 183
| [[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Serampore Lok Sabha constituency|Sreerampur]]
|[[Sitanath Ghosh]]
|-
| 184
| [[Domjur Assembly constituency|Domjur]]
| [[Kalyan Ghosh (politician)|Kalyan Ghosh]]
|}

==See also==
*[[2016 Dhulagarh riots]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|http://howrah.gov.in/}}
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/districts/haora.htm Map of Howrah district] at mapsofindia.com
*[https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/howrah Howrah district] at West Bengal Tourism

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Howrah district
|North = [[Hooghly district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Kolkata district]]
|Southeast = [[South 24 Parganas district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[East Midnapore| East Midnapore district]]
|West = [[West Midnapore| West Midnapore district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Howrah District}}
{{Districts of West Bengal}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Howrah topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah District}}
[[Category:Howrah district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:1843 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]

Vivek Ranade

2026-02-13T01:45:18Z

Info: put up initial entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Prof. Vivek Ranade
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|10|15}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Fluid dynamics]] |[[Flow Reactors]] |[[Scale Up]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[ETH Zurich]] | [[Delft University of Technology]] | [[University of Twente]] | [[National Chemical Laboratory]] | [[Queens University of Belfast]]|[[University of Limerick]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] | [[University of Bombay]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Bubble column reactor|bubble column]], [[Continuous stirred-tank reactor|stirred]] and [[trickle-bed reactor]]s
| awards = {{ublist|1992 [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Young Scientist Award | 1996 [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]] Young Engineer Award | 2003 AVRA Young Scientist Award | 2004 Herdillia Award | 2004 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2005 CHEMTECH Award | 2011 [[Institute of Chemical Technology|UAA-ICT]] Distinguished Alumnus Award | 2014 [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award|VASVIK award]] }}
}}
'''Vivek Vinayak Ranade''' (born 1963) is an Indian chemical engineer, entrepreneur, professor of chemical engineering at the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of the [[Queen's University, Belfast]]<ref name="Staff Directory">{{Cite web |url=http://www.qub.ac.uk/contacts/?person_nbr=NinTfhtIZ%2B4%3D&SubmitButton=Get+Details |title=Staff Directory |date=2017 |publisher=Queen's University, Belfast}}</ref> and chair professor of process engineering at the [[Bernal Institute]] of the [[University of Limerick ]]. He is a former chair professor and deputy director of the [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune.<ref name="Indian Fellows Elected 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/ref.php |title=Indian Fellows Elected 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085240/http://insaindia.res.in/ref.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is known for his work on [[Bubble column reactor|bubble column]], [[Continuous stirred-tank reactor|stirred]] and [[trickle-bed reactor]]s<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=262 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Ranade,_Dr_Vivek_Vinayak |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P16-1726 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227042111/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P16-1726 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2004.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
Ranade, born on 15 October 1963 at [[Jalgaon]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] to Vinayak Bhagwant Ranade and Vijaya, did his graduate studies at the Department of Chemical Technology (present day [[Institute of Chemical Technology]]) of the [[University of Bombay]] from where he earned the degree of BTech in chemical engineering in 1983, passing the examination with the third rank and followed it up with a PhD from the same institution in 1988.<ref name="Profile on Washington University in St. Louis">{{Cite web |url=http://crelonweb.eec.wustl.edu/Proposal/Vitas/16_Ranade.pdf |title=Profile on Washington University in St. Louis |date=2017 |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis}}</ref> He did his postdoctoral studies at [[ETH Zurich]] as a research associate during 1988–90 and on his return to India, he started his career by joining [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune (NCL), a [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] institution, as a Scientist (Grade C). He served NCL for over 26 years holding various grades from Grade C to H, till he became the deputy director of the institution in 2010, a position he held till July 2016.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/Research/ScientistProfile/Default.aspx?menuid=ql8&Id=14&NCLEmpId=1371&UserId=63 |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=National Chemical Laboratory}}</ref> In between he had two sabbaticals abroad, first at the Faculty of Applied Physics of [[Delft University of Technology]] during 1993–94 and the other at the Faculty of Chemical Technology of the [[University of Twente]] during 1997–98, and is a professor of chemical engineering at [[Queens University of Belfast]] since August 2016.<ref name="Profile on Washington University in St. Louis" /><ref name="Ranade on Queens University">{{Cite web |url=http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/vivek-ranade(8cd706ea-face-4e50-869f-2d86ba549416).html |title=Ranade on Queens University |date=2017 |publisher=Queens University Belfast}}</ref> He also serves as an adjunct professor [[Institute of Chemical Technology]]<ref name="Indian fellow" /> and as an outstanding professor at [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]] (AcSIR).<ref name="Faculty List">{{Cite web |url=http://acsir.res.in/facultylist/ |title=Faculty List |date=2017 |publisher=Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417055257/http://acsir.res.in/facultylist/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ranade is married to Nanda (née Nanda Vijayanand Kher), an academic,<ref name="For seniors, help is at hand">{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2010%2F03%2F27&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=3&EntityId=Ar00300&AppName=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204090042/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR/2010/03/27&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=3&EntityId=Ar00300&AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2017 |title=For seniors, help is at hand |date=2017 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> and the couple has one child, Vishakha.<ref name="Computational Modeling of Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers">{{cite book|author1=Vivek V. Ranade|author2=Devkumar F. Gupta|title=Computational Modeling of Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2tYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR11|date=2 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-1528-1|pages=11–|chapter=Preface}}</ref> The family lives in [[Belfast]].<ref name="Fellow profile" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Bubble column.svg|thumb|185px|Representation of a bubble column reactor]]
Ranade has worked on various aspects of [[fluid dynamics]] such as [[multiphase flow]]s and Reactors, computational flow modelling and process intensification and has developed [[Computational fluid dynamics]] models with regard to various types of reactors like [[Bubble column reactor|bubble column]], stirred and [[Trickle-bed reactor|trickle bed]] varieties.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> His models are known to be capable of predicting unsteady and time-averaged flow characteristics of reactors and has assisted in enhancing performance of the industrial reactors. He and his colleagues developed many software / simulators such as ReST, MoBB, TRPro, PoRE, RoCKS, AnTS, BOaST and contributed to the development of products like MiST and CFD.<ref name="Ranade on WSU">{{Cite web |url=http://crelonweb.eec.wustl.edu/Proposal/Vitas/16_Ranade.pdf |title=Ranade on WSU |year=2017 |publisher=Washington State University in St. Louis}}</ref> His contributions are also reported in the development of water treatment devices utilizing diodes, conductivity probes and micro-reactors. He has documented his researches by way of several articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Ranade=3AVivek_Vinayak=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Articles'' section}} [[Google Scholar]] and [[ResearchGate]], online article repositories of scientific articles, have listed many of them.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zJqVCsUAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/2121056882_Vivek_Vinayak_Ranade |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> Besides, he has authored four books viz. ''Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering'',<ref name="Ranade2002">{{cite book|author=Vivek V. Ranade|title=Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqY2sIdsZxwC|year=2002|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-576960-0}}</ref> ''Trickle Bed Reactors: Reactor Engineering and Applications'',<ref name="RanadeChaudhari2011">{{cite book|author1=Vivek V. Ranade|author2=Raghunath Chaudhari|author3=Prashant R. Gunjal|title=Trickle Bed Reactors: Reactor Engineering and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9mF0mW5qwkC|date=18 March 2011|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-093144-9}}</ref> ''Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse''<ref name="RanadeBhandari2014">{{cite book|author1=Vivek V. Ranade|author2=Vinay M Bhandari|title=Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiETAgAAQBAJ|date=21 July 2014|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-444-63403-0}}</ref> and ''Computational Modeling of Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers''.<ref name="RanadeGupta2014">{{cite book|author1=Vivek V. Ranade|author2=Devkumar F. Gupta|title=Computational Modeling of Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yrcBQAAQBAJ|date=2 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-1535-9}}</ref>

Ranade heads a team of scientists who have launched ''MAGIC (modular, agile, intensified and continuous)'' processes and plants, A [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]-sponsored program for identifying and developing upscale processes for manufacturing specialty chemicals.<ref name="MAGIC (Modular, Agile, Intensified and Continuous) Processes and Plants for Specialty Chemicals">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indusmagic.org/DownloadableDocuments/article_1.pdf |title=MAGIC (Modular, Agile, Intensified and Continuous) Processes and Plants for Specialty Chemicals |date=2017 |publisher=Indus Magic }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name="Overview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indusmagic.org/files/rpTeamMembers/indusmagic.aspx |title=Overview |date=2017 |publisher=Indus Magic |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085357/http://www.indusmagic.org/files/rpTeamMembers/indusmagic.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He holds several patents for products and processes he has developed, under the aegis of NCL and others.<ref name="Patents on Justia">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/vivek-vinayak-ranade |title=Patents on Justia |date=2017 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref><ref name="Patents 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.freshpatents.com/Vivek-Vinayak-Ranade-Maharashtra-invdxr.php |title=Patents 2 |date=2017 |publisher=Fresh Patents }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name="Patents 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.freshpatents.com/Vivek-Vinayak-Ranade-Pune-invdxr.php |title=Patents 3 |date=2017 |publisher=Fresh Patents }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He was instrumental in the establishment of the first start-up at ''NCL Venture Center'' in 2006 under the name, Tridiagonal Solutions Pvt. Ltd., where he served as the chief executive officer during 2008–10 and as its chairman thereafter.<ref name="History & Milestones">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tridiagonal.com/history-a-milestones.html |title=History & Milestones |date=2017 |publisher=Tridiagonal Solutions}}</ref> He was a member of the group who founded Vivira Process Technologies Pvt. Ltd. in 2015 for marketing [[Vorticity|vortex diodes]]<ref name=" Director Vivira Process Technologies">{{Cite web |url=https://site2corp.com/in/vivek-vinayak-ranade |title= Director Vivira Process Technologies |date=2017 |publisher=Site2Corp}}</ref> and is involved with Wiseco Systems Pvt. Ltd., a start-up involved in the development of wireless sensing and control solutions. He is an associate editor of [[Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research]] journal of [[Elsevier (magazine)|Elsevier]]<ref name="Indian fellow" /> and sits in the editorial boards of ''Chemical Engineering Research and Design'' (Elsevier)<ref name="Editorial Board Members - Chemical Engineering Research and Design">{{Cite book |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/chemical-engineering-research-and-design/editorial-board |title=Editorial Board Members - Chemical Engineering Research and Design |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> and Indian Chemical Engineer ([[Taylor & Francis]]).<ref name="Editorial board - Indian Chemical Engineer">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=editorialBoard&journalCode=tice20 |title=Editorial board - Indian Chemical Engineer |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> He is also a member of the Senate of the [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]].<ref name="Senate, AcSIR">{{Cite web |url=http://acsir.res.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Senate.pdf |title=Senate, AcSIR |date=2017 |publisher=Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research}}</ref>

=== Selected Patents ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Apparatus and Method for Reduction in Ammoniacal Nitrogen from Waste Waters''
Relates to an [[Sewage treatment|effluent treatment]] methodology using an apparatus with vortex diode. The method claims to reduce ammoniacal nitrogen content of waste water.<ref name="Apparatus and Method for Reduction in Ammoniacal Nitrogen from Waste Waters">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20160340211 |title=Apparatus and Method for Reduction in Ammoniacal Nitrogen from Waste Waters |first1=Vivek Vinayak |last1=Ranade |first2=Amol Arvind |last2=Kulkarni |first3=Vinay Manoharrao |last3=Bhandari |date=24 November 2016 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref>
* ''Tube in Tube Continuous Glass-lined Reactor''
A corrosion-resistant glass-lined metal reactor with tube in tube design claimed to have higher heat transfer efficiency.<ref name="Tube in Tube Continuous Glass-lined Reactor">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20160303538 |title=Tube in Tube Continuous Glass-lined Reactor |first1=Amol Arvind |last1=Kulkarni |first2=Vivek Vinayak |last2=Ranade |date=20 October 2016 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref>
* ''Continuous Modular Reactor''
Design of a continuous flow reactor reported to have enhanced processing efficiency while retaining ''agility and re-configurability of the continuous chemical processes''.<ref name="Continuous Modular Reactor">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/9446375 |title=Continuous Modular Reactor |date=2017 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref>
* ''Vortex Diodes as Effluent Treatment Devices''
Design of a vortex diode with enhanced ability to generate strong vortex, thereby increasing the rate of reactions and efficiency.<ref name="Vortex Diodes as Effluent Treatment Devices">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/9422952 |title=Vortex Diodes as Effluent Treatment Devices |first1=Vivek Vinayak | last1=Ranade |first2=Amol Arvind |last2=Kulkarni |first3=Vinay Manoharrao |last3=Bhandari |date=23 August 2016 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref>
* ''Apparatus for Filtration and Disinfection of Sea Water/ship's Ballast Water and a Method of Same''
Design of an apparatus for filtering and disinfecting the ballast water of ships. It deploys hydrodynamic cavitation and includes a vortex diode.<ref name="Apparatus for Filtration and Disinfection of Sea Water/ship's Ballast Water and a Method of Same">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/7585416 |title=Apparatus for Filtration and Disinfection of Sea Water/ship's Ballast Water and a Method of Same |date=8 September 2009 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== Awards and honors ==
Ranade, whose doctoral thesis won the Best Thesis Award of ICT Mumbai in 1988, received the Young Scientist Award of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] in 1992.<ref name="Ranade on Queens University" /> Four years later, he was chosen for the 1996 Young Engineer Award of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="ROPYYEA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.inae.in/recipients-of-young-engineer-award/ |title=Recipients Of Previous Years Young Engineer Award - 1996 |date=2024 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> He received the AVRA Young Scientist Award of the A. V. Rama Rao Research Foundation in 2003<ref name="AVRA Young Scientist Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.avralab.com/Home/AvraFoundation |title=AVRA Young Scientist Award |date=2017 |publisher=A V Rama Rao Research Foundation}}</ref> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2004.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=21 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He received one more honor in 2004 in the form of Herdillia Award for Excellence in Basic Research in Chemical Engineering of the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]]<ref name="Herdillia Award For Excellence in Basic Research in Chemical Engineering">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiche.org.in/nationalawards.php |title=Herdillia Award For "Excellence in Basic Research in Chemical Engineering" |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers}}</ref> followed by the CHEMTECH Outstanding Contribution Award in Chemical Engineering of the Chemtech Foundation in 2005.<ref name="CHEMTECH & PharmaBio Awards 2005 Winners Announced">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/02/prweb205548.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085452/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/02/prweb205548.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2017 |title=CHEMTECH & PharmaBio Awards 2005 Winners Announced |date=2017 |publisher=PR Web}}</ref> He received another award from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research selected him as the Outstanding Scientist of the Year in 2010.<ref name="Ranade on Queens University" /> His alma mater, [[Institute of Chemical Technology|UDCT]] honored him with the UAA Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2011<ref name="Distinguished Alumnus Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.udctalumni.org.in/page/distinguished-alumni1.dz |title=Distinguished Alumnus Award |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of Chemical Technology |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085533/http://www.udctalumni.org.in/page/distinguished-alumni1.dz |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he received [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] in Chemical Sciences and Technology in 2014.<ref name="VASVIK award">{{cite web | url=http://www.vasvik.org/chemical_sciences_%26_technology.html | title=VASVIK award | publisher=Vasvik | date=2017 | access-date=3 February 2017 | archive-date=2 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102124207/http://www.vasvik.org/chemical_sciences_%26_technology.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ranade was selected for the Young Associate-ship of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1994 and he received research support from the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] by way of Swarnajayanti Fellowship in 1999.<ref name="Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/sjaward05-06.pdf |title=Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Science and Technology}}</ref> The [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 2001<ref name="MAS Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://mahascience.org/files/Fellowship/files/academyMembers.htm#r |title=MAS Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=Maharashtra Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the Indian National Academy of Engineering followed suit in 2005.<ref name="Ranade on INAE">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/expert-search/index.php/vivek-vinayak-ranade |title=Ranade on INAE |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> Two major Indian science academies viz Indian Academy of Sciences and the Indian National Science Academy elected him as their fellow in 2011<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences elects new Fellows – 2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/100/02/0264.pdf |title=Indian Academy of Sciences elects new Fellows – 2011 |date=2011 |publisher=Current Science}}</ref> and 2016 respectively.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author=Vivek V. Ranade|title=Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering|year=2002|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-576960-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vivek V. Ranade|author2=Raghunath Chaudhari|author3=Prashant R. Gunjal|title=Trickle Bed Reactors: Reactor Engineering and Applications|date=18 March 2011|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-093144-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vivek V. Ranade|author2=Vinay M Bhandari|title=Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse|date=21 July 2014|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-444-63403-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vivek V. Ranade|author2=Devkumar F. Gupta|title=Computational Modeling of Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers|date=2 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-1535-9}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kulkarni, A. A. |author2=Gorasia, A. K. |author3=Ranade, V. V. |title=Hydrodynamics and liquid phase residence time distribution in mesh microreactor |journal=Chemical Engineering Science |date=2007 |volume=62 |issue=24 |pages=7484–7493 |doi=10.1016/j.ces.2007.08.063|bibcode=2007ChEnS..62.7484K }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kasat, G. R. |author2=Khopkar, A. R. |author3=Ranade, V. V. |author4=Pandit, A. B. |title=CFD simulation of liquid-phase mixing in solid-liquid stirred reactor |journal=Chemical Engineering Science |date=2008 |volume=63 |issue=15 |pages=3877–3885 |doi=10.1016/j.ces.2008.04.018|bibcode=2008ChEnS..63.3877K }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kulkarni, Amol A. |author2=Ranade, Vivek V. |author3=Rajeev, R. |author4=Koganti, S. B. |title=Pressure drop across vortex diodes: experiments and design guidelines |journal=Chemical Engineering Science |date=2009 |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=1285–1292 |doi=10.1016/j.ces.2008.10.060|bibcode=2009ChEnS..64.1285K }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Sardeshpande, Madhavi V. |author2=Juvekar, Vinay A. |author3=Ranade, Vivek V. |title=Hysteresis in cloud heights during solid suspension in stirred tank reactor: experiments and CFD simulations |journal=AIChE Journal |date=2010 |volume=56 |issue=11 |pages=2795–2804 |doi=10.1002/aic.12191|bibcode=2010AIChE..56.2795S }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Sardeshpande, Madhavi V. |author2=Juvekar, V. A. |author3=Ranade, Vivek V. |title=Solid suspension in stirred tanks: UVP measurements and CFD simulations |journal=Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering |date=2011 |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1112–1121 |doi=10.1002/cjce.20548}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Vorticity]]
* [[Computational modeling]]
* [[Sewage treatment]]
* [[Cavitation]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Bhatnagar%20Prize.htm |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for 2004 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |work=List of recipients}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://stks.freshpatents.com/Council-Of-Scientific-x26-Industrial-Research-inventors-nm2.php?year=2016 |title=Inventors on Council Of Scientific x26 Industrial Research patents (2016) |date=2017 |publisher=Fresh Patents |work=Inventors' list |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085039/http://stks.freshpatents.com/Council-Of-Scientific-x26-Industrial-Research-inventors-nm2.php?year=2016 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.venturecenter.co.in/pdfs/26-Aug-2014-VVR.pdf |title=Unplugged session with Dr. Vivek Ranade |date=2014 |publisher=NCL Venture Center |work=Session at NCL Innovation Park}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranade, Vivek}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:People from Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Institute of Chemical Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:ETH Zurich alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Twente]]
[[Category:Academics of Queen's University Belfast]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line

2026-02-09T03:18:20Z

Info: Starting new biography

{{short description|Railway line in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 32em
| name = New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line (including New Cooch Behar–Golakganj branch line)
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = New Alipurduar Railway station.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = New Alipurduar Junction an important railway station on New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| start = [[New Jalpaiguri]]
| end = Samuktala Road
| stations = 24
| routes =
| open = 1950
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|182|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| speed =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line''' is a railway line that connects {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}}- [[Siliguri Junction]] with [[Alipurduar Junction railway station|Alipurduar]] and {{stnlnk|Samuktala Road}} in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. This railway line passes through the beautiful [[Doars]] region, which includes [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Dooars-Terai tea gardens]], [[Sevoke Railway Bridge]], [[Teesta|River Teesta]], [[Jaldhaka River|River Jaldhaka]], [[Torsa River|River Torsha]], [[Gorumara National Park]], [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]], [[Jaldapara National Park]], [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Chilapata Forests]], [[Tunnels]], [[Hills]], [[Valleys]] etc.

==History==
[[Cooch Behar State Railway]] built the line between [[Geetaldaha]], which connected to [[Lalmonirhat Junction|Lalmonirhat]], and Jainti during 1893–1901.<ref name=cbsrly>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/cooch-behar-railway.html|title = The Cooch Behar State Railways (1903)|work= "The Cooch Behar state and its land revenue settlements" by H. N. Chaudhuri, Cooch Behar State Press, 1903 – Review by R Sivaramakrishnan | publisher= [[IRFCA]]| access-date = 2013-02-19 }}</ref> The [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] constructed the Hasimara–Alipurduar section during the period 1900–1910. The [[Bengal Dooars Railway]] also constructed certain lines in the area. Their longest line was from [[Lalmonirhat Sadar Upazila|Lalmonirhat]] to the western Dooars. Those were metre-gauge railways. The Eastern Bengal Railway and the [[Assam Bengal Railway]] were merged during World War II and came to be known as the [[Bengal Assam Railway]]. With the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the Indian part of Bengal Assam Railway became Assam Railway, which subsequently became part of North Eastern Railway and Northeast Frontier Railway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |title=History |publisher=Northeast Frontier Railway |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032906/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |archive-date=2 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Dooars_Railway |title=Bengal Dooars Railway |publisher=Fibis |access-date=2011-12-10 }}</ref><ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railway History timeline |author=R.P. Saxena |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The metre-gauge track was converted to {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge.<ref name=elephant>{{cite web |url=http://himalnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/18/wildlife-elephant-blocks-trains-in-dooars/ |title=Elephant blocks trains in Dooars |publisher=News from Darjeeling, Dooars and Sikkim| date=18 August 2010 |access-date=2011-12-10 }}</ref><ref name=njp>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html |author=Alastair Boobyer |title=India: the complex history of the junctions at Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri |publisher=IRFCA| access-date = 2011-12-10 }}</ref> The {{convert|182|km}} long New Jalpaiguri/ Siliguri–Samuktala Road line was constructed as part of the Assam Rail Link project in 1948–50. After conversion to {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}, it was re-opened on 20 November 2003.<ref name=timeline/><ref>{{cite news |url= http://hindu.com/2003/02/27/stories/2003022704221300.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032659/http://hindu.com/2003/02/27/stories/2003022704221300.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2014-05-02 |title= Focus on safety and security of trains | access-date=2012-01-24 |location=Chennai|work= [[The Hindu]] |date=2003-02-27}}</ref>

==Locale==
[[File:Kalimpong teesta.jpg|thumb|250 px|left|[[Sevoke Railway Bridge]] across the [[Teesta]], to the south of the [[Coronation Bridge]]]]

The [[Dooars]] or the Himalayan foothills cover a stretch of about 140 km in the northern part of [[Jalpaiguri district]] between the [[Teesta River|Teesta]] and [[Sankosh River|Sankosh]] rivers with fields, forests and tea gardens in the backdrop of low hills. Numerous mountain streams criss-cross the region. The Dooars are particularly notable for its forests and wild life sanctuaries – [[Gorumara National Park]], [[Jaldapara National Park]], [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Chilapata Forests]], and [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]]. The New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line runs through the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/dooars.html |title=Dooars |access-date=2011-11-20 }}</ref> It also runs through another sanctuary outside the Dooars – [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]].

===Elephants===
The line running through deep forests has taken a toll on elephant herds. A large number of elephants have been killed by speeding trains. Following protests by the local population, restrictions have been placed on the speed of trains, particularly at night.<ref name=elephant /><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101127/jsp/siliguri/story_13227004.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911154007/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101127/jsp/siliguri/story_13227004.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 September 2012 |title=Dooars protests train speed control | work=The Telegraph| date=27 November 2010 |access-date=2011-12-10 | location=Calcutta}}</ref>

==Sikkim connection==
{{see also|Rangpo railway station}}
The construction of a new {{convert|44.4|km|adj=on}} long [[Sivok–Rangpo line|Sevoke-Rangpo Railway Line]] from [[Sivok railway station]] in [[Sevoke]] on the New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line in West Bengal to [[Rangpo railway station]] in [[Rangpo]], [[Sikkim]] commenced in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/work-commencesnew-railway-line-connecting-sikkim/386689/ |title=Work commences on new railway line connecting Sikkim |work=Business Standard| date=24 February 2010 |access-date=2011-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-29/kolkata/28088821_1_rangpo-sevoke-railway-map |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120707024735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-29/kolkata/28088821_1_rangpo-sevoke-railway-map |url-status = dead |archive-date = 7 July 2012 |author=Jayanta Gupta| title=Finally, Sikkim railway project on track | date=29 October 2009 |work = [[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-11-20 }}</ref> The railway line up to Rangpo is expected to be completed in December 2023.<ref>Financial Express. [https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-new-sivok-rangpo-rail-project-travel-from-west-bengal-to-sikkim-in-just-2-hours-watch-video/1691100 Indian Railways new Sivok-Rangpo rail project: Travel from West Bengal to Sikkim in just 2 hours]. (30 August 2019).</ref> In the second phase the line will be extended up to [[Gangtok]], the capital of [[Sikkim]].<ref>''Times of India''. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel/destinations/very-soon-travelling-to-sikkim-by-train-will-be-a-possibility/as71172425.cms Very soon, travelling to Sikkim by train will be a possibility]. (17 September 2019).</ref>

==Branch lines==
The broad gauge branch line i.e [[New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line]] from Malbazar in Jalpaiguri district to [[Changrabandha]] in Cooch Behar district exists with connecting line to New Cooch Behar. Old metre gauge extension of this line on the Bangladesh side from [[Burimari–Lalmonirhat–Parbatipur line|Burimari to Lalmonirhat]] is still functional.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/international-links.html |title=International Links from India |author=Mohan Bhuyan |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2011-12-10 }}</ref><ref name=faq-inter>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-inter.html |title=Geography – International |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2011-12-10 }}</ref>

The Alipuduar–Bamanhat branch line ends near the India–Bangladesh border across the [[Dharla River]]. In pre-independence days, it used to connect to [[Mogalhat]], now in Bangladesh, across the Dharla. The bridge is broken. The line from [[Golokganj]] meets the branch line. Before the Dharla bridge was broken the rail link from [[Parbatipur Junction|Parbatipur]] to [[Fakiragram]] used to pass through [[Geetaldaha]], now a border village in Cooch Behar district, and {{stnlnk|Bamanhat}}.<ref name=faq-inter /><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101212/jsp/northeast/story_13287966.jsp |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203142338/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101212/jsp/northeast/story_13287966.jsp |url-status = dead |archive-date = 3 February 2013 |title=Official pledges rail project by March |work=The Telegraph |date=12 December 2010 |access-date=2011-12-10 |location=Calcutta}}</ref> The Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line was converted to {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=11301:vps.pdf | title = Role of Engineering Deptt in Meeting Corporate Objectives of Indian Railways | first = V. P. | last = Srivastava | access-date = 2013-02-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140330160317/http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=11301:vps.pdf | archive-date = 30 March 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Dhubri-New Jalpaiguri Inter-city Express via Cooch Behar was introduced in February 2012.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120212/jsp/northeast/story_15123443.jsp#.UYzeD0qDet8 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130630094316/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120212/jsp/northeast/story_15123443.jsp%23.UYzeD0qDet8 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 June 2013 |title = Two new trains flagged off| work= The Telegraph|date=12 February 2012 | access-date = 2012-05-10 }}</ref>

Rajabhatkawa-Jainti line is a new project sanctioned in 2012–13.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/budget-2012/rail-budget/What-is-new-in-Railway-Budget-2012-13/articleshow/12267354.cms |title = What is new in Railway Budget 2012-13|work=The Times of India|date=14 March 2012| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref>

==Important Railway Stations==
Important railway stations in this line are as follows:
* '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]]'''
* {{rws|Siliguri Town}}
* '''[[Siliguri Junction]]'''
* {{rws|Gulma}}
* [[Sivok railway station|Sivok Junction]]
* {{rws|Bagrakote}}
* {{rws|Odlabari}}
* {{rws|Damdim}}
* '''[[New Mal Junction railway station|New Malbazar Junction]] '''
* {{rws|Chalsa}}
*{{rws|Chapramari}}
* {{rws|Nagrakata}}
* [[Carron, West Bengal railway station|Carron]]
* {{rws|Chengmari}}
* {{rws|Banarhat}}
* '''[[Binnaguri railway station|Binnaguri]]'''
* {{rws|Dalgaon}}
* {{rws|Mujnai}}
* {{rws|Madarihat}}
* '''{{rws|Hasimara}}'''
* {{rws|Hamiltonganj}}
* {{rws|Kalchini}}
* {{rws|Rajabhatkhawa}}
* '''[[Alipurduar Junction]]'''
* Salsalabari
* [[Samuktala Road Junction railway station|Samuktala Road Junction]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float=right
| video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrLsOP8wfqs Video shots of the Dooars from a train]
}}
*[http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/jalpaiguri-hasimara-train-tickets.html Trains at Hasimara]

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in North-East India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Jalpaiguri - Samuktala line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Transport in Alipurduar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]

Paayum Puli (soundtrack)

2026-02-08T00:03:56Z

Info: Starting new details...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Paayum Puli
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover = Paayum Puli (soundtrack).jpg
|border=yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 15 August 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:44
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Vishal Film Factory|V Music]] [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga#Music|Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[10 Endrathukulla (soundtrack)|10 Endrathukulla]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Paayum Puli
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Silukku Marame
| single1date = 3 August 2015
}}
}}
'''''Paayum Puli''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2015 film [[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|of the same name]] directed by [[Suseenthiran]] starring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]]. The film's soundtrack featured eight songs composed by [[D. Imman]] with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]]. The soundtrack was preceded by the lead single "Silukku Marame" released on 3 August 2015, and the album was released on 15 August, under the [[Vishal Film Factory|V Music]] label. The music received positive reviews from critics praising the orchestration and composition but was critical of its placement.

== Development ==
''Paayum Puli'' is Vishal's second and Suseenthiran's third consecutive collaboration with Imman after ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' (2013) and ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2015 |title=Vishal to start Suseenthiran film before Pongal? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-to-start-suseenthiran-film-before-pongal-news-tamil-pbhj1kfjdbdjh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823123856/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-to-start-suseenthiran-film-before-pongal-news-tamil-pbhj1kfjdbdjh.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> By mid-March 2015, Imman completed composing two songs in the soundtrack.<ref name="KK title2">{{cite web |date=18 March 2015 |title='Kaaval Kottam' is the title for Vishal's next |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaval-kottam-is-the-title-for-vishal-s-next-news-tamil-pdskSVfcgdaeh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823124512/http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaval-kottam-is-the-title-for-vishal-s-next-news-tamil-pdskSVfcgdaeh.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Imman chose Diwakar, known for his work in [[Airtel Super Singer]], to provide vocals for the song "Marudakkaari" whose composition was based on both the [[Valaji]] [[raga]] and the [[Malayamarutam]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=21 August 2015 |title='Marudakkaari' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/marudakkaari/article7562801.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826134624/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/marudakkaari/article7562801.ece |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In late June 2015, Imman revealed through Twitter that [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]] and [[Shashaa Tirupati]] were chosen for a racy song whose lyrics were penned by Vairamuthu.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=614615721289453569 |user=immancomposer |title=Roped DivyaKumar n Shasha Tirupati for a racy number in #PayumPuli a @dir_susee venture starring bro @vishalkofficial |author=D. Imman |author-link=D. Imman |date=27 June 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250223153554/https://x.com/immancomposer/status/614615721289453569 |archive-date=23 February 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Armaan Malik]] recorded the song "Yaar Indha Muyalkutty" which he considered it as one of his difficult songs due to its tricky composition and his unfamiliarity with the Tamil language at first.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2016 |title=My song in Paayum Puli is the toughest I've sung till now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/my-song-in-paayum-puli-is-the-toughest-ive-sung-till-now/articleshow/52519736.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207061128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/my-song-in-paayum-puli-is-the-toughest-ive-sung-till-now/articleshow/52519736.cms |archive-date=7 December 2016 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The album contained five tracks and the karaoke versions of three of them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2015 |title=Paayum Puli (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/50mddVoe1ymlM6FGWxSRMn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803133523/https://open.spotify.com/album/50mddVoe1ymlM6FGWxSRMn |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=Spotify}}</ref> The song "Silukku Marame" was released as a single track on 3 August 2015 at [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Labs]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2015 |title=Paayum Puli single on August 3? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/paayum-puli-single-on-july-15/articleshow/47934138.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826134939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/paayum-puli-single-on-july-15/articleshow/47934138.cms |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="single">{{cite web |date=5 August 2015 |title='Paayum Puli' will be Suseenthiran's career best:Vishal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-will-be-suseenthiran-s-career-best-vishal-news-tamil-phqkkcifjigbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823162344/http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-will-be-suseenthiran-s-career-best-vishal-news-tamil-phqkkcifjigbg.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The soundtrack was released on 15 August 2015 at [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]], [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2015 |title=Paayum Puli audio on August 15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/paayum-puli-audio-on-august-2/articleshow/48095987.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826203612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/paayum-puli-audio-on-august-2/articleshow/48095987.cms |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with the presence of the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2015 |title=Please don't come for my audio launch: Vishal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/please-don-t-come-for-my-audio-launch-vishal-news-tamil-pibn30behihhj.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823162342/http://www.sify.com/movies/please-don-t-come-for-my-audio-launch-vishal-news-tamil-pibn30behihhj.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2015 |title=Vishal asks Arya to stay away from Paayum Puli audio launch |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vishal-asks-Arya-to-stay-away-from-Paayum-Puli-audio-launch/articleshow/48316521.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823162340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vishal-asks-Arya-to-stay-away-from-Paayum-Puli-audio-launch/articleshow/48316521.cms |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The soundtrack of the Telugu version was released on 23 August 2015 at Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2015 |title=Vishals's Paayum Puli to release in Telugu too |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Vishalss-Paayum-Puli-to-release-in-Telugu-too/articleshow/48455248.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823162810/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Vishalss-Paayum-Puli-to-release-in-Telugu-too/articleshow/48455248.cms |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2015 |title=Jayasurya (2015) |url=http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/Jayasurya-songs-A0003539 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823163151/http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/Jayasurya-songs-A0003539 |archivedate=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The album covers of both the original as well as for the Telugu versions depict a still of the lead pair from the song "Silukku Marame".<ref name=":0" />

== Track listing ==
{{tracklist
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:44
| title1 = Puli Puli Paayumpuli
| extra1 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length1 = 04:46
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title2 = Marudakkaari
| extra2 = [[Diwakar]]
| length2 = 04:24
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| title3 = Naa Soodana Mogini
| note3 =
| extra3 = [[Nooran Sisters|Jyoti Nooran]]
| length3 = 04:44
| lyrics3 = Vairamuthu, [[Rakendu Mouli]] (Telugu)
| title4 = Yaar Inda Muyalkutty
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length4 = 04:03
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu
| title5 = Silukku Marame
| note5 =
| extra5 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Shashaa Tirupati, Sharanya Gopinath
| length5 = 04:40
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu, [[Shashaa Tirupati]], Muralidhar (English)
| title6 = Marudakkaari (Karaoke)
| extra6 = [[Instrumental]]
| length6 = 04:24
| lyrics6 = —
| title7 = Yaar Inda Muyalkutty (Karaoke)
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 04:03
| lyrics7 = —
| title8 = Silukku Marame (Karaoke)
| extra8 = Instrumental
| length8 = 04:40
| lyrics8 = —
| all_writing =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}
{{Tracklist
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 22:27
| title1 = Puli Puli
| length1 = 04:45
| lyrics1 = [[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]]
| extra1 = Malgudi Subha
| title2 = Urike Chilaka
| length2 = 04:22
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra2 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| title3 = Nae Mojaina Mohini
| length3 = 04:42
| lyrics3 = Sahithi
| extra3 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
| title4 = Yae Chitti Jinka Pilla
| length4 = 04:03
| lyrics4 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra4 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
| title5 = Telugu Thanama
| length5 = 04:35
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], Shashaa Tirupati, Muralidhar
| extra5 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Sharanya Gopinath
}}

== Reception ==
[[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' summarised "Good tunes and better orchestration – Imman in form".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=15 August 2015 |title=Paayum Puli (Music review), Tamil – D.Imman |url=https://milliblog.com/2015/08/02/paayum-puli-music-review-tamil-d-imman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922121025/https://milliblog.com/2015/08/02/paayum-puli-music-review-tamil-d-imman/ |archive-date=22 September 2019 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> Choosing "Silukku Marame" and "Yaar Indha Muyalkutty" as the picks of the album, Siddharth K. of ''[[Sify]]'' rated the soundtrack 2.5 out of 5 and stated "On the whole, ''Paayum Puli'' is an album which has two tracks that work. The remaining tracks pass muster. One hopes the screenplay is racy enough & make up for the remaining tracks to grab the viewer's attention".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Siddharth |date=3 August 2015 |title='Paayum Puli'- Audio Review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-audio-review-news-tamil-pidjlVejjdgja.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823163143/http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-audio-review-news-tamil-pidjlVejjdgja.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted that "music by D. Imman leaves a lot to be desired [with] mediocre songs disrupt the narration".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=4 September 2015 |title=Review: Paayum Puli is not very convincing |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-paayum-puli-is-not-very-convincing-south/20150904.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904153207/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-paayum-puli-is-not-very-convincing-south/20150904.htm |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted "Music by Imman has plenty of masala during the first half."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Anupama |date=5 September 2015 |title=Movie review 'Paayum Puli': A pure entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150905/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-paayum-puli-pure-entertainer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905091302/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150905/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-paayum-puli-pure-entertainer |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "D Imman's background score makes an impact, but other songs have just used Kajal's dates."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=4 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli review: Suseenthiran takes a tried-and-tested script to make it look fresh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/paayum-puli-review-suseenthiran-takes-a-tried-and-tested-script-to-make-it-look-fresh-261289-2015-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905012315/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/paayum-puli-review-suseenthiran-takes-a-tried-and-tested-script-to-make-it-look-fresh/1/465817.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Imman’s songs, despite being catchy and energetic, are bathroom breaks as they don’t fit in with the plot."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=5 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Paayum-Puli/movie-review/48832744.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907234413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Paayum-Puli/movie-review/48832744.cms |archive-date=7 September 2015 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{D. Imman}}
[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:D. Imman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao

2026-02-03T06:04:08Z

Info:

{{short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2008}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Editor
| years_active = 1977{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao''' is an [[film editor|Indian film editor]] who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema]].

==Personal life==
His ancestors worked as [[Diwan (title)|Diwans]] for [[Zamindars]]. He hails from [[Nuzvid]], [[Krishna district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He has three elder brothers and two elder sisters. The eldest of them is Kotagiri Gopala Rao. His father died early leaving the family in a miserable condition. Gopal Rao took control of the family
shifted to [[Madras]]. He has become an editor under the eminent director [[Adurthi Subba Rao]] and 10 others.

Venkateswara Rao did not want to do editing after completing matriculation. But due to compulsion from his brother, He joined his brother in Madras and trained as an editor. [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] gave him the first chance to edit three songs in his film ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' in 1977.

== Filmography ==
===Telugu===
{{Colbegin}}
* ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Vetagadu]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Abhilasha (1983 film)|Abhilasha]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Apoorva Sahodarulu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Dharmapatni (1987 film)|Dharmapatni]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Alluda Majaka]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Priya O Priya]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Raja Kumarudu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Student No. 1]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Balu ABCDEFG]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Naa Alludu]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Subhash Chandra Bose (film)|Subhash Chandra Bose]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Narasimhudu]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapati]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Chinnodu]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Khatarnak (2006 film)|Khatarnak]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Okka Magadu]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Yamadonga]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Rechipo]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Naa Style Veru]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Raju Maharaju]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Seema Tapakai]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Kandireega]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Rajanna]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Naa Ishtam]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Neeku Naaku Dash Dash]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Dammu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Adhinayakudu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Endukante... Premanta!|Endukante...Premanta!]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Eega]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (2012 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Sarocharu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Rabhasa]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last=jangir |first=suresh |date=2014-05-28 |title=On a break, but not idle |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-05-28/On-a-break-but-not-idle/96602 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Lacchimdeviki O Lekkundi]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' (2016)
* ''[[A Aa]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Arddhanaari]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Radha (2017 film)|Radha]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Mahanubhavudu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Balakrishnudu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Two Countries (2017 film)|2 Countries]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Chalo]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Howrah Bridge (2018 film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]'' (2018)
*''[[Saakshyam]]'' (2018)
*''[[Nartanasala (2018 film)|Nartanasala]]'' (2018)
*''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]'' (2018)
*''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018)
*''[[Bhaagamathie]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Juvva]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Sailaja Reddy Alludu]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]'' (2019)
* ''[[World Famous Lover]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Palasa 1978]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Induvadana]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Ahimsa (2023 film)|Ahimsa]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Love Reddy]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Jigel]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]'' (2025)
* ''[[The Raja Saab]]'' (2026)
* ''[[Vishwambhara]]'' (2026)

{{Colend}}

===Tamil===
* ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Uzhavan]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Hero (1994 film)|Hero]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2 July 2016 |title=Hollywood's Tamil conquest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Hollywood%E2%80%99s-Tamil-conquest/article14466918.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616204227/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Hollywood%E2%80%99s-Tamil-conquest/article14466918.ece |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=The Hindu|quote=One of its producers, Shobu Yarlagadda, explains, “''Baahubali'' [''The Beginning''] is a Tamil-Telugu bilingual. Each shot in the film was taken twice with artists lip-syncing in Telugu and Tamil}}</ref>
* ''[[Bhaagamathie]]'' (2018)

==Awards==

===Nandi Awards===
# 2004: ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' - Won the [[Nandi Award for Best Editor]]
# 2005: ''[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subhash Chandra Bose]]'' - Won the [[Nandi Award for Best Editor]]
# 2007: ''[[Yamadonga]]'' - Won the [[Nandi Award for Best Editor]]
# 2009: ''[[Magadheera]]'' - Won the [[Nandi Award for Best Editor]]
# 2010: ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' - Won the [[Nandi Award for Best Editor]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu.html?id=143058&cat=4&tit=Nandi-Awards-Winner-List--2010 | title=Nandi Awards Winners List -2010 | date=5 August 2011 | publisher=Way2Movies | access-date=17 August 2018 | archive-date=22 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222060040/http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu.html?id=143058&cat=4&tit=Nandi-Awards-Winner-List--2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
# 2012: ''[[Eega]]'' - Won the [[Nandi Award for Best Editor]]
# 2014: ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' - Won the [[Nandi Award for Best Editor]]

=== Santosham Film Awards ===

# 2015: ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' & ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' - Won the [[Santosham Best Editing Award]]

===Vijay Awards===
# 2012: ''[[Naan E]]'' - Won the [[Vijay Award for Best Editor]]

==See also==
*[[:Category:Indian film editors|Indian film editors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0467607|name=Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Kotagiri Venkateswara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people
film editors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil film editors]]
[[Category:Film editors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film people from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]

Sree Narayana College Herbarium

2026-02-01T10:51:34Z

Info:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
[[File:SNCH Herbarium Cabinet.jpg|thumb|A view of Herbarium cabinets at SNCH]]
The '''Sree Narayana College Herbarium'''([[Index Herbariorum]] code: '''SNCH''')<ref>{{cite web |title=The worldwide index of herbaria and associated staff |url=https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ |website=Index Herbariorum}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sree Narayana College Herbarium, (SNCH) |url=https://snckollam.ac.in/sree-narayana-college-herbarium-snch/}}</ref> is situated at the [[Sree Narayana College, Kollam]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Official website of Sree Naryana College Kollam |title=Sree Narayana College, Kollam |url=https://snckollam.ac.in/}}</ref>, in [[Kerala]] state, India. It is part of Department of Botany of the college, which established in 1949. It is responsible for discovering, describing, monitoring, modelling, surveying, naming and classifying Kerala's plants, and is the focus for information and research on the district flora of [[Kollam]] & [[Pathanamthitta]].

The SNCH [[Herbarium]] is one of the largest herbarium collections in Kerala, housing approximately 7,000 specimens. Among these, about 3,500 specimens have been digitized and catalogued for database preparation up to 2023. The Herbarium operates an outreach programme called the Botanical Information Service (BIS)<ref>{{cite web |title=Botanical Information Service (BIS) |url=https://snckollam.ac.in/plant-identfication-botanical-information-service-bis/}}</ref>, which functions as an extension activity of the Botany Department and offers facilities for plant authentication and [[voucher specimen]] submission to researchers and the public

== Origins ==
The SNCH herbarium underwent its first major expansion in 1985 with the initiation of a [[Botanical Survey of India]]–funded project on flowering plant diversity in Pathanamthitta District, carried out by Prof. N. Ravi<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ravi N |title=Wikispecies |url=https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/N._Ravi}}</ref> and N. Anilkumar. This work resulted in the Flora of Pathanamthitta collection, comprising approximately 3,500 specimens. Subsequently, the SNCH holdings were further strengthened through a UGC minor research project on the taxonomy of [[Cyperaceae]]. Extensive field explorations conducted primarily in southern Kerala, along with specimen exchanges and gifts from eminent botanists such as D. Devarajan, K. Rajappan, and R. Vasudevan Nair, significantly enriched the collection. This phase contributed about 1,200 herbarium sheets. Professor Ravi also added numerous specimens from [[Kollam]] and [[Alappuzha]] districts, as well as several collections from [[Udagamandalam]], Tamil Nadu. In addition, plant pathology specimens collected by R. Soundararaju were acquired through an exchange programme with the Agricultural College, [[Coimbatore]]. Collectively, the research efforts of N. Ravi and his collaborators led to the discovery of 32 plant species new to science and resulted in the publication of two books and 55 research articles.

Since 2016, the herbarium collection has been systematically maintained following the appointment of a [[Curator]]. In 2022, digitization of specimens was initiated, along with the commencement of the plant authentication process. As of 30 May 2025, the herbarium houses over 8,000 plant specimens, primarily collected from the southern [[Western Ghats]] region of Kerala.

== Physical facilities ==
[[File:SNCH facility.jpg|thumb|Stereomicroscope and Digital scanner]]
Stereomicroscope with image project system, ScanNap Digital specimen scanner, subscribed reputed journals from [[Plant taxonomy]], regional maps, checklists and [[flora]]s, reports on BIS series, and [[Plant press]]es.

The herbarium is supported by full time Herbarium Keeper (IST 9.30 a.m.- 3.30 p.m., Monday-Friday). Users may identify collected specimens with faculty guidance on taxonomy, microscopy and appropriate taxonomic [[identification key]]s.

== Herbarium curators ==
* 2016 – present : Dr Kiranraj M S<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiran Raj |url=https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/M.S._Kiran_Raj |website=Wikispecies}}</ref>

== Herbarium keepers ==
* 2016 – 2025 : Rajendra Prasad
* 2025 – present : R. Krishnaraj

== See also ==
* [[List of herbaria]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Herbaria in Asia]]

Ishvara

2026-01-27T17:55:44Z

Info: Improved readability and structure

{{Short description|Hindu epithet}}
{{Other uses|Shiva|Eeshwar (disambiguation){{!}}Eeshwar}}
[[File:Vishnu and Lakshmi on an elephant meeting Shiva, Parvati and Wellcome V0045027.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]], the primary bearers of the epithet ''Ishvara'', seated on mounts with consorts [[Lakshmi]] and [[Parvati]], accompanied by [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]]]]
{{italic title}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''''Ishvara''''' ({{Langx|sa|ईश्वर|Īśvara|translit-std=IAST|engvar=gb}}) is a concept in [[Hinduism]], with a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism.<ref name="mmwizvara">[[Monier Monier Williams]], Sanskrit-English dictionary, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/mwquery/ Search for Izvara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804120637/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/mwquery/ |date=4 August 2019 }}, University of Cologne, Germany</ref><ref name=riepe/> In ancient texts of [[Hindu philosophy]], depending on the context, ''Ishvara'' can mean lord, ruler, king, husband, queen, soul or the Supreme Self ([[Paramatman]]).<ref name=mmwizvara/> In medieval-era Hindu texts, depending on the school of Hinduism, ''Ishvara'' means [[God]], Supreme Being, [[personal God]], or special [[Atman (Hinduism)|Self]].<ref name=riepe/><ref name=ianw/><ref name=mirceaelaide73/>
In [[Shaivism]], ''Ishvara'' is an epithet of [[Shiva]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=171|url-status=live|website=IITS Koeln|page=171|access-date=13 January 2021|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309015920/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=171}}</ref><ref name=":1">James Lochtefeld, "Ishvara", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 306</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Lord Śiva's Song: the Īśvara Gītā|translator=Andrew J. Nicholson |editor=Laurie Searl|year=2014|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-5102-2|oclc=880450730}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=235, 379–380}}</ref> In [[Vaishnavism]], it is synonymous with [[Vishnu]], like in his epithet of [[Venkateswara Temple|Venkateswara]].<ref name="olilea" /> In traditional [[Bhakti]] movements, ''Ishvara'' is one or more deities of an individual's preference ([[Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)|Iṣṭa-devatā]]) from Hinduism's polytheistic canon of deities. In modern-day sectarian movements like [[Arya Samaj]] and [[Brahmoism]], ''Ishvara'' takes the form of a monotheistic God.<ref name=rkpr>RK Pruthi (2004), Arya Samaj and Indian Civilization, {{ISBN|978-81-7141-780-3}}, pages 5–6, 48–49</ref> In the [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] school of Hinduism, it is any "personal deity" or "spiritual inspiration".<ref name=lpfl/> In [[Advaita Vedanta]], Ishvara is the manifested form of [[Brahman]] ([[Saguna brahman]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahm |first=Archie J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Su-SQNfNqgC&dq=ishvara+saguna+brahman&pg=PA140 |title=The World's Living Religions |date=1992 |publisher=Jain Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-87573-000-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The root of the word Ishvara comes from {{Transliteration|sa|hunterian|Ish}} ({{lang|sa|ईश्|}} {{Transliteration|sa|IAST|īś-}}) meaning "capable of" and "owner, ruler, chief of".<ref>[[Arthur Anthony Macdonell]] (2004), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-2000-5}}, page 47</ref> The second part of the word ''Ishvara'' is {{Transliteration|sa|hunterian|vara}} ({{lang|sa|वर|}} {{Transliteration|sa|IAST|vara}}), which means depending on context, "best, excellent, beautiful", "choice, wish, blessing, boon, gift", and "suitor, lover, one who solicits a girl in marriage".<ref>Arthur Anthony Macdonell (2004), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-2000-5}}, page 270</ref> The composite word, ''Ishvara'' literally means "owner of best, beautiful", "ruler of choices, blessings, boons", or "chief of suitor, lover".

As a concept, ''Ishvara'' in ancient and medieval Sanskrit texts variously means a ruler or king, a husband, God, Supreme Being, Supreme Self, Shiva, the god of love, one of the Rudras and the number '[[11 (number)|eleven]]'.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>Apte Sanskrit-English dictionary, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/AP90Scan/2014/web/webtc2/index.php Search for Izvara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106133053/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/AP90Scan/2014/web/webtc2/index.php |date=6 November 2022 }}, University of Cologne, Germany</ref>

The word ''Īśvara'' does not appear in [[Rigveda]].<ref name=madhav/> However, the verb ''īś-'' does appear in Rigveda, where the context suggests that the meaning of it is "capable of, able to".<ref name=madhav>Madhav Deshpande (1991), Sense and Syntax in Vedic (Editors: Joel Brereton and Stephenie Jamison), Volumes 4–5, Brill, {{ISBN|978-90-04-09356-0}}, pages 23–27</ref> It is absent in [[Samaveda]], is rare in [[Atharvaveda]], but it appears in [[Samhita]]s of [[Yajurveda]]. The contextual meaning, however as the ancient Indian grammarian [[Pāṇini]] explains, is neither god nor supreme being.<ref name=madhav/>

The word ''Ishvara'' appears in numerous ancient [[Dharmaśāstra#Principal Root Texts|Dharmasutra]]s. However, there ''Ishvara'' does not mean God, but means [[Veda]]s.<ref name=patrick/> ''Ishvara'' in Dharmasutras could alternatively mean king, with the context literally asserting that the Dharmasutras are as important as ''Ishvara'' (the king) on matters of public importance".<ref name=patrick>Patrick Olivelle (2006), Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-530532-6}}, page 176</ref>

The term is used as part of the compounds [[Maheshvara]] ("The Great Lord") and [[Parameshwara (god)|Parameshvara]] ("The Supreme Lord") as the names of [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]. In [[Mahayana Buddhism]] it is used as part of the compound "[[Avalokiteśvara]]" ("lord who hears the cries of the world", but see [[Avalokiteśvara#Etymology|etymology section]] there), the name of a [[bodhisattva]] revered for his compassion. When referring to divine as female, particularly in [[Shaktism]], the feminine [[Ishvari]] is sometimes used.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=376}}</ref>

In [[Advaita Vedanta]] school, Ishvara is a monistic Universal Absolute that connects and is the Oneness in everyone and everything.<ref name=lance>Lance Nelson (1996), Living liberation in Shankara and classical Advaita, in Living Liberation in Hindu Thought (Editors: Andrew O. Fort, Patricia Y. Mumme), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2706-4}}, pages 38–39, 59 (footnote 105)</ref><ref name=jkoller/>

==Schools of thought==

Among the six systems of [[Hindu philosophy]], [[Samkhya]] and [[Mimamsa]] do not consider the concept of ''Ishvara'' (i.e., a supreme being) relevant. [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Vedanta]] and [[Nyaya]] schools of Hinduism discuss ''Ishvara'', but assign different meanings.

''Ishvara'' is a metaphysical concept in the ''[[Yogasutras]]''.<ref name=mmd>Michele Marie Desmarais (2008), Changing Minds: Mind, Consciousness And Identity in Patanjali's Yoga-Sutra, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-81-208-3336-4}}, page 131</ref> The book does not mention a specific deity or describe any devotional practices (''[[Bhakti]]''), nor does it provide characteristics of ''Ishvara'' typically associated with a deity.<ref name=mmd/> In the [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga school of Hinduism]], states Ian Whicher, a professor of religion at the [[University of Manitoba]], ''Ishvara'' is neither a creator God nor the universal Absolute of [[Advaita Vedanta]].<ref name=ianw/> Whicher also notes that some theistic sub-schools of Vedantic philosophy of Hinduism, inspired by the Yoga school, explain the term ''Ishvara'' as the "Supreme Being that rules over the cosmos and the individuated beings".<ref name=ianw>Ian Whicher, The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana, State University of New York press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3815-2}}, pages 82–86</ref><ref name="knut"/> Angelika Malinar, a professor of [[Indology|Indian studies]] at the [[University of Zurich]], too, writes that, among the Samkhya-Yoga schools of Hinduism, ''Ishvara'' is neither a creator God nor a salvific God.<ref>A Malinar (2014), Current Approaches: Articles on Key Themes, in The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1-4725-1151-5}}, page 79</ref>

Bhakti sub-schools refer to ''Ishvara'' as a divine lord or the specified deity of the Bhakti sub-school.<ref>Zimmer (1951), Philosophies of India, Reprinted by Routledge in 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-415-46232-7}}, pages 242–243, 309–311</ref> Some contemporary sectarian movements have emphasised ''Ishvara'' as a supreme lord—for example, the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]{{'s}} theology is monotheistic, with [[Krishna]] being the universe's supreme divinity.<ref>[[Karel Werner]] (1997), A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1049-2}}, page 54</ref> In traditional theistic sub-schools of Hinduism, such as the [[Vishishtadvaita]] of [[Ramanuja]] and [[Dvaita]] of Madhva, ''Ishvara'' is identified as [[Vishnu]] and/or [[Narayana]], who is distinct from the ''[[prakṛti]]'' (material world) and ''[[purusha]]'' (Self).

The diversity in interpretations of ''Ishvara'' aligns with theistic Hinduism's notion of a personal God.<ref>Radhakrishnan and Moore (1967, Reprinted 1989), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-01958-1}}, pages 37–39, 401–403, 498–503</ref> Thus, Hinduisms also allow practicing individuals choice in their conceptualisations of ''Ishvara'', whether that be in the form of a specific deity or the formless ''[[Brahman]]'' of ultimate reality.<ref name=mirceaelaide73>[[Mircea Eliade]] (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-14203-6}}, pages 73–76</ref><ref name=riepe>Dale Riepe (1961, Reprinted 1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-81-208-1293-2}}, pages 177–184, 208–215</ref><ref>RC Zaehner (1975), Our savage god: The perverse use of eastern thought, {{ISBN|978-0-8362-0611-1}}, pages 69–72</ref><ref>R.C. Zaehner (1966), Hinduism, Oxford University Press, 1980 edition: pages 126–129, Reprinted in 1983 as {{ISBN|978-0-19-888012-7}}</ref>

===In Samkhya===

[[Samkhya]] is commonly considered an atheistic school of Hindu philososphy.<ref name=lpfl>Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-3232-9}}, pages 38–39</ref><ref>[[Mikel Burley]] (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga – An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-64887-5}}, page 39</ref><ref>Richard Garbe (2013), Die Samkhya-Philosophie, Indische Philosophie Volume 11, {{ISBN|978-1-4840-3061-5}}, pages 25–27 (in German)</ref> However, some, such as Norwegian scholar [[Knut A. Jacobsen]], consider Samkhya to be more accurately described as a form of [[nontheism]].<ref>Knut Jacobsen (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga: 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-81-208-3232-9}}, pages 15–16</ref> Still others, including [[State University of New York]] [[Indologist]] and professor [[Andrew J. Nicholson]], argue that Samkhya was originally theistic but transitioned to atheism during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Andrew|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2010|location=New York|pages=69–78}}</ref> ''Ishvara'' as a being is occasionally affirmed—but more often denied—in the Samkhya school.<ref>Knut Jacobsen (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga: 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-81-208-3232-9}}, pages 76–77</ref> For example, arguments are advanced in the ''[[Samkhya Pravachana Sutra]]'' and its commentaries against the existence of ''Ishvara'', chiefly that a being that is both a creator and free cannot exist.<ref>Andrew J. Nicholson (2017), 'Refuting Vedantic Theism in the Samkhya-Sutra' in The Oxford Handbook of Indian Philosophy, ed. [[Jonardon Ganeri]], [[Oxford University Press]] {{ISBN|978-0-19-750381-2}}, pages 598–622</ref>

===In Yoga===

The ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]'', the foundational text of the [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] school of Hinduism, uses the term ''Ishvara'' in 11 verses: I.23–I.29, II.1, II.2, II.32 and II.45. Since the ''Sutras'' were compiled, Hindu scholars have debated the identity and purpose of ''Ishvara'', with beliefs ranging from ''Ishvara''-as-"personal god" to it being "special Self", and to "anything that has spiritual significance to the individual".<ref name=lpfl/><ref>Hariharānanda Āraṇya (2007), Parabhaktisutra, Aporisms on Sublime Devotion, (Translator: A Chatterjee), in Divine Hymns with Supreme Devotional Aphorisms, Kapil Math Press, Kolkata, pages 55-93; Hariharānanda Āraṇya (2007), Eternally Liberated Isvara and Purusa Principle, in Divine Hymns with Supreme Devotional Aphorisms, Kapil Math Press, Kolkata, pages 126–129</ref> Whicher explains that while Patanjali's terse verses can be interpreted both as theistic or nontheistic, the compiler's concept of ''Ishvara'' in Yogic philosophy functions as a "transformative catalyst or guide for aiding the ''yogin'' on the path to spiritual emancipation".<ref>Ian Whicher (1999), The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3815-2}}, page 86</ref>

Patanjali defines ''Ishvara'' (Sanskrit: ईश्वर) in verse 24 of Book 1 as "a special Self (पुरुषविशेष, ''[[puruṣa]]-viśeṣa'')",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Āgāśe |first1=K. S. |title=Pātañjalayogasūtrāṇi |date=1904 |publisher=Ānandāśrama |location=Puṇe |page=25 |url=https://archive.org/stream/patanjaliyoga/yoga_sutras_three_commentaries#page/n33/mode/2up}}</ref>

<blockquote>{{langx|sa|क्लेश कर्म विपाकाशयैरपरामृष्टः पुरुषविशेष '''ईश्वरः''' ॥२४॥}} 
– ''Yoga Sutras'' I.24</blockquote>

This sutra adds the characteristics of ''Ishvara'' as the special Self which is unaffected (अपरामृष्ट, ''aparamrsta'') by one's obstacles/hardships (क्लेश, ''[[Kleshas (Hinduism)|klesha]]''), one's circumstances created by past or one's current actions (कर्म, ''karma''), one's life fruits (विपाक, ''vipâka''), and one's psychological dispositions/intentions (आशय, ashaya).<ref name=se5>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=aparAmRSTa&script=&direction=SE&link=yes aparAmRSTa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129053310/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=aparAmRSTa&script=&direction=SE&link=yes |date=29 January 2015 }}, [http://spokensanskrit.de kleza, karma, vipaka and ashaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817204122/http://www.spokensanskrit.de/ |date=17 August 2017 }}; Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref><ref>Lloyd Pflueger (2008), Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-3232-9}}, pages 31–45</ref>

Patanjali's concept of ''Ishvara'' is neither as a creator God nor the universal Absolute of [[Advaita Vedanta]].<ref name=ianw/><ref name=knut>[[:no:Knut A. Jacobsen|Knut Jacobsen]] (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga: 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-3232-9}}, page 77</ref>

===In Vaisesika===
The [[Vaisheshika]] school of Hinduism, as founded by Kanada in the 1st millennium BCE, neither required nor relied on ''Ishvara'' for its [[atomism|atomistic]] naturalist philosophy. To it, substances and ''paramāṇu'' (atoms) are eternal; they move and interact based on impersonal, eternal ''adrsta'' (अदृष्ट, invisible) laws of nature.<ref name=klausk/><ref>A Goel (1984), Indian philosophy: Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika and modern science, Sterling, {{ISBN|978-0-86590-278-7}}, pages 149–151</ref> The concept of ''Ishvara'', among others, entered into the Vaisheshika school many centuries later in the 1st millennium CE.<ref name=klausk/><ref>R Collins (2000), The sociology of philosophies, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-00187-9}}, page 836</ref> The evolution in ideas aimed to explain how and why its so-called "atoms" have a particular order and proportions. Later ancient Vaisheshika scholars retained their belief that substances are eternal, and added ''Ishvara'' as another 'eternal'—albeit one who is also omniscient and omnipresent (but not omnipotent). Vaisheshika scholars posited that ''Ishvara'' did not create the world; he created laws that operate the world before becoming passive and letting those universal laws affect reality without divine intervention .<ref name=klausk/> Thus, Vaisheshika's ''Ishvara'' mirrors the ''[[Deus otiosus]]'' of [[deism]]. [[Klaus Klostermaier]], in a 2007 survey of Hinduism, writes that ''Ishvara'' can be understood as an eternal God who co-exists in the universe with eternal substances and atoms, but only to the point that he "winds up the clock, and lets it run its course".<ref name=klausk>Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New York, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-7082-4}}, page 337</ref>

===In Nyaya===

Early [[Nyaya]] school scholars considered ''Ishvara'' a creator God with the power to grant blessings, boons, and fruits. However, the early Nyaya scholars rejected this hypothesis, though not the existence of God itself, and were non-theistic.{{Contradictory inline|article=Ishvara|section=Schools of thought|reason=This sentence directly contradicts the sentences before and after it, respectively.|date=August 2025}}<ref>John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-12627-4}}, page 150</ref><ref>G. Oberhammer (1965), Zum problem des Gottesbeweises in der Indischen Philosophie, Numen, 12: 1-34</ref> Over time, the Nyaya school became one of the most important defenders of theism in Hindu philosophy.<ref name=fxc>Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-973872-4}}, pages 18–19, 35–39</ref>

Nyayasutra's Book 4, Chapter 1, examines what causes the production and destruction of entities (life, matter) in the universe. It considers many hypotheses, including ''Ishvara''. Verses 19–21 postulate that Ishvara exists and is the cause, state a consequence of the postulate, then present contrary evidence, and from the contradiction conclude that the postulate must be invalid.<ref name=fxc2/>

{{Blockquote|text=
सिद्धान्तसूत्र : '''ईश्वरः''' कारणम्, पुरुषकर्माफल्यदर्शनात् 
पूर्वपक्षसूत्र : न, पुरुषकर्माभावे फ्लानिष्पत्तेः 
सिद्धान्तसूत्र : तत्कारितत्वादहेतुः 

Proposition sutra: '''Ishvara''' is the cause, since we see sometimes human action lacks fruits (results). 
Prima facie objection sutra: This is not so since, as a matter of fact, no fruit is accomplished without human action. 
Conclusion sutra: Not so, since it is influenced by him.
|Nyaya Sutra|IV.1.19 – IV.1.21<ref name=fxc2>Original Sanskrit: [https://archive.org/details/Anandashram_Samskrita_Granthavali_Anandashram_Sanskrit_Series Nyayasutra] Anand Ashram Sanskrit Granthvali, pages 290–292; [http://www.sanskritworld.in/public/mpdf/downloadpdf.php?filename=book_50f6f8075590b.txt Alternate Archive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181842/http://www.sanskritworld.in/public/mpdf/downloadpdf.php?filename=book_50f6f8075590b.txt |date=7 November 2016 }} English translation: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-973872-4}}, page 37</ref>}}

Centuries later, the 5th-century CE Nyaya school scholar Prastapada revisited the premise of Ishvara. He was followed by [[Udayana]], who in his text ''[[Nyayakusumanjali]]'', interpreted "it" in verse 4.1.21 of Nyaya Sutra above, as "human action" and "him" as "Ishvara", then he developed counter arguments to prove the existence of Ishvara.<ref name=csharma>Sharma, C. (1997). ''A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy'', Delhi: [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|81-208-0365-5}}, pp. 209-10</ref> In developing his arguments, he inherently defined ''Ishvara'' as efficient cause, omnipotent, omniscient, infallible, giver of gifts, ability and meaning to humanity, divine creator of the world as well as the moral principles, and the unseen power that makes the [[karma]] doctrine work.<ref name=csharma/><ref>VR Rao (1987), Selected Doctrines from Indian Philosophy, {{ISBN|81-70990009}}, pages 11–12</ref>

===In Mimamsa===

[[Mīmāṃsā]] scholars of Hinduism questioned what ''Ishvara'' (God) is.<ref name=fxc3>FX Clooney (1997), What's a god? The quest for the right understanding of devatā in Brāhmaṅical ritual theory (Mīmāṃsā), International Journal of Hindu Studies, August 1997, Volume 1, Issue 2, pages 337–385</ref> They used their ''[[pramana]]'' tools to cross-examine answers offered by other schools of Hinduism. For example, when Nyaya scholars stated that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and infallible, that the world is the result of God's creation, which is proved by the presence of creatures, just like human work proves human existence, Mimamsa scholars asked, Why does this God create the world, for what reason? Further, they added, it cannot be because of Ishvara's love for human beings, because this world, if Ishvara created it, is imperfect, and human souls suffer. Mimamsa scholars of Hinduism raised numerous objections to any definition of Ishvara and its premises. They deconstructed justifications for the concept of ''Ishvara'' and considered it unnecessary for a consistent philosophy and moksha (spiritual liberation).<ref name=fxc3/><ref name=bilimoria>P. Bilimoria (2001), Hindu doubts about God: Towards Mimamsa Deconstruction, in Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy (Editor: Roy Perrett), Volume 4, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-8153-3611-2}}, pages 87–106</ref>

===In Vedanta===

====Advaita Vedanta====

The [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of Hinduism proclaims that at the empirical level, Ishvara is the cause of the universe and the one who awards the fruits of every action. He is defined as the one without likes and dislikes, as well embodied with compassion (vaiṣamya Nairgghṛṇya doṣa vihīnaḥ). Ishvara is that which is "free from ''avidyā'' (ignorance), free from ''ahaṃkṛti'' (ego-sense), free from ''bandhana'' (bondage)", a Self that is "pure, enlightened, liberated".<ref name=lance/><ref name=jkoller>John Koller (2012), Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-78294-4}}, pages 99–107</ref>
Having accepted and established Ishvara, Advaita Vedanta proclaims that the fundamental nature of Ishvara (existence, consciousness, and bliss) is non-different from the fundamental nature of an individual. This gives room in Advaita Vedanta to show the nature of Ishvara as both the material and instrumental cause of this universe and the individual who is limited in his own capacities as unreal, and declare that there is oneness between the two, having negated the qualities. This establishes Ishvara as 'saguṇa' or with attributes from the empirical existence and 'nirguṇa' from the absolute sense. This oneness is accepted only at the 'mukti' or ultimate realisation level and not at the 'vyavahara' or empirical level. At the absolute level, there is no otherness nor distinction between ''[[Jiva]]'' (living being) and ''Ishvara'', and any attempts to distinguish the two are a false idea, one based on wrong knowledge, according to Advaita Vedanta.<ref>Paul Hacker (1978), Eigentumlichkeiten dr Lehre und Terminologie Sankara: Avidya, Namarupa, Maya, Isvara, in Kleine Schriften (Editor: L. Schmithausen), Franz Steiner Verlag, Weisbaden, pages 101–109 (in German), also pages 69–99</ref>

{{Blockquote|
ईश्वरः अहम् 
Ishvara, I am.
|[[Adi Shankara]]| Upadesasahasri 2.3.1, 2.10.8<ref name=lance/>}}

Other Advaitin Hindu texts resonate with the [[monism|monist]] views of Adi Shankara. For example, Isa Upanishad, in hymn 1.5-7, states Ishvara is "above everything, outside everything, beyond everything, yet also within everything"; he who knows himself as all beings and all beings as himself – he never becomes alarmed before anyone. He becomes free from fears, delusions, and the root cause of evil. He becomes pure, invulnerable, unified, free from evil, accurate to truth, liberated like Ishvara.<ref>William Indich (2000), Consciousness in Advaita Vedanta, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-81-208-1251-2}}, page 23-25</ref><ref>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-81-208-1467-7}}, pages 547–551</ref>

When the universe is not manifest, Shankara conceives of Ishvara as abiding in a state of dreamless sleep. The universe's manifestation occurs when Ishvara is in a dreaming state, wherein Ishvara is visualising the universe owing to its memory of previous creations. Just as the state of dreaming is dependent on memory (not separate from the mind), the universe does not have an existence separate from Ishvara. Ishvara's knowledge is thus a necessary condition for the universe's existence.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dalal |first=Neil |title=Śaṅkara |date=2021 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/shankara/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=2023-04-16 |edition=Winter 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416190619/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/shankara/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


====Vishishtadvaita Vedanta====

''Ishvara'', in [[Vishishtadvaita]] Vedanta sub-school of Hinduism, is a composite concept of dualism and non-dualism, or "non-dualism with differentiation".<ref name=mcc>McCasland et al. (1969), Religions of the world, Random House, {{ISBN|978-0-394-30384-0}}, page 471</ref> Ishvara, Vishishtadvaitin scholars such as the 11th century [[Ramanuja]] state, is the supreme creator and synonymous with [[Brahman]].<ref name="Chari1988p212">{{cite book |author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari |title=Tattvamuktākalāpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un1i5icdpdoC |year=1988 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0266-7 |pages=212, 231–233}}</ref> Equated with Vishnu in Vishishtadvaita or one of his [[avatar]],<ref>{{cite book |author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari |title=Tattvamuktākalāpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un1i5icdpdoC |year=1988 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0266-7 |pages=18, 228, 340–341}}</ref> he is both the material and efficient cause, transcendent and immanent.<ref name=mcc/> Ishvara manifests in five forms, according to the Vishishtadvaitins: ''para'' (transcendent), ''vyuha'' (emanations), ''vibhava'' (incarnations), ''antaryamin'' (dwells inside), and ''arca'' (icons).<ref name=johngrimes/> According to this sub-school, states John Grimes, Ishvara possesses six divine qualities: ''jnana'' (knowledge), ''bala'' (strength), ''aisvarya'' (lordship), ''sakti'' (power), ''virya'' (virility) and ''tejas'' (splendor).<ref name=johngrimes>John Grimes (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3067-5}}, page 143</ref>

Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita concepts provided the foundation for several Bhakti movements of Hinduism, such as those by [[Sri Aurobindo]]<ref>Thomas Padiyath (2014), The Metaphysics of Becoming, De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3-11-034255-0}}, page 151</ref> and has been suggested as having influenced Basava's [[Lingayatism]].<ref>Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8135-4068-9}}, pages 243–244</ref>

====Dvaita Vedanta====

The Dvaita ([[Dualistic cosmology#In Hinduism|dualism]]) sub-school of Vedanta Hinduism, founded by 13th 13th-century Madhva, defines ''Ishvara'' as the creator God that is distinct from ''Jiva'' (individual Selves in living beings).<ref name=rajpra>R. Prasad (2009), A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, Concept Publishing, {{ISBN|978-81-8069-595-7}}, pages 345–347</ref> [[Narayana]] (Vishnu) is considered to be ''Ishvara'', and the [[Vaishnavism]] movement arose on the foundation developed by Dvaita Vedanta sub-school.<ref name=olilea>Oliver Leaman (2000), Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-17358-2}}, page 251</ref>

''Ishvara'' (God) is a complete, perfect, and the highest reality to Dvaitins, and simultaneously, the world is a separate reality for them, unlike competing thoughts in other sub-schools of Vedanta.<ref name=olilea/> In [[Dvaita]] sub-school, ''Jiva'' (individual Self) is different, yet dependent on ''Ishvara'' (God). Both possess the attributes of consciousness, bliss, and existence, but the individual Self is considered atomic, while God is all-encompassing. The attributes of ''Jiva'' struggle to manifest, while God fully manifests them.<ref name=rajpra/>

Madhva states there are five permutations of differences between ''Jiva'' (individual Self) and ''Ishvara'' (God): between God and Self, between God and matter, between Self and matter, between one Self and another Self, and between one material thing and another material thing. The differences are both qualitative and quantitative.<ref name=tompad/> Unlike Advaita Vedantins who hold that knowledge can lead to Oneness with everyone and everything as well as fusion with the Universal Timeless Absolute, to the state of [[moksha]] in this life, Dvaita Vedantins hold that moksha is possible only in after-life if God so wills (if not, then one's Self is reborn). Further, Madhva highlights that God creates individual Self, but the individual Self never was and never will become one with God; the best it can do is to experience bliss by getting infinitely close to God.<ref name=tompad>Thomas Padiyath (2014), The Metaphysics of Becoming, De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3-11-034255-0}}, pages 155–157</ref>

The world, called ''Maya'', is held as the divine will of Ishvara.<ref name=rajpra/> ''Jiva'' suffers, experiences misery and bondage, state Dvaitins, because of "ignorance and incorrect knowledge" (''ajnana''). Liberation occurs with the correct knowledge and attainment unto Lord Narayana.<ref name=rajpra/> It is His grace that gives salvation according to Dvaita sub-school, which is achievable by predominance of ''sattva'' [[Guṇa|guna]] (moral, constructive, simple, kindness-filled life), and therefore Dvaitins must live a [[Dharma|dharmic]] life while constantly remembering, deeply loving ''Ishvara''.<ref name=rajpra/>

====Achintya-Bheda-Abheda====
{{IAST|Acintya bhedābheda}} is a sub-school of [[Vedanta]] representing the philosophy of ''inconceivable one-ness and difference'', in relation to the creation, Prakriti, and the creator, Ishvara ([[Krishna]]).<ref name=Kaviraja>{{cite book | author = Kaviraja, K.G. | title = Sri Caitanya-caritamrita. Bengali text, translation, and commentary by AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] }}[http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/108-109/en1 ''Madhya'' 20.108-109] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511153501/http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/108-109/en1 |date=11 May 2008 }} "It is the living entity's constitutional position to be an eternal servant of Krishna because he is the marginal energy of Krishna and a manifestation simultaneously one with and different from the Lord, like a molecular particle of sunshine or fire."</ref><ref>{{IAST|Kṛṣṇa Upaniṣad}} 1.25: ''{{IAST|...na bhinnam. nā bhinnamābhirbhinno na vai vibhuḥ}}''</ref>

In [[Sanskrit]] ''achintya'' means 'inconceivable', ''bheda'' translates as 'difference', and ''abheda'' translates to 'one-ness'. Self (their English phrase for the Sanskrit word: ''jiva'') is considered a part of God, and thus one with Him in quality, yet at the same time different from Him in quantity. This is called acintya-bheda-abheda-tattva, inconceivable, simultaneous oneness and difference.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Spiritual Dialectics |last=Mukundananda |first=Swami |publisher=Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog |year=2013 |page=96 |quote=Hence, he called his philosophy Achintya Bhedabhed vad, or Inconceivable Simultaneous Oneness and Difference.}}</ref>

Caitanya's philosophy of acintya-bhedābheda-tattva is understood to be part of a progression to devotional [[theism]]. [[Rāmānuja]] had agreed with [[Śaṅkara|{{IAST|Śaṅkara}}]] that the Absolute is one only, but he had disagreed by affirming individual variety within that oneness. [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] had underscored the eternal duality of the Supreme and the ''[[jiva]]'': he had maintained that this duality endures even after liberation. Caitanya, in turn, specified that the Supreme and the jīvas are "inconceivably, simultaneously one and different" (acintya-bheda-abheda).<ref name = SDG>{{Cite book| first = dasa Goswami| last = Satsvarupa| author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami| title =Readings in Vedit Literature: The Tradition Speaks for Itself| publisher = Assoc Publishing Group| year = 1976| pages = 240 pages | isbn = 0-912776-88-9}}</ref>

===In Carvaka===

[[Cārvāka]], another atheist tradition in [[sramana]], was materialist and a school of [[philosophical scepticism]]. They rejected all concepts of ''Ishvara'' and all forms of supernaturalism.<ref>Robert Flint, {{Google books|7es0AQAAIAAJ|Anti-theistic theories|page=463}}, Appendix Note VII – Hindu Materialism: The Charvaka System; William Blackwood, London</ref><ref>V.V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon – Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): 549–574, Quote (page 557): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the [[Samkhya]], there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Carvaka school.", {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01274.x}}</ref><ref>KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-81-208-1607-7}}, page 67, Quote: "Of the three heterodox systems, the remaining one, the Caravaka system, is a Hindu system."</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Absolute (philosophy)]]
* [[Bhagavan]]
* [[Conceptions of God]]
* Īśvarism
* [[Ishbara (disambiguation)|Ishbara]]
* [[Maheśvara (Buddhism)]]
* [[Para Brahman]]
* [[Parameshashakti]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Names of God}}
{{Burmese nats}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Superlatives in religion]]
[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]

.

Neelam Verma

2026-01-20T02:07:35Z

Info: creating new data

{{BLP sources|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Neelam Verma
| image = Neelam Verma.jpg
| birth_place = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]
| title = [[Miss Canada|Miss Canada 2002]]
| competitions = [[Miss Canada|Miss Canada 2002]] (Winner) [[Miss Universe 2002]] (Top-10 finalist)
|occupation=Entrepreneur, TV host|website=www.integritydating.com}}
'''Neelam Verma''' is a Canadian TV host, advocate and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned [[Miss Canada|Miss Canada 2002]] and represented her country at [[Miss Universe 2002]] where she placed Top 10 in Puerto Rico.

==Biography==
Verma is the founder of [https://www.integritydating.com Integrity Dating]. She is an international speaker, TV presenter, and former Miss Canada and Miss Universe finalist. She has been featured in the media and as a speaker and expert on Mindvalley. Verma teaches courses and has events to help people be more intentional in dating. <ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.integritydating.com/about | title=About }}</ref> Neelam worked as a TV presenter for media networks including CNN, ESPN, Discovery Channel, Rogers Media, TRT World, and Quebecor. She won the [[Miss Canada]] title and was a finalist at the [[Miss Universe]] pageant, the first woman of Indian origin to represent the country. She graduated from [[York University]]'s [[Schulich School of Business]], and worked for [[Procter and Gamble]] and Fortune 500 companies before working in media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beautiesofcanada.com/2007/show.htm |title=Miss Universe® Canada |website=www.beautiesofcanada.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216064358/http://www.beautiesofcanada.com/2007/show.htm |archive-date=2007-02-16}} </ref>

==Career==
===Entrepreneur===
Verma is an entrepreneur and founder of Integrity Dating. She launched her company in 2020 to create a global movement in conscious dating. She teaches online courses and has global events that help people create meaningful relationships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.integritydating.com/|title=Integrity Dating|website=www.integritydating.com|accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref> She is an international Speaker and Conscious Dating Pioneer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindvalley.com/|title=A Better You, Everyday · Mindvalley|website=Mindvalley|accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref>

===Television===
Verma worked as a broadcast journalist and TV host for morning shows, news, entertainment and lifestyle shows in Canada, USA, India and the Middle East. She has interviewed celebrities, CEOs, New York Times authors, athletes and spiritual leaders. She trained with [[CNN International]].<ref name="auto"/>

She has worked with TRT World in Istanbul as a presenter, ESPN as a host for "Premier Futsal" in India, on Discover Channel as a host on "Daily Planet", on Sun News Network as a morning show host on "First Look With Neelam Verma", and with [[Rogers Media]] in Canada as an entertainment anchor for ''Bollywood Boulevard''. She has also been a speaker and presenter for the United Nations, Miss Canada Pageant, Mindvalley, and the IFFA Awards.

===Miss Universe===
[[File:NeelamVerma.JPG|thumb|Neelam Verma at Beauties for a Cause Charity Event, Toronto.]]
Verma won the [[Miss Universe Canada]] competition in 2002, becoming the first woman of Indian heritage to win the title. She represented Canada at the [[Miss Universe]] pageant in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], and was in the top 10 as a finalist. She hosted the Miss Universe Canada Pageant and was on the judging panel.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Cristina Rémond]]
| title=[[Miss Universe Canada]]
| years= 2002
| after=Leanne Marie Cecile
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Miss Universe 2002 delegates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Neelam}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Montreal]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian Hindus]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian television news anchors]]
[[Category:Canadian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Montreal]]
[[Category:Journalists from Toronto]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 2002 contestants]]
[[Category:Miss Universe Canada winners]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Montreal]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Toronto]]
[[Category:Schulich School of Business alumni]]

C. S. Radhadevi

2026-01-08T00:06:36Z

Info: created the bio initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{short description|Indian playback singer (1931–2025)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. S. Radhadevi
| image = CS_radha_devi.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = C. S. Radhadevi
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1931}}
| birth_place = [[Travancore]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|07|07|1931}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Solo singer, dubbing artist, radio artist
| spouse = N. Narayanan Nair
| years_active =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{flat list|
* [[playback singer|Playback singing]]
* [[Filmi]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
}}
| honours = [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] Gurupooja Award by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] [[Kerala Film Critics Award]] [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]] for Outstanding Contribution to Malayalam Cinema
| website =
}}
'''C. S. Radhadevi''' (1931 – 7 July 2025) was a playback singer, dubbing artist, radio artist and actor from [[Kerala]], India. Radhadevi has been in the field of [[Malayalam]] radio broadcasting for seven decades. She has sung in over thirty films in a span of 30 years. She has received many awards including [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], Gurupooja Award by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], [[Kerala Film Critics Award]] and the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]] for her ''Outstanding Contribution to Malayalam Cinema''.

==Biography==
C. S. Radhadevi was born in 1931, in [[Travancore]], the daughter of Sivasankara Pillai and Chellamma.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy Award 2019, Handbook |date=2019 |publisher=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academi}}</ref><ref name="malayalasangeetham"/> From a young age she was interested in dance and music. Radhadevi's first gurus were Vaikom Mani Iyer and Iraniyal Thankappan.<ref name="malayalasangeetham">{{cite web |title=Profile of Malayalam Singer CS Radhadevi |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=singers&artist=CS%20Radhadevi |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> She learned [[Carnatic music]] from Ramanatha Bhagavathar of [[Madras]]. She later studied music at the Thycaud Music Academy for one year.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=ശ്രുതിസാന്ദ്രമായ മധുരഗാനം |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/nagaram/article-1.4006349 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] Archives |language=en}}</ref>

===Personal life and death===
Radhadevi and her husband N. Narayanan Nair, who was a University Assistant Registrar, have one son N. Nandagopan.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> She was staying at Malikappurakkal house on Uppalam Road, Pulimoottil, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=തീരാ‍ത്ത പാട്ടുകള്‍, തോരാത്ത ഓര്‍മ്മകള്‍ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/music/g-venugopal-on-c-s-radhadevi/609249 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml}}</ref> Radhadevi died on July 7, 2025, at her residence in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="From duet">{{cite news |title=From duet with Yesudas's father to silver screen stardom: Remembering AIR artist CS Radhadevi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/from-duet-with-yesudass-father-to-silver-screen-stardom-remembering-air-artist-cs-radhadevi-u49gwtwx |work=@mathrubhumi |date=8 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Radhadevi started acting at the age of 13, by acting in a dance scene in the play ''Parivarthanam'' by [[T. N. Gopinathan Nair]].<ref name="Deshabhimani2">{{cite news |title=മലയാളിയുടെ റേഡിയോക്കാരി |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/women/profile/write-up-about-cs-radhadevi-97474 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> She later acted in the lead role in the play ''Ballatha Pahayan'' directed by [[Bahadoor]].<ref name="Deshabhimani2"/> Her father Sivasankara Pillai initially opposed her acting.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

In 1944, at the age of 13, she made her film debut by singing and dancing to the song ''Murali Murali Nee Radha Manasahari'' with T. K. Balachandran in the movie ''Yachakamohini'' by Attar Parameswaran Pillai, but the movie has not been released.<ref name="Deshabhimani2"/> She also acted as a child actress in the Tamil film ''Ambikapathy''.<ref name="Janayugom">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=ആദ്യകാല ചലച്ചിത്ര, നാടക നടിയും പിന്നണി ഗായികയുമായ സി എസ് രാധാദേവി അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://janayugomonline.com/early-film-and-theater-actress-and-playback-singer-cs-radhadevi-passes-away/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Janayugom Online |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1948, she acted as the second heroine in the film ''Stree'' starring [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Later she played the lead role in the play ''Ballatha Pahayan'' directed by actor Bahadur.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Since her family didn't like her acting in movies, she couldn't continue acting.<ref name="Deshabhimani2"/>

Radhadevi has been active in the field of playback singing since the early days of Malayalam cinema. Thirunayinarkurichi Madhavan Nair brought Radhadevi to playback singing.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> She first sang with [[K. J. Yesudas|Yesudas]]' father Augustine Joseph in a song by Dakshinamurthy in the 1950 film ''Nallathanka''.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> She has sung in over thirty films in a span of 30 years.<ref name="pookalam"/>

Radhadevi has been in the field of Malayalam radio broadcasting for seven decades.<ref name="pookalam">{{cite web |title=ശബ്‌ദനായിക – സി എസ് രാധാദേവി – പൂക്കാലം |url=https://pookalam.kerala.gov.in/2022/03/11/the-heroine-of-the-sound-art-cs-radhadevi/ |website=pookalam.kerala.gov.in |publisher=Government of Kerala }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She started conducting musical programs in the Travancore radio station in 1942 and joined [[All India Radio]] in 1950 as an artist.<ref name="pookalam"/> While working in All India Radio, Radhadevi has entered the dubbing industry and has lent her voice in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu films.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

As a dubbing artist, Radhadevi first voiced for a child actress in the film ''Vanamala'' (1951) directed by G. Viswanath.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='യേശുദാസ് താമസമെന്തേ പാടി; കോരിത്തരിപ്പോടെ ഞാൻ കേട്ടിരുന്നു' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/singer-cs-radhadevi-birthday-special-randidangazhi-movie-song-1.5718933 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=3 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Her first dubbing for a heroine was in the film ''Jnanasundari'' (1961).<ref name=":0" /> She also dubbed to characters in Malayalam films such as ''Sita'', ''Snapaka Yohannan'', ''Bhaktakuchela'', ''Kadal'', and ''Ana Valarthiya Vanambadi''.<ref name="Janayugom"/>

==Awards and honours==
In 1983, Radhamani received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/prakshepana-kala-a-ksna/474 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Prakshepana Kala |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> In 2018, she was honoured with the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]].<ref name="pookalam"/> She also received many other awards including Gurupooja Award by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], [[Kerala Film Critics Award]], the Tagore Jayanti Award, the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]] for Outstanding Contribution to Malayalam Cinema, the Natyagriham Award, TR Sukumaran Nair Memorial Award, Swathithirunal Sangeethasabha Award, Swaram Award, Bharathiyakalapeedam Sangeeta Samgama Puraskaram and the All India Radio Award for service of 60 Years.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><ref name="malayalasangeetham"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhadevi, C. S.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Mapusa Municipal Market

2026-01-04T12:00:30Z

Info:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

[[File:Mapusa Market.jpg|thumb|Vegetables on sale at Mapusa Municipal Market in Goa]]

'''Mapusa Municipal Market''' (also known as '''Mapusa Market''' and '''Mapusa Friday Market''') is a traditional market in [[Mapusa]], [[North Goa]] and a major tourist attraction. It was built in 1960, the first planned market in Goa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inditales.com/goa-mapusa-market-heritage-walk|work=inditales.com|title=Goa’s Favorite Mapusa Market Heritage Walk|author=Anuradha Goyal|date= December 30, 2019}}</ref> The market has 5 blocks along with many stalls with 1000 shops, some of which have been sub-divided, so bringing the total to 1060+ .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mapusamunicipal.com/?page_id=422|title=The Municipal Market|author=Mapusa Municipal Council}}</ref> It is open every day and is particularly world famous for Friday Market.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/goa/mapusa/shopping/mapusa-market/a/poi-sho/1117504/356229|work=lonelyplanet.com|title=Mapusa Market}}</ref>

== The trade ==

[[Goan]] vendors come in from the surrounding villages to sell their locally grown or manufactured wares,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/mapusa-market-everything-you-need-to-know-about-goas-famous-market-3234297/|work=india.com|title=Mapusa Market: Everything You Need To Know About Goa’s Famous Market|author=Chethana Prakasan |date=February 19, 2020}}</ref> such as spices, fruits, jewellery, pottery, chickens, incense and carpets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/858456/why-goas-famous-mapusa-market-is-a-perennial-source-of-inspiration-for-artists|work=scroll.in|title=Why Goa’s famous Mapusa market is a perennial source of inspiration for artists|author=Arti Das|date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> Many of the stalls in the bazaar are grouped by type of goods, with special areas for straw hats, Goan home-made chouriço and the like. Strings of [[Goan chouriço]], spiced and marinated pork sausages, seedless [[tamarind]], or ''amot'' are also traded.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" caption="Mapusa Market" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
File:Crowded Mapusa Friday Market Redo.jpg|The huge crowds
File:Cloth on Sale at Mapusa Friday Market Final.jpg|Cloth and other material on sale
File:Goa Mapusa market.JPG|Chicken sellers
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Mapusa Market}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150320220504/http://www.poipleshadow.com/Goa-Mapusa-Market Detailed Map of shops in Mapusa Market]}}

{{Coord|15.588|73.813|display=title}}

[[Category:Retail markets in India]]
[[Category:Bazaars in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Goa]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mapusa]]
[[Category:Mapusa]]

Nyctibatrachus pillaii

2026-01-04T08:34:04Z

Info: Starting details...

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Nyctibatrachus
| species = pillaii
| authority = Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Mahony, Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Zachariah, Giri & Bossuyt, 2011
}}

'''''Nyctibatrachus pillaii''''', also known as '''Pillai's night frog''', is a small [[amphibian]] found in the [[Western Ghats]] of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Nyctibatrachus pillaii Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Mahony, Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Zachariah, Giri, and Bossuyt, 2011 |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/267027 |website=India Biodiversity Portal}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3346627}}

[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Nyctibatrachus|pillaii]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2011]]

{{Ranoidea-stub}}

Ganpatipule

2025-12-22T09:43:47Z

Info: basic refined layout after review and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Short description|Town in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ganpatipule
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = A_Beach_at_GanapatiPule.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ganapatipule beach
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.1448|N|73.2666|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]]
| government_type = Indian
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 0
| population_total = 1236
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Ganpatipulekar
| population_footnotes = <ref name="COI-1"/>
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415 622
| registration_plate = MH-08
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ganpatipule''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi:]] गणपतीपुळे) is a [[coastal town]] in [[Ratnagiri district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Due to its [[Ganpati]] mandir, the town is a popular Hindu [[pilgrimage]] and [[tourist destination]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lokmat.com/storypage.php?catid=1&newsid=5511965|work=[[Lokmat]]|date=23 April 2015|access-date=18 July 2015|location=Ganpatipule|title=गणपतीपुळे ऊन्हाळी पर्यटन हंगामासाठी सज्ज|trans-title=Ganapatipule Unhali Paryatan Hungamasathi Sajjh|language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kokansearch.com/temples/marathi/temples_in_ratnagiri/ganpatipule/|access-date=19 July 2015|location=[[Ratnagiri]]|work=www.kokansearch.com|title=गणपतीपुळे मंदिर|trans-title=Ganpatipule Mandir|language=Marathi|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306000120/http://www.kokansearch.com/temples/marathi/temples_in_ratnagiri/ganpatipule/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The town is situated near [[Ratnagiri]] city, which is the seat of its namesake district. [[Chiplun]] town is located on its north side.

==Etymology==
According to local folklore, the [[Hindu]] god [[Ganpati]], taking umbrage at a remark made by a native lady, moved to ''Pulé'' पुळे ( {{Translation|Forward}}) from his original abode of ''Gulé''. Thus, the region was named Ganpati-pulé.

The 400-year-old Ganpati idol at Ganpatipule is said to have sprung up from the soil.<ref>{{cite web|work=www.globalmarathi.com|url=http://www.globalmarathi.com/BlogDetails.aspx?BlogId=5274879493193658002&OId=5502788118444389516|title=विलोभनीय गणपतीपुळे|trans-title= Vilobhniya Ganpatipule|date=30 October 2010|access-date=19 July 2015|language=Marathi}}</ref>

==Ganpatipule mandir ==
{{Expand section|date=February 2023}}[[File:Ganpati Temple, Ganpatipule.JPG|thumb|Ganpatipudhe temple]]
Ganpatipule town is a small town with about 100 houses, situated approximately 375 km south of Mumbai city, along the [[Konkan Coast]]. The beach near the town is a popular tourist destination.

The Ganpatipule temple has a ''[[Swayambhu]]'' [[murti]]. Every year, thousands of devotees across Maharashtra visit the temple. The murti faces West.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mahabhatkanti.com/ganpatipule|date=18 February 2015|access-date=19 July 2015|title=गणपतीपुळे : ४०० वर्षे जुने गणपतीचे स्वयंभू मंदीर आणि सोनेरी वाळूचा समुद्रकिनारा|trans-title=Ganpatipule: 400 Varsh Juney Ganpatiche Swayambhu Mandir Aani Soneri Walucha Samudrakinara|language=Marathi|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721152036/http://mahabhatkanti.com/ganpatipule|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ganapatipule town is rich in flora; it has plenty of mangroves and coconut trees.

The Ganapatipule [[Grampanchayat]] governs the town.

==Climate==
{{Uncited section|date=February 2023}}
After March, the temperature rises but rarely crosses 30 °C. May is the hottest month, reaching 40 °C. The monsoon lasts from June to October.

==Demographics==
{{Uncited section|date=February 2023}}
Marathi is the most widely spoken language. Hindi and English are understood and spoken by many. Ganpatiphule Grampanchayat / Ratnagiri runs Marathi medium schools. The nearest college is at Malgund. There are many villages in Ganapatipule which are full of greenery. The main occupation of the villagers is agriculture and the service business. Rice and coconut are the most common crops in this area.
Many festivals are celebrated along the Konkan Coast. Among the most significant are Gauri Ganpati and Magh Chaturthi (the fourth day of the lunar month of Magh).

==Tourism==
With tourism development, several resorts and hotels have opened in this small town, the most significant of which is the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] resort near the beach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/travel/2015/monsoon-destinations-that-you-shouldnt-miss-41642.html|date=26 June 2015|access-date= 20 July 2015|location=Ganpatipule|title=MONSOON DESTINATIONS THAT YOU SHOULDN'T MISS|work=The Indian Panorama}}</ref> Other resorts and spas include Greenleaf Resort, Abhishek Beach Resort and Spa, Areopagus Spa, and The Blue Ocean Resort and Spa, Hotel Heramb in Ganpatipule and a few smaller hotels, Bhakt Nivas, available for tourists in this town.

==Nearby places==
The village of Velneshwar, situated north of the Shastri River, has its own peaceful, coconut-fringed beach, where one can relax in tranquility. The village comes alive each year during the Maha Shivaratri fair, when pilgrims in large numbers visit the Old Shiva Temple. According to folklore, a fisherman had found a statue in his net, which he had promptly thrown back into the sea. He again found the statue back in his net. Angered by this, he banged the statue on a stone, but the statue started bleeding. The fisherman placed the statue in a small temple, which grew into the Velneshwar Shiva Temple.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

About 26 km from Ganapatipule lies the district headquarters town of [[Ratnagiri]]. This region has a long, illustrious past and is even mentioned in Indian mythology.

Malgund, a small village 1 km away from Ganpatipule, is known as the birthplace of the Marathi poet [[Keshavasuta]], born in 1866. He is regarded as a poet who heralded the dawn of modern Marathi poetry. There is a monument at Malgund dedicated to his work, and a museum where one can find information on most modern-day poets of the Marathi language.

Resting on a cliff, at the entrance of the Sangameshwar river, just 20 km from Ganapatipule, is [[Jaigad Fort]]. This 16th-century fort offers a view of the sea and Konkan village life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/God-of-spectacular-scenes/articleshow/16510405.cms|title=Jaigad Fort|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> A 15 km back road connects Ganpatipule to Jaigad via Malgund.

Besides its natural environment, Pawas is well known for the Ashram of ''Swami Swaroopanand'', a spiritual leader who influenced an entire generation of Maharashtrians. The distance from Ratnagiri to Pawas is approximately 20 km.
The lighthouse has extensive views, around 6–7 km from Jaigad Fort. It was completed in 1932 and is still operational and serving on the coast. Around 13.7 km north on the route to Jaigad Fort from Ganpatipule Ganesh temple is the newly built Jai Vinayak temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inspirock.com/india/ratnagiri/jay-vinayak-temple-jaigad-a3280464017|title=Visit Jay Vinayak Temple Jaigad on your trip to Ratnagiri or India|website=www.inspirock.com|access-date=2019-02-28|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184158/https://www.inspirock.com/india/ratnagiri/jay-vinayak-temple-jaigad-a3280464017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple has pagoda-style architecture. The temple was built in 2003 by the [[JSW Group|JSW group]] when they launched their thermal power project at Jaigad.

==Transportation==
{{Uncited section|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Konkan & Goa Trip 015.jpg|thumb|Sunset at the Ganapatipule beach]]
The town has a small bus stand. State transport buses to Kolhapur and Pune are available. The town is easily accessible from the port city of Ratnagiri, which has a railway station and an airport.

===Road===
Ganapatipule is 32 km from Nivali, a small village on Mumbai Goa Road ([[National Highway 17 (India)|NH 17]]). From Nivali, one has to turn right for Ganapatipule. The distance from Nivali to Ratnagiri is around 20 km. The distance from Nivali to Hatkhamba is around 4 km. From Hatkhamba, one has to take a right turn for Ratnagiri, which is 16 km from here. Sangameshwar is about 25 km from Nivali and 45 km from Chiplun. From Ganapatipule, one can approach Ratnagiri directly without coming to Nivali and going through Hatkhamba. The direct road has many more turns and is narrower compared to NH-17. That distance is around 30 km. Mumbai is 375 km away via Mahad, and Pune is 331 km away via Satara. Ganapatipule is also connected with other cities by state transport buses for fast journeys. Buses from major cities like Mumbai, Pune, Sangli, Kolhapur and Solapur to Ratnagiri are available.<ref>[http://public.msrtcors.com/ticket_booking/ticket_booking.php MSRTC website]</ref> From Ratnagiri, private cabs also ply to the town.

====Bus====
There are frequent buses from the MSRTC Bus Station (Ratnagiri) to Ganapatipule via Ratnagiri Railway Station, Nevade Road and MSRTC Bus Station (Ratnagiri) to Ganapatipule via Ratnagiri Railway Station, Nevade Road, Malgund.
One can reach Ganapatipule faster by taking the MSRTC City Bus from Ratnagiri Railway Station to MSRTC Bus Station (Ratnagiri) and then changing buses there to a bus to Ganapatipule via Arevare. There are MSRTC buses from Mumbai, Pimpri-Chinchawad, Pune, Swarget (Pune), Miraj, Chiplun, Deorukh Sawantwadi (only seasonal), and Panjim (only seasonal).

Private buses ply between Mumbai / Pune to Ganpatipule via Ratnagiri. Neeta Travels: Borivali (Mumbai) to Ganpatipule via Ratnagiri.
Purple Travels (MTDC): Borivali (Mumbai) to Ganpatipule via Ratnagiri.

===Train===
There is no railway station at Ganapatipule. The nearest railway stations are at Ratnagiri and Bhoke. All express passenger trains stop at Ratnagiri, a city. Bhoke is a small village and only Dadar passenger trains will stop there.

==References==
<references>

<ref name="COI-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2732_PART_B_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf | title=District Census Handbook | publisher=[[Census of India]] | accessdate=16 April 2016}}</ref>

</references>
* [http://www.atharvaganpatipule.com/ganpatipule.html About Ganpatipule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614055153/http://www.atharvaganpatipule.com/ganpatipule.html |date=14 June 2021 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ganpatipule}}
*[https://www.piratesdroid.com/Place.html?link=In-Rn-fesyttdfyuesyuf Ganpatipule Temple]
*[http://www.parkhi.net/2011/09/kokan-darshan-2011_08.html Konkan Darshan with pictures]
*[http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in Maharashtra Tourism Department website]
*[http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Beaches/Beaches.aspx?strpage=Ganapatipule_beaches.html#where_stay Maharashtra Tourism Development Corp - Resort Ganapatipule]
*[http://www.ratnagiri.gov.in Ratnagiri District website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092447/http://www.ratnagiri.gov.in/ |date=27 December 2010 }}
* [http://www.atharvaganpatipule.com/how_to_reach_ganpatipule.html How to reach Ganpatipule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614065307/http://www.atharvaganpatipule.com/how_to_reach_ganpatipule.html |date=14 June 2021 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040325/http://spiritualfundas.com/ganpatipule-temple-ganesha-temple/ Visiting Ganpatipule Temple]
{{Portal bar|Hinduism}}

[[Category:Beaches of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Ganesha temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ratnagiri district]]

Panditrao Agashe

2025-12-07T04:14:28Z

Info: Starting new biography...

{{Short description|Indian industrialist (1936–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Panditrao Agashe
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|3|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|11|16|1936|3|8|df=y}}
| death_place = Pune, Maharashtra, India
| office1 = [[Managing Director|Joint managing director]] of the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]]
| term_start1 = 1 July 1970
| term_end1 = 26 October 1978
| alongside1 = [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]]
| predecessor1 = G. S. Valimbe
| successor1 = [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]] (as sole managing director)
| father = [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]]
| mother = Indirabai Agashe
| alma_mater = [[Fergusson College]] ([[dropped out]])
| occupation = {{cslist|[[Industrialist]]|[[philanthropist]]}}
}}

'''Jagdish "Panditrao" Chandrashekhar Agashe'''{{efn|{{IAST3|Jagadīśa "Paṃḍitarāva" Candraśekhara Āgāśe}}. Agashe bore his father's name (Chandrashekhar) as a middle name as per the [[patronymic]] [[Indian name#Marathi|Marathi naming conventions]],{{Sfn|Ranade|1974|p=61|loc=आगाशे, जगदीश चंद्रशेखर}} but he is widely remembered by his [[nickname]] and without his patronymic, as seen in the institution named after him.{{sfnm|1a1=Karandikar|1y=1992|1p=Illustration 8|2a1=Barve|2a2=Vartak|2a3=Belvalkar|2y=2002|2p=153}}}} (8 March 1936 – 16 November 1986) was an Indian industrialist, best remembered for serving as the [[managing director|joint managing director]] alongside [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe|his brother]] of the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] from 1970 to 1978. The [[Panditrao Agashe School]] in [[Pune]] is named in his honour.

== Biography ==
=== Early life and family: 1936–1956 ===
Agashe was born on 8 March 1936, into an aristocratic and entrepreneurial [[Chitpavan]] [[brahmin]] family of industrialist [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]] and wife Indirabai Agashe (née Dwarka Gokhale).{{Sfnm|1a1=Ranade|1y=1974|1p=61|1loc=आगाशे, जगदीश चंद्रशेखर|2a1=Pathak|2y=1978|2p=976}} He was the fourth of nine children, and second son (eldest surviving), born to his parents.{{sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|page=53, 62}} Given the name Jagdish at birth, he was known for most of his professional and personal life as Panditrao, a nickname given to him by his sisters.{{sfnm|1a1=Karandikar|1y=1992|1p=Illustration 8|2a1=Barve|2a2=Vartak|2a3=Belvalkar|2y=2002|2p=153}}

[[File:Chandrashekhar-agashe-with-sons-and-wife-1950s.png|thumb|right|Agashe (left) with his parents (centre), and younger brother [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe|Dnyaneshwar]] (right), in the 1950s.]]

Agashe's father founded the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate]] in 1934,{{Sfn|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1955|pages=381–382}} and after his death in 1956, Agashe was brought on the [[board of directors]] of the company under S. L. Limaye's chairmanship and K. V. Champhekar's management in 1957.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=124}}<ref name="1959 report">{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=2 February 1959 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Poona]] |page=17}}</ref> He had matriculated high school,{{sfn|Ranade|1974|page=61}} attending the [[Deccan Education Society]]'s New English School Ramanbaug,{{Sfn|Deccan Education Society|1966|page=105}} but dropped out of his [[Bachelor of Science]] degree from [[Fergusson College]] when he joined the company, becoming the joint [[managing director]] of the syndicate alongside his brother [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe|Dnyaneshwar]] on 1 July 1970.{{Sfn|Kothari & Sons|1969|page=1687}}<ref>{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=24 October 1971 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Poona]] |page=1}}</ref>

Agashe never married. Through his brother Dnyaneshwar, he was a paternal uncle to [[Mandar Agashe|Mandar]], [[Ashutosh Agashe|Ashutosh]], and [[Sheetal Agashe|Sheetal]], and was a younger brother of [[Shakuntala Karandikar]].{{sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|page=62}} Some of Agashe's other prominent relations include musician [[Ashutosh Phatak]],{{sfn|Ranade|1982|page=56}} historian [[Dinkar G. Kelkar]], scientist [[P. K. Kelkar]],{{sfn|Kelkar|Kelkar|Kelkar|1993|pages=82, 89}} and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] general [[Bapu Gokhale]].{{sfn|Pathak|1978|page=976}}

=== Career in business: 1956–1986 ===
Agashe's father left the syndicate to him in a strong position,{{sfn|Bapat|Bapat|2007|pages=603–604}} with several senior managers of the company aiding Agashe, given his considerable youth when he joined the [[board of director]]s in 1957.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=125}}<ref name="1959 report" /> Between 1958 and 1966, the syndicate continued regular operation under the board's management and Agashe's supervision, during which time he financially aided several farming communities around the [[Malshiras]] [[taluka]], including those regions affected by the [[Panshet dam]] flood in 1961.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=126}}

The later half of the 1960s saw Agashe battle the [[Government of Maharashtra]]'s [[Socialism in India|socialist]] land acquisition schemes, which he ultimately lost, relinquishing several thousand acres of syndicate owned land to the [[Government of India]].{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=127}} He was also known for his philanthropy, donating to several [[Maharashtra Mandal]]s across India, most notably funding the purchase of the building to house the Maharashtra Niwas in [[Kolkata]].{{sfnm|1a1=Phadke|1y=1966|1pp=31–32|2a1=Kulkarni|2y=1962|2p=120}} By 1966, Agashe's brother Dnyaneshwar had joined him on the board of directors of the syndicate,<ref>{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=16 November 1967 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Poona]] |page=1}}</ref> and further founded the [[Suvarna Sahakari Bank]] in 1969, of which Agashe was a director.{{sfn|Kothari & Sons|1978|page=37}} In 1966, he would also serve on the [[alumni]] board of the New English School Ramanbaug.{{Sfn|Deccan Education Society|1966|page=105}} In 1969, him and his brother financially supported the [[Tilak Maharashtra University]].{{sfn|Sontakke|Dharmadhikari|1970|page=VI}} He became the joint managing director of the company in July 1970.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=124}}

In the early 1970s, Agashe established the [[printing press|Mandar Printing Press]] in [[Shaniwar Peth]], naming it after his nephew Mandar.{{sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|page=62}} In 1972, he served as the [[manager]] for his brother's Suvarna Sahakari Bank.{{sfn|Mahratta Chamber of Commerce and Industries|1972|page=307}} In 1973, he also donated an exhibit named after his father to the [[Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum]].{{Sfn|Gadgil|1973|page=241}} Beginning in the 1970s, under Agashe and his brother, the syndicate manufactured [[liquor]] in [[Shreepur, Maharashtra]],<ref>{{cite report |title=Prohibition And Excise Department |url=http://solapur.gov.in/htmldocs/1977/other_social_prohibition.html |url-status=deviated |access-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330014721/https://solapur.gov.in/htmldocs/1977/other_social_prohibition.html |archive-date=30 March 2012 |work=[[Solapur district|Solapur Government]] |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |department=The Gazetteer's Department}}</ref> specialising in [[whisky]] and [[rum]] production under its several flagship brands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whiskyportal.com/distillery.asp?DistilleryID=1435&DistilleryName=Brihan+Maharashtra+Sugar+Syndicate+Ltd. |title=Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. |website=The Whisky Portal |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108150715/http://www.whiskyportal.com/distillery.asp?DistilleryID=1435&DistilleryName=Brihan+Maharashtra+Sugar+Syndicate+Ltd%2E |archive-date=8 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rumportal.com/distillery/brihan-maharashtra-sugar-syndicate-ltd/ |title=Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.— distillery profile |website=The Rum Portal |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170306/http://www.rumportal.com/distillery/brihan-maharashtra-sugar-syndicate-ltd/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The syndicate was one of the first companies to produce a range of government-approved liquors after the [[Maharashtra]] state prohibition,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Seshan |first=Sekhar |title=A New High |journal=[[Business India]] |date=5–18 January 2004 |pages=62–70 |issue=674–679 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbBIAAAAYAAJ |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=A. H. Advani |issn=0254-5268 |oclc=4525594 |lccn=78914172 |via=[[University of Virginia]]}}</ref> called [[Indian Made Foreign Liquor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Radico Khaitan to buy Brihans's IMFL brands |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2005/10/04/13/Ar01301.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=314911&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihan%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EMaharashtra%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESugar%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESyndicate%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193244/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2005/10/04/13/Ar01301.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=314911&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihan%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EMaharashtra%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESugar%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESyndicate%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=12 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 October 2005}}</ref> In 1978, Agashe retired as joint managing director of the syndicate, leaving his brother as sole managing director.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=5 November 1979 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Pune]] |page=ii}}</ref> By the early 1980s, under Agashe's management, the syndicate also briefly engaged in the business of metal printing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=51734397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114004803/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=51734397 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |title=Company Overview of The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Limited |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |access-date=13 November 2016 }}</ref> In 1984, Agashe survived a heart attack, having been a heavy smoker for most of his life.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=127–128}}

=== Death and legacy: 1986 ===
Agashe died on 16 November 1986, from a heart attack at the family residence in Shaniwar Peth.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=128}} His younger brother and nephews survived him in business.{{sfn|Barve|Vartak|Belvalkar|2002|page=18}} The [[Panditrao Agashe School]] in Pune was named in his honour.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=129}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Agashe |first1=Trupti |last2=Agashe |first2=Gopal. |editor1-last=Wad |editor1-first=Mugdha |title=आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Agashe Family |chapter=मांगदरी घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Mangdari |date=2006 |publisher=Surbhi Graphics |location=[[Hyderabad]] |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |edition=2nd |language=mr |isbn=978-1-5323-4500-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IahqswEACAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bapat |first1=Seema |last2=Bapat |first2=Sadanand |title=बापट कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Bapat Family |date=2007 |location=[[Pune]] |edition=3rd |language=mr |chapter=नारिंग्रे – कल्याण – जुन्नर घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Naringre – Kalyan – Junnar |type=[[Kulavruttanta]]}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Barve |editor-first1=Ramesh |editor-last2=Vartak |editor-first2=Taraprakash |editor-last3=Belvalkar |editor-first3=Sharchandra |date=17 April 2002 |title=पुत्र विश्वस्ताचा : गौरव ग्रंथ : ज्ञानेश्वर आगाशे षष्ट्यब्दीपूर्ती निमित्त |trans-title=Putra Viśvastācā : A Festschrift : In honour of Dnyaneshwar Agashe's 60th Birth Anniversary |type=[[Festschrift]] |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/2d0ceh/alma990211048440107026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=mr |edition=1st |location=[[Pune]]| publisher=Jñāneśvara Āgāśe Gaurava Samitī |isbn=978-1-5323-4594-4 |lccn=2017322864 |oclc=992168227 |via=[[University of Oxford]]}}
*{{Cite book |title=Putra Vishwastacha: A Festschrift to Dnyaneshwar Agashe |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.|The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] |date=17 April 2022 |isbn=9780578292250 |oclc=1325123469 |lccn=2021276707 |edition=2nd |location=[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] |language=English |editor-last=Belvalkar |editor-first=Sharatchandra |editor-last2=Vartak |editor-first2=Taraprakash |editor-last3=Barve |editor-first3=Ramesh |others=Compiled by Agashe, Aditya |translator-last=Phadnis |translator-first=Nandan |translator-link=Nandan Phadnis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm5rEAAAQBAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gadgil |first1=Amarendra Laxman |title=श्रीरामकोश |trans-title=Śrīrāmakośa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r782AAAAIAAJ |access-date=26 August 2022 |volume=1 |date=1973 |publisher=Śrīrāmakośa Maṇḍaḷa |via=[[University of California]] |language=mr |oclc=10799117}}
*{{cite book |title=Industrial and Commercial Directory of Pune |date=1972 |publisher=[[Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture|Mahratta Chamber of Commerce and Industries]] |ref={{SfnRef|Mahratta Chamber of Commerce and Industries|1972}} |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21729?show=full |access-date=22 February 2024 |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222124811/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21729?show=full |archive-date=22 February 2024}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapasi |first1=Bhikhalal |title=Economic Trends and Indications |date=1962 |location=[[New Delhi]] |volume=2 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Economic_Trends_and_Indications/G-8mAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |lccn=sa64000243 |oclc=6273352}}
*{{cite book |last=Karandikar |first=Shakuntala |author-link=Shakuntala Karandikar |date=10 July 1992 |title=विश्वस्त |trans-title=Viśvasta |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/2d0ceh/alma990211048410107026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=mr |edition=1st |location=[[Pune]] |publisher=Śrī Prakāśana |isbn=9781532345012 |lccn=2017322865 |oclc=992168228 |via=[[University of Oxford]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Karandikar |first=Shakuntala |author-link=Shakuntala Karandikar |title=Vishwasta – The Trustee: The Life of Industrialist Chandrashekhar Agashe |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.|The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] |isbn=9780578355863 |edition=2nd |language=English |editor-last=Agashe |editor-first=Aditya |publication-place=[[Pune]] |translator-last=Phadnis |translator-first=Nandan |translator-link=Nandan Phadnis |date=14 February 2022 |oclc=1310118266 |lccn=2021276641 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6NaEAAAQBAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kelkar |first1=Bhaskar |last2=Kelkar |first2=Govind |last3=Kelkar |first3=Yashwant |url=https://www.kelkarkulvruttanta.com/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=केळकर कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Kelkar Family |chapter=कासारवेल – पुणे – धुळे घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Kasarvel – Pune – Dhule |date=1993 |edition=2nd |publisher=Yashoda Typesetting |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826131046/https://www.kelkarkulvruttanta.com/ |archive-date=26 August 2022 |url-status=dead |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGcjAQAAMAAJ |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=Kothari's Economic and Industrial Guide of India |date=1978 |publisher=Kothari & Sons |ref={{SfnRef|Kothari & Sons|1978}} |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |oclc=1784174 |lccn=72904460}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5YjAQAAMAAJ |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=Kothari's Economic Guide and Investors' Handbook of India |date=1969 |publisher=Kothari & Sons |ref={{SfnRef|Kothari & Sons|1969}} |lccn=sa63000226 |oclc=1773664 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Kulkarni |editor-first1=P. B. |title=The Progress of Education |date=1962 |publisher=S. D. Chitale |location=[[Poona]] |volume=37–38 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Progress_of_Education/5MYVAQAAIAAJ |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of California]] |issn=0033-0663 |lccn=2008208284 |oclc=5371630}}
*{{cite book |title=New English School, Ramanbag - Annual Magazine |date=1966 |publisher=[[Deccan Education Society]] |ref={{SfnRef|Deccan Education Society|1966}} |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://archive.org/details/ramanbag-annual-1966-67000-converted |access-date=23 February 2024 |language=mr |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Pathak |first=Gangadhar |url=https://worldcat.org/en/title/8113665 |access-date=25 August 2022 |title=गोखले कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Gokhale Family |chapter=पिरंदावण वाडी – तळेखाजण घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Pirandavan Wadi – Talekhajan |date=1978 |publisher=Gokhale Kulavr̥ttānta Kāryakārī Maṇdaḷa |edition=2nd |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr |oclc=8113665 |lccn=81902590 |author-link=Gangadhar Pathak |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |via=[[WorldCat]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Phadke |first1=Narayan Sitaram |author1-link=Narayan Sitaram Phadke |title=मन शुद्ध तुझा! |trans-title=Your Mind is Pure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_9HAAAAMAAJ |access-date=26 August 2022 |date=1966 |publisher=Ga. Pã. Paracure Prakāśana Mandira |location=[[Mumbai]] |via=[[University of Michigan]] |language=mr |oclc=19980145 |lccn=sa67006011}}
*{{cite book|last=Ranade|first=Sadashiv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RstWAAAAMAAJ |title=चितपावन कौशिक गोत्री आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Chitpavan Agashe Family belonging to the Kaushik Gotra |chapter=मांगदरी घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Mangdari |date=1974 |language=mr |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |lccn=74903020 |oclc=20388396 |author-link=Sadashiv Ranade |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ranade |first1=Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8O2GwAACAAJ |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=फाटक कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Phatak Family |chapter=जांभळी घराणा (पहिला) |trans-chapter=The First House of Jambli |date=1982 |edition=2nd |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr |author-link=Sadashiv Ranade |publisher=Phāṭaka Kula Samitī |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |lccn=84900881 |oclc=20671450 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082979 |access-date=8 October 2022 |chapter=Shri Chandrashekhar Govind Agashe |title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |publisher=[[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] |ref={{SfnRef|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1955}} |volume=36 |date=1955 |issue=3/4 |via=[[University of Michigan]] |jstor=44082979 |oclc=6988270115 |lccn=25006272}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Sontakke |editor1-first=Narayan Shripad |editor2-last=Dharmadhikari |editor2-first=Trivikram Narayan |title=Krṣṇayajurvedīyā Taittirīya-saṃhitā: padapāṭhayutā |date=1970 |publisher=[[Tilak Maharashtra University|Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth]] |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Krṣṇayajurvedīyā_Taittirīya_saṃ/3mpOAAAAYAAJ |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=sa, en |via=[[University of Virginia]] |lccn=74918618 |oclc=34245375}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |title=Kothari's Economic Guide and Investors' Handbook of India |ref={{SfnRef|Kothari & Sons|1963}} |date=1963 |location=[[Madras]] |publisher=Kothari & Sons |pages=1643–1644 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kothari_s_Economic_Guide_and_Investors_H/3UojAQAAMAAJ |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |lccn=sa63000226 |oclc=1773664}}
*{{cite book |author1=Praja Socialist Party Conference |author1-link=Praja Socialist Party |title=Silver Jubilee Souvenir 1934-1959 |date=1959 |location=[[Bombay]] |publisher=Dandavate |page=7 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Souvenir_1934_1959/Q1bVAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |lccn=76208046 |oclc=1130001148}}
*{{cite book |title=Sugar Industry's Who's Who and Directory |date=1977 |publisher=V. K. Publications |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=29, 128 |ref={{SfnRef|V. K. Publications|1977}} |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sugar_Industry_s_Who_s_who_and_Directory/l2VEAAAAYAAJ |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[Cornell University]] |lccn=76913540 |oclc=3006468}}
*{{cite book |title=Year Book and Directory of Indian Sugar Factories |ref={{SfnRef|Sugar Technologists Association of India|1968}} |date=1968 |location=[[Kanpur]] |publisher=[[Sugar Technologists Association of India]] |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Year_Book_and_Directory_of_Indian_Sugar/dp83AQAAIAAJ |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of California]] |lccn=sa63001259 |oclc=11961862}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Library link by |label=What different libraries have by Panditrao Agashe |library=0CHOOSE0 |viaf=580165814832159860004}}
* {{Library link about|label=What different libraries have on Panditrao Agashe |library=0CHOOSE0 |viaf=580165814832159860004}}

{{Subject bar|d=Q56638781|auto=1|portal1=India|portal2=Asia|portal3=Business|portal4=Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agashe, Panditrao}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian printers]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the sugar industry]]

Gulam

2025-11-30T05:12:43Z

Info: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian wrestler (c. 1860 – c. 1900/1901)}}
{{distinguish|The Great Gama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gulam
| image = Ghulam, Indian wrestler, c.1900.jpg
| caption = Ghulam in c.1900
| birth_name = Ghulam Mohammad
| birth_date = {{Circa|1860}}<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], Punjab<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>
| death_date = {{Circa|1900|1901}}<ref name="EJMASNoble"/><ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>
| death_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<ref name="EJMASNoble"/>
| occupation = [[Pehlwani|Wrestler]]
| module =
{{Infobox sportsperson
| embed = yes
| height = {{convert|5|ft|10|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>
| weight = {{convert|280|to|290|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| event = [[Paris Exposition of 1900]]
}}
}}

'''Gulam''' (also spelled '''Ghulam'''; c. 1860 – c. 1900/1901), born '''Ghulam Mohammad''', was an Indian [[Pehlwani|wrestler]] and [[strongman]] from [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]]. Known for his large physique and undefeated record, he is considered one of the greatest wrestlers of his era.<ref name="PahelwaniGulam">{{Cite web |title=Ghulam - Pahelwani |url=http://www.pahelwani.com/ghulam/4544812198 |publisher=Pahelwani.com |access-date=2025-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625075954/http://www.pahelwani.com/ghulam/4544812198 |archive-date=2011-06-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He gained international recognition at the [[Paris Exposition of 1900]], where he defeated the Turkish wrestler Cour-Derelli.<ref name="EJMASNoble">{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Graham |title='The Lion of the Punjab' – Gama in England, 1910 |url=https://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_noble_0502.htm |publisher=InYo: Journal of Alternative Perspectives |date=May 2002 |access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref>

==Early life==
Gulam was born around 1860 into a family of wrestlers. His father was the noted wrestler Ali Baksh, also known as Alia Pahelwan. He belonged to the Kotwala wrestling school. Following the death of his father, Gulam received his training from his maternal uncle, Suleman Pahelwan, who served as a court wrestler for the [[Jodhpur State]].<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>

==Career==
===India===
Gulam began his professional career in 1878 in [[Jodhpur]], winning his debut match against Mullah Handa (Mohammad Ali Pahelwan).<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/> He subsequently secured victories against prominent wrestlers of the time, including Feroz Pahelwan and Chirag Ali, in 1880.<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>

After accumulating wealth and fame in Jodhpur, Gulam returned to [[Amritsar]] to establish his own [[akhara]] (training center). He engaged in a notable rivalry with Kikkar Singh, a wrestler known for his massive size. Their first encounter took place in Amritsar in 1886, where Gulam emerged victorious. They met again a month later in [[Jammu]], where Kikkar Singh was the champion of the Maharaja of [[Kashmir]]. Gulam wagered 100,000 rupees on the match and defeated Singh for the second time.<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>

The two rivals faced each other three more times. Two matches held at Shahdera Serai near [[Lahore]] ended in draws; in the first of these (1895), Gulam suffered severe finger injuries which prevented him from continuing. However, in a subsequent match held before the Maharaja of Jodhpur, Gulam won decisively.<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>

In 1898, the Maharaja Rajendra Singh of [[Patiala]] invited Gulam to wrestle Shah Nawaz Nanniwala. Gulam won the bout, further cementing his reputation.<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>

===Paris Exposition (1900)===
In 1900, Gulam travelled to [[France]] to compete at the [[Paris Exposition of 1900|Paris Exposition]].<ref name="EJMASNoble"/> There, he faced a Turkish heavyweight known as Cour-Derelli (also identified as Qadir Ali), who stood 6 feet 5 inches tall and weighed approximately 320 pounds.<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/><ref name="EJMASNoble"/>

According to French wrestling historian [[Edmond Desbonnet]], Gulam displayed "crushing superiority" despite wrestling with a sprained left arm.<ref name="EJMASNoble"/> Gulam threw his opponent with a "flying mare" maneuver, but the throw was not officially recognized due to disputes involving betting interests. Following this, the Turkish wrestler adopted a defensive strategy, lying flat on the mat for an hour and a half to avoid being thrown again. Gulam eventually kicked his opponent in frustration. To protect the financial interests of the bettors, the match was declared a win for Gulam, but all bets were cancelled.<ref name="EJMASNoble"/><ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>

Dr. Krajewski, a mentor to the famous wrestler [[George Hackenschmidt]], examined Gulam in Paris. Impressed by his physique and skill, Krajewski remarked that no wrestler in the world could last five minutes against Gulam in a fair contest.<ref name="EJMASNoble"/><ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>
Some accounts, such as that by S. Muzumdar, suggest that [[Motilal Nehru]] may have accompanied Gulam to Europe, though Muzumdar's recollection of the match details contradicts contemporary French accounts.<ref name="EJMASNoble"/>

==Death and legacy==
Shortly after his return to India from Paris, Gulam contracted [[cholera]] and died in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], either in 1900 or 1901.<ref name="EJMASNoble"/><ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/>

Gulam is remembered as one of the few wrestlers to retire undefeated.<ref name="PahelwaniGulam"/> Desbonnet classified him as one of the two "super wrestlers" of the modern era, alongside [[Youssouf Ishmaelo]]. [[Stanislaus Zbyszko]], a world champion wrestler, described Gulam as "the ruler of his day, of the mat, of human strength," based on accounts from those who had trained with him.<ref name="EJMASNoble"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulam}}
[[Category:Indian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:1860 births]]

Srigufwara

2025-11-21T09:34:40Z

Info:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Srigufwara
| native_name = Srigufwoar
| native_name_lang = ks
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town#India|Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33|48|57.80|N|75|12|45.70|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = cubic
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1684
| population_total = 1580 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=01&district_code=06 |title=Census of India: Sub-District Details |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020| url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01932
| registration_plate = JK-03
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Srigufwara''' or '''Srigufwoar''' is a town and administrative sub-division, or [[tehsil]], in the [[Anantnag district]] of the [[India]]-administered [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/sri-gufwara/PL477663 |title=Sri Gufwara | All about Sri Gufwara |publisher=Veethi |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> It was given tehsil status by the government of Jammu and Kashmir on 1 February 2014.<ref name="greaterkashmir1">{{cite web|author=Jammu.GreaterKashmir.com (Greater Service) |url=http://jammu.greaterkashmir.com/news/2014/Feb/2/complete-list-of-new-administrative-units--8.asp |title=Complete List of New Administrative Units Lastupdate:- Sun, 2 Feb 2014 18:30:00 GMT |publisher=Jammu.greaterkashmir.com |date=2 February 2014 |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{no sources|section|date=September 2023}}
Srigufwara combines two roots: {{lang|ks|sri}} and {{lang|ks|gufwoar}}. The first root, {{lang|ks|[[sri]]}}, means 'sacred', and the second root, {{lang|ks|gufwoar}}, means 'place with a cave or secret'. This comes from the [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] words {{lang|ks|gof}} ({{lit|cave}}) and {{lang|ks|woar}} ({{lit|place}}).

According to legend, a famous ''[[rishi|reshi]]'' meditated there in a cave in the 11th century when there was sparse human habitation. His secret communion with God resulted in his salvation. The place's name is believed to come from the saint's presence.

During Islamic rule, the town was called ''gofabal'', again meaning 'place with a cave', from the words ''gof'' ({{lit|cave}}) and ''bal'' ({{lit|place}}).

==Location==
Srigufwara is located on the banks of one of the only tributaries of the [[Lidder River]], near several villages such as Khairbug, Poshkreedi, Darigund, and [[Hugam]]. It is {{convert|19|km|mi}} from the main city of [[Anantnag]]. An alternate route to the [[Pahalgam]] health resort en route to [[Amarnath Temple]], a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] shrine dedicated to the god [[Shiva]], passes through the town. It serves as a shortcut to travel to the resort. The drive is via apple valleys, vast landscapes and lush green fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vikasandvini.com/ |title=Vikas & Vini |publisher=Vikasandvini.com |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> The seventh-century [[Martand Sun Temple]] on Martand plateau (Karewa), built by King [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] of [[Kashmir]], is 10 km from the town.<ref name=kohli>{{cite book |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |author=M.S. Kohli |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |year=2004 |page=119 |isbn=9788173871351}}</ref>

==New administrative unit==
Local people and prominent political leaders had occasionally demanded tehsil status for the area. The decision to form new units was pending with the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stateobserver.com/newsdet.aspx?q=10866 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140209132640/http://www.stateobserver.com/newsdet.aspx?q=10866 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 February 2014 |title=Leading & Largest Circulated Daily Newspaper of Jammu Kasmir, Latest News from Jammu Kashmir |publisher=State Observer |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> On 1 February 2014, Srigufwara was given tehsil status in Anantnag District after the [[chief minister]] of Jammu and Kashmir [[Omar Abdullah]] agreed to a proposal to create new administrative units in the state. Srigufwara is one of 135 newly created tehsils after the state cabinet accepted the report submitted by the Cabinet Sub-Committee (CSC) headed by Jammu and Kashmir Deputy Chief Minister [[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]]. The number of new administrative units recommended by the CSC was three times more than the 57 recommended by the Mushtaq Ganai Committee constituted by the Abdullah government.

Srigufwara acts as a center for more than 100 [[revenue village]]s, which cover its [[catchment area]] and benefit largely.{{how|date=September 2023}} Srigufwara is one of the few fast-evolving towns of south Kashmir with an important role in rural economic distribution, development & activity.<ref name="greaterkashmir1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/jammu-kashmir-administrative-units/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir administrative units |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=1 February 2014 |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/jk-is-abundant-in-tehsils-now-01022014/ |title=J&K Is Abundant In Tehsils Now! |publisher=Kashmir Life |date= February 2014|accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=KashmirGlory |url=http://kashmirglory.com/index.php/complete-list-of-new-administrative-units/ |title=Complete List of New Administrative Units |publisher=Kashmir Glory |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref>

==Geography==
Srigufwara is located at an elevation of {{convert|1684|m|ft}} above sea level. The Lidder river passes through the town, flowing in a swift narrow stream from [[Sheshnag Lake]] to the east of Pahalgam and passing through many villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikashmir.net/geography/chapter1.5.html |title=Geography of Jammu and Kashmir State |publisher=Ikashmir.net |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> The area has many small canals of different lengths. The Mahind and Dadi canals serve irrigation purposes in the area. The Dadi Canal initially covered less area, but after remodeling the tail-end irrigation was extended to 3,500 acres.<ref>{{cite book |author=S.R. Bakshi |title=Kashmir through ages |year=1997 |volume=4 |section=Economic measures |page=339 |isbn=9788185431710 |publisher=Sarup Book Publishers}}</ref>

The Dadi Canal takes water from the Lidder river at Kathsu near Chatapura. It is 19 km long and irrigates about 8000 [[acre]]s of land in Sakhras, Loiseer, Viddy, Darigund, [[Khiram]], Bichhanpura, and Sirhama. The Mahind Canal, constructed in 1956, also takes water from the Lidder near Sakhras. It is 16 km long and irrigates about 2500 acres of land.<ref name="raina">{{cite book |author=A.N. Raina |title=Geography of Jammu & Kashmir State |publisher=Radha Krishan Anand & Co. |location=Pacca Danga, Jammu |pages=8 of 17, 8 of 18}}</ref>

The area has [[deciduous]] vegetation and is abundant in [[coniferous]] forests including species like fir (''[[Abies spectabilis]]''), silver fir (''[[Abies pindrow]]''), kail (''[[Pinus wallichiana]]''), chir (''[[Pinus roxburghii]]'') and deodar (''[[Cedrus deodara]]''). There are numerous old [[Platanus orientalis|chinar]] trees in the area, particularly on roadsides. Other trees include [[willow]]s and [[poplars]]. The forest provides [[timber]] while grassy meadows in the forest provide [[fodder]] for cattle. Medicinal herbs such as [[digitalis]], [[menthol]], [[Artemisia (plant)|artemisia]] and [[Atropa belladonna|belladonna]] are also found in the forests.<ref name=kohli/>

The soils are [[loamy]] with little clay or [[lime (material)|lime]] content but with a high amount of [[Magnesium oxide|magnesia]]. Chemical fertilization, [[green manure]], and legumes are used before cultivation. The [[alluvium]] has sufficient organic matter and nitrogen content because of plant residue, crop stubble, natural vegetation, and animal excretion. Soil types include gurti (clay), bahil (loam), and sekil (sandy). Fruit cultivation is predominant on the slopes, while [[paddy cultivation]] is common in the plains.

The area has a temperate climate as the [[Pir Panjal Range]] of the minor [[Himalayas]] surrounds it. In winter snowfall is heavier and the temperature is relatively low. Due to the presence of mountains, monsoons have a negligible effect on the area. The rainfall is often excessive in spring, moderate in summer, low in autumn and moderate in winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anantnag.nic.in/Distt-Profile.htm |title=District Anantnag |publisher=Anantnag.nic.in |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> In winters, the temperature may fall to {{convert|-5|C|abbr=on}} and in summers, the peak temperature is {{convert|37|C|abbr=on}}. Heavy rains and snowfall in winter threaten the residential buildings in the area, which sometimes results in their collapse.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140124/news-current-affairs/article/kashmir-remains-cut-due-heavy-snowfall |title=Kashmir remains cut off due to heavy snowfall |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==

===Flora===
[[Apple]] and [[walnut]] are the prominent fruits grown in the area. Apple season starts mid from-September and people sell the produce across various fruit markets in India, especially the [[Jammu]] fruit market in the state itself. Apple pulp and juice are extracted for the production of jams and jellies.

There are different varieties of apples grown, such as the ambri Kashmir (amri), American trail (American apirogue), delicious ([[Red Delicious]]), maharaji (white dotted red), hazaratbali (benoni), and kesri ([[Cox's Orange Pippin]]). Other fruits like pears, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, and almonds are also grown. The fruits are mostly cultivated for economic purposes and little for local consumption. The supply of machinery, equipment and technical advice to the fruit growers by the state government has greatly helped fruit cultivation. The training of gardeners has also made the fruit industry more efficient. The central shrubs include ''[[Indigofera heterantha]]'', ''[[Viburnum]]'', and ''[[Sorbaria tomentosa]]''. Ground cover is very rich and [[dicotyledonous]] herbs dominate, such as ''[[Rumex patientia]]'', ''[[Primula]]'', and ''[[Anemone]]''.

===Fauna===
The local forests are the abode of [[Asian black bear|black bear]]s, [[brown bear]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[rhesus macaque]]s, [[grey langur]]s, [[Royle's pika|Himalayan mice]], [[hare]]s and [[raven]]s.<ref name="raina" />

==Overa Biosphere Reserve==
The [[Overa-Aru Biosphere Reserve]] is 20 km from the main town on the Overa side. It has the status of a [[wildlife sanctuary]], and contains several rare and endangered species like the [[Kashmir stag|hangul]], [[Kashmir musk deer|musk deer]], brown bear, leopard, [[Koklass pheasant]], [[Himalayan monal|monal]], and [[snowcock]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildlifetrips.in/overa-aru-biosphere-reserve.php |title=Overa — Aru Biosphere Reserve |publisher=Wildlifetrips.in |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[Agriculture]] and business are the main industries. The area is one of the major fruit producers in Kashmir.

During earlier times,{{when|date=September 2023}} people used to obtain [[silk]] from silk worms, which feed on [[mulberry trees]]. Pure silk was obtained from silk cocoons by rough means without any technical expertise. The practice of silk production is nonexistent now, and people are more engaged with apples and other business activities. Srigufwara is one of the towns in south Kashmir which is developing at a fast pace in all aspects.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

==Transport==
The town has well-formed two lane road connectivity with [[National Highway 1A (India)|National Highway 1A]] which is 10 km away from the town. During summers the number of tourist vehicles increases considerably, boosting the local economy. Major portions of pilgrims to Amarnath Temple also pass through the area.

==Demographics==
The population of Srigufwara mostly consists of [[Muslims]] belonging to the [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] ethnic group, who are believed to have migrated from [[Central Asia]] and [[Afghanistan]].

The [[Gurjar]] (or ''Gujjar'') and [[Bakarwal]] (or ''Bakerwal'') groups are also present in the upper area. These groups of people come from [[Rajouri]] and other areas of Jammu during the summer. Often, they have [[nomadic]] lifestyles and keep flocks and cattle for their livelihoods. Most of the Gujjar are permanent settlers, while many Bakarwals stay in and around the area prior to their journeys to the southern slopes of the [[Siwaliks]] and to the ''margs'', alpine pastures of the central Himalayas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hussain |first=Majid |url=https://archive.org/details/IjcM_geography-of-jammu-kashmir-majid-hussain |title=Geography of Jammu & Kashmir State |publisher=Rajesh Publications |year=1998 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Shrine of Zain-ud-Din Wali==
The shrine of [[Sheikh]] Zain-ud-Din Wali who lived in the 15th century is in the town. Zain-ud-Din was the disciple of [[Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali]], the leading [[Rishi order|Reshi of Kashmir]]. Various shrines are attributed to Zain-ud-Din, including a shrine on a hillock in [[Athmakam]] about 20 km from Pahalgam. However, the shrine in Srigufwara is important in the local belief that Zain-ud-Din achieved spiritual perfection here.

It is commonly known in Kashmir that Zain-ud-Din, who was known as Zia Singh before his conversion to Islam, was a prince and belonged to the ruling Rajas of [[Kishtwar]]. His father Yesh Singh, the Kishtwar ruler, is said to have been assassinated when Zia was only 13 years old. Zia is believed to have been suffering from some disease. When Noor-ud-din passed through Kishtwar, Zia's mother, knowing him to be a spiritual healer, urged him to cure her son. Sheikh agreed and said that Zia must promise to meet him in Kashmir. However, after Zia's cure he forgot the promise and again was bedridden. Remembering the promise, mother and son journeyed to meet Noor-ud-din at [[Bumzuva Cave and Temple|Bumzuva]]. There, Zia and his mother embraced Islam under the names Zain-ud-Din and Zoon Ded, respectively.

The exact date of Zain-ud-Din's death is unknown, but his {{Lang|ar|[[urs]]}} (death anniversary) is celebrated on the 13th day of [[Basakhi]] corresponding to 25 April. A torchlight procession, locally known as ''Zool'' (illumination), is held in the evenings during the festival. Pieces of forest wood, especially deodar, are tied to long wooden sticks and burnt. People of all ages participate in such processions. There is no restriction to entry into the shrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anantnag.nic.in/shrines-zainudinwali.htm |title=District Anantnag |publisher=Anantnag.nic.in |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
Srigufwara is a major area of political interest in Anantnag. Political leaders organize rallies in the area on different occasions. Addressing a rally on 28 April 2013 on the premises of Higher Secondary School Srigufwara, [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]]'s [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] said that Jammu and Kashmir will become the most developed state in the region if it gets a visionary political road map and efficient governance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/if-governed-properly-jk-has-a-bright-future-mufti/ |title=If Governed Properly, J&K Has A Bright Future: Mufti |publisher=Kashmir Life |date=28 April 2013 |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> Senior [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] leader Shabir Ahmed Shah and his companions Zahoor Ahmed Shairkh and Nazir Ahmed were arrested by Indian police on 7 July 2007 and detained in Srigufwara.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2014 |title=Shabbir Shah arrested in Srigufwara | Kashmir Media Service |url=http://www.kmsnews.org/news/2012/07/07/hurriyet-leader-arrested-in-srigufwara.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228043932/https://www.kmsnews.org/news/2012/07/07/hurriyet-leader-arrested-in-srigufwara.html |archive-date=2014-02-28 |accessdate=11 February 2014 |website=Kashmir Media Service |publisher=}}</ref> On 5 September 2010 Deputy Inspector General of Police for South Kashmir Range S. A. Watali presided over the public police meeting in which grievances related to PHE, Food and Supplies, and other similar departments were addressed.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 September 2010 |title=DIG South Kashmir organizes Police{{snd}}Public Meet |url=http://groundreport.com/dig-south-kashmir-organizes-police-public-meet/ |accessdate=11 February 2014 |publisher=Scoop News |via=Ground Report}}</ref>

==Human rights==
Srigufwara has occasionally witnessed protests against [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights violations in the area]] and across the valley. In the earlier days of [[Kashmir conflict|militancy in Kashmir]], an Indian [[Border Security Force]] camp was located in the town, which was later replaced by [[Rashtriya Rifles]] (RR) forces. A [[Central Reserve Police Force]] camp is still functional in the area. An [[eidgah]], under military occupation, was also opened to the public after 20 years of military occupation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jksm.org/content/crpf-occupation-eidgah-hurts-srigufwara-people |title=CRPF occupation of Eidgah hurts Srigufwara people | Jammu Kashmir Salvation Movement |publisher=Jksm.org |date= |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> In another incident, school headmaster Sanaullah Ganai of [[Bijbehara]] was taken by nine RR para-commandos of the camp and his relatives were not given access to him.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2006 |title=کشمیر کے گمشدہ: سونو اور ماسٹر ثنااللہ گنائی |trans-title=The Missing of Kashmir: Sonu and Master Sanaullah Ganai |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/india/story/2006/10/printable/061022_kash_missing_zaheer |access-date=11 February 2014 |publisher=[[BBC Urdu]] |language=Urdu}}</ref> In 1996, during the heyday of militancy in Kashmir, people who were reluctant to vote were forced to vote in elections by Indian forces.{{Cn|date=September 2023}}

==Education==
The main area of Srigufwara has a total of ten schools, of which six are government and four are private. Among the government schools, there are three primary, two middle, and one higher secondary, while among private schools, one is middle and three are high schools.<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Kumar |first=Sudesh
|date=January–March 2014
|title=The Girl-Education Scenario of Jammu and Kashmir: A Case Study of District Anantnag
|url=http://www.ircjournals.org/vol2issue1/109-116.pdf
|journal=IRC's International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Social & Management Sciences
|publisher=International Research Communion
|volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=111
|accessdate=11 February 2014
|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111738/http://www.ircjournals.org/vol2issue1/109-116.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016
}}</ref>{{verify source |date=June 2023}} Schools in the area include:

*Government Model Higher Secondary School Srigufwara
*Iqra English Medium High School Viddy
*Al-Aman Secondary School Srigufwara
*National Institute of Creative Education (NICE)
*Qurat-ul-Ain English Medium School Srigufwara

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Tu Tevha Tashi

2025-10-10T18:06:37Z

Info: put up basic post w/ refs...

{{Short description|Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]]
| image = Tu Tevha Tashi.jpeg
| director = Mandar Devasthali Maruti Bhagirathi
| writer = Priya Ramanathan
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| voices = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| composer = Sameer Saptiskar
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_episodes = 334
| producer = Sandeep Jadhav
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Ekasmai Creations
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|03|20|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|03|26|df=y}}
}}

'''''Tu Tevha Tashi''''' ({{translation|You, Then, Like that}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It is directed by Mandar Devasthali and produced by Sandeep Jadhav under the banner of ''Ekasmai Creations''. It premiered from 20 March 2022 by replacing ''[[Yeu Kashi Tashi Me Nandayla]]''. It starred [[Swapnil Joshi]] and [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] in lead roles with [[Abhidnya Bhave]] and [[Suhas Joshi]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Swapnil Joshi begins shooting for 'Tu Tevha Tashi'; see pics - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swwapnil-joshi-begins-shooting-for-tu-tevha-tashi-see-pics/articleshow/89586033.cms |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 February 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Anamika Dixit is a self-employed businesswoman and Saurabh Patwardhan is a job seeker. Anamika is separated from her husband and lives with her mother-in-law Rama Joshi and daughter Radha Dixit whereas Saurabh lives with his brother Sachin, sister-in-law Pushpavalli, and aunt Kunda Maimavshi. As Sachin is unemployed, Pushpavalli and her father Appa are always robbing Saurabh by putting on acts while Radha is proud of money.

Saurabh and Anamika, friends in college, meet after several years due to their friend Chandu Chimane. Saurabh loves Anamika but has promised his late parents that he will not get married unless Sachin stands on his own feet. Pushpavalli does not want him to marry her because she thinks that if Anamika comes to their house, she will be the owner of it. Maimavshi has a mouthful but she loves Saurabh as her own son and wants him to marry Anamika. However, things take a turn when Anamika's mother Kaveri Dixit arrives in town and decides to separate her from Saurabh. The series ends with Anamika and Saurabh agreeing to have a live-in relationship for life.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Anamika Dixit: Kaveri's daughter; Akash's ex-wife; Saurabh's love interest; Radha's mother
* [[Swapnil Joshi]] as Saurabh "Patya" Patwardhan: Kunda's nephew and foster son; Sachin's brother; Anamika's love interest; Radha's father-figure

=== Recurring ===
;Saurabh's family
* [[Abhidnya Bhave]] as Pushpavalli "Valli" Eadke Patwardhan: Moropant's daughter; Sachin's wife
* Abhishek Rahalkar as Sachin Patwardhan: Kunda's nephew and foster son; Saurabh's brother; Valli's husband
* Ujjwala Jog as Kunda "Maimavshi" Ranade: Saurabh and Sachin's aunt and foster mother
* Sunil Godbole as Moropant "Appa" Edake: Valli's father

;Anamika's family
* [[Suhas Joshi]] as Rama Joshi: Akash's mother; Anamika's mother-figure; Radha's grandmother
* Roomani Khare as Radha Joshi Jalgaonkar: Anamika and Akash's daughter; Saurabh's daughter-figure; Hiten's ex-girlfriend; Neil's wife
* Swanand Ketkar as Neil Jalgaonkar: Nana and Mrs. Jalgaonkar's son; Anamika's employee; Radha's husband
* Ashok Samarth as Akash Joshi: Rama's son; Anamika's ex-husband; Radha's father<ref>{{Cite web |title='Singham' fame actor Ashok Samarth to play Akash Joshi in Tu Tevha Tashi - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/singham-fame-actor-ashok-samarth-to-play-akash-joshi-in-tu-tevha-tashi/articleshow/94005955.cms |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 September 2022 }}</ref>
* Rama Nadgauda as Kaveri Dixit: Anamika's mother; Radha's grandmother

=== Others ===
* Kiran Bhalerao as Chandu Chimane: Saurabh and Anamika's friend; Chimani's husband
* Disha Danade as Chimani Chimane: Chandu's wife
* Bhagya Nair as Riya Nair: Sachin's boss
* Meera Welankar as Chitralekha: Anamika's friend
* Vikas Verma as Hiten Sheth: Champak and Mrs. Sheth's son; Radha's ex-boyfriend
* Hitesh Sampat as Champak Sheth: Hiten's father
* Sarala Jain as Mrs. Sheth: Hiten's mother
* Dilip Wagh as Nana Jalgoankar: Neil's father
* Swati Dharap as Mrs. Jalgaonkar: Neil's mother

;Office workers
* Sandeep Huparikar as Mr. Ekbote
* Ashwin Bornare as Chintamani
* Dnyaneshwari Deshpande as Chandani
* Pooja Kamble as Rohini
* Varsha Samant as Mrs. Shende
* Sunil Khandagale as Mr. Shirke
* Upendra Velankar as Mr. Ghorpade
* Priyanka Sathe as Receptionist

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Mandar Devasthali, who directs the series for [[Zee Marathi]] stating, "We always try to do something new. Many ongoing love stories may have been told, but the story of the remaining love may have come, but we tell it in a new way. That's what makes this series so different. I am sure that the audience will also like the story of this series."<ref>{{Cite web|title='तू तेव्हा तशी'मध्ये कॉलेजमध्ये हरवलेला पट्या अनामिकाला पुन्हा सापडणार, मालिकेत येणार नवा ट्विस्ट|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/new-twist-will-come-in-swapnil-joshi-serial-tu-tevha-tashi-a592/|access-date=2023-01-11|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=10 May 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Swapnil Joshi]] was selected for the role of Saurabh Patwardhan. [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] selected for the role of Anamika Dixit.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Swapnil Joshi and Shilpa Tulaskar to team up for a new show 'Tu Tevha Tashi' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swwapnil-joshi-and-shilpa-tulaskar-to-team-up-for-a-new-show-tu-tevha-tashi/articleshow/89238129.cms |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2022 }}</ref> Roomani Khare daughter of [[Sandeep Khare]] debut with this series.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Did you know Tu Tevha Tashi actress Roomani Khare is the daughter of famous singer Sandeep Khare? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/did-you-know-tu-tevha-tashi-actress-roomani-khare-is-the-daughter-of-famous-singer-sandeep-khare/articleshow/90399558.cms |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 March 2022 }}</ref> [[Abhidnya Bhave]] comeback with the role of Pushpavalli.

=== Filming ===
The series filmed mainly in [[Pune]]. Their particular spot on JM Road, [[Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir]], Chhatrapati Sambhajiraje Udyan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE! Swapnil Joshi and Shilpa Tulaskar shoot in Pune for Tu Tevha Tashi - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-swapnil-joshi-and-shilpa-tulaskar-shoot-in-pune-for-tu-tevha-tashi/articleshow/89742068.cms |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2022 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Special episode ===
==== 1 hour ====
# 20 March 2022<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abhidnya Bhave begins shooting for 'Tu Tevha Tashi'; shares a pic from her first day shoot - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/abhidnya-bhave-begins-shooting-for-tu-tevha-tashi-shares-a-pic-from-her-first-day-shoot/articleshow/89766720.cms |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2022 }}</ref>
# 10 April 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title='मन झालं बाजिंद', 'तू तेव्हा तशी' मालिकांचा महाएपिसोड; एक तासाच्या विशेष भागात काय घडणार?|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/man-jhala-bajind-and-tu-tevha-tashi-serials-one-hour-special-episode-on-sunday-680674.html|access-date=2022-04-10|website=TV9 Marathi|date=7 April 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
# 17 April 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=मुक्ता बर्वेच हवी होती..., 'तू तेव्हा तशी' ट्रोल झाली...!!!|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/zee-marathi-serial-tu-tevha-tashi-troll-on-social-media-swapnil-joshi-shilpa-tulaskar-a590/|access-date=2023-01-11|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=23 March 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
# 19 June 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=तू तेव्हा तशी: अखेर अनामिकाला कळणार पट्याच्या मनातली प्रेयसी, पाहा हा व्हिडिओ|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/tu-tevha-tashi-shilpa-tulaskar-swwapnil-joshi-love-in-the-air-marathi-serial-on-zee-marathi/articleshow/91980437.cms|access-date=2023-01-11|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 31 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title='तू तेव्हा तशी' मालिकेत अनपेक्षित ट्विस्ट; प्रेक्षकांना मिळणार सरप्राईज|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/unexpected-twist-in-tu-tevha-tashi-serial-audience-will-get-a-surprise-au163-767893.html|access-date=2022-08-01|website=TV9 Marathi|date=27 July 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
# 14 August 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=अखेर सौरभसमोर उलगडणार आकाशचं सत्य;लवकरच होणार दोघांची भेट|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/tu-tevha-tashi-new-episode-update-saurabh-will-see-akash-in-office-mhnk-761526.html|access-date=2023-01-11|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|date=16 September 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
# 26 March 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=अनामिकाने दिला लग्नाला नकार; आकाशच्या एन्ट्रीने मालिकेत नवा ट्विस्ट|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/tu-tenva-tashi-serial-new-twist-mhnk-758146.html|access-date=2023-01-11|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|date=8 September 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

==== 2 hours ====
* 6 November 2022 (Akash-Anamika's marriage)<ref>{{Cite web|title=अनामिका-आकाशचं लग्न होणार? 'तू तेव्हा तशी' मालिकेचा 'तो' व्हायरल व्हिडीओ पाहून प्रेक्षक म्हणतात...|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-serial-tu-tevha-tashi-anamika-and-akash-married-soon-video-goes-viral-on-social-media-kmd-95-3237004/|access-date=2022-11-11|website=[[Loksatta]]|date=5 November 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Airing history ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Airing Date !! Days !! Time (IST)
|-
| 1 || 20 March – 6 November 2022 || rowspan="2"| Mon-Sat (sometimes Sun) || 8 pm
|-
| 2 || 7 November 2022 – 26 March 2023 || 11 pm<ref>{{Cite web|title=अरे काही काय दाखवता...! 'तू तेव्हा तशी' मालिकेतील नवा ट्रॅक पाहून संतापले प्रेक्षक|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/swapnil-joshi-shilpa-tulaskar-tu-tevha-tashi-marathi-tv-serial-gets-trolled-a590/|access-date=2023-01-11|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=5 July 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2022]]
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Swapnil Joshi]]
|Saurabh Patwardhan
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/zee-marathi-awards-2022-winner-list-mazi-tuzi-reshimgath-tu-tevha-tashi/articleshow/94891833.cms|title='माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ' ने पुन्हा गाजवले झी मराठी अवॉर्ड; वाचा विजेत्यांची यादी|date=2022-10-15|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Siblings
|[[Swapnil Joshi]]-Abhishek Rahalkar
|Saurabh-Sachin
|-
|Best Negative Actor
|Ashok Samarth
|Akash Joshi
|-
|Best Character Female
|Ujjwala Jog
|Kunda Ranade
|-
|Best Supporting Female
|Roomani Khare
|Radha Joshi
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt18272880}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/tu-tevha-tashi/0-6-4z587365 ''Tu Tevha Tashi''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Dongargaon, Agar Malwa

2025-09-20T08:21:48Z

Info: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dongargaon, Agar Malwa
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| coordinates = {{coord|24.2480895|N|76.1641574|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 =
| named_for =
| leader_name =
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type3 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Agar Malwa district|Agar Malwa]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Susner]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| seat = Present Sarpanch is '''Gyankunwar Prem Singh Songara'''
| leader_party =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 465449
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07361
| registration_plate = MP 70
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/944 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
}}

'''Dongargaon, Agar Malwa''' is a [[town]] and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Agar Malwa district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is located on the [[National Highway 52|Indore–Kota National Highway]] on the bank of [[Kali Sindh River]].

==Demographics==
The [[2001 Census of India]]{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} recorded Dongargaon having 1,424 families. The 2011 Census of India showed a total population of 7,159 people (3,645 male, 3,514 female).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dongargaon's population of children between ages 0–6 was 913, composing 12.75% of the village's total population.

Of these inhabitants, 4323 were deemed [[literacy|literate]], 2836 illiterate. The village's literacy rate of 69.21% is close to the average of 69.32% in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Male literacy stood at 83.45% while the female rate was 54.58%.

As per the [[constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchyati Raj]], Dongargaon is administrated by a [[sarpanch]], who is the elected representative of village.

[[Schedule Caste]]s constitute 24.89% of the population, while [[Schedule Tribe]]s were 10.39% of the inhabitants.

In Dongargaon village, 3612 people were engaged in work activities. 60.55% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 39.45% were involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 3,612 workers engaged in main work, 756 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 830 were agricultural labourers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Religion==
The town is predominantly Hindu; the 2011 Census of India reported 96% of inhabitants were Hindu and 4% [[Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{clear}}

{{Ujjain Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Agar Malwa district]]
[[Category:Shajapur]]
[[Category:Villages in Agar Malwa district]]
[[Category:Cities in Malwa]]

Kanthalloor

2025-08-08T16:15:58Z

Info: reworked section to improve readability and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanthalloor
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = View point in Kanthalloor 6244.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View point at Kanthalloor
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|13|0|N|77|11|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Kanthalloor Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 48.42
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1525
| population_total = 6,758
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English <ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
[[Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685620
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Literacy]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 76.87%
| area_code = 04865
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-68
| website = [http://lsgkerala.in/kanthalloorpanchayat]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kanthalloor''' is a village in [[Devikulam taluk]], [[Idukki district]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Kanthalloor Details (ML)">{{cite web | url=http://lsgkerala.in/kanthalloorpanchayat/ | title=Kanthalloor Details (ML) | publisher=Kerala Government | accessdate=3 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is a village nestled in the [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]]. The salubrious climate and the picturesque landscapes and wide variety of tropical crops coupled with the close proximity to [[Munnar]] (a major [[hill station]]), has transformed this village into a tourist destination.

==Crops==
[[File:Cabbage field from Kanthalloor 115848.jpg|thumb|Cabbage field at Kanthalloor]]
[[File:Kanthalloor Apple Farm.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Apple farm at Kanthalloor]]
[[File:Cydonia oblonga OR quince from Kanthalloor, Kerala.jpg|thumb|Quince farming at Kanthalloor]]
Kanthaloor is famous for its wide variety of crops which are not seen in the other parts of kerala. It is the only place in [[South India]] where apples are grown. it also includes varieties of [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[strawberry]], [[blackberry]], [[plum]]s, [[gooseberry]], [[Pouteria campechiana|egg fruits]], [[peach]], [[Passion fruit (fruit)|passion fruits]] and more.<ref name="Kanthalloor">{{cite web | url=http://www.marayoortourism.com/pages/4around.htm | title=Kanthalloor | accessdate=3 October 2011 | archive-date=28 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928000134/http://www.marayoortourism.com/pages/4around.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Transportation==
The nearest national highway is [[National Highway 85 (India)|NH 85]] which passes through [[Munnar]] and can be accessed from Kanthalloor-[[Marayoor]]-Munnar.

==Geography==
[[File:Kanthalloor landscape 01.JPG|thumb|Kanthalloor hut]]
Kanthalloor is a virtually rain shadow village, lying in the eastern side of the Western Ghats near to [[Marayur]].<ref name="Rain Shadow village....">{{cite web | url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/d_idukkicontent.htm#fgh | title=Rain Shadow village.... | publisher=Kerala Government | accessdate=3 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807085353/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/d_idukkicontent.htm#fgh | archive-date=7 August 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
The place is famous for its cool season fruits and vegetables. Kanthalloor is famous for its apple, oranges, plums, peaches and variety of other fruits and vegetables that are not grown in other parts of Kerala. The Anaimudi Sholai National Park (formerly known as the Mannavan Chola) is the evergreen forest surrounding Kanthalloor. The major places of attraction include Pattisseri Dam, Kulachivayal rocks, Keezhanthoor waterfalls, Irachilppara waterfall, [[Erachilpara Waterfalls]] and the cave temple of Sri Rama.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Kanthalloor had a population of 6,758 with 3,339 males and 3,419 females. Kanthalloor village has an area of {{cvt|48.42|km2}} with 1,778 families residing in it. In Kanthalloor, 9.9% of the population was under 6 years of age. Kanthalloor had an average literacy of 76.87% lower than the state average of 94%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=52,53 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and Recognitions==
Kanthalloor Grama Panchayath has received the Gold Village award for the best Tourism Village in India from Central Tourism Ministry of India in the year 2023. To popularise the brand name and glory of the beautiful Kanthalloor Village, India's Leading Social Media Influencer and World's Fastest Cartoonist [[S. Jithesh|Dr.Jitheshji]] was appointed as the International Brand Ambassador of Kanthalloor Grama Panchayath on December 30, 2023.

==Barter System==
[[File:Orange for Sale at Kanthalloor 6367.JPG|thumb|Fruit seller at Kanthalloor]]
One of the shops in Kanthalloor village still follow the age old Barter System. A woman called Ponnamma is running a grocery in Puthoor village near Kanthallooor. She accepts farm produces like ginger, mustard, garlic, coriander and beans from customers and gives them rice and other essential in exchange. This shop was following the Barter System ever since her husband Pullarkkad Kochu Narayanan started it in 1962. More than 164 houses depend on the shop of Ponnamma for their provisions. When the Indian government demonetized bigger currencies in 2016, many nearby villages suffered without enough new currency for transactions. But the village of Puthoor never suffered because of the Barter system of Ponnamma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/news/women-sells-things-in-barter-system-malayalam-news-1.1503485|title=നോട്ട് നിരോധനമൊന്നും പൊന്നമ്മയുടെ കച്ചവടത്തെ ബാധിക്കില്ല}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kanthalloor}}
{{Idukki district}}

The most popular campsite in Kanthalloor is The Ranch, Kanthalloor. It is a professionally managed campsite. It has hosted large groups of up to 50 people and above at the same time. If you are a travel enthusiast, bikers, super bikers, offroaders, schools, colleges, corporates, or families looking to stay in a campsite, do check it out. You can search for The Ranch Kanthalloor on google maps.

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

{{Idukki-geo-stub}}

District Grand Lodge of Bengal

2025-05-20T17:20:44Z

Info:

The '''District Grand Lodge of Bengal''' is a Masonic Lodge in [[India]] under the [[United Grand Lodge of England]], based out of Freemasons Hall, [[Park Street, Kolkata]] (19 Mother Teressa Sarani <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugle.org.uk/about/districts-groups/14-asia/105-bengal|title=DISTRICT GRAND LODGE OF BENGAL}}</ref>).

The District Grand Lodge of Bengal has exercised authority over freemasonry under the UGLE in India since 1729, when Captain Ralph Farrwinter,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2bQ5KrN3cUC&q=Ralph+Farr+winter&pg=PA38|title=Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717-1927 - p38|isbn=9781469606651|last1=Harland-Jacobs|first1=Jessica L.|date=September 2012|publisher=UNC Press Books }}</ref> an officer of the [[East India Company]], was appointed Provincial Grand Master for East India in Bengal, and warranted the first Indian lodge ''East India Arms'', No. 72, based in [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], Calcutta (Firminger 6).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.openedition.org/erea/5853|title=From Britain to India: Freemasonry as a Connective Force of Empire|year=2017 |doi=10.4000/erea.5853 |last1=Deschamps |first1=Simon |journal=E-Rea |volume=14 |issue=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=A-glimpse-into-Masonic-secrets-on-stage-04032017004013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410072032/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=A-glimpse-into-Masonic-secrets-on-stage-04032017004013|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2018|title=A glimpse into Masonic secrets on stage}}</ref>
[[File:Seal of the District Grand Lodge of Bengal.png|thumb|Seal of the District Grand Lodge of Bengal]]
Members of the District Grand Lodge of Bengal were some of the biggest figures of the British Raj.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

== Emir of Afghanistan ==
It was the scene of the [[William Burkitt (judge)#Emir of Afghanistan|induction]] of [[Habibullah Khan|Emir Habibullah Khan IV of Afghanistan]] by [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] and [[William Burkitt (judge)|Sir William Burkitt]] on 1 Feb 1907. An account of this highly unusual event was written at the time by [[Henry McMahon|Sir Henry McMahon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://home.golden.net/~djjcameron/16.1.pdf|title=The Newsletter of the Committee on Masonic Education Vol. 16 No. 1 - "THE AMIR 'TAKES THREE"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kernowkid.com/uploads/2/9/1/2/29126801/the_emir_of_afghanistan_-_a_mason.pdf|title=The Emir of Afghanistan (1872-1919) Freemason A Royal Occasion A Royal Masonic Occasion (An Account of the entry of H M Habibullah Khan Amir of Afghanistan into Freemasonry) By Sir Henry McMahon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freemasonrymatters.co.uk/latest-news-freemasonry/famous-freemasons-horatio-herbert-kitchener/|title=Horatio Herbert Kitchener|date=20 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kitchener_h/kitchener_h.html|title=Horatio Herbert Kitchener}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html|title=Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason}}</ref>

[[File:Induction Emir Habibullah Khan Freemason.png|thumb|Induction of Emir Habibullah Khan of Afghanistan into Masonry on 1 Feb 1907]]

== District Grandmasters ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of District Grandmasters
!Year
!District Grandmaster
|-
|1862
|H. D. Sandeman<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgcLAQAAIAAJ&q=%22H+D+Sandeman%22+India&pg=PP35|title=The India Office and Burma Office List|year=1843}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tz89AQAAMAAJ&q=%22H+D+Sandeman%22+India&pg=PA404|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies - section on East-India College|year=1844}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=m0gOAAAAQAAJ|title=Selections from Calcutta gazettes of the years 1784 (-1823) showing the political and social conditions of the English in India|year=1868 |publisher=Office of Superintendent Government Printing }}</ref>
|-
|1873
|[[John Pitt Kennedy|J. Pitt Kennedy]] (acting)
|-
|1875
|J. Blessington Roberts<ref>[[s:Dictionary of Indian Biography/Roberts, John Blessington]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://masonicperiodicals.org/periodicals/fcn/issues/fcn_22041882/page/1/articles/ar00102/|title=The Freemason's Chronicle - Vol XV, No 382 - 22 Apr 1882}}</ref>
|-
|1877
|J. Pitt Kennedy
|-
|1879
|[[Henry Thoby Prinsep]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://masonicperiodicals.org/static/media/periodicals/119-FVL-1890-08-30-001-SINGLE.pdf|title=The Freemason Vol XXV No. 1121, 30 August 1890}}</ref>
|-
|1897
|Brigadier General A. G. Yeatman-Biggs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.godolphins.org.uk/Biggs_Stockton_Wilts/Maj_Gen_Yeatman_Biggs.html|title=Major General Arthur Godolphin Yeatman Biggs|last=Yeatman-Biggs|first=Arthur Godolphin Yeatman}}</ref>
|-
|1898
|[[Henry Thoby Prinsep]]
|-
|1904
|[[William Burkitt (judge)|Sir W. R. Burkitt (judge)]]
|-
|1908
|[[John Stanley (judge)|Sir John Stanley]]
|-
|1911
|Sir Lawrence Jenkins<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-34176|title=Sir Lawrence Hugh Jenkins|last=Jenkins|first=Lawrence Hugh|editor-first1=Roger T |editor-last1=Stearn |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34176 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref>
|-
|1913
|[[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael|Baron Carmichael]]
|-
|1917
|[[Earl of Ronaldshay]]
|-
|1923
|Sir W. J. Reid<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&q=Sir+W+J+Reid+India&pg=PA692|title=The India List and India Office List - W. J. Reid, Deputy Commissioner, Assam|last1=India Office|first1=Great Britain|year=1819}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/1494031|title=Resignation by the Hon'ble Mr. W. J. Reid of his office of additional member of the Indian Legislative Council and appointment of Mr. A. W. Batham in his place.}}</ref>
|-
|1926
|Henry Rivers Nevill<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-176425231/|title=WorldCat Identities - Henry Rivers Nevill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&q=Henry+Rivers+Nevill+India&pg=RA1-PA17|title=The India List and India Office List - p17|last1=India Office|first1=Great Britain|year=1819}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=michaelavery58&id=I84|title=Henry Rivers Nevill, CIE, OBE, BA, late Indian C.S. (b. 24may1876) was educ at Charterhouse and Oriel College, Oxford, and worked in India 1899-1932 (India Office List, 1933, findmypast).}}</ref>
|-
|1930
|Sir Eric Studd<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/films/item/studd-collection-film-1/|title=Studd Collection – Film 1. Description: B&W. 11:36min. Calcutta (Kolkata), India. December 1927 – January 1928. Film made by Sir Eric Studd. Grand Lodge Deputation to India. Inspecting the construction of a new building at Freemasons Hall. Outdoor scenes of the Masonic Headquarters. Viceroy's Cup. Arrival of Viceroy, Sir Stanley Jackson, Governor of Bengal. Extended sequence of Masonic processions to church service, St. Jones, Calcutta. Group portrait of Lord Cornwallis (Grand Deputy Master), Sir John Ferguson (Past Grand Treasurer), Sir J.E. Kynaston Studd (Past Grand Deacon), Col. S. Pleydell-Bouverie (Dy. G. Director of Ceremonies) and Bishop Foss-Westcott. Scenes of Masonic procession. Short scene of Sir Eric Studd (Dy. District Grand Master). NB: Special thanks to Martin Cherry, Librarian at the Library and Museum of Freemasonry, London, for providing invaluable background information.}}</ref>
|-
|1938
|Charles Carey Morgan
|-
|1940
|Archibald Barr-Pollock<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35076/page/915/data.pdf|title=THE LONDON GAZETTE, 14 FEBRUARY, 1941}}</ref>
|-
|1954
|Frank Carlile Kidd<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43595/page/2474/data.pdf|title=The London Gazette|last=Kidd|first=Frank Carlile|date=1965-03-09}}</ref>
|-
|1960
|K. B. Large
|-
|1966
|Donald Fordwood<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43667/supplement/5492/data.pdf|title=SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE}}</ref>
|-
|1972
|A. M. Adams
|-
|1982
|Vahan Poladian<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artbrut.ch/en_GB/author/poladian-vahan|title=Vahan Poladian}}</ref>
|-
|1988
|Archibald Israel Edwards
|-
|1994
|L. O. H. de Silva
|-
|1998
|Iqbal Ahmed
|-
|2012
|K. S. David
|}

== Lodges ==
[[File:List of District Masters of Bengal.png|thumb|List of District Masters of Bengal, Park Street Lodge, Calcutta]]
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Lodge No.'''
!'''Lodge Name'''
!'''Location'''
|-
|67
|Star in the East
|Calcutta
|-
|438
|Lodge of Harmony
|Kanpur
|-
|486
|The St. John's Lodge
|Calcutta
|-
|1490
|Pioneer
|Asansol
|-
|1865
|True Freemasonry
|Calcutta
|-
|2037
|Princep
|Calcutta
|-
|2871
|Federation
|Calcutta
|-
|3054
|Calcutta
|Calcutta
|-
|3351
|United Dooars
|Calcutta
|-
|3618
|Templar
|Calcutta
|-
|3865
|Tisco
|Jamshedpur
|-
|4229
|St. Andrew
|Kulti
|-
|4594
|Mymensingh
|Calcutta
|-
|4814
|Darius
|Calcutta
|-
|5817
|Bengal Masters
|Calcutta
|-
|6746
|Martiniere
|Calcutta
|-
|6931
|Light in Andamans
|Port Blair
|-
|8194
|Kathmandu of Nepal
|Kathmandu, Nepal
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Freemasonry in India]]
[[Category:Grand Lodges]]
[[Category:United Grand Lodge of England]]
[[Category:1729 establishments in India]]

{{Freemasonry-stub}}
{{India-culture-stub}}

Nanamava

2025-05-10T20:08:29Z

Info: quick refined structure for consistency also and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
'''Nanamava''' is a village in the [[Rajkot]] district in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It was inherited by Thakor Shri Mokaji Jadeja from his father, Thakor Shri Kalaji Meramanji Jadeja. The village's population is 300 to 400 people.

==History==
Thakor Shri Meramanji (2nd) (Vikram Samvat 1750-76) was a king of [[Rajkot]], who conquered many villages of the city of [[Junagadh]], which increased the area of his kingdom. Masumkhan, with support from the Badshah of [[Delhi]], conquered the areas of Rajkot and [[Sardhar]] from Meramanji in 1776, and changed the name of the kingdom to Masumabad.

===Castes===
The people of Nanamava mainly belong to the Kshatriya, Rajput, or Garasiya castes.

==Temples==
The Jagannathji temple of Nanamava was the first in organizing Lord [[Jagannath]]'s largest [[Rath Yatra]] of [[Rajkot]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord missing|Gujarat}}
{{Rajkot district}}

[[Category:Villages in Rajkot district]]

Shinkot casket

2025-05-05T04:58:49Z

Info: put up basic info added tags

{{Short description|Buddhist reliquary}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = Shinkot casket
| image = [[File:Shinkot relic casket.jpg|300px]]
| image_caption = The Shinkot relic casket. The segment ''Minadrasa Maharajasa'' ("Great King Menander") appears on the closest portion of the lid, outer rim.
| material = Steatite
| size = Diameter: 28.7 centimeters, 11.3 inches. Height: 8.38 centimeters, 3.3 inches
| writing =
| created =2nd century BCE
| discovered = Shinkot, Bajaur {{coord|34.66|N|71.5|E|display=inline, title}}
| location =
| id =
| registration =
| map =
{{Location map|Pakistan#Gandhara
|width =
|float = center
|border =
|caption =
|alt =
|relief = yes
|AlternativeMap=
|overlay_image =
|label = Bajaur
|label_size =
|position = right
|background =
|mark =
|marksize =
|link =
|lat_deg = 34
|lat_min = 41
|lat_sec = 0
|lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 71
|lon_min = 30
|lon_sec = 0
|lon_dir = E
}}
}}
[[File:Shinkot casket inscription segments A A1 and C.jpg|thumb|Shinkot casket inscription segments A, A1 and C, and portion with ''Minadrasa Maharajasa'' in [[Kharoshthi]] script.]]
[[File:Shinkot casket inscription segments B and D.jpg|thumb|Shinkot casket, inscription segments B and D]]
The '''Shinkot casket''', also '''Bajaur reliquary of the reign of Menander''', is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[reliquary]] from the [[Bajaur District|Bajaur area]] in [[Gandhara]], thought to mention the reign of the 2nd century BCE [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Menander I]].<ref name="SB">{{cite book |last1=Baums |first1=Stefan |title=A framework for Gandharan chronology based on relic inscriptions, in "Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art"|date=2017 |publisher=Archaeopress |url=http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/download.asp?id={51184689-60EE-4F62-A6D5-8A95D4D53181} }}</ref> The steatite casket is said to have contained a silver and a gold reliquary at the time of discovery, but they have been lost.<ref name="EI"/>

==Inscription==
This casket is probably the oldest known inscribed Buddhist relic casket from the area of [[Gandhara]].<ref name="SB"/> One of its inscriptions, in the place of honour on the lid, mentions: ''Minedrasa maharajasa kaṭiasa divasa 44411'', being translated as "On the 14th day of Kārtikka, in the reign of the [[Maharaja]] Minadra", the ''Maharaja'' ("Great King") ''Minadra'' in question being [[Menander I|Menander]].<ref name="SB"/><ref name="EI"/> Menander is otherwise known from his coins, which are generally bilingual in Greek and Kharoshthi, where his Kharoshthi name is given as ''Menadra''.<ref name="EI"/> On his coinage, the full title of king Menander appears as ''Menadrasa Maharajasa Trataresa'' "Saviour Great King Menander".<ref name="EI"/> In the [[Milindapanha]], his name is given as ''Milinda''.<ref name="EI"/>

A translation of the different fragments has been made:

{| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Inscription of the Shinkot casket, [[Epigraphia Indica]], Vol.24<ref name="EI"/><ref>Baums, Stefan. (2012). ''Catalog and Revised Text and Translations of Gandhāran Reliquary Inscriptions''. Gandhāran Buddhist Reliquaries. D. Jongeward. Seattle, University of Washington Press</ref>
|-
! Inscription
! Original (Kharosthi script)
! Transliteration
! English translation
! Hellenistic Greek
|-
| '''A'''
| {{big|𐨨𐨁𐨣𐨅𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨯 𐨨𐨱𐨪𐨗𐨯 𐨐𐨚𐨁𐨀𐨯 𐨡𐨁𐨬𐨯 𐩃 𐩃 𐩃 𐩀 𐩀 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨞𐨯𐨨𐨅𐨡 𐨭𐨪𐨁𐨪 𐨧𐨒𐨬𐨟𐨆}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Minedrasa maharajasa kaṭiasa divasa 4 4 4 1 1 praṇasameda śarira bagavato}}
| ... of [[Menander I|Menandros]] the great king, on the month Kārttika's 14th day, relics of the Lord,
| ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΔΕΚΑΤΗΝ ΤΕΤΑΡΤΗΝ ΗΜΕΡΑΝ ΤΟΥ ΜΗΝΟΣ ΚΑΡΤΙΚΚΟΥ ΕΠΙ ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΤΑ ΛΕΙΨΑΝΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΥΡΙΟΥ
|-
| '''A¹'''
| {{big|𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨁𐨠𐨬𐨁 𐨟 ...}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Śakamunisa pratithavi ta}}
| the Śākya sage, were established;
| ΤΟΥ ΣΑΚΥΑ ΣΟΦΟΥ ΕΘΕΜΕΛΙΩΘΗ
|-
| '''A²'''
| {{big|𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨞𐨯𐨨𐨅𐨡 ... 𐨭𐨐𐨨𐨂𐨣𐨁𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|praṇasameda śarira bhagavato Śakamunisa}}
| relics of the Lord, the Śākya sage, that are endowed with life.
| ΤΑ ΛΕΙΨΑΝΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΥΡΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΣΑΚΥΑ ΣΟΦΟΥ ΖΩΟΠΟΙΟΥΜΕΝΑ
|-
| '''C1'''
| {{big|𐨬𐨁𐨗𐨩𐨨𐨁𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨅𐨞}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Vijayamitreṇa}}
| By [[Vijayamitra]]
| ΥΠΟ ΒΙΤΖΑΓΙΑΜΙΤΡΑ
|-
| '''C2'''
| {{big|𐨤𐨟𐨅 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨡𐨁𐨠𐨬𐨁𐨡𐨅}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|pate pradithavide}}
| this bowl is established.
| Η ΚΥΒΩΤΟΣ ΑΥΤΗ ΕΘΕΜΕΛΙΩΘΗ
|-
| '''D1'''
| {{big|𐨀𐨁𐨨𐨅 𐨭𐨪𐨁𐨪 𐨤𐨫𐨂𐨒𐨧𐨂𐨟𐨀𐨆 𐨣 𐨯𐨐𐨪𐨅𐨀𐨟𐨁 𐨟𐨯 𐨭𐨪𐨁𐨀𐨟𐨁 𐨐𐨫𐨡𐨅 𐨣 𐨭𐨢𐨿𐨪𐨆 𐨣 𐨤𐨁𐨎𐨜𐨆𐨩 𐨐𐨅 𐨩𐨁 𐨤𐨁𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨁 𐨒𐨿𐨪𐨁𐨞𐨩𐨟𐨁 𐨟𐨯 𐨩𐨅 𐨤𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨅 𐨬𐨤𐨆𐨨𐨂𐨀}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|ime śarira palughabhutao na sakareati tasa śariati kalade na śadhro na piṃḍoya ke yi pitri griṇayati tasa ye patre vapomua}}
| These relics, having become broken, are not treated with respect. [...] after some time. Nobody provides the funerary ritual nor food nor water to the ancestors. The bowl that belongs to it is barely covered.
| ΤΑ ΛΕΙΨΑΝΑ ΤΑΥΤΑ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΡΑΦΕΝΤΑ ΟΥ ΣΕΒΟΝΤΑΙ [...] ΜΕΤΑ ΧΡΟΝΟΝ ΟΥΔΕΙΣ ΠΑΡΕΧΕΙ ΤΑΦΑΣ ΟΥΔΕ ΣΙΤΙΣΙΝ ΟΥΔΕ ΥΔΩΡ ΤΟΙΣ ΠΡΟΓΟΝΟΙΣ. Η ΚΥΒΩΤΟΣ Ἡ ΠΡΟΣ ΑΥΤΑ ΜΟΛΙΣ ΚΑΛΥΠΤΕΤΑΙ
|-
| '''B'''
| {{big|𐨬𐨁𐨩𐨐𐨨𐨁𐨟𐨿𐨪 𐨀𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨕𐨪𐨗𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Viyakamitra Apracarajasa}}
| Of Vijayamitra, king of Apraca,
| Ο ΒΙΤΖΑΓΙΑΜΙΤΡΑ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΤΗΣ ΑΠΡΑΚΑΣ
|-
| '''D2'''
| {{big|𐨬𐨮𐨩𐨅 𐨤𐨎𐨕𐨨𐨩𐨅 𐩃 𐩀 𐨬𐨅𐨭𐨑𐨯 𐨨𐨯𐨯 𐨡𐨁𐨬𐨯 𐨤𐨎𐨕𐨬𐨁𐨭𐨩𐨅 𐨀𐨁𐨩𐨆}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|vaṣaye paṃcamaye 4 1 veśakhasa masasa divasa paṃcaviśaye iyo}}
| in the fifth - 5 - year, on the 25th day of the month Vaiśākha,
| ΕΝ ΤΩ ΠΕΜΠΤΩ ΕΤΕΙ ΤΗ ΕΙΚΑΔΙ ΚΑΙ ΠΕΜΠΤΗ ΤΟΥ ΜΗΝΟΣ ΒΕΣΑΚΧΑ
|-
| '''D3'''
| {{big|𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨁𐨠𐨬𐨁𐨟𐨅 𐨬𐨁𐨗𐨩𐨨𐨁𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨅𐨣 𐨀𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨕𐨪𐨗𐨅𐨣 𐨧𐨒𐨬𐨟𐨂 𐨭𐨐𐨁𐨨𐨂𐨞𐨁𐨯 𐨯𐨨𐨯𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨯 𐨭𐨪𐨁𐨪}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|pratithavite Vijayamitrena Apracarajena bhagavatu Śakimuṇisa samasabudhasa śarira}}
| is established by Vijayamitra, king of Apraca, this relic of the Śākya sage, the completely enlightened one.
| ΕΘΕΜΕΛΙΩΘΗ ΥΠΟ ΒΙΤΖΑΓΙΑΜΙΤΡΑ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΤΗΣ ΑΠΡΑΚΑΣ, ΤΟΥΤΟ ΤΟ ΛΕΙΨΑΝΟΝ ΤΟΥ ΣΑΚΥΑ ΣΟΦΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΤΕΛΕΙΩΣ ΠΕΦΩΤΙΣΜΕΝΟΥ
|-
| '''E'''
| {{big|𐨬𐨁𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨁𐨫𐨅𐨣 𐨀𐨞𐨎𐨐𐨩𐨅𐨞}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Viśpilena aṇaṃkayeṇa likhite}}
| Written by Viśpilena, the [...].
| ΓΡΑΦΕΙΣΑ ΥΠΟ ΒΙΣΠΙΛΕΝΑ, ΤΟΥ [...]
|}

The characters are very clear and without ambiguity. The "Great King Menander" segment ('''𐨨𐨁𐨣𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨯 𐨨𐨱𐨪𐨗𐨯''', ''Minadrasa Maharajasa'') also reads clearly.<ref name="EI"/> Paleographically, the shape of the letters of inscriptions C and D correspond to the period of the [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Northern Satraps]] of [[Taxila]] and [[Mathura]] in the 1st century BCE, and are lightly incised, almost only scratched, while the letters in A and B are characteristic of an earlier type, closer to the type of the [[Ashoka]] inscriptions in the [[Kharoshthi]] script, and are bold and deeply incised.<ref name="EI"/>

The later segments of the inscription were apparently made under the orders of [[Vijayamitra]], king of the [[Apracarajas]] (ruled 12 BCE - 15 CE).<ref name="DS">{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789047420491 |page=269 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA269 |language=en}}</ref> He appears in D as ''Vijayamitra apracarajena'', which, previously translated literally as "Vijayamitra, the King without adversaries", is now understood as "Vijayamitra, the King of the [[Apracharajas|Apracas]]", an [[Indo-Scythian]] tribe now known from other archaeological remains from the region of Bajaur.<ref name="DS"/>

The authenticity of the inscription pertaining to Menander has been doubted by [[Harry Falk (Indologist)|Harry Falk]] in 2005, but later upheld by Stefan Baums in his 2017 article on Gandharan inscriptions, "A framework for Gandharan chronology based on relic inscriptions".<ref name="SB"/><ref name="HF135">{{cite journal |last1=Falk |first1=Harry |title=Ancient Indian Eras: An Overview |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=21 |date=2007 |pages=137 |jstor=24049367 }}</ref>

The content of the inscriptions was fully published in 1937 in [[Epigraphia Indica]], Vol.24, by Majumdar, who saw the casket in [[Calcutta]], but its whereabouts are now unknown.<ref name="EI">{{cite book |last1=Chakravarti |first1=N. P |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n160 1]–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bimaran casket]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Baums, Stefan, and Andrew Glass. 2002– . [https://gandhari.org/catalog ''Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts''], no. [https://gandhari.org/catalog/cki0176 CKI 176]

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Baums |first1=Stefan |title=A framework for Gandharan chronology based on relic inscriptions, in "Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art"|date=2017 |publisher=Archaeopress |url=http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/download.asp?id={51184689-60EE-4F62-A6D5-8A95D4D53181} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Chakravarti |first1=N. P |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n160 1]–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Falk |first1=Harry |title=Ancient Indian Eras: An Overview |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=21 |date=2007 |pages=137 |jstor=24049367 }}

{{Gandhara}}

[[Category:2nd-century BC artifacts]]
[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bajaur District]]
[[Category:Buddhist reliquaries]]
[[Category:Indo-Greeks]]
[[Category:Menander I]]

Gunjan Walia

2025-03-05T14:17:52Z

Info:

{{short description|Indian model turned television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gunjan Walia
| image = Gunjan Walia.jpg
| caption = Walia in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| years_active = 2004–2019
| birth_place =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Sachin Verma|2008|2009|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Vikas Manaktala]]|2015}}
}}
| occupation = [[Actress]]
}}

'''Gunjan Walia'''  is an [[Indian people|Indian]] model turned television actress. She is best known for her role Krishna in the serial ''[[Kuch Apne Kuch Paraye]]'' as the main female lead. She replaced [[Twinkle Bajpai]] as Lakshmi on ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]'' as the female lead. She has also featured in a video album "Jeena Tera Bina" by Arun Dagan. She also appeared in''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)| Naagin]]''.

== Personal life ==
She married [[Vikas Manaktala]] on 21 April 2015 in Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Neha|first=Maheshwri|date=2015-06-02|title=Vikas and Gunjan tie the knot in Chandigarh - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vikas-and-Gunjan-tie-the-knot-in-Chandigarh/articleshow/47040306.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2004–2006
| ''[[Kesar]]''
| Riya Maliya
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Rooh]]''
|
| Episode 26/34
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
| ''[[Aisa Des Hai Mera (TV series) |Aisa Des Hai Mera]]''
| Kandy Deol / Kandy Ajit Singh Gill
|
|-
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Mrs. Tushar Mehta
| Cameo
|-
| ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]''
| Naina
| <ref>{{cite news |date=16 March 2006 |title='It's more about performance than looks' |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-s-more-about-performance-than-looks-1018300 |accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Kuch Apne Kuch Paraye]]''
| Krishna Abhay Raichand
| <ref>{{cite news |author=Ranjib Mazumder |date=28 November 2006 |title=Don't bug me! |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Dont-bug-me/articleshow/15658579.cms |accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''Parrivaar''
| Dr. Radha Swapnil Nerulkar
|
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]''
| Vrinda
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
| Lakshmi Garodia / Lakshmi Karan Mathur
|<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2008 |title=Jasvir wants no slap from Gunjan |website=[[Oneindia]] |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2008/jasvir-ghar-ki-laxmi-betiyaan-slap-070508.html |accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series) |Naagin]]''
| Chhaaya Viren Raheja
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series) |Laal Ishq]]''
| Sapna
| Episode 61
|}

=== Films ===
* 2010 ''[[Mar Jawan Gur Khake]]'' as Mehak
* 2013 ''[[Ishq Garaari]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|id=3487045}}
*{{Instagram|guunjanvm}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walia, Gunjan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Bharatpedia:Userboxes/Sports/Cricket/India

2025-02-25T12:49:27Z

Info: put up first info v1

{{Wikipedia:Userboxes/Interests/navbox}}
{{main|Wikipedia:Userboxes/Sports}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Userboxes/Interests}}
This gallery includes '''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userbox]] [[Help:Template|templates]] about Indian [[cricket]]'''.
{{Wikipedia:Userboxes/info}}

==International Teams==
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User:Velthorian/UBX/User Support India(Cricket)}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Indian Cricket Team}}
{{yy|User Indian Cricket Team Fan}}
{{yy|User:Djr xi/User India cricket}}
{{yy|User:Enigmaticanant/India cricket}}
{{yy|User:K DeeDee/Userboxes/Indian Women Cricket Team}}
{{yyend}}

==Players==
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User MS Dhoni}}
{{yy|User:Gigause/MahendraSinghDhoni}}
{{yy|User:Ahp101/SouravGanguly}}
{{yy|User:Royroydeb/Userboxes/NoDadanoCricket}}
{{yy|User:HermitCurator/UBX/ViratKohli}}
{{yy|User:Ken Tony/UBX/Virat Kohli}}
{{yy|User:Rdp060707/Userboxes/Virat Kohli huge fan}}
{{yy|User Virender Sehwag}}
{{yy|User Sachin Tendulkar}}
{{yy|User:Anir1uph/Sachin fan}}
{{yy|User:HermitCurator/UBX/SachinTendulkar}}
{{yy|User Rohit}}
{{yy|User Rohit Sharma}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Rohit}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Rohit Sharma}}
{{yyend}}

==[[Indian Premier League]]==
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User IPL1}}
{{yy|User IPL2}}
{{yy|User IPL3}}
{{yy|User Chennai Super Kings 1}}
{{yy|User Chennai Super Kings 2}}
{{yy|User Chennai Super Kings 3}}
{{yy|User:ImSonyR9/IPL CSK}}
{{yy|User:UBX/CSK fan}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Chennai Super Kings}}
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/IPLcsk}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Deccan Chargers}}
{{yy|User DelhiCapitals}}
{{yy|User Delhi Capitals 1}}
{{yy|User Delhi Capitals 2}}
{{yy|User:ImSonyR9/IPL DC}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Delhi Capitals}}
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/IPLdc}}
{{yy|User Kolkata Knight Riders 1}}
{{yy|User Kolkata Knight Riders 2}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Kolkata Knight Riders}}
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/IPLkkr}}
{{yy|User:ImSonyR9/IPL KKR}}
{{yy|User:Milesandkilometrestogo/Userboxes/KKR}}
{{yy|User Mumbai Indians 1}}
{{yy|User Mumbai Indians 2}}
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/IPLmi}}
{{yy|User:ImSonyR9/IPL MI}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Mumbai Indians}}
{{yy|User Pune Warriors India 1}}
{{yy|User Pune Warriors India 2}}
{{yy|User Punjab Kings 1}}
{{yy|User Punjab Kings 2}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Punjab Kings}}
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/IPLpk}}
{{yy|User:ImSonyR9/IPL PK}}
{{yy|User:ImSonyR9/IPL RR}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Rajasthan Royals}}
{{yy|User Rajasthan Royals 1}}
{{yy|User Rajasthan Royals 2}}
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/IPLrr}}
{{yy|User RoyalChallengersBangalore}}
{{yy|User:Bharatiya1177/Userboxes/Fan of RCB}}
{{yy|User:ImSonyR9/IPL RCB}}
{{yy|User:UBX/Royal Challengers Bangalore}}
{{yy|User Royal Challengers Bangalore 1}}
{{yy|User Royal Challengers Bangalore 2}}
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/IPLrcb}}
{{yy|User:ImSonyR9/IPL SRH}}
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/IPLsh}}
{{yyend}}

[[Category:Userbox galleries|Sports/Cricket]]

{{Wikipedia:Userboxes/Interests/footer}}

[[Category:Userbox galleries|Sports/Cricket]]

Safa Kadal Assembly constituency

2025-01-24T15:16:26Z

Info: put up first entry w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Safa Kadal
| type= SLA
| state = Jammu and Kashmir
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1972
| electors = 33,409
| mla = Abdul Rashid Kabli
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Safa Kadal Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Abdul Rashid Kabli || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Safa Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Kabli |party=Independent politician |votes=8,050 |percentage=39.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mir Mukhtar Kanth |party=Independent politician |votes=5,970 |percentage=29.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohiuddin Salati |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,539 |percentage=12.47% |change={{decrease}}16.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Siddiqi |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=1,763 |percentage=8.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Jamal Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=605 |percentage=2.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdullah Sofi |party=Independent politician |votes=595 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Azim |party=Independent politician |votes=586 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,080 |percentage=10.21% |change= {{decrease}}31.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,366 |percentage=63.72% |change= {{increase}}36.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,409 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}31.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Safa Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,558 |percentage=70.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. M. Salali |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,892 |percentage=29.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,666 |percentage=41.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,450 |percentage=24.96% |change= {{increase}}24.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,423 |ref = |change= {{increase}}49.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Safa Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,728 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,728 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{JammuandKashmir-geo-stub}}

Burada Village

2023-09-03T08:06:42Z

Info: created basic place v1

{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Burada village
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.544689352507163|N|77.00617493203426|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Burada Village''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Burada Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]], its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burada(474337) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531527|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

Tambaram Municipal Corporation

2022-09-14T03:19:07Z

Info: small fix page for accuracy further and added references

#REDIRECT [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Indian locomotive class AWC

2018-10-11T10:22:38Z

Info: stub

#REDIRECT [[USATC S160 Class]]