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Mahavira

2026-05-08T12:00:40Z

Indussource: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader and the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the 24th tirthankara of Jainism. For other topics, see [[Mahavira (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image = Mahavira sculpture.jpg
| caption = An 11th century CE sculpture of Tirthankar Mahavira seated in meditation on a lion throne
| other_names = ''Vira'', ''Ativira'', ''Sanmatinatha'' {{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}}{{Sfn|Davidson|Gitlitz|2002|p=267}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=38}}{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=9}}{{sfn|Hubbard|1807|p=310}}{{sfn|Tandon|2002|p=45}}
| father = [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhārtha]]
| mother = [[Triśalā]]
| religion = [[Jainism]] (as Vardhamāna)
| predecessor = [[Pārśvanātha]]
| birth_date = {{circa|599 BCE}} (traditional){{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} uncertain, possibly {{circa}} 6th or early 5th century BCE (historical){{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}}{{refn|group=note|name="dating"}}
| birth_place = Kshatriyakund{{sfn|Krüger|2024|p=281}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}} / [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Kundagrāma]]{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=682}} [[Nāya|Nāya Republic]], [[Vajjika League]] (near present-day [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Bihar]], India)
| death_date = 527 BCE (Śvetāmbara trad. dating), 510 BCE (Digambara trad. dating){{sfn|Bowker}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Brodd|Little|Nystrom|2015|p=146}}{{sfn|Kruger|2024b|p=278}}{{refn|group=note|name="Jain_dates"}} uncertain, possibly {{circa}} late 5th century BCE (historical){{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}}{{refn|group=note|name="dating"}} [[Pawapuri]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka Empire]] (present-day [[Nalanda district]], Bihar, India)
| birthname = Vardhamāna
| dynasty = [[Nāya|Nāya/Nātha]]
| successor = [[Bimbisara#Traditional accounts|Mahāpadma / Padmanābha]] (first [[Tirthankara]] of the ascending next half or Utsarpiṇī of [[Jain cosmology#Time cycle|time-cycle]]) {{Sfn|Dundas|2002|p=276}}
| date =
| spouse = Yaśodā (Śvetāmbara) Unmarried (Digambara)
| children = 1 (Śvetāmbara) none (Digambara)
| disciples = [[Gautama Swami]] [[Sudharmaswami|Sudharma Swami]] 
Agnibhūti Gautama 
Vāyubhūti Gautama 
Ārya Vyakta Svāmi 
Mandita Svāmi 
Mauryaputta Svāmi 
Akampita Svāmi 
Acalbhrātā Svāmi 
Metarya Svāmi 
Prabhāsa Svāmi
| background = light grey
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Mahavira''' ({{IAST|Mahāvīra}}), also known by his birth name '''Vardhamana''' ({{IAST|Vardhamāna}}), was an Indian religious reformer and spiritual leader, considered by [[Jainism|Jains]] to be the 24th and final ''[[Tirthankara]]'' (Supreme Preacher) in the current time cycle of [[Jain cosmology]]. He is believed by historians to have lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE,{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{refn|group=note|name="dating"}} reviving and reforming an earlier Jain or proto-Jain community{{refn|group=note|name="reformer"}} which had likely been led by [[Pārśvanātha]], whom Jains consider to be Mahavira's predecessor.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30-31}}{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=108}}{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=90}} Although the dates of Mahavira's life are uncertain and historically reliable information is scarce,{{refn|group=note|name="uncertain"}} and traditional accounts vary by [[Jain schools and branches|sectarian traditions]], the historicity of Mahavira is well-established and not in dispute among scholars.{{sfn|Rospatt}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}

According to traditional legends and [[hagiography|hagiographies]], Mahavira was born in 599 BCE to a ruling [[Jain|royal kshatriya Jain]] family of the [[Nāya]] tribe in what is now [[Bihar]] in [[India]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=Jainism: Mahāvīra – early life |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/history/mahavira.shtml |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32-33}} According to traditional sources like the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]], the Nāyas were followers of [[Parshvanatha]], Mahavira's predecessor.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} Mahavira abandoned all worldly possessions at the age of about 30 and left home in pursuit of spiritual awakening, becoming an [[asceticism|ascetic]]. Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities for twelve and a half years, after which he attained ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' (omniscience). He preached for 30 years and attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation) when he died.

Mahavira taught attainment of ''samyak darshan'' or [[self realization]] (''atma-anubhuti'') through the practice of ''bhedvijnāna'', which involves positioning oneself as a pure soul, separate from body, mind and emotions, and being aware of the soul's true nature; and to remain grounded and steadfast in soul's unchanging essence during varying auspicious or inauspicious external circumstances. He also preached that the observance of the vows of ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahimsa]]'' (non-violence), ''[[satya]]'' (truth), ''[[asteya]]'' (non-stealing), ''[[brahmacharya]]'' (chastity), and ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-attachment) are necessary for spiritual liberation. He taught the principles of ''[[Anekantavada]]'' (many-sided reality): ''[[Anekantavada#Syādvāda|syadvada]]'' and ''[[Anekantavada#Nayavāda|nayavada]]''. Mahavira's teachings were compiled by [[Indrabhuti Gautama]] (his chief disciple) as the [[Jain Agamas]]. The texts, transmitted [[oral tradition|orally]] by Jain monks, are believed to have been largely lost by about the 1st century CE.

Mahavira is usually depicted in a [[Lotus position|sitting]] or [[Kayotsarga|standing]] meditative posture, with the symbol of a lion beneath him. His earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the [[North India]]n city of [[Mathura]], and is dated from between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. His birth is celebrated as [[Mahavira Janma Kalyanaka]] while his ''[[nirvana]]'' (liberation) and attainment of [[Kevala jnana]] (omniscience) by [[Gautama Swami]] are observed by Jains as [[Diwali (Jainism)|Diwali]].{{sfn|Singh|Mishra|2005}}

==Historical Mahavira==
[[File:Gana Sanghas (c. 500 BCE).jpg|thumb|The Gaṇasaṅghas (tribal republics) at the time of Mahavira]]
Although it is universally accepted by scholars of Jainism that Mahavira lived in ancient India, the year of his birth and additional information of his life are "uncertain and debatable."{{sfn|Potter|2007|pp=35–36}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=24–25}}

===Dating===
[[File:Kizil Caves 80.jpg|thumb|Painting of Mahavira among the [[Six Heretical Teachers]] in [[Kizil Caves]], [[Xinjiang]], [[China]], 4th century CE]]

====Traditional Jain-accounts====
The [[Digambara]] and [[Śvetāmbara]] sects give different accounts of Mahavira's life.{{sfn|Bowker}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} They agree that Mahavira was born in 599{{nbsp}}BCE,{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}}{{sfn|Dowling|Scarlett|2006|p=225}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=313}} but according to the Śvetāmbaras he died in 527 BCE, while the Digambaras believe that he died in 510 BCE.{{sfn|Bowker}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Brodd|Little|Nystrom|2015|p=146}}{{sfn|Kruger|2024b|p=278}}{{refn|group=note|name="Jain_dates"| *{{harvtxt|Brodd|Little|Nystrom|2015|p=146}}: "The two sects posit different dates for the death of Mahavira (527 BCE for Shvetambara, 510 BCE for Digambaras)." {{harvtxt|Kruger|2024b|p=278}}: ""According to Shvetambara calculation Mahavira was born in 599 BCE and died 527 BCE at the age of 72 years. This calculation is based on a statement at the end of the Jina legend in the [[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpasutra]], claiming that 980 or 993 had passed since the death of Mahavira. Contrary to Shvetambara tradition, the Digambaras date the salvation of Mahavira to 510 BCE."}}

Rapson notes that "The Jains themselves have preserved chronological records concerning Mahavira and the succeeding pontiffs of the Jain church, which may have been begun at a comparatively early date. But it seems quite clear that, at the time when these lists were put into their present form, the real date of Mahavira had already either been forgotten or was at least doubtful."{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=155}}

The Jain-tradition accepts the ''[[Vira Nirvana Samvat]]'' chronology, which starts in 527{{nbsp}}BCE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} The ''Vira Nirvana Samvat'' is based on the ''[[Vikram Samvat]]'', which dates from the medieaval period,{{refn|group=note|name="Vikram Samvat"}} and starts in 57 or 58 BCE, to which 470 years are added, giving 527 or 528 BCE.{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=155}} According to Rapson, this calculation is based on "a list of kings and dynasties, who are supposed to have reigned between 528 and 58 BC[E]," and is not reliable, "as it confuses rulers of Ujjain, Magadha, and other kingdoms; and some of these may perhaps have been contemporary, and not successive as they are represented."{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=155}}{{refn|group=note|name="Viraya_Bhagavate"|In 1912, historian [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G.H Ojha]] discovered an [[Barli Inscription]] in [[Prakrit]] language. According to him, the inscription contains the line "Viraya Bhagavate chaturasiti vase", interpreted by him as "year 84 of the [[Vira Nirvana Samvat]]." Following the Vira Nirvana Samvat, Ojha dated the inscription to 443 BCE ({{harvnb|Bharatkalyan}}, {{harvnb|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=152}}, {{harvnb|Goyal|2005|p=105}}, {{harvnb|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1978}}). However, the line could also be a reference to the 84 Mahasiddhas ({{harvnb|Bharatkalyan}}), and [[palaeography|palaeographic]] analysis dates the inscription to the 2nd-1st century BCE. {{harvtxt|Swarajya Prakash Gupta|K. S. Ramachandran|1979|p=106}}: "The Barli inscription, which was placed by Ojha in fifth century B.C., can really be assigned to the first century B.C., on paleographic grounds." See also {{harv|Goyala|2006}}, and ({{harvnb|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1978}}: "On palaeographic grounds [the Barli inscription] has to be placed after the [[Heliodorus pillar|Besnagar inscription of Heliodorus]] and is possibly later than the [[Hathibada Ghosundi inscriptions|Ghosundi inscription]]"). [[D. C. Sircar]] and S. R. Goyal question the link with the Vira Nirvana Samvat, noting that the desigantion of this era under this name first appeared in the early medieval period, and most probably did not exist in the century following the death of Mahavira ({{harvnb|Goyal|2005|p=22}}). {{harvtxt|Goyal|2005|p=3}}: "The belief that the Barli inscription is dated in the 84th year of the Mahavlra Era and thus belongs to the fifth century B.C. is rightly regarded as baseless, for no such era was in existence in that period."}}

The 12th-century Jain scholar [[Hemachandra]] placed Mahavira in the 6th-5th{{nbsp}}century BCE.{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=155–156}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=69–70, 587–588}}

====Scholarly datings====
There has been considerable scholarly debate on Mahavira's dates since th 19th century, and various dates have been proposed.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} While traditional accounts adhere to the timeline that places his birth in 599 BCE and his nirvana in 527 BCE or 510 BCE, "[s]ome scholars believe this date to be as much as 100 years early."{{sfn|Shah|1999}}

On the basis of chronologies in Hemachandra's [[Pariśiṣṭaparvan]], some historians have dated Mahavira's birth to 549 BCE, and his death to 477 or ca. 468-467 BCE.{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=156}}{{sfn|Dhaky|1997|p=11}}{{sfn|Bowker}}<ref>World Religions Reference Library, [https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/buddhism-biographies/mahavira Mahavira]</ref>

Ultimately, Mahavira's dates depend on the dates for [[the Buddha]], who was a (slightly later) contemporary of Mahavira,{{refn|group=note| The Buddha was younger than Mahavira and "might have attained nirvana a few years later."{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|pp=84–88}}}} which is supported by Buddhist texts.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Taliaferro|Marty|2010|p=126}} They both lived during the reigns of the kings [[Bimbisara]] and [[Ajatashatru]] of [[Magadha]].{{refn|group=note|Both Mahavira and the Buddha were proponents of the [[Śramaṇa]] movements, which became popular in [[Greater Magadha]] at the end of the [[Vedic Period]] and during the [[Second Urbanisation]] of the [[Mahajanapada]] period, greatly impacting the course of Indian religious history.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=14-16}}}} Historians who accept the "Short Chronology" for Gautama Buddha's lifetime (ca. 480-400 BCE), argue that the traditional dates for Mahavira also are too early, by as much as one century, since Mahavira and Buddha were contemporaries.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}}<ref name="BBC_late-_dating">{{cite web |title=Mahavira |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/history/mahavira.shtml |website=BBC Religion |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Dundas suggests that Mahavira may have died "around 425 BCE, or a few years after",{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} and [[Jeffery D. Long|Long]] suggests "c.499-427 BCE" as his approximate lifespan.{{sfn|Long|2020|p=206}}

=== Role in Jainism ===

====Jain-accounts: successor====
Jains believe that the 23 previous ''tirthankaras'' also espoused Jainism.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=5–7}} Mahavira is placed in Parshvanatha's lineage as his spiritual successor and ultimate leader of shraman sangha.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–33}} According to Dundas, Jains believe that the lineage of Parshvanatha influenced Mahavira. Parshvanatha, as the one who "removes obstacles and has the capacity to save", is a popular icon; his image is the focus of Jain temple devotion.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–33}} Of the 24 ''tirthankaras'', Jain iconography has celebrated Mahavira and Parshvanatha the most; sculptures discovered at the [[Mathura]] archaeological site have been dated to the 1st{{nbsp}}century BCE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–33}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=9–11}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=25–32, 120–122, 166–171, 189–192}}

According to Jain tradition, [[Parshvanatha]] was a [[tirthankara]] born 273 years before Mahavira, which would mean he lived in about the 9th or 8th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Asim Kumar |title=A comprehensive history of Jainism, 1 (2nd rev. ed.) |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=81-215-0931-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=15}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tähtinen |first=Unto |title=Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition |year=1976 |publisher=Rider |location=London |pages=132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains (Second ed.) |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-415-26605-X |location=London and New York City |pages=14, 19, 30 |orig-year=1992 |ref={{SfnRef|NIL|2999}} }}</ref> However, "some scholars have suggested that Pārśvanātha and Mahāvīra were actually closer in time than the tradition claims",{{sfn|Long|2009|p=212}} and that "Pārśva could not have started his ascetic career before the beginning of the sixth century BC" and "may have passed away only a few decades before Vardhamāna [i.e., Mahāvīra] had started his preaching career".{{sfn|Dhaky|1997|pp=1-9}}

====Scholarly accounts: reformer====
Mahavira is believed by historians to have revived and reformed an earlier Jain or proto-Jain community{{refn|group=note|name="reformer"}} which had likely been led by [[Pārśvanātha]], whom Jains consider to be Mahavira's predecessor.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30-31}}{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=108}}{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=90}} According to [[Moriz Winternitz]], Mahavira may be considered a reformer of an existing Jain sect known as ''[[Jainism#Political history|Niganthas]]'' (fetter-less) which was mentioned in early Buddhist texts.{{sfn|Winternitz|1993|p=408}}

===Birthplace===
According to both secterian text ''[[Uttarapurana]]'' and ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', Mahavira was born in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Kundagrama]] in the [[Kingdom of the Videhas]].{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|2015|p=460}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=682}} Kundagrama is said to be located in present-day Bihar, India,{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} although the exact location of Kundagrama within Bihar remains a subject of dispute.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}}{{sfn|Potter|2007|pp=35–36}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Pranava K. |title=Row over Mahavira's birthplace |date=14 October 2003 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Row-over-Mahaviras-birthplace/articleshow/232215.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103113728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Row-over-Mahaviras-birthplace/articleshow/232215.cms |place=[[Patna]] |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=3 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kundagrama was identified by JP Sharma as a suburb of the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], and because of this, some sources refer to him as ''Vesālie''.<ref name=Sharma1968>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=JP |title=Republics in Ancient India |chapter= The Nāyas |date=1968 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004642744 |pages=159–166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msBCEQAAQBAJ&q=Republics+in+Ancient+India+brill}}</ref>

Another potential location of Kundagrāma is the village of Basu Kund, about {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=off}} north of [[Patna]] (the capital of Bihar).{{sfn|Taliaferro|Marty|2010|p=126}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=29}}

===Life-course===
Mahavira renounced his material wealth and left home when he was twenty-eight, by some accounts,{{which|date=October 2025}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}} thirty by others{{which|date=October 2025}},{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=3}} lived an ascetic life for twelve and a half years in which he did not even sit for a time, attained Kevalgyana and then preached Dharma for thirty years.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}} Where he preached has been a subject of disagreement between the two major traditions of Jainism: [[Śvētāmbara]] and [[Digambara]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}} The place of his nirvana, [[Pawapuri|Pavapuri]] in present-day Bihar, is a pilgrimage site for Jains.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}}

==Life according to Jain tradition ==
{{see also|Panch Kalyanaka}}

===Sources ===
[[File:Kalpasutra Mahavira Nirvana.jpg|thumb|alt=Old illustrated manuscript|[[Folio]] from the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', 15th century]]

[[Yativṛṣabha]]'s ''[[Tiloya Panatti|Tiloya-paṇṇatti]]'' recounts nearly all the events of Mahavira's life in a form convenient for memorisation.{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=45}} Jinasena's ''Mahapurana'' (which includes the ''[[Ādi purāṇa]]'' and ''[[Uttarapurana|Uttara-purāṇa]]'') was completed by his disciple, Gunabhadra, in the 8th{{nbsp}}century. In the ''Uttara-purāṇa'', Mahavira's life is described in three ''parvans'', or sections, (74–76) and 1,818 verses.{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=46}}

''Vardhamacharitra'' is a [[Sanskrit]] [[kāvya]] poem, written by [[Asaga]] in 853 CE, which narrates the life of Mahavira.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=59}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=19}}{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=47}}
The ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' is a collection of biographies of ''tirthankaras'', notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira. ''[[Samavayanga Sutra]]'' is a collection of Mahavira's teachings, and the ''[[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]]'' recounts his asceticism.

===Tirthankaras===
According to [[Jain cosmology]], 24 ''Tirthankaras'' have appeared on earth; Mahavira is the last ''tirthankara'' of ''[[Avasarpiṇī]]'' (the present [[Jain cosmology#Time cycle|time cycle]]).{{refn|group=note|Heinrich Zimmer: "The cycle of time continually revolves, according to the Jainas. The present "descending" (''avasarpini'') period was preceded and will be followed by an "ascending" (''utsarpini''). Sarpini suggests the creeping movement of a "serpent" (''sarpin''); ava- means "down" and ut- means up."{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=224}}}}{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=54}} A ''tirthankara'' ([[Ford (crossing)|ford]]-maker, saviour or spiritual teacher) signifies the founding of a ''[[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]'', a passage across the sea of [[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|birth-and-death cycles]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=181}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|pp=312–313}}<ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title= Tirthankara {{!}} Definition, Names, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015033744/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankara |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |access-date=October 15, 2013 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Previous births===
Mahavira's previous births are recounted in Jain texts such as the ''Mahapurana'' and ''Tri-shashti-shalaka-purusha-charitra''. Although a soul undergoes countless reincarnations in the transmigratory cycle of ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]'', the birth of a ''tirthankara'' is reckoned from the time he determines the [[Causes of karma in Jainism|causes of karma]] and pursues [[ratnatraya]]. Jain texts describe Mahavira's 26 births before his incarnation as a ''tirthankara''.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=327}} According to the texts, he was born as [[Marichi]] (the son of [[Bharata Chakravartin]]) in a previous life.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}}

===Birth===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Detail of a leaf with the birth of mahavira.jpg
| caption1 = The birth of Mahavira, from the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' (c.{{nbsp}}1375–1400 CE)
| width1 = 150
| image2 = Bhagwan Mahaveer.jpg
| caption2 = Mahavira, Kshatriyakund (birthplace in Śvetāmbara tradition)
| width2 = 125
}}

Tirthankara Mahavira was born in Kundagrāma into the royal [[Jain]] family of King [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhartha]] of the [[Nāya|Nāya tribe]] and Queen [[Trishala]] of the [[Licchavis of Vaishali|Licchavi republic]].<ref name="BBC"/>{{sfn|Sunavala|2014|p=52}}{{refn|group=note|Trishala was the sister of [[King Chetaka]] of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] in ancient India.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=29}}}} The Nāyas were kshatriyas and saw themselves as being related to the [[Videha]]s. The [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]] informs us that:<ref name= Sharma1968 />
{{blockquote|''Mahavira was a Naya, the son of a Naya-Khattiya: the moon of the clan of the Nayas: a Videha, the son of Videhadatta, native of Videha (Videha-jacce); a prince of Videha (Videha-kūmāle), who had lived 30 years in Videha when his parents passed away.''|author=|title=|source=}}

According to Jains, Mahavira was born in 599{{nbsp}}BCE. His birth date falls on the thirteenth day of the rising moon in the month of [[Chaitra]] in the ''[[Vira Nirvana Samvat]]'' [[calendar era]].{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}}{{sfn|Dowling|Scarlett|2006|p=225}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=313}} It falls in March or April of the [[Gregorian calendar]], and is celebrated by Jains as [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]].{{sfn|Gupta|Gupta|2006|p=1001}}

Kshatriyakund (the place of Mahavira's birth) is traditionally believed to be near Vaishali, an ancient town on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Its location in present-day Bihar is unclear, partly because of migrations from ancient Bihar for economic and political reasons.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}} According to the "Universal History" in Jain texts, Mahavira underwent many rebirths (total 27 births) before his birth in the 6th-century BCE. They included a denizen of hell, a lion, and a god (''[[Deva (Jainism)|deva]]'') in a heavenly realm just before his last birth as the 24th ''tirthankara''.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}} Svetambara texts state that his embryo first formed in a Bamana woman before it was transferred by Hari-Naigamesin (the divine commander of Indra's army) to the womb of Trishala, Siddhartha's wife.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=21, 26}}{{sfn|Mills|Claus|Diamond|2003|pp=320, note: Indra is referred to as Sakra in some Indian texts.}}{{refn|group=note|This mythology has similarities with those found in the mythical texts of the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of Hinduism.{{sfn|Olivelle|2006|pp=397 footnote 4}}}} The embryo-transfer legend is not believed by adherents of the Digambara tradition.{{sfn|Mills|Claus|Diamond|2003|p=320}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=22}}{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=19}}

Jain texts state that after Mahavira was born, the god [[Indra]] came from the heavens along with 56 ''digkumaries'', anointed him, and performed his ''[[abhisheka]]'' (consecration) on [[Mount Meru]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}} These events, illustrated in a number of Jain temples, play a part in modern Jain temple rituals.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=5–9}} Although the ''Kalpa Sūtra'' accounts of Mahavira's birth legends are recited by Svetambara Jains during the annual ''[[Paryushana]]'' festival, the same festival is observed by the Digambaras without the recitation.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=284}}

===Early life===
Mahavira grew up as a prince. According to the second chapter of the Śvētāmbara text [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]], his parents were lay devotees of [[Parshvanatha]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} The ''Handbook of Indian History'' notes that the ''Kalpasutra'' narrates Pārśva’s liberation 250 years before Mahavira, and mentions that Buddhist literature contains reference to disciples of Parsva in the lifetime of the Buddha.<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Indian History |editor-last=Vemsani |editor-first=Lavanya|publisher=Springer|year=2024|pages=278–281 |isbn=978-981-97-6207-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfcyEQAAQBAJ}}</ref>
Jain traditions differ about whether Mahavira married.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=22}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=99, Quote: "According to the Digambara sect, Mahavira did not marry, while the Svetambaras hold a contrary belief."}} The Digambara tradition believes that his parents wanted him to marry Yashoda, but he refused to marry.{{sfn|Shanti Lal Jain|1998|p=51}}{{refn|group=note|On this [[Champat Rai Jain]] wrote: ""Of the two versions of Mahavira's life — the Swetambara and the Digambara— it is obvious that only one can be true: either Mahavira married, or he did not marry. If Mahavira married, why should the Digambaras deny it? There is absolutely no reason for such a denial. The Digambaras acknowledge that nineteen out of the twenty-four ''tirthamkaras'' married and had children. If Mahavira also married it would make no difference. There is thus no reason whatsoever for the Digambaras to deny a simple incident like this. But there may be a reason for the Swetambaras making the assertion; the desire to ante-date their own origin. As a matter of fact their own books contain clear refutation of the statement that Mahavira had married. In the Samavayanga Sutra (Hyderabad edition) it is definitely stated that nineteen ''tirthankaras'' lived as householders, that is, all the twenty-four excepting Shri Mahavira, Parashva, Nemi, Mallinath and Vaspujya."{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1939|p=97}}}} The Śvētāmbara tradition believes that he was married to Yashoda at a young age and had one daughter, Priyadarshana,{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=29}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}} also called Anojja.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=188}}

Jain texts portray Mahavira as tall; his height was given as 7 ''hastas'' or four [[cubit]]s (6 [[Foot (unit)|feet]]) in the ''Aupapatika Sutra''.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=95}} According to Jain texts, he was the shortest of the twenty-four ''tirthankaras''; earlier ''arihants'' were believed to have been taller, with [[Neminatha]] or Aristanemi —the 22nd ''tirthankara'', who lived for 1,000 years—said to have been sixty-five cubits (98{{nbsp}}feet) in height.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=16}}

===Renunciation===
{{see also|Jain monasticism}}
[[File:Mahavir Swami giving alms to a brahmin.jpg|thumb|150px|Tirthankar Mahavir giving his half garment to a brahmin as alms]]

At age thirty, Mahavira abandoned royal life and left his home and family to live an ascetic life in the pursuit of spiritual awakening.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=224}}{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=269}} He undertook severe fasts and bodily mortifications,{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=5–7}} meditated under the [[Ashoka tree]], and discarded his clothes.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=224}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=30}} The ''Ācārāṅga Sūtra'' has a graphic description of his hardships and self-mortification.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=74}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=27}} According to the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', Mahavira spent the first forty-two monsoons of his life in Astikagrama, [[Champapuri]], Prstichampa, Vaishali, Vanijagrama, [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]], Bhadrika, Alabhika, Panitabhumi, [[Shravasti]], and [[Pawapuri]].{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=327}} He is said to have lived in [[Rajagriha]] during the rainy season of the forty-first year of his ascetic life, which is traditionally dated to 491{{nbsp}}BCE.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=79}}

===Omniscience===
{{see also|Samavasarana}}
[[File:Lord Mahavira Omniscience.jpg|thumb|Lord [[Mahavir]] attaining omniscience in ''shukla dhyana'', the highest and purest level of meditation]]
According to traditional accounts, Mahavira achieved [[Kevala Jnana]] (omniscience, or infinite knowledge) under a [[Shorea robusta|Sāla tree]] on the bank of the River Rijuvalika near Jrimbhikagrama at age 43 after twelve years of rigorous penance.{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=30}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=30, 327}} The details of the event are described in the Jain ''Uttar-purāņa'' and ''Harivamśa-purāņa'' texts.{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=31}} The ''Ācārāṅga Sūtra'' describes Mahavira as all-seeing. The ''[[Sutrakritanga]]'' expands it to all-knowing, and describes his other qualities.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}} Jains believe that Mahavira had a most auspicious body (''paramaudārika śarīra'') and was free from eighteen imperfections when he attained omniscience.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2016b|p=5}} According to the Śvētāmbara, he traveled throughout India to teach his philosophy for thirty years after attaining omniscience.{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}} However, the Digambara believe that he remained in his [[Samavasarana]] and delivered sermons to his followers.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=314}}

===Disciples===
[[File:Samosarana Mahaviras enlightenment.jpg|thumb|[Top illustration] Mahavira attains [[Kevala Jnana|kevala jñāna (complete knowledge)]]; [Bottom] a [[Samavasarana|samosarana]] (divine preaching hall). Folio 60 from Kalpasutra series, loose leaf manuscript, Patan, Gujarat. {{Circa|1472}}.]]
Jain texts document eleven Brahmanas as Mahavira's first disciples, traditionally known as the eleven ''Ganadharas''.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|p=6}} [[Indrabhuti Gautama]] is believed to have been their leader,{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=314}} the others were named: Agnibhuti, Vayubhuti, Akampita, Arya Vyakta, [[Sudharman]], Manditaputra, Mauryaputra, Acalabhraataa, Metraya, and Prabhasa. The ''Ganadharas'' are believed to have remembered and to have verbally transmitted Mahavira's teachings after his death. His teachings became known as ''Gani-Pidaga'', or the Jain ''Agamas''.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=6–8, 26}} According to ''Kalpa Sutra'', Mahavira had 14,000 ''[[Muni (Jainism)|sadhus]]'' (male ascetic devotees), 36,000 ''[[sadhvis]]'' (female ascetics), 159,000 ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|sravakas]]'' (male lay followers), and 318,000 ''sravikas'' (female lay followers).{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=90}}{{sfn|George|2008|p=326}}{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=47}} Jain tradition mentions Srenika and Kunika of [[Haryanka dynasty]] (popularly known as [[Bimbisara]] and [[Ajatashatru]]) and [[Chetaka]] of [[Videha]] as his royal followers.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=327}}{{sfn|Caillat|Balbir|2008|p=88}} Mahavira initiated his [[mendicant]]s with the ''[[Ethics of Jainism|mahavratas]]'' (Five Vows).{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|p=6}} He delivered fifty-five ''[[pravachan]]a'' (recitations) and a set of lectures (''[[Uttaraadhyayana-sutra]]'').{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}} Chandana is believed to be the leader of female monastic order.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=44}}

=== Nirvana and moksha ===
[[File:Pawapuri - 001 Temple marking Mahavira's Passing (9243092471).jpg|thumb|alt=Large, white temple on the water|Lord Mahavira's [[Jal Mandir]] (water temple) in [[Pawapuri]], [[Bihar]], India]]
[[File:MahaviraSwamiPawapuri.jpg|thumb|The "Charan Paduka" or foot impression of Mahavira at [[Jal Mandir]] ]]

According to Jain texts, Mahavira's [[nirvana]] (death){{refn|group=note|Not to be confused with ''kevalajnana'' (omniscience).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=29–31, 205–206: "At the end of almost thirty years of preaching, he died in the chancellory of King Hastipala of Pavapuri and attained Nirvana."}}}} occurred in the town of [[Pawapuri]] in present-day [[Bihar]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=222}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=22–24}}{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=897}} His life as a spiritual light and the night of his nirvana are commemorated by Jains as [[Diwali (Jainism)|Diwali]] at the same time that Hindus celebrate it.{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=897}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=549–550}} His chief disciple, Gautama, is said to have attained omniscience the night that Mahavira achieved nirvana from Pawapuri.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=39}}

Accounts of Mahavira's nirvana vary among Jain texts, with some describing a simple nirvana and others recounting grandiose celebrations attended by gods and kings. According to the [[Jinasena]]'s ''[[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurana]]'', [[Deva (Jainism)|heavenly beings]] arrived to perform his funeral rites. The ''[[Pravachanasara]]'' of Digambara tradition says that only the nails and hair of ''tirthankaras'' are left behind; the rest of the body dissolves in the air like [[camphor]].{{sfn|Pramansagar|2008|pp=38–39}} In some texts Mahavira is described, at age 72, as delivering his final preaching over a six-day period to a large group of people.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} The crowd falls asleep, awakening to find that he has disappeared (leaving only his nails and hair, which his followers cremate).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=328}}

The Jain Śvētāmbara tradition believes that Mahavira's nirvana occurred in 527 BCE, and the Digambara tradition holds that date of 510 BCE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} In both traditions, his [[jiva]] (soul) is believed to abide in ''[[Siddhashila]]'' (the home of liberated souls).{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=549–550}} Mahavira's [[Jal Mandir]] stands at the place where he is said to have attained nirvana (''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Destinations : Pawapuri |url=http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Pawapuri.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722042619/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Pawapuri.htm |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=23 July 2015 |publisher=[[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation]] |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Artworks in Jain temples and texts depict his final liberation and cremation, sometimes shown symbolically as a small pyre of sandalwood and a piece of burning camphor.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=14, 29–30}}

==Teachings==
{{Main|Jain philosophy}}
Colonial-era Indologists considered Jainism (and Mahavira's followers) a sect of [[Buddhism]] because of superficial similarities in iconography and meditative and ascetic practices.{{sfn|Winternitz|1993|p=408}} As scholarship progressed, differences between the teachings of Mahavira and the Buddha were found so divergent that the religions were acknowledged as separate.{{sfn|Winternitz|1993|pp=408–409}} Mahavira, says Moriz Winternitz, taught a "very elaborate belief in the soul" (unlike the Buddhists, who denied such elaboration). His ascetic teachings have a higher order of magnitude than those of Buddhism or Hinduism, and his emphasis on [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) is greater than that in other Indian religions.{{sfn|Winternitz|1993|pp=408–409}}

=== Agamas ===
{{Main|Jain Agamas}}
{{see also|Jain councils}}

Mahavira's teachings were compiled by [[Indrabhuti Gautama|Gautama Swami]], his ''[[Ganadhara]]'' (chief disciple).{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=225}} The canonical scriptures are in twelve parts.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xi}} Mahavira's teachings were gradually lost after about 300{{nbsp}}BCE, according to Jain tradition, when a severe famine in the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] kingdom dispersed the Jain monks. Attempts were made by later monks to gather, recite the canon, and re-establish it.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=6–8}} These efforts identified differences in recitations of Mahavira's teachings, and an attempt was made in the 5th{{nbsp}}century CE to reconcile the differences.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=6–8}} The reconciliation efforts failed, with Svetambara and Digambara Jain traditions holding their own incomplete, somewhat-different versions of Mahavira's teachings. In the early centuries of the common era, Jain texts containing Mahavira's teachings were written in [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=6–8, 26}} According to the Digambaras, ''[[Acharya (Jainism)|Āchārya]]'' Bhutabali was the last ascetic with partial knowledge of the original canon. Later, some learned ''achāryas'' restored, compiled, and wrote down the teachings of Mahavira which were the subjects of the ''Agamas''.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xii}} ''Āchārya'' Dharasena, in the 1st{{nbsp}}century CE, guided the ''Āchāryas'' Pushpadant and Bhutabali as they wrote down the teachings. The two ''Āchāryas'' wrote ''[[Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama]]'', among the oldest-known Digambara texts, on palm leaves.

===Five Vows===
{{Main|Ethics of Jainism}}
[[File:Five Vows.jpg|150px|thumbnail|alt=Tan stone relief of the Jain swastika and its five vows|The [[Jain symbols#Swastika|swastika]] and five vows]]
The Jain Agamas enumerate five [[vrata]]s (vows) which ascetics and householders must observe.{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=67}} These ethical principles were preached by Mahavira:{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}}
# ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsa]]'' (Non-violence or non-injury): Mahavira taught that every living being has sanctity and dignity which should be respected as one expects one's own sanctity and dignity to be respected. ''Ahimsa'', Jainism's first and most important vow, applies to actions, speech, and thought.<ref name=pkshah5v/> When Mahavira revived the Jain community, ''ahimsa'' was already an established, strictly observed rule. The followers of [[Parshvanatha]] vowed to observe ''ahimsa''; this obligation was part of their ''caujjama dhamma'' (Fourfold Restraint).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Śrīrāma |title=A history of Indian Buddhism |publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan |year=1987 |location=Meerut |pages=83, 84, 85, 103}}</ref>
# ''[[Satya#Jainism|Satya]]'' (truthfulness): Applies to oneself and others.<ref name=pkshah5v/>
# ''[[Asteya]]'' (non-stealing): Not "taking anything that has not been given"{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=68}}
# ''[[Brahmacharya#Brahmacharya in Jainism|Brahmacharya]]'' (chastity): Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures for monks, and faithfulness to one's partner for householders<ref name="pkshah5v">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Pravin K. |title=Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231033127/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |publisher=[[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], [[Harvard University]]|archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=101–102}}
# ''[[Aparigraha]]'' (non-attachment): For lay people, an attitude of non-attachment to property or worldly possessions; for mendicants, not owning anything{{sfn|Long|2009|p=109}}

The goal of these principles is to achieve spiritual peace, a better rebirth, or (ultimately) liberation.{{sfn|Cort|2001|pp=26–27}}{{sfn|Appleton|2014|pp=20–45}}{{sfn|Adams|2011|p=22}} According to Chakravarthi, these teachings help improve a person's quality of life.{{sfn|Chakravarthi|2003|pp=3–22}} However, [[Paul Dundas]] writes that Mahavira's emphasis on non-violence and restraint has been interpreted by some Jain scholars to "not be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures, nor a duty to rescue all creatures" but by "continual self discipline": a cleansing of the soul which leads to spiritual development and release.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=88–89, 257–258}}

Mahavira is best remembered in the Indian traditions for his teaching that ''ahimsa'' is the supreme moral virtue.{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Jain|Jain|2002|p=13}} He taught that ''ahimsa'' covers all living beings,{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=4}} and injuring any being in any form creates bad [[Karma in Jainism|karma]] (which affects one's rebirth, future well-being, and suffering).{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}} According to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Mahavira was the greatest authority on ''ahimsa''.{{sfn|Pandey|1998|p=50}}{{sfn|Nanda|1997|p=44}}<ref name="fhe">{{Cite web |title=Great Men's view on Jainism |url=https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/greatmen.htm |publisher=[[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], [[Harvard University]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516085244/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/greatmen.htm |quote=Jainism Literature Center |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Soul===
{{main|Jīva (Jainism)}}

Mahavira taught that the soul exists. There is no soul (or self) in Buddhism, and its teachings are based on the concept of [[anatta]] (non-self).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Anatta {{!}} Buddhism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta |quote=Anatta .. in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying .. soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (“the self”). |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=10 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Collins|1994|p=64}}{{sfn|Nagel|2000|p=33}} Mahavira taught that the soul is [[dravya]] (substantial), eternal, and yet temporary.{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–76}}

To Mahavira, the metaphysical nature of the universe consists of ''dravya'', ''jiva'', and ''[[ajiva]]'' (inanimate objects).{{sfn|Caillat|Balbir|2008|p=88}} The ''jiva'' is bound to ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]'' (transmigration) because of [[Karma in Jainism|karma]] (the effects of one's actions).{{sfn|Caillat|Balbir|2008|p=88}} Karma, in Jainism, includes actions and intent; it colors the soul (''[[lesya]]''), affecting how, where, and as what a soul is reborn after death.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=99–103}}

According to Mahavira, there is no [[creator deity]] and existence has neither beginning nor end. Deities and demons however exist in Jainism, whose ''jivas'' are a part of the same cycle of birth and death.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=90–99}} The goal of spiritual practice is to liberate the ''jiva'' from its karmic accumulation and enter the realm of the [[siddha]]s, souls who are liberated from rebirth.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=91–92, 104–105}} Enlightenment, to Mahavira, is the consequence of self awareness, self-cultivation and restraint from materialism.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=88–89, 257–258}}

===''Anekantavada''===
{{Main|Anekantavada}}

Mahavira taught the doctrine of ''anekantavada'' (many-sided reality).{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=229–231}}{{sfn|Sharma|Khanna|2013|p=18}} Although the word does not appear in the earliest Jain literature or the Agamas, the doctrine is illustrated in Mahavira's answers to questions posed by his followers.{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}} Truth and reality are complex, and have a number of aspects. Reality can be experienced, but it is impossible to express it fully with language alone; human attempts to communicate are ''nayas'' ("partial expression[s] of the truth").{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}} Language itself is not truth, but a means of expressing it. From truth, according to Mahavira, language returns—not the other way around.{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}}<ref name="iepmahav">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Webb |first=Mark Owen |title=Jain Philosophy |date=14 November 2003 |url=https://iep.utm.edu/jain/ |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030933/https://iep.utm.edu/jain/ |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> One can experience the "truth" of a taste, but cannot fully express that taste through language. Any attempt to express the experience is ''syāt'': valid "in some respect", but still a "perhaps, just one perspective, incomplete".<ref name="iepmahav" /> Spiritual truths are also complex, with multiple aspects, and language cannot express their plurality; however, they can be experienced through effort and appropriate karma.{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}}

The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahavira's approach to answering [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]], philosophical questions was a "qualified yes" (''syāt''). A version of this doctrine is also found in the [[Ajivika]] school of ancient Indian philosophy.{{sfn|Matilal|1990|pp=301–305}}{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2015|pp=205–218}}

According to Dundas, the ''anekantavada'' doctrine has been interpreted by many Jains as "promot[ing] a universal [[religious tolerance]] ... plurality ... [and a] ... benign attitude to other [ethical, religious] positions"; however, this misreads Jain historical texts and Mahavira's teachings.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=232–234}} Mahavira's "many pointedness, multiple perspective" teachings are a doctrine about the nature of reality and human existence, not about tolerating religious positions such as sacrificing animals (or killing them for food) or violence against nonbelievers (or any other living being) as "perhaps right".{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=232–234}} The five vows for Jain monks and nuns are strict requirements, with no "perhaps".{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=98–106}} Mahavira's Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism beyond the renunciant Jain communities, but each religion was "highly critical of the knowledge systems and ideologies of their rivals".{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=233}}

===Gender===
A historically contentious view in Jainism is partially attributed to Mahavira and his ascetic life; he did not wear clothing, as a sign of renunciation (the fifth vow, ''aparigraha''). It was disputed whether a female mendicant (''sadhvi'') could achieve the spiritual liberation like a male mendicant (''sadhu'') through asceticism.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=36–37}}{{sfn|Harvey|2014|pp=182–183}}

The digambar sect (the sky-clad, naked mendicant order) believed that a woman is unable to fully practice asceticism and cannot achieve spiritual liberation because of her gender; she can, at best, live an ethical life so she is reborn as a man.{{refn|group=note|According to Melton and Baumann, the Digambaras state that "women's physical and emotional character makes it impossible for them to genuinely engage in the intense [ascetic] path necessary for spiritual purification. (...) Only by being reborn as a man can a woman engage in the ascetic path. Later Digambara secondary arguments appealed to human physiology in order to exclude women from the path: by their very biological basis, women constantly generate and destroy (and therefore harm) life forms within their sexual organs. Svetambara oppose this view by appealing to scriptures."{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=1396}}}}

Mahavira had preached about men and women equality. The Svetambaras have interpreted Mahavira's teaching as encouraging both sexes to pursue a mendicant, ascetic life with the possibility of ''moksha'' (''kaivalya'', spiritual liberation).{{sfn|Arvind Sharma|1994|pp=135–138}}{{sfn|Harvey|2014|pp=182–183}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=55–59}}

===Rebirth and realms of existence===
{{main|Saṃsāra (Jainism)}}
Rebirth and realms of existence are fundamental teachings of Mahavira. According to the [[Acaranga Sutra]], Mahavira believed that life existed in myriad forms which included animals, plants, insects, bodies of water, fire, and wind.{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}}{{sfn|Chapelle|2011|pp=263–270}} He taught that a monk should avoid touching or disturbing any of them (including plants) and never swim, light (or extinguish) a fire, or wave their arms in the air; such actions might injure other beings living in those states of matter.{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}}

Mahavira preached that the nature of existence is cyclic, and the soul is reborn after death in one of the ''[[Trilok (Jainism)|trilok]]''{{snd}}the heavenly, hellish, or earthly realms of existence and suffering.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=41–42, 90–93}} Humans are reborn, depending on one's [[karma]] (actions) as a human, animal, element, microbe, or other form, on earth or in a heavenly (or hellish) realm.{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}}{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=179–181}}{{sfn|Gorski|2008|pp=125–128}} Nothing is permanent; everyone (including gods, demons and earthly beings) dies and is reborn, based on their actions in their previous life. ''[[Arihant (Jainism)|Jinas]]'' who have reached [[Kevala Jnana]] ([[omniscience]]) are not reborn;{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}} they enter the ''siddhaloka'', the "realm of the perfected ones".{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=179–181}}

==Iconography and presentations==

=== Names and epithets ===
[[File:Bhagwan Mahavir.png|thumb|300px|Rendering of the Idol of Lord Mahavira in [[lotus posture]] depicted in Svetambar iconography at ''[[Rakesh Jhaveri|Shri Dharampur Tirth]]'', [[Valsad]].]]
Surviving early Jain and Buddhist literature uses several names (or [[epithet]]s) for Mahavira, including ''Nayaputta'', ''Muni'', ''Samana'', ''Nigantha'', ''Bamaṇa'', and ''Bhagavan''.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}} In early Buddhist ''[[sutra]]s'', he is referred to as ''Araha'' ("worthy") and ''Veyavi'' (derived from "Vedas", but meaning "wise").{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=25–26}} He is known as ''[[Sramana]]'' in the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', "devoid of love and hate".{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=93}}

According to later Jain texts, Mahavira's childhood name was ''Vardhamāna'' ("the one who grows") because of the kingdom's prosperity at the time of his birth.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32}} According to the ''Kalpa Sūtra'', he was called Mahavira ("the great hero") by the gods in the ''Kalpa Sūtra'' because he remained steadfast in the midst of dangers, fears, hardships and calamities.{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=93}} He is also known as a ''[[tirthankara]]''.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=223}}

=== Iconography ===
[[File:Mahavira Bruxelles 02 10 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a [[Shrivatsa#In Jainism|Shrivatsa]] is on his chest.]]

Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a lion symbol beneath him;{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=192}} each ''tīrthankara'' has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=225}} Mahavira's lion emblem is usually carved below his legs. Like all ''tirthankaras'', he is depicted with a ''[[Shrivatsa|Shrivatsa in Shetamber tradition]]''.{{refn|group=note|A special symbol that marks the chest of a ''tirthankara''.}} The yoga pose is very common in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Each tradition has had a distinctive auspicious chest mark that allows devotees to identify a meditating statue to symbolic icon for their theology. There are several ''srivasta'' found in ancient and medieval Jain art works, and these are not found on Buddhist or Hindu art works.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=426–428}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/j/jainism-jinas-and-other-deities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526074318/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/j/jainism-jinas-and-other-deities/|title=Jainism: Jinas and Other Deities|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|archive-date=May 26, 2017|access-date=November 26, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and downcast eyes in digamber tradition while in Shetamber tradition it is wide open.

Mahavira's earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the [[north India]]n city of [[Mathura]], dated from the 1st{{nbsp}}century BCE to the 2nd{{nbsp}}century CE.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|pp=15–17}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=273–275}} The ''srivatsa'' mark on his chest and his ''dhyana-mudra'' posture appears in [[Kushana Empire]]-era artwork. Differences in Mahavira's depiction between the Digambara and Svetambara traditions appear in the late 5th{{nbsp}}century CE.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|pp=15–17}} According to John Cort, the earliest archaeological evidence of Jina iconography with inscriptions precedes its datable texts by over 250 years.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=48–49}}

Many images of Mahavira have been dated to the 12th century and earlier;{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=193}} an ancient sculpture was found in a cave in Sundarajapuram, [[Theni district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. K. Ajithadoss, a Jain scholar in Chennai, dated it to the 9th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saju |first=M. T. |title=Ancient Mahavira sculpture found in cave near Theni |date=3 October 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ancient-Mahavira-sculpture-found-in-cave-near-Theni/articleshow/49200451.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722211043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ancient-Mahavira-sculpture-found-in-cave-near-Theni/articleshow/49200451.cms |place=Chennai|archive-date=22 July 2016 |access-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Jivantasvami]] represents Mahavira as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the [[kayotsarga]] pose wearing crown and ornaments.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=15}}

<gallery perrow="7">
File:Osian_17-67.jpg|[[Jivantasvami]] image of a [[Tirthankara]] carved on ''Torana'' in [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]]
File:Vardhaman Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg|alt=See caption|Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in [[Samanar Hills]], [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:Solitary Jina Kalugumalai.jpg|Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]], 8th century
File:Mahavira Pratimaji.jpg|alt=See caption|Tallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj
File:Mahaveer.jpg|alt=See caption|Four-sided sculpture of Mahavira in [[Kankali Tila]], [[Mathura]]
File:Tirthankaras.jpg|alt=Two nude statues|''Tirthankaras'' [[Rishabhanatha]] ''(left)'' and Mahavira, 11th century ([[British Museum]])
File:Mahavira Seattle 01.JPG|alt=Mahavira, seated|Temple relief of Mahavira, 14th century ([[Seattle Asian Art Museum]])
File:Thirakoil-mahaaveerar.JPG|alt=See caption|Relief of Mahavira in [[Thirakoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:Ahinsa_Sthal.jpg|16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in [[Ahinsa Sthal]], [[Mehrauli]], [[New Delhi]]{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=266}}|alt=Large outdoor statue of Mahavira, with a seated worshipper for scale
File:Ellora Cave 32 si0339.jpg|alt=See caption|Mahavira statue in Cave 32 of the [[Ellora Caves]]
</gallery>

===Temples===
Along with [[Rishabhanath]], [[Parshvanath]], [[Neminath]], and [[Shantinath]]; '''Mahavira''' is one of the five ''tirthankaras'' that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}} Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. [[Pawapuri]], for example, is a hilly part of southern Bihar, which is believed to have been a place where 23 out of 24 ''tirthankaras'' preached, along with Rishabha.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=133}}{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=207}} According to [[John E. Cort|John Cort]], the [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian|Mahavira temple]] in [[Osian, Jodhpur]], Rajasthan is the oldest surviving Jain temple in western India; it was built in the late 8th{{nbsp}}century.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=112}} Important Mahavira temple complexes include [[Jal Mandir]] in Pawapuri, [[Trilokyanatha Temple]], [[Aihole#Meguti hill|Meguti Jain Temple]], [[Kumbharia Mahavira Temple]], [[Sankighatta]], [[Muchhal Mahavir Temple]], [[Bhandavapur Jain Tirth]], [[Dimapur Jain Temple]], and [[Jain temple, Kundalpur (Bihar)|Jain temple, Kundalpur]]

<gallery>
File:Dharmachakra, lord mahaviras temple.jpg|alt=Dharmachakra temple|Dharmachakra temple in [[Gajpanth]]
File:Shri Mahaveerji temple.jpg|[[Shri Mahavirji]]
File:Jain Temple -02 by Jain Center of Greater Phoenix (JCGP).jpg|[[Jain Center of Greater Phoenix]]
File:Jain Temple Oshwal Centre Pottersbar Hertfordshire UK ground.jpg|Jain temple, [[Potters Bar]]
File:Tirumalai jaintemple 4.jpg|Jain temple in Tirumalai
File:HBPA N 930 Meguti Jain temple Aihole (cropped).jpg|Meguti Jain temple, 5th—6th century
</gallery>

=== Worship ===
[[File:Adoration of the Jaina Tirthankara, Mahavira (6124596033).jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Mahavira worship in a manuscript c.{{nbsp}}1825]]
[[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Samantabhadra's]] ''Svayambhustotra'' praises the twenty-four ''tirthankaras'', and its eight [[shloka]]s (songs) adore Mahavira.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|pp=164–169}} One such ''shloka'' reads:{{blockquote|O Lord Jina! Your doctrine that expounds essential attributes required of a potential aspirant to cross over the ocean of worldly existence (''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|Saṃsāra]]'') reigns supreme even in this strife-ridden spoke of time (''Pancham Kaal''). Accomplished sages who have invalidated the so-called deities that are famous in the world, and have made ineffective the whip of all blemishes, adore your doctrine.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=165}}}} Samantabhadra's ''Yuktyanusasana'' is a 64-verse poem which also praises Mahavira.{{sfn|Gokulchandra Jain|2015|p=84}}

===Festivals===
Two major annual Jain festivals associated with Mahavira are [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]] and [[Diwali (Jainism)|Diwali]]. During [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]], Jains celebrate Mahavira's birth as the 24th and last ''tirthankara'' of ''[[avasarpiṇī]]'' (the current time cycle).{{sfn|Gupta|Gupta|2006|p=1001}} During Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, the five auspicious events of Mahavira's life are re-enacted.{{sfn|George|2008|p=394}} Diwali commemorates the anniversary of Mahavira's ''[[Nirvana (Jainism)|nirvana]]'', and is celebrated at the same time as the [[Diwali|Hindu festival]]. Diwali marks the New Year for Jains.{{sfn|Bhalla|2005|p=13}} Jains celebrate ''Mahavir Janma Kalyanak'' every year on the 13th day of the [[Indian national calendar|Indian Calendar]] month of [[Chaitra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=Mahavir Jayanti {{!}} What, When, Why & How To Celebrate Mahavir Swami Jayanti |url=https://www.allindianfestivals.in/mahavir-jayanti/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Mahavira's legacy is the systematic codification of [[Jain philosophy]] and the establishment of the ''chaturvidha sangha'' (four-fold order) of monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=150}} This structure, which provides a path for both ascetics and lay followers, enabled Jainism to be preserved as a living tradition. His teachings, particularly the cardinal vow of ''Ahimsa'' (non-violence), had a lasting influence on Indian culture.

[[Michael H. Hart]] ranked him 100th in his 1978 book, “[[The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History]]”, below the [[The Buddha|Buddha]] (ranked 4th) and [[Ashoka]] (ranked 53rd).<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1980 |title=The 100: A ranking of the most influential persons in history |url=https://www.academia.edu/41045298 |journal=Business Horizons |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=91–92 |doi=10.1016/0007-6813(80)90119-6 |issn=0007-6813}}</ref> According to Pantheon's 2024 Historical Popularity Index (HPI), Mahavira is ranked 19th among the most famous Indian people of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dhammabharat.com/famous-personalities-of-india-2024/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.dhammabharat.com |title=Top 30 Most Famous Personalities of India of All Time (2024) – Dhamma Bharat |date=30 July 2024 }}</ref>

Mahavira's teachings were influential. According to [[Rabindranath Tagore]],
{{blockquote|Mahavira proclaimed in India that religion is a reality and not a mere social convention. It is really true that salvation can not be had by merely observing external ceremonies. Religion cannot make any difference between man and man.|Rabindranath Tagore{{sfn|Nanda|1997|p=44}}<ref name=fhe/>}}

An event associated with the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira's ''nirvana'' was held in 1974:{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=31}}
{{blockquote|Probably few people in the West are aware that during this Anniversary year for the first time in their long history, the [[Jain monasticism|mendicants]] of the ''Śvētāmbara'', ''Digambara'' and ''[[Sthānakavāsī]]'' sects assembled on the same platform, agreed upon a common flag ([[Jain flag|Jaina ''dhvaja'']]) and emblem (''pratīka''); and resolved to bring about the unity of the community. For the duration of the year four ''dharma cakras'', a wheel mounted on a chariot as an ancient symbol of the ''samavasaraṇa'' (Holy Assembly) of ''tīrthaṅkara'' Mahavira traversed to all the major cities of India, winning legal sanctions from various state governments against the slaughter of animals for sacrifice or other religious purposes, a campaign which has been a major preoccupation of the Jainas throughout their history.|[[Padmanabh Jaini]]}}

==See also==
{{commons category}}
{{Portal|Religion}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Jivantasvami]]
* [[Parshwanatha]]
* [[Arihant (Jainism)]]
* [[Jain iconography]]
* [[Bardhaman]] (city named after Mahavir Swami)
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note|2|refs=


{{refn|group=note|name="dating"|A number of historians, who now favor the "[[Short chronology of the Buddha|Short Chronology]]" for Gautama Buddha's lifetime (ca. 480-400 BCE), argue that the traditional dates for Mahavira also are too early, by as much as one century, since Mahavira and Buddha were contemporaries ({{harvnb|Dundas|2002|p=24}}, {{harvnb|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}, {{harvnb|Shah|1999}}).}}


{{refn|group=note|name="reformer"|The traditional Jaina perspective regards Jainism as eternal [[dharma]] without a founder, whereas history of religion scholars seek to consider Jainism in historical context as a [[Śramaṇa]] movement emerging and gradually evolving during the late [[Vedic Period]] and during the [[Second Urbanisation]] of the [[Mahajanapada]] period ({{harvnb|Dundas|2002|pp=12–13}}, {{harvnb|Long|2009|p=30}}). Although some non-Jains have referred to Mahavira as the "founder" of Jainism ({{harvnb|Doniger|1999|p=549}}), most historians believe that his role likely was part of a much older religious current. Some historians have spoken of Jainism as continuously existing since prior to Mahavira's reforms, ({{harvnb|von Glasenapp|1999|p=24}}; {{harvnb|Zimmer|1953|pp=182–183}}: "[T]here must be some truth in the Jaina tradition of the great antiquity of their religion. At least with respect to Pārśva [...] we have grounds for believing that actually lived and taught, and was a Jaina.") while some use the term "proto-Jain" for the earlier period:
* {{harvtxt|Basham|1951|pp=108–109}}: "Jainism [...] was but a development of the older proto-Jainism of Pārśva", with "a looser group of ascetics", "clothed proto-Jainas".
* {{harvtxt|Long|2020|p=206}}: "Jainism [...] is traced, in its current form, to Mahāvīra [...], although [...] there is some evidence that Mahāvīra's teaching is a continuation of an earlier, proto-Jain tradition."
* {{harvtxt|Moore|1977|p=137}}: "[Mahavira's] predecessor Parshvanatha may have been an historical proto-Jain leader about 200 years earlier."
* {{harvtxt|Dundas|2002|p=32}}: "It is impossible to be certain about the relationship between Mahāvīra and Pārśva and in actuality the chronological distance between the two teachers. [...] [E]arly Jainism coalesced out of an interaction between the cosmological ideas of Pārśva and a more rigorous form of [[wikt:orthopraxy|orthopraxy]] advocated by Mahāvīra."}}


{{refn|group=note|name="uncertain"|Uncertain historical details:
* {{harvtxt|Dundas|2002|pp=22, 24–25}}: "It is fruitless to attempt to locate a historical Mahāvīra outside the parameters of the texts which describe him. Even such a basic question as when he lived is not certain. [...] Equally problematic is the question of Mahāvīra's birthplace [...] [His biography] expanded and evolved over a long period of time."
* {{harvtxt|Long|2009|pp=31–32}}: "Our knowledge of the life of Mahāvīra is dependent upon texts written down many years after the events they describe". Although it "can be said with confidence" that Mahāvīra existed, "this still leaves us with relatively little to go on in terms of information that would pass the muster of contemporary historical methods. [...] whatever historical truth may be in these scriptures, they are not 'historical' texts in the modern sense, Nor is this their apparent intent, spiritual instruction being their aim"}}


{{refn|group=note|name="Vikram Samvat"|The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE; earlier sources call the era "Kṛṭa" (343 and 371 CE), "Kritaa" (404), "the era of the [[Malavas|Malava tribe]]" (424), or simply "Samvat" ({{harvnb|Agrawal|1989|pp=174–175}}, {{harvnb|Srinivasachariar|1974|pp=94–111}}). The earliest known inscription which calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842. This inscription, from the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]a ruler Chandamahasena, was found at [[Dholpur]] and is dated "Vikrama Samvat 898, [[Vaishakha]] [[Shukla paksha|Shukla]] 2, Chanda" (20 April 842). The earliest known inscription which associates the era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971, and the earliest literary work connecting the era to Vikramaditya is ''Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha'' (993–994) by the Jain author Amitagati ({{harvnb|Srinivasachariar|1974|pp=94–111}}).}}

}}

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{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahavira-Jaina-teacher Mahāvīra, Vardhamāna] at britannica.com

{{Sister project links}}

{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Indian philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

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Mangal Pandey (politician)

2026-05-08T10:53:05Z

Indussource:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Autobiography|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mangal Pandey
| image = File:Mangal Pandey minister Bihar.jpg
| office1 = [[List of Health Ministers of Bihar|Minister of Health & Family Welfare]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 15 March 2024
| term_end1 = 15 April 2026
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| successor1 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| term_start2 = 29 July 2017
| term_end2 = 9 August 2022
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Tej Pratap Yadav]]
| successor2 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| office3 = [[List of ministers of law of Bihar|Minister of Law & Justice]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start3 = 26 February 2025
| term_end3 = 15 April 2026
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor3 = [[Nitin Nabin]]
| successor3 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| office4 = Minister of Agriculture [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start4 = 15 March 2024
| term_end4 = 26 February 2025
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor4 = [[Kumar Sarvjeet]]
| successor4 = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha|Vijay Sinha]]
| office5 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar]]
| term_start5 = 18 January 2013
| term_end5 = 30 November 2016
| predecessor5 = [[C. P. Thakur]]
| successor5 = [[Nityanand Rai]]
| office6 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 2025
| predecessor6 = [[Awadh Bihari Choudhary]]
| constituency6 = [[Siwan Assembly constituency|Siwan]]
| office7 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start7 = 7 May 2012
| term_end7 = 14 November 2025
| constituency7 = elected by Members of Legislative Assembly
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|8|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Siwan, Bihar]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Magadh University]] (B.A.)
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Urmila Pandey|1998}}
| children = 1 son
| father = Awadhesh Pandey
| mother = Premlata Pandey
}}

'''Mangal Pandey''' (born 9 August 1972) is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) who has served as the [[Health Minister]] and [[Law Minister]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/punjab-mangal-pandey-2nd-bjp-in-charge-of-hp-to-go-as-minister-4773544/|title=Mangal Pandey 2nd BJP in-charge of Himachal Pradesh to go as minister|date=30 July 2017}}</ref> He has also served as the President of the [[BJP]], Bihar from 2013 to 2017. Pandey, a leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) has been a member of Legislative Council since 7 May 2012. Mangal Pandey is [[BJP]] in-charge of [[Himachal Pradesh]] to go as minister for the 2017 Vidhan Sabha election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bjp-makes-mangal-pandey-in-charge-of-partys-himachal-affairs/articleshow/58566073.cms|title=BJP makes Mangal Pandey in-charge of party's Himachal affairs|date=8 May 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 March 2024 |title=CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125132709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life==

Mangal Pandey was born on 9 August 1972 to a family of farmers in Bhirgu Baliya, [[Maharajganj, Siwan]], Bihar. He was born to a Hindu Brahmin family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/|title=Mangal Pandey is Bihar BJP chief|date=18 January 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

He married Urmila Pandey on 19 April 1998. She is from Bhitti "Sahabuddin", "Baniyapur", Saran District. She is a housewife. They have a son.

Mangal Pandey completed his secondary education in Maharajgunj, Siwan in 1987 and higher secondary education in Science from Devi Dayal High School.

==Political career==
In 1987, when [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] was picking grounds across the country, Pandey joined [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), the student wing of the RSS. During this period he became involved in printing pamphlets opposing the government, staging protests and organising demonstrations. He also started going to RSS sakhas from 1988 and became a regular swayamsevak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/May/07/ex-bihar-bjp-chief-mangal-pandey-made-in-charge-of-partys-affairs-in-himachal-pradesh-1602155.html|title=Ex-Bihar BJP chief Mangal Pandey made in-charge of party's affairs in Himachal Pradesh|date=7 May 2017|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

He joined BJP in 1989 as a primary member from Maharajgunj and was made Member of working committee, Maharajgunj. In 1992, Pandey was elected working committee member of the party's Siwan unit, marking his entrance into full-time politics. He rose within the party, helping organise Shila pujan karyakram of [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] during 1988-89.

He was inducted in Bhartiya Janta Yuva Morcha state working committee in 1994. Within a short span of time, he was made in charge of Saran zone, BJYM in 1995.

Pandey was appointed as State Secretary, BJYM in 1997. As state secretary, he rigorously travelled across the state and was also co in charge for L. K. Advani’s Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra during 1997-98.

In 2000, he was made the state president of BJYM. He had started a campaign against the then Lalu Yadav's government "Jawab Do Hisab Do". Under this campaign, party workers used to ask for the expenses done by state government for funds allocated by then Vajpeyee's government.

Failing to answer used to result in lock down of Block level offices. This campaign was a huge success. Over 10000 BJYM karyakartas were arrested statewide.

Pandey was arrested twice, first in [[Chhapra]], then in [[Muzaffarpur]]; This gave him popularity across the state and party ranks.

In 2003, he was made zonal in charge of the organisation and later in 2005, he was made State General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar|BJP, Bihar]]. In 2006, under the Presidency of Radha Mohan Singh, he was again given responsibility of state general secretary for the second time. He continued in the office for another two terms in 2008 and in 2010.

==BJP State President, Bihar==
When the whole country was getting ready for the General Elections in 2014, Pandey was given the responsibility of State President of Bihar's party unit on 18 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/deployed-doctors-at-residence-for-sake-of-people-says-bihar-health-minister-mangal-pandey/805754/|title=Deployed doctors at residence for sake of people, says Bihar Health Minister Mangal Pandey|date=12 August 2017}}</ref>

After joining the office, his first assignment was marked in the State Working Committee Meeting at Gaya in 2013, wherein the committee passed a resolution and officially asked the national president, Rajnath Singh to fight 2014 General Elections in leadership of [[Narendra Modi]].

The election campaign in Bihar was started by "Hunkar Rally" on 27 October 2013 at historical Gandhi Maidan where a head count of more than seven lakh people was recorded. While rally was proceeding, a serial blast took place killing 6 and injuring 108 people.

The party won in 2014 General Election and the NDA won 31 out of 40 seats in Bihar. Failure in Bihar assembly elections is a major setback in Pandey's political career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bihar-health-minister-mangal-pandey-appointed-doctors-at-official-residence-politics-boils-16534248.html|title=स्वास्थ्य मंत्री मंगल पांडेय के घर आए डॉक्टर, लालू ने पूछा- क्या बीमारी थी? -|website=Jagran}}</ref>

==Inter-state Politics==
After becoming the state president, Pandey tried gathering political support from the Biharis staying in different parts of the country. He frequently visits states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, Karnataka and many others for political support. He made "Pravasi Bihari Prakosth" in states with significant Bihari population.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} It is supposed to act as a bridge between natives and immigrants of state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ipious.blogspot.in/2017/07/mangal-pandey-bjp-profile-family-wife.html|title=Mangal Pandey, BJP: Profile, Family, Wife and Bio|website=ipious.blogspot.in}}</ref>

==Controversy==
On 14 April 2021, a retired soldier suffering from Covid died without any treatment at a hospital in Bihar, as the hospital authorities were busy preparing for the visit of the state health minister Mangal Pandey. The patient named Vinod Singh, died in the vehicle he was brought to the [[Nalanda Medical College and Hospital|Nalanda Medical College and Hospital (NMCH)]]. The authorities did not admit him despite his family's repeated requests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-soldier-dies-of-covid-as-bihar-hospital-preps-for-ministers-visit-2413500|title = Former Soldier Dies of Covid as Bihar Hospital Preps for Minister's Visit}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Mangal}}
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:People from Siwan, Bihar]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Ambalappuzha Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T18:06:07Z

Indussource: created a page.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ambalappuzha
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 105
| map_image = Light House of alleppey.jpg
| map_caption = [[Alappuzha Lighthouse]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,78,623 (2021)
| mla = [[G. Sudhakaran ]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent ]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
}}

'''Ambalappuzha State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://alappuzha.nic.in/legislative-assembly-constituencies
|website = alappuzha.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Alappuzha district, Kerala
|access-date = 11 March 2020
}}</ref> The current MLA is [[H. Salam]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Ambalappuzha Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/alappuzha.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Alappuzha District
}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| Parts of [[Alappuzha]]
| Municipality
| [[Ambalappuzha]]
|-
| [[Ambalapuzha North]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Ambalappuzha]]
|-
| [[Ambalapuzha South]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Ambalappuzha]]
|-
| [[Punnapra North]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Ambalappuzha]]
|-
| [[Punnapra South]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Ambalappuzha]]
|-
| [[Purakkad]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Ambalappuzha]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}{{Party index link|Independent (politician)}}{{Party index link|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| rowspan="2" |[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|K. K. Kumara Pillai
| {{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|P. K. Chandrananandan
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="2" | V. Dinakaran
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|[[C. K. Sadasivan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|[[Susheela Gopalan]]
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
| D. Sugathan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="3" |[[G. Sudhakaran]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[H. Salam]]
|2021-2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|[[G. Sudhakaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|2026-
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===
There were 1,71,265 registered voters in the constituency for the 2026 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambalappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = United Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = [[G. Sudhakaran]]
|votes = 75,184
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[H. Salam]]
|votes = 47,249
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Arun Anirudhan
|votes = 16,348
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Johnson Mathew
|votes = 1020
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 27,935
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,38,499
|percentage = 80.86
|change = {{up}}4.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Democratic Front (Kerala)
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,78,623 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambalapuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[H. Salam]]|votes=61,365|percentage=44.79|change={{decrease}}2.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M. Liju|votes=50,240|percentage=36.67|change={{up}}6.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Anoop Antony|votes=22,389|percentage=16.34|change={{decrease}}0.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=M. M. Thahir|votes=1,690|percentage=1.23|change={{increase}}0.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=591|percentage=0.43|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Subadramma Thottappally|votes=525|percentage=0.38|change={{decrease}}0.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Subaida|votes=221|percentage=0.16|change={{decrease}}0.92}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=11,125|percentage=8.12|change={{decrease}}8.86}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,021|percentage=76.71|change={{decrease}}2.19}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}2.53}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,68,949 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambalapuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[G. Sudhakaran]]|votes=63,069|percentage=47.32|change={{decrease}}7.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Shaik P. Harriz|votes=40,448|percentage=30.34|change={{down}}9.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=L. P. Jayachandran|votes=22,730|percentage=17.05|change={{increase}}14.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=K. S. Shan|votes=1,622|percentage=1.22|change={{decrease}}0.36}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=R. Arjunan|votes=1,439|percentage=1.08|change={{increase}}0.73}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Nassar M. Pygamadom|votes=1,053|percentage=0.79|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=A. Ansari|votes=931|percentage=0.70|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Nasar Arattupuzha|votes=878|percentage=0.66|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=627|percentage=0.47|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Joseph Kuttikadan|votes=266|percentage=0.20|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. G. Sugunan|votes=231|percentage=0.17|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=22,621|percentage=16.98|change={{increase}}2.81}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,33,294|percentage=78.90|change={{decrease}}0.73}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}7.16}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,46,890 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambalapuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[G. Sudhakaran]]|votes=63,728|percentage=54.48|change={{up}}1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M. Liju|votes=47,148|percentage=40.31|change={{down}}0.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. K. Vasudevan|votes=2,668|percentage=2.28|change={{down}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=S. H. Alhadhi|votes=1,852|percentage=1.58|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Omanakuttan|votes=672|percentage=0.57|change={{down}}0.28}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K. R. Sasi|votes=415|percentage=0.35|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sivakumar|votes=347|percentage=0.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Nazeer Ahammed|votes=136|percentage=0.12|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=16,580|percentage=14.17|change={{up}}1.48}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,16,966|percentage=79.63|change={{up}}6.56}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{up}}1.21}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,28,577 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambalappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[G. Sudhakaran]]
|votes = 50,040
|percentage = 53.27
|change = {{up}}6.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)
|candidate = Adv. D. Sugathan
|votes = 38,111
|percentage = 40.57
|change = {{down}}10.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = G. Baladevan
|votes = 2,591
|percentage = 2.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. R. Sasi
|votes = 1,811
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = K. J. Chandramohan
|votes = 797
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = AIADMK
|candidate = Saleena Rehim
|votes = 582
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 11,929
|percentage = 12.69
|change = {{up}}8.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 93,953
|percentage = 73.07
|change = {{up}}0.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{up}}6.23
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,43,058 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambalappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Adv. D. Sugathan
|votes = 53,119
|percentage = 51.41
|change = {{up}}5.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[C. K. Sadasivan]]
|votes = 48,602
|percentage = 47.04
|change = {{down}}1.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. K. Sasi
|votes = 890
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vasudevan Nair R.
|votes = 709
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,517
|percentage = 4.37
|change = {{up}}2.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,03,325
|percentage = 72.22
|change = {{down}}3.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{up}}5.01
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
There were 1,43,058 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambalappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[Susheela Gopalan]]
|votes = 47,968
|percentage = 48.6
|change = {{down}}0.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Devadath G. Purakkad
|votes = 45,710
|percentage = 46.4
|change = {{down}}1.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = K. D. Ramakrishnan
|votes = 2,801
|percentage = 2.8
|change = {{up}}0.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Democratic Party (India)
|candidate = P. Sahadevan
|votes = 1,242
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. J. Sheela
|votes = 432
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. T. Chandrababu Kainakary
|votes = 397
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Radhakrishnan N. N. Pillai
|votes = 75
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,258
|percentage = 2.3
|change = {{up}}0.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,00,204
|percentage = 75.3
|change = {{down}}4.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{down}}0.5
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
There were 1,27,784 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambalappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[C. K. Sadasivan]]
|votes = 48,150
|percentage = 49.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = V. Dinakaran
|votes = 46,617
|percentage = 47.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = K. D. Ramakrishnan
|votes = 2,259
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Party
|candidate = Joseph Kuttikkarru
|votes = 439
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = S. Rajeevan
|votes = 405
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. T. Kuriakose
|votes = 179
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,533
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,01,973
|percentage = 79.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ambalappuzha]]
* [[Alappuzha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coords|9.38|76.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Rhea Singha

2026-05-04T14:20:38Z

Indussource: creating a biography

{{Short description|Indian model, beauty pageant titleholder (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Rhea Singha
| photo =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], India
| education = [[GLS University]]
| height = 1.70m
| occupation = Model
| eye_color = Brown{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
| hair_color = Dark Brown{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
| title = {{ubl|Teen Universe India 2023|[[Miss Universe India 2024]]}}
| competitions = {{Ubl|Teen Universe 2023|(Top 6)|[[Miss Universe India 2024]]|(Winner)|[[Miss Universe 2024]]|(Top 30)}}
}}

'''Rhea Singha''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: રિયા સિંઘા; born 10 December 2004) is an Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder who won [[Miss Universe India 2024]] on 22 September 2024, in [[Jaipur]], India. Singha represented India at the [[Miss Universe 2024]] pageant held on 16 November 2024, in Mexico and ended up as a Top 30 semi-finalist.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Miss Universe India 2024 Rhea Singha's winning moment set to Coldplay X BTS hit track|language=en |newspaper=hindustantimes.com |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/miss-universe-india-2024-rhea-singha-winning-moment-set-to-coldplay-x-bts-song-101727064653484.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=19-Year-Old Rhea Singha Crowned Miss Universe India 2024; Urvashi Rautela Passes Down The 'Taj Mahal Crown'|language=en |newspaper=freepressjournal.in |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/19-year-old-rhea-sinha-crowned-miss-universe-india-2024-urvashi-rautela-passes-down-the-taj-mahal-crown}}</ref>

Prior to her Miss Universe India victory, Singha held the title of Teen Universe India 2023.

== Early life and career ==
Singha is a model and [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] speaker, was born in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat to father Brijesh Singha and mother Rita Singha. She has a Bachelor's degree in Performing Arts from [[GLS University]] in Ahmedabad.

She won her first pageant, Diva's Miss Teen Gujarat in 2020 at the age of 16. Singha represented India at Teen Universe 2023 in [[Madrid]], where she reached the top six against 25 contestants. Later that year, she was the runner-up in JOY Times Fresh Face Season 14 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Who is Rhea Singha? Meet Gujarati Beauty Who's Crowned Miss Universe India 2024|language=en |newspaper=rozanaspokesman.com |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/230924/who-is-rhea-singha-winner-of-miss-universe-india-2024-latest-news.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Who is Rhea Singha, set to represent India at Miss Universe 2024? TEDx speaker, model, actor; all you need to know|language=en |newspaper=livemint.com |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/who-is-rhea-singha-set-to-represent-india-at-miss-universe-2024-tedx-speaker-model-actor-all-you-need-to-know-11727080910526.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rhea Singha and Srestha Choudary to Represent India at Miss Teen Universe in Madrid|language=en |newspaper=countryandpolitics.in |url=https://www.countryandpolitics.in/2023/02/07/rhea-singha-and-srestha-choudary-to-represent-india-at-miss-teen-universe-in-madrid/}}</ref>

== Pageantry ==

=== Miss Universe India 2024 ===
Singha was announced as a national finalist for the inaugural [[Miss Universe India]] competition organized by the [[Glamanand Group]] as a wildcard entrant on 17 August 2024, in Delhi. Singha won [[Miss Universe India 2024]] on 22 September 2024, at the [[Zee Studios]] in [[Jaipur]].
Singha was the first winner under the [[Glamanand Group]] to hold the title. Additionally, she won the Miss Glamorous subtitle award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/photo-gallery-meet-18-year-old-rhea-singha-gujarati-girl-who-beat-50-finalists-to-win-miss-universe-india-2024-crown-3109075|title=Meet 18-year-old Rhea Singha, Gujarati girl who beat 51 finalists to win Miss Universe India 2024 crown|publisher=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat's Rhea Singha crowned Miss Universe India 2024|language=en |newspaper=indiatoday.in |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/gujarat-rhea-singha-crowned-miss-universe-india-2024-2604819-2024-09-23}}</ref>

As Miss Universe India, Rhea visited [[Vietnam]] and several Indian cities, including [[Agra]] to see the [[Taj Mahal]] along with the [[Miss Universe 2024]], [[Victoria Kjær Theilvig]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.vov.vn/en/multimedia/photos/miss-universe-india-2024-rhea-singha-promotes-da-nang-tourism-post1130839.vov | title=Miss Universe India 2024 Rhea Singha promotes Da Nang tourism | publisher=[[Voice of Vietnam]] | date=25 October 2024 | accessdate=4 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://baodanang.vn/english/culture-sport/202410/miss-universe-india-rhea-singha-experiences-da-nang-tourism-3992411/ | title=Miss Universe India Rhea Singha experiences Da Nang tourism | publisher=Da Nang Today | work=Thu Ha | date=25 October 2024 | accessdate=4 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/indias-rhea-singha-becomes-miss-universe-victoria-kj-rs-taj-mahal-tour-guide-beauty-queen-stun-in-desi-outfits-watch-101742806831238.html | title=India's Rhea Singha becomes Miss Universe Victoria Kjær's Taj Mahal tour guide; beauty queen stun in desi outfits. | publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] | work=Akanksha Agnihotri | date=24 March 2025 | accessdate=4 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Miss Universe 2024 ===
Singha represented India at [[Miss Universe 2024]], held in the Arena CDMX, [[Mexico City]], Mexico, on 16 November 2024. She ended up as a Top 30 semi-finalists, marking the country's sixth consecutive placement at Miss Universe.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rhea Singha crowned Miss Universe India 2024|language=en |newspaper=thehindu.com |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/rhea-singha-crowned-miss-universe-india-2024/article68676610.ece}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2026
|''Jetlee''
|Shivani Roy
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Debut film
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Shweta Sharda]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss Universe India]]
|years=[[Miss Universe India 2024|2024]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Manika Vishwakarma]] }}
{{S-end}}

{{Miss Universe 2024 delegates}}

{{Portal bar|India|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singha, Rhea}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 2024 contestants]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]

Nandri Meendum Varuga

2026-05-04T00:00:23Z

Indussource: Started basic stub nd citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nandri, Meendum Varuga.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]]
| writer = Mouli
| producer = M. Jayadevi
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pratap Pothen]]|[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = V. Chakrapani
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| studio = Ponmalar International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|7|9|ref1=}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nandri Meendum Varuga''''' ({{Translation|Thank you, come again}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]], starring [[Pratap Pothen]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], with [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] in a significant role. Many actors and directors made guest appearances in the film, including [[Rajinikanth]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]], [[Charuhasan]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]] and [[Silk Smitha]]. The film was released on 9 July 1982.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=September 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Pratap Pothen]]
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]
* [[Surya Kiran (director)|Master Suresh]]
;Guest appearances
*[[Rajinikanth]]
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]
*[[Jayachitra]]
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
*[[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]]
*[[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]]
*[[Silk Smitha]]
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]]
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]]
*[[Charuhasan]]
*[[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]]
*[[I. V. Sasi]]
*[[Visu]]
*Mathioli Shanmugham
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandri Meendum Varuga |url=https://gaana.com/album/nandri-meendum-varuga-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715131642/https://gaana.com/album/nandri-meendum-varuga-tamil |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanri Meendum Varuga Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Satyam |url=https://mossymart.com/product/nanri-meendum-varuga-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-satyam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907105919/https://mossymart.com/product/nanri-meendum-varuga-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-satyam/ |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaathal Kanavugalae
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Pacha Milaka
| extra2 = Kousalya
| length2 =
| title3 = Enna Vetkam
| extra3 = S. Janaki
| length3 =
| title4 = Medaiyil Naane
| extra4 = H. P. Haran
| length4 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Nandri Meendum Varuga'' was released on 9 July 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanri meendum varuga ( 1982 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=nanri%20meendum%20varuga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130423004452/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=nanri%20meendum%20varuga |archive-date=23 April 2013 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Sunday Mid-Day]]'', S. Shivakumar panned the film: "The film has all necessary ingredients from Smitha to the lead pair dying in the end. But a bad film remains bad and even a guest appearance by [Rajinikanth] hasn't helped this film at the box-office".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=8 August 1982 |title=Prathap Pothen unlucky again |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1279380885935017984 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704115027/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1279380885935017984 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=[[Sunday Mid-Day]] |pages=28 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote Mouli's skill in creating individual scenes did not do in decorating the entire film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=25 July 1982 |title=நன்றி மீண்டும் வருக |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-07-25/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330042006/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-07-25/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=58 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. S. B. K. Moulee]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by T. S. B. K. Moulee]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Manokamna Mandir

2026-05-03T14:53:55Z

Indussource: Started initial data w/ infobox

{{Related|[[Phulhar]]|[[Vishwamitra Ashram, Bisaul]]|[[Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir]]|[[Sita]]}}{{Not to be confused|Manakamana Temple|Manakamana Temple (Sankhuwasabha)}}{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Manokamna Mandir|native_name=मनोकामना स्थान मंदिर|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Manokamna Nath Mahadev|festival=Savan Sombari|location=Kamtaul Village, Harlakhi block, [[Madhubani district]], [[Mithila region]], [[Bihar]]|district=[[Madhubani district]]|state=[[Bihar]]|country=[[India]]|image=Manokamna Mandir.jpg|caption=Campus of Manokamna Sthan at Kamtaul Village|tradition=[[Sanatana]]}}
'''Manokamna Mandir''' ( [[Maithili language|Maithili]]: मनोकामना मंदिर ) is an ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] located at Kamtaul village of [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]] block in [[Madhubani district]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in [[Bihar]], India. According to legend, it is said that the temple existed from [[Treta Yuga]]. It is associated with [[Ramayana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=मनोकामना मंदिर में पूरी हुई थी माता सीता की मनोकामना |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-mother-sita-39-s-wish-was-fulfilled-in-manokamna-temple-8410249.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Special: इस जगह पहली बार मिले थे श्रीराम और सीता, आज भी मौजूद है रामायण काल की वाटिका |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-hindustan-special-shri-ram-sita-met-first-time-at-this-place-ramayana-garden-period-still-exists-today-9102278.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Baba Manokamna Nath Mahadev Shivling.jpg|thumb|View of Baba Manokamna Nath Mahadev Shivling]]

== Etymology ==
''Manokamna'' is an Indian word meaning devotional wishes. It is believed that a [[Faith|devotee]] with good wishes comes here for worship to be fruitful. The literal meaning of ''Manokamna Mandir'' is a [[Hindu temple|temple]] where wishes become fruitful.
[[File:View of the other temples at the campus of Manokamna Mandir.jpg|thumb|View of the temples of Lord Kartika, Goddess Parvati and Lord Ganesha at the campus of the Manokamna Mandir]]

== Description ==
[[File:Manokamna Mandir Road Gate.jpg|thumb|Manokamna Mandir Road Gate at National Highway 227 passing through the outskirts of the village]]
According to ''Baba Rambhushan Das Nirmohi'', [[Hindu deities|Goddess]] [[Sita]] came worshipping to [[Phulhar]] ''Girija Devi'' for 12 years continuously. Then goddess ''Girija Devi'' blessed Sita and told to her worshipping ''Manokamna Mandir'' for the fruitful of her wishes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The place is also known as ''Manokamna Sthan''. There is [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] temple in the campus of place known as ''Baba Manokamna Nath Mahadev Mandir''.<ref name=":0" /> Every year on ''Sombaris'' during [[Shravana (month)|Sravani Mela]], huge devotee of Lord Shiva gathered here for ''[[Jalabhisheka]]'' on the [[Lingam|Shivlinga]] of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कहीं हर हर महादेव तो कहीं जय श्री राम के धुन से गुंजायमान - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-somewhere-every-mahadev-is-somewhere-resonant-with-jai-shri-rams-tune-19463873.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Around vicinity of the temple there are some more places like [[Baag Taraag Pushpavatika]] at [[Phulhar]] which was the flower garden of King [[Janaka]], [[Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir]], and [[Vishwamitra Ashram, Bisaul|Vishwamitra Ashram]] in [[Bisaul]], etc. related to [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=पर्यटन को बढ़ावा मिले तो धार्मिक स्थलों को मिलेगा नया मुकाम - If tourism is encouraged, religious places will get a new place - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-if-tourism-is-encouraged-religious-places-will-get-a-new-place-19606951.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is only at 13 miles distance by road from the capital city [[Janakpur]] of the ancient [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] Kingdom.
[[File:Goddess Parvati's idol at Manokamna Mandir.jpg|thumb|[[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]]'s idol at Parvati Mandir in the campus of the Manokamna Mandir]]
[[File:Statue of Nandi Maharaj, Manokamna Mandir.jpg|thumb|Statue of ''[[Nandi (Hinduism)|Lord Nandi Maharaj]]'' (divine [[vahana]] of Lord Shiva) in the campus ]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]

K. B. Sreedevi

2026-04-29T04:40:39Z

Indussource: Created Basic Bio W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language writer (1940–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = K. B. Sreedevi
| image = K. B. Sreedevi.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1940|5|1}}
| birth_place = Vaniyambalam, [[Malabar district]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2024|1|16|1940|5|1}}
| death_place = [[Tripunithura]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Writer
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Brahmadathan Namboodiripad
| children = 3
| parents = Narayanan Bhattathippad Gowri Antharjanam
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] Kerala State Film Award for Story
| influences =
| signature =
}}

'''Koodalloor Brahmadathan Sreedevi''' (1 May 1940 – 16 January 2024) was an Indian writer, who wrote in Malayalam, under the genre of [[children's literature]]. She received several awards including the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions and the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]] for Story.

Her granddaughter Ranjana K. made her novel ''Yajnam'' into a forty-five-minute film with the same title.<ref name="Manorama" /> Her story ''Shilpe-rupini'' was translated into English by [[Gita Krishnankutty]] as ''Woman of Stone'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=August 2021|title=Protest of Woman through Silence in Sreedevi's "Shilpe-rupini"|url=https://literaryhorizon.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Protest-of-Woman-through-Silence-in-Sreedevi%E2%80%9Fs-Shilpe-rupini-by-Dr-C-Arulmugil.pdf|journal=Literary Horizon|volume=1|issue=3|pages=139–144|archive-date=5 February 2022|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205103144/https://literaryhorizon.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Protest-of-Woman-through-Silence-in-Sreedevi%E2%80%9Fs-Shilpe-rupini-by-Dr-C-Arulmugil.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> When her work ''Niramala'' was made into a film, she did its screenplay, too.

==Biography==
K. B. Sreedevi was born on 1 May 1940, in Vellakattumana in [[Vaniyambalam]] in present-day [[Malappuram district]] to V. M. C. Narayanan Bhattathippad and Gowri Antharjanam.<ref name="Keralaliterature">{{Cite web|last=admin|date=10 May 2020|title=ശ്രീദേവി കെ.ബി|url=https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-മലയാളം-എഴുത്തുകാര്‍/sreedevi-k-bശ്രീദേവി-കെ-ബി/|access-date=5 February 2022|website=Keralaliterature.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Her father, Narayanan Bhattathiripad, was a progressive thinker.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2">{{cite news |title=കെ.ബി. ശ്രീദേവി: വിലക്കുകളെ അതിലംഘിച്ചു നേടിയെടുത്ത അക്ഷരയജ്ഞം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/writer-kb-sreedevi-passed-away-1.9246883 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=17 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Initially, she studied in a building within the premises of her house. Realizing the hardships of children in the village walking kilometers to study, Narayanan Bhattathiripad, along with his friends, established a school in [[Wandoor, Kerala|Wandoor]] town.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/> With that, Sreedevi also joined there as a sixth-grader.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/> She was later educated at Tripunithura Girls' High School and Varavoor Government School.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> She studied up to tenth class.<ref name="Manorama"/> Sreedevi also studied music and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Manorama"/> Later she did higher studies in Sanskrit under Panditharaja P. S. Subbarama Pattar.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> For three years she practiced [[Veena]] under Naravath Devakiamma.

Sreedevi wrote her first story, about the death of a bird, at the age of thirteen.<ref name="Manorama"/> She published many novels and short stories through publications like ''Ezhuthachan Masika'', ''[[Jayakeralam]]'' and ''[[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu|Mathrubhumi]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Amritakeerti Puraskaram for K B Sreedevi and Vattapparambil Gopinatha Pillai|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/amritakeerti-puraskaram-for-k-b-sreedevi-and-vattapparambil-gopinatha-pillai-1.4133923|access-date=6 February 2022|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206004607/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/amritakeerti-puraskaram-for-k-b-sreedevi-and-vattapparambil-gopinatha-pillai-1.4133923|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She married Brahmadathan Namboodiripad at the age of sixteen.<ref name="Malayalam"/> While living with her husband, in 1960 she founded a ''Mahila Samajam'' (group of women).<ref name="Malayalam"/> Formed for the upliftment of women and children, the group had more than 100 members.<ref name="Malayalam"/> The group organized education classes to make women literate, cultural activities for women, and job training for women.<ref name="Malayalam"/> She was active with the group until she shifted to [[Thrissur]].<ref name="Malayalam"/>

===Personal life===
Sreedevi and her husband Brahmadathan Namboodiripad of Koodalloor Mana had 3 children.<ref name="Malayalam">{{Cite book|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/17730018@N08/2068953278/in/photostream/ |title =ശാന്തം ഈ സാഹിത്യജീവിതം|work=Malayalam Weekly|date =27 November 2007|issue =January 2003|page=73|language=Malayalam}}</ref> Sreedevi, who lived in Thrissur for many years, later lived in [[Tripunithura]] in [[Ernakulam district]].<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Anasuya|date=13 December 2019|title='This is to tell the world that KB Sreedevi was here'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/at-80-author-k-b-sreedevi-pens-her-20th-book/article30297921.ece|access-date=5 February 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

K. B. Sreedevi died on 16 January 2024, at the age of 83.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned Malayalam writer KB Sreedevi no more |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/writer-kb-sreedevi-passed-away-1.9243798 |work=@mathrubhumi |date=16 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable works==
*{{Cite book|title=Moonnam Thalamura|publisher=Chintha Publications|date=March 2013|language=Malayalam|isbn=978-9382808091}}<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
* {{Cite book|title=Yajnjam|publisher=H and C Books|language=Malayalam}}<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
* {{Cite book|title=Chanakkallu|publisher=H and C Books|date=March 2017|edition=2|isbn=978-9386208415|language=Malayalam}}<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
* {{Cite book|title=Mukhathodu Mukham|publisher=Poorna Publications|language=Malayalam|isbn=978-8130007199|date=1 January 2007}}
* {{Cite book|title=Thiriyuzhichil|publisher=NationalBookStall|date= November 2012 |language=Malayalam}}<ref name="Hindu"/>
* {{Cite book|url=http://catalogue.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10670|title=Kuttithirumeni|date=1980|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society}}

===Short story collections===
*{{Cite book|title=Kathakal|date=2014|isbn=978-93-81731-96-3|location=Kochi|oclc=907583041|publisher=Kurukshethra Prakasan}}
* Krishnanuragam<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
* Common Wealth<ref name=":0" />
* Chiranjivi<ref name=":0" />
* Pattamula<ref name=":0" />
* Pinneyum Padunna Kili<ref name=":0" />

=== Screenplays ===
* Niramala<ref name=":0" />

===Works on Indian mythology and folklore===
* {{Cite book|title=Bhāgavataparyaṭanaṃ : purāṇaṃ|date=2016|isbn=978-93-80884-11-0|location=Ayyanthole, Thrissur, Kerala|oclc=1126353641|language=Malayalam |last1=Bi Śr̲Īdēvi |first1=Ke }}, stories based on [[Bhagavata Purana]]
* {{Cite book|title=Njanappana|date=2019|publisher=GREEN Books|isbn=978-93-80884-09-7|oclc=1130764814}}, Elaborated writing of Njanappana by Poonthanam
* {{Cite book|title=Parayi Petta Panthirukulam|publisher=H and C Books|date=1 January 2018|isbn=978-9387911529|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Agnihothram|publisher=H and C Books|date=1 January 2017|isbn=978-9386531827|language=Malayalam}}<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
* {{Cite book|title=Vaduthala Nair|publisher=H and C Books|date=October 2015|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Uppukottan|publisher=H and C Books|date=1 January 2015|edition=2|isbn=978-9385916052|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Naranathu Bhranthan|publisher=H and C Books|date=1 January 2014|edition=1|isbn=978-9384736149|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Perunthachan|publisher=H and C Books|language=Malayalam|isbn=978-9385175756|date=1 January 2015}}
* {{Cite book|title=Karakkalamma|publisher=H and C Books|date=1 January 2015|isbn=978-9385175305|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Vallon|publisher=H and C Books|date=1 January 2015|isbn=978-9384321789|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Pananar|publisher=H and C Books|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Akavur Chathan|publisher=H and C Books|isbn=978-9385916304|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Rajakan|publisher=H and C Books|language=Malayalam|isbn=978-9385554469|date=1 January 2015}}
* {{Cite book|title=Pakkanar|publisher=H and C Books|date=1 January 2015| isbn=978-9384736798|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mezhathur Agnihothri|publisher=H and C Books|language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book|title=Sreekrishna Katha|publisher=H and C Books|date=25 September 2021|language=Malayalam}}
* Dasharatham<ref name="M3DB"/>
* Devahooti<ref name="M3DB"/>
* Vrathasuran<ref name="M3DB"/>
* Karinkali, Research novel on 'Karinkali', the farming goddess of the early adivasis of Ernad

=== Plays ===
* Kururamma<ref name=":0" />

===Studies===
* ''Pracheena Gurukulangal Kerala Samskarathinu Nalkiya Sambhavana'', study on contributions of ancient scholars to Kerala with scholarship from Department of Human Resources, Government of India<ref name="M3DB">{{Cite web|title=കെ ബി ശ്രീദേവി|url=https://m3db.com/k-b-sreedevi|access-date=5 February 2022|website=M3DB.COM|language=en}}</ref>
* Study on woman writers of Kerala with grant in aid from Kerala Sahitya Akademi<ref name="M3DB"/>

==Awards and honours==
*[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]
*Kerala State Film Award 1975 for Story, ''Niramala''<ref name="Hindu"/>
*Kumkumam Award 1974, for the novel ''Yajnam''<ref name="Manorama">{{Cite web|title=മകളെ തൊട്ടാൽ ഭ്രഷ്ടാക്കപ്പെടുന്ന അമ്മയുടെ നോവ് പൊള്ളിച്ചു: രഞ്ജന കെ.|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/2019/10/12/talk-with-ranjana-k.html|access-date=5 February 2022|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>
*Nalapadan Award(2000) (Nalapat Narayana Menon- given by Nalapadan Memorial Cultural Society, Punnayurkulam) for ''Moonnam Thalamura''<ref name="Hindu"/>
*VT Award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=വി.ടി. പുരസ്കാരം കെ.ബി. ശ്രീദേവിക്ക് സമ്മാനിച്ചു|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/palakkad-1.4523996|access-date=5 February 2022|website=Mathrubhumi|language=ml|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205103150/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/palakkad-1.4523996|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Rotary Award 1982for Story, ''Niramala''<ref name="M3DB"/>
*[[Deviprasadam Trust Award]], 2009<ref name="Deviprasadam Trust">[https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/awards.htm "Awards, Trusts and Scholarships: 2. Deviprasaadam Trust"]. Namboothiri.com. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</ref>
*Njanappana Award 2021, considering her comprehensive contributions to the field of literature over six decades<ref>{{Cite web|last=ഡെസ്ക്|first=വെബ്|date=13 February 2021|title=ജ്ഞാനപ്പാന പുരസ്കാരം കെ.ബി. ശ്രീദേവിക്ക് {{!}} Madhyamam|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/thrissur/njanappana-award-2021-k-b-sridevi-766716|access-date=5 February 2022|website=www.madhyamam.com|language=ml}}</ref>
*Raikva Rishi Award 2014<ref>{{Cite web|last=prabeesh|title=രൈക്വഋഷി പുരസ്കാരം മനു മാസ്റ്റർക്ക്|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/local-news/manu-master-won-raikva-rishi-award-pyyhs6|access-date=5 February 2022|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref>
*Amritakeerti Puraskar 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Award for litterateurs KB Sreedevi and Gopinatha Pillai|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/sep/24/award-for-litterateurs-k-b-sreedevi-and-gopinatha-pillai-2038081.html|access-date=5 February 2022|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 September 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreedevi, K. B.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Raj Kumar (badminton)

2026-04-24T12:09:24Z

Indussource: creating a biography

{{short description|Indian para-badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Raj Kumar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|12|09|df=yes}}
| height =
| weight =
| country = {{IND}}
| event =Men's singles and doubles SU5 Mixed doubles SL3–SU5
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[para-badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[2009 IBAD Para-Badminton World Championships|2009 Seoul]] | Men's singles}}
{{MedalGold | 2009 Seoul | Men's doubles}}
{{MedalGold | [[2015 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2015 Stoke Mandeville]] | Mixed doubles }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024 Pattaya]] | Men's doubles}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2013 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2013 Dortmund]] | Men's singles}}
{{MedalBronze | 2015 Stoke Mandeville | Men's singles }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2017 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2017 Ulsan]] | Men's doubles}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2019 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2019 Basel]] | Men's doubles}}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2022 Tokyo]] | Men's doubles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{Medal|Silver | [[2014 Asian Para Games|2014 Incheon]] | Men's doubles}}
{{Medal|Silver | 2014 Incheon | Mixed doubles}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games – Men's doubles SU5|Men's doubles]]}}
|birth_place=[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India|coach=[[Gaurav Khanna (badminton)|Gaurav Khanna]]|highest_ranking=9 (MS 16 May 2019) 1 (MD with [[Rakesh Pandey (para-badminton)|Rakesh Pandey]] 16 May 2019) 1 (MD with [[Chirag Baretha]] 8 November 2022) 4 (XD with [[Parul Parmar]] 16 March 2022)|current_ranking=44 (MS) 1 (MD with Chirag Baretha) 6 (XD with Parul Parmar)|date_of_current_ranking=8 November 2022}}

'''Raj Kumar''' is an Indian para-badminton player from [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/bfdce198-17e1-43b2-9b40-8c7bb0ac682e/biography|title = BWF Para-Badminton}}</ref> He had been ranked world number one in para-badminton men's doubles SU5 in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/bfdce198-17e1-43b2-9b40-8c7bb0ac682e/ranking|title = BWF Para-Badminton}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
=== World Championships ===
''Men's singles SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2009 IBAD Para-Badminton World Championships|2009]]
| align="left" | Olympic Fencing Gymnasium, [[Seoul]], South Korea
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Eyal Bachar]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 21–9
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2013 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2013]]
| align="left" | Helmut-Körnig-Halle, [[Dortmund]], Germany
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheah Liek Hou]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2015 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2015]]
| align="left" | [[Stoke Mandeville Stadium]], Stoke Mandeville, England
| align="left" | {{flagicon|POL}} [[Bartłomiej Mróz]]
| align="left" | 9–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

''Men's doubles SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2009 IBAD Para-Badminton World Championships|2009]]
| align="left" | Olympic Fencing Gymnasium, [[Seoul]], South Korea
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakesh Pandey (para-badminton)|Rakesh Pandey]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE|variant=Paralympic}} [[Lin Cheng-che]] {{flagicon|TPE|variant=Paralympic}} [[Lee Meng-yuan]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 11–21, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2017 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2017]]
| align="left" | [[Dongchun Gymnasium]], [[Ulsan]], South Korea
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Rakesh Pandey
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Suryo Nugroho]] {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Tay Wei Ming]]
| align="left" | 10–21, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2019 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2019]]
| align="left" | [[St. Jakobshalle]], [[Basel]], Switzerland
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Rakesh Pandey
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Shengzhuo]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Zhirui]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 12–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]], [[Tokyo]], Japan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Baretha]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Dheva Anrimusthi]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hafizh Briliansyah Prawiranegara]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024]]
| align="left" | Pattaya Exhibition and Convention Hall, [[Pattaya]], Thailand
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Baretha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Muhammad Fareez Anuar]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheah Liek Hou]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

''Mixed doubles SL3–SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2015 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2015]]
| align="left" | [[Stoke Mandeville Stadium]], Stoke Mandeville, England
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parul Parmar]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakesh Pandey (para-badminton)|Rakesh Pandey]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manasi Girishchandra Joshi]]
| align="left" | 10–21, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
|}

=== Asian Para Games ===
''Men's doubles SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2014 Asian Para Games#Men|2014]]
| align="left" | [[Gyeyang Gymnasium]], Incheon, South Korea
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakesh Pandey (para-badminton)|Rakesh Pandey]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheah Liek Hou]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Suhalli Laiman]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 11–21, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Binjiang Gymnasium]], Hangzhou, China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Baretha]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Dheva Anrimusthi]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hafizh Briliansyah Prawiranegara]]
| align="left" | 11–21, 21–19, 11–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

''Mixed doubles SL3–SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2014 Asian Para Games#Men|2014]]
| align="left" | Gyeyang Gymnasium, Incheon, South Korea
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parul Parmar]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Fredy Setiawan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Leani Ratri Oktila]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== BWF Para Badminton World Circuit (3 titles, 7 runners-up) ===
The BWF Para Badminton World Circuit – Grade 2, Level 1, 2 and 3 tournaments has been sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation from 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2022 |title=Para Badminton Tournament Structure Bids for Tournaments 2022 Onwards |language=en |website=[[Badminton World Federation]] |url=https://corporate.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2021/06/03/para-badminton-tournament-structure-bids-for-tournaments-2022-onwards}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2022 |title=BWF Para Tournamentsoftware |language=en |website=[[Badminton World Federation]] |url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/}}</ref>

''Men's doubles SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
!Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International II
| align="left" | Level 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Baretha]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Abdoullah Ait Bella]] {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Méril Loquette]]
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–10
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International I
| align="left" | Level 1
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Baretha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardik Makkar]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthick Ragupathi]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 21–15, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Bahrain Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Baretha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Muhammad Fareez Anuar]] {{Flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheah Liek Hou]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 21–19, 7–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International II
| align="left" | Level 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Baretha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} Muhammad Fareez Anuar {{Flagicon|MAS}} Cheah Liek Hou
| align="left" | 20–22, 23–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International I
| align="left" | Level 1
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Baretha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Hardik Makkar {{Flagicon|IND}} Ruthick Ragupathi
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Brazil Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Baretha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} Muhammad Fareez Anuar {{Flagicon|MAS}} Cheah Liek Hou
| align="left" | 13–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Bahrain Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Baretha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} Muhammad Fareez Anuar {{Flagicon|MAS}} Cheah Liek Hou
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–19, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | 4 Nations Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 1
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Baretha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} Muhammad Fareez Anuar {{Flagicon|MAS}} Cheah Liek Hou
| align="left" | 21–17, 10–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International II
| align="left" | Level 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Baretha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} Muhammad Fareez Anuar {{Flagicon|MAS}} Cheah Liek Hou
| align="left" | 16–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
''Mixed doubles SL3–SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
!Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 1
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parul Parmar]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthick Ragupathi]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Manasi Girishchandra Joshi]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

=== International tournaments (from 2011–2021) (5 titles, 4 runners-up) ===
''Men's singles SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Uganda Para Badminton International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Baretha]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 17–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
''Men's doubles SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
!Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Dubai Para Badminton International
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakesh Pandey (para-badminton)|Rakesh Pandey]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Dheva Anrimusthi]] {{Flagicon|INA}} [[Suryo Nugroho]]
| align="left" | 20–22, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Uganda Para Badminton International
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rakesh Pandey
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Baretha]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sumith Kumar Garg]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Canada Para Badminton International
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rakesh Pandey
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Gi-yeon]] {{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Shin Kyung-hwan]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Denmark Para Badminton International
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rakesh Pandey
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} Suryo Nugroho {{Flagicon|INA}} [[Fredy Setiawan]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2020
| align="left" | Brazil Para Badminton International
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rakesh Pandey
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} Suryo Nugroho {{Flagicon|INA}} Fredy Setiawan
| align="left" | 10–21, 21–8, 10–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2020
| align="left" | Peru Para Badminton International
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rakesh Pandey
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Méril Loquette]] {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Mazur]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 18–21, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | Uganda Para Badminton International
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Baretha]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Paneer]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthick Ragupathi]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
''Mixed doubles SL3–SU5''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
!Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Uganda Para Badminton International
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parul Parmar]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Guillaume Gailly]] {{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Mary Margaret Wilson]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

== Awards ==
* [[Arjuna Award]] (2016)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{BWFB|P60840}}
* {{BWFPara|bfdce198-17e1-43b2-9b40-8c7bb0ac682e}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Raj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Paralympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Indian male para-badminton players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2014 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Tamil Thai Valthu (Tamil Nadu)

2026-04-21T06:27:41Z

Indussource: started new entry

{{about|the State Song of Tamil Nadu|the State Song of Puducherry|Tamil Thai Valthu (Puducherry)}}
{{Short description|State anthem of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{copy to Wikisource}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title = Tamil Thai Valthu
|transcription =
|english_title = Invocation to Tamil Mother
|type = song
|alt_title =
|en_alt_title =
|alt_title_2 =
|en_alt_title_2=
|image = TamilNadu Logo.svg
|image_size = 150px
|caption = [[Emblem of Tamil Nadu]]
|prefix = State
|country = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|author = [[Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai]]
|lyrics_date =
|composer = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|music_date =
|adopted = 17 December 2021
|sound =
|sound_title =
}}

"'''Tamil Thai Valthu'''" ({{Langx|ta|Tamiḻttāy Vāḻttu|lit=Invocation to Tamil Mother}}; {{IPA|ta|t̪ʌmɪ˞ɻt̪ːɑːɪ̯ ʋɑ˞ːɻt̪ːɨ}}) is the state song of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The original song was written by [[Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai]] (1855-1897), as an invocation to [[Tamil Thai]] (Tamil Mother) in the prelude to the play ''Manonmaniam'' in 1891.<ref name="Hist">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/The-creator-of-the-Tamil-Anthem/article12572861.ece|title=The creator of the Tamil Anthem|date=18 October 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A rendition of the song was later composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], and sung by [[T. M. Soundarajan]] and [[P. Susheela]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/msv-composed-music-tamil-thai-vazhththu-230993.html|title=MSV composed music for Tamil Thai Vazhththu|work=[[One India]]|date=14 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veteran-music-composer-ms-viswanathan-dead/article7420180.ece|title=Veteran musician M.S. Viswanathan passes away|first=B.|last=Kolappan|date=14 July 2015| work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

On 11 March 1970, based on a request from the Karanthai Tamil Sangam, [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. Karunanidhi]] announced that verses of the song would be recited as ''Tamil Thai Valthu'' at the beginning of state government functions. The official order for the same was issued later on 23 November 1970.<ref name="Hist"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Dec/17/tamil-nadu-declares-tamil-thaai-vazhthu-as-state-song-2396645.html|title=Tamil Nadu declares 'Tamil Thaai Vazhthu' as state song|access-date=17 December 2021|date=17 December 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 17 December 2021, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] formally declared it as the official state song, and mandated that every able person should stand when it is played or being sung.<ref>{{cite news|title=DMK Government declares Tamil Thai Vaazhthu the State song|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-government-declares-tamil-thai-vaazhthu-the-state-song/article37981387.ece|access-date=17 December 2021|date=17 December 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Tamil Thai Vazhthu' Declared State Anthem, Mandatory to Stand During Song|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tamil-thai-vazhthu-declared-state-anthem-mandatory-to-stand-during-song-2656392|access-date=17 December 2021|date=17 December 2021|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
===Official version===
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{|class="wikitable"
![[Tamil script]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/sites/default/new_images/tamilthaivazhthusong.pdf|title=Tamil Thai Valthu|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
![[Romanisation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://semmozhitamilschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81.pdf|title=Tamil Thai Valthu|work=Semmozhi Tamil|access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
![[English language|English]] translation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lyricstranslate.com/en/tamil-thai-valthu-invocation-mother-tamil.html|title=Tamil Thai Valthu-Invocation to Tamil Mother|work=Lyrics Translate|access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>நீராருங் கடலுடுத்த நிலமடந்தைக் கெழிலொழுகும்
சீராரும் வதனமெனத் திகழ் பரதக் கண்டமிதில்
தெக்கணமும் அதிற்சிறந்த திராவிட நல் திருநாடும்
தக்கசிறு பிறைநுதலும் தரித்தநறுந் திலகமுமே
அத்திலக வாசனைபோல் அனைத்துலகும் இன்பமுற
எத்திசையும் புகழ் மணக்க இருந்த பெருந் தமிழணங்கே!
தமிழணங்கே!
உன்சீரிளமைத் திறம் வியந்து
செய ல்மறந்து வாழ்த்துதுமே!
வாழ்த்துதுமே!
வாழ்த்துதுமே!</poem>
|<poem style="font-style: italic;">nīrāruṅ kaṭaluṭutta nilamaṭantaik keḻiloḻukum
sīrārum vataṉameṉat tikaḻ paratak kaṇṭamitil
tekkaṇamum atiṟciṟanta tirāviṭa nal tirunāṭum
takkasiṟu piṟainutalum tarittanaṟun tilakamumē
attilaka vāsaṉaipōl aṉaittulakum iṉpamuṟa
ettisaiyum pukaḻ maṇakka irunta perun tamiḻaṇaṅkē!
tamiḻaṇaṅkē!
uṉsīriḷamait tiṟam viyantu
seya lmaṟantu vāḻttutumē!
vāḻttutumē!
vāḻttutumē!</poem>
| <poem>
Brimming sea drapes exuberant maiden of land!
With exalted Indian subcontinent as her beautified face!
South! In particular divine Dravidian country!
Like an aesthetic ''[[tilaka]]'' on its beauteous curved forehead!
Like the fragrance of that tilaka, for the entire world to be delirious!
Let your fervour spread in all directions!
Oh, Goddess Tamil!
Ever remain afresh Thee! Purity intact too!
Delighted! Praise thou beauteous Tamil, youthful forever! Awestruck! Praise unto thee!
Praise unto thee!
Praise unto thee!</poem>
|} </div>

=== Full version ===
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{|class="wikitable"
! Tamil script<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pothunalam.com/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D/tamil-thai-valthu/|title=Tamil Thai Valthu|work=Pothunalam|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
! Tamil Romanisation
! English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>நீராருங் கடலுடுத்த நிலமடந்தைக் கெழிலொழுகும்
சீராரும் வதனமெனத் திகழ் குமரிக் கண்டமிதில்
தெக்கணமும் அதிற்சிறந்த தமிழர்நல் திருநாடும்
தக்கசிறு பிறைநுதலும் தரித்தநறுந் திலகமுமே
அத்திலக வாசனைபோல் அனைத்துலகும் இன்பமுற
எத்திசையும் புகழ்மணக்க இருந்தபெருந் தமிழணங்கே!
தமிழணங்கே!
பல்லுயிரும் பலவுலகும் படைத்தளித்து துடைக்கினுமோர்
எல்லையறு பரம்பொருள்முன் இருந்தபடி இருப்பதுபோல்
கன்னடமுங் களிதெலுங்கும் கவின்மலையாளமும் துளுவும்
உன்னுதரத் தேயுதித்தே ஒன்றுபல வாகிடினும்
ஆரியம்போல் உலகவழக்கழிந் தொழிந்து சிதையாவுன்
சீரிளமைத் திறம்வியந்து செயல்மறந்து
வாழ்த்துதுமே!
வாழ்த்துதுமே!</poem>
|<poem style="font-style: italic;">nīrāruṅ kaṭaluṭutta nilamaṭantaik keḻiloḻukum
cīrārum vataṉameṉat tikaḻ bharatha kaṇṭamitil
tekkaṇamum atiṟciṟanta tamiḻarnal tirunāṭum
takkaciṟu piṟainutalum tarittanaṟun tilakamumē
attilaka vācaṉaipōl aṉaittulakum iṉpamuṟa
etticaiyum pukaḻmaṇakka iruntaperun tamiḻaṇaṅkē!
tamiḻaṇaṅkē!
palluyirum palavulagam padaithalitu tudaikinamor
ellayaru paramporulmun irunthapadi irupadhupol
kannadamum kalithelungum kavinmalayalamum tuluvum
unnutarat teyutite onrupala vākitinum
ariyampol ulagavaḻakhaḻint toḻindhusidhaiyāun
sērilamai tiram veyantu seyal marantu
vāḻttutumē!
vāḻttutumē!</poem>
|<poem>Brimming Sea drapes exuberant maiden of land!
With exalted Indian subcontinent as her beautified face!
South! In particular divine Dravidian country!
Like an aesthetic tilaka on its beauteous curved forehead!
Like the fragrance of that tilaka, for the entire world to be delirious!
Let your fervour spread in all directions!
Many a life! Many a world! Creations of Thine! Decimations too !
Ever pervading Creator! Remain as ever! Ever as Thy have been!
[[Kannada people|Kannada]], Joyous [[Telugu people|Telugu]], Dainty [[Malayalam people|Malayalam]] with [[Tulu people|Tulu]]!
Born of thy lips, the one that became many
Unlike [[Aryan]] (language) you don't go out of use,
Ever remain afresh Thee! Purity intact too!
Praise thou beauteous Tamil, youthful forever! Awestruck!
Praise unto thee!
Praise unto thee! </poem>
|} </div>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian state songs]]
* {{anl|Jana Gana Mana}}
* {{anl|Tamil Thai Valthu (Puducherry)}}
* {{anl|Vande Mataram}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CtsoLvzxS0 Tamil Thai Valthu]

{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Invocation To Mother Tamil}}
[[Category:Indian state anthems]]
[[Category:Government of Tamil Nadu]]

Sadhna (film)

2026-04-20T02:29:23Z

Indussource: started stub...

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sadhna
| image = Sadhna 1958 film.jpeg
| caption =
| director = [[B.R. Chopra]]
| producer = B.R. Chopra
| writer = [[Mukhram Sharma]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vyjayanthimala]]|[[Sunil Dutt]]|[[Leela Chitnis]]|S.Balber}}
| music = [[Datta Naik]]
| cinematography = [[MN Malhotra|M. N. Malhotra]]
| editing = Pran Mehra
| distributor = B. R. Films
| released = {{Film date|1958}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = ₹1.6 Crore ($224,000)
}}
'''Sadhna''' ({{langx|hi|साधना}}; {{langx|ur|سادھنا}}; translation: ''Realize'', also transliterated as '''''Sadhana''''') is a 1958 [[Black-and-white]] Hindi film aiming at social reform, produced and directed by [[B. R. Chopra]]. The film stars [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Sunil Dutt]] in the lead with [[Leela Chitnis]], Radhakrishan, [[Manmohan Krishna]], Uma Dutt and Ravikant, forming an [[ensemble cast]]. The story, screenplay and dialogue were penned by [[Mukhram Sharma]]. The film revolves around Champa ([[Vyjayanthimala]]), a prostitute and her love affair with Mohan, a college teacher(Lecturer)([[Sunil Dutt]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_b-r-chopra-master-of-socially-relevant-filmmaking_1203701 |title=B.R. Chopra - master of socially relevant filmmaking |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=5 November 2008 |author=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref>

==Theme==
The film has the central theme of rehabilitation of prostitutes and bringing them into mainstream society, which was then a bold and controversial topic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811060323.htm |title=B.R.Chopra made socially relevant films |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 November 2008 |author=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref> Furthermore, the film also questioned society's view of prostitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200804191740.htm |title=Festival of B R Chopra's film inaugurated |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 April 2008 |author=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around Mohan, who is a lecturer in a local college and lives with his aged mother. Incidentally, it is shown in the beginning that he is giving a lecture in his class based on the classic play, Mṛichchhakatika which features the story of a nobleman, Charudatt, who falls in love with Vasantsena, a prostitute. This appears to leave a deep impact on the tender mind of a young Mohan, as will be seen from the progress of the story and its eventual culmination. His old mother would like him to get married since she wanted him to settle down before she dies. But, Mohan was opposed to this as he didn't want to be married so early. One day, while coming down the stairs, his mother, who was running high fever, slips and falls and loses consciousness. Despite being delirious with fever, she mumbles to see a daughter-in-law. The neighbor, Jeevan offers to help and brings a woman, Rajni, who is then introduced to his mother as the would-be daughter-in-law. Now his mother's health has improved and his mother is very happy with Rajni, with her beauty and good behavior, she accepts her as her prospective daughter-in-law and even gives her the family jewels to dress in. Rajni is deeply moved after putting on the ornaments and the bridal saree but is shattered when her customers want her to perform in the bridal attire. Mohan falls for the beauty and charm of 'Rajni'. Then mother and son receive the earth shattering news that Rajini is actually a prostitute, Champabai. The eventual acceptance of 'Rajni' by Mohan's mother and her assimilation into the household, after the former prostitute's metamorphosis on falling in love with Mohan, forms the crux of the story.

==Plot==
Professor Mohan ([[Sunil Dutt]]) is a morally upright, honest young man living with his beloved mother ([[Leela Chitnis]]), who is single-minded in her pursuit of one goal: her son's marriage. Mohan teaches literature and poetry at a nearby college. During one lesson from a play composed by the medieval play-write, Shudraka about a nobleman who has fallen for a prostitute, he makes his abhorrent feelings about dancing girls quite clear.

Not long after, his mother, who is running a fever, falls down the stairs in their home and is unconscious. The doctor is called, injections are given, the neighbors all come crowding in, and much shaking of the head ensues, but she finally regains her senses long enough to say this, that she wants him to get married. The doctor pronounces his judgment that with the medication, she will get better; but the packed-in neighbors are much more gloomy. They all file out, still muttering amongst themselves.

One of the neighbors, Jeevan (Radhakrishan), has creditors hounding him, and he sees a little opportunity to make some money. He tells Mohan that he knows a girl who might be persuaded to pose as his fiancee for a few days, but her father will probably want money. Mohan, of course, is willing at this point to do anything and agrees to give Jeevan whatever he wants. Jeevan goes to see Champabai ([[Vyjayanthimala]]), a local prostitute. He negotiates a price with her for posing as Mohan's fiancee for the evening. Reluctantly, she puts on an ordinary sari and he takes her to see his mother and meet Mohan. Champbai, who was introduced as 'Rajni' by Jeevan before his mother puts up a credible demure act so as to impress her.

Champa, for her part, is unimpressed by either mother or son and makes fun of them when she returns to the Kotha. Jeevan gives her the agreed amount, which is promptly pocketed by the brothel owner, Lallubhai ([[Manmohan Krishna]]).

The next day, Mohan's mom asks to see Rajni (Vyjayanthimala) again, and Mohan asks Jeevan to bring her again that evening. Jeevan has told Mohan that she is the daughter of a distant relative. In any case, Champa / Rajni is bowled over by the expensive jewelry that Mohan's mom shows her as the family bride-to-be. She decides to forgo her fee, to Jeevan's dismay, in favor of pretending to have real feelings for Mohan until she can find an opportunity to steal it. She soon does, as one day Mohan's mom gives her the bridal sari and jewelry to take home and try on and present herself as a bride before her.

She puts on the bridal outfit and comes before her customers that evening, but they make fun of her and ask her to perform as a bride/devi. She flees in humiliation and the jewels she put on so happily moments before now feel like they are scalding her. Her customers sing a lively qawwali to try and coax her out. But when she emerges, this time in her usual dance attire, they laugh at her again and she realizes that she means nothing to them, they don't think of her as a person with feelings or emotions. But, there is a life changing transformation in her when she realizes the respect and love a bride commands in a household. The next day, subdued, she brings back the jewelry and bridal sari to Mohan's mom, who is recovering nicely. Her warm greeting and kind affection make her feel even worse. Subconsciously, both Mohan and 'Rajni' had fallen for each other.

Meanwhile, Mohan wants to speak to her father. Jeevan puts him off, and he returns home to find Rajni there. He expresses his affection gently, and she tells him that she is not worthy of his feelings. She leaves sad, and the next evening refuses to dance for her customers. Lallu's threats don't move her either, and she throws him out after an impassioned speech about how he has been living off her earnings for years. He goes but vows that he will make her dance in the bazaar.

She goes to see Jeevan and makes him promise that he won't tell Mohan the truth about her, not because she thinks she has a future with him, but because she can't bear to become a fallen woman in his eyes. Soon after that, Mohan sees Rajni walking in the street. When he calls her name, she flees, and he follows her to the 'Kotha'. Mohan is horrified and angry when the people of the bazaar tell him that she is Champabai, a prostitute and not Rajni. He tells his bewildered mother that he will never see Rajni again.

Champa later writes a letter to Mohan that she wants to see him one last time at midnight outside his house. Mohan tears up the letter but still goes outside to find Champa standing there. He asks her why she wanted to see him and tells her to go away. She tells him that she is Champa and she is very sorry for cheating on both him and his mother. He immediately tells her that her profession is to cheat and betray people as she is a prostitute. She tells him that she was forced to become one but he doesn't pay heed to her. She leaves but gets kidnapped by Lallu and his cohort. But, hearing her cries Mohan saves her in the nick of time. He takes her back to his house and helps her regain consciousness. He asks her who they were and why they were kidnapping her. She tells him that they were MEN and they don't ask for consent on any matter. She then tells him how she was forced to become a prostitute after she was left alone in the world after her mother died suffering without any medicines. After hearing her story, Mohan tells her that he will marry her as Champa and not as Rajni. She becomes very delighted to hear this but tells him to go home immediately as she didn't want his mother to get humiliated knowing that her son goes to a prostitute's house.

Meanwhile, Lallu tells Mohan's mother that Rajni is actually Champabai, a prostitute. Shellshocked, she tells him to get out of her house and asks Mohan whether what Lallu said was true. Mohan's affirmation moves the ground under her feet and makes her very angry. At that time, Champa arrives at Mohan's house to take the blessings of Mohan's mother one last time before she leaves them for good, but she rudely asks her to leave. Lallu tells her that no gentleman would accept her but her customers will gleefully accept her back. Realizing this, Champa tells Lallu with tears in her eyes that she neither will be accepted by anyone nor does she deserve any other place than the bazaar. She turns to go out of the house when something irrevocably changes in Mohan's mother, who holds her back and tells her that she no longer is a prostitute after entering a household, which is like the flowing Ganges and she will not let her daughter-in-law go anywhere. Champa is overwhelmed and breaks down with tears of gratitude. The film ends on a happy note with Champa and Mohan reuniting.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Champabai / Champa / Rajni
* [[Sunil Dutt]] as Professor Mohan
* [[Leela Chitnis]] as Mohan's mother
* Radhakrishan as Jeevan Ram
* [[Manmohan Krishna]] as Lallu bai
* Uma Dutt as Pahelwan
* [[Moolchand]] as Sunder Lal
* Ravikant as Doctor
* S.Balber act on Qawwali Aaj Kyon Humse Parda Hai
* [[Uma Bhende]]
* [[Nazir Kashmiri]]
* Lala Nazir
* C. L. Shah
* Munshi Munakka
* Kathana
* Nissar
* Arjun
* Rajesh
* [[Nandini Bhaktasavala]]
* Menaka
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
{{div col end}}

==Crew==
; Art Department
* Sant Singh as the [[Art director]]
* R.G. Gaekwad as the assistant art director

; Sound Department
* Jaywant S. Worlikar as the [[Audiography|Audiographer]]
* S. N. Modi as the assistant audiographer
* S. N. Sharma as the assistant audiographer

; Makeup Department
* Shanker Ram Jadhav as the [[Make-up artist]]
* Ram Singh as the assistant make-up artist

; Costume and Wardrobe Department
* Vasant as the [[Costume designer]]

; Camera and Electrical Department
* Dharam Chopra as the [[Camera operator]]
* Roshanlal Sharma as the [[Unit still photographer]]
* Vithal Narayan as the [[Focus puller]]
* P. R. L. Raman as the [[Clapper loader]]

; Editorial Department
* Abba Joshi as the [[Photographic processing|film processing]]
* Krishnan Sachdeva as the assistant editor

; Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
* O. P. Bedi as the [[Assistant director]]
* [[Yash Chopra]] as the [[Assistant director]]
* Balbir Kumar as the [[Assistant director]]

; Other crew
* G. D. Bhadsavle as the [[Publicist]]
* Jaikishan as the [[Production assistant]]
* Laxmi Narayan Yadav as the [[Production assistant]]
* C. L. Kapoor as the Production executive
* C. V. K. Sastry as the Production Controller
* Mohanlal Harkishenlal Sibal as the Presenter
* [[B. Sohanlal]] as the Choreographer
* Bhadrakumar Yagnik as the [[Public relations]]

==Production==

===Casting===
For the lead role of Champa bai, who is a prostitute, the initial consideration for that role was actress [[Nimmi]], but she hesitated to enact a role of a prostitute and rejected the offer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/nimmi |title=Nimmi |publisher=Upperstall.com |author=Karan Bali |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/13dinesh.htm|title=Petite powerhouse Nimmi|date=13 February 2003|publisher=[[Rediff]]|author=Dinesh Raheja|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> Later, actress [[Vyjayanthimala]], who previously worked with [[B.R. Chopra]] in [[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]] (1957), agreed to be part of the film immediately after hearing the script from the director.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/06dinesh.htm|title=Vyjayanthimala: Bollywood's dancing queen|date=6 May 2002|publisher=[[Rediff]]|author=Dinesh Raheja|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Yash Chopra]], the younger brother of [[B.R. Chopra]], was an assistant director during the making of ''Sadhna''. B. R. Chopra later gave him his break as a director the next year with ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (1959).<ref name="view"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sadhna
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Datta Naik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1958
| recorded = Minoo Katrak
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|The Gramophone Company of India]]
| producer = Datta Naik
| prev_title = Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke
| prev_year = 1957
| next_title = [[Dhool Ka Phool]]
| next_year = 1959
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Datta Naik]], who had a breakthrough this album. Later on, he composed some of the best [[Bollywood]] songs in the film ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (1957) and ''[[Aag Aur Daag]]'' (1970).<ref name="view">{{cite news|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/29dinesh.htm|title=Sadhana: a reformist tale|date=29 June 2002|publisher=[[Rediff]]|author=Dinesh Raheja|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>

The lyrics were provided by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] and the vocals were provided by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], S. Balber (musician)|S. Balber, [[Geeta Dutt]] and [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/hindi/album/H002611.html |title=Sadhna (1958) |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Picturization !! Length (m:ss) !! Lyrics !! Notes
|-
| 1|| "Aurat Ne Janam Diya Mardon Ko" || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || Featuring actress [[Vyjayanthimala]] || 05:48 || [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] ||
|-
| 2|| "Kahoji Tum Kya Kya Kharidoge" || Lata Mangeshkar || [[Mujra]]s on actress Vyjayanthimala || 04:10 || Sahir Ludhianvi ||
|-
| 3|| "Aaj Kyon Humse Parda Hai" || [[Mohammed Rafi]], S. Balber || featuring actress Vyjayanthimala || 04:59 || Sahir Ludhianvi ||
|-
| 4|| "Tora Manva Kyon Ghabraye" || [[Geeta Dutt]] || Featuring actress Vyjayanthimala, [[Leela Chitnis]] and [[Sunil Dutt]] || 04:34 || Sahir Ludhianvi|| Female version
|-
| 5|| "Tora Manva Kyon Ghabraye" || Mohammed Rafi || Featuring actress Vyjayanthimala, Leela Chitnis, and Sunil Dutt || 04:34 || Sahir Ludhianvi || Male version
|-
| 6|| "Sambhal Aye Dil" || Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]] || Featuring actress Vyjayanthimala and Sunil Dutt || 03:27 || Sahir Ludhianvi ||
|-
| 7|| "Aise Vaise Thikane Pe Jana Bura Hai" || Lata Mangeshkar || Featuring the lead pair || 05:53 || Sahir Ludhianvi ||
|}

==Reception==

===Critical===
''Sadhna'' received largely positive reviews from critics and was one of the most critically acclaimed films of the year. Vijay Lokapally from [[The Hindu]] said: "Among the great movies made on the subject of helpless women versus society, Sadhna holds its own for its realistic portrayal and treatment of a subject, so aesthetically documented by Chopra and Vyjayanthimala".<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/12/13/stories/2008121351140600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223040903/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/12/13/stories/2008121351140600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2014 |title=Blast From The Past: Sadhna 1958 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 December 2008 |author=Vijay Lokapally |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> While actress [[Vyjayanthimala]] was praised by the reviewer, whose performance was described as "gorgeous when she entertains the clients at her kotha" and "stunningly restrained when she assumes the character of a prospective wife".<ref name="hindu"/> Adding to that, "she slips in and out of the two challenging and contrasting roles with élan, a remarkable feat for an artiste who was only 22 and hardly 10-films old when she signed to play this difficult but decisive role in her dazzling career" and concluded that "the movie is all about Vyjayanthimala's skills as a dancer and an actor[...]is captivating in her dancing numbers[...]The [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] that year could not have gone to anyone else even though she was also nominated in the same category for ''[[Madhumati]]''."<ref name="hindu"/>

Similarly, [[Rediff]]'s reviewer [[Dinesh Raheja]] has commented that "Sadhna was quite progressive in its approach, boldly dealt with a prostitute's love story with a literature professor[...]it dared to portray not just the often seen tragic trajectory of a prostitute's life and times, but a happy ending as well".<ref name="view"/> Furthermore, Raheja added that, "Though Chopra's narrative style is conventional, he needs to be commended for attempting a reformist tale".<ref name="view"/> The music director [[Datta Naik]] and the lyricist [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] were praised for their involvement, especially for "Aurat Ne Janam Diya Mardon Ko", described as "crowning glory" and "hair-raising" song of the film.<ref name="view"/>

===Commercial===
At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around {{INR}}{{formatnum:16000000}} with a net of {{INR}}{{formatnum:8000000}}, thus becoming the fifth highest-grossing film of 1958 with a verdict of "hit" at Box Office India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=164&catName=MTk1OA== |title=Box Office 1958 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212160926/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=164&catName=MTk1OA== |archive-date=12 February 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film was the third direct box office hit film for the B. R. Films banner after ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' and ''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]'' (1957), and the sixth consecutive hit of B.R. Chopra as director after ''Afsana'', ''Shole'' and ''Chandni Chowk''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Part-II-Big-B-in-Rs-25-cr-BR-Chopra-film/articleshow/223973.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729202805/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-10-09/news-interviews/27191439_1_film-production-br-chopra-br-films |url-status=live |archive-date=29 July 2012 |title=Part-II: Big B in Rs 25-cr BR Chopra film |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 May 2002 |author=Times News Network |author-link=Times News Network |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> After ''Sadhna'', which made Chopra financially the most-viable banner, the top heroes and heroines were prepared to work with him at half their [[remuneration]] for the box office [[Surety|guarantee]] offered by his banner.<ref>{{cite web|title=1958: Year that was |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/29202/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126014256/http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/29202/ |author=Subhash Chheda |date=24 April 1998 |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref>

==Awards==

At [[6th Filmfare Awards]], Vyjayanthimala become the first ever actor to receive dual nominations in an acting category in the same year for her work in ''[[Madhumati]]'' and ''Sadhna'', winning for the latter. The nominations also makes her the first-ever multi-nominee across all categories, a record she shares with [[Mukhram Sharma]] nominated for ''Sadhna'' and ''[[Talaq (1958 film)|Talaaq]]'', winning for the former. The win also makes her the first performer in Filmfare history to win in both leading and supporting categories.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[6th Filmfare Awards|1959]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|rowspan=2|[[Baldev Raj Chopra|B. R. Chopra]]
|rowspan=2 {{nom}}
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Winners 1958 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366376.cms |publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709174123/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366376.cms |archive-date=9 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=The Nominations - 1958 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366373.cms |publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710185217/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366373.cms |archive-date=10 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/06dinesh.htm|title=Vyjayanthimala: Bollywood's Dancing Queen|date=6 May 2002|publisher=[[Rediff]]|author=Dinesh Raheja|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Vyjayanthimala]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Leela Chitnis]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|Mukhram Sharma
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Sahir Ludhianvi]] ({{small|For "Aurat Ne Janam Diya"}})
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0052154|Sadhna}}
{{B. R. Chopra}}

[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:1958 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Chopra]]
[[Category:Songs_with_lyrics_by_Sahir_Ludhianvi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Datta Naik]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1958 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Jogi Ramesh

2026-04-19T19:18:09Z

Indussource: Created First Entry W/ Infobox

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Jogi|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jogi Ramesh
| birth_date = 1970
| birth_place =
| image = Jogi Ramesh cropped.jpg
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (since 2013)
| spouse = 
| father = Jogi Mohan Rao
| mother = Pushpavathi
| children = Rajeev, Rohit Kumar, Reshma Priyanka
| office = [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy Ministry|Minister of Housing]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 11 April 2022
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| governor = [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor = [[Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 = 2024
| predecessor1 = Kagitha Venkata Rao
| successor1 = [[Kagitha Krishna Prasad]]
| constituency1 = [[Pedana (Assembly constituency)|Pedana]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| predecessor2 = ''Constituency Established''
| successor2 = Kagitha Venkata Rao
| constituency2 = [[Pedana Assembly constituency|Pedana]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2012)
}}

'''Jogi Ramesh''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). He represented [[Pedana (Assembly constituency)|Pedana Constituency]] from 2019 to 2024 and on 11 April 2022 sworn in as the Minister in the Andhra Pradesh cabinet.<ref name="Jogi Ramesh only MLA from Krishna to get Cabinet berth">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Jogi Ramesh only MLA from Krishna to get Cabinet berth |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/jogi-ramesh-only-mla-from-krishna-to-get-cabinet-berth-737610 |access-date=15 April 2022 |work= |date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415151339/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/jogi-ramesh-only-mla-from-krishna-to-get-cabinet-berth-737610 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-13 |title=Air of tension palpable in TDP for Pedana seat |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/air-of-tension-palpable-in-tdp-for-pedana-seat/article26518425.ece |access-date=2023-07-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Gowdas demand strongly for ministerial berth for MLA Jogi Ramesh" />

==Early life==
Jogi Ramesh was born in 1970 in [[Ibrahimpatnam]], Krishna district (now [[NTR district]]) to Jogi Mohan Rao and Pushpavati. He has completed BSc from National College, [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]] in 1989. Jogi Ramesh is a member of the [[Goud]] community.<ref name="Gowdas demand strongly for ministerial berth for MLA Jogi Ramesh">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Gowdas demand strongly for ministerial berth for MLA Jogi Ramesh |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/gowdas-demand-strongly-for-ministerial-berth-for-mla-jogi-ramesh--548432 |access-date=15 April 2022 |work= |date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415154501/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/gowdas-demand-strongly-for-ministerial-berth-for-mla-jogi-ramesh--548432 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AP Minister Jogi Ramesh Profile">{{cite news |title=AP Minister Jogi Ramesh Profile |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/ap-cabinet-20-pedana-mla-jogi-ramesh-inducted-ys-jagans-council-ministers-153371 |access-date=15 April 2022 |work= |date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415153555/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/ap-cabinet-20-pedana-mla-jogi-ramesh-inducted-ys-jagans-council-ministers-153371 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Jogi Ramesh was active in politics in the Youth Congress wing from college days. He served as the President of [[Krishna district]] Youth Congress, Railway Board member, Satavahana RTC Regional Zonal Chairman. Jogi Ramesh contested as a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate from [[Pedana (Assembly constituency)|Pedana]] in [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections]] and won against the [[Telugu Desam Party]] candidate Kagitha Venkat Rao for the first time as an MLA with a majority of 1,192 votes.<ref name="I & PR - 1999 Election Results">{{cite news |last1=I & PR - 1999 Election Results |title=1999 Election Results |url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_links/MLAs_2009.pdf |accessdate=8 June 2022 |date=1999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608171416/https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_links/MLAs_2009.pdf |archivedate=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Congress MLA meets Jagan at prison">{{cite news |title=Congress MLA meets Jagan at prison |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2013/mar/29/congress-mla-meets-jagan-at-prison-463073.html |access-date=15 April 2022 |work= |date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415153941/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2013/mar/29/congress-mla-meets-jagan-at-prison-463073.html |archive-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> He later joined the [[YSR Congress Party]] in 2013, and served as the State Spokesperson for the Party. He contested [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Assembly Elections]] from [[Mylavaram (Assembly constituency)|Mylavaram]] from YSRCP and lost to [[Telugu Desam Party]] candidate [[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]].<ref name="Pedana set to witness a triangular fight">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Pedana set to witness a triangular fight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/pedana-set-to-witness-a-triangular-fight/articleshow/68514529.cms |access-date=15 April 2022 |work= |date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415153331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/pedana-set-to-witness-a-triangular-fight/articleshow/68514529.cms |archive-date=15 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019 Assembly Elections he contested again from [[Pedana (Assembly constituency)|Pedana]] as YSRCP candidate and defeated TDP candidate Kagitha Krishna Prasad by a majority of 7,839 votes.<ref name="Pedana Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Pedana Constituency (Seat) Election Results">{{cite news |last1= |title=Pedana Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Pedana Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/pedana-election-result-s01a074/ |access-date=15 April 2022 |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415162333/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/pedana-election-result-s01a074/ |archive-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> Jogi Ramesh was inducted into [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy's Cabinet]] on 11 April 2022.<ref name="Jagan Cabinet 2.0 - Profiles of 25 Ministers">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Jagan Cabinet 2.0 – Profiles of 25 Ministers |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/120422/jagan-cabinet-20-profiles-of-25-ministers.html |access-date=15 April 2022 |work= |date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415155059/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/120422/jagan-cabinet-20-profiles-of-25-ministers.html |archive-date=15 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Ramesh contested [[2024 Indian general election]] from [[Penamaluru Assembly constituency]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]]. He was defeated by [[Bode Prasad]] with a margin of 59,915 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Penamaluru, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Bode Prasad with 144912 defeats YSRCP's Jogi Ramesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/penamaluru-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548271-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Ramesh was questioned by the police as part of the investigation into the 2021 attack on [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]'s residence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-08-17 |title=Naidu house attack: Cops inquire Former Andhra minister Jogi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Aug/17/naidu-house-attack-cops-inquire-former-andhra-minister-jogi |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He was arrested in 2025 by Excise and Prohibition officials at Ibrahimpatnam for his alleged involvement in the spurious liquor case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-11-03 |title=Former minister Jogi Ramesh, brother arrested in spurious liquor case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Nov/03/former-minister-jogi-ramesh-brother-arrested-in-spurious-liquor-case |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-03 |title=Spurious liquor case: Andhra Pradesh ex-minister Jogi Ramesh arrested; SIT probes Rs 3-crore link, hard disks seized |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ap-ex-minister-ramesh-arrested-in-liquor-case/articleshow/125041518.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jogi, Ramesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Rivona Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T16:24:02Z

Indussource: creating stub

{{short description|Former constituency of the Goa Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Rivona
|district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| electors = 16,049
|state = [[Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]]
|established = 1977
|abolished = 1984
| reservation = None
|type= SLA
}}
'''Rivona''' was one of the 30 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern India. [[Rivona]] was also one of the constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1984 |title=Goa 1984 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3847-goa-1984/ |access-date=27 November 2022 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivona Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rivona-goa-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==Members of Goa Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Dilkhush Desai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Dilkhush Desai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[Prakash Velip]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Rivona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Velip]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,644 |percentage=38.85% |change={{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phal Dessai Sahnkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,685 |percentage=30.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fal Dessai Dinanath Purshotam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,910 |percentage=15.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sawant Dessai Raghoba Pokko |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=660 |percentage=5.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Gurguro Gurko |party=Independent politician |votes=622 |percentage=5.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=959 |percentage=8.02% |change= {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,953 |percentage=71.79% |change= {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,049 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Rivona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Dilkush Fettu |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=4,132 |percentage=40.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Velip Jiva Kusta |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,656 |percentage=35.79% |change={{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Velip Chandrakant Devu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,493 |percentage=14.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panchwadkaer Mukund Ganesh |party=Janata Party |votes=508 |percentage=4.97% |change={{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=476 |percentage=4.66% |change= {{decrease}}7.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,216 |percentage=69.31% |change= {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,124 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Rivona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Dilkush Fettu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,442 |percentage=39.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desai Molu Ganaba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,371 |percentage=26.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Velip Chandrakant Devu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,932 |percentage=21.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Sushema Shaba |party=Janata Party |votes=617 |percentage=7.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kurtikar Dulo Chimlo |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,071 |percentage=12.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,796 |percentage=65.39% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,078 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}
{{coord|15.152|74.105|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Goa-geo-stub}}

Phulwari Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:11Z

Indussource: creating new page

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Phulwari
|type= SLA
| map_image = 188-Phulwari constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Shyam Rajak]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|preceded_by = [[Gopal Ravidas]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Patna district|Patna]]
|division = [[Patna division|Patna]]
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|188]]
|established = 1977
| electors = 386,351
|abolished = 
}}
'''Phulwari Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Danapur, Maner, Masaurhi, Paliganj and Bikram.<ref name="election2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/phulwari.php | title=Phulwari Assembly Constituency | date=20 December 2013}}</ref> It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 30.77
| value2 = 23.09
| value3 = 15.38
| value4 = 7.69
| value5 = 7.69
| value6 = 7.69
| value7 = 7.69
| label1 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (4 times)
| label2 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (3 times)
| label3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2 times)
| label4 = [[Indian National Congress (I)|INC(I)]] (1 time)
| label5 = [[Janata Dal|JD]] (1 time)
| label6 = [[Janata Party|JP]] (1 time)
| label7 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] (1 time)
| color1 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| color2 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color4 = {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| color5 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| color6 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| color7 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Phulwari Assembly constituency|Phulwari Assembly]]
}}

==Overview==
Phulwari comprises CD Blocks Phulwari Sharif & Punpun.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ramprit Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |Sanjeev Prasad Tony
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Shyam Rajak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|2009^
|Uday Kumar
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shyam Rajak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Gopal Ravidas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Shyam Rajak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulwari<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Phulwari">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04188.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Phulwari|date=14 November 2025|access-date=3 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209071716/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04188.htm|archive-date=9 December 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shyam Rajak]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:126470}}
|percentage = 49.18
|change = {{increase}}12.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gopal Ravidas]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|votes = {{formatnum:93813}}
|percentage = 36.48
|change = {{decrease}}7.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prof. Shashikant Prasad
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:11100}}
|percentage = 4.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Arun Kumar Rajak
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5305}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Puja Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:3798}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2928}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Paswan
|party = Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2598}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4844}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change = {{increase}}0.33
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32657}}
|percentage = 12.7
|change = {{increase}}6.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:257134}}
|percentage = 66.55
|change = {{increase}}9.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|swing = 12.23
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulwari<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Gopal Ravidas]]
|votes = {{formatnum:91124}}
|percentage = 43.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Arun Manjhi
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:77267}}
|percentage = 36.95
|change = -12.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kumari Pratibha
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:5019}}
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Lok Chetna Party
|candidate = Kamlesh Kant Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3885}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party
|candidate = Gajendra Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:3480}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Loktantrik Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shila Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2283}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxmi Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2163}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sanyukt Kisan Vikas Party
|candidate = Amarendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2112}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3245}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13857}}
|percentage = 6.62
|change = -17.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209121}}
|percentage = 57.37
|change = -0.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulwari constituency<ref name="Phulwari Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Phulwari Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/phulwari |access-date=9 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209071749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/phulwari |archive-date=9 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Shyam Rajak]]
|votes = {{formatnum:94094}}
|percentage = 49.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Rajeshwar Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:48381}}
|percentage = 25.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Jay Prakash Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:11188}}
|percentage = 5.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tribhuwan Ravidas
|votes = {{formatnum:3380}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manti Das
|votes = {{formatnum:3326}}
|percentage = 1.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Babita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:3217}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jagriti Party
|candidate = Kailash Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2337}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Ujjawal Kant Hunkar
|votes = {{formatnum:2320}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Uday Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2312}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ittehad-E-Millait Council
|candidate = Mishri Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2033}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyam Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2018}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samras Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Tirth Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2011}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Awaz Dal
|candidate = Shankar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:1791}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Unknown
|candidate = Rajendra Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:1697}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2253}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:45713}}
|percentage = 24.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189057}}
|percentage = 58.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|Bihar assembly elections, 2010]]: Phulwari<ref name="election2010">http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2010/stat_BR_Nov2010.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2010</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Shyam Rajak]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 67,390
|percentage = 49.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Uday Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 46,210
|percentage = 34.11
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Kumari Pratibha
|votes = 5,019
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|25|34|33|N|85|4|6|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]

Bardoli Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:32:53Z

Indussource: created new details.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bardoli
| mla = [[Ishwarbhai Parmar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:270071}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 169
}}
'''Bardoli''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Bardoli Taluka (Part) Villages – Mota, Movachhi, Moti Falod, Bharampor, Vaghecha Kadod, Bhamaiya, Uchharel, Haripura, Kadod, Singod, Bamni, Samthan, Kantali, Pardi Kadod, Ruwa, Varad, Isanpor, Kharvasa, Umrakh, Baben, Astan, Panada, Rajpura Lumbha, Rayam, Khoj, Palsod, Akoti, Orgam, Sankri, Dhamdod Lumbha, Ten, Nadida, Khali, Tajpor Khurd, Utara, Afva, Isroli, Tajpore Bujrang, Goji, Bamroli, Ninat, Pathradiya, Nizar, Babla, Sarbhon, Bhuvasan, Zakharda, Ancheli, Vadoli, Naugama, Vaghech Sarbhon, Pardi Vagha, Tarbhon, Kuvadiya, Chhitra, Kharad, Bardoli (M)
# Palsana Taluka
# Choryasi Taluka (Part) Villages- Vedchha, Sabargam, Kumbharia, Devadh, Dakhkhanvada, Deladva, Mohni, Timbarva, Goja, Khambhasla, Bonand, Ravla (Vaktana), Bhatia, Vanz, [[Lajpor]], Popda, [[Kapletha]], Kachholi, Samrod.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Kunvarjibhai Halpati]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=3| [[Ishwarbhai Parmar]]<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|} {{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ishwarbhai Parmar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,18,527
|percentage = 66.14
|change = +7.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pannaben Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 28,579
|percentage = 15.95
|change = -21.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendraprasad Solanki (Raju Morthana)
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 24,710
|percentage = 13.79
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 50.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 179194
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Bardoli<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ishwarbhai Parmar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 94,774
|percentage = 58.55
|change = +4.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tarunkumar Vaghela
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59,920
|percentage = 37.02
|change = -2.33
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,854
|percentage = 21.53
|change = +6.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,61,859
|percentage = 71.80
|change = -2.81
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:225423}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ishwarbhai Parmar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 81049
|percentage = 54.26
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nitinbhai Rana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 58777
|percentage = 39.35
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22272
|percentage = 14.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 149369
|percentage = 74.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Surat district]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|21.13|73.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Bandra Khar Juhu Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:17:51Z

Indussource: created new article.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bandra Khar Juhu
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52-124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 54,403
| mla = Wandrekar, Dattatraya Nathoba
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Bandra Khar Juhu Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. In 1955 Delimitation Juhu was moved to [[Parle Andheri Assembly constituency]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Wandrekar, Dattatraya Nathoba || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bandra Khar Juhu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Wandrekar, Dattatraya Nathoba |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,062 |percentage = 44.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Awsare, Kashibal Vasant |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 11,305 |percentage = 38.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rebello, Alexis James |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,558 |percentage = 5.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathare, Wamanrao Shamrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,461 |percentage = 5.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kudalkar, Nooruddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,303 |percentage = 4.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kooka, Minocher Darasha |party = Independent politician |votes = 554 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,757 |percentage = 6.01% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,243 |percentage = 53.75% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,243}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,403 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Banshidhar Brajwasi

2026-04-04T03:39:18Z

Indussource: created a stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| name = Banshidhar Brajwasi
| image = Banshidhar Brajwasi MLC.jpg
| constituency = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut Graduate]]
| birth_place = Marwan, [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| education = • [[Master of Arts]](M.A.) in Hindi • [[Bachelor of Education]](B.Ed.)
| occupation = Politician, Activist, Teacher
| party = [[Independent Politician]]
| predecessor = [[Devesh Chandra Thakur]]
| term_start = 10 December 2024
| office1 = State President of Parivartankari Prarambhik Shikshak Sangh, Bihar
| term_start1 = 2014
}}

'''Banshidhar Brajwasi''' is an Indian politician, activist, and former Contractual Teacher from Bihar. He is a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from [[Tirhut division|Tirhut Graduate]] constituency since 10 December 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Sunil |title=केके पाठक से भिड़ने वाले कौन हैं वंशीधर बृजवासी? तिरहुत MLC चुनाव में निर्दलीय होकर भी गाड़ दिए झंडे |trans-title=Who is Vanshidhar Brijwasi who is going to take on KK Pathak? He made his mark in the Tirhut MLC elections even though he was an independent candidate |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/muzaffarpur/who-is-vanshidhar-brijwasi-clash-with-kk-pathak-tirhut-mlc-election-won-as-independent/articleshow/116172409.cms |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> following his victory in the by-election as an Independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=केके पाठक से भिड़ने वाले निलंबित शिक्षक नेता ने भरा नामांकन, कह दी बड़ी बात |trans-title=Suspended teacher leader who clashed with KK Pathak filed nomination, said something big |url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/tirhut-graduate-bypoll-vanshidhar-brijwasi-filed-nomination-says-fight-for-teachers-rights-is-motive-kk-pathak-2024-11-15 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=बिहार |first=अभिषेक कुमार |date=2024-12-10 |title=तिरहुत स्नातक उपचुनाव में निर्दलीय वंशीधर ब्रजवासी का जलवा, JDU-RJD और जन सुराज को छोड़ा पीछे |trans-title=Independent Vanshidhar Brajwasi shines in Tirhut graduate by-election, leaves JDU-RJD and Jan Suraj behind |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/counting-of-votes-in-tirhut-mlc-by-election-vanshidhar-brajwasi-jdu-rjd-jan-suraaj-ann-2839721 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=केके पाठक से पंगा लेंगे वाले बंशीधर ब्रजवासी का कमाल, JDU-RJD सबको छोड़ा पीछे |trans-title=Amazing feat of Banshidhar Brajwasi who took on KK Pathak, left JDU-RJD behind |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/muzaffarpur-tirhut-bypoll-result-banshidhar-brajwasi-leads-whose-clash-was-with-kk-pathak-leaving-jdu-rjd-pk-behind-8886785.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-12-10 |title=कौन हैं बंशीधर ब्रजवासी? जिन्होंने MLC उपचुनाव में नीतीश-तेजस्वी और प्रशांत किशोर को दी पटखनी! |trans-title=Who is Banshidhar Brajwasi? Who defeated Nitish-Tejaswi and Prashant Kishore in the MLC by-election! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/who-is-banshi-dhar-brajwasi-stronger-than-bigwigs-in-tirhut-mlc-by-election-result-bihar-news-brs24121002036 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

He was a teacher in a government school before his debut into politics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=प्रखंड शिक्षक बंशीधर ब्रजवासी को किया गया बर्खास्त |trans-title=Block teacher Banshidhar Brajwasi was dismissed |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-block-teacher-banshidhar-brajwasi-was-dismissed-10538268.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> He had served as the State President of Parivartankari Prarambhik Shikshak Sangh, Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-11-28 |title=परिवर्तनकारी प्रारंभिक शिक्षक संघ, बिहार के प्रदेश अध्यक्ष वंशीधर ब्रजवासी गिरफ्तार, नजरबन्द किए गए |trans-title=Bihar State President of Transformational Primary Teachers' Union, Vanshidhar Brajwasi arrested and put under house arrest |url=https://www.bhadas4media.com/brajwasi-arrest/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=No. 1 Indian Media News Portal |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and political career==
Banshidhar Brajwasi hails from the Damuchak, Marwan block of [[Muzaffarpur district]], Bihar. He began his professional career as a teacher in Muzaffarpur, Bihar at the Utkrisht Madhya Vidyalaya in Raksaa Purvi, Marwan. He joined the teaching profession in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=कितने पढ़े लिखे हैं बंशीधर ब्रजवासी? राज्य सरकार ने नौकरी से निकाला, अब चुनाव जीतकर बने MLC |trans-title=How educated is Banshidhar Brajwasi? The state government fired him from his job, now he has become an MLC after winning the election |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/career/education/who-is-banshidhar-brajwasi-bihar-government-dismissed-him-from-sarkari-naukri-now-becomes-mlc-in-bihar/2553942 |website=www.zeenews.india.com}}</ref>

Brajwasi faced considerable challenges during his career. He was suspended and later dismissed from his teaching position following conflicts with higher authorities. This dismissal, rather than discouraging him, strengthened his determination to advocate for teachers' rights and push for educational reforms.<ref>{{cite web |title=केके पाठक से भिड़े, सस्पेंड हुए; अब एमएलसी चुनाव में जीत से शिक्षक ब्रजवासी कैसे बटोर रहे चर्चा |trans-title=He clashed with KK Pathak and got suspended; now how Brijwasi teachers are garnering attention after winning the MLC elections |url=https://www.indiatodayhindi.com/state/story/bihar-clashes-with-kk-pathak-suspended-how-is-bansidhar-brijwasi-garnering-discussion-after-winning-the-mlc-elections-1135923-2024-12-11 |website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/independent-candidate-wins-bihar-council-bypoll-months-after-dismissal-from-govt-service/2068381|title=Independent candidate wins Bihar council bypoll months after dismissal from govt service|website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

His experiences in the education sector and activism culminated in his recent electoral success as an independent candidate in the Bihar Legislative Council bypolls, where he defeated candidates from established parties like RJD and JD(U).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/independent-candidate-banshi-dhar-brijwasi-triumphs-in-bihar-council-bypoll-shocking-ruling-alliance/articleshow/116181783.cms|title=Independent Candidate wins council bypoll|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=10 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/how-rich-are-banshidhar-brajvasi-who-defeated-jansuraj-rjd-and-jdu-in-tirhut-mlc-by-election-201733843831353.html|title=Independent Candidate Bansidhar Brajwasi wins council bypoll|website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brijwasi, Banshidhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Mrs. Pammi Pyarelal

2026-04-04T01:45:06Z

Indussource:

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Comedy]]
| developer = Prashant Bhatt
| writer = [[Yunus Sajawal]] [[Soham Abhiram]] [[Sachin Singh]] [[Sharad Tripathi]] [[Sourabh Roy]]
| director = [[Aashish Khurana]]
| creative_director = Namita Tiwari
| presenter = [[Usha Nadkarni]]
| starring = [[Mrs. Pammi Pyarelal#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Lalit Sen
| opentheme = "Mrs. Pammi Pyarelal" by [[Abhijeet Hegdepatil KK]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 72<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colors.in.com/in/videos/mrs-pammi-pyarelal/mrs-pammi-pyarelal-full-episode-72-october-5th-2013-46219.html|title=Mrs. Pammi Pyarelal episodes|publisher=Mrs. Pammi Pyarelal|date=5 October 2013|accessdate=14 November 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| executive_producer = Ashwini Sharma & Guddu Jha
| producer = [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Swaroop Sampat]] [[Hemal Thakkar]]
| editor = Mandar Khanvilkar
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = [[Playtime Creationn]]
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2013|7|15}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2013|10|5}}
}}

'''''Mrs. Pammi Pyarelal''''' is an Indian television [[comedy-drama]] series which premiered on [[Colors TV]] on 15 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/tv/40535306_1_gaurav-gera-family-show-usha-nadkarni|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716193004/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/tv/40535306_1_gaurav-gera-family-show-usha-nadkarni|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2013|title=Mrs. Pammi Pyarelal family show on Colors|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 July 2013}}</ref> The story centers around Pammi played by [[Gaurav Gera]] who [[Cross-dressing|cross-dresses]] as a woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/mrs-pammi-pyarelal-family-show_138901.htm|title=Gaurav Gera as Pammi|publisher=Zee News - Showbiz|date=12 July 2013}}</ref> This show was last aired on 5 October 2013.

==Plot ==

Param comes to Mumbai to become an actor which is his dream. He plans to live with his childhood friend Rahul. Rahul gets kicked out of the house that he lived in, as he couldn't pay the rent to the landlord. Thereafter, the two are unsuccessful in finding a place to live until Param pretends to be Rahul's wife by dressing up as a girl. Both live in the Faujdar Villa together as tenants . However, they face a various problems. They always get out of them easily . In all these dramas, Pandey Ji becomes their Mama (Maternal Uncle ). Param falls for Minty and Rahul falls for Gayatri. They both struggle for their love and get them at the end.

==Cast==
*[[Gaurav Gera]] as Param Gulati / Pammi Pyarelal - had to disguise as Pammi, Rahul's wife in order to get shelter at the Faujdar mansion. He falls in love with Minty at first sight
*[[Abeer Singh Godhwani|Karan Godhwani]] as Rahul Pyarelal - helps Param disguise himself into Pammi and both pretend to play husband and wife in front of everyone. Later falls in love with Gayatri
*[[Dimple Jhangiani]] as Minty Param Gulati née Faujdar - becomes Pammi's best friend and later she finds out the truth and falls in love with Param. She is Gayatri's sister and Rajbir and Amrita's daughter
*[[Vindhya Tiwari]] as Gayatri Rahul Pyarelal née Faujdar - she becomes attracted to Rahul even though she thinks he's ‘married’ to Pammi. However, along with Minty she finds out the truth and her and Rahul fall in love
*[[Usha Nadkarni]] as Kamini Faujdar - the strict matriarch of the Faujdar family. Rajbir, Ranjit and Randhir's mother
*[[Sanjeev Jotangiya]] as Rajbir Faujdar - Gayatri and Minty's father
*[[Sonia Rakkar]] as Amrita Faujdar - Gayatri and Minty's mother
*[[Prasad Barve]] as Randhir Faujdar - Kamini's second son
*[[Rinku Ghosh]] as Mohini Faujdar - Randhir's wife
*[[Mazher Sayed]] as Ranjit Faujdar - he falls in love with Pammi even though she is actually a man
*[[Akshay Dogra]] as Sunny

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.aapkacolors.com/us/shows/mrs-pammi-pyarelal-3620.html Mrs. Pammi Pyarelal Official Site on Colors]

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in television]]

MICA (institute)

2026-03-29T15:22:23Z

Indussource: brief added structure as per guidelines additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Higher education institution for Strategic Marketing and Communication skills in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox institute
|coordinates = {{coord|23.018006|N|72.532114|E}}
|motto = The School of Ideas
|image = MICA Logo.svg
|founder = [[A. G. Krishnamurthy]]
|established = 1991
|city = [[Ahmedabad]]
|state = [[Gujarat]]
|country = [[India]]
|website = {{url|www.mica.ac.in}}
}}

'''MICA''', formerly '''MICA Foundation for communications Research and Education''', is a private [[business school]] located in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=MICA reduces MICAT test duration, number of questions {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/mica-reduces-micat-test-duration-number-of-questions/articleshow/78974667.cms |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=31 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> MICA has a wide range of academic offerings including residential programmes for Post Graduate Management Studies and a Fellow Programme in Management (Communication) (residential, but off campus).<ref>{{cite web|title=Programmes|url=https://www.mica.ac.in/academic-programmes|publisher=MICA|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

==History==
MICA was established in 1991 by [[A. G. Krishnamurthy]] of Mudra Communications, as an autonomous [[Postgraduate education|post graduate]] academic institute.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|title=Evolution and Timeline|url=http://www.mica.ac.in/index.php?mode=timeline|publisher=Mica.ac.in|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref> The main academic block was inaugurated in 1993 and MICA relocated to its current campus at Shela. It was also the year in which its first Director Binod C. Agrawal began his tenure. The first batch of PGPD program in Communications was inaugurated in 1994.<ref name=timeline/> [[Atul Tandon (Professor)|Atul Tandon]] served as director from 2001 to 2009. [[Jaya Deshmukh]] is the current Director and CEO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Governing Council {{!}} Introduction|url=https://www.mica.ac.in/introduction/governing-council|website=www.mica.ac.in|access-date=19 February 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Academics==
MICA offers various post-graduate certificate programmes in the area of strategic communication and marketing either as fully residential programmes or as online programmes. It also offers a fellow (doctoral level) programme.<ref>{{cite web|title=Programmes|url=https://www.mica.ac.in/academic-programmes|publisher=MICA|access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> MICA has partnered with [[Emory University]] for data analytics, luxury marketing and consumer insight and with [[Michigan State University]] (MSU) and [[Northwestern University]] for marketing management and integrated marketing communications.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/behavioural-research-lab-to-come-up-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/64626962.cms|title=Behavioural research lab to come up in Ahmedabad - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref> MICA has three residential programmes - Post Graduate Diploma in Management (Communications) and Crafting Creative Communication. PGDM-C is the flagship programme offered by MICA.MICA also offers a doctoral program called Fellow Program in Management (FPM) ( communication).<ref name="PGDM"/>

From the year 2019, MICA has also launched a new postgraduate program called the Post Graduate Diploma in Management.<ref name="PGDM">{{cite web |title=PGDM |url=https://www.mica.ac.in/post-graduate-programmes/programme-summary |website=MICA |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MICAT 2020 Results Announced |url=https://news.careers360.com/micat-2020-result-announced-for-phase-i-check-here |website=Career 360 |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

==Notable faculty==

* [[Shailendra Raj Mehta]], President and Director, MICA and Distinguished Professor for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at MICA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/shailendra-raj-mehta/|title=Shailendra Raj Mehta|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=15 October 2018|date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mica.ac.in/shailendra-raj-mehta-president-and-director|title=The Team - President and Director - Shailendra Raj Mehta|website=www.mica.ac.in|language=en-gb|access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref>
* Prof Varsha Jain - Prof Jain is a AGK Mani Aiyer chair professor at MICA Ahmedabad. She's known for her research and teaching excellence. Prof Jain served as a FPM chair at the institute, and achieving AIU/ NIRF status for the institution.
* Jaya Deshmukh will be appointed as the new MICA director. Appointed for a period of five years and armed with over 25 years of global experience in Business Strategy and Digital Transformation, she will replace Dr Shailendra Raj Mehta whose term ends on May 31. An alumna from the first batch of MICA, Deshmukh will be the first woman to occupy the chair.


==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mica.ac.in MICA's Official Website]

{{Coord|23.001|72.442|display=title}}

{{Ahmedabad topics}}

{{authority control|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MICA Ahmedabad}}
[[Category:Marketing organizations]]
[[Category:Marketing in India]]
[[Category:Business schools in Gujarat]]
[[Category:MICA (institute)]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1991]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Communications and media organisations based in India]]

Vinod Prakash Sharma

2026-03-28T08:25:03Z

Indussource: started new biography...

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinod Prakash Sharma
| image = Vinod Prakash Sharma.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1938|04|06}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj]] (formerly Allahabad), [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|10|09|1938|04|06}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = Scientist
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Meghnad Saha]] Distinguished Fellow Gujar Mal Modi award [[Padma Shri]] [[WHO]] Darling Foundation Prize GI Inventions Award Chancellor's Prize MOT Aiyengar Award [[B. R. Ambedkar]] Centenary Award [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] [[Ranbaxy]] Award M. L. Gupta Trust Award [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] Green Scientist Award G. P. Chatterjee Memorial Award Dr. R. V. Rajaram Oration Award Dr. U. S. Srivastava Memorial Lecture Award Professor L. S. Ramaswami Memorial Oration Award Life Time Achievement Award B. N. Singh Oration Award B. K. Srivastava Oration Award
}}

'''Vinod Prakash Sharma''' (6 April 1938 – 9 October 2015) was an Indian [[malariologist]] and entomologist, known for his work in vector biology and bioenvironmental control of [[malaria]].<ref name="NIMR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrcindia.org/journal/issues/Obituary-FINAL.pdf |title=OBITUARY DR VINOD PRAKASH SHARMA |last=Dhiman |first=Ramesh |website=National Institute of Malaria Research |access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> Recipient of many awards, including the [[Padma Shri]],<ref name="NIMR" /> he was again honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2014, by bestowing on him the third highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma list">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-padma-awardees/article5617946.ece | title=Padma list | access-date=31 July 2014| newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 January 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Padma(E)2014.pdf | title=Padma Awards | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="NIMR" />

==Biography==
[[File:Au science faculty.jpg|thumb|left|[[Muir Central College]], Allahabad University]]
Vinod Prakash Sharma was born on 6 April 1938 in [[Prayagraj]], in Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="NIMR" /> After early education locally, he joined [[Allahabad University]] from where he secured MSc in 1960 and [[DPhil]] in 1964. In 1965, he left to [[South Bend]], [[Indiana]], USA and joined the [[University of Notre Dame]] as a post doctoral research associate, but later, shifted to [[Purdue University]], USA. Sharma returned to India in 1968 and joined Allahabad University, again, to complete his DSc which he promptly did in 1979.<ref name="INSA profile" />

Sharma, lived in [[Vasant Kunj]], New Delhi and took care of his duties as the Distinguished Professor at the ''Centre for Rural Development and Technology'', [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]].<ref name="Bhasin award" />

==Career==
[[File:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|right|Culicine Mosquito]]
{{quotebox|align = right|qalign=center|width=24em|"A Malariologist like Sharma is to be credited for bringing the nation at the frontier of the international scientific community," S. K. Modi, founder of G. M. Modi Foundation, on V. P. Sharma, during the Gujar Mal Modi Award ceremony, "We, at The Gujar Mal Modi Science Foundation feel delighted and proud to recognize such invaluable research of our distinguished scientists, and will continue to be committed to carrying forward our efforts and dedication on bringing to light such achievements."<ref name="Free Press Journal">{{cite web | url=http://freepressjournal.in/indian-scientist-dr-vinod-prakash-sharma-receives-gujar-mal-modi-award/ | title=Free Press Journal | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{quotebox|align = right|qalign=center|width=24em|"Malaria continues to be among the biggest killer disease in the country," says Dr. V. P. Sharma, "and we have to take it head on through research and awareness."<ref name="NIMR founder" />}}
Sharma started his career at the [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]], in the high altitude area of [[Dehradun]], as a Pool Officer, in 1969. A year later, he joined the [[World Health Organization]] sponsored Indian Council of Medical Research project as a Senior Scientist on genetic control of [[Culicinae|Culicine]] mosquitoes, in 1970, where he worked till 1975. The next move was to the Vector Control Research Centre and Malaria Research Unit, in 1976, as the deputy director, for a 2-year stint there. In 1978, he joined the Malaria Research Centre, New Delhi as its deputy director.<ref name="INSA profile" />

During his stint at the Malaria Research Centre, he started working on the upgradation of the centre and, as a result, the centre was upgraded by the Government of India, renaming it as the [[National Institute of Malaria Research]], in 1982. Sharma was made its first director, a post from where he retired, in 1998, as Additional Director-General of [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name="INSA profile" />

On his retirement from the government service, the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] recognised Sharma's services by making him the [[Meghnad Saha]] Distinguished Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences (India)]] at the ''Centre for Rural Development and Technology'', [[IIT Delhi]].<ref name="INSA profile" />

He is also leading the ''Safe Water'' campaign initiated by National Academy of Sciences, India<ref name="NIMR founder" />

==Major achievements==
{{quotebox|align = right|qalign=center|width=24em|"We have to create a world order that is sensitive towards the environment," says Dr. V. P. Sharma, "and where development is modelled on ecological concerns."<ref name="Green Scientist" />}}

Sharma has been credited with many scientific and research achievements. His studies on the chemo and radio sterilisation of male mosquitoes are well documented. He is credited with developing a new technique for sex separation of mosquitoes. He has also worked extensively on the bioenvironmental malaria control which led to many innovations in the subject. He is also acknowledged for his contributions to vector biology.<ref name="INSA profile" /><ref name="Vector biology">{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujar-mal-modi-award-for-scientist-vinod-prakash-sharma-113080900899_1.html | title=Vector biology | access-date=3 August 2014| newspaper=Business Standard India | date=9 August 2013 | agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

Sharma is known to have developed the Malaria Research Unit, New Delhi into a full-fledged Research Centre, the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR).<ref name="INSA profile" /><ref name="NIMR founder">{{cite web | url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/193276/dr-v-p-sharma-honored-gujar-mal-modi-award-2013 | title=NIMR founder | access-date=3 August 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095127/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/193276/dr-v-p-sharma-honored-gujar-mal-modi-award-2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also contributed to the popularisation of science, through his books, journals and education programs.<ref name="founder NIMR">{{cite web | url=http://indiamakinghistory.blogspot.in/2013/08/the-eminent-scientist-dr-vinod-prakash.html | title=founder NIMR | access-date=3 August 2014 | archive-date=1 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701001030/http://indiamakinghistory.blogspot.in/2013/08/the-eminent-scientist-dr-vinod-prakash.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Contribs">{{cite web | url=http://pharma.financialexpress.com/latest-updates/2485-dr-vinod-prakash-sharma-receives-gujar-mal-modi-award-for-innovative-science-technology-2013 | title=Contribs | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

==Positions held==
Vinod Prakash Sharma has held many positions of importance, by way of recognition and those of responsibility, throughout his career.
* Fellow of Royal Asiatic Society<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]],<ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows - NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>
* Fellow of [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences (India)]], [[Allahabad]]<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Bangalore]]<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Fellow of Entomology Society of India, New Delhi<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Fellow of National Environmental Science Academy, New Delhi<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Fellow of Indian Society for Parasitology<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Fellow of Indian Society of Malaria and other communicable diseases<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Honorary Fellow – Indian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh<ref name="Bhasin award" />
* Honorary Fellow – Indian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Hardwar<ref name="Bhasin award" />
* Fellow – Zoological Society of India<ref name="Bhasin award" />
* President of National Academy of Vector borne Diseases<ref name="INSA profile" />
* President of [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences (India)]], Allahabad<ref name="INSA profile" />
* President of [[Indian Society for Parasitology]]<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Council Member – [[International Congress of Entomology]]<ref name="INSA profile" />
* board member – Malaria Foundation Incorporated<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Governing Council Member – ICMR<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Member – WHO Expert Committee on Malaria<ref name="INSA profile" />

==Awards and recognitions==
[[File:Paludisme.png|thumb|right|Distribution of malaria in the world:<ref name="CDC Malaria Distribution">{{cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ | title=CDC Malaria Distribution | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>♦ Elevated occurrence of chloroquine- or multi-resistant malaria
 ♦ Occurrence of chloroquine-resistant malaria
 ♦ No ''Plasmodium falciparum'' or chloroquine-resistance
 ♦ No malaria
]]
* [[Padma Bhushan]] – 2014<ref name="Padma list" /><ref name="TOI Padma Bhushan">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-Pranab-Mukherjee-confers-Padma-awards/articleshow/34251424.cms | title=TOI Padma Bhushan | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 April 2014 | access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Padma Shri The Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-padma-awardees/article5617946.ece | title=Padma Shri The Hindu | access-date=3 August 2014| newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 January 2014 }}</ref>
* Gujar Mal Modi Award – 2013<ref name="Gujar award 1">{{cite web | url=http://freepressjournal.in/indian-scientist-dr-vinod-prakash-sharma-receives-gujar-mal-modi-award/ | title=Gujar award 1 | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Gujar 2">{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujar-mal-modi-award-for-scientist-vinod-prakash-sharma-113080900899_1.html | title=Gujar 2 | access-date=3 August 2014| newspaper=Business Standard India | date=9 August 2013 | agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>
* Meghnad Saha Distinguished Fellowship<ref name="INSA profile">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N83-0754 | title=INSA profile | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]] – 1992<ref name="INSA profile" /><ref name="Bhasin award" /><ref name="Green Scientist" />
* WHO Darling Foundation Prize – 1999<ref name="INSA profile" /><ref name="Green Scientist" /><ref name="WHO Prize">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/governance/awards/darling/winners/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708021010/http://www.who.int/governance/awards/darling/winners/en/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 July 2004 | title=WHO Prize | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
* GI Inventions Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Chancellor's Prize<ref name="INSA profile" />
* M. O. T. Aiyengar Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* B. R. Ambedkar Centenary Award – 2000<ref name="INSA profile" /><ref name="Bhasin award" />
* [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] – 1985<ref name="INSA profile" /><ref name="Bhasin award">{{cite web | url=http://www.opbfawards.com/scientist-trustees-.htm | title=Bhasin award | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
* Ranbaxy Award – 1990<ref name="INSA profile" /><ref name="Bhasin award" />
* M. L. Gupta Trust Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* FICCI Cash Award – 1998<ref name="INSA profile" /><ref name="Bhasin award" />
* [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award|Vaswik Award]]<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Green Scientist Award – 2001<ref name="INSA profile" /><ref name="Bhasin award" /><ref name="Green Scientist">{{cite web | url=http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/VP-Sharma-Green-Scientist.htm | title=Green Scientist | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
* Best Scientist Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* G. P. Chatterjee Memorial Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Dr. R. V. Rajaram Oration Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Dr. U. S. Srivastava Memorial Lecture Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Professor L. S. Ramaswami Memorial Oration Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Life Time Achievement Award by the Indian Society of Malaria and other communicable diseases<ref name="INSA profile" />
* B. N. Singh Oration Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* B. K. Srivastava Oration Award<ref name="INSA profile" />
* Distinguished Parasitologist – World Parasitologist Federation (WPF) – 2010<ref name="Bhasin award" />
* Gold Medal lifetime Achievement Award – Indian Academy of Environmental Sciences – 2012<ref name="Bhasin award" />

==Works==
Sharma was the Chief Editor of an important journal, the Journal of Parasitic Diseases,<ref name="Journal">{{Cite web | url=https://www.springer.com/medicine/internal/journal/12639 |title = Journal of Parasitic Diseases}}</ref> which was active in dissemination of knowledge by publishing reviews and research papers on a regular basis. He was also the Chief Editor of the in-house journal of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="Bhasin award" />

He has also published many books on the subjects of bioenvironmental control and vector biology, both in English and Hindi languages.

'''Books in English'''
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.opbfawards.com/scientist-trustees-.htm
| title = Safe Water for community health
|author1=K.J. Nath |author2=V.P. Sharma
|name-list-style=amp | year = 2008
| publisher = The National Academy of sciences, India Allahabad publication
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.opbfawards.com/scientist-trustees-.htm
| title = Human Parasitic Infections of Pharmaceutical and National Health Importance
|author1=P.P. Singh |author2=V.P. Sharma
|name-list-style=amp | year = 2010
| publisher = The National Academy of sciences, India Allahabad publication
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.opbfawards.com/scientist-trustees-.htm
| title = Nature at Work: Ongoing Saga of Evolution
| author = V.P. Sharma
| year = 2010
| publisher = The National Academy of sciences, India Allahabad publication
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.opbfawards.com/scientist-trustees-.htm
| title = Water and Health. Currently under production by Springer India/Germany
|author1=P.P. Singh |author2=V.P. Sharma
|name-list-style=amp | year = 2014
| publisher = The National Academy of sciences, India Allahabad publication
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.opbfawards.com/scientist-trustees-.htm
| title = Women and Development: Green Technologies
| author = Satyawati Sharma, Santosh Satya, Annushree Malik and V.P. Sharma
| year = 2014
| publisher = The National Academy of sciences, India Allahabad publication
}}
'''Books in Hindi'''
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.opbfawards.com/scientist-trustees-.htm
| title = Malaria Anusandhan Se Rog Samadhan
| author = V.P. Sharma (translated by Manvendra Tripathi)
| year = 2012
| publisher = The National Academy of sciences, India Allahabad publication
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.opbfawards.com/scientist-trustees-.htm
| title = Dengue and Chikungunya ka Vivran tatha Bachav aur Upchar
| author = V.P. Sharma (translated by Manvendra Tripathi)
| year = 2014
| publisher = ICMR
}}
Apart from the books, Sharma has written over 300 research papers in various national and international journals.<ref name="INSA profile" />
* {{cite journal | title=Battling Malaria Iceberg Incorporating Strategic Reforms in Achieving Millennium Development Goals and Malaria Elimination in India | author=V. P. Sharma | journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research | year=2012 | volume=136 | issue=6 | pages=907–925| pmid=23391787 | pmc=3612321 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Continuing challenge of malaria in India | author=V. P. Sharma | journal=Current Science | year=2012 | volume=102 | issue=5 | pages=678–682}}
* {{cite journal | title=Continuing challenge of malaria in India | author=Jacob John, T., Lalit Dandona, Vinod P Sharma, Manish Kakkar | journal=The Lancet | year=2011 | volume=377 | issue=9761 | pages=252–269 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61265-2 | pmid=21227500| s2cid=28464897 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Malaria-attributed death rates in India |author1=Sharma V. P . |author2=Prabhat Jha |author3=Neeraj Dhingra |author4=Raju M Jotkar |author5=Richard Peto | journal=The Lancet | year=2011 | volume=377 | issue=9770 | pages=994–995 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60383-8|s2cid=205962145 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=The Summary Index of Malaria Surveillance (SIMS): a stable index of malaria within India | author=Cohen, Alan A., Neeraj Dhingra, Raju M Jotkar, Peter S Rodriguez, Vinod P Sharma and Prabhat Jha | journal=Population Health Metrics | year=2010 | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=1| doi=10.1186/1478-7954-8-1 | pmid=20181218 | pmc=2847540 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Adult and child malaria mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey |author1=Neeraj Dhingra N |author2=Prabhat Jha |author3=Vinod P Sharma |author4=Alan A Cohen |author5=Raju M Jotkar |author6=Peter S Rodriguez |author7=Diego G Bassani |author8=Wilson Suraweera |author9=Ramanan Laxminarayan |author10=Richard Peto | journal=The Lancet | year=2010 | volume=376 | issue=9754 | pages=1768–1774 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60831-8|pmid=20970179 |pmc=3021416 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Accelerating the Pace of Roll Back Malaria in India | author=Vinod P Sharma | journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India | year=2009 | volume=79(B) | issue=special issue | pages=13–21}}
* {{cite journal | title=Hidden burden of malaria in Indian women | author=Jacob John, T., Lalit Dandona, Vinod P Sharma, Manish Kakkar | journal=Malaria Journal | year=2011 | volume=8 | issue=281 | pages=252–269|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-281 | pmid=19995437 | pmc=2799428 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Work of WHO: Malaria In: Sixty Years of WHO | editor=Vinod P Sharma | journal=South East Asia Regional Office of the World Health Organization, New Delhi | year=2008 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases in South Asia. In: Sustainable Management of Water resources: Emerging Science and Technology Issues in South Asia |author1=M. G. K. Menon |author2=V. P. Sharma |name-list-style=amp | journal=INSA | year=2008 | issue=9761 }}

{{portal|India}}

==External links==
* Reference on Nirdeshak<ref name="Nirdeshak">{{cite web | url=http://nirdeshak.com/12-august-2013-daily-current-affairs.html | title=Nirdeshak | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
* GM Modi Science Foundation Award report<ref name="GM Modi report">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vinod-sharma-to-receive-gm-modi-science-foundation-award/ | title=GM Modi report | access-date=3 August 2014| date=9 April 2014 }}</ref>
* Lecture at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]<ref name="JNU">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/JNUNewsArchives/JNUNews_July_Aug12/conferences.htm | title=JNU | access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Vinod Prakash}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Malariologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian parasitologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:The Darling Foundation Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Rethika Srinivas

2026-03-27T19:09:43Z

Indussource: creating new article

{{short description|Indian film and Television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rethika Srinivas
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Actress
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Rethika Srinivas''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rethika-Srinivas-is-on-a-high/articleshow/13131577.cms|title=Rethika Srinivas is on a high|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>

==Career==
Rethika graduated with a degree in electronic engineering from SRM University, before pursuing a master's degree in media studies in the United Kingdom. She subsequently began her own media company, Ice Breakers, which helped conduct shows in Dubai, while also working as a model in several ad films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=8014|title=Ayngaran International|website=www.ayngaran.com|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> While auditioning for an advertisement with TVC, she met director [[Balaji Sakthivel]] who had been casting actresses for his next venture. Rethika was selected and won critical acclaim for her performance as an arrogant, young mother in the director's drama film ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' (2012). After receiving further film offers, she took a sabbatical from her job as a brand consultant and concentrated on acting ventures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-comedys-loss/article5848250.ece|title=Etcetera: Comedy's loss?|last=Raghavan|first=Nikhil|date=2014-03-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401102053/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-comedys-loss/article5848250.ece|archive-date=1 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifeandtrendz.com/life-style/item/264-in-a-chat-with-theatre-artist-actress-rethika-srinivas|title=Actress-Rethika Srinivas in an exclusive chat with us!|work=Life and Trendz|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831072640/https://lifeandtrendz.com/life-style/item/264-in-a-chat-with-theatre-artist-actress-rethika-srinivas#.VX3NZflViko|archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref>

She has since worked in films including ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' (2013) and ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rethika-is-on-a-roll-after-vazhakku-enn-18-9-news-tamil-mfolu8hbhddsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215841/http://www.sify.com/movies/rethika-is-on-a-roll-after-vazhakku-enn-18-9-news-tamil-mfolu8hbhddsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2018|title=Rethika srinivas is on a roll - Sify|website=Sify|language=en|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
! Notes
|-
|2011 || ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' || Bashyam's wife
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' || Jayalakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Aarohanam (2012 film)|Aarohanam]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || Rekha Mohan
|
|-
| ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' || Radhika Varadharajan
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || Sathyanur Savithri [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ra (2014 film)|Ra]]'' || Ajay's sister
|
|-
|2015
| ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' || Padma
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2017 || ''[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]'' || Talent Show Judge
|
|-
| ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' || Fathima's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Aayirathil Iruvar]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' || Karunakaran's wife
|
|-
| ''[[Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' || Lt. Gen. T. Rithika
|<ref name="Tik Tik Tik, not a complex film like Interstellar, assures Rethika Srinivas">{{cite news |work=The New Indian Express |title=Tik Tik Tik, not a complex film like Interstellar, assures Rethika Srinivas |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/jun/24/tik-tik-tik-not-a-complex-film-like-interstellar-assures-rethika-srinivas-6652.html |accessdate=13 August 2022 |date=24 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813040524/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/jun/24/tik-tik-tik-not-a-complex-film-like-interstellar-assures-rethika-srinivas-6652.html |archivedate=13 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021 || ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' || Gopuram Chitra
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022 || ''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]'' ||School Principal
|
|-
| ''[[Coffee with Kadhal]]'' || Diya's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Therkathi Veeran]]'' || Commissioner
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023 || ''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || Victim's mother
|
|-
| ''[[800 (film)|800]]'' || Trinity College teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Kannagi (2023 film)|Kannagi]]'' || Lawyer
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Nirangal Moondru]]'' || Shobha ||
|-
| 2026 || ''Nee Forever'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/15/nee-forever-starring-sudarshan-govind-and-archana-ravi-gets-release-date|title=Nee Forever, starring Sudarshan Govind and Archana Ravi, gets release date|date=15 March 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
! Notes
|-
|2015 || ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' || Sathenapally Savithri [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|
|-
|2019 || ''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]'' || Samrajyam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Pekamedalu]]'' ||Swetha
|
|}
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network
|-
|
| ''Chinna Maapley Periya Maapley''<ref>{{Citation|last=S Ve Shekher Fun TV|title=Chinna Maapley Periya Maapley {{!}} Episode 1 {{!}} S. Ve Shekher Fun TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t3-Q0NVmkM|access-date=2018-12-19}}</ref> || ||
|-
|
| ''Kaattula Mazhai''<ref>{{Citation|last=S Ve Shekher Drama|title=S Ve Sheker in Kattula Mazhai Full Drama|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAWBlRpleqU|access-date=2018-12-19}}</ref> || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020 || ''Thanthu Vitten Ennai'' || Bhanumathy || [[Zee5|ZEE5]]
|-
| ''[[Irai (TV series)|Irai]]'' || NGO Head || [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|-
|2023|| ''[[Modern Love Chennai]]'' || Devi's mother || [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|}

=== Short film===
# ''Kathai Neram''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5042848}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, Rethika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

Amita Bhushan

2026-03-25T18:47:41Z

Indussource: updated details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amita Bhushan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|02|05}}
| birth_place = [[Begusarai]], [[Bihar]], India
| residence = c/o Late (Dr) Prof. Chandra Bhanu, Mussorie Public School, Harrakh, Begusarai, [[Bihar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Bihar Vidhan Sabha
[[16th Bihar Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Surendra Mehta]]
| successor = [[Kundan Kumar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children = Two
| footnotes = Candidate for Lok Sabha Elections 2009 from Begusarai
| date = 4 April|
| year = 2009|
| source =
| assembly = [[16th Bihar Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Begusarai Assembly constituency|Begusarai]]
| legislature = [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]]
| termstart = 2015
| termend = 2020
| office1 = President of Bihar Pradesh Mahila Congress
| term1 = 2021-Current
}}

'''Amita Bhushan''' (born 5 February 1970) is an Indian politician, representing the [[Begusarai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://begusarai.bih.nic.in/ |title=Welcome to the Official Website of Begusarai District, Bihar |publisher=Begusarai.bih.nic.in |date=2010-02-04 |accessdate=2010-02-19| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100209183946/http://begusarai.bih.nic.in/ | archivedate= 9 February 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> constituency on a Congress ticket in the Bihar Vidhan Sabha since 2015, her first stint as MLA. She is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aicc.org.in/ |title=All India Congress Committee |publisher=AICC |accessdate=2010-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212023024/http://www.aicc.org.in/ |archivedate=2010-02-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Born and brought up in Begusarai, Bhushan is a social activist and fashion designer with an MA in psychology. Her mother was an [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] and her village is cheriya bariyarpur.

==Contributions==
Moved by the plight of the common masses in the field of public health, illiteracy, sanitation, hygiene, etc., she has floated a society in the name and style of CBRKC Foundation to make contributions to the extent its resources permit. The society runs without any aid or government support.

==Begusarai development data ==
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|+ '''Table 1: Development data of Begusarai<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Loksabha2009/] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408172135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Loksabha2009/ |date=8 April 2009 }}</ref>'''
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"
!Details
!2004
!2008
|-
|Total population (in '000s)
|2,507
|2,661
|-
|Sex ratio (females per 1000 males)
|915.4
|920.1
|-
|Crime against women (% of total crime)
|2.7
|5.4
|-
|Violent crime (% of total crime)
|17.9
|24.9
|-
|Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births)
|54.1
|49.4
|-
|Households with electricity (% of total households)
|10.7
|4.7
|-
|Total literacy rate (% of total population)
|50.9
|54.6
|-
|Below poverty line (% of total population)
|45
|41.3
|-
|Work participation rate (% of total population)
|32.8
|34.1
|-
|Urbanization (% of total population)
|3.6
|2.7
|}

==Controversy==
As per ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023160018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-04/patna/28056990_1_field-candidates-congress-mla-state-party-president The Times of India]'', a section of Congress leaders from Bihar are questioning the party's decision to field candidates who have poor track records in elections. They have questioned the candidature of a relatively unknown face like Amita Bhushan from Begusarai from where it could have fielded former PCC chief Ram Jatan Sinha. "In several constituencies, we still look like vote-katwas," said a former Congress MLA.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dipak|last=Mishra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Patna/Everything-not-hunky-dory-in-Cong/articleshow/4355737.cms |title=Everything not hunky-dory in Cong|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 April 2009 |accessdate=11 November 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Her husband is a government servant in All-India Service.

==See also==
*[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Begusarai]]
*[[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090831055222/http://www.congress.org.in/ Indian National Congress]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhushan, Amita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Indian women in politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Bad Manners (2023 film)

2026-03-25T15:17:44Z

Indussource: created new details.

{{short description|2023 Kannada film directed by Duniya Suri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bad Manners
| image = BadManners.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Duniya Suri]]
| producer = Sudhir K. M.
| story = Amri Surendranath
| screenplay = Amri Duniya Suri Maasthi Upparahalli<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bad Manners' will introduce Abishek as a commercially viable hero: Suri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/mar/09/bad-manners-will-introduce-abishek-as-a-commercially-viable-hero-suri-2554408.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| starring = [[Abhishek Ambareesh]] [[Rachita Ram]]
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cinematography = Shekar S.
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Studio 18
| distributor = [[Jayanna Combines|Jayanna Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|11|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bad Manners''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action crime film]] directed by [[Duniya Suri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release of Abishek Ambareesh's 'Bad Manners' postponed to July |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jun/20/release-of-abishek-ambareeshs-bad-manners-postponedto-july-2586597.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film stars [[Abhishek Ambareesh]], [[Rachita Ram]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Sharath Lohithaswa]], [[H. G. Dattatreya]], Trivikram and Rochit Shetty.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2023 |title=Abishek Ambareesh, Rachita Ram starrer Bad Manners shoot completed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/abishek-ambareesh-rachita-ram-starrer-bad-manners-shoot-completed/articleshow/98170548.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The soundtrack and background score is composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]], while the cinematography and editing are handled by Shekhar S. and Deepu. S. Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bad Manners' will introduce Abishek as a commercially viable hero: Suri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/mar/09/bad-manners-will-introduce-abishek-as-a-commercially-viable-hero-suri-2554408.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

''Bad Manners'' was released on 24 November 2023 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2023 |title=Abhishek Ambareesh's 'Bad Manners' gets a release date |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/abhishek-ambareeshs-bad-manners-gets-a-release-date/article67465917.ece |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bad Manners, distributed by Jayanna Films, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/may/31/bad-manners-distributed-by-jayanna-films-gets-a-release-date-44063.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Premise==
Rudhra, a cop, loses his [[Service pistol|service revolver]] at a crime scene and sets out to retrieve the gun to avoid suspension. Rudhra goes to Govardhana Ghada, a place known for making [[Arms trafficking|illegal weaponry]], in order to retrieve his revolver, but he soon creates serious problems with the gangsters due to his behaviour.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Abhishek Ambareesh]] as Rudhresh "Rudhra"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Abishek Ambareesh to star as police officer Rudra in 'Bad Manners' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/oct/04/actor-abishek-ambareesh-to-star-aspolice-officer-rudra-in-bad-manners-2504581.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Rachita Ram]] as Veena
* [[Priyanka Kumar]]
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Lakshmamma
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Gangadhar
* Trivikram as Phoenix
* Rochit Shetty as Magayi
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
* [[Kuri Prathap]] as Muniraju
* [[Poornachandra Mysore]] as Gunnis
* Niranjan
* Chandu
}}

== Production ==
===Development===
[[Duniya Soori]] announced the film with [[Abhishek Ambareesh]], [[Rachita Ram]] and Priyanka titled ''Bad Manners''. The film will be produced by Sudhir K. M. under Studio 18 banner. The film began its shooting in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=11 February 2021 |title=Rachita and Priyanka to star opposite Abhishek Ambareesh in 'Bad Manners' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/rachita-and-priyanka-star-opposite-abhishek-ambareesh-bad-manners-143243 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
The filming begun in January 2021 at the [[Mandya]] Sugar Factory. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], filming was delayed for approximately a year. The production later resumed on 14 February 2022 and filming was completed on 22 February 2023, coinciding with [[Maha Shivaratri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suri-Abishek's "Bad Manners" back on track |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/feb/14/suri-abisheks-bad-manners-back-on-track-2419010.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2023 |title=Abishek Ambareesh, Rachita Ram starrer Bad Manners shoot completed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/abishek-ambareesh-rachita-ram-starrer-bad-manners-shoot-completed/articleshow/98170548.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bad Manners
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello - Side B]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Bheema (2023 film)|Bheema]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc =
}}

[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] composed the background score and soundtrack for the film. The soundtrack album comprises four tracks and audio rights were secured by [[Anand Audio]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2022 |title=Bad Manners audio rights sold for a whopping price |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bad-manners-audio-rights-sold-for-a-whopping-price/articleshow/93745084.cms |access-date=27 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Music rights of Suri-Abishek's Bad Manners sold for a good price |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/aug/24/music-rights-of-suri-abisheks-bad-manners-sold-for-a-good-price-34033.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=bad manners: Bad Manners - Title Track (Lyrical) {{!}} Kannada Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/bad-manners-title-track-lyrical/videoshow/98902221.cms |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:46
| title1 = Bad Manners Title Track
| extra1 = [[Usha Uthup]]
| length1 = 3:30
| title2 = Saraayi Kududre Jhum Anthade
| extra2 = [[M. S. Umesh]]
| length2 = 3:10
| title3 = Oga Oga
| extra3 = [[Kapil Kapilan]] Narayan Sharma
| length3 = 3:29
| title4 = I'm in Love
| extra4 = Charanraj
| length4 = 2:30
| title5 = Jeeva
| extra5 = Siddhant Sundar Charanraj
| length5 = 3:07
}}

== Marketing ==
The teaser of the film was released on 4 October 2022, while the trailer was unveiled on 12 November 2023 by [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Abishek Ambareesh to star as police officer Rudra in 'Bad Manners' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/oct/04/actor-abishek-ambareesh-to-star-aspolice-officer-rudra-in-bad-manners-2504581.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=South First |date=13 November 2023 |title='Bad Manners' talks about guns, says Challenging Star Darshan at the trailer launch |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/bad-manners-talks-about-guns-says-challenging-star-darshan-at-the-trailer-launch/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bad Manners, distributed by Jayanna Films, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/may/31/bad-manners-distributed-by-jayanna-films-gets-a-release-date-44063.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darshan to grace the trailer launch of Abishek Ambareesh's Bad Manners |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/nov/09/darshan-to-grace-the-trailer-launch-of-abishek-ambareeshs-bad-manners-2631305.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಅಭಿಷೇಕ್ ಅಂಬರೀಶ್‌ ನಟನೆಯ 'ಬ್ಯಾಡ್ ಮ್ಯಾನರ್ಸ್' ಟ್ರೇಲರ್ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಲಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಚಾಲೆಂಜಿಂಗ್ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ದರ್ಶನ್ |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2023/nov/09/darshan-thoogudeepa-to-grace-the-trailer-launch-of-abishek-ambareeshs-bad-manners-505963.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Kannadaprabha |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2023 |title=Actor Darshan Launches Trailer Of Abishek Ambareesh-starrer Bad Manners |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-darshan-launches-trailer-of-abishek-ambareesh-starrer-bad-manners-8661815.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Bad Manners'' was released on 24 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bad Manners all set for a grand release in around 400 theatres across Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/oct/28/bad-manners-all-set-for-a-grand-release-in-around-400-theatres-across-karnataka-2627627.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Sridevi. S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Bad Manners'' is raw, rugged and an absolute mix-masala one can only expect from Suri!."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bad-manners/movie-review/105478933.cms#google_vignette |title=Bad Manners Movie Review: Bad Manners movie review: Suri serves his signature, tasty mix masala |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Shashiprasad S. M. of ''The South First'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Though there are no “wow… so elegant, and beautiful” moments in Bad Manners, Suri's style of making and the renewed version of Abhishek Ambareesh as an actor makes this a worthy watch."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/bad-manners-kannada-movie-review/ |title=Bad Manners review: Abhishek Ambareesh shines in this neither-too-good-nor-too-bad venture |website=The South First}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "For fans of Suri’s distinctive style and those open to witnessing Abhishek Ambareesh in a different light, this film is a must-watch for action enthusiasts. However, a disclaimer about the portrayal of country-made guns in Bad Manners is essential. Approach it purely as a film experience."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/nov/25/bad-manners-movie-review-an-actioner-with-suris-mix-masala-all-over-2635921.html |title='Bad Manners' movie review: An actioner with Suri's mix masala all over |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Bad Manners is a Suri film, no doubt, but this one's far from his best work. As pointed out, the lack of emotional depth in the narrative defeats the film and the filmmaker tries his best to salvage it with the help of some slick action sequences and his unique worldview and making."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/bad-manners-movie-review-duniya-suris-film-works-sporadically/8ed885229f419 |title=Bad Manners movie review: Duniya Suri's film works sporadically |website=OTTplay}}</ref>

Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Suri’s ‘Bad Manners,’ begins with a gripping portrayal of a town known for making guns, but the actioner soon fizzles out owing to shoddy writing."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bad-manners-movie-review-suri-and-abhishek-ambareeshs-crime-drama-loses-its-zing-after-a-promising-start/article67569743.ece |title='Bad Manners' movie review: Suri and Abhishek Ambareesh's crime drama loses its zing after a promising start |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt15137030}}

{{Duniya Soori}}

[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Duniya Soori]]

North Indian culture

2026-03-23T15:33:00Z

Indussource: corrected page additionally and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Culture of North India}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
The '''culture of [[North India]]''' encompasses North Indian classical music or [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]], the [[Indian classical dance]] of [[kathak]] and other [[List of Indian folk dances|folk dances]], [[Clothing in India|traditional North Indian clothing]], [[Architecture of India|North Indian architecture]] and [[North Indian cuisine]] among other aspects.

==Clothing==
{{Main|Clothing in India}}
[[File:Rajput (Jodhpur) (8411728143).jpg|thumb|200px|left|Man in traditional dress smoking hookah, [[Rajasthan]], India.]]
Women traditionally wear [[shalwar kameez]], [[ghagra choli]], [[sari]] and [[pheran]]. [[Dupatta]] is worn to complete the outfit. Men traditionally wear [[kurta]], [[achkan]], kameez and [[sherwani]] for upper garment, lower garment includes [[dhoti]], [[churidar]], and [[shalwar]]. [[Pagri (turban)|Pagri]] is usually worn around the head to complete the outfit, especially in rural areas. In states like [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]], women usually wear ghaghra and a full sleeved blouse or kurta salwar adorning a coat and an orni (headscarf). The men usually wear kurta and pants or shirt) coat with a [[Himachali cap]]. In the states of [[Punjabi clothing|Punjab]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Himachal Pradesh and [[Haryana]], the traditional dress is shalwar kameez. In the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and southern Haryana, it is ghagra choli. [[Pagri (turban)|Pagri]] is worn in various region styles and is the symbol which shows one's status and the respect in which one is held. In urban centres and as well as rural areas western influence can easily be seen nowadays.

==Cuisine==
{{Main|North Indian cuisine}}
[[File:Annapurna Naan.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Naan]] is popular form of flatbread eaten in Northern India.]]
[[Wheat]], along with [[rice]] and [[millet]]s forms the staple diet of North India. Wheat is usually served in the form of [[roti]] or [[chapatis]] along with [[saag]], ''[[bhaaji]]'', ''[[tarkari]]'' or ''saalan'' (vegetarian curry dishes). Other wheat breads include: deep fried [[Puri (food)|puris]] and shallow fried [[paratha]]s. During winters, flatbreads made of millets like [[Pearl millet|bajra]] and [[maize]] are common.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goyal |first1=Megh R. |author-link=Megh R. Goyal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7UxEAAAQBAJ |title=Cereals and Cereal-Based Foods: Functional Benefits and Technological Advances for Nutrition and Healthcare |last2=Kaur |first2=Kamaljit |last3=Kaur |first3=Jaspreet |author-link3=Jaspreet Kaur |date=2021-07-29 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-1-000-16429-9 |language=en}}</ref> Rice dishes called ''[[Dal bhat|bhaat]]'' are generally paired with lentil and bean dishes. Various varieties of rice dishes like ''[[jeera bhaat]]'', ''khaare chawal, matar chawal, [[Sweet rice|meethe chawal]], [[Saffron rice|kesariya bhaat]]'' form part of North Indian cuisine.

''Dal Roti'' (lentil and flatbread) and ''dal chawal'' (lentil and rice) are common vegetarian combos in North Indian cuisine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Colleen Taylor |author-link=Colleen Taylor Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC |title=Food Culture in India |date=2004 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-32487-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPsfCwAAQBAJ |title=The Exquisite World of Indian Cuisine |date=2009 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-474-8 |language=en}}</ref> Vegetarian diet is prevalent except in Jammu and Kashmir and the [[Indian Himalayan Region|hilly regions]], however, the non-vegetarian food is also popular. [[Mughlai cuisine]], especially that of [[Lucknow]] and [[Delhi]], is known for non-vegetarian dishes with a distinctive aroma, taste and with a different style of cooking. [[Vaishnavism|Vaishno]] [[Dhaba|dhabas]] serving [[Sattvic diet|satvik cuisine]] can be found all over North Indian region.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |author-link=David Abram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYGtAAAAQBAJ |title=The Rough Guide to India |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |author-link2=Nick Edwards |last3=Ford |first3=Mike |last4=Jacobs |first4=Daniel |last5=Meghji |first5=Shafik |last6=Sen |first6=Devdan |last7=Thomas |first7=Gavin |date=2013-10-01 |publisher=[[Rough Guides UK]] |isbn=978-1-4093-4261-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Milk and its by-products along with leguminous food products like lentils and beans are abundantly used in North Indian cuisine. Some of the popular lentil dishes ([[dal]]s) from North India include ''[[Chickpea|chana dal]], [[Mung bean|moong dal]], [[Pigeon pea|arhar dal]], [[masur dal]], mothh dal'' and [[Vigna mungo|urad dal]] (which in restaurant is served with butter and is branded by name [[dal makhani]]). Other bean dishes include [[rajma]], [[Black-eyed pea|lobia]], [[kala chana]] and [[Kabuli chana]]. [[Rajma chawal]] is particularly popular throughout India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brien |first=Charmaine O' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ |title=The Penguin Food Guide to India |date=2013-12-15 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 |language=en}}</ref> Kala Chana (along with [[Halwa puri|halwa and puri]]) is cooked during the [[Ashtami]] day of [[Navaratri|Navratri]] festival. [[Gram flour|Besan]] (Indian gram flour) is particularly used to prepare number of North Indian dishes like [[kadhi]], [[Pakora|pakodas]], ''missi roti etc.''

[[Rajasthani cuisine]] is famous for its dishes like [[dal bati]], [[churma]], etc.

A variety of desserts can be found in North India, like [[jalebi]] (a crispy sugary circular dessert) which also comes in another variant called [[imarti]], [[Halva|halwa]] , [[ghevar]] and [[Gujhia|gujia]], [[kheer]] (Indian [[rice pudding]]), [[petha]], [[mathura peda]], [[bal mithai]] (from [[Kumaoni cuisine|Kumaon]]), to name but a few.

== Music and dance ==
{{main|Hindustani classical music|Indian classical dance|List of Indian folk dances}}

[[Hindustani classical music]] or Shastriya Sangeet is the classical music of North India. Around the 12th-century, Hindustani classical music diverged from what eventually came to be identified as [[Carnatic music]] of [[South India]]. The central notion in both these systems is that of a melodic mode or [[raga]], sung to a rhythmic cycle or [[Tala (music)|tala]]. Indian classical music has seven basic notes, [[Svara|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni]], with five interspersed half-notes, resulting in a 12-note scale. The rhythmic organization is based on rhythmic patterns called tala. The melodic foundations are called ragas. Noted representatives of Shastriya Sangeet with a worldwide acclaim are [[Pandit]] [[Ravi Shankar]] and [[Ustad]] [[Ali Akbar Khan]].

Many different folk dance styles of North India include [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]] and [[giddha]] from [[Punjabi dance|Punjab]], [[kathak]] in Uttar Pradesh, [[ghoomar]] and [[kalbelia]] from Rajasthan, [[Nati (dance)|nati]] from Himachal Pradesh, [[Jagar (ritual)|jagars]] and [[Pandav Lila|Pandva Nritya]] from Uttarakhand.
Kud dance of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is the way to thank local deities in the night of rainy season with the beats of drum like instrument [[narsingha]]. [[Kathak]] is one of the [[Indian classical dance|eight Indian classical dance]] forms as conferred by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]. This dance form traces its origins to the nomadic bards of ancient northern India, known as kathaks, or storytellers. Some believe it evolved from god [[Krishna]]'s [[Raslila|raas lilas]], forms of which have also evolved into the popular [[Garba (dance)|garba]]-style dances popular in other parts of the region and [[Gujarat]] in western India. Raas lilas portrays the love stories of lord [[Krishna]]. A dance form which depicts the eternal love. It was quintessential theatre, using instrumental and vocal music along with stylized gestures, to enliven the stories.

==Architecture and art==
{{Main|Architecture of India|Indian art|Indo-Islamic architecture|Maru-Gurjara architecture}}
[[File:Taj Mahal.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Taj Mahal]] is one of [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|UNESCO world heritage sites in the region]] and regarded as one of the [[seven wonders of the world]].]]

Out of [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|twenty-three cultural world heritage sites in India]] which have been declared by [[UNESCO]], ten are in North India.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in World Cultural Heritage Listed Sites in India]. [[UNESCO]]. URl accessed on August 25, 2011.</ref> The [[Taj Mahal]], the quintessential [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], is one of the [[Wonders of the World|seven wonders of the world]]. The [[Mahabodhi Temple|Mahabodhi Temple complex]] at [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Bihar]] built by [[List of Maurya emperors|Mauryan emperor]] [[Ashoka]] in 260 BC, marks the enlightenment of [[Buddha]]. [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho temple]] and [[Sanchi Stupa|Buddhist monuments of Sanchi]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] finds itself in the list of world heritage sites. Other renowned architectural and holy sites are the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]] ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]]), [[List of Le Corbusier buildings|Urban and Architectural Work of Le Corbusier]] in [[Chandigarh]], [[Dilwara Temples]] of [[Mount Abu]]([[Rajasthan]]) to name a few. A different genre of paintings evolved in North India especially the miniature paintings. [[Rajput painting]] a style of Indian painting that evolved and flourished during the 18th-century, in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]. Rajput paintings depict a number of themes, events of epics like the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', [[Krishna]]'s life, beautiful landscapes, and humans.

One of the best-known examples of North Indian sculpture is the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], [[Sarnath]]. It is the source for the [[State Emblem of India|national emblem of India]] and hints at the richness and grandeur of the ancient [[Mauryan Empire]]. The [[Rampurva capitals|Rampurva bull capital]] is one of the best specimens of animal sculpture.

Two different schools of art namely the [[Gandhara art|Gandhara]] and [[Mathura art|Mathura]] schools of art evolved in ancient times which represented the developments in sculptures, stucco, and clay as well as in mural paintings. The Kushana emperors, particularly [[Kanishka]], encouraged the Gandhara artists to sculpture themes from [[Life of Buddha in art|Buddha's life]] and the [[Jataka tales|Jatakas]]. The distinctive school of art which grew here is called the Gandhara school of art. A large number of the images of the Buddha and the [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattvas]] were produced. Mathura art, however, reached its peak during the [[Gupta art|Gupta period]]. The human figure reached its most sublime representation in the Gupta classical phase when divine images, conceived and rendered in human shape, attained a superhuman aspect and manifested great spiritual import. The sculptures were marked by sharp and beautiful features, graceful and slim bodies, with many folds of transparent drapery and a new style of coiffure.

==Literature==
{{Main|Indian literature}}
[[File:Utka Nayika. A lady awaits her lover in the forest. 1775-1780. Kangra, British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Ashta Nayika|Utka Nayika]] awaits her lover in the forest. [[Kangra painting]], c. 1775-1780 CE.]]
North India was the birthplace of [[Kalidasa]], who wrote classic [[Indian classical drama|Sanskrit plays]] like ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]], [[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' and ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' and poems like ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]], [[Kumārasambhava]], [[Ṛtusaṃhāra]] and [[Meghadūta]]'' in which the use of imagination and similes remains unequaled by any other literary work. Apart from these Sanskrit dramas, [[Pāṇini]]'s ''[[Ashtadhyayi]]'' standardized Sanskrit grammar and phonetics and left an indelible mark on these aspects of Sanskrit.

[[Medieval India|Medieval North India]] had great literary scholars like [[Tulsidas]], [[Surdas]], [[Chand Bardai]], [[Amir Khusrau]]<nowiki/>whose works ''[[Ramcharitmanas]], [[Sur-Sagar|Sur Sagar]], [[Prithviraj Raso|Prithiviraj Raso]] and [[Khamsa of Amir Khusrau]]'' respectively contributed to the richness of literature. By the 19th-century onwards [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of the [[Hindustani language]]) had become the lingua franca of northern India.

Hindi was popularized by the writings of [[Dayananda Saraswati]], [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]] and others. Other important writers of this period are [[Munshi]] [[Premchand]], [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], [[Maithilisharan Gupt]]. Premchand's Hindi-Urdu works, such as ''[[Godaan]]'' and [[Gaban (novel)|''Gaban'']] have been translated into various languages, and are known for their subtlety and depiction of human psychology and emotions.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
*[[Culture of India]]
*[[Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Culture of Himachal Pradesh]]
*[[Culture of Punjab, India]]
*[[Culture of Chandigarh]]
*[[Culture of Haryana]]
*[[Culture of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Culture of Delhi]]
*[[Culture of Rajasthan]]
*[[Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Culture of Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Culture of Chhattisgarh]]

{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References and bibliography==
{{commons category|Culture of North India}}
{{refbegin}}
* ''Flavours of India''. [[North Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture, Government of India]].
* Puran Chand Sharma. ''Sanskriti ke Stambh''. North Zone Cultural Centre, Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
* Kālidāsa; [[W. J. Johnson|Johnson, W. J.]] (editor). ''The Recognition of Śakuntalā: A Play in Seven Acts''. 2001. Oxford and New York: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-19-283911-4}}
* MacDonell, Arthur Anthony. ''A History of Sanskrit Literature''. 2004. [[Kessinger Publishing]]. {{ISBN|1-4179-0619-7}}
* Massey, Reginald. ''India's Dances''. 2006. Abhinav Publications.{{ISBN|81-7017-434-1}}
* [[Romila Thapar|Thapar, Romila]]. ''A History of India''. Vol. 1. .1990. New Delhi and London: [[Penguin Books]]. {{ISBN|0-14-013835-8}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Indian Culture}}

[[Category:North India|c]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]

Jessore District

2026-03-21T20:22:54Z

Indussource: small cleanup article as per guidelines also and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|District in Khulna Division, Bangladesh}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jessore District 
| official_name = Jashore District
| native_name = যশোর জেলা
| native_name_lang = bn
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Bangladesh|District of Bangladesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Jashore Collectorate Building, Bangladesh.jpg
|photo2a = JashoreAirportRenovated.jpg
|photo2b =
|photo3a = Shaheed Mashiur Rahman Hall , Jessore University of Science and Technology.jpg
|photo3b =Govt. Michael Madhusudan (M M) College, Jashore – সরকারি মাইকেল মধুসূদন (এম এম) কলেজ, যশোর - Arts Building.jpg
}}
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Jessore Collectorate Building, [[Jessore Airport]], [[Michael Madhusudan College]], [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = BD Jashore District locator map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Jessore District in Bangladesh
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map = Bangladesh
| pushpin_label_position = Khulna
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Khulna Division|Khulna]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = District Established
| established_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|1781|p=y}}
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jessore]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Deputy Commissioner (Bangladesh)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Md. Ashek Hasan Sagar (16083)
| leader_title1 = [[District Councils of Bangladesh|District Council Chairman]]
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name2 = Md. Asaduzzaman
| area_total_km2 = 2606.94
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2022census" />
| population_total = 3076144
| population_as_of = [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022]]
| population_rank =
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Bangladesh|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 7400
| website = {{URL|jessore.gov.bd}}
| area_code = 0421
| iso_code = BD-22
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}}0.717<ref>[https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/BGD/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 HDI]. Global Data Lab. 16 March 2025</ref> {{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of regions of Bangladesh by Human Development Index|2nd of 20]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
}}
[[File:Jessore District upazila geocode map - Small Area Atlas Bangladesh.svg|thumb|Jessore District upazila geocode map]]

'''Jessore District''', [[List of renamed places in Bangladesh|officially]] '''Jashore District'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh changes English spellings of five districts |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-changes-english-spellings-of-five-districts |work=[[Bdnews24.com]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207090212/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-changes-english-spellings-of-five-districts |access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=7 February 2023 }}</ref><ref name=AlHasnat2018>{{cite news |author=Mahadi Al Hasnat |date=2 April 2018 |title=Mixed reactions as govt changes English spellings of 5 district names |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/142256/mixed-reactions-as-govt-changes-english-spellings |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206234258/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/142256/mixed-reactions-as-govt-changes-english-spellings |access-date=8 April 2018|archive-date=6 February 2024 }}</ref><ref name=Eagle2018>{{cite news |last1=Eagle |first1=Andrew |title='A' is for 'orange' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/society/orange-1556602 |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=2 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> ({{langx|bn|যশোর জেলা}}; {{IPA|bn|Jaw-shor Jela}}), is a [[Districts of Bangladesh|district]] in southwestern [[Bangladesh]]. It is bordered by [[India]] to the west, [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]] districts to the south, Khulna and [[Narail]] to the east, and [[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]] and [[Magura District|Magura]] districts to the north. [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] is the capital of the district. Jessore is the home to the ancestors of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Jashore was the first independent district of Bangladesh in 1971.

Jessore district was established in 1781. It consists of 8 municipalities, 8 [[Upazilas of Bangladesh|upazilas]], 92 unions, 1,329 [[mouza]]s, 1,477 villages and 120 [[Mahallah|mahallas]]. The upazilas are: [[Abhaynagar Upazila]], [[Bagherpara Upazila]], [[Chaugachha Upazila]], [[Jessore Sadar Upazila]], [[Jhikargachha Upazila]], [[Keshabpur Upazila]], [[Manirampur Upazila]], and [[Sharsha Upazila]].

The district produces a variety of crops. [[Date sugar]], called ''patali'', is made from the sap of locally grown date trees. It is cooked, thickened and crystallised using a traditional method. Patali is mainly produced in [[Khajura]], but many date trees are cultivated in the Keshabpur Upazila and Manirampur Upazila areas.

==History==
{{Main|History of Jessore}}
Jessore district once belonged to the ancient [[Janapadas|Janapada]] of [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] (বঙ্গ) Janapada. In the 15th century, Jessore was a part of the kingdom of [[Pratapaditya]]. It was then conquered by the Mughals.

British administration was fully established in Jessore district in 1781 when the governor-general ordered the opening of a court at Murali near Jessore.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jessore |volume=15 |page=337}}</ref> In 1947, Jessore was divided between India and Pakistan. Except for the [[Bangaon]] and [[Gaighata]] thanas, the district became part of [[East Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHQIAAAAQAAJ&q=ancient+Khulna | title=A Report on the District of Jessore: Its Antiquities, Its History, and Its Commerce | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | author=Westland, James | year=1871}}</ref>

The Bengali soldiers stationed at [[Jessore Cantonment]] and [[Mutiny|mutinied]] against the [[Pakistan Army]] on 29 March 1971. They were led by [[Hafizuddin Ahmed|Captain Hafiz Uddin]] and Lieutenant Anwar in an uprising where 300 soldiers were killed. The rebels killed 50 Pakistani soldiers at [[Chanchara]].
==Geography==
Jessore District encompasses 2606.94 km2. It is bounded by [[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]] and [[Magura District|Magura]] districts at the north, [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]] and [[Khulna District|Khulna]] districts at the south, [[Narail District|Narail]] and Khulna districts at the east, and [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] districts of [[West Bengal]] of India at the west. Major rivers that flow through this region are the [[Bhairab River|Bhairab]], [[Teka River|Teka]], [[Hari River (Bangladesh)|Hari]], [[Sree River (Jessore)|Sree]], [[Aparbhadra River|Aparbhadra]], [[Harihar River|Harihar]], [[Buribhadra River|Buribhadra]], [[Chitra River|Chitra]], [[Betna River|Betna]], [[Kopothakho River|Kopotakkho]], and the [[Mukteshwari River|Mukteshwari]].<ref name=Banglapedia>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/sorrow-jessore-lasting-decades-getting-graver-every-year-1332595|title=Sorrow of jessore: Lasting for decades, getting graver every year|date=20 December 2016|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

===Climate===
Annual average temperature range from {{convert|15.4|to|34.6|°C|°F}}. The annual rainfall is {{convert|1537|mm|in}}.
{{Weather box
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|location = Jessore
|Jan high C = 22.9
|Feb high C = 27.0
|Mar high C = 33.4
|Apr high C = 41.0
|May high C = 38.1
|Jun high C = 32.6
|Jul high C = 31.4
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 32.1
|Oct high C = 31.5
|Nov high C = 29.2
|Dec high C = 24.9
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 15.4
|Feb mean C = 19.3
|Mar mean C = 26.1
|Apr mean C = 34.6
|May mean C = 33.0
|Jun mean C = 29.2
|Jul mean C = 28.4
|Aug mean C = 28.6
|Sep mean C = 28.7
|Oct mean C = 27.2
|Nov mean C = 23.1
|Dec mean C = 17.8
|Jan low C = 9.0
|Feb low C = 11.7
|Mar low C = 18.9
|Apr low C = 28.3
|May low C = 27.9
|Jun low C = 25.8
|Jul low C = 25.5
|Aug low C = 25.6
|Sep low C = 25.4
|Oct low C = 23.0
|Nov low C = 17.0
|Dec low C = 10.6
|year low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 11
|Feb precipitation mm = 19
|Mar precipitation mm = 40
|Apr precipitation mm = 77
|May precipitation mm = 168
|Jun precipitation mm = 314
|Jul precipitation mm = 304
|Aug precipitation mm = 293
|Sep precipitation mm = 245
|Oct precipitation mm = 144
|Nov precipitation mm = 28
|Dec precipitation mm = 8
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan humidity = 46
|Feb humidity = 35
|Mar humidity = 36
|Apr humidity = 44
|May humidity = 60
|Jun humidity = 76
|Jul humidity = 75
|Aug humidity = 76
|Sep humidity = 74
|Oct humidity = 70
|Nov humidity = 51
|Dec humidity = 44
|year humidity =
|source = [http://en.climate-data.org/location/31710 National news papers]
|date=January 2014}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|align=center
|percentages=pagr
|1974 |1335342
|1981 |1710608
|1991 |2106996
|2001 |2471554
|2011 |2764547
|2022 |3076145
|footnote= Sources:<ref name="2022census" /><ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Jessore|url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Jessore.pdf|website=|publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=24 June 2022|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712032704/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Jessore.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022 Census of Bangladesh]], Jessore District had 798,032 households and a population of 3,076,144 with an average 3.79 people per household. Among the population, 510,121 (16.58%) inhabitants were under 10 years of age. The population density was 1,180 people per km2. Jessore District had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 56.5%,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jessore District - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Jessore_District |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref> compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1,018 females per 1,000 males. Approximately, 23.39% of the population lived in urban areas. The ethnic population was 5,386.<ref name="2022census">{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-11-20-05-20-e6676a7993679bfd72a663e39ef0cca7.pdf |title=Population and Housing Census 2022 National Report |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |date=November 2023 |isbn= |volume=1 |pages=}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jessore District (2022)<ref name="2022census"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]]|green|89.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]]|darkorange|10.20}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.18}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religion in present-day Jessore District
! rowspan="2" |Religion
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|84–85}}{{Efn|1941 figures are for Sadar subdivision and Sarsa thana of Bongaon subdivision of erstwhile Jessore district, which roughly corresponds to the present district.}}
! colspan="2" |1981<ref name="census2011" />
! colspan="2" |1991<ref name="census2011" />
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="census2011" />
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="census2011" />
! colspan="2" |2022<ref name="2022census" />
|-
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
|-
|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|349,554
|62.44%
|1,427,885
|83.47%
|1,822,747
|86.51%
|2,170,973
|87.84%
|2,446,162
|88.48%
|2,756,730
|89.62%
|-
|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|208,647
|37.27%
|277,764
|16.24%
|278,315
|13.21%
|293,841
|11.89%
|310,184
|11.22%
|313,592
|10.19%
|-
|Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
|1,644
|0.29%
|4,959
|0.29%
|5,934
|0.28%
|6,740
|0.27%
|8,201
|0.30%
|5,823
|0.19%
|-
!Total Population
!559,845
!100%
!1,710,608
!100%
!2,106,996
!100%
!2471,554
!100%
!2,764,547
!100%
!3,076,145
!100%
|}

The Muslim population is the majority religion, while Hindus, the largest minority, have been growing much more slowly. There is a community of around 5,300 Christians in the district, mainly in Jhikargachha and Jessore Sadar upazilas.

The main occupations are agriculture 39.84%, agricultural labour 24.13%, other wage labour 2.68%, commerce 11.99%, service 8.66%, industry 1.41%, transport 3.11% and others 8.18%.

Jessore District's administrative framework was established in 1781. It consists of the following eight [[upazila]]s
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Upazila]] !! Area in km2 !! 2011 Census population
|-
|[[Abhaynagar Upazila|Abhaynagar]]
|247.21
|262,434
|-
|[[Bagherpara Upazila|Bagherpara]]
|308.29
|216,897
|-
|[[Chaugachha Upazila|Chaugachha]]
|269.31
|231,370
|-
|[[Jhikargacha Upazila|Jhikargachha]]
|307.96
|298,908
|-
|[[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
|258.44
|253,291
|-
|[[Jessore Sadar Upazila|Jessore Sadar]]
|435.22
|742,898
|-
|[[Manirampur Upazila|Manirampur]]
|444.20
|417,421
|-
|[[Sharsha Upazila|Sharsha]]
|336.28
|341,328
|}

The upazilas are further divided into 9 municipalities, 36 wards, 92 unions, 1,329 mouzas, 1,434 villages and 120 mahallas.

== Economy ==
The economy of Jessore District is traditionally agrarian, but in recent decades it has diversified into industry, trade, services, and communications. Due to its geographical position, Jessore is considered a commercial gateway to the south-western region of Bangladesh. The district is home to the country's largest land port [[Benapole Land Port]], the domestic [[Jessore Airport]], railway and road networks, and the [[Noapara River Port]].<ref>https://tbsnews.net</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
Agriculture remains the backbone of Jessore’s economy. Major crops include rice, wheat, jute, maize, potatoes, vegetables, and a variety of fruits. Jessore is especially known for its flower cultivation; flowers grown in [[Godkhali]], [[Jhikargacha Upazila|Jhikargacha]] and [[Sharsha Upazila|Sharsha]] are supplied across the country. The district was once famous for its date juice and molasses, which are still produced during winter. Aquaculture is another significant sector; numerous ponds and hatcheries in the district produce fish and fry (spawn) that are supplied nationwide.<ref>https://shampratikdeshkal.com/opinion/news/2405144072</ref>

=== Industry ===
Jessore has a growing light engineering and mechanical workshop industry. Small factories and workshops produce and repair vehicles, motorcycles, agricultural machinery, and other equipment. Traditional industries include wooden furniture, bamboo and cane products, and handmade combs. The government has also approved the establishment of an [[Export Processing Zone]] (EPZ) and an economic zone in Jessore, which are expected to attract both local and foreign investment.<ref>https://www.khaborerkagoj.com/economics-business/806096</ref>

=== Trade and communication ===
[[Benapole Land Port]] is the largest land port in Bangladesh and serves as the principal gateway for trade with India. Many local residents are engaged directly or indirectly in port-related businesses. The [[Noapara River Port]] facilitates trade in goods such as coal, fertilizers, and industrial raw materials. Jessore has road and rail links with Dhaka and other districts, supporting the transport of agricultural and industrial products. [[Jessore Airport]], the only operational domestic airport in the south-western region, plays a vital role in business and tourism.<ref>https://tbsnews.net</ref>

=== Infrastructure and services ===
Almost every union in the district now has access to electricity, which has boosted irrigation, cottage industries, and service activities. Rural roads, bridges, and culverts have improved the marketing of agricultural products. Jessore is also emerging in the field of information technology. A [[Hi-Tech Park]] is under construction in the district headquarters, which is expected to become a future hub for the IT industry.<ref>https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/national/news/606397</ref>

=== Challenges and prospects ===
Despite progress, many agricultural and industrial sectors in Jessore lag behind in modern technology and quality control. Climate change and natural disasters pose challenges to agricultural activities. However, sectors such as flower cultivation, fruits and vegetables, aquaculture, date-based products, light engineering, and information technology hold great potential to make Jessore one of the most promising economic regions of Bangladesh.<ref>https://bonikbarta.com/home/news_description/322285</ref>

==Arts and culture==
[[File:মণিহার সিনেমা হল.jpg|thumb|left|[[Monihar]] is the last remaining cinema hall in the city of Jessore.]]
There were 21 cinema halls in the district in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akbar |first1=Zahid |title=Single-screen theatres going out of fashion in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/single-screen-theatres-going-out-fashion-bangladesh-1872076 |work=The Daily Star (Bangladesh) |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> As of 2021, only six survive: four in smaller towns, and two in the city of Jessore.<ref name="jn3Apr2021">{{cite news |script-title=bn:চিত্রামোড়-নিরালাপট্টি আছে, নেই শুধু সিনেমা হল |trans-title=There is Chitramore-Niralapatti, just no cinema halls |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/entertainment/news/655836 |work=[[Jago News 24]] |date=3 April 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> One of the latter, Tosbir Mohol, once the country's second oldest theater with a revolving stage, is being restored for stage productions.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:যশোরে শতবর্ষী ঘূর্ণায়মান নাট্যমঞ্চ ফিরছে স্বরূপে |trans-title=Jessore's century-old revolving stage is returning to its original form |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/city/568344/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87 |work=[[Jugantor]] |date=1 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> The other, [[Monihar]], the largest cinema hall in Bangladesh when it was built in 1983, with 1400 seats,<ref name="jn3Apr2021" /> reported record revenues in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shahnewaz |first1=Sadi Mohammad |title=The film industry's unforeseen revival |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/weekend-read/news/the-film-industrys-unforeseen-revival-3098901 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

Jessore-based theater troupe Bibartan has staged more than 4,000 performances (stage plays, street theater, and works for children) since their founding in 1989.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:নাট্য সংগঠন বিবর্তন যশোরের তিন দশক |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/bangla-face/231396/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95 |work=[[Jugantor]] |date=13 October 2019 |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Jessore Institute Public Library]], established in 1854, is one of the oldest public libraries in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Sultan Uddin |year=1994 |title=Librarianship and the State of Libraries in Bangladesh |publisher= Luthfun Nessah Begum|page=98 |isbn=978-984-30-0092-7}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Jessore District football team.png|thumb|1968 East Pakistan National Football Championship runners-up Jessore District football team.]]
Football and cricket are the two most popular sports in Jessore. Cricketers from the district represent the [[South Zone cricket team (Bangladesh)|South Zone]] in the [[Bangladesh Cricket League]]. In football, Jessore most notably won the [[Sher-e-Bangla Cup|National Football Championship]] in 1976. Notable footballers from the district includes [[Mannaf Rabby]], [[Kowsar Ali]], and [[Md Rabby Hossen Rahul|Rabby Hossen Rahul]]. Lutfor Rahman, a member of the [[Shadhin Bangla football team]], also hailed from the district. In 1973, the Jessore Zonal football team hosted a historic game against [[FC Dinamo Minsk|Dinamo Minsk]] from the [[Soviet Union]], which ended in a 0–9 defeat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/83681/dynamo-moscow%E2%80%99s-visit-to-jessore|title=Dynamo Moscow's visit to Jessore|first=Shishir|last=Hoque|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901113638/https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/83681/dynamo-moscow%E2%80%99s-visit-to-jessore|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Shamsul Huda Stadium]], formerly known as the Jessore Stadium, serves as the district's main venue for football and cricket. The stadium notably hosted the [[National Football Championship (Pakistan)|Pakistan National Football Championship]] in 1968. The Shams-Ul-Huda Football Academy, operated by the Jessore District Sports Association (JDSA), is one of the most notable football academies in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/legacy-dreams-1667116|title=A legacy of dreams|first=Anisur|last=Rahman|access-date=April 10, 2024|date=November 30, 2018|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>

==Points of interest==
* [[Sagardari Union|Sagardari]] is the birthplace of the poet [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]]. His large villa consists of a huge garden, a small museum and houses. The front gate has a solid sculpture work. The Kobodak River is at a stone's throw away
* Bharat Bhaina (locally called Bharter Dewl) is the relics of ancient Buddhist Temple of the 6th century at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* [[Mirzanagar Hammamkhana]] is a structure of Mughal's at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* [[Dhalijhara Buddha Bihar]] is one of the outstretched and unique Buddhist Temples of the 8th century among [[South Asia]] at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* Sheikhpura 3 Domed Mosque
* [[Khan Jahan Ali's Dighi]] at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* [[Marshina Baor]], a proposed ecopark at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* [[Jhikargachha Upazila]]
* [[Abhaynagar Upazila]]
[[File:Michael Madhusudan Dutta Home 1.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The main gate of the house of Michael Madhusudan Dutta at Sagardari village in Jessore. This house is currently being used as a museum.]]
* In Vaatnogor at [[Abhaynagar Upazila]], ruins of eleven temple complex, dedicated to [[Shiva]]
* A terracotta plaque bearing the image of Mallinath, a female tirthankar (saint) of the Jain religion, was found at the [[Mound of Dam Dam Peer]] in [[Manirampur Upazila]].<ref name=tourism>{{cite web |author= Duke Khan | access-date = 13 September 2013 |year= 2013 |url = http://touristbd.com/tourism-in-jessore/ | title = Tourism in Jessore. }}</ref> [[File:Mound_of_Dam_Dam_Peer_2.jpeg|thumb| [[Mound of Dam Dam Peer]] in [[Manirampur Upazila]]. ]] It is believed to be the most ancient relic discovered from this part of the world.<ref name=AmarJessore>{{cite web |author= Duke Khan |access-date= 13 September 2013 |year= 2013 |url= http://www.amarjessore.com/amar_jessore/article.php?ref=moghol&details_id=130 |title= Dam Dam Peerosthan in Manirampur Upazilla. |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150416094957/http://www.amarjessore.com/amar_jessore/article.php?ref=moghol&details_id=130 |archive-date= 16 April 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The Department at Khulna said that the plaque is at least 1800 years old. It is currently kept at the Khulna Museum.<ref name=khulnadiv>{{cite web |author= Duke Khan |access-date= 17 November 2013 |year= 2013 |url= http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/node/830292 |title= A short description of archaeological sights – Khulna Division |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://archive.today/20140902095838/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/node/830292 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Jessoreinfo>{{cite web |author= Duke Khan |first= and Md. Shariful Islam |work= Jessore Info. | access-date = 13 September 2013 | url = http://manirampur.wapka.mobi | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190102122501/http://manirampur.wapka.mobi/ | archive-date = 2 January 2019 | title = Mound of Dam Dam Peer in Manirampur Upazilla.}} [http://www.jessore.info/index.php?option=content&value=787 Alt URL]</ref>
* Gazir Dorgah
* [[File:20220731173148 IMG 2460.jpg|thumb|The Front View of Jashore Airport]] [[Jessore Airport]], [[Jessore Cantonment College|Jessore Cantonment]] and Air Force Base Matiur Rahman
* Avaynogor's Khanjahan Ali Jame Mosque
* Jamidar Bari at Shridhorpur
* Konnadah Archajjo Baor at [[Sharsha Upazila|Sarsha]]
* [[Benapole]] Port
* [[Sonanodia Baor]]
* Fakhir Tika at Godkhali
* Shimulia Mission (Saheb Bari)
* Grave of Birshrestho Lance Nayek Noor Muhammad Sheikh
* Khatura Baor
* Moktarpur Lalu Babu Jamidar Bari
* Solo Khada Jamidar Bari
== Transport ==
Jessore has well connected road, rail and air transport links to other major cities and water transport links to Khulna and Mongla of Bangladesh. It boasts one of the first rail networks established in the Indian subcontinent.

=== Road ===
Jessore is located 183 km south west from [[Dhaka]], the capital of Bangladesh by road and 60 km north from Khulna. It is also connected with the Indian city of [[Kolkata]] which is 120 km west through [[Benapole land port]] via [[AH1]]. The road from Jessore to Kolkata is a part of the historic [[Jessore Road]].

=== Railway ===
[[Jessore Junction railway station]] is a major junction on the [[broad gauge]]-based network of the Western Railway. The network has links extended into Indian territory. Service linking the capital Dhaka and Kolkata April 2008. As well as in 2019, Both India And Bangladesh government agreed to 4 minute stop in Jessore Junction railway station through [[Bandhan Express]] which connect Khulna to Kolkata.

=== Air ===
[[File:Jashore Airport.jpg|thumb|Jashore Airport]]
The [[Jessore Airport]], near the city, is an airfield for the [[Bangladesh Air Force]]. One of the oldest airfield in Bangladesh and the subcontinent. Alongside military service, its runway caters to seven commercial flights daily which includes US Bangla, Novo and Biman Bangladesh Airlines, for domestic flights.

== Education ==

===Universities===
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]

===Medical colleges===
* [[Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jashore]]

===Colleges===
There are 56 master's level, degree (honors), and degree (pass) colleges in the district:<ref name="College of Jashore">{{cite web |title=List of Colleges |url=https://banbeis.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/banbeis.portal.gov.bd/files/29479d98_ae35_4471_9087_0924aacd88d3/clg%20(1).xlsx |website=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Education Information and Statistics]] |format=Excel |access-date=28 July 2025 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705063142/http://banbeis.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/banbeis.portal.gov.bd/files/29479d98_ae35_4471_9087_0924aacd88d3/clg%20%281%29.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Michael Madhusudan College]], Jashore
* A.B.C.D College
* Amdabad College Jessore
* Bagharpara Degree College
* Bagharpara Mohila College
* Bankra Degree College
* Benapol Degree College, Sharsha
* Bhabadaha Mahavidyalaya
* Bhoyrab Adarsha Mahabyddalya
* Cantonment College, Jessore
* Chowgacha Government College, Chowgacha, Jessore
* Chowgacha Mridhapara Mohila College, Chowgacha, Jessore
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College, Jessore
* Dr: Afil Uddin College
* Fazila Tunnesa Mohila Degree College
* Gabkhali Magura United College
* Ganganandapur Degree College, Jhikargacha
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur
* Government Bir Shrestha Noor Mohammad College
* Hamidpur Al Hera College
* Hazi Abdul Motaleb Mahila College
* Hizaldanga Shahid Flight. Lt. Masud Memorial College
* Jessore College
* Jessore Government City College Jessore
* [[Jashore Govt. Mahila College|Jessore Government Mohila College]], Jessore
* Jhikargacha Mohila Degree College, Jhikargacha
* Kapatackha Shammilani Degree College
* Kazi Nazrul Islam Degree College, Jessore
* Mashiahati Degree College, Jessore
* Mirjapur Adarsha Mohila Degree College Khajura
* Monirampur Government Degree College
* Monirampur Mahila Degree College
* Mukterswari Degree College
* Muktijoddha College, Rudrapur
* Naopara Model College
* Narikel Baria College
* Natun Hat Public College
* Navaran College
* Noapara Mohila College
* Noapara College, Abhaynagar
* Pakshia Ideal College, Sharsha
* Panjia Mahabiddalaya
* Rajganj Mohabiddalaya
* Rupdia Shaheed Smarity College
* S.M. Habibur Rahman Pouro College, Chowgacha
* Sammilani Degree College
* Shaheed Moshiur Rahman Degree College, Jhikargacha
* Shahid Sirajuddin Hossain Government College
* Shammalini Girls Degree College, Jhikargacha
* Shimulia Collage, Jhikargacha
* Singia Adarsha Degree College, Basundia
* Solua Adarsha Degree College
* Talbaria Degre College
* Upashahar Degree College, Jessore
* Upashahar Mohila Degree College, Jessore
* Vangura Adarsha Degree College
* Raghunath Nagar Mohabiddalaya

==Media==

===newspapers and magazines===
;List of daily newspapers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jessore.gov.bd/node/18612|script-title=bn:পত্র পত্রিকা|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140718004325/http://www.jessore.gov.bd/node/18612|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Daily Runner
* Daily Noapara
* Daily Kalyan
* Daily Purobi
* Daily Deshitaishy (দৈনিক দেশহিতৈষী)
* Daily Sfulingo (দৈনিক স্ফুলিঙ্গ)
* Daily Jessore
* Daily Loksamaj
* Daily Gramer kagoj
* Daily Pravat Feri
* Daily Samajer Kagoj
* Daily Spandan
* Daily Gramer Kantha
* Daily Joruri Shangbad

; List of weekly magazines
* Weekly Sonali Din
* Weekly Nawapara
* Weekly Banglalok
* Weekly Manabadhikar Sangbad
* Weekly Bojro kolom
* Weekly Sharsha Barta
* Weekly Prattohiki
* Weekly Ganomanos
;List of Fortnightly
* Mot-Motantar
;List of monthly magazines
* Monthly Ghumonter Dak
* Monthly Gramer Sangbad
* Monthly Photo Report
;List of literary magazines
* Bangla Literature
* Ranoveree by Ahmad Ferdous

==Notable people==
{{alumni|residents|date=March 2025}}
* [[Sanatana Goswami]], sage, writer
* [[Rupa Goswami]], Bengali poet, philosopher and writer
* [[Maharaja Pratapaditya]], warrior, adhipati or ruler of Kingdom of Jessore
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], Bengali poet and playwright
* [[Manomohan Bose]], Bengali poet, playwright and journalist
* [[Jnanadanandini Devi]], Bengali writer, social reformer, pioneer in women's movement in India
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]], Bengali chemist, philanthropist and otherwise known as father of modern chemical science in India
* [[Sisir Kumar Ghosh]], founder of ''Amrita Bazar Patrika'', fighter in Independence Struggle of India
* [[Kali Nath Roy]], nationalist journalist and the chief editor of the newspaper, The Tribune
* [[Saroj Dutta]], Indian political activist, poet, editor of Amrit Bazar Patrika
* [[Jadunath Majumdar]], [[Rai Bahadur]], journalist, writer, member of Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Nani Gopal Majumdar]], Indian archaeologist
* [[P. C. Bose]], fighter, labour activist and politician
* [[Kanak Mukherjee]], political activist, women's movement pioneer in India
* [[Farida Akhtar]], popularly known as Babita, Bangladeshi Film actress
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaishnab saint, acarya of the Holy Name
* [[Jatin Bala]], poet and Dalit author
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar, member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Mashiur Rahman (politician from Jessore)|Mashiur Rahman]], politician of the [[Awami League]]
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], poet, Islamic scholar and social reformer
* [[Md Rabby Hossen Rahul]], Bangladeshi footballer, [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh football team]]
* [[Kowsar Ali]], Bangladeshi footballer and field hockey player, [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh football team]] and [[Bangladesh men's national field hockey team|Bangladesh hockey team]]
* [[Syed Rasel]], Bangladeshi cricketer, [[Bangladesh cricket team]]
* [[Iqbal Quadir]], founder of Grameenphone
* [[M. Shamsher Ali]], Bangladeshi astrophysicist
* [[Jiban Ratan Dhar]], politician, army officer
* [[ASHK Sadek]], former dducation minister of Bangladesh
* [[Mohammad Moniruzzaman]], writer, poet, professor, fighter and lyricist
* [[Mohammad Rafiquzzaman]], lyricist
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], Indian film and television actor
* [[Mustafa Monwar]], painter, sculptor, artist
* [[S. M. Imdadul Hoque]], Bangladesh Army officer
* [[Champa]], actress, model
* [[Kishori Mohan Bandyopadhyay]], Bengali scientist, social worker and fighter
* [[Latifur Rahman]], 10th Chief Justice of Bangladesh and the 2nd Chief Adviser of Bangladesh
* [[Harendranath Munshi]], Indian independence activist
* [[Dilara Zaman]], Bangladeshi Actress

==See also==
{{Portal|Bangladesh}}
* [[Khulna Division]]
* [[Divisions of Bangladesh]]
* [[Districts of Bangladesh]]
* [[Upazilas of Bangladesh]]
* [[Administrative geography of Bangladesh]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|jessore.gov.bd}}

{{Jessore District}}
{{Bangladesh cities}}
{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jessore District]]
[[Category:Districts of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Districts of Bangladesh established before 1971]]
[[Category:Khulna Division]]

Fatuha

2026-03-15T17:21:12Z

Indussource:

{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Copy edit|date=October 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fatuha
| other_name = Fatuwah or Fatuwa
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.5167|N|85.3167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 50961
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magadhi language|Magahi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 803201
| registration_plate = BR 01
| website = {{URL|www.patna.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Fatuha''', also spelled '''Fatuhaa''', is a [[satellite town]] in the proposed [[Patna Metropolitan Region]], in [[Patna district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. Fatuha lies 24 km east of [[Patna]], the capital city of Bihar. Fatuha is an important industrial centre known for small industries and its [[handloom]] industries. The city's name is said to come from its status as a center of [[textile manufacturing]].

==History and culture==
Fatuha is situated at the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and [[Punpun River|Punpun]] Rivers. The area is known as Triveni since the river [[Gandak]] is believed to unite with these two rivers here earlier. Fatuha is regarded as a very sacred ''sangam'' (confluence) in [[Hindu mythology]] and is a major pilgrimage and historical centre for [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Islam]] and [[Sikhism]]. Many major religious, mythological and historical figures are said to have visited or passed through Fatuha, and it is part of the Ramayana, Buddhist and Jains circuits. In ancient times, [[Rama|Lord Sri Rama]] and all his brothers, Guru [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]], Lord [[Srikrishna]], [[Bheema]], Emperor [[Jarasandha]], [[Ajatashatru|Ajatshatru]], [[Udayin]], Lord [[The Buddha|Mahatma Buddha]], and [[Mahavira|Mahavira Jain]] were said to have visited Fatuha.

According to Hindu tradition, Lord Vamana laid his step at this 'sangam' while measuring the entire universe as a gift from the demon king Bali; an annual fair called 'Varuni Mela' is celebrated on every Vaman Dwadashi day (day of incarnation of Lord [[Vamana]]) as per the [[Vikram calendar]] to commemorate that event, which coincides with the great festival 'Onam' of [[Kerala]] where [[King Bali]] is invoked. In Fatuha, Lord Vamana is invoked on this day with great number of rural people assembling at '[[Triveni Sangam|Triveni]]' to swim in the holy waters.

Fatuha is said to have hosted Lord Sri Ram with all his brothers as [[bridegroom]]s with their groom party while heading for [[Janakpuri]] for their marriages to be organised with the daughters of King [[Janaka]] and his brother. They crossed the Ganges River at Fatuha to reach the district of Vaishali on the way to the Kingdom of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], the abode of Mother Sita. Fatuha is very important to the Ramayana circuit.

Lord Sri Krishna and Bheema are also said to have passed through Fatuha to kill the first great Magadhan king Jarasandha. Jarasandha was a devout Shaivite and used to visit a very ancient temple dedicated to Lord Shiva at [[Baikunthpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]] on the banks of the Ganges River near Fatuha. There is a great annual festival at this place on each Mahashivratri and the temple remains vibrant with a large influx of devotees during Shravan Masa as per Vikram calendar. This temple is a great milestone in the history of Shaivism.

A famous temple called Siddhnath is located at the historical [[Barabar Caves|Barabar hills]] in the [[Jehanabad district]] of Bihar. This temple, it is said, was established during the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan period]] as both Chandragupta Maurya and [[Ashoka]] the Great, who initially were great champions of [[Shaivism]]. The Ganges river water carried from Triveni is the only water which is offered to Lord Shiva at Siddhanath temple.

Fatuha was a great centre for the great medieval sant poet Kabir. There is a very large and rich Kabir monastery at Fatuha, which runs many welfare programmes for the local people. Prominent among them is the donation of a very big tract of prime land at the heart of the city to establish a college, which is now known as the Sant Kabir Mahant Vidyanand Mahavidyalaya.

In the medieval period, Bakhtiyar Khilji, an aide of Muhammad Ghori, passed through Fatuha to sack and burn the great universities of Nalanda, Odantapuri and Vikramshila in 1193. The places of Bakhtiarpur and Khusropur near Fatuha still bear the names of Bakhtiyar Khilji and his commander-in-chief Khusro. Burning of these great universities by Bakhtiyar Khilji led to a dark age in India and Bihar in particular as all the great libraries of those universities containing the entire great knowledge of India were burned. Since then, Bihar has been struggling very hard to come out of acute illiteracy.

Fatuha also became a centre of Sufi saints in medieval times and was visited by many Muslim rulers and conquerors. There is a very famous [[Dargah|Sufi shrine]] at Kachchi Dargah in Fatuha. Thursdays and Fridays are considered very auspicious. It is like an [[Ajmer Sharif|Ajmer Sarif]] for the local people where people from all walks of life throng to pay homage to the Sufi saint.

Fatuha was a thriving centre of textile production during the medieval period; a caste called Patwa, experts in textile industry, was concentrated there. It is said that the entire [[Patwa]] community has roots in Fatuha and that the city itself was named Fatwa after the Patwa community. Textile workers still form a very large proportion of city's population.

==Geography==

Fatuha is situated at the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and [[Punpun River]]s. The Dhoba and Mahatmain Rivers (principal branch of river [[Falgu river|Falgu]] before disappearing in the "Taal" area) border the city on its southern sides. From nearby Fatuha starts the famous 'Taal' area which is known for rabi crops. The soil of Fatuha is fertile as it is drained by multiple rivers including the Ganges and Punpun. All types of crops are grown in abundance. Fatuha is a big producer of vegetables, particularly of onions. It is located in the lower reach of the middle Ganges basin and has a typical humid Monsoon climate.
[[File:PunpunGanges.jpg|thumb|Confluence of river Ganges and Punpun in Fatuha]]
The national aquatic animal of India, the dolphin, is a very special feature of Fatuha which was seen aplenty here a decade earlier. The dolphin's range formerly spread from Buxar to Bhagalpur in Bihar, but recent [[illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing|illegal fishing]] has created a great danger to the species.

==Economy==
Fatuha is a major rural market, catering to the needs of numerous villages which produce all kinds of agrarian and other rural produces like handicrafts, etc.

Fatuha is an important industrial centre of Bihar and produces farm tractors, scooter, and other products in its industrial district. The industrial sector is being revived, and Fatuha now houses an LPG bottling plant of [[Bharat Petroleum]].

==Transport==

Fatuha is a major road and rail junction. Proximity to the state capital of [[Patna]] makes Fatuha an important hub for goods being supplied in and out of [[Patna]].

===Road===

Fatuha is well connected by roads to different cities. NH-30 A connects Patna via Fatuha to [[Nalanda district]] and beyond. Fatuha thus serves as the gateway of the capital city of Patna to central and southern Bihar. Similarly, NH 30 connects Patna via Fatuha to northeastern India, making Fatuha an eastern gateway of Patna. Fatuha connects to the trans-Ganges district of [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] through the Kachchi Dargah-Rustampur link.

===Rail===

[[Fatuha Junction railway station|Fatuha Junction]] is the railway station for the city of Fatuha. It connects Fatuha with the major cities in India by the [[Howrah-Delhi Main Line]]. The Fatuha-Islampur (Nalanda) rail line was also resurrected in 2002 by then-rail minister Sri [[Nitish Kumar]]. The line is being further expanded to Natesar to connect with Gaya. Fatuha now has been connected to Rajgir via Daniyawan-Biharsharif. Prime minister Narendra Modi Inaugurated Fatuha-Daniyawan-Biharsharif-Rajgir railway line.

==Delicacies==
Fatuha is known for its unique dishes, including Tikri, a sweet dish, and Pantua and Mirjai, a sweet prepared from maida, sugar and vegetable oil.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 India census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Fatuha had a population of 50,961 with males constituting 52.9% of the population and females 47.1%. Fatuha has an average [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of 70.2%, which is more than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 78%, whereas female literacy is only 59%. 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Recent developments==
Fatuha was the largest development block of Bihar until [[Trifurcation|trifurcated]] into Fatuha, Daniyawan and Khushropur. It was also the first development block with its own website (known as the first e-block of Bihar). Fatuha railway yard in its present renovated shape forms the first inland rail container of Bihar, operated & maintained as such by Concor (a Railway undertaking). Since August 2007, Fatuha has functioned as a police subdivision, including police stations of [[Didarganj Assembly constituency|Didarganj]], Fatuha, [[Khusrupur]], Daniyawan and [[Shahjahanpur]]. Fatuha lies to the north of the newly laid four lane NH-30 connecting Patna and [[Bakhtiyarpur]]. Under the master plan of Patna, Fatuha has been declared as a satellite city. Recently the chief minister of Bihar inaugurated the [[Sonalika Group|Sonalika]] tractor plant under which many agricultural tools and machines will be manufactured. In April 2012, the CM laid the foundation stone of world's second largest leather hub to be built at Fatuha. A bridge across river Ganga to connect Fatuha with north Bihar is also proposed to be built between the villages Kachchi Dargah (Fatuha) and [[Rustampur]] (Vaishali district). In January 2011, the first Ganges River police station was inaugurated by the Chief Minister near Maujipur village of Fatuha. Fatuha was once selected for the establishment of a possible [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIM]] type B-school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/IIM-type-B-school-in-state-soon/articleshow/1089697.cms|title=IIM-type B-school in state soon|work=The Times of India |date=27 April 2005 |access-date=2015-06-13}}</ref>

==Villages==


*[[Govindpur Bajrangbali]]
*[[Bankipur Gorakh, Ganjpar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Patna}}
{{Patna Division}}

{{ Tourist attractions in Patna}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Patna district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Patna]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Punpun River]]

Mizo chilli

2026-03-09T12:06:57Z

Indussource: Started initial info nd citations.

{{Short description|Chilli variety grown in Mizoram, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Mizo chilli
| image =
| species = ''[[Capsicum frutescens]]''
| origin = [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| module = {{Infobox pepper
|embed = yes
|heat =
|scoville = 37,153<ref>{{cite book |title=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS JOURNAL NO.61 NOVEMBER 21, 2014 |publisher=Intellectual Property India |page=54 |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/377 |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>}}
}}
The '''Mizo chilli''' is a variety of [[chili pepper|chilli]] mainly grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Mizoram]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Chandan |title=The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture and Allied Sciences |date=17 July 2018 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-12526-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDNlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mizo+chilli&pg=PT157 |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamang |first1=Jyoti Prakash |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |date=2 March 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-1486-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRHUDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mizo+chilli&pg=PA436 |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ravindran |first1=P. N. |last2=Sivaraman |first2=K. |last3=Devasahayam |first3=S. |last4=Babu |first4=K. Nirmal |title=Handbook of Spices in India: 75 Years of Research and Development |date=2024 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-3728-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz4QEQAAQBAJ&dq=Mizo+chilli&pg=PA2041 |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in Mizoram, and also found in parts of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=800 farmers, entrepreneurs authorised to use GI tag for 13 NE products |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/800-farmers-entrepreneurs-authorised-to-use-gi-tag-for-13-ne-products-123051100679_1.html |access-date=26 October 2024 |publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ravindran |first1=P. N. |last2=Sivaraman |first2=K. |last3=Devasahayam |first3=S. |last4=Babu |first4=K. Nirmal |title=Handbook of Spices in India: 75 Years of Research and Development |date=2024 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-3728-6 |page=2041 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz4QEQAAQBAJ&dq=mizo+chilli&pg=PA2041 |access-date=26 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Brahma |last2=Kalia |first2=Pritam |title=Vegetables for Nutrition and Entrepreneurship |date=2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-9016-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6G_EAAAQBAJ&dq=Mizo+chilli&pg=PA298 |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
Mizo chilli, also known as Bird's Eye Chilly, is a prized crop in Mizoram and so named after it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram exports bird's eye chilli to US for first time to expand the market |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mizoram-exports-bird-s-eye-chilli-to-us-for-first-time-to-expand-the-market-123031500911_1.html |website=business-standard.com |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peter |first1=Babu K. |title=Geographical indication tags on more spices soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/Jan/21/geographical-indication-tags-on-more-spices-soon-1759990.html |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram's 2024 investment policy and focus on ginger |url=https://www.business-northeast.com/mizoram-s-2024-investment-policy-and-focus-on-ginger |website=business-northeast.com |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>

===Local name===
It is known as Hmarchte (Hmarcha) or Vaimarcha in [[Mizo language|Mizo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hottest Chillies of Northeast India |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/visualstories/webstories/hottest-chillies-of-northeast-india-38851-27-05-2023 |website=indiatodayne.in |access-date=26 October 2024 |language=en |date=27 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Flavour Trail: Chutneys of Northeast India |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/visualstories/webstories/flavour-trail-chutneys-of-northeast-india-74535-06-11-2023 |website=indiatodayne.in |access-date=26 October 2024 |language=en |date=6 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Geographical Indication for Horticulture Commodities in Northeastern India: Opportunities and Challenges |date=November–December 2023 |journal=Indian Horticulture |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |page=24 |url=https://icar.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-02/IH%20Nov-Dec%202023%20Low.pdf |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>

==Description==
===Cultivation===
Its long cultivation history, coupled with its popularity and open-pollinating nature, has led to the development of rich genetic diversity, including unique local landraces.

===Physical characteristics and pungency===
Within Mizoram alone, three distinct varieties of Mizo chilli are cultivated across different regions as follows:<ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram CM Lalduhoma launches 'Bana Kaih' financial scheme to assist small entrepreneurs, farmers |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-cm-lalduhoma-launches-bana-kaih-financial-scheme-to-assist-small-entrepreneurs-farmers-1095414-2024-09-19 |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=India Today NE |date=19 September 2024 |language=hi}}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
! Grade A
! Grade B
! Grade C
|-
|This variety stands out as the smallest, thinnest, and most pungent, earning it a reputation as the best quality and highest in demand in the market.
Notably, its chilli powder can be distinguished by its unique coloration, boasting a shinier red hue that sets it apart from the other two varieties.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
|Grade B chillies differ from Grade A in terms of thickness and length, being slightly thicker and marginally longer.
Additionally, they exhibit a darker red colour when dried and have a slightly milder pungency compared to their Grade A counterparts.
|Mizo Chillies of Grade B properties are similar, but this variety stands out with its slightly longer size.
Although prices remain relatively consistent across Grades A, B, and C, buyer preference distinctly leans towards Grade A, indicating a market inclination despite minimal price differentiation.
|}

===Usage===
It is highly sought after for its intense heat, driving significant exports to neighboring countries like [[China]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Bangladesh]], where it is a key ingredient in spicy cuisine, including [[South Asian pickle|pickles]], [[Chutney|chutneys]], [[Hot sauce|hot sauces]], and [[noodle]] dishes.<ref>{{cite web |title=6 Indian Foods With GI Tags |url=https://www.news18.com/web-stories/lifestyle/6-indian-foods-with-gi-tags-1527411/ |website=news18.com |access-date=26 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 23 March 2015 (valid until 26 January 2032).<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications |publisher=Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/377 |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Variyar |first1=Prasad S. |last2=Singh |first2=Inder Pal |last3=Adiani |first3=Vanshika |last4=Suprasanna |first4=Penna |title=Peppers: Biological, Health, and Postharvest Perspectives |date=8 November 2024 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-040-15384-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-EoEQAAQBAJ&dq=Mizo+chilli&pg=PA19 |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Ltd (NERAMAC) from [[Guwahati]], proposed the GI registration of Mizo Chilli. After filing the application in January 2012, the chilli was granted the GI tag in 2021 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Mizo Chilli" exclusive to the chilies grown in the region. It thus became the first chilli variety from Mizoram and the first type of goods from Mizoram to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram to export 'bird's eye chilli' to US: Minister |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/mizoram-to-export-birds-eye-chilli-to-us-minister-1195625.html |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The many shades of red |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/the-many-shades-of-red-1040676.html |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kalamkar |first1=Dr S. S. |last2=Sharma |first2=Dr Hemant |title=Emerging Global Economic Situation: Impact on Trade and Agribusiness in India |date=17 December 2019 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-943444-6-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TlTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mizo+chilli&pg=PA461 |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Khola Chilli]]
* [[Sirarakhong Hathei chilli]]
* [[Naga Mircha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}
[[Category:Mizo cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Chillies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in India]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]

Unnikuttanu Joli Kitti

2026-03-07T04:48:36Z

Indussource: updated lead and added references based on references

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unnikuttanu Joli Kitti
| image = Unnikuttanu_Joli_Kitti_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[:ml:വി.ആർ._ഗോപിനാഥ്|V. R. Gopinath]]
| producer =
| writer = V. R. Gopinath
| starring = [[Narendra Prasad]] [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] [[Jose_Thomas_(actor)|Jose Thomas]] Krishnankutty Nair [[K. P. Kumaran]] [[P. A. Backer]] Thara
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]]
| editing = [[P_Raman_Nair|P. Raman Nair]]
| studio = Prasad Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1989|||df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Unnikuttanu Joli Kitti''''' is a 1989 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] written and directed by [[:ml:വി.ആർ._ഗോപിനാഥ്|V. R. Gopinath]]. It tells the story of an unemployed youth becoming unemployable due to callous social attitudes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?5098|title=Unnikuttanu Joli Kitty|access-date=2015-01-02|publisher=Malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> It won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]].<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
* [[Jose Thomas (actor)|Jose Thomas]]
* KP Kumaran
* PA Bakker
* Krishnankutty Nair
* Baby Drisya G Nath
* [[Jameela Malik]]
* Narendra Prasad
* Thara

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0235845}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award winners]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kanoon Apna Apna

2026-03-03T23:48:57Z

Indussource: updated article for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanoon Apna Apna
| image = Kanoon-Apna-Apna-1989.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[B. Gopal]]
| producer = A. S. R. Anjaneyulu
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] (Dialogue)
| story = A. Pushpanand Ganapathi Rao Kommanapalli
| screenplay = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| based_on = ''[[Collector Gari Abbai]]'' (1989)
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Nutan]] [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Madhuri Dixit]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = Gopal Reddy S.
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao|V. R. Kotagiri]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1989|10|27|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kanoon Apna Apna''''' ({{translation|Each person sees the law differently}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Hindi]]-language action-drama film starring [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nutan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] in pivotal roles. The film was a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Collector Gari Abbai]]''.

==Plot==
The Collector of Anokhapur, Jagatpratap Singh, is a stickler for law and order. However, his son, Ravi, believes that sometimes illegal means may be adopted in order to assert control. This causes conflict between the two. Ravi then falls in love with Editor Ramprasad's daughter, Bharathi. Bhushannath Bhadbole and Kabza Kanhaiyalal are corrupt ministers. Their sons, Kailash and Prakash, respectively, rape and kill Jagatpratap's maid-servant and also kill Ravi's friend. They are acquitted because they gave fake alibis. Ravi decides to give these criminals the punishment they deserve. As Ravi knows this will cause a conflict with his father, he decides to leave home. He then becomes a police inspector. This does not heal the father-son bond, as he still has different ideas about the meaning of justice. After deliberating on the statement that "the law is for human beings but not for monsters", the father finally agrees to join his son in his fight against the corrupt ministers.

==Cast==
* [[Dilip Kumar]] as Collector Jagatpratap Singh
* [[Nutan]] as Laxmi Singh
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Inspector Ravi Kumar Singh
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Bharati
* [[Kader Khan]] as Bhushannath Bhadbole / Dharmendra
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Kabza Kanhaiyalal
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Kailash Bhadbole
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Prakash Kanhaiyalal
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Editor Ram Prasad
* [[Mayur Verma]] as Satyen
* [[Raza Murad]] as Dr. Mathur
* [[Jayshree Gadkar]] as College Principal
* [[Shagufta Ali]] as Basanti
* [[Disco Shanti]] as Item Number
* [[Lavu Nageswara Rao]] as Police Officer
* [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]]

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was written by [[Indeevar]] and composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Pehli Nazar Mein"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Gayi Gayi"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Chini Mini"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "A B C D E F G"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0097642|Kanoon Apna Apna}}
{{B. Gopal}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Gopal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]

Njan Piranna Nattil

2026-03-03T21:07:01Z

Indussource: cleanup formatting based on references and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Njan Piranna Nattil
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. Chandrakumar]]
| producer = Sarasa Rajacheriyan
| writer = P. M. Thaj
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]] [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] [[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]]
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography = S. J. Thomas R. Ramalingam
| editing = K. Narayanan
| studio = Rivind Production
| distributor = Rajath Release
| released = {{Film date|1985|9|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Njan Piranna Nattil''''' ({{translation|The land I was born in}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed and produced by [[P. Chandrakumar]] and written by P. M. Thaj. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] and [[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]]. The film has musical score by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1686|title=Njaan Piranna Naattil|accessdate=2014-10-21|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?698|title=Njaan Piranna Naattil|accessdate=2014-10-21|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=August 2020}}

==Cast==
*[[Mohanlal]] as Inspector Rajasekharan
*[[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]] as Sudha
*[[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]]
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[Saleema]] as Shailaja
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] with lyrics by [[Poovachal Khader]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Moham Pole Megham" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|}

==Release==
{{empty section|date=August 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0275552|Njan Piranna Nattil}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Chandrakumar]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Madagiri

2026-03-01T15:08:18Z

Indussource: Started first info more to come.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madagiri
| native_name = Madigiri
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Madagiri Bird View.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Madagiri village from drone view
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Karnataka]]##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.09|N|77.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raichur district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Sirwar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4621
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 584129
| registration_plate = KA-36
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Madagiri''' is also spelled as '''Madigiri''' or '''Madagera''' is a large village in the southern [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]], Madagiri is located in the [[Sirwar|Sirwar taluk]] of [[Raichur district]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madagiri - Yahoo Search Results |url=https://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Madagiri&fr=sfp&fr2=p:s,v:sfp,m:sb-top&iscqry= |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=search.yahoo.com}}</ref> Madagiri is famous for the largest [[cotton]] growing village in the [[Raichur district]].

==History==
Mandal Panchayats were functioning before Gram Panchayats came into existence in Karnataka. Madagiri Mandal Panchayat is one of the many Mandal Panchayats in [[Karnataka]]. Madagiri, Halli Hosur, Chagabavi, Machanur, Ganadinni, Lakkadinni, Tupadur, Bommanala and Jalpur villages used to come under this Mandal Panchayat. Under the Panchayat Raj Act 1993, Madagiri Mandal Panchayat was terminated and is functioning instead as Madagiri [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Grama panchayatha Madagiri, Shaktinagar, karnataka, India |url=https://indiasthan.com/place/karnataka/2556340/grama-panchayatha-madagiri |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=indiasthan.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As for the 2011 India census, Madagiri had a population of 4621 with 2332 females and 2289 males.<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators</ref>

==Other places==
#Grama Panchayat Office Madagiri{{fact|date=March 2023}}
#Post Office Madagiri<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madagiri {{!}} Grampanchayat {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Madagiri/Grampanchayat |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>
#Government Sub Centre Madagiri<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub Center (Sc) - Madagiri in Raichur - 0 {{!}} Covid 19 Hospitals |url=https://www.indiacom.com/raichur/sub-center-sc-madagiri_raichur_rcr_719.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=www.indiacom.com}}</ref>
#Government Health and Wellness Center Madagiri{{fact|date=March 2023}}
#Government APMC Madagiri{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==Schools and colleges==
#Government Model Higher Primary School Madagiri<ref>{{Cite web |title=GMHIGHER PRIMARY SCHOOL MADAGIRI - - Stack Schools |url=https://stackschools.com/schools/29060610001/gmhigher-primary-school-madagiri |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=stackschools.com}}</ref>
#Government Primary School Madagiri<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://schools.thelearningpoint.net/school.html?id=2935121610404#gsc.tab=0|title=Govt. Lower Primary School Madigiri (Sajje Hola) |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=schools.thelearningpoint.net}}</ref>
#Government Primary School Madagiri Camp{{fact|date=March 2023}}
#Jnana Jyothi Pre and Lower Primary School Madagiri<ref>{{Cite web |title=JYANA JOTHI PRIMARY SCHOOL MADAGIRI - - Stack Schools |url=https://stackschools.com/schools/29060605613/jyana-jothi-primary-school-madagiri |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=stackschools.com}}</ref>
#Prerana Pre and Lower Primary School Madagiri<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRERANA LOWER PRIMARY SCHOOL MADAGIRI - - Stack Schools |url=https://stackschools.com/schools/29060610005/prerana-lower-primary-school-madagiri |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=stackschools.com}}</ref>
#Government High School Madagiri<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVT HIGH SCHOOL MADAGIRI - Madagiri, District Raichur (Karnataka) |url=https://schools.org.in/raichur/29060610003/govt-high-school-madagiri.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
#Government Pre University College Madagiri{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Manvi]]
* [[Raichur]]
* [[Sindhanur]]
* [[Sirwar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Raichur.nic.in

{{Raichur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raichur district]]

{{Raichur-geo-stub}}

N. V. P. Unithiri

2026-02-25T11:18:50Z

Indussource: Started basic details w/ sources.

{{Short description|Indian scholar (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
'''Noonhil Vadakkemadathil Padmanabhan Unithiri''' (born 15 December 1945) is a multilingual scholar, author, researcher, poet, progressive thinker, translator and teacher from [[Kerala]], India. He has authored around 200 books in [[Sanskrit]], [[Malayalam]] and English languages including translated works.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/oct/21/dlitt-degree-for-m-k-sanu-kalamandalam-gopi-unithiri-1887933.html "DLitt degree for M K Sanu, Kalamandalam Gopi, Unithiri"]. ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. 21 October 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</ref>

==Biography==
Unithiri was born on 15 December 1945 in Kulapuram in [[Cheruthazham]] panchayat of [[Cannanore district]] as the son of Theke Chandramana Illath Govindan Namboothiri and Noonhil Vadakkemadathil Papappillayathiri Amma.<ref name="Deshabhimani">Dr. Dharmarajan Adat (13 December 2015). [https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/latest-news/523766 "മഷിയുണങ്ങാത്ത പൊൻപേനയുമായി"]. ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). Retrieved 11 August 2022.</ref> He got his primary education from Cheruthazham Govt. LP School and Pilathara LP School. After completing his [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate|SSLC]] from Madai Govt. High School and Teacher's Training Course (TTC) from Kannur Govt. Basic Training School, he started working as a primary school teacher in 1965. He obtained the Malayalam Vidwan certificate in 1967 and graduated from [[Calicut University]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in Malayalam in 1971 and a [[Master of Arts]] degree in Sanskrit in 1973.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

In 1974, while working as a language teacher in Kalyassery Govt. High School, he joined [[Kerala University]] for his Ph.D. in the Department of Sanskrit. The research was about the literary contributions of Poorna Saraswathi, a 14-the century Sanskrit commentator, poet and dramatist from Kerala. Unithiri became a lecturer at Kerala University in 1975. In 1978, he moved to [[Calicut University]]. From 1985 to 1996, he served as the head of the Sanskrit department there.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> In 1996, he took over as the first principal dean of studies of [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady]].<ref name="SSUS">{{cite journal |author=[[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]] |date=October–December 2018 |title=Padmashri Kalamandalam Gopi, Prof. M.K. Sanoo, Prof. N.V.P. Unithiri honoured with the prestigious D-Litt Degree |url=https://ssus.ac.in/files/154/Sankari/389/Sankari-Oct-Dec-2018.pdf |journal=Sankari |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=5 |doi= |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> He was the chairman of the advisory committee of the Department of Culture, Government of Kerala. He retired from government services on 31 March 2006.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Works==
Some of Unthiri's works include:
* (1991) ''Bharatheeya Darsanathinte Ariyappedatha Mukham'' (ഭാരതീയ ദര്‍ശനത്തിന്റെ അറിയപ്പെടാത്ത മുഖം). [[Trichur]]: [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]]. {{ISBN|9789380512396}}
* (1998) ''Samskrutathinte Nizhalum Velichchavum'' (സംസ്കൃതത്തിന്റെ നിഴലും വെളിച്ചവും). [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]. {{ISBN|9788171308224}}
* (1998) ''Swami Vivekanandan'' (സ്വാമി വിവേകാനന്ദൻ). Kottayam: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|National Book Stall]].
* (2000) ''Bhashabhooshanathinte Upadhanangal'' (ഭാഷാഭൂഷണത്തിന്റെ ഉപാദാനങ്ങള്‍). [[Trivandrum]]: Kerala Bhasha Institute.
* (2001) ''Samskritha Sahithya Vimarsanam'' (സംസ്കൃതസാഹിത്യവിമര്‍ശനം). Trivandrum: Kerala Bhasha Institute. {{ISBN|8176382752}}
* (2001) ''Vakrokti: Kavya Jeevitham'' (വക്രോക്തി: കാവ്യജീവിതം - രാജാനക കുന്തകന്‍). Trivandrum: Kerala Bhasha Institute.
* (2005) ''Nadannuvanna Vazhikal'' (നടന്നുവന്ന വഴികള്‍). [[Calicut]]: Olive Publications.
* (2006) ''Indian Bhouthikavada Paithrukam'' (ഇന്ത്യന്‍ ഭൌതികവാദ പൈതൃകം). Calicut: Progress Publications.
* (2008) ''Athyutharakeraleeyam'' (അത്യുത്തരകേരളീയം). [[Kannur]]: Kairali Books.
* (2008) ''Pracheena Bharatheeya Darsanam'' (പ്രാചീനഭാരതീയ ദര്‍ശനം). Kottayam: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]]. {{ISBN|9780000101594}}
* (2008) ''Sasthravum Samoohavum'' (ശാസ്ത്രവും സമൂഹവും). Kannur: Samayam Publications.
* (2009) ''Basheer Muthal O.N.V. Vare'' (ബഷീര്‍ മുതല്‍ ഒ. എന്‍. വി. വരെ). Calicut: [[University of Calicut]]. {{ISBN|9788177481488}}
* (2009) ''Padavimarsanam Samskrithathil'' (പാഠവിമര്‍ശനം സംസ്കൃതത്തില്‍). Calicut: [[University of Calicut]]. {{ISBN|9788177481358}}
* (2009) ''Shabdarthasidhandangal Samskrithathil'' (പാഠവിമര്‍ശനം സംസ്കൃതത്തില്‍). Trivandrum: Kerala Bhasha Institute. {{ISBN|9788176388092}}
* (2011) ''Ezhuthachan Krtihikal'' (എഴുത്തച്ഛന്‍കൃതികള്‍). Trivandrum: Thunchan Smaraka Trust.
* (2012) ''Balachandran Chullikadinte Kavya Prapancham'' (ബാലചന്ദ്രന്‍ ചുള്ളിക്കാടിന്റെ കാവ്യപ്രപഞ്ചം). 2012. Trivandrum: Chintha Publishers. {{ISBN|9788126207923}}
* (2012) ''Naveenasahithyapadanangal'' (നവീനസാഹിത്യപഠനങ്ങള്‍ : കെ.ടി., ഉറ‍ൂബ്, ടി. പത്മനാ൯, സ‍ുഗതക‍ുമാരി). Trichur: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. {{ISBN|9788176902366}}
* (2012) ''Vallatholkkavitha'' (വള്ളത്തോള്‍ക്കവിത). Kottayam: Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society. {{ISBN|9780000191656}}
* (2012) ''Vijayan Muthal Vishnu Vare'' (വിജയന്‍ മുതല്‍ വിഷ്ണു വരെ). Kannur: Samayam Publications.
* (2012) ''Vrikshayurveda Granthangal Oru Patanam'' (വൃക്ഷായുര്‍വേദ ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങള്‍ ഒരു പഠനം). Trivandrum: Kerala Bhasha Institute. {{ISBN|9788120048850}}
* (2013) ''Asan Muthal M. T. Vare'' (ആശാന്‍ മുതല്‍ എം. ടി. വരെ). Kottayam: Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society. {{ISBN|9780000194657}}
* (2013) ''Kalidasakrithikal'' (കാളിദാസകൃതികള്‍). Calicut: [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Books]]. {{ISBN|9788182658646}}
* (2013) ''Prabhavarmayude Syamavadham Oru Padanam'' (പ്രഭാവര്‍മ്മയുടെ ശ്യാമവധം ഒരു പഠനം). Trivandrum: Chintha Publishers. {{ISBN|9789383432189}}
* (2015) ''Malayaliyute Samskritha Vazhikal'' (മലയാളിയുടെ സംസ്കൃത വഴികള്‍). {{ISBN|9788192767543}}
* (2017) ''Ormakalile N. V.'' (ഓര്‍മ്മകളിലെ എന്‍. വി.). Calicut: Mathrubhumi Books. {{ISBN|9788182671553}}
* (2018) ''Ezhuthachan'' (എഴുത്തച്ഛന്‍). [[Kannur]]: Kairali Books. {{ISBN|9789386822994}}
* (2019) ''Adhyathmaramayanam Moolavum Vivarthanavum'' (അദ്ധ്യാത്മരാമായണം മൂലവും വിവര്‍ത്തനവും). [[Tirur]]: [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|Malayalam University]]. {{ISBN|9788194087946}}
* (2019) ''Mangaatha Ormmakal'' (മങ്ങാത്ത ഓര്‍മകള്‍). Calicut: Progress Publications. {{ISBN|9789384638948}}

==Awards==
* Puthezhan Award – ''Pracheena Bharatheeya Darshanam''<ref name="SSUS"/>
* [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] (Scholarly literature) – ''Vrukshayurveda Grandhangal''<ref name="SSUS"/>
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Endowment Award – ''Vydikam''<ref name="SSUS"/>
* 2015: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] (Overall contribution) (T. K. Ramakrishnan Award)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dcbooks.com/adudabi-sakthi-award-samarppanam.html |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡ് സമര്‍പ്പണം ആഗസ്റ്റ് 28ന് |publisher=DC Books |date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819184518/http://www.dcbooks.com/adudabi-sakthi-award-samarppanam.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=4 January 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* 2018: [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.) by [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]<ref name="SSUS"/>
* 2021: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-for-p-valsala-nvp-unithiri/article33843100.ece |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships for P. Valsala, N.V.P. Unithiri |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 February 2021 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unithiri, N. V. P.}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kerala]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]

2007 Cricket World Cup

2026-02-24T08:50:51Z

Indussource: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|9th Cricket World Cup}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2007 Cricket World Cup
| image = 2007 Cricket World Cup logo.svg
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = West Indies
| champions = {{cr|AUS}}
| count = 4
| runner up = {{cr|SRI}}
| participants = 16 (from 97 entrants)
| matches = 51
| attendance = 672000
| player of the series = {{cricon|AUS}} [[Glenn McGrath]]
| most runs = {{cricon|AUS}} [[Matthew Hayden]] (659)
| most wickets = {{cricon|AUS}} [[Glenn McGrath]] (26)
| website =
| previous_year = 2003
| previous_tournament = 2003 Cricket World Cup
| next_year = 2011
| next_tournament = 2011 Cricket World Cup
| fromdate = 13 March
| todate = 28 April 2007
}}
The '''2007 ICC Cricket World Cup''' was the ninth [[Cricket World Cup]], a [[One Day International]] (ODI) [[cricket]] tournament that took place in the [[West Indies]] from 13 March to 28 April 2007. There were a total of 51 matches played, three fewer than at the [[2003 ICC Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]] (despite a field larger by two teams).

The 16 competing teams were initially divided into four groups, with the two best-performing teams from each group moving on to a Super 8 format. Every team played a total of 6 matches in the Super 8 round; they didn't play with teams of their own group. They played a total of 6 teams from another three groups (the top 2 teams of all three groups). From this, [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], and [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] won through to the semi-finals, with Australia defeating Sri Lanka in the final to win their third consecutive World Cup and their fourth overall. Australia's unbeaten record in the tournament increased their total to 29 consecutive World Cup matches without a loss, a [[Winning streak (sports)|streak]] dating back to 23 May 1999, during the group stage of the [[1999 ICC Cricket World Cup|1999 World Cup]]. The tournament also saw upsets and surprise results, with pre-tournament favourites [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] failing to make it past the group stage, while [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], the second-lowest ranked ICC Full Member at the time, and World Cup debutant [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]], which was an ICC Associate Member at the time, made it to the "Super 8", beating India and Pakistan respectively en route. Ireland became only the second associate nation to make it past the first round of a Cricket World Cup, the first being [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] in 2003.

Pakistan coach [[Bob Woolmer]] died the day after Pakistan was knocked out. The following day, police initially announced that the death was suspicious and ordered a full investigation.<ref name="cricinfo">{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/286421.html|title=Woolmer's post-mortem inconclusive|date=20 March 2007|publisher=CricInfo|access-date=23 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="woolmer_death">{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/286445.html|title=Woolmer's death 'suspicious' – police|date=21 March 2007|publisher=CricInfo|access-date=23 March 2007}}</ref> Eight months later, an [[open verdict]] was returned and the case closed.<ref name="ABCopenverdict">[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-11-30/police-close-woolmer-case-after-open-verdict/973302 Police close Woolmer case after open verdict] ABC, 30 November 2007</ref>

Following the tournament, the ICC distributed surplus tournament revenues of [[United States dollar|US$]]239 million to its members.<ref>ICC Consolidated Financial Statements for the 9 months ended 31 December 2007, accounting note 12.</ref>

==Host selection==
The World Cup was awarded to the West Indies via the [[International Cricket Council]]'s rotational policy. It is the first time the [[ICC Cricket World Cup]] has been held in the Caribbean despite the fact that the [[West Indies cricket team]] had been the second most successful team in past World Cups.<ref>In terms of number of wins, win percentage, and number of cups won. In fact, they were on top on all of these criteria from 1975 to 1987, and only in 2003 did Australia pass their number of cups won.</ref>

The United States contingent lobbied strongly for matches to be staged at its newly built cricket ground in [[Lauderhill]], [[Florida]], but the ICC decided to award all matches to Caribbean nations. Bids from [[Bermuda]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent and the Grenadines]], and a second bid by [[Jamaica]] were also rejected.

Eight venues across the West Indies were selected to host the World Cup tournament. All host countries hosted six matches with the exceptions of St. Lucia, Jamaica, and Barbados (which hosted the final), each of which hosted seven matches.

The Jamaican government spent US$81 million for "on-the-pitch" expenses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20060831/news/news2.html |title=Robert Bryan, executive director, Jamaica 2007 Cricket Limited |work=Jamaica Gleaner |access-date=9 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023254/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20060831/news/news2.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> This included refurbishing Sabina Park and constructing the new multi-purpose facility in Trelawny through a loan from China. Another US$20 million was budgeted for 'off-the-pitch' expenses, putting the tally at more than US$100 million or [[Jamaican dollar|JM$]]7 billion.

This put the reconstruction cost of Sabina Park at US$46 million whilst the Trelawny Stadium was estimated to cost US$35 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caribbeancricket.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2127 |title=World Cup 2007: Eyes Wide Shut by Claude Robinson |work=caribbeancricket.com |access-date=9 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029231855/http://caribbeancricket.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2127 |archive-date=29 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsjamaica.com/read_article.php?id=5632|title= Cricket: 'Run wid it again!'|date=24 April 2006|access-date=9 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312042225/http://www.sportsjamaica.com/read_article.php?id=5632 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The total amount of money spent on stadiums was at least US$301 million.

[[Brian Lara Stadium]] in Trinidad lost its status as a pre-tournament warm-up match venue on 21 September 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/260157.html|title=Brian Lara stadium exits World Cup|author=Mark Pouchet|publisher=Cricinfo|date=21 September 2006|access-date=9 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314031446/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/260157.html |archive-date= 14 March 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref>

==Venues==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!{{nobr|[[Antigua and Barbuda]]}}
![[Barbados]]
![[Grenada]]
![[Guyana]]
|-
|{{nobr|[[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]]}} Capacity: 20,000
|{{nobr|[[Kensington Oval]]}} Capacity: 27,000
|{{nobr|[[Queen's Park, Grenada|Queen's Park]]}} Capacity: 20,000
|[[Providence Stadium]] Capacity: 15,000
|-
|[[File:Sir Vivian Richards Stadium aerial view Oct 2006.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:Kensington Oval, Barbados During 2007 World Cup Cricket Final.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:Grenadacricket.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:Smaller Providence Stadium inside.jpg|150px]]
|-
!colspan="4"|[[File:2007 Cricket World Cup venues.png|420px]]
|-
![[Jamaica]]
!{{nobr|[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]}}
![[Saint Lucia]]
!{{nobr|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]}}
|-
|{{nobr|[[Sabina Park]]}} Capacity: 16,000
|{{nobr|[[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park Stadium]]}} Capacity: 10,000
|{{nobr|[[Beausejour Cricket Ground]]}} Capacity: 20,000
|{{nobr|[[Queen's Park Oval]]}} Capacity: 25,000
|-
|
|[[File:Warner Park Cricket Stadium.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:Beausejour Stadium Cricket St Lucia.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:Queens Park Oval Trinidad.jpg|150px]]
|}

===Warm-up venues===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Venue
!City
!Country
!Capacity
!Matches
|-
|[[3Ws Oval]]
|[[Bridgetown]]
|[[Barbados]]
|8,500
|4
|-
|[[Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny)|Greenfield Stadium]]
|[[Falmouth, Jamaica]]
|[[Jamaica]]
|25,000
|4
|-
|[[Arnos Vale Stadium]]
|[[Kingstown]]
|[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
|18,000
|4
|-
|[[Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground]]
|{{nobr|[[Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago|St. Augustine]]}}
|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|
|4
|}

==Qualification==
[[File:ICC CWC 2007 team captains.jpg|thumb|The captains of the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]
{{See also|2007 Cricket World Cup qualification}}
The field of 16 teams, the largest ever for the Cricket World Cup, consisted of all 16 teams which currently held ODI status. This included the ten full members of the ICC, all of which have [[Test cricket|Test]] and permanent ODI status. The other six (associate) ODI nations were Kenya (which had ODI status until 2009) and five additional teams (previously three) that qualified via the [[2005 ICC Trophy]] (gaining ODI status until 2009 in the process). These nations included Scotland who won the ICC Trophy, Canada, the Netherlands, and – making their World Cup debuts – Ireland and Bermuda.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Full Members
|-
|style="width:150px"|{{cr|AUS}}
|style="width:150px"|{{cr|BAN}}
|-
|{{cr|ENG}}
|{{cr|IND}}
|-
|{{cr|NZL}}
|{{cr|PAK}}
|-
|{{cr|RSA}}
|{{cr|SRI}}
|-
|{{cr|WIN}}
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|-
!colspan=2|Associate Members
|-
|{{cr|BER}}
|{{cr|CAN}}
|-
|{{cr|KEN}}
|{{cr|IRE}}
|-
|{{cr|NED}}
|{{cr|SCO}}
|}

==Squads==
{{Main|2007 Cricket World Cup squads}}

The 16 teams had to name their final squads by 13 February 2007. Changes were allowed after this deadline at the discretion of the ICC's Technical Committee in necessary cases, such as due to player injury.

==Leadup==
All major Test-playing nations had schedules allowing them to play a large number of ODI matches against other major ODI teams just prior to the World Cup. Australia, New Zealand, and England took part in the [[2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series|Commonwealth Bank Series]] where England defeated Australia in the finals. Australia then went to New Zealand for the [[Chappell–Hadlee Trophy]], losing 3–0. South Africa played five ODIs against India (South Africa won 4–0) and five against Pakistan (South Africa won 3–1), while India also played four ODIs against the West Indies (India won 3–1) and four ODIs against Sri Lanka (India won 2–1). Bangladesh played four ODIs against Zimbabwe (Bangladesh won 3–1) and won a tri-series against Canada and Bermuda. The associate ODI teams took part in the [[2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One|World Cricket League]], which Kenya won, and were also involved in other series prior to the World Cup.

The rankings of the teams at the beginning of the Cricket World Cup were:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Ranking
!Team
!Points
|-
|1
|{{cr|RSA}}
|128
|-
|2
|{{cr|AUS}}
|125
|-
|3
|{{cr|NZL}}
|113
|-
|4
|{{cr|PAK}}
|111
|-
|5
|{{cr|IND}}
|109
|-
|6
|{{cr|SRI}}
|108
|-
|7
|{{cr|ENG}}
|106
|-
|8
|{{cr|WIN}}
|101
|-
|9
|{{cr|BAN}}
|42
|-
|10
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|22
|-
|11
|{{cr|KEN}}
|0
|-
|12
|{{cr|SCO}}
|0%''' / '''69%
|-
|13
|{{cr|NED}}
|0%''' / '''50%
|-
|14
|{{cr|IRE}}
|0%''' / '''44%
|-
|15
|{{cr|CAN}}
|0%''' / '''33%
|-
|16
|{{cr|BER}}
|0%''' / '''28%
|}
''Note: Teams 12–16 did not have official ODI rankings leading up to the World Cup; they are ranked based on their win percentage against full members and then wins against associate members prior to the tournament.''<ref>{{cite web|last=Fitzgerald|first=James|title=Scotland top of ICC Associate ODI Rankings after WCL Div. 1|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-wcl/content/story/280216.html|publisher=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219091354/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-wcl/content/story/280216.html|archive-date=19 February 2007|date=13 February 2007}} – Note: The ODIs in the WCL Division 1 were the last ODIs played by associates before the World Cup.</ref>

===Warm-up matches===
Prior to the main tournament, all 16 nations played a series of warm-up matches to prepare, experiment with different tactics, and to help them get acclimated to conditions in the West Indies. The matches were played from Monday 5 March until Friday 9 March.

[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] were the only teams to win both of their warm-up games, whilst [[Bermuda national cricket team|Bermuda]], [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]], [[Netherlands national cricket team|the Netherlands]] and [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] did not win either of their fixtures.

{{hidden begin|title=Matches|titlestyle=background:lightblue;}}

{{Limited overs international|date=5 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|West Indies}}|score1=268/6 (50 overs)|score2=247/7 (50 overs)|team2={{cr|KEN}}|runs1=[[Marlon Samuels]] 100|wickets1=[[Thomas Odoyo]] 2/26 (6 overs)|runs2=[[Collins Obuya]] 54[[not out|*]]|wickets2=[[Daren Powell]] 2/23 (6 overs)|result={{cr|West Indies}} won by 21 runs|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247441.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny)|Greenfield Stadium]], [[Trelawny Parish|Trelawny]]|umpires=[[Billy Bowden]] (NZL) and [[Brian Jerling]] (RSA)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=5 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|ENG}}|score1=286/8 (50 overs)|score2=45 (22.2 overs)|team2={{cr|BER}}|runs1=[[Jamie Dalrymple]] 76|wickets1=[[Delyone Borden]] 3/71 (10 overs)|runs2=[[David Hemp]] 11|wickets2=[[Jon Lewis (cricketer, born 1975)|Jon Lewis]] 3/7 (4 overs)|result={{cr|ENG}} won by 241 runs|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247442.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]]|umpires=[[Tony Hill (umpire)|Tony Hill]] (NZL) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=5 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|RSA}}|score1=192 (50 overs)|score2=157 (44.2 overs)|team2={{cr|IRE}}|runs1=[[Andrew Hall]] 67[[not out|*]]|wickets1=[[Trent Johnston]] 4/40 (10 overs)|runs2=[[Andre Botha (cricketer)|Andre Botha]] 40|wickets2=[[Charl Langeveldt]] 4/31 (8.2 overs)|result={{cr|RSA}} won by 35 runs|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247447.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground]], [[Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago|St. Augustine]]|umpires=[[Aleem Dar]] (PAK) and [[Peter Parker (umpire)|Peter Parker]] (AUS)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=5 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|SRI}}|score1=294/7 (50 overs)|score2=135 (41.2 overs)|team2={{cr|SCO}}|runs1=[[Kumar Sangakkara]] 81|wickets1=[[John Blain (cricketer)|John Blain]] 2/51 (9 overs)|runs2=[[Gavin Hamilton (cricketer)|Gavin Hamilton]] 25|wickets2=[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 2/8 (4.2 overs)|result={{cr|SRI}} won by 159 runs|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247444.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[3Ws Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]|umpires=[[Ian Howell]] (RSA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (AUS)|motm=}}
----

{{Limited overs international|date=6 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}|score1=300/9 (50 overs)|score2=118 (37.5 overs)|team2={{cr|NED}}|runs1=[[Rahul Dravid]] 74|wickets1=[[Ryan ten Doeschate]] 5/57 (10 overs)|runs2=[[Bastiaan Zuiderent]] 32|wickets2=[[Yuvraj Singh]] 4/12 (3.5 overs)|result={{cr|IND}} won by 182 runs|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247445.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny)|Greenfield Stadium]], [[Trelawny Parish|Trelawny]]|umpires=[[Steve Bucknor]] (WIN) and [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SRI)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=6 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|AUS}}|score1=290/7 (50 overs)|score2=184/7 (50 overs)|team2={{cr|ZIM}}|runs1=[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 82|wickets1=[[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 2/48 (8 overs)|runs2=[[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 44|wickets2=[[Stuart Clark]] 2/33 (7 overs)|result={{cr|AUS}} won by 106 runs|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247446.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]]|umpires=[[Asad Rauf]] (PAK) and [[Billy Doctrove]] (WIN)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=6 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|PAK}}|score1=273/8 (48 overs)|score2=196 (46.4 overs)|team2={{cr|CAN}}|runs1=[[Mohammad Hafeez]] 61|wickets1=[[Henry Osinde]] 2/48 (8 overs)|runs2=[[Qaiser Ali]] 37|wickets2=[[Mohammad Hafeez]] 3/10 (3.4 overs)|result={{cr|PAK}} won by 77 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DL]])|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247443.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground]], [[Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago|St. Augustine]]|umpires=[[Ian Gould]] (ENG) and [[Daryl Harper]] (AUS)|motm=|rain=Match shortened due to technical issues;{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} [[Duckworth–Lewis method|Duckworth-Lewis]] revised target to win: 274 runs in 48 overs for Canada.}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=6 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|NZL}}|score1=226 (47.2 overs)|score2=230/8 (49 overs)|team2={{cr|BAN}}|runs1=[[Jacob Oram]] 88|wickets1=[[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]] 4/26 (10 overs)|runs2=[[Tamim Iqbal]] 46|wickets2=[[Daniel Vettori]] 3/38 (10 overs)|result={{cr|BAN}} won by 2 wickets|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247448.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[3Ws Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]|umpires=[[Mark Benson]] (ENG) and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (AUS)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=8 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|KEN}}|score1=274/8 (50 overs)|score2=265/9 (50 overs)|team2={{cr|NED}}|runs1=[[Thomas Odoyo]] 73|wickets1=[[Daan van Bunge]] 3/41 (10 overs)|runs2=[[Darron Reekers]] 75|wickets2=[[Steve Tikolo]] 5/48 (10 overs)|result={{cr|KEN}} won by 9 runs|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247449.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny)|Greenfield Stadium]], [[Trelawny Parish|Trelawny]]|umpires=[[Steve Bucknor]] (WIN) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZL)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=8 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|BER}}|score1=136 (50 overs)|score2=137/4 (29 overs)|team2={{cr|ZIM}}|runs1=[[Janeiro Tucker]] 56|wickets1=[[Anthony Ireland (cricketer)|Anthony Ireland]] 3/22 (8 overs)|runs2=[[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 72[[not out|*]]|wickets2=[[Dwayne Leverock]] 2/54 (10 overs)|result={{cr|ZIM}} won by 6 wickets|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247450.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]]|umpires=[[Asad Rauf]] (PAK) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=8 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|CAN}}|score1=115 (32.5 overs)|score2=116/3 (26.5 overs)|team2={{cr|IRE}}|runs1=[[Geoff Barnett (cricketer)|Geoff Barnett]] 27|wickets1=[[Dave Langford-Smith]] 4/41 (10 overs)|runs2=[[Jeremy Bray (cricketer)|Jeremy Bray]] 41[[not out|*]]|wickets2=[[Abdool Samad]] 1/11 (3 overs)|result={{cr|IRE}} won by 7 wickets|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247451.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground]], [[Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago|St. Augustine]]|umpires=[[Aleem Dar]] (PAK) and [[Daryl Harper]] (AUS)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=8 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|SCO}}|score1=152/9 (50 overs)|score2=153/3 (34.1 overs)|team2={{cr|BAN}}|runs1=[[Navdeep Poonia]] 32|wickets1=[[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]] 4/41 (10 overs)|runs2=[[Habibul Bashar]] 57[[not out|*]]|wickets2=[[Paul Hoffmann (cricketer)|Paul Hoffmann]] 1/19 (6 overs)|result={{cr|BAN}} won by 7 wickets|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247452.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[3Ws Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]|umpires=[[Mark Benson]] (ENG) and [[Simon Taufel]] (AUS)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=9 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|ENG}}|score1=197 (48.3 overs)|score2=200/5 (40.5 overs)|team2={{cr|AUS}}|runs1=[[Michael Vaughan]] 62|wickets1=[[Shaun Tait]] 4/33 (8.3 overs)|runs2=[[Adam Gilchrist]] 72|wickets2=[[Monty Panesar]] 1/16 (6 overs)|result={{cr|AUS}} won by 5 wickets|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247454.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]]|umpires=[[Tony Hill (umpire)|Tony Hill]] (NZL) and [[Norman Malcolm (umpire)|Norman Malcolm]] (WIN)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=9 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|RSA}}|score1=199 (48.3 overs)|score2=200/3 (44.3 overs)|team2={{cr|PAK}}|runs1=[[Loots Bosman]] 53|wickets1=[[Mohammad Sami]] 2/13 (5 overs)|runs2=[[Younis Khan]] 79|wickets2=[[André Nel]] 1/21 (7 overs)|result={{cr|PAK}} won by 7 wickets|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247455.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground]], [[Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago|St. Augustine]]|umpires=[[Ian Gould]] (ENG) and [[Peter Parker (umpire)|Peter Parker]] (AUS)|motm=}}
----
{{Limited overs international|date=9 March 2007|team1={{cr-rt|NZL}}|score1=285/8 (50 overs)|score2=267 (48.2 overs)|team2={{cr|SRI}}|runs1=[[Lou Vincent]] 70|wickets1=[[Lasith Malinga]] 2/26 (4 overs)|runs2=[[Upul Tharanga]] 106|wickets2=[[Scott Styris]] 2/44 (10 overs)|result={{cr|NZL}} won by 18 runs|report=[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247456.html (scorecard)]|venue=[[3Ws Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]|umpires=[[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (AUS) and [[Ian Howell]] (RSA)|motm=}}

{{hidden end}}

====Aggregate warm-up results====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Team
! Played
! Won
! Lost
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| {{cr|BER}} || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| {{cr|CAN}} || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| {{cr|KEN}} || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| {{cr|NED}} || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| {{cr|NZL}} || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| {{cr|SCO}} || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || 1 || 1
|}

====Match status====
None of the warm-up games were officially recognised as [[One Day International|ODIs]] or [[List A cricket|List A matches]] by the [[International Cricket Council]] due to various changes in the rules of the game.<ref name="ICCODIstatus">{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-news/content/story/282105.html|title=ICC confirms umpire and match referee appointments for opening stages of ICC Cricket World Cup|author=Brian Murgatroyd|date=2 March 2007|website=|publisher=ICC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308061525/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-news/content/story/282105.html|archive-date=8 March 2007|access-date=25 May 2007|quote=Note, the warm-up matches do not have ODI status and so there will be no ICC match referee in place for these games.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=long|first=Jon|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2007 match schedule announced|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-cwc/content/story/213796.html|publisher=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]|access-date=9 April 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070416033529/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-cwc/content/story/213796.html|archive-date=16 April 2007|date=19 July 2005}}</ref> Whilst normally only 11 players are allowed to [[Batting (cricket)|bat]] and [[Fielding (cricket)|field]] (excluding situations involving a [[Cricket terminology#T|substitute fielder]]),<ref>See twelfth man in the [[Cricket terminology#T|List of cricket terms]].</ref> 13 players were used in each team's squad for the matches – 11 of which were allowed to field at one time and 11 of which were allowed to bat (meaning players could be swapped in and out when fielding or bowling, but two players did not bat in a match).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6415975.stm|title=England bowlers demolish Bermuda|last=|first=|date=5 March 2007|website=|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=25 May 2007}}</ref> In official ICC matches [[match referee]]s are required to help officiate a game, but due to the changes in the rules none were appointed for any of the warm-up games.<ref name="ICCODIstatus" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/282108.html|title=ICC announces umpires and referees for World Cup|last=|first=|date=2 March 2007|website=|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=5 June 2007}}</ref> Additionally, [[Man of the match#Cricket|Man of the Match]] awards were not given out and no reserve days were set for these matches.

===Opening ceremony===
[[File:2007 CWC Opening ceremony.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alison Hinds]] performing during the ceremony]]
[[File:2007 Cricket World Cup opening ceremony fireworks.jpg|thumb|Fireworks in the opening ceremony of the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]
The opening ceremony was held on Sunday, 11 March 2007 at [[Trelawny Stadium]] in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/march/11/sports/all_set_for_grand_opening_of_crickets_biggest_showpiece.html |title=All set for grand opening of cricket's biggest showpiece |publisher=Indianmuslims.info |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207015716/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/march/11/sports/all_set_for_grand_opening_of_crickets_biggest_showpiece.html |archive-date=7 February 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> It featured over 2,000 dancers and performers representing all strands of [[West Indian]] music, from [[Calypso music|calypso]] and [[ragga]] to [[reggae]] and [[Soca music|soca]]. Among the performers were [[Sean Paul]], [[Byron Lee]], [[Kevin Lyttle]], [[Beres Hammond]], [[Lucky Dube]], [[Buju Banton]], [[Half Pint]], [[Arrow (musician)|Arrow]], [[Machel Montano]], [[Alison Hinds]], [[Tony Rebel]], [[Third World (band)|Third World]], [[Gregory Isaacs]], [[David Rudder]], [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]], the [[I Threes]], and [[Jimmy Cliff]].

The ceremony, attended by several [[heads of state]] including the [[Governor-General of Jamaica]], started with an address by [[Sir Garfield Sobers]] and included messages from the prime ministers of [[Jamaica]] and [[Grenada]].

==Rules and regulations==

===Matches===
The matches were One Day Internationals and operated under normal ODI rules. All matches were to be 50 [[over (cricket)|overs]] a team unless stated otherwise by the umpires or match referee. A bowler was able to bowl a maximum of 10 overs per match.

In the event of bad weather, each team must have batted a minimum of 20 overs for a result to be declared (if the match was not otherwise won, for example if the team batting second were dismissed before the completion of 20 overs). In the event of bad weather, the [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|Duckworth-Lewis method]] was to be applied to determine the result or target. If no result was declared on the scheduled day, the teams would return the following day to complete the game, with the same situation as when the game was abandoned.

There was a new rule regarding referral of catches to the TV replay official (third umpire): if the standing umpires were unable to determine whether a catch had been taken cleanly, and/or whether a claimed catch was a "bump ball", they had discretion to refer the decision to the third umpire. Also, ''whilst reviewing such a catch via TV replay'' if it was clear to the third umpire that the batsman did not hit the ball, he was to indicate that the batsman was not out.<ref name="World Cup 07 playing conditions">{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/wc07_playing_conditions.pdf|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2007 Playing Conditions|access-date=27 February 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070226180703/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/wc07_playing_conditions.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2007}}</ref>

===Tournament points===
In the Group and Super 8 stages, points were awarded as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Points
|-
!|Results
!|Points
|-
|Win||2 points
|-
|Tie/No Result||1 point
|-
|Loss||0 points
|}

The top two teams from each group advanced to the Super 8 stage and any points they earned against the other qualifier from their own group was carried through. Points earned against the non-qualifying teams in the same pool were not carried over. In the Super 8s, each team played the six remaining qualifiers from the other groups and the top four teams went through to the semi-finals. Positions were decided by most points. Where two or more teams were tied on points, the following methods in turn were used to decide which team went through:<ref name="World Cup 07 playing conditions" />

# Most wins in their group or in Super 8, whichever is applicable
# Higher [[net run rate]]
# Higher number of wickets taken per ball
# Winners of head-to-head matches
# The drawing of lots

==Match officials==
{{Main|2007 Cricket World Cup officials}}

The umpiring panel for the 2007 Cricket World Cup comprised nine umpires from the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires (the only member not included was Darrell Hair), and nine umpires from the international panel. The refereeing panel consisted of seven members from the Elite Panel of ICC Referees, with Clive Lloyd not being included due to his role as the West Indies's team manager. Aleem Dar went on to stand as an umpire in his first World Cup final, alongside Steve Bucknor who appeared in his fifth final in a row, extending his record of four from the 2003 World Cup.

==Groups==

===Seeds===
The tournament began with a league stage consisting of four groups of four. Each team played each of the other teams in its group once. Australia, India, England, and the West Indies were placed in separate pools for logistical reasons, as they were expected to have the most supporters in attendance, and transport and accommodation capacity in the West Indies was limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/world/icc-table-provides-basis,3325,EN.html |title=World Cup seedings plan announced |access-date=9 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234921/http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/world/icc-table-provides-basis%2C3325%2CEN.html |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref>

The groups are listed below, with seedings (rankings from April 2005) shown in brackets. Each group played all of its matches at a single ground.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[#Group A|Group A]]
![[#Group B|Group B]]
![[#Group C|Group C]]
![[#Group D|Group D]]
|-
|{{cr|AUS}} (1)
|{{cr|SRI}} (2)
|{{cr|NZL}} (3)
|{{cr|PAK}} (4)
|-
|{{cr|RSA}} (5)
|{{cr|IND}} (6)
|{{cr|ENG}} (7)
|{{cr|WIN}} (8)
|-
|{{cr|SCO}} (12)
|{{cr|BAN}} (11)
|{{cr|KEN}} (10)
|{{cr|ZIM}} (9)
|-
|{{cr|NED}} (16)
|{{cr|BER}} (15)
|{{cr|CAN}} (14)
|{{cr|IRE}} (13)
|}

===Format===
The tournament was preceded by a number of warm-up matches to allow the players to acclimatise to the conditions in the West Indies. The group stage matches started on 13 March and finished on 25 March. There were a total of 24 matches played in the group stage.

The top two teams in each group proceeded to the "Super 8" stage which also used a league system. Each team carried forward its result against the other team qualifying from its preliminary stage group, and played the other six qualifying teams once each. The top four teams in the league qualified for the semi-finals. This system was modified since the previous World Cup, which had a "Super 6" stage rather than a Super 8. The Super 8 stage matches were played from Tuesday 27 March until Saturday 21 April. A total of 24 matches were played in the Super 8 stage.

The top four teams in the "Super 8" advanced to the semi-finals. This was the knockout stage, with the No. 1 team playing the No. 4 team, and the No. 2 team playing the No. 3 team in the tournament. The winners of the two semi-finals played each other in the Final.

All tournament matches had one reserve day (the day after the scheduled day of the match) to allow for matches to be completed in the event of bad weather.

==Group stage==
===Group A===
{{main|2007 Cricket World Cup Group A}}
{{:2007 Cricket World Cup Group A}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 14 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 334/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 131 (40.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| result = Australia won by 203 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247458.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Warner Park Stadium]], [[Basseterre]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 16 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 353/3 (40 overs)
| score2 = 132/9 (40 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| result = South Africa won by 221 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247462.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Warner Park Stadium]], [[Basseterre]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 18 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 358/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 129 (26.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| result = Australia won by 229 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247466.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Warner Park Stadium]], [[Basseterre]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 20 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| score1 = 186/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 188/3 (23.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| result = South Africa won by 7 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247470.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Warner Park Stadium]], [[Basseterre]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 22 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| score1 = 136 (34.1 overs)
| score2 = 140/2 (23.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| result = Netherlands won by 8 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247474.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Warner Park Stadium]], [[Basseterre]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 24 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 377/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 294 (48 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| result = Australia won by 83 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247478.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Warner Park Stadium]], [[Basseterre]]
}}

===Group B===
{{main|2007 Cricket World Cup Group B}}
{{:2007 Cricket World Cup Group B}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 15 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 321/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 78 (24.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BER}}
| result = Sri Lanka won by 243 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247460.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 17 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 191 (49.3 overs)
| score2 = 192/5 (48.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| result = Bangladesh won by 5 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247464.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 19 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 413/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 156 (43.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BER}}
| result = India won by 257 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247468.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 21 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 318/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 112 (37 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| result = Sri Lanka won by 198 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L]])
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247472.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 23 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 254/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 185 (43.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| result = Sri Lanka won by 69 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247476.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 25 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BER}}
| score1 = 94/9 (21 overs)
| score2 = 96/3 (17.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| result = Bangladesh won by 7 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L]])
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247480.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]]
}}

===Group C===
{{main|2007 Cricket World Cup Group C}}
{{:2007 Cricket World Cup Group C}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 14 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}}
| score1 = 199 (50 overs)
| score2 = 203/3 (43.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|KEN}}
| result = Kenya won by 7 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247459.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet Quarter|Gros Islet]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 16 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 209/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 210/4 (41 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| result = New Zealand won by 6 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247463.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet Quarter|Gros Islet]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 18 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 279/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 228/7 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|CAN}}
| result = England won by 51 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247467.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet Quarter|Gros Islet]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 20 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 331/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 183 (49.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|KEN}}
| result = New Zealand won by 148 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247471.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet Quarter|Gros Islet]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 22 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 363/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 249/9 (49.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|CAN}}
| result = New Zealand won by 114 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247475.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet Quarter|Gros Islet]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 24 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}}
| score1 = 177 (43 overs)
| score2 = 178/3 (33 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| result = England won by 7 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247479.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet Quarter|Gros Islet]]
}}

===Group D===
{{main|2007 Cricket World Cup Group D}}
{{:2007 Cricket World Cup Group D}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 13 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 241/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 187 (47.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| result = West Indies won by 54 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247457.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 15 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| score1 = 221/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 221 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| result = Match tied
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247461.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 17 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 132 (45.4 overs)
| score2 = 133/7 (41.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| result = Ireland won by 3 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L]])
| scorecard =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247465.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 19 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 202/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 204/4 (47.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| result = West Indies won by 6 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247469.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 21 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 349 (49.5 overs)
| score2 = 99 (19.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| result = Pakistan won by 93 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L]])
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247473.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 23 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| score1 = 183/8 (48 overs)
| score2 = 190/2 (38.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| result = West Indies won by 8 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L]])
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247477.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
}}

==Super 8 stage==
{{main|2007 Cricket World Cup Super Eight stage}}
The top two teams in each first-round group moved on to a "Super 8" stage which was scored as a complete [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]]. However, each of the eight teams played only six new matches, rather than seven – each group's two representatives carried forward their result against each other rather than play again. Thus the table below, showing seven matches for each team, covers all matches between the Super 8 qualifiers, including those from the Group Stage.

Teams depicted in green backgrounds qualified for the semi-finals.

{{:2007 Cricket World Cup Super Eight stage}}

{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 27 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 322/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 219 (45.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| result = Australia won by 103 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247481.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[North Sound]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 28 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 209 (49.3 overs)
| score2 = 212/9 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| result = South Africa won by 1 wicket
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247482.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Providence Stadium]], [[Guyana]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 29 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 177 (44.4 overs)
| score2 = 179/3 (39.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| result = New Zealand won by 7 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247483.html Scorecard]
| venue =[[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[North Sound]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 266/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 218 (48.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| result = England won by 48 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247484.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Providence Stadium]], [[Guyana]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 31 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 104/6 (22 overs)
| score2 = 106/0 (13.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| result = Australia won by 10 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247485.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[North Sound]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 1 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 303/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 190 (44.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| result = Sri Lanka won by 113 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247486.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Providence Stadium]], [[Guyana]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 2 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 174 (48.3 overs)
| score2 = 178/1 (29.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| result = New Zealand won by 9 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247487.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[North Sound]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 3 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| score1 = 152/8 (35 overs)
| score2 = 165/3 (31.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| result = South Africa won by 7 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DL]])
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247488.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Providence Stadium]], [[Guyana]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 4 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 235 (50 overs)
| score2 = 233/8 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| result = Sri Lanka won by 2 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247489.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[North Sound]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 7 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 251/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 184 (48.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| result = Bangladesh won by 67 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247490.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Providence Stadium]], [[Guyana]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 8 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 247 (49.5 overs)
| score2 = 248/3 (47.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| result = Australia won by 7 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247491.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[North Sound]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 9 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 263/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 134 (37.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| result = New Zealand won by 129 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247492.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Providence Stadium]], [[Guyana]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 10 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 356/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 289/9 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| result = South Africa won by 67 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247493.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park, Grenada|Queen's Park]], [[Grenada]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 11 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 143 (37.2 overs)
| score2 = 147/6 (44.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| result = England won by 4 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247494.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 12 April 2007
| time = 09:30
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 219/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 222/4 (45.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| result = Sri Lanka won by 6 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247495.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park, Grenada|Queen's Park]], [[Grenada]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 13 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| score1 = 91 (30 overs)
| score2 = 92/1 (12.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| result = Australia won by 9 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247496.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 14 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 193/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 196/5 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| result = New Zealand won by 5 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247497.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park, Grenada|Queen's Park]], [[Grenada]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 15 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| score1 = 243/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 169 (41.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| result = Ireland won by 74 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247498.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 16 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 226 (49.4 overs)
| score2 = 232/3 (42.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| result = Australia won by 7 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247499.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park, Grenada|Queen's Park]], [[Grenada]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 17 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 154 (48 overs)
| score2 = 157/1 (19.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| result = South Africa won by 9 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247500.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 18 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| score1 = 77 (27.4 overs)
| score2 = 81/2 (10 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| result = Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247501.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park, Grenada|Queen's Park]], [[Grenada]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 19 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 230/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 131 (43.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| result = West Indies won by 99 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247502.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary |bg=#eee
| date = 20 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 348/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 133 (25.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| result = Australia won by 215 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247503.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park, Grenada|Queen's Park]], [[Grenada]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 21 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 300 (49.5 overs)
| score2 = 301/9 (49.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| result = England won by 1 wicket
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247504.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
}}

==Knockout stage==
{{Round4


|25 April – [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet Quarter|Gros Islet]]|4 {{cr|RSA}}|149|1 '''{{cr|AUS}}''' |'''153/3'''
|24 April – [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]|2 '''{{cr|SRI}}'''|'''289/5''' |3 {{cr|NZL}}|208

|28 April – [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]|'''{{cr|AUS}}'''|'''281/4'''|{{cr|SRI}}|215/8|
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 289/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 115[[not out|*]] (109)
| wickets1 = [[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]] 2/46 (9 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| score2 = 208 (41.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Peter Fulton]] 46 (77)
| wickets2 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 4/31 (8 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 81 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/247505.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = Sri Lanka qualified for the final for second time after [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]].
* [[Stephen Fleming]] (NZ) played in his last ODI match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 149 (43.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Justin Kemp]] 49[[not out|*]] (91)
| wickets1 = [[Shaun Tait]] 4/39 (10 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score2 = 153/3 (31.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 60[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets2 = [[Shaun Pollock]] 1/16 (5 overs)
| result = Australia won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/247506.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Glenn McGrath]] (Aus)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = Australia qualified for the final for sixth time after [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]] and [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]].
}}

===Final===
{{main|2007 Cricket World Cup Final}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 April 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 281/4 (38 overs)
| runs1 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 149 (104)
| wickets1 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 2/49 (8 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| score2 = 215/8 (36 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 63 (67)
| wickets2 = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 2/33 (5 overs)
| result = Australia won by 53 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L]] method)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/247507.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Adam Gilchrist]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain = The match was reduced to 38 overs per side due to rain.
* Sri Lanka were set a revised target of 269 runs from 36 overs.
| notes = [[Glenn McGrath]] (Aus) played in his last ODI match.<ref>{{cite web |first=Peter |last=English |access-date=23 December 2006 |title=McGrath to retire after World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mcgrath-to-retire-after-world-cup-273700 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
* With this victory, Australia became the first team to win three consecutive World Cup titles.
* [[Russel Arnold]] (SL) played in his last ODI match.
}}

[[File:Kensington Oval, Barbados During 2007 World Cup Cricket Final.jpg|thumb|left|Final of 2007 Cricket World Cup between Sri Lanka and Australia]]
This was the first World Cup final to be a repeat: the teams previously met in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup Final|1996 World Cup final]], which Sri Lanka won. Australia had won every World Cup match against Sri Lanka apart from that loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/STATS/BY_OPPONENT/AUS-SL/WC/AUS-SL_ODI_SERIES_SUMMARY.html|title=Australia v Sri Lanka: World Cup Series Summary|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=28 April 2007}}</ref> The match was Sri Lanka's second World Cup final appearance, and Australia's fourth in a row and sixth overall.
Australian captain [[Ricky Ponting]] won the toss and elected to bat. However, the start of play was delayed due to rain, and the match was reduced to 38 overs per side. Wicketkeeper [[Adam Gilchrist]] played an innings of 149 – the highest for any batsman in a World Cup final – to give Australia an imposing total going in at the break.<ref name="final">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/292681.html|title=Gilchrist leads Australia to World Cup treble|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=6 May 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Australian World Cup treble.jpg|thumb|A large crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat-trick – [[Martin Place]], Sydney.]]
While Sri Lankan batsmen [[Kumar Sangakkara]] and [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] were adding 116 for the second wicket, the contest was alive, but after the pair got out, Sri Lanka's chances slowly diminished.<ref name="final" /> Further rain forced the reduction of Sri Lanka's innings to just 36 overs, with the target revised to 269. At the end of the 33rd over, with Sri Lanka still trailing the adjusted [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|Duckworth-Lewis]] target by 37 runs, the umpires suspended the game due to bad light. While Australia's players began to celebrate their victory (since the minimum 20 overs had been reached), the umpires incorrectly announced that because the match was suspended due to light and not rain, the final three overs would have to be bowled the following day. With Sri Lanka needing 61 runs from 18 deliveries, Sri Lankan captain Mahela Jayawardene agreed there was no need to return the following day, and instructed his team to resume batting; Ponting agreed to play only spin bowlers. The last three overs were played in almost complete darkness, during which Sri Lanka added just nine runs to give Australia a 53-run victory by the D-L method.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247507.html|title=World Cup final scorecard|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=30 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430003511/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247507.html|archive-date= 30 April 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> The umpires later apologised for their error, saying that the match should have ended then with Australia winning by 37 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/292771.html|title=World Cup Referee apologize|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=30 April 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Ricky Ponting YM.jpg|thumb|Australian captain Ricky Ponting]]
Australia won the tournament undefeated, extending their streak of World Cup matches without a loss to 29.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/292773.html|title=Australia v Sri Lanka, World Cup final, Barbados|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=30 April 2007}}</ref> Australian bowler [[Glenn McGrath]] was named 'Player of the Series' and retired from all forms of international cricket.<ref name="WC Final">{{cite web |title=ICC World Cup – Final |website=ESPNcricinfo |date = 28 April 2007 |url = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/match/247507.html |access-date =28 April 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070430005707/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/match/247507.html|archive-date= 30 April 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Player
! Team
! Runs
|-
| [[Matthew Hayden]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 659
|-
| [[Mahela Jayawardene]] || {{cr|SRI}} || 548
|-
| [[Ricky Ponting]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 539
|-
| [[Scott Styris]] || {{cr|NZL}} || 499
|-
| [[Jacques Kallis]] || {{cr|RSA}} || 485
|}

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Player
! Team
! Wickets
|-
| [[Glenn McGrath]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 26
|-
| [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] || {{cr|SRI}} || 23
|-
| [[Shaun Tait]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 23
|-
| [[Brad Hogg]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 21
|-
| [[Lasith Malinga]] || {{cr|SRI}} || 18
|}

==Controversies==
===Death of Bob Woolmer===
Pakistan coach [[Bob Woolmer]] was found dead on 18 March 2007, one day after his team's defeat to Ireland put them out of the running for the World Cup. Jamaican police performed an autopsy which was deemed inconclusive.<ref name="cricinfo" /> The following day police announced that the death was suspicious and ordered a full investigation.<ref name="woolmer_death" /> Further investigation revealed the cause of death was "manual strangulation",<ref>{{cite news |last=Raedler |first=John |title=Woolmer was strangled, police say |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/americas/03/22/cricket.death/index.html |access-date=24 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325203202/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/americas/03/22/cricket.death/index.html|archive-date=25 March 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> and that the investigation would be handled as a murder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6482981.stm|title=Pakistan Woolmer death treated as murder|date=23 March 2007|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]|access-date=23 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326100111/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6482981.stm|archive-date=26 March 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> After a lengthy investigation the Jamaican police rescinded the comments that he was murdered, and confirmed that he died from natural causes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6745589.stm|title=Woolmer 'died of natural causes'|date=12 June 2007|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]|access-date=12 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629072142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6745589.stm|archive-date= 29 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2007, an [[open verdict]] was returned.<ref name="ABCopenverdict" />

===Criticism===
The 2007 World Cup organisers were criticised early on for being over-commercialised and, in particular, the generally smaller crowds have been blamed on the ICC's security restrictions on things such as outside food, signs, replica kits, and musical instruments, despite Caribbean cricketing customs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/288564.html |title=A public relations disaster |author=Tim de Lisle |publisher=Cricinfo |date=3 April 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007}}</ref> as well as the authorities being accused of "running [cricket and cricketing traditions] out of town, then sanitising it out of existence".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/apr/05/cricket.cricketworldcup20072 |title=Weep for the ghosts of calypsos past in this lifeless forum |author=Mike Selvey |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007 }}</ref> [[Sir Viv Richards]] echoed the concerns.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/west_indies/6531839.stm |title=Richards attacks Cup organisation |publisher=BBC |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070506212209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/west_indies/6531839.stm|archive-date= 6 May 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> The ICC were also condemned for high prices of tickets and concessions, which were considered unaffordable for the local population in many of the locations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/288885.html |title=Crushing the essence of the Caribbean |publisher=Cricinfo |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070519181714/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/288885.html|archive-date= 19 May 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> ICC CEO, [[Malcolm Speed]], said that the ICC recognised the problem but said it was the local organisers' fault.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/quote/content/current/page/156062.html|title=Quote ... unquote|publisher=Cricinfo|year=2007|access-date=30 April 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070516213353/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/quote/content/current/page/156062.html|archive-date= 16 May 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> However, the later matches had more crowds as the tournament progressed with the local organisers easing restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/288990.html |title=Barbados determined to restore local flavour |publisher=Cricinfo |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007}}</ref> Although it did not meet the target of US$42 million, the US$32 million revenue from ticket sales was the highest of any Cricket World Cup yet, and double that of the previous World Cup.<ref name="cricinfo1"/><ref name="Attendance" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/290706.html|title=Ticket sales double of previous World Cup – Dehring|publisher=Cricinfo|date=16 April 2007|access-date=30 April 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070418124554/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/290706.html|archive-date= 18 April 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref>

The World Cup was also criticised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] for its format because India failed to move on from the group stage after losing two of their three matches. The BCCI later claimed it would see to it that the ICC alter its format for the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="Format">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/wc2007/2007/mar/27bindra.htm |title=Former BCCI chief blames format for India's exit |work=Rediff.com |date=27 March 2007 |access-date=16 August 2013 }}</ref> The elimination of both India and Pakistan also caused a large exodus of subcontinental fans from the Caribbean, and removed the prospect of an India vs Pakistan Super Eights match, generally considered as the most revenue generating and electric match in the tournament.

The tournament was also criticised as being too long.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29368461/was-2007-world-cup-really-disaster |title=Was the 2007 World Cup really a disaster? |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> At 6 weeks, it was the same length as the 2003 World Cup, but longer than the 5-week 1999 World Cup and the 4-week 1996 World Cup. The famous West Indian fast bowler [[Michael Holding]] also criticised the qualification process for the 2007 World Cup. Holding expressed doubts over the benefit to less-established teams of turning up and being heavily defeated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/281062.html|title=Holding slams World Cup minnows|date=20 February 2007|access-date=9 April 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070301202239/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/281062.html|archive-date= 1 March 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> However, former Scotland captain [[George Salmond]] claims that the opportunity to play one-day cricket against the bigger teams is invaluable for smaller teams such as his own, and questioned the validity of Holding's statements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1659807.cms |title=ICC associates hit back at Holding for his remarks |publisher=Cricket.indiatimes.com |access-date=16 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402194010/http://cricket.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1659807.cms |archive-date=2 April 2007 }}</ref> The majority of the experts and players participating in the tournament backed up the smaller teams taking part in the World Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285508.html|title=Bermuda have 'wonderful experience' in huge loss|publisher=Cricinfo|date=16 March 2007|access-date=9 April 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070319225306/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285508.html|archive-date= 19 March 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> This was further backed up with Ireland and Bangladesh making the Super 8s and being competitive and sportsmanlike throughout the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fitzgerald|first=James|title=Ireland ranked tenth in LG ICC ODI Championship|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-odi/content/story/291931.html|publisher=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428122434/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-odi/content/story/291931.html|archive-date=28 April 2007|date=22 April 2007}}</ref>

During the [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]] warm-up match at [[Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground]], the sight screen was knocked down and the game was delayed by over 70 minutes and reduced to 48 overs.<ref name="sidescreen">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6422669.stm|title=Pakistan too powerful for Canada|last=|first=|date=6 March 2007|website=|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 May 2007}}</ref> Additionally, a tear gas canister exploded at the [[Trinidad]] hotel where the Pakistan, [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], Canada and [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] teams were staying.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6427455.stm|title=World Cup stars in security scare|last=|first=|date=7 March 2007|website=|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> The hotel had to be evacuated but no injuries were reported.

A number of concerns were expressed regarding the conditions of the pitches for the warm-up matches. During the Pakistan and South Africa warm-up game, the teams were unhappy with the condition of the pitch, claiming irregular bounce off the [[Cricket pitch|wicket]] was "treacherous".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6434377.stm|title=Pakistan sink SA on dubious pitch|last=|first=|date=9 March 2007|website=|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 May 2007}}</ref> In addition, a number of teams expressed concern over the slow wickets used during the warm-up matches,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6431081.stm|title=England soundly beaten by Aussies|last=|first=|date=9 March 2007|website=|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 May 2007}}</ref> although ''[[Cricinfo]]'' writer Sambit Bal welcomed the pitches slowing down as a method of making the battle between the batsmen and the bowlers more equal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/284823.html|title=Let the games begin|author=Sambit Bal|date=11 March 2007|website=|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=25 May 2007|quote=If the pitches at the main grounds are anything like the ones in the practice matches, batsmen will have to earn their runs, and that's not a bad thing for the game,}}</ref>

Further criticism was generated by the confusion at the end of the final match: the umpires announced that play was suspended due to bad light, which caused the Australian team to erupt in celebration as the scoreboard and official announcements declared Australia the winners. However, the umpires incorrectly insisted that the game was only suspended and not completed, and that 3 overs remained to be played, so in farcical light conditions, Sri Lanka batted out the remaining 3 overs following a gentleman's agreement between the two captains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/292772.html|title=Awesome Australia but awful organising|publisher=Cricinfo|date=28 April 2007|access-date=30 April 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070501040007/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/292772.html|archive-date= 1 May 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> The umpires and the ICC apologised for the unnecessary situation and cited it as an unnecessary fundamental error due to the pressure of the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/292851.html|title=Speed apologises for light chaos|publisher=Cricinfo|date=28 April 2007|access-date=30 April 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070502005031/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/292851.html|archive-date= 2 May 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> In June, the ICC announced that the officials involved – onfield umpires [[Steve Bucknor]] and [[Aleem Dar]], reserve umpires [[Rudi Koertzen]] and [[Billy Bowden]], and match referee [[Jeff Crowe]] – would all be suspended from the [[2007 Twenty20 World Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-nz.cricinfo.com/twenty20wc/content/current/story/299277.html|title=World Cup officials banned by ICC|publisher=Cricinfo|date=22 June 2007|access-date=24 June 2007}}</ref>

===Preparation problems===
[[Image:2007 CWC Opening ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Greenfield Stadium in Trelawny, Jamaica encountered technical problems before playing host to four of the warm-up matches]]

A number of preparation problems surfaced before the start of the World Cup. Some of the venues were not complete by the opening ceremony on 11 March 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070311/sports/sports12.html |title=Some Cup venues still not ready |date=11 March 2007 |access-date=9 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505102707/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070311/sports/sports12.html |archive-date=5 May 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At [[Sabina Park]], seats had to be removed at the newly constructed north-stand due to safety concerns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenews.com/america/20070311/42427.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185606/http://www.indiaenews.com/america/20070311/42427.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=A week before the opening Cricket World Cup game, chinks appear at Sabina Park |date=11 March 2007 |access-date=9 April 2007}}</ref> At [[Trelawny Stadium]] in Jamaica, ground staff were unable to gain admission to the ground during the warm-up matches due to accreditation problems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/03/11/scath111.xml |title=Hosts hope calm is not followed by a storm |author=[[Mike Atherton]] |work=The Sunday Telegraph |location=London |date=12 March 2007 |access-date=9 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320025708/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F2007%2F03%2F11%2Fscath111.xml |archive-date=20 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Additionally, South Africa and Australia both expressed concerns over practice facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/04/sports/CB-SPT-CRK-World-Cup-Roundup.php |title=Warmup matches start amid last minute preparations |date=4 March 2007 |access-date=9 April 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070427104732/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/04/sports/CB-SPT-CRK-World-Cup-Roundup.php|archive-date= 27 April 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref>

Ultimately none of the stadia used in the warm-up games were used in any other part of the tournament except for the [[Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny)|Greenfield Stadium]] in [[Trelawny Parish, Jamaica|Trelawny]], [[Jamaica]], which hosted the [[2007 Cricket World Cup opening ceremony|opening ceremony]] but no matches.

==Media coverage==
The World Cup had grown as a media event with each tournament. The sponsorship and television rights that were awarded primarily to cover the 2003 and 2007 World Cups raised over US$550 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/charter/charter_archive/2003/june_2003/A117967146|title=Sponsorship revenue|access-date=9 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309152853/http://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/charter/charter_archive/2003/june_2003/A117967146|archive-date=9 March 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> The 2007 World Cup was televised in over 200 countries to a viewing audience estimated at more than two billion viewers and was expected to generate more than 100,000 unique visitors to the West Indies travelling solely for the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/03/11/2003351858|title=Taipai Times Editorial|date=11 March 2007 |access-date=18 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323121830/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/03/11/2003351858|archive-date= 23 March 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="CWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworldcup.com/icc-marketing.html|work=cricketworldcp.com|title=World Cup Overview|access-date=29 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124001408/http://www.cricketworldcup.com/icc-marketing.html|archive-date=24 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 2007 Cricket World Cup featured an orange, anthropomorphic [[raccoon]]-like creature named "Mello" as its mascot. It was announced during matches that Mello had no race, species, age or gender – it was an attitude, the attitude of the young people of the West Indies. The official song for the World Cup was "The Game of Love and Unity" by Jamaican-born [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]], Barbadian entertainer [[Rupee (musician)|Rupee]], and Trinidadian [[Fay-Ann Lyons]].

The 2007 tournament recorded the highest ticket sales for a Cricket World Cup, selling more than 672,000.<ref name="cricinfo1">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/westindies/content/current/story/301516.html |title=World Cup profits boost debt-ridden Windies board |publisher=Content-usa.cricinfo.com |access-date=16 August 2013 }}</ref> Attendance leading into the semi-finals for the 2007 World Cup was 403,000, an average of 8,500 supporters per match.<ref name="Attendance">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworld.com/world_cup_2007/article/?aid=11055|title=ICC CWC 2007 Match Attendance Soars Past 400,000|publisher=Cricketworld.com|date=24 April 2007|access-date=25 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071404/http://www.cricketworld.com/world_cup_2007/article/?aid=11055 |archive-date = 28 September 2007}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Cricket}}
*[[West Indies Cricket Board]]
*[[Projects of the Caribbean Community#Special visa and the single domestic space in 2006–07|CARICOM Visa and Freedom of Travel during Cricket World Cup]]
*[[2007 Cricket World Cup venues]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.cricketworldcup.com/ 2007 Cricket World Cup website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060905225042/http://www.cricketworldcup.com/pdfs/event-overview.pdf ICC Overview of 2007 World Cup]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112232007/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/icc-events/cricket-world-cup.html ICC website – Cricket World Cup page]
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2006-07-125929 Cricinfo – Cricket World Cup 2007]
*[http://www.shubhayan.com/jersey.asp 2007 Cricket World Cup Australia's Winning ODI Kit]
*[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/series/247438.html Cricinfo - World Cup Warm-Up Matches]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130729021204/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/WI/2006-07_WI_ICC_World_Cup_2006-07.html CricketArchive - 2007 Cricket World Cup]

{{2007 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Cricket World Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2006–07}}
{{International cricket tours of the West Indies}}

[[Category:2007 Cricket World Cup| ]]
[[Category:2007 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2006–07]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in the West Indies]]
[[Category:March 2003 sports events in North America]]
[[Category:April 2003 sports events in North America]]

St. Joseph's School, Imphal

2026-02-22T15:20:15Z

Indussource: started a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Joseph's School
| image =
| image_size =
| motto = 'Truth and Duty'
| city =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.787965|N|93.914442|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = Missionary
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1983}}
| founder = Fr. Mathew Planthottam
| sister_school = [[Little Flower School, Imphal]]
| principal = Fr. Ashiho Bonio
| gender = Boys - High School Co-Ed - Higher Secondary
| classes_offered = 1st to 12th
| houses =
| nickname = SJS
| rival =
| publication =
| yearbook =
| address = Sangaiparou, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]] 795004
| language = [[English language|English]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| colors =
| affiliation = BOSEM & COHSEM
| website = http://sjsimphal.com
}}
'''St. Joseph's School'''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/15556-cohsem-bosem-announce-class-xii-and/ |title=COHSEM, BOSEM announce Class XII and Class X exams results St Josephs continues to reign at the top with 11 in top 25 - The Sangai Express |date=12 May 2012 |work=The Sangai Express |access-date=24 August 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.respaper.com/s/2e9871761f/?name=St.+Joseph's+School+(SJS),+Imphal |title=St. Joseph's School (SJS), Imphal - ResPaper |website=www.respaper.com |access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/2063-catholic-schools-finally-agreed-to-enrol-students-through-lottery-system-with-some-reservation |title=Catholic schools finally agreed to enrol students through lottery system with some reservation - Imphal Times - A Daily Eveninger |last=Times |first=Imphal |access-date=24 August 2017 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.studyguideindia.com/Schools/st-joseph-s-school-imphal-west_7934.html |title=St. Joseph's School Imphal West, St. Joseph's School Address, Admission, Phone number. |website=www.studyguideindia.com |access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustanlink.com/careertex/india_institutes/schools-india-statewise/schools-list-manipur-india.htm |title=Schools in Manipur, List of School in Manipur, India School State Wise, Manipur Education |website=www.hindustanlink.com |access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archdioceseofimphal.com/educations.html |title=archdiocese of imphal |website=archdioceseofimphal.com |access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> Imphal is a religious minority educational institution established by the [[Catholic Church]] under the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal]].

== History ==
The school was founded and established in 1983 by a Roman Catholic Priest, Fr. Mathew Planthottam.

== Present ==
This school is located in Sangaiparou, [[Imphal]], Manipur. It is a school for boys only.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/schools/39049-St-Joseph-s-School-Sangaiprou-Imphal.aspx |title=St. Joseph's School Sangaiprou, Imphal {{!}} Admissions to 2017 - 2018 Academic Year |website=IndiaStudyChannel.com |access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

Students from the school are called "Josephians" or "Josephites". It is a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] School run by [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal]]. The School has separate buildings for high school and higher secondary school on the same campus but High school is only for boys and higher secondary school is for co-education.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sjsimphal.com/ |title=Home {{!}} St.Joseph's Hr. Sec. School |website=sjsimphal.com |language=en |access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of schools in India|List of Schools in India]]
*[[List of Christian schools in India|List of Christian Schools in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's School, Imphal}}
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Manipur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Manipur]]

Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly

2026-02-15T05:47:39Z

Indussource: created new data.

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic archeparchy in Kerala, India}}
{{distinguish|Archdiocese of Angamaly}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Archeparchy
| name = Ernakulam–Angamaly
| image =
| image_size = frameless
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country ={{flag|India}}
| metropolitan =
| territory =
| province = Ernakulam-Angamaly
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 1,500
| population = 4,680,900
| population_as_of = 2022
| catholics = 653,670
| catholics_percent = 14
| parishes = 
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac]]
| established = 28 July 1896
| cathedral = [[St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam]]
| patron = [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]
| priests = 462 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| major_archbishop = [[Raphael Thattil]]
| bishop_title =
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops =
| emeritus_bishops = {{Ubl
|[[George Alencherry]]
|[[Antony Kariyil]]
|[[Thomas Chakiath]]
}}

| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/ Website of the Archdiocese]
| footnotes =
|headquarters=|coat=Ernakulam–Angamaly.png
|coat_size=150px|bishop=|titleoverride=|assistant_bishop=[[Joseph Pamplany]] as 'Vicar of the Major Archbishop'|cocathedral=[[Mar Hormizd Syro-Malabar Cathedral, Angamaly]]}}

The '''Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly''' is the [[Diocese#Catholic Church|major archeparchy]] and the [[episcopal see|see]] of the [[Major Archbishop]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. It has been the major archeparchy since 1992 when the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church was elevated to the status of a [[Major Archbishop|major archiepiscopal]] church with Ernakulam-Angamaly as the primatal see. The major archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly is the main bishop of the jurisdiction, at the same time the head of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. The eparchies of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kothamangalam|Kothamangalam]] and [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Idukki|Idukki]] are the two [[suffragan]] eparchies of the major archeparchy.

The see of Ernakulam-Angamaly occupies a prominent position in the history of the Syro-Malabar. It is the diocese which contains the historic places Kottakkavu, Kokkamangalam and Malayattoor associated with St. Thomas. The diocese also witnessed many significant events like the [[Synod of Diamper]], [[Coonan Cross Oath]] and the ''[[Angamaly Padiyola]]''. The present Syro-Malabar faithful were under the jurisdiction of the [[Archdiocese of Verapoly]] and European bishops since the 1600s. [[Pope Leo XIII]] separated the Syro-Malabars from [[Latin Church]] jurisdiction and he established the vicariates of Ernakulam, Thrissur and Changanassery for Syro-Malabar Catholics by the late 19th century. Ernakulam–Angamaly was established as a Vicariate by the Bull ''Quae Rei Sacrae'' of Pope Leo XIII on 28 July 1896 and [[Aloysius Pazheparambil|Mar Louis Pazheparambil]] was appointed as the first figure apostolic, who assumed charge on 5 November 1896. Under the able guidance of Mar Pazheparambil, the vicariate began to flourish. The city of Ernakulam was chosen to be the location for the bishop's house which was completed and blessed on 24 April 1900. When the Syro-Malabar Hierarchy was established in 1923, Ernakulam was chosen as the see. In 1992, the name of the diocese was changed to Ernakulam - Angamaly and it became the Major Archdiocese.

[[George Alencherry|Mar Cardinal George Alencherry]] was the Major Archbishop till his resignation on 7 December 2023. Until July 2022, Archbishop Mar Antony Kariyil CMI was the Vicar of Major Archbishop, responsible for the administration of the major archeparchy. Mar [[Andrews Thazhath]], Archbishop of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Thrissur Archeparchy]], was appointed by the [[Pope Francis]] as the apostolic administrator of the same, replacing Mar Antony Kariyil. On 7 December 2023, he too resigned. Mar [[Bosco Puthur]] became the Apostolic Administrator of the Major Archeparchy. On 11 January 2025, The Holy See granted the Archdiocese back to the Major Archbishop, who named Mar [[Joseph Pamplany]] as the Vicar of the Major Archbishop.

The Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese caused a major controversy for the Syro-Malabar Church around the implementation of celebrating uniform mode of Holy Mass. Archbishop Mar Antony Kariyil's leadership and resignation<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Bishop Antony Kariyil resigns amid brewing controversies in Syro Malabar Church |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/bishop-antony-kariyil-resigns-amid-brewing-controversies-in-syro-malabar-church-1.7729642 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> in 2022, against the backdrop of resistance to Archbishop Mar George Alencherry, marked a significant phase. The dispute escalated with protests<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Tension over unified mass at St Mary's Basilica in Kochi, Archbishop stopped from entering church |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/11/27/st-marys-basilica-tension-unifief-mass-archbishop.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> and the closure<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Syro-Malabar Catholic Church may punish believers, priests involved in holy mass melee |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1130256&u=syro-malabar-catholic-church-may-punish-believers-priests-involved-in-holy-mass-melee-1130256 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> of [[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam|St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Ernakulam]]. Despite Pope Francis's directives for unity and a deadline for resolution, conflicts persisted, leading to significant opposition<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=Ernakulam dissidents reject papal delegate's excommunication threat |url=https://mattersindia.com/2023/08/ernakulam-dissidents-reject-papap-delegates-excommunication-threat/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Matters India |language=en-US}}</ref> and actions<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Kerala parishioners approach President Murmu to deport Vatican delegate |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kerala-parishioners-approach-president-murmu-to-deport-vatican-delegate-2651567 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> against Vatican-appointed Archbishop Cyril Vasil by the laity of the Arch Diocese. The Pope's direct intervention on 7 December 2023 emphasized reconciliation and adherence to Catholic principles or face excommunication.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Pope gives Syro-Malabar Catholics Christmas deadline to end dispute |url=https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/pope-gives-syro-malabar-catholics-christmas-deadline-end-dispute |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Pre-Synod of Diamper===
{{Further|Archdiocese of Angamaly}}

===Post Synod of Diamper===
{{Further|Archdiocese of Cranganore}}

===Vicariate to Major Archeparchy===
[[File:Mar Jacob Manathodath and Mathai Payyappilly Palakkappilly.jpg|thumb|left|Mar Jacob Manathodath, Former Apostolic Administrator of Ernakulam-Angamaly, releasing the biography of Venerable [[Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly|Payyappilly Mar Varghese Kathanar]] during his 82nd death anniversary by handing over a copy of it to his great-nephew Mathai Payyappilly Palakkappilly]]
[[File:Cardinal Varkey Vithayathil.jpg|thumb|right|170px| Former Major Archbishop Mar [[Varkey Vithayathil|Varkey Cardinal Vithayathil]]]]
In 1896, [[Pope Leo XIII]] established the [[Vicariate]] of Ernakulam by the [[papal bull]] ''Quae Rei Sacrae'', by bifurcating from existing two other Apostolic Vicariates, [[Kottayam]] ([[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|in Changanasserry]]) and [[Trichur]]. [[Mar Aloysius Pazheparambil]] was appointed as the first Apostolic Vicar, who assumed charge on 5 November 1896. Mar Pazheparampil governed the Vicariate until he died in 1919, and [[Augustine Kandathil]] was appointed the bishop the same year.

Archbishop Kandathil guided the life and work of the archdiocese and of the Syro-Malabar Hierarchy for well over three decades. The Syro-Malabar Hierarchy was established in 1923, and Ernakulam was raised to the Metropolitan status or Archdiocesan status, and Augustine Kandathil was made the first [[archbishop]] and Head of Syro-Malabar Church. Ernakulam was raised as the [[Episcopal see|See]] of Syro-Malabar Church in 1923. Mar Augustine Kandathil served the archdiocese until his death in January 1956.

On 20 July 1956, [[Joseph Parecattil]] became the Archbishop of Ernakulam. On 29 July 1956, Ernakulam was bifurcated and the [[Diocese of Kothamangalam]] was erected. The dioceses of Thrissur, Thalassery and Kothamangalam became suffragan dioceses of Ernakulam archdiocese. Parecattil became a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] on 28 March 1969, and [[Sebastian Mankuzhikary]] was appointed as his auxiliary on 15 November 1969. A large number of churches, monasteries, convents, seminaries, schools, colleges, technical institutions, printing presses, hospitals, homes for retired priests, social centres and various associations and institutes dedicated to intellectual and vocational apostolates came into being in this archdiocese during Cardinal Parecattil's tenure.

On 1 April 1984, Joseph Parecattil retired from the office, and Sebastian Mankuzhikary was designated as the apostolic administrator of the archdiocese. In the year 1985, [[Antony Padiyara]] was appointed as Archbishop of Ernakulam archdiocese and thereby the third Head of Syro-Malabar Church. Antony Padiyara was made Cardinal in 1988 and Mar Jacob Mananthodath became the auxiliary bishop of the archdiocese in 1992. On 16 December 1992 the Syro-Malabar Church was declared a [[Major archbishop|major archiepiscopal]] church with the title of Ernakulam-Angamaly, by [[Pope John Paul II]]. Thereby the Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly is also the Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church, and the name of the archdiocese changed from Ernakulam to Ernakulam-Angamaly. [[Angamaly]], an ancient residential see of the Bishop of [[St Thomas Christians]] and now a municipal town in the Archdiocese of Ernakulam, was also associated with the title of the Major Archbishop. During this period, the powers of [[Major Archbishop]] were vested in the [[Pontifical Delegate]] [[Mar Abraham Kattumana]] (1992-1995). Major Archbishop Antony Padiyara retired from his office on 18 December 1996.

On 6 January 1997, [[Varkey Vithayathil]] C.Ss.R. was nominated [[titular Bishop]] of Antinoe and the Apostolic Administrator of the archdiocese. [[Thomas Chakiath]] was made auxiliary bishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly in February 1998. On 23 December 1999, the Vatican appointed archbishop Varkey Vithayathil as Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church. [[Sebastian Adayantharath]] was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly by Pope John Paul II on 3 January 2002. [[Bosco Puthur]] was appointed as Curia Bishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly on 15 January 2010.

[[File:Syriac inscription at Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archbishop's House Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Syriac language|Syriac]] inscription at Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archbishop's House, Ernakulam]]
On 1 April 2011, Varkey Vithayathil died. Bosco Puthur was apostolic administrator until installation of new Major Archbishop. On 24 May 2011, [[George Alencherry]] was elected as the major archbishop and installed on 29 May. Former Mandya Bishop Antony Karayil was appointed on 30 August 2019 as the Vicar of the Major Archbishop.<ref name=karayil>{{cite web|author=Nirmala Carvalho |url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2019/08/30/head-of-syro-malabar-church-stripped-of-administrative-responsibility-in-archdiocese/ |title=Head of Syro-Malabar Church stripped of administrative responsibility in archdiocese |publisher=Cruxnow.com |date=2019-08-30 |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>

On 18 February 2012, Alencherry was made a cardinal of the Catholic Church.

In 2017, Alencherry was involved in a controversy involving improper transfers of archdiocesan property.<ref name=Crux>{{cite news|title=Vatican asks Syro-Malabar archbishop to step down|first=Nirmala|last=Carvalho|date=28 July 2022|work=Crux|url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2022/07/vatican-asks-syro-malabar-archbishop-to-step-down}}</ref> Following protests from priests of the archdiocese, an acting administrator was named, who was eventually replaced by a permanent Archiepiscopal Vicar, Mar [[Antony Kariyil]]. In 2022, Kariyil was asked to step down by the Vatican following a dispute with the Syro-Malabar Synod when Kariyil refused to bring liturgical practices in the archdiocese into conformance with the norms set down by the Synod, instead of practices which had been in use for 60 years.<ref name=Crux/>

==Carmelite missionaries and the Syriac Vicariates==

The concordat between the Holy See and Portugal was signed on 23 June 1886, to settle the Padroado problem. According to the concordat, Varapuzha had to leave some of her churches under the re-established Padroado diocese of Kochi. In 1887, 180,000 Syriac Rite Catholics were also separated from Varapuzha. Before the concordat and the separation of the Suriani Catholics, Varapuzha had 90,000 Latins and 180,000 Catholics of Syriac Rite. Now Varapuzha would remain with 29,081 [[Faithful (Catholicism)|faithful]]. In Leonardo Mellano's own words, "… this archdiocese of Varapuzha would be in such a miserable state, not to say ridiculous, that it would be better for it to be changed into only an apostolic prefecture." Mellano tried to get some more faithful under him. The first attempt was to get Alappuzha and Poongavu Latin parishes, telling that the Christians of those two parishes belonged to a different caste from those of the other surrounding churches. The Ezhunooticar who had been assigned to the diocese of Kochi wrote petitions to Rome requesting that they again be placed under Varapuzha. As the decree for the division of the Suriani Catholics from the Latins reached the apostolic delegate Aiuti, he invited Fr. Mani Nidiry to Ootty. Remaining there for some days Nidiry prepared the translation of the decree. Aiuti's act of publishing the new disposition of the Holy see regarding the Syriac Rite Catholics through the priors of the Syriac Carmelites of Elthuruth and Mannanam instead of through their local superior to whom they belonged until then was unbearable for Mellano. The reaction of the Carmelites had started manifesting itself in different ways. Wherever they found it possible to make use of the division among the Syriac Rite Catholics, they turned it around to suit their purpose and the different factions of Suriani Christians, knowingly or unknowingly, started pleading for Carmelites and for a separate vicariate under them. When the separation of the Syriac Rite Catholics from the Latins became a reality, the Suddists began to send petitions to Rome in favour of the Carmelites. Congregation informed Mellano through Aiuti, the impossibility to erect a third vicariate exclusively for the Suddists. Mellano did not favour a separate administration for the 200,000 faithful with 172 parishes and 360 priests, insisted for separate administration for 15–20,000 people with 12 parishes and 21 priests, on condition that it would be entrusted to a Carmelite bishop. When this attempt failed, a new endeavour began. Medlycott seems to have had some information regarding the scheming pro-Carmelite priests, as stated in a petition for the third vicariate. He asked Lavigne to take action with their leader Fr. Varghese Valiaveettil, who was then professor of Puthenpally seminary and whose local ordinary was Lavigne. Lavigne decided to remove him from the seminary, gave him the order to leave and to reside in the Arakuzha church as assistant. He sent the petitions in the name of more than thirty priests from the central part of the Malabar coast who formed Nadumissam kakshi. They requested that a third vicariate be formed in the centre of the Kottayam and Thrissur vicariates, with the possibility of entrusting it to bishop Marcelline OCD who remained without assignment. They envisaged the restoration of the ancient see of Ankamaly to form the third vicariate in the centre. Propaganda requested them to be obedient to the dispositions taken by the Pope. Later Zaleski, the delegate apostolic reproached Valiaveetil declaring that an attempt for a third vicariate would be considered as an act of insubordination to the Holy See and that the first time he would cause an upheaval, he would certainly be suspended. By this admonition the attempt for the third vicariate came to an end. Fr. Candid OCD, the vicar general of Varapuzha presented a special project to reunite the schismatics and the rebellious of the apostolic vicariate of Kottayam, but this project did not meet with the approval of Zaleski. Fr. Boniface OCD, rector of the inter-ritual seminary of Puthenpally, suggested to form a Syriac Rite Catholic hierarchy creating an archbishop and two bishops, of course all Europeans but would have adopted the Suriani rite. Zaleski presented this project before the congregation and suggested to make Boniface himself the metropolitan archbishop. The congregation believed that this proposal would be insufficient to suppress the movement to have autochthonous bishops.

==Kottayam vicariate==

The Suriani Catholics south of the river Aluva were placed under the vicariate of Kottayam, one of the important cities in the kingdom of Thiruvithamcoor. There were 12,000 inhabitants according to the 1881 census; Catholics numbered around 300. Kottayam was the centre of the Syriac Orthodox Christians and this was one of the main reasons to select Kottayam as the residence of the apostolic vicar. Charles Louis Lavigne, was born on 6 January 1840 in France. He was ordained priest in 1864 and later he became a Jesuit. He received episcopal consecration on 13 November 1887 at Marvejols, his native place. When he reached Mannanam, there were 25 to 30 thousand people with two elephants to receive him. The schism was almost extinct in the Kottayam vicariate except for Elamthottam, where Mar Oudeesho (formerly Fr. Antony Thondanatt) stayed. Although the schism was ended a large number of present Syro Malabarians in Shertallai taluk entered their community as Chaldeans in the census of Travancore held at 1901. Lavigne planned a systematic development of the vicariate, building a college, a seminary, bishop's residence and schools and orphanages all of which required an enormous amount of money. Though the Suriani Carmelites of Mannanam treated him well, he naturally wanted to have a residence for the apostolic vicar. A college to prepare the students for the public examination was an urgent need. Lavigne was interested in the reunion movements. In April 1888, Lavigne went to Ootty at the apostolic delegation with Mar Dionysius, the Jacobite metropolitan and Fr. Nidiry. The Suriani Christians both Catholic and non-Catholics, were divided from time immemorial into two sections: Nordists and Suddists [Vadakkumbhagar & Thekkumbhagar] As the separation of the Suriani Catholics from Latins was effected, the question of this division came into serious discussion for the first time. Most of the Suddist priests wanted to remain under Varapuzha. Mathew Makil, along with Nordist Varghese Valiaveettil (Vazhakulam, Muvattupuzha) went to Ootty to meet Aiuti as representatives of the apostolic vicar of Varapuzha. In Ootty, Makil submitted a petition of the Suddists as their representative to Aiuti. There were 15 to 20, 000 Suddists with 12 parishes and 21 priests and 100–109,000 Nordists with 133 parishes and 256 priests. The general picture of the vicariate in 1888 was as follows: Suriani Catholics 107,000; Priests 271; Seminarians 190; churches 96; chapels 49; seminary: besides the common seminary at Puthenpally there was one exclusively for the Syriac Rite Christians at Mannanam; religious men: 69; religious houses 5; Religious women: 25; religious houses 1, secondary schools 5 & primary schools 200. A petition of ten parish priests of the Suddist community dated 21 November 1887, requested the Pope to place them under Mellano or his coadjutor Marcellinos. Even before the arrival of Lavigne, the division was clear in Malabar, and from Lavigne's very reception he had to face the division. During the reception the Suddists requested him for an occasion to read a special address after the official one. Lavigne agreed to do this on the following day. Aiuti and Lavigne found the only solution to resolve the problem forever was to give a separate administration for the Suddists. Aiuti had already informed Propaganda that the project for a separate vicariate for the Suddists was designed by archbishop Mellano and Carmelites of Varapuzha. Following Aiuti's proposals, the general assembly of Propaganda Fide decided to give a separate administration granting them a vicar general and two councilors. Thus though Mellano could not attain his objective, i.e., a special vicariate for the Suddists, his strategy proved to have a bad effect, the growth of a division among the Suriani Catholics. Mellano was vehemently opposed to the separate administration of the 200,000 Suriani Catholics, including 360 priests, 213 seminarians and 59 religious priests, in 172 parishes. He wanted to erect a third vicariate for the Suddists who numbered 15–20,000, with 21 priests and 12 parishes.

== Thrissur vicariate ==
Malayattoor, Kaanjoor, Koratty, Moozhikkulam, Muringoor, Angamaly, Alengad, Paravoor (Kottakkavu), Njarackal and Mangalapuzha (Aluva) were part of Thrissur Vicariate before the formation of Ernakulam Archdiocese.

==Suffragans==
*[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Idukki|Eparchy of Idukki]]
*[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kothamangalam|Eparchy of Kothamangalam]]

==Prelates==
[[File:Mar George Alencherry with Archbishop Salvatore Pennacchio.jpg|thumb|Archbishop [[Salvatore Pennacchio]], Apostolic Nuncio to India, displays a gift from [[Pope Benedict XVI]] at the installation of Major Archbishop Alencherry.]]

'''Apostolic Vicar'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Aloysius Pazheparambil]]
| align="center" | [[Apostolic Vicar]]
| align="center" | 11th August 1896
| align="center" | 8th December 1919
|}
'''Archbishops'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Augustine Kandathil]]
| align="center" | [[Archbishop]]
| align="center" | 8th December 1919
| align="center" | 10th January 1956
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[Joseph Parecattil]]
| align="center" | [[Archbishop]]
| align="center" | 20th July 1956
| align="center" | 30 January 1984
|-
| align="center" | 3
| [[Antony Padiyara]]
| align="center" | [[Archbishop]]
| align="center" | 23rd April 1985
| align="center" | 16th December 1992
|}
'''Major Archbishops'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Antony Padiyara]]
| align="center" | [[Major archbishop|Major Archbishop]]
| align="center" | 16th December 1992
| align="center" | 11th November 1996
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[Varkey Vithayathil]]
| align="center" | [[Major Archbishop]]
| align="center" | 23rd December 1999
| align="center" | 1st April 2011
|-
| align="center" | 3
| [[George Alencherry]]
| align="center" | [[Major Archbishop]]
| align="center" | 25th May 2011
| align="center" | 7th December 2023
|-
| align="center" | 4
| [[Raphael Thattil]]
| align="center" | [[Major Archbishop]]
| align="center" | 9th January 2024
| align="center" | ''present''
|}
'''Pontifical delegates'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Abraham Kattumana]]
| align="center" | [[Pontifical Delegate]]
| align="center" | 1992
| align="center" | 1995
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[Cyril Vasiľ]]
| align="center" | [[Pontifical Delegate]]
| align="center" | 2023
| align="center" | 2025
|}
'''Apostolic administrators'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Sebastian Mankuzhikary]]
| align="center" | [[Apostolic Administrator sede vacante|Apostolic administrator (''sede vacante'')]]
| align="center" | 1984
| align="center" | 1985
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[Varkey Vithayathil]]
| align="center" | [[Apostolic Administrator sede vacante|Apostolic administrator (''sede vacante'')]]
| align="center" | 1996
| align="center" | 1998
|-
| align="center" | 3
| [[Jacob Manathodath]]
| align="center" | [[Apostolic Administrator sede plena|Apostolic administrator (''sede plena'')]]
| align="center" | 2018
| align="center" | 2019
|-
| align="center" | 4
| [[Andrews Thazhath]]
| align="center" | [[Apostolic Administrator sede plena|Apostolic administrator (''sede plena'')]]
| align="center" | 2022
| align="center" | 2023
|-
| align="center" | 5
| [[Bosco Puthur]]
| align="center" | [[Apostolic Administrator sede plena|Apostolic administrator (''sede plena'')]]
| align="center" | 2023
| align="center" | 2025
|}

'''Vicar's For Major Archbishop'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Antony Kariyil]]
| align="center" | Vicar of the Major Archbishop
| align="center" | 2019
| align="center" | 2022
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[Joseph Pamplany]]
| align="center" | Vicar of the Major Archbishop
| align="center" | 2025
| align="center" | ''present''
|}

'''Auxiliary Bishops'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ordinary
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| [[Augustine Kandathil]]
| align="center" | [[Auxiliary Bishop]]
| align="center" | 1911
| align="center" | 1919
|-
| [[Joseph Parecattil]]
| align="center" | [[Auxiliary Bishop]]
| align="center" | 1953
| align="center" | 1956
|-
| [[Sebastian Mankuzhikary]]
| align="center" | [[Auxiliary Bishop]]
| align="center" | 1969
| align="center" | 1986
|-
| [[Jacob Manathodath]]
| align="center" | [[Auxiliary Bishop]]
| align="center" | 1992
| align="center" | 1996
|-
| [[Thomas Chakiath]]
| align="center" | [[Auxiliary Bishop]]
| align="center" | 1998
| align="center" | 2012
|-
| [[Sebastian Adayanthrath]]
| align="center" | [[Auxiliary Bishop]]
| align="center" | 2002
| align="center" | 2019
|-
| [[Jose Puthenveetil]]
| align="center" | [[Auxiliary Bishop]]
| align="center" | 2013
| align="center" | 2019
|}

'''Prelates Hailing from the Archdiocese'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ordinary
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| [[Joseph Kariattil]]
| align="center" | Archbishop of Cranganore
| align="center" | 1783
| align="center" | 1786
|-
| [[Jhon menachery]]
| align="center" | Bishop of Thrissur
| align="center" | 1896
| align="center" | 1919
|-
| [[Jonas Thaliath C.M.I]]
| align="center" | Former Bishop of Rajkot
| align="center" | 1977
| align="center" | 1981
|-
| [[Sebastian Mankuzhikary]]
| align="center" | Former Bishop of Thamarassery
| align="center" | 1986
| align="center" | 1994
|-
| [[Januarius Palathuruthy C.M.I]]
| align="center" | Former Bishop of Chanda
| align="center" | 1977
| align="center" | 1995
|-
| [[Gratian Mundadan C.M.I]]
| align="center" | Former Bishop of Bijnor
| align="center" | 1972
| align="center" | 2009
|-
| [[Dominic Kokkat C.S.T]]
| align="center" | Former Bishop of Gorakhpur
| align="center" | 1984
| align="center" | 2006
|-
| [[Jacob Manathodath]]
| align="center" | Former Bishop of Palakkad
| align="center" | 1997
| align="center" | 2022
|-
| [[Paul Maipan]]
| align="center" | Former Bishop of Khammam
| align="center" | 1997
| align="center" | 2022
|-
| [[Joseph Chennoth]]
| align="center" | Apostolic Nuncio
| align="center" | 1999
| align="center" | 2020
|-
| [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]]
| align="center" | Bishop of Faridabad
| align="center" | 2012
| align="center" | 2025
|-
| [[Jose Chittooparambil CMI]]
| align="center" | Bishop of Rajkot
| align="center" | 2010
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| [[Paul Mattekkatt]]
| align="center" | Bishop of Diphu
| align="center" | 2013
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| [[Varghese Thottamkara]]
| align="center" | Bishop of Nekemte
| align="center" | 2013
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| [[Ephrem Nariculam]]
| align="center" | Bishop of Chanda
| align="center" | 2014
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| [[Sebastian Adayanthrath]]
| align="center" | Bishop of Mandya
| align="center" | 2019
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| [[Jose Puthenveetil]]
| align="center" | Auxiliary Bishop of Faridabad
| align="center" | 2019
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| [[Jose Chirackal]]
| align="center" | Auxiliary Bishop of Tura
| align="center" | 2020
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]]
| align="center" | ArchBishop of Faridabad
| align="center" | 2025
| align="center" | ''Present''
|}

==Congregations and institutions==
[[File:Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly]], A [[Venerable]] from the major archeparchy]]
Generalates of the four major religious congregations for men of the Syro-Malabar Church, namely the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] (C.M.I.), the [[Vincentian Family|Vincentian]] Congregation (V.C.), the [[Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux]] (C. S. T.), and the Missionary Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament (M.C.B.S.) and the only Syro-Malabar Provincialate of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins, and the two Syro-Malabar Vice Provincialates of Franciscan Conventuals and of the [[Redemptorist Fathers]] and of the [[Claretians]] are situated in the Archdiocese of Ernakulam.

There are 11 college centers, 12 parallel colleges, 7 [[nursing]] schools and near to two hundred schools under the archdiocese. The archdiocese also manages near to 31 [[hospital]]s and 170 [[orphanages]]. The biggest [[Pontifical university|Pontifical Seminary]] in the world, the Pontifical Institute of Theology and Philosophy, is in [[Alwaye]], and run by the [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]].

==Historical places==

The archdiocese has several places of historical significance to the Syro Malabar Church and the St. Thomas Christian community.

[[File:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth East Syriac Persian Saints of the Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]]

The ancient port of [[Muziris]], the earlier gateway to India for traders from Middle East is in the borders of Ernakulam and Thrissur districts. [[Diamper]] (Udayamperoor), where the famous Synod convoked by Dom Menezes, Archbishop of Goa (1599) took place is in Ernakulam Archdiocese. According to tradition, a session of the [[Synod of Diamper]] was conducted in Edapally. [[Chendamangalam]] known for the ancient Vaippincotta Seminary of the [[Jesuits]], Puthenpally where the Spanish Carmelites conducted a seminary for the Syro-Malabar clergy are within the boundaries of Ernakulam Archdiocese.

Many places which are believed to be associated with the coming of [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] are in this diocese. Kottekkavu ([[North Paravur|N. Parur]]) and [[Kokkamangalam church|Kokkamangalam]] / [[Pallippuram, Alappuzha|Pallippuram]] (Cherthala) are two places where St Thomas established churches in the first century. It's believed that St. Thomas used to frequently come for meditation and prayers in the hills of [[Malayattoor]].

==Notable churches==
[[File:Inner view of Malayatoor Church.jpg|175px|thumb|right|Interior of [[Malayattoor]] church]]

===[[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Malayattoor]]===
International Shrine of
Kurisumudy is a mountain at Maiayattoor, 1269 'Ft. above sea level. Kurisumudy has its fame as a place visited by St. Thomas, one of the Apostles of Jesus Christ. Jesus gave a mandate to his Apostles to go out to the whole world and to proclaim the Good News. Taking upon himself this commandment, Thomas set out to India and landed at Kodungalloor in AD 52. He spent 20 years in India travelled through different parts of this great country of spirituality. He founded seven communities of believers which were Kodungailoor, Palayoor, Kottakavu, Kokkamangalam, Chayal, Kollam, and Niranam.
Upon his visit to India St. Thomas visited Kurisumudy too. His missionary expeditions took him far and wide and while travelling through the famous caravan route from Kodugalioor to Madras St. Thomas came to Malayattoor. A hostile reception was in store and his life was in danger. He was forced to flee to the top of the mountain and he spent days together in prayer. According to the ‘Ramban Paattu’, St. Thomas went up the mountain to converse with the Lord. In deep anguish and agony, St. Thomas prayed to the Lord and he made a sign of the cross on the rock. The Mother Of Our Lord, Blessed Mary, appeared to console and strengthen him. He descended from the top hill. His zeal for the Lord took him to Mylappoor in Chennai and later died a martyr's death in AD 72. The locals began a practice of lighting an oil lamp and whenever the lamp gave in for the wind, a herd of goats came down wailing and people used to climb the mountain and light the lamp again. Pilgrims, who climb the mountain, even today carry with them seasamum{{typo help inline|reason=similar to sesamum|date=November 2019}} seeds to feed the goats, even though goats are a rare sight.

===[[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam]]===
St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam, is a cathedral in Kerala, India. Founded in 1112, the cathedral is also known by the names Nasrani Palli, Suriyani Palli Anchukaimal Palli or Thekke Palli. The church is the headquarters of the Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly, which is the episcopal see of the Syro-Malabar Church.

===[[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur]]===
St. Thomas, who reached Kerala in AD 52, brought Christianity to India. The Kottakavu Church is said to be one of the seven churches founded by him. In the 19th century, due to the lack of space in the old church for conducting Holy Mass and community functions, the new church was built.

===[[St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica, Angamaly]]===
It is recorded that the first church of Angamally built in 450, was the St. George Forane Church (Basilica), which was originally dedicated to St. Mary (until the [[Synod of Diamper]]). The dedication to St. George was due to presence of a chapel, which was dedicated to St. George. For a long period following the Synod of Diamper, both the Syro-Malabar Catholics and the Jacobites conducted their services in this Church in a cordial manner.

===St. Mary's Forane Church, Pallippuram, Cherthala===
St. Mary's Forane Church Pallippuram is a Marian Pilgrim Center located in Cherthala, Alleppey district, Kerala. It was the first church in Asia in the name of Our Lady of Assumption. It is believed that the church is established in 52 AD. It was one of the divisions of Kottayam vicariate before the formation of Ernakulam vicariate. Today, it is a Forane church of Ernakulam - Angamaly Archdiocese of Syro - Malabar Rite. This church is the mother of many churches in Cherthala and Vaikom Taluks.

===[[St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Edappally]]===
[[St. George's Church, Edappally|St George Forane Church]], popularly known as Edappally church, is situated in [[Edappally]], which is about 10 km from Cochin. This Syro-Malabar Catholic Church is one of the oldest churches in Kerala built in 594 AD. The patron of this church, [[St. George]] is said to have the power of getting rid of snakes. Every year, a grand nine-day festival is celebrated here in the month of April - May. The church is also quite popular amongst the non-Christians, who also come here for veneration.

=== [[Mar Hormiz Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Angamaly]] ===
It is the former cathedral of Angamaly- Kodungalloor Archeparchy of [[Saint Thomas Christians]].

== Controversies ==

=== Dispute over uniform mode of celebrating Mass ===
The St. Mary's Syro Malabar Cathedral Basilica in Ernakulam controversy reflects a deep-rooted conflict over liturgical practices, highlighting the Syro-Malabar Church's struggle between tradition and uniformity. It centers around a dispute over the implementation of a uniform mode of celebrating Holy Mass in the Arch-Diocese of Ernakulam Angamaly ''(The only Arch Diocese among a total of 5 Arch Diocese's that refused to implement this directive)'', as decreed by the Synod of the Syro-Malabar Church and approved by the [[Holy See]] for implementation by Easter 2022. Adding to the origins of the dispute at St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Ernakulam, Archbishop Mar Antony Kariyil's tenure and resignation<ref name=":2" /> further exemplify the complexity of the issue. Appointed against the backdrop of a revolt and favored locally over the Vatican's choice of Archbishop Mar George Alencherry ''(Major Archbishop Mar George Alencherry faced criticism for his role in controversial land transactions''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-07 |title=Church land deal: Synod stands by Cardinal Alencherry |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/church-land-deal-synod-stands-by-cardinal-alencherry/articleshow/63197516.cms |access-date=2023-12-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Govt gives clean chit to Cardinal Alencherry in land deal |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/07/13/govt-clean-chit-alencherry.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land scam case: SC refuses to quash criminal cases against Cardinal George Alencherry |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/03/17/cardinal-george-alencherry-land-scam-supreme-court.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>'', which reportedly led to significant financial losses for the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese. He resigned on 7th December 2023''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Cardinal George Alencherry, who faced land scam charges, quits as head of Kerala-based Syro-Malabar Church |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cardinal-george-alencherry-quits-as-head-of-kerala-based-syro-malabar-church-9058618/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>''),'' his leadership and subsequent resignation on 26 July 2022<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Unified Mass: Kerala Archbishop opens up after being demoted for resisting church higher-ups |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/08/04/archbishop-mar-antony-kariyil-open-letter-unified-mass-controversy.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> under Vatican pressure reflect the ongoing struggle between traditional autonomy and centralized ecclesiastical directives within the church.

The Basilica witnessed the dispute take a violent turn<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Three-member commission to investigate the brawl at St Mary's Basilica Ernakulam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/12/28/three-member-commission-investigate-chaotic-scenes-st-mary-basilica-ernakulam.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> on 28 November 2022 when Archbishop Mar Andrews Thazhath, who was supposed to conduct the uniform mass as per prior assurance by then Archdiocese Metropolitan Vicar Mar Antony Kariyil ''(Kariyil had earlier agreed along with the priests''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ernakulam-Angamaly archdiocese to have uniform mass from Dec 25 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/apr/07/ernakulam-angamaly-archdiocese-to-have-uniform-mass-from-dec-25-2438866.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 April 2022 }}</ref> ''to move to uniform mode before December 25th, 2022 as per Pope Francis Directives communicated back in April 2022''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope's letter urges Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese to adhere to synodal decision |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/apr/02/popes-letter-urges-ernakulam-angamaly-archdiocese-to-adhere-to-synodal-decision-2436921.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=April 2022 }}</ref>''),'' was blocked at the gates by the Vicars supporters ''(Athirupatha Samrakshana Samithi and Almaya Munnetta Samithi).'' The situation escalated with the group locking the gate, preventing the archbishop's entry. To avoid further conflict, the archbishop returned without conducting the mass, and the vicar of the Basilica later held the mass in the old format. This incident initially led to the temporary closure of the Basilica by police.

Plans for reopening in June 2023 faced setbacks due to ongoing disagreements. The reopening of the Basilica was initially approved conditionally by the Special Synod. However, the Basilicas vicar and trustees retracted their agreement to only celebrate the Unified Holy Mass, leading to further continuation of the Basilicas closure. It was reopened by Archbishop Cyril Vasil, appointed by the Vatican to address the Ernakulam-Angamaly archdiocese dispute, on 16 August 2023 under heavy police protection and protests.<ref name=":4" />

On 17 August 2023, Archbishop Cyril Vasil, ordered all parishes to follow the uniform mass format, with non-compliance risking excommunication. This directive came despite resistance in Ernakulam-Angamaly, where many, led by priests and groups such as Athirupatha Samrakshana Samithi (Arch Diocese Protection Group) and Almaya Munnetta Samithi, formed by former Vicar Mar Antony Kariyil (now retired <ref name=":0" />), protested against the order by burning<ref name=":5" /> the Vatican special emissaries order. By the time the directive was issued 2,902 out of the 3,224 Syro Malabar parishes across Kerala's 35 dioceses & 5 Archdioceses had already complied with the uniform mass format.

On 18 August 2023, Almaya Munnetta Samithi claiming to represent all parishioners from the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese and its 328 dioceses petitioned Indian President Droupadi Murmu,<ref name=":1" /> seeking the deportation of Papal delegate Archbishop Cyril Vasil, citing interference in local church affairs. Vasil's visit to Kochi aimed to resolve disputes over the uniform Holy Mass implementation. The petition, by Almaya Munnetta Samiti, alleges Vasil's actions violate India's sovereignty and demands legal action. The controversy has led to significant dissent and protests, including Vasil's forced entry into St Mary's Cathedral and the appointment of a new administrator, exacerbating tensions. The organization criticizes the Kerala government's support for Vasil, deeming it unconstitutional. They have made similar representations to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Home Minister Amit Shah and External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar.<ref name=":1" />

On 7 December 2023, In a slightly unusual move Pope Francis reached out directly to the faithful of the Syro-Malabar community in Ernakulam in an open video message, to be clear of his direct involvement and understanding of the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Pope to Syro-Malabar faithful in Ernakulam: Don't become a sect - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2023-12/pope-to-syro-malabarese-don-t-transform-yourselves-into-a-sect.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}</ref> Pope Francis set a Christmas deadline for the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese to resolve its liturgical dispute, emphasizing unity and warning against sectarianism. He urged the Arch-Diocese to embrace diversity without becoming a sect, reflecting on the potential of diversity to enrich rather than divide. "In the name of the Lord, for the spiritual good of your church, of our church, I ask you to heal this rupture. It is your church; it is our church. Restore communion; remain in the Catholic Church," the pope said in the video.<ref name=":6" />

On Monday, 10 December 2023, Syro Malabar Church issued an ultimatum to the dissenting priests of the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese to follow the Uniform Mass, as decreed by the Synod of the Syro-Malabar Church and approved by the Holy See, by 3 July, the St Thomas Day or face expulsion from the Catholic church.<ref name="english.mathrubhumi.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=Non-complying priests will be shown the door: Syro-Malabar Church's ultimatum on Uniform Holy Mass |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-syro-malabar-church-issues-ultimatum-on-uniform-holy-mass-1.9626503 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240618165209/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/kerala/kerala-syro-malabar-church-issues-ultimatum-on-uniform-holy-mass-1.9626503 |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref> According to the circular, priests who do not comply be considered [[Loss of clerical state|laicized]]. These priests will not be allowed to perform [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]], including the [[Christian views on marriage|sacrament of marriage]] and believers are advised not to attend their services as it will not be considered valid by the Church.<ref name="english.mathrubhumi.com"/> The circular was jointly issued by the Major Archbishop [[Raphael Thattil|Mar Raphael Thattil]] and Apostolic Administrator of the archdiocese [[Bosco Puthur|Mar Bosco Puthur]].<ref name="Kuruvilla">{{Cite web |last=Kuruvilla |first=Anu C. |date=2024-06-10 |title=Syro Malabar Church issues ultimatum to dissenting priests: Follow unified holy mass or face expulsion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jun/10/syro-malabar-church-issues-ultimatum-to-dissenting-priests-follow-unified-holy-mass-or-face-expulsion |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240618170009/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jun/10/syro-malabar-church-issues-ultimatum-to-dissenting-priests-follow-unified-holy-mass-or-face-expulsion |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The circular further extended the directive to Syro-Malabar priests from the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese serving in other dioceses or pursuing higher studies. These priests must submit a written commitment, by 3 July, to the Apostolic Administrator, assuring they will comply with the Synod's rulings. Failure to submit this undertaking within the timeframe will result in a ban on performing priestly duties. Additionally, the higher authorities of their respective institutions will be informed for potential disciplinary actions.<ref name="Kuruvilla"/> This circular is to be read in all churches of the Archdiocese on Sunday, 16 June.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sithara.sreelayam |title='Priests who do not celebrate the Uniform Mass after July 3 are out of the Church'; Syro Malabar Church with strict action |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/uniform-mass-mandatory-after-july-3-syro-malabar-church-to-take-strict-action-against-rebel-priests-seugp3 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Blessed [[Rani Maria Vattalil|Rani Maria]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Daily Worship |url=http://www.blessedranimaria.com/ |title=Blessed Sr.Rani Maria |publisher=Blessedranimaria.com |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>
* Ven. [[Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly|Varghese Payyappilly]]<ref name="CCBI">{{cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
* Servant of God [[Joseph C. Panjikaran]]<ref name="CCBI" />
* Servant of God [[Mary Celine Payyappilly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/newsdetail/127 |title=Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese |publisher=Ernakulamarchdiocese.org |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>
* [[Varkey Kattarath|Servant of God Fr. Varkey Kattarath, VC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Kerala-Vincentians-founder-on-path-to-sainthood:-Fr.-Varkey-Kattarath-is-a-Servant-of-God-49212.html|title = Kerala Vincentians founder on path to sainthood: Fr. Varkey Kattarath is a Servant of God}}</ref>
* Servant of God Fr. Joseph Kandathil<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/15/canonisation-process-on-for-mgr-joseph-kandathil-and-fr-varkey-kattarath-1925154.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203144758/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/15/canonisation-process-on-for-mgr-joseph-kandathil-and-fr-varkey-kattarath-1925154.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2019|title = Canonisation process on for MGR Joseph Kandathil, Father Varkey Kattarath}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Major Archbishops of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
*[[Ernakulam Priests' Revolt]]
*[[St. Jude Church, Karanakodam]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly}}
* {{Official website|http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/|Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly }}
* [http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/institutions/60 List of Colleges managed by the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]
* [http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/institutions/56 List of Higher Secondary Schools managed by the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]
* [http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/institutions/57 List of High Schools managed by the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]
* [http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/institution_details/11613 List of Hospitals managed by the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]
* [http://www.smcim.org/angamaly/ St. George Forane Church, Angamaly]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{coord|9.9806|N|76.3011|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ernakulam, Archdiocese of}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses|Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly| ]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India|Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1896]]
[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in India]]

Vishakha

2026-02-06T02:13:28Z

Indussource: started a data...

{{short description|16th lunar mansion of Hindu astronomy}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Nakshatras}}

'''Vishākhā''' ({{lang|sa|विशाखा}}), meaning "forked, having many branches", is the 16th [[nakshatra]] in [[Indian astronomy]]. It corresponds to the stars [[Alpha Librae|α]], [[Beta Librae|β]], [[Gamma Librae|γ]] and [[Iota Librae|ι Librae]] in the constellation [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]].<ref name=ASE>{{cite web |title=Viśākhā (विशाखा) |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Vishakha |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> In [[Hindu]] mythology, Vishākhā is a daughter of the king [[Daksha]]. She is one of the twenty-seven daughters of Daksha, who married the moon-god [[Chandra]]. Vishākhā is the sixteenth nakshatra of the [[Jyotisha|zodiac]], ruled by the planet [[Jupiter]], [[Brihaspati]] or [[Guru]]. It is also supposed to be the birth star of the goddess [[Sita]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burgess|first1=Ebenezer|title=Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: E Text-book of Astronomy|date=1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpE7AAAAcAAJ&q=viçâkhâ|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gopi]], Vishaka is also one of the main gopis in [[Rasa lila|Krishna lila]], [[Krishna]]'s muses in [[Goloka]] Vrndavana

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jyotish Vidya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishakha}}
[[Category:Nakshatra]]
[[Category:Libra (constellation)]]

Ronojoy Sen

2026-02-03T12:12:25Z

Indussource: creating new details

{{Short description|Indian Political Scientist}}'''Dr. Ronojoy Sen''' (born 1969) is an Indian political scientist and author. He is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies and faculty at the South Asian Studies Programme, [[National University of Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ronojoy Sen |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/research_team/ronojoy-sen/ |website=[[National University of Singapore|NUS]] |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ronojoy Sen - Jaipur Literature Festival |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/speaker/ronojoy-sen-4458 |website=[[Jaipur Literature Festival]] |access-date=1 March 2023 |language=en |date=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronojoy Sen |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/research_team/ronojoy-sen/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.isas.nus.edu.sg}}</ref> Sen formerly served as an editor at ''[[The Times of India]]'' for several years. He has additionally held visiting fellowships or positions at [[Cornell University]], [[Wilson Center]], [[National Endowment for Democracy]], Washington, D.C the East-West Center Washington and the International Olympic Museum,Lausanne, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sen, Ronojoy |url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/ronojoy-sen |website=[[SAGE Publishing]] |access-date=1 March 2023 |language=en |date=2 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Ronojoy Sen - Bande Mataram!: Song, Slogan, Sentiment |url=https://macmillan.yale.edu/southasia/events/2025-11-11/ronojoy-sen-bande-mataram-song-slogan-sentiment |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=macmillan.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Sen's analysis has appeared in ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronojoy Sen-The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/Ronojoy-Sen-3529/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> ''Times of India'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronojoy-Sen: Read Latest News from Ronojoy-Sen - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toireporter/author-Ronojoy-Sen-6634,filterby-2.cms |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How cricket came to unite India more than films and politics |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-cricket-came-to-unite-india-more-than-films-and-politics/articleshow/87222935.cms |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |title=Profile of Ronojoy Sen |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/author/ronojoy-sen-1434 |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> ''[[Foreign Policy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |title=Ronojoy Sen |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/author/ronojoy-sen/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> and in interviews on ''Channel NewsAsia'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Pakistan condemns India's decision to revoke Kashmir's special status |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXUNf_D6Ywc |access-date=2023-03-22 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[BBC]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=BBC World News Interview with Dr Ronojoy Sen on the Indian Elections (12 May 2014) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kgdo2fJA9nc |access-date=2023-03-22 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' describes Sen's second book ''Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India'' as an ambitious one that "examines Indian sports in a largely chronological manner and does not duck the more awkward questions, such as the perceived athletic limitations of Indians. The narrative has an attractive sweep to it, starting with the place of sports and martial competition in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epics such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Varadarajan |first=Tunku |date=2015-10-12 |title=Taking One for the Team |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/taking-one-for-the-team-1444692731 |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |title=Nation at Play |url=http://cup.columbia.edu/book/nation-at-play/9780231164900 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Columbia University Press |place=Reviews Section}}</ref>

Sen's most recent book was launched by [[Shashi Tharoor]] in December 2022 and discusses the Indian parliament, the Frontline refers to ''House of the People'' as '"a ringside view of democracy against the backdrop of larger social, political and policy changes".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=A ringside view of democracy: Review of 'House of the People' by Ronojoy Sen |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/a-ringside-view-of-democracy-book-review-house-of-the-people-parliament-and-the-making-of-democracy-by-ronojoy-sen/article66713988.ece |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> According to ''The Hindu'', it "depicts in rich detail, the transformation this body has gone through in the last 17 Lok Sabhas"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-24 |title=Review of House of the People — Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy: An unkept promise |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/parliament-and-making-of-democracy-india-politics-government/article66531388.ece |access-date=2023-05-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' calls the book "rich in data and history...a wide ranging, nuanced view of the centrality of Parliament in India's socio political life"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Ronojoy Sen’s House of the People provides a wide-ranging and nuanced account of the centrality of Parliament in India’s socio-political life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/ronojoy-sen-house-of-the-people-indian-parliament-book-review-8909778/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2023, Sen was a speaker at the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-17 |title=Ronojoy Sen - Jaipur Literature Festival |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/speaker/ronojoy-sen-4458 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.jaipurliteraturefestival.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
In an interview, Sen said he was born and raised in Calcutta and he read history at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]]'','' Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marak |first=Priyam |date=January 11, 2023 |title=Pay attention to goings-on between polls, or face 'electocracy' risk: Ronojoy Sen on India |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph India]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/india-must-pay-attention-to-whats-happening-between-elections-or-we-risk-becoming-an-electocracy-author-ronojoy-sen/cid/1909241 |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> Sen completed his Ph.D. in political science from [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronojoy Sen |url=https://penguin.co.in/book_author/ronojoy-sen/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Books ==
* {{cite book |last1=Baxi |first1=Upendra |last2=Sen |first2=Ronojoy |title=Legalizing Religion: The Indian Supreme Court and Secularism |date=2007 |publisher=East-West Center Washington |location=[[Washington, DC]] |isbn=978-1-932728-56-9 |language=en}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Ratnakar David |first=Robin |title=Book reviews |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/ejc-ijrf-v11-n1-a15 |url-access=subscription |website=Sabinet African Journals |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |last2=Sen |first2=Ronojoy |last3=Singh |first3=Pratima |title=More Than Maoism: Politics, Policies and Insurgencies in South Asia |date=2012 |publisher=ISAS, Institute of South Asian Studies |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-933-0 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |title=Articles of Faith: Religion, Secularism, and the Indian Supreme Court |date=31 January 2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press|OUP India]] |isbn=978-0-19-808535-5 |language=en}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |title=ARTICLES OF FAITH: Religion, Secularism and the Indian Supreme Court {{!}} By Ronojoy Sen |url=https://pacificaffairs.ubc.ca/book-reviews/articles-of-faith-religion-secularism-and-the-indian-supreme-court-by-ronojoy-sen/ |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=[[University of British Columbia|Pacific Affairs (UBC Journal)]] |date=2 November 2016 |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Surendra |title="What's Happening@ILNU Library" - Book Review by Assist. Prof. Surendra Kumar on Articles of Faith: Religion, Secularism & the Indian Supreme Court by Ronojoy Sen |url=https://lawlibrary.nirmauni.ac.in/library_activity/whats-happeningilnu-library-book-review-by-assist-prof-surendra-kumar-on-articles-of-faith-religion-secularism-the-indian-supreme-court-by-ronojoy-sen/ |website=[[Nirma University]] |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |title=Nation at Play : A History of Sport in India |date=2015 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=978-0-231-16490-0 |language=en}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Supriya |title=Book Review: Ronojoy Sen's Nation at Play |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TSNeQLhXn5OcrtMzN55baJ/Book-Review-Ronojoy-Sens-Nation-at-Play.html |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=24 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Malik |first=Ashok |title=Book review 'Nation at Play': Indian sports: Myth, nation |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151218/lifestyle-booksart/article/book-review-nation-play-indian-sports-myth-nation |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=18 December 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=Rahul |title=Book Review: Ronojoy Sen, Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0262728018798961 |journal=[[South Asia Research]] |access-date=1 March 2023 |pages=353–355 |language=en |doi=10.1177/0262728018798961 |date=November 2018|volume=38 |issue=3 |s2cid=150166634 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |title=House of the People : Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom]] |isbn=9781009180252 |language=en}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Rodrigues |first=Valerian |author-link=Valerian Rodrigues |title=Review of House of the People — Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy: An unkept promise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/parliament-and-making-of-democracy-india-politics-government/article66531388.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Rup Narayan |title=India's tryst with parliamentary democracy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-tryst-with-parliamentary-democracy-123010901367_1.html |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=9 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/house-of-the-people/176AB0F236AA2CF3916FE898E6DB4C9C |title=House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-18025-2 |location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Launch and Panel Discussion {{!}} Center in Delhi {{!}} The University of Chicago |url=https://www.uchicago.in/events/book-launch-and-panel-discussion/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.uchicago.in}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Ronojoy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National University of Singapore]]

Adityapur massacre

2026-01-11T15:54:53Z

Indussource: edit

{{Short description|1971 massacre of Bengali Hindus}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Adityapur massacre
| native_name = আদিত্যপুর গণহত্যা
| native_name_lang = bn
| partof = [[Bangladesh genocide]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|Bangladesh|lat=24.61|long=91.73|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = Adityapur, Balaganj, Sylhet, East Pakistan
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| coordinates =
| date = 14 June 1971
| time =
| timezone = UTC+6:00
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 63
| injuries =
| perps = [[Pakistani Army]], [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
| weapons = Rifles
| numparts =
}}

'''Adityapur massacre''' ({{langx|bn|আদিত্যপুর গণহত্যা}}) refers to the massacre of 63 [[Bengali Hindus]] by the Pakistani army during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] at Adityapur in East Pakistan. On 14 June 1971, the Pakistani army in collaboration with the [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]], killed 63 Bengali Hindus in the village of Adityapur in Sylhet district.

== Background ==
The village of Adityapur was under Balaganj Union within the jurisdiction of [[Balaganj Upazila|Balaganj police station]] in the district of Sylhet. Adityapur was a prosperous Hindu inhabited village on the banks of the Kushiara river. In 1971, when the Pakistani army launched the Operation Searchlight and began widespread massacre of the Hindu population, hundreds of thousands of Hindus began to flee to India. In Balaganj, the Hindus had stayed on instead of taking refuge in India.

== Killings ==
On the early morning of 14 June, almost two hours before the sunrise, a contingent of Pakistani army consisting of 25 to 30 soldiers arrived in the village of Adityapur in four tanks.<ref name="tajul57-59">{{cite book |script-title=bn:সিলেটে গণহত্যা |trans-title=Genocide in Sylhet |last=Mohammad |first=Tajul |date=February 2005 |orig-year=1989 |edition=Revised 2nd |publisher=Sahitya Prakash |location=Dhaka |language=bn |pages=57–59 |isbn=984-465-416-5}}</ref><ref name="samakal14062012">{{cite news |date=14 June 2012 |script-title=bn:আজ আদিত্যপুর গণহত্যা দিবস |trans-title=Today is the Day of Adityapura Genocide |url=http://www.samakal.com.bd/details.php?news=69&view=archiev&y=2012&m=06&d=14&action=main&menu_type=&option=single&news_id=267921&pub_no=1083&type= |newspaper=Samakal |language=bn |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219180911/http://www.samakal.com.bd/details.php?news=69&view=archiev&y=2012&m=06&d=14&action=main&menu_type=&option=single&news_id=267921&pub_no=1083&type= |archive-date=19 February 2013 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within half an hour the Pakistani army encircled the village with the help of local [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]], even as the village was asleep. Then they announced through loudspeakers that they arrived in the village to constitute a local unit of the Peace Committee and distribute the dandy cards among the minority Hindus. The Hindus were forced out of their houses at gunpoint and made to assemble in front of the Adityapur Government Primary School. Sixty-five men were tied up and made to stand in front of a shooting squad.<ref name="tajul57-59"/><ref name="samakal14062012"/>

The Pakistani army held a discussion with local leader Abdul Ahad Chowdhury. After the discussion the captain ordered to fire. The soldiers fired at the captive Hindus, killed 63 of them instantly.<ref name="tajul57-59"/> Two of them survived by feigning to be dead.<ref name="samakal14062012"/> After that, the Razakars looted the village while the Pakistani army went after the women. One woman was taken captive in the house of Abdul Ahad Chowdhury.<ref name="tajul57-59"/>

== Aftermath ==
On 17 June, when the stench of the bodies became unbearable, the Razakars buried the corpses.<ref name="samakal14062012"/> However, on 22 June, a group of freedom fighters under the command of [[M. A. G. Osmani|M.A.G.Osmani]] exhumed the corpses and took them to [[Sylhet]]. The number of dead were counted and identified in front of national and international media and then brought back to Adityapur again. They were buried in front of the Adityapur Government Primary School.<ref name="tajul57-59"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|24.61|N|91.73|E|region:BD_type:event|display=title}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:June 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Balaganj Upazila]]
[[Category:Violence against men in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Looting in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1971 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Bangladesh]]

Verba Maximus

2025-12-31T08:38:33Z

Indussource:

{{short description|Annual literary festival in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{infobox recurring event
|name = Verba Maximus
|logo = Verba Maximus 2018 Logo (Literary Fest of BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus).jpg
|logo_caption = Verba Maximus 2018 Logo
|genre = [[Literary]] festival
|filing =
|founded = 2011
|location = Hyderabad, India
|coordinates =
|sponsor = [[BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]]
|events =
|website = [https://verba-maximus.netlify.app/home Official webpage]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Verba Maximus''' (abbreviated '''VM''') is the annual literary festival of [[BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]]. It is one of the 4 fests conducted in the college, the other 3 being Atmos, Pearl and Arena. It is a national event, held usually in the last weeks of January or the first week of February. Regional rounds, preceding the main fest in Hyderabad, are generally conducted in [[List of metropolitan areas in India|major metropolitan cities]] like Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Mumbai, [[Vijayawada]] and [[Visakhapatnam]] and feature events like [[Just a Minute]] (JAM), [[Spelling bee|spell bee]], and [[debate]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-01-24/Verba-Maximus-fest-at-BITS-Pilani-from-Jan-3-127714|title=Verba Maximus fest at BITS Pilani from Jan 3|website=The Hans India|date=25 January 2015 |language=en|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/are-you-ready-for-verba-maximus/article5515995.ece|title=Are you ready for Verba Maximus?|date=2013-12-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
Eight editions of the fest have been conducted over the years, the latest of which was held over 19–21 January 2018. The multi-lingual fest is organised by the '''E'''nglish '''L'''anguage '''A'''ctivities '''S'''ociety ('''ELAS'''), Journal Club and Hindi Tarang, which are student organisations at [[BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus|BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/college-fests-more-than-just-memories/article8300209.ece|title=College fests: More than just memories|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2016-03-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The first edition of the fest took place in 2011, less than three years after the campus became fully operational.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/bitsFactsHistory|title=BITS Facts & History|website=bits-pilani.ac.in|access-date=2017-12-31|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224211133/http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/bitsFactsHistory|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Verba Maximus 2016 ===

Verba Maximus 2016 (VM16) was held on 30 and 31 January 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.festpav.com/fest/view/5005/Verba_Maximus_2016-BITS_Pilani_Hyderabad|title=Verba Maximus 2016-BITS Pilani Hyderabad|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en}}</ref> VM16 had events like ''Yin Yang'' (writing two sides of the same story), ''Words of a Feather'' (weaving a story around words that are announced one at a time), ''Picture Perspective'' (writing stories around a picture shown), apart from the regular events lit-quiz, group discussion and debate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.campuskarma.in/events/event/view/119887/verba-maximus-2016|title=Verba Maximus 2016 - Campus Karma|last=Kar|first=Suchit|work=Campus Karma|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/hyderabad/events/verba-maximus-2016|title=Verba Maximus 2016|website=timeout.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref> [[Harimohan Paruvu]], cricketeer and author, hosted a session at the fest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Verba-Maximus-at-BITS-Pilani-HyderabadPut-on-your-literary-caps/article14024631.ece|title=Verba Maximus at BITS Pilani, Hyderabad:Put on your literary caps|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2016-01-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up comedian]] [[Biswa Kalyan Rath]] performed at VM16, which features a stand-up show every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goeventz.com/event/biswa-kalyan-rath-stand-up-comedy-at-verba-maximus/1192|title=Biswa Kalyan Rath – Stand Up Comedy at Verba Maximus – Buy tickets|website=goeventz.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/biswa-kalyan-rath-stand-up-comedy-at-verba-maximus/|title=Biswa Kalyan Rath – Stand Up Comedy at Verba Maximus {{!}} RITZ|date=2016-01-16|work=RITZ Magazine|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Verba Maximus 2017 ===

Verba Maximus 2017 (VM17) was held from 4–6 February 2017 and featured authors [[Ashwin Sanghi]] and Indu Balachandran, popular [[Quora]]n [[Balaji Vishwanathan]] as well as a show by stand-up comedian [[Kenny Sebastian]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/hyderabad/events/kenny-sebastian-live-at-bits-pilani-hyderabad|title=Kenny Sebastian Live at BITS Pilani Hyderabad|website=timeout.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/knowkenny/status/825560481012207617|title=I am performing on the 6th of Feb at BITS|last=Sebastian|first=Kenny|date=2017-01-28|website=@knowkenny|language=en|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref>

== Events ==
The fest has literary events like picture perspective (writing about a picture or image that is presented), a Hindi [[Mock Parliament|mock parliament]] called the "Youth Sabha", lit-quiz, debate, group discussion and Sherlocked, an investigative journalism event in which participants have to investigate a crime based on hints given to them. Some editions of the fest also had events like ''<nowiki/>'Pada Vinayasam','' a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] crossword and writing event.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Verba-Maximus-at-BITS-Pilani-HyderabadPut-on-your-literary-caps/article14024631.ece|title=Verba Maximus at BITS Pilani, Hyderabad:Put on your literary caps|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2016-01-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Recent editions of the fest, including Verba Maximus 2018, have newer events like Man from Amorium (write a story around a given skeletal plot), Symphonies of the Soul (write about a clip of music that is played) and Devil's Advocate (defend an unpopular opinion or ideology).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitsvm.in/events.html|title=Verba Maximus 2018 Events|website=bitsvm.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228064433/https://bitsvm.in/events.html|archive-date=2017-12-28|url-status=|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref>

== External links ==
* [https://verba-maximus.netlify.app/home Verba Maximus] – official website of Verba Maximus
* [https://www.instagram.com/vm.bphc/ Instagram Handle]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus]]
[[Category:Literary festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Matar paneer

2025-12-23T11:09:03Z

Indussource:

{{short description|Indian cheese and peas dish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Mattar paneer
| image = Matar paneer dish.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = A dish of mattar paneer
| alternate_name = matar paneer, mutter paneer
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[North India]]
| creator =
| course =
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Paneer]], [[pea]]s, [[tomato]]-based sauce, [[garam masala]] spice mix
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Mattar paneer''' ({{langx|hi|मटर पनीर}}), also known as '''matar paneer''', '''muttar paneer''', and '''mutter paneer''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/mutter-paneer-peas-cottage-cheese-curry-1957971|title=Mutter Paneer - The Popular Indian Curry of Peas and Cheese|work=The Spruce Eats|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/matar-paneer-mutter-masala/|title=Matar paneer recipe {{!}} Mutter paneer recipe {{!}} How to make matar paneer|date=2015-09-26|work=Swasthi's Recipes|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> is a modern restaurant-style and vegetarian [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian dish]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |title=Tandoori Chicken in Delhi:Partition and the Creation of Indian Food |date=2016 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |isbn=9781101972588 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seS1CgAAQBAJ&dq=punjabi+mattar+paneer&pg=PT24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How To Make Restaurant-Style Mattar Paneer? Dhaba Restaurant Shares The Recipe |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/how-to-make-restaurant-style-mattar-paneer-dhaba-restaurant-shares-the-recipe-2236012 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref> consisting of [[Pea|peas]] and [[paneer]] in a tomato-based sauce,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ORy2aVD7cEgC&pg=PA120 The World Religions Cookbook - Arno Schmidt, Paul Fieldhouse]. p.120.</ref> spiced with [[garam masala]].

It is often served with rice and an Indian type of bread ([[naan]], [[paratha]], [[Puri_(food)|poori]], or [[roti]], depending on the region). Various other ingredients are often added, such as potato (aloo), corn, yogurt or cream.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@bestrecipes/health-benefits-of-matar-paneer-be47cd7de082|title=Health benefits of Matar Paneer|last=Bansal|first=Priya|date=2017-11-08|website=Priya Bansal|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917034505/https://medium.com/@bestrecipes/health-benefits-of-matar-paneer-be47cd7de082|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianasapplepie.com/blogs/indian-as-apple-pie/7421798-mattar-paneer-spiced-peas-with-homemade-cheese-or-tofu|title=Mattar Paneer - Spiced Peas with Homemade Cheese or Tofu|website=www.indianasapplepie.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>

==Similar dishes==

* '''Chhanar koraishutir dalna''' is a Bengali-style ''chhena'' (cottage cheese) gravy recipe prepared with green peas and potatoes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amit |first=Dassana |date=2024-02-23 |title=Chanar Dalna Recipe (Bengali Paneer & Potato Curry) |url=https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/chanar-dalna-recipe/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Dassana's Veg Recipes |language=en-US |quote=So, this is simply a rustic, flavorful slightly sweet and truly a Niramish Chanar Dalna with paneer, potatoes, green peas (optional), green chilies and the choicest of spices.}}</ref>

* '''Chhena matar tarkari''' is a dish originating from [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-23 |title=Cooking Fiesta rediscovers Odia cuisine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/cooking-fiesta-rediscovers-odia-cuisine/articleshow/19135269.cms |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Chef Surya Nayak, assisted by chef Bijay, demonstrated his culinary expertise by preparing five popular Odia recipes like chhena matar tarkari }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Links |first=My City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeHdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=My City Links: October 2019 Issue |date=2019-10-01 |publisher=My City Links |language=en |quote=chhena matar tarkari, o dalma, tamato Khajurkhata}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:08 mutter paneer (3357760253).jpg
File:Matar paneer.jpg
File:Matar Paneer.JPG
File:Matar Panir mit Chapati - Mutter Paneer with chapati.jpg
File:Matar Paneer 3.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|India|Punjab|Food}}

* [[List of legume dishes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cheese dishes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mattar Paneer}}
[[Category:North Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Cheese dishes]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Legume dishes]]
[[Category:Tomato dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cheese dishes]]

{{india-cuisine-stub}}

Alipor, Navsari

2025-12-01T17:54:11Z

Indussource: created biography.

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India - Home of the Duke}}
{{other uses|Alipore. (disambiguation){{!}}Alipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2023}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=October 2022}}
{{unfocused|date=October 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alipor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Alipur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20|47|28|N|73|03|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Navsari district|Navsari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 396409
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02634-xxxxxx
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#GJ—Gujarat|GJ]]-21-xxxx
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Navsari
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1.004 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 84%
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical wet and dry]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|42|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|12|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Alipor''' is a village near [[Chikhli, Gujarat|Chikhli]], [[Bilimora]] in the state of [[Gujarat]] in western India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chikhli Villages |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3872488f88d1b2db54d55bc8bba2fad1b/uploads/2018/10/2018100152.pdf}}</ref> The village is on the [[Indian National Highway 8]], which leads to areas such as [[Ahwa]] via [[Waghai]] and [[Vansda]], and to the [[hill station]] of [[Saputara]].

==origins==

==Location==

Alipor (pronounced Aalipor) is a village near Chikhli, of the district Navsari in the state of Gujarat in western India. It is approximately 130 miles away from the city of Mumbai, 17 miles from Navsari, 19 miles from Valsad and around 35 miles away from [[Surat]].

==Population==

The population of 7500 is mainly Muslim, with Hindus forming the rest. The village has around 20 main streets (Mahollas) with many side-streets. The original population of the village are Muslim Vohras.

The main language spoken in Alipor is Gujarati, whilst English and Hindi can be understood by most.

==Landmarks==

Alipor has some wonderful landmarks. There are at least five Mosques (for the Muslims), a Mandir (for the Hindus), a well equipped General Hospital, two Islamic learning centers i.e. Darul Uloom, Bank, Post Office and a Primary and Secondary High School.

===Mosques===

The Jumma Masjid (The Grand Mosque)
The Laher Mohalla Masjid
Gajaria Masjid,
Khambia Masjid
Pardar – located on the outskirts of the village.

===Darul-Uloom===

There are two Darul-Ulooms in Alipor, one in the heart of the village (Hidayatul Islam) and the other in Khambia. The former was established around half a century ago and has approx 200 students, and the latter was established around the mid-1980s. Both provide full boarding facilities. They both cater for Hafez classes as well the full Alim course.

===Eidgah===

Eidghah in Alipor provides an open designated space for Eid prayer. People from surrounding villages also benefit from this facility and often has several thousands people attending for the EID namaaz.

===Alipor Gate===

Alipor has had a gate put in welcoming resident and guest into the village. The recently fitted gate resembles the gate of India in Mumbai.

==Health care==

Alipor has a new large General Hospital located ideally on the Highway. The Alipor hospital is run by the Alipor Welfare Trust. It is a modern building built around 15 years ago and has just undergone further extension and now also incorporates conference facilities. It has many departments including a very busy A&E along with state of the art CT scan facilities. It has excellent Dialysis facilities with 5 modern dialysis machines. There are also the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Dental, Maternity, Orthopaedics and Paediatrics. It serves thousands of patients each year. In addition to this hospital, there are two medical practitioners within Alipor who hold daily surgeries and a dispensary.

==Education facilities==

The village presently has one primary school named Alipor English school at karolia mohalla and a secondary school named K and B High School. The High school provide rolex watches education for around 885 students, up to the age of 17. A new High school is under construction and once completed will include science laboratories, a gym and ICT suite.

==Waterworks==

Alipor contains two main water works, one of which is situated in the centre of the village and the other in the Karolia Maholla. There is a further water purification plant using advanced filtration technique, which supplies clean water for both drinking and domestic use to every household in the village.

==Transport system==

Alipor has a good road system with access to a major highway in India. The National Highway 8, which passes through the middle of Alipor connects Delhi to Mumbai. It has recently been developed and expanded with the addition of a third lane. Public bus transport connects Alipor to surrounding towns and cities. There are numerous taxis and rickshaws to take one around the village. There are also future plans for a new express highway, which will run parallel to Alipor.

===Railways===

Alipor has at present a narrow gauge train service which operates from Billimora to Wagai. It has a railway station called Chikhli Road Station. Future plans include replacing the narrow gauge with the broad gauge and will extend its routes through Saputara (a well known holiday hill-top resort) to Nasik city.

==Cemeteries==

Alipor has 3 cemeteries, the main cemetery is located on the outskirts of Alipor adjoining the Dairy, it is well maintained through the hard work of the village youngsters. The other two smaller cemeteries are used occasionally.

==Vasudhara Dairy==

Alipor has a big dairy plant called Vasudhara Dairy, which is run by the milk co-operative society of Valsad, Navsari and Dang Districts. It employs over 1000 people, and produces over 300,000 litres of milk a day which is packaged in cartons. It also produces other dairy products such as butter and a variety of ice-creams.

==Crops==

The village is surrounded by acres of paddy fields, used for growing rice and sugarcane. Traditionally, the village survived on farming, producing rice as a main crop. Other products include cattle grass, cotton and mangoes, indeed Alipor has become famous for Alphonso and Kesar.

Alipor was once well known for producing a handcrafted local cloth call Khadi, which was later replaced by electric hand looms that produced fine cotton cloth. The village's cotton industry diminished as its population began migrating to the UK in the early 1960s.

==Migration==

Aliporian migration to other countries has occurred since the 1880s. The first migrants went to South Africa entering through Mozambique of through the eastern shores at Durban and now largely settled in Johannesburg. After the end of the First World War and during India's fight for independence, The people of Alipor, mainly young, looked for opportunities elsewhere. Some went to Mumbai to seek jobs. In the 1950s, during the economic boom in the UK some migrated to the UK to work in the mills. Since then their descendants have played an integral part in their newly adopted countries. They now represent the social fabric of Britain and South Africa and have excelled in all spheres of life.

As a result of migration the village currently is occupied by few to none of its "local" inhabitants.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.aliporehospital.com Alipor Social Welfare Trust's Alipor Hospital & Research Centre]
* [http://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&where1=Alipur%2C%20Navsari%2C%20Gujarat%2C%20India&form=LMLTSN&cp=20.794027910322214~73.06767469644589&lvl=17&sty=h&encType=1 Alipur/Alipor on Bing Maps]
* [https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=20.794935,73.068674&aq=0&oq=chikhli&sll=20.794875,73.068802&sspn=0.015005,0.019205&vpsrc=6&t=h&g=20.794935,73.068674&ie=UTF8&ll=20.796279,73.069768&spn=0.015005,0.019205&z=16 Alipur/Alipor on Google Maps]

{{Navsari district}}

[[Category:Villages in Navsari district]]

Malhar

2025-11-19T06:03:42Z

Indussource: enhance section further and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Hindustani raga}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Miyan Ki Malhar
| image_name = Sud-malaar.png
| image_alt = Sudh Malaar Ragamala painting
| thaat = [[Kafi (thaat)|Kafi]]
| type = * This raga's Jati is Shadhav – Shadhav.
* This raga has a Vakra form, i.e. this raga is a Vakra raga (meaning that the svaras of a raga are not completely in a particularly straightforward manner).
* This raga is a Gambhir Prakruti raga (meaning that is played slow with patience and which is played in a serious tone/note).
| time = any time in monsoon, otherwise in the 2nd Prahar of the Night.
| season = [[Monsoon]]
| arohana = N S m R P n D N S'
| avarohana = S' n P m P g(m touch) g(m touch) m R S
| vadi = [[Panchama|Pa]]
| samavadi = [[Shadja (Sa)|Sa]]
| pakad = N S m R P g m R S m R P n D N S' S' n D n P m P g g m R S
| chalan = N S m R P g m R S m R P n D N S' S' n D n P m P g g m R S
| synonym = Miyan Ki Malhar, Miyan Malhar, Tansen Ki Malhar
| equivalent =
| similar = [[Bahar (raga)|Bahar]]
}}

'''Raag Malhar''', is an ancient raga with many variations, one variation known as '''Miyan Ki Malhar''' or '''Tansen Ki Malhar''', was popularized by Sangeet Samrat [[Tansen]]. Malhar is a [[raga|Hindustani classical raga]].<ref>''Bhavan's Journal'' v.26:14-26 (1980). Page 27.</ref> Malhar is associated with torrential rains.<ref>{{cite book |title=Music Aesthetics |author=Manorma Sharma |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-313-0032-9 |page=113}}</ref>

Besides the basic Shuddha Malhar, which was the original Malhar, several Malhar variations or related ragas use the Malhar signature phrase S (m)R (m)R P, including Miyan ki Malhar, [[Megh Malhar]], Ramdasi Malhar, [[Gaud Malhar]], Sur Malhar, Nat Malhar, Dhulia Malhar  and Meera ki Malhar. The [[Malhar (family of ragas)|Malhar Family]] is based on this signature phrase, where many such other ragas are created and are categorized under this family. This phrase, although it might seem similar and equivalent, is different from the swara phraseology employed in Raga [[Brindavani Sarang]].

It can be determined that raga Miyan ki Malhar is a mixture of ragas [[Brindavani Sarang]], raga [[Kafi]] and raga [[Durga (raga)|Durga]].This raga has a ''Vakra'' form (meaning that the swaras of a raga are not completely arranged in a particularly straightforward manner), and is classified as a Gambhir Prakruti raga (meaning that it is played slow with patience, and it is played in a serious tone/note).

== Legend ==
According to legend, Malhar is so powerful that when sung, it can induce rainfall.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tankha |first1=Rajkumari Sharma |title=An evening of Malhar raags |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/aug/05/an-evening-of-malhar-raags-2014287.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>

Many written accounts describe the Raga Malhar. [[Tansen]], [[Baiju Bawra]], Baba Ramdas, Nayak Charju, Miyan Bakhshu, Tanta rang, Tantras Khan, [[Bilas Khan]] (son of [[Tansen]]), Hammer Sen, Surat Sen, and [[Meera]] Bai are some of those said to be capable of starting rains using various kinds of Raga Malhar.<ref name="darshan2000">{{cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Dr. Geeta |title=Raag Malhar Darshan |year=2000 |publisher=SAWF |url=http://www.parrikar.org/essays/book-review-malhar-darshan/ |access-date=2013-12-13 |archive-date=2013-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213030315/http://www.parrikar.org/essays/book-review-malhar-darshan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] once asked his court musician Miyan [[Tansen]] to sing "Raga Deepak", the raga of Light/Fire, which caused all the lamps in the courtyard to light up and Tansen's body to become so hot that he had to sit in the nearby river to cool himself. However, the river began to boil, and it became apparent that Tansen would soon boil to death. So he set out to find someone who could sing Raga Malhar to cure him. In due course, he reached [[Vadnagar]], a town in [[Gujarat]]. There he came across two sisters named [[Tana and Riri]], whom he asked for help, to which they agreed. The moment they started singing the Raga Malhar, rains came down in torrents, which helped cool Tansen's body.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Music |author=Chaitanya Deva |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1995 |isbn=978-81-224-0730-3 |page=18}}</ref>

The many variations of Raga Malhar have been categorised chronologically<ref name="darshan2000" /> by era – ''prachina'' (before the 15th century), ''madhyakalina'' (15th – 18th century) and ''arvachina'' (19th century and beyond). Ragas Shuddha Malhar, Megh Malhar and Gaud Malhar belong to the first period.
"Miyan Ki Malhar", also known as Gayand Malahar as both nishads (shudh and komal) swing around the dhaivat like a (gayand) elephant swinging his head.

== Prominent Bandishes composed in Raga Malhar ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!S.No
!Bandish Name or Bandish Initials
!Composer/Creator
!Taal
!Malahar Type
|-
|1
|Tu hi Ek Hai Aneko mei Roop tere aur naam Suhana<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mathur|first=Dr Neeta|title=Shastriya Sangeet Ke Bahuayami Stambh|publisher=Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|[[Gokulotsavji Maharaj|Pandit Gokulotsav Ji Maharaj]]
|TeenTaal
|Miyan Ki Malhar (Gayand Malhar)
|-
|2
|Jare Kare Badara Umada Ghumad Ghan Ghor
जारे कारे बदरा उमड़ घुमड़ घन घोर<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mathur|first=Dr.Neeta|title=Shashtriya Sangeet Ke Surya Acharya Pandit Dr Gokulotsavji Maharaj.|year=2011 |publisher=Radha Publishers|isbn=978-81-7487-765-9}}</ref>
|[[Gokulotsavji Maharaj|Pandit Gokulotsav Ji Maharaj]]
|BrahmaTaal (cycle of 28 beats)
|Miyan Ki Malhar (Gayand Malhar)
|}

== In popular culture ==
In [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s [[Bengali language]] novel ''[[Anandamath]]'' (1882), a band of [[yogi]]s sing ''[[Vande mataram]]'' in Raga Desh.<ref name="soas_raga">[http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasianstudies/keywords/file24811.pdf Raga] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114182849/http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasianstudies/keywords/file24811.pdf |date=2012-11-14 }}. Centre of South Asian Studies,
School of Oriental and African Studies, [[University of London]].</ref>

In [[Satyajit Ray]]'s film ''[[Jalsaghar]]'', Raga Malhar is used to link the powers of nature and the hero's internal conflict.<ref name="soas_raga" />

The song ''Thumbi Thullal'' from the movie ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' is based on this raag. It is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Nakul Abhyankar]].

The song Garaj Garaj from Web Series [[Bandish Bandits]] is based on this Raag, composed by Trio [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]] and sung by Farid Hasan & Mohammed Aman

== Historical information ==
There is a legend stating that [[Tansen]]'s physical agony after singing Raga Deepak (Poorvi Thaat) was pacified with listening to Raga "Megh Malhar" rendered by [[Tana and Riri]].

== Film songs ==
=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Song
! Movie
! Composer
! Singer
|-
| "Muthukkalo Kangal"
| [[Nenjirukkum Varai (1967 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]
| [[M.S.Viswanathan]]
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Velli Malarae"
| [[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]
| rowspan=2|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|-
| "Thumbi Thullal" (Abheri traces also)
| ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]''
| [[Nakul Abhyankar]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| "Ennai Konja Konja"
| [[Aathi]]
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Malhar (family of ragas)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Ragas}}
{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]
[[Category:Ragas in the Guru Granth Sahib]]

Romi Devi Ashem

2025-11-16T20:26:17Z

Indussource: creating new biography

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Ashem Romi Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Romi Devi
| fullname = Romi Devi Ashem
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India<ref name=GS>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/romi-devi/51346/|title=Romi Devi Ashem|website=Global Sports Archive|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|2|10}}<ref name=AIFF>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/57627?type=club|title=ASHEM ROMI DEVI|website=All India Football Federation|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]<ref name=AIFF/>
| currentclub = [[Manipur Police Sports Club|Manipur Police]]<ref name=AIFF/>
| clubnumber = 3
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Manipur Police Sports Club|Manipur Police]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2010–2014
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate = 25 May 2013
}}
{{Meitei name|Ashem|Romi|Devi}}
'''Romi Devi Ashem''' ({{langx|mni|Ashem Romi Devi}}, born 10 February 1989) is an Indian [[Women's association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Manipur Police Sports Club]]. She has been a member of the [[India women's national football team|India women's national team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.the-afc.com/player/8214|title=ROMI DEVI ASHEM|website=Asian Football Confederation|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010]], [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship|2012]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/breaking-news-india-wins-the-saff-womens-championship|title=Breaking news: India wins the SAFF Women's Championship|website=Sportskeeda|last=Punnakkattu Daniel|first=Chris|date=16 September 2012|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship|2014]]{{fact|date=September 2022}}

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2021–22 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2021–22]]{{fact|date=September 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Ashem}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Imphal]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Jagadananda Roy

2025-11-13T07:18:38Z

Indussource: Created The Article Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jagadananda Roy
| image = Jagadananda Roy.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Jagadananda Roy
| native_name = জগদানন্দ রায
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1869|09|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Nadia district]], West Bengal)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1933|06|25|1869|09|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Shantiniketan]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| occupation = professor, Writer
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| nationality = [[British India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| subject = Science fiction
| movement = [[Bengali Renaissance]]
| awards =
}}

'''Jagadananda Roy''' ({{langx|bn|জগদানন্দ রায}}; 1869–1933) was a scientific article writer as well as [[Bengali science fiction]] writer. His works were primarily written for teens.

Born in an aristocratic family from Krishnanagar, Nadia, he went to teach in a missionary school and wrote popular articles on science. He met [[Rabindranath Tagore]] who edited a journal called Sadhana and Roy later joined to become a teacher at Rabindranath Tagore's [[Visva Bharati]].

He also wrote numerous books on science including such as Prakrtiki Paricay, Vijnanacarya Jagadis Basur Abiskar, Vaijnaniki, Prakrtiki, Jnanasopan, Grahanaksatra, Pokamakad (on insects), Vijnaner Galpa, Gachpala, Mach-byang-sap, sabda, Pakhi (on birds), Naksatracena (on stars).<ref>{{cite journal| author1=Bhattacharya, D| author2=Chakravarty, R| year=1989| title=A survey of Bengali writings on science and technology 1800-1950| journal=Indian Journal of History of Science| volume=24| issue=1| pages=8–66| pmid=11612558|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b60_8.pdf| access-date=25 August 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910145109/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b60_8.pdf| archive-date=10 September 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref>

Roy wrote one of the earliest science fiction stories in Bengali, ''Shukra Bhraman'' (''Travels to Venus'') in 1892, later published in his book ''Prakritiki'' (1914).<ref>[http://kalpabiswa.com/kalpa-archive/thirdissue/content/10 বাংলা সায়েন্স ফিকশনের ঐতিহ্য] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220233/http://kalpabiswa.com/kalpa-archive/thirdissue/content/10 |date=3 July 2018 }}, Siddhartha Ghosh, ''Kalpabiswa Webmag''</ref> This described [[interplanetary travel|travel to Venus]] and conjured up [[List of extraterrestrials in fiction|alien]] creatures on [[Uranus]]. His humanoid aliens are described as resembling apes, with dense black fur, large heads and long nails. This imaginative science-fiction preceded that of [[H. G. Wells]]' somewhat similar ''[[The War of the Worlds (novel)|The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898) by about a decade.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sadhanbabu's Friends. Science Fiction in Bengal from 1882-1961|author=Sengupta, Debjani|pages=76–82|journal=Sarai Reader|year=2003|url=http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/03-shaping-technologies/076_082_dsengupta.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717171027/http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/03-shaping-technologies/076_082_dsengupta.pdf|archivedate=17 July 2007}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bengali science fiction]]
*[[Charu Chandra Bhattacharya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
3.[https://irabotee.com/bengali-science-fiction/ কল্পবিজ্ঞানের ছোটগল্প 'শুক্র ভ্রমণ'প্রোফেসর শঙ্কুরও আগে]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101204080839/http://visva-bharati.ac.in/GreatMasters/Contents/jagadanandaroy.htm Biography]

{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Jagadananda}}
[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Krishnagar]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian speculative fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Odisha FC Reserves and Academy

2025-10-23T00:50:55Z

Indussource: small cleaned up section for consistency and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Reserves and youth system of Odisha FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Odisha FC Reserves and Academy
| image = Odisha FC logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Odisha Football Club Reserves and Academy
| short name = OFC
| nickname = ''[[Kalinga (historical region)|The Kalinga Warriors]]'' ''[[Juggernaut|The Juggernauts]]''
| founded = {{start date and years ago|2019|8|31|df=yes}}
| ground = [[Kalinga Stadium]] [[Bhubaneswar]]
| capacity = 15,000
| owntitle = Owner
| owner = GMS Inc.
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Raj Athwal
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Amit Rana
| league = {{nobreak|[[Elite League (India)|Elite League]]}}
| season =
| position =
| current =
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}}

'''Odisha Football Club Reserves and Academy''' represent the [[youth system]] of the [[Indian Super League]] side [[Odisha FC|Odisha]], that competes in the [[Elite League (India)|Elite League]], the main youth club competition of [[Football in India|Indian football]].

==History==
On 20-February-2018, it was announced by the [[All India Football Federation]], the organising body for [[Football in India|Indian football]], that ''Delhi Dynamos Football Club'', along with six other [[Indian Super League]] sides, would field a reserve team in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]], India's second division football league.<ref name="IL">{{cite news|title=Eighteen Teams Will Contest In Second Division League 2017-18|url=http://i-league.org/interviews-and-features/eighteen-teams-will-contest-in-second-division-league-2017-18/|access-date=11 March 2018|work=I-League|date=20 February 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223163218/http://i-league.org/interviews-and-features/eighteen-teams-will-contest-in-second-division-league-2017-18|url-status=live}}</ref> The reserve side squad and coaches were then unveiled a few weeks later. On 06-March-2018, Francisco Perez Lazaro was confirmed as the reserve side's first head coach.<ref name="AM">{{cite news|title=Delhi Dynamos announce squad for I-League second division|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/delhi-dynamos-announce-squad-for-i-league-second-division/articleshow/63202687.cms|access-date=13 March 2018|work=Times of India|date=7 March 2018|archive-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314114702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/delhi-dynamos-announce-squad-for-i-league-second-division/articleshow/63202687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division]] was their first and last season in the league. Since then, the team has been participating in the [[Elite League (India)|Elite League]], India's elite youth league. The team participated as ''Delhi Dynamos FC Reserves'' for the [[2018–19 Indian Elite League|2018–19 season]].

===Odisha===
Ahead of the [[2019–20 in Indian football|2019–20 Indian football season]], the club decided to relocated to its new base, i.e. the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] and rechristen itself as Odisha FC. In the presence of the [[Naveen Patnaik]], the [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]], and Tusharkanti Behera, the Minister for Department of Sports and Youth Services (DSYS), [[Government of Odisha]], the Delhi Soccer Private Limited signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Government of Odisha, to facilitate the move, i.e. from the national capital [[New Delhi]] to [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name="rebranded">{{cite web |title=Delhi Soccer Private Limited signs MoU with Government of Odisha to facilitate Bhubaneswar move |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/delhi-soccer-private-limited-signs-mou-with-government-of-odisha-to-facilitate-Bhubaneswar-move |website=indiansuperleague.com |publisher=ISL |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831204728/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/delhi-soccer-private-limited-signs-mou-with-government-of-odisha-to-facilitate-Bhubaneswar-move |archive-date=31 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> As per the MoU, it was mutually decided that the club's first team, youth teams, youth football development program and grassroots football development program will be based in [[Odisha]].<ref name="ddfc to odfc">{{cite web |title=It's official – Delhi Dynamos renamed as Odisha Football Club |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/odisha-fc-delhi-dynamos-isl-2019-20-anil-sharma-naveen-patnaik/article29309634.ece |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831194722/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/odisha-fc-delhi-dynamos-isl-2019-20-anil-sharma-naveen-patnaik/article29309634.ece |archive-date=31 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Squads==
===Reserves===
{{updated|14-January-2025}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/OdishaFC/status/1879030998060707897/ |title=Presenting the #KalingaWarriors' squad for the #RelianceFoundationDevelopmentLeague (East Region) 👊 #OdishaFC #AmaTeamAmaGame #LetsPlay |date=31 July 2023 |publisher=OdishaFC.com |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}

{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Raj Boro|other=|no=1}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Jatin Chawla|other=|no=2}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Subham Bhattacharya|other=|no=3}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Tankadhar Bag]]|other=|no=4}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Dheeraj Datta|other=|no=5}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sahil Tamang|other=|no=6}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Nelson Rymbai|other=|no=7}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sunil Soren|other=|no=8}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Pungte Lapun|other=|no=9}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Dinesh Singh|other=|no=10}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Dwenjyoti Gogoi|other=|no=11}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jeremy Zohminglua|other=[[Captain (association football)|C]]|no=12}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Kartik Hantal|other=|no=15}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ricky Meetei|other=|no=16}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Akshay|other=|no=17}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Yumkhaibam Indranath|other=|no=18}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Razibul Mistry|other=|no=19}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Kharon Subba|other=|no=20}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Mahesh Hansda|other=|no=21}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Satwik Sharma|other=|no=22}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Leivon Renglun Anand|other=|no=23}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Roshan Panna|other=|no=25}}
{{Fs end}}

===U18===
{{updated|27-December-2022}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC Hero Elite League Squad|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/9189/3|work=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=27 December 2022|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227054128/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/9189/3|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}

{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Laxman Kisan}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nirmal Oram}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Indra Oram}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Prakash Mirdha}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Mohan Guntha}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Manjit Oram}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Bhenketeswar Oram}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Chintu Nag}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Nilesh Tigga}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Krishna Behera}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Birsingh Naik}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Akash Khalko}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Salhai Tudu}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Mansingh Majhi}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jitmahal Tudu}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sumit Kumar}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Gajen Murmu}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rohit Lakra}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Prabin Lakra}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Prasant Bari}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Abhiman Kumar}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Rahul Tirkey}}
{{Fs end}}

===Youth Player of the Season===
====U18====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Season
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Nationality
!scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center"|[[2019–20 Indian Elite League|2019–20]]
|Akshunna Tyagi
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|}

====U15====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Season
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Nationality
!scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center"|2019–20
|Nirmanyu Singh Atri
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|}

====U13====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Season
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Nationality
!scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center"|2019–20
|Aditya Adhikari
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|}

==Records and statistics==
===Overview===
====Reserves====
{{updated|18-February-2020}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=8 class="unsortable" | [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]/[[Reliance Foundation Development League]]
! scope="col" colspan=3 class="unsortable" | Top Scorer
|-
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
!{{tooltip|Position|Position}}
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-
|colspan="12"|As ''Delhi Dynamos FC''
|-
|[[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division|2017–18]]
|9
|2
|2
|5
|5
|9
|8
|''Group Stage – 5th'' ''Play-offs – DNQ''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seiminmang Manchong]]
|4
|-
|colspan="12"|As ''Odisha FC''
|-
|2022–23
|colspan="11"|TBD
|}

====Youth====
{{updated|18-February-2020}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=8 class="unsortable" | [[Elite League (India)|Elite League]]
! scope="col" colspan=3 class="unsortable" | Top Scorer
|-
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
!{{tooltip|Position|Position}}
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-
|colspan="12"|As ''Delhi Dynamos FC''
|-
|[[2018–19 Indian Elite League|2018–19]]
|13
|8
|2
|3
|40
|13
|26
|''Group Stage – 1st'' ''Play-offs – 4th''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seiminmang Manchong]]
|9
|-
|colspan="12"|As ''Odisha FC''
|-
|[[2019–20 Indian Elite League|2019–20]]
|14
|9
|4
|1
|45
|12
|31
|''Group Stage – 2nd'' ''Play-offs – Cancelled''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Akshunna Tyagi
|20
|-
|[[2022–23 U-17 Youth Cup|2022-23]]
|5
|3
|1
|1
|7
|7
|0
|''Group Stage – 2nd'' ''Knockouts – Round of 16''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chintu Nag
|3
|}

===Head coaches' record===
====Reserves====
{{updated|30-June-2022}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%
|-
|colspan="12"|As ''Delhi Dynamos FC''
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Francisco Perez Lazaro
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|06-March-2018
|align=left|31-January-2019
{{WDL|9|2|2|5|for=5|against=9}}
|-
|colspan="12"|As ''Odisha FC''
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Amit Rana
|align=left|{{IND}}
|colspan="10"|TBD
|}

====Youth====
{{updated|18-February-2020}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%
|-
|colspan="12"|As ''Delhi Dynamos FC''
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Francisco Perez Lazaro
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|06-March-2018
|align=left|31-January-2019
{{WDL|13|8|2|3|for=40|against=13}}
|-
|colspan="12"|As ''Odisha FC''
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Sandeep Alhan
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|31-August-2019
|align=left|18-February-2020
{{WDL|14|9|4|1|for=45|against=12}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Ajaya Kumar Behera
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|29-December-2022
|align=left|''Present''
{{WDL|5|3|1|1|for=7|against=7}}
|}

==Personnel==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Reserves head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Amit Rana<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Odisha FC |author-link=Odisha FC |user=OdishaFC |number=1542461899128066048 |date=30 June 2022 |title=Amit will take over as the Head Coach of the OFC Reserve Team, the planning of which is already underway|language=en |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| U18, U15 head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Alhan<ref name="OScout">{{cite web|title=Odisha FC conducts youth team scouting in Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-conducts-youth-team-scouting-in-bhubaneswar|publisher=[[Odisha FC]]|date=7 September 2021|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908033836/https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-conducts-youth-team-scouting-in-bhubaneswar|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| U13 head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kirti Kashyap<ref name="OScout"/>
|-
| Head of football operations
| {{flagicon|IND}} Abhik Chatterjee<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuart Baxter: There will be an emphasis on youth at Odisha FC |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-odisha-stuart-baxter-first-press-conference |website=khelnow.com |date=23 June 2020 |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014112941/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-odisha-stuart-baxter-first-press-conference |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Head of women's football
| {{flagicon|IND}} Randeep Baruah<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC promote five U-18 players to senior team|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-odisha-fc-u-18-players-promotion|publisher=KhelNow|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014071452/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-odisha-fc-u-18-players-promotion|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Youth teams manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sayantan Ganguly<ref name="OScout"/>
|-
| Grassroots manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Suvam Das<ref name="OScout"/>
|}

==See also==
* [[Odisha FC]]
* [[Odisha FC Women]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Portal|Association football}}
* {{Official website|https://www.odishafc.com//}}

{{Odisha FC}}
{{Elite League (India)|Elite League}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Odisha}}

[[Category:Odisha FC]]
[[Category:Reserve team football in India]]
[[Category:Football academies in India]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2018]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Odisha]]

Ritu Chaudhary

2025-10-14T08:40:59Z

Indussource: creating new info

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ritu Chaudhary
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_date = 17 May<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-embracing-her-greys-to-being-open-to-auditions-heres-how-imlie-fame-ritu-chaudhry-seth-spreads-positivity/articleshow/91621128.cms|title=From embracing her greys to being open to auditions, here's..|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 May 2022|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/monalisa-wishes-her-co-star-ritu-chaudhry-seth-on-her-birthday/articleshow/69369820.cms|title=Monalisa wishes her co-star Ritu Chaudhry Seth on her birthd..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| spouse = Gautam Seth
| children = Ivana Seth<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/this-is-how-shobha-of-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-looks-like-now/articleshow/53669143.cms|title=This is how Shobha of 'Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi' looks..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 August 2016 |access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref>
| relatives =
| yearsactive = 2002–present
| occupation = Television [[Actress]]
}}
'''Ritu Chaudhary''' is an Indian television actress. She played Niyati Vansh Khanna in ''[[Kuchh Jhuki Palkain]]'', Shobha Virani in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', Manasi Amar Jaitley in Dil Na Jaane Kyun, Ritika Bhakar Gupta in ''[[Awaz – Dil Se Dil Tak]]'', Vedashree Shekhar Rathore in ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]'', Aparna Pankaj Tripathi in ''[[Imlie]]'' and Sunita Agnivanshi in ''[[Baazi Ishq Ki]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ritu-chaudhary-seth-i-am-really-proud-of-ageing-and-i-accept-it-gracefully-23229250|title=Ritu Chaudhary Seth: I am really proud of ageing and I accept it gracefully|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ritu-chaudhry-seth-i-have-fond-memories-of-nainital-23231497|title=Ritu Chaudhry Seth: I have fond memories of Nainital|date=13 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-happy-with-the-way-i-am-ageing-i-wouldnt-mind-flaunting-my-greys-says-ritu-chaudhry/articleshow/92292973.cms|title=I am happy with the way I am ageing, I wouldn't mind flaunti..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ritu-chaudhry-seth-on-the-importance-of-body-positivity-it-is-important-to-stay-healthy-but-no-one-can-decide-what-the-right-shape-is/articleshow/92457346.cms|title=Ritu Chaudhry Seth on the importance of body positivity: It..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/we-have-to-understand-the-importance-of-saving-our-environment-imlie-actress-ritu-chaudhry-seth/articleshow/91012657.cms|title=We have to understand the importance of saving our environme..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/imlie-actress-ritu-chaudhry-seth-turns-poet-expresses-her-thoughts-through-her-poetry/articleshow/91315526.cms|title=Ritu Chaudhry Seth turns poet, expresses her thoughts throug..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-thought-this-was-something-i-couldnt-have-ever-done-nazars-on-screen-mom-ritu-chaudhary-on-posing-nude-in-a-bathtub/articleshow/68474836.cms|title=I thought this was something I couldn't have ever done: Naza..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nazar-actresses-monalisa-and-ritu-chaudhry-seth-steal-time-for-shopping-during-break-time/articleshow/69233437.cms|title=Monalisa and Ritu Chaudhry Seth steal time for shopping duri..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-miss-my-family-terribly-says-ritu-seth-who-is-currently-in-hyderabad-shooting-for-her-tv-show-imlie/articleshow/82339727.cms|title=I miss my family terribly, says Ritu Seth who is currently i..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/this-is-how-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-this-shobha-aka-ritu-seth-looks-like-now/articleshow/52651277.cms|title=This is how Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi's Shobha aka Ritu..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=2016-06-08}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Co–Star
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Kuchh Jhuki Palkain]]''
| Niyati Vansh Khanna
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| [[Pracheen Chauhan]]
|-
| 2002–2008
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/bond-free/articleshow/15737875.cms|title=Bond free|access-date=2007-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-cast-reunites-hums-the-title-track-remembering-the-glorious-19-years/articleshow/70071226.cms|title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi cast reunites; hums the title..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 July 2019 |access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-this-mother-daughter-duo-smriti-irani-and-ritu-chaudhary-reunite-after-years-see-pic/articleshow/87755619.cms|title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi's mother-daughter duo Smriti..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ritu-chaudhary-seth-on-her-bond-with-on-screen-mom-smriti-irani-from-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-even-though-she-is-a-central-minister-the-bond-stays-the-same/articleshow/92837772.cms|title=Ritu Chaudhary Seth on her bond with on-screen mom Smriti Ir..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/if-anyone-from-kyunki-needs-help-smriti-irani-will-be-the-first-to-stand-by-us-ritu-seth/articleshow/53287945.cms|title=If anyone from Kyunki needs help, Smriti Irani will be the f..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 July 2016 |access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref>
| Shobha Virani / Shobha Vishal Mehra
| [[Star Plus]]
| {{ubl|[[Rohit Bakshi (actor) | Rohit Bakshi]]|[[Vivan Bhatena]]|''Nasir Khan''}}
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2003
| ''Dil Na Jaane Kyun''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030427/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Dil Na Jaane Kyun: Zee's innovative programming|access-date=2003-04-27}}</ref>
| Manasi Amar Jaitley
| [[Zee TV]]
| {{ubl|''Vineet Sharma''|[[Vikas Sethi]]}}
|-
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' – ''Vikraal Aur Alkatzar''
| Koyena (Episode 94)
| [[Star Plus]]
| [[Pracheen Chauhan]]
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''[[Awaz – Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
| Ritika Bhaskar Gupta
| [[Zee TV]]
| {{ubl|[[Amit Sadh]]|''Aamir Dalvi''}}
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' – Marriage: Part 1 to Part 4
| (Episode 9 to Episode 12)
| [[Sahara One]]
| [[Hrishikesh Pandey]]
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni]]''
| Sunita Prakash Chopra
| [[Star Plus]]
| [[Jiten Lalwani]]
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Koi Aane Ko Hai]]'' – ''Gulmohar''
| Ambika
| [[Colors TV]]
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulhania]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ritu-seth-returns-to-acting-after-eight-years/articleshow/52448282.cms|title=Ritu Seth returns to acting after eight years|newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ritu-seth-back-on-tv-after-8-years-with-bade-bhaiyya-ki-dulhania/articleshow/52651047.cms|title=Ritu Seth back on TV after 8 years with Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulh..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=2016-06-08}}</ref>
| Madhu Pant
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]''
| Leela Raizada
| rowspan = "4" | [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
| 2018–2020
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''
| Vedashree Shekhar Rathore
| ''Amit Kaushik''
|-
| 2019
| Kalashree<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ritu-chaudhry-seth-my-long-standing-wish-to-play-a-double-role-is-finally-fulfilled/articleshow/71924797.cms|title=Ritu Chaudhry Seth: My long-standing wish to play a double r..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref>
|
|-
| 2020–2022
| ''[[Imlie]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/imlie-actors-gashmeer-mahajani-and-ritu-chaudhary-bid-an-emotional-goodbye-as-they-leave-their-kids-before-taking-off-to-hyderabad-for-shoot/articleshow/82117038.cms|title=Gashmeer Mahajani and Ritu Chaudhary bid an emotional goodby..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/imlie-actor-gashmeer-mahajani-is-motivated-to-get-back-into-shape-post-recovering-from-injury-elated-as-show-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/84164729.cms|title=Gashmeer Mahajani is motivated to get back into shape post r..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashita-dhawan-joins-the-cast-of-imlie-is-excited-about-reuniting-with-nazar-co-actor-ritu-chaudhry/articleshow/84399656.cms|title=Ashita Dhawan joins the cast of Imlie, is excited about reun..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/imlies-sumbul-touqeer-ritu-chaudhry-and-the-cast-celebrate-as-show-completes-400-episodes/articleshow/89739700.cms|title=Sumbul Touqeer, Ritu Chaudhry and the cast celebrate as show..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ritu-chaudhary-on-why-she-quit-the-tv-show-imlie/articleshow/91188940.cms|title=Ritu Chaudhary on why she quit the TV show Imlie|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30}}</ref>
| Aparna Pankaj Tripathi
| ''Chandresh Singh''
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Baazi Ishq Ki]]''
| Sunita Agnivanshi
| [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
|
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''
| Shobha Virani
| [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
|}

== Short films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2022
| Infertility<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/actress-ritu-chaudhary-will-seen-short-film-infertility-1503089199.html|title=Ritu Chaudhary will be seen in short film on 'infertility'|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=11 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/imlie-fame-ritu-chaudhry-seth-on-being-part-of-short-film-infertility/articleshow/91943032.cms|title=Ritu Chaudhry Seth on being part of short film 'Infertility'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-01}}</ref>
|
| [[YouTube]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1650051}}
* {{Instagram|ritucj}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Ritu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Modern Institute of Technology and Management

2025-10-07T03:11:01Z

Indussource: refined page

{{Short description|College in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Modern Institute of Technology and Management
| native_name =
| image = Mitmcollegelogo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = Where Hope Shines Think Success, Think MITM
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = 2008
| closed =
| type = [[Private company|Private]] [[engineering]] [[educational institute]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal = Nihar Ranjan Panda
| dean =
| chairperson = Himadri Lenka
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad = B.Tech
| postgrad = MBA
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|20.3051|85.7141|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Kantabaada, Bidyabihar
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics_affiliations =
| sports =
| other_name = MITM
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] and [[BPUT]]
| website = http://www.mitm.edu.in/
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Modern Institute of Technology and Management''' ('''MITM'''), {{langx|or|ମଡ଼ର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବୈଷୟିକ ଓ ପରିଚାଳନା ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାନ}}) is an engineering and management institute in [[Bhubaneswar]], the capital of [[Odisha]]. This institution is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] and affiliated to [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]], Rourkela.<ref>{{cite web|last=serial no. 59|title=Affiliated & Constituent Colleges|url=http://www.bput.ac.in/colleges_bput2010.html|access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> This college was established in 2008 by Prof. Dr. K.C.Dash under the Basanti Dash trust.<ref>{{cite web|last=Higher Education in India|title=Managed by Basanti Dash Trust|url=http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/modern-institute-of-technology-6228.php|access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> 


==Campus==
This Institute has well equipped laboratories, Workshop along with English language laboratory. Computer labs have facilities with Linux platform with intranet and internet facilities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Minglebox|title=Modern Institute of Technology and management|url=http://www.minglebox.com/college/Modern-Institute-of-Technology-and-Management|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084958/http://www.minglebox.com/college/modern-institute-of-technology-and-management|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 May 2015|access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>

==Courses==
This college offers graduation courses (B.Tech.) in:<ref name=gt>{{cite web|last=Grotal|title=Modern-Institute-of-Technology-and-Management|url=http://www.grotal.com/e/Modern-Institute-of-Technology-and-Management-C5577|access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
* Electrical Engineering
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering
* Electronics and Communication Engineering
* Civil Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Computer Science and Engineering

and Post Graduation Course (MBA) in:<ref name=gt/>
* Human Resource Management
* Marketing Management
* Financial Management

==Departments==
Departments present in this institute are:
* Electrical Department
* Electronics Department
* Mechanical Department
* Civil Department
* Basic Science and Humanities Department
* Management Department

==See also==
* [[List of colleges affiliated to Biju Patnaik University of Technology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.mitm.edu.in/}}
* {{cite web|last=Orissa Engineering Colleges|title=MITM|url=http://www.orissaengineeringcolleges.in/43-modern-institute-of-technology-and-management-bhubaneswar.html|access-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412231459/http://www.orissaengineeringcolleges.in/43-modern-institute-of-technology-and-management-bhubaneswar.html|archive-date=12 April 2013|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130412231459/http://www.orissaengineeringcolleges.in/43-modern-institute-of-technology-and-management-bhubaneswar.html |date=12 April 2013 }}
* {{cite web|last=Wikimapia|title=Modern Institute of Technology and Management|url=http://wikimapia.org/17085483/M-I-T-M-Bhubaneswar|access-date=16 March 2013}}

{{Biju_Patnaik_University_of Technology}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Private engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with Biju Patnaik University of Technology]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Orissa]]

{{Odisha-university-stub}}

Jayavarman II of Malwa

2025-09-28T02:46:20Z

Indussource: Created New Info W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jayavarman II
| title = Maharajadhiraja
| succession = King of [[Malwa]]
| reign = c. 1255-1274
| predecessor = [[Jaitugideva|Jaitugi]]
| successor = [[Arjunavarman II]]
| issue = {{Plain list|
*[[Arjunavarman II]]
*Possibly [[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] and [[Mahalakadeva]]{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
}}
| regnal name = "Jayavarman" or "Jayasimha"
| house = [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| reg-type1 = [[Pradhan]]
| regent1 = {{Plain list|
*Chāduri
*Ajayadeva
}}
}}
'''Jayavarman II''' (ruled c. 1255-1274 CE), also known as '''Jayasimha II''', was a king of the [[Paramara dynasty]] in central India.{{sfn|Bhatia|1970|p=129}} He ruled in the [[Malwa]] region, succeeding his elder brother [[Jaitugideva|Jaitugi]].

The king is mentioned by the names "Jayavarman" or "Jayasimha" in his various inscriptions. In the 1274 CE [[Mandhata]] [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]], he is mentioned as both "Jayavarman" and "Jayasimha". In the past, there was some controversy among historians whether Jayavarman and Jayasimha were two different individuals.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=146}}{{sfn|Bhatia|1970|p=155}}

Multiple inscriptions of Jayavarman mention that he stayed at Mandapa-Durga (present-day [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]). Jayavarman or his predecessor Jaitugi might have moved from the traditional Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] to Mandu, which offered a better defensive position, protected by the surrounding hills and the Narmada valley. This may have happened because of attacks of threats of attack from the neighbouring kingdoms. [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], the general of the [[Sultanate of Delhi|Delhi]]'s Sultan [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasir-ud-din]], had reached the northern frontier of the Paramara territory by this time. Around the same time, the Paramaras also faced attacks from the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] king Krishna of Deogiri and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king Visaladeva of Gujarat.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

Jayavarman was succeeded by his son{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} [[Arjunavarman II]], a weak ruler.{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=445}}

== Inscriptions ==
{{Location map+
|India Madhya Pradesh
|float = right
|width = 300
|caption = Locations of Jayavarman II's inscriptions (map of [[Madhya Pradesh]])
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|places =
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=23.7905479|N |long=78.3984423|E |label=[[Rahatgarh]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=24.8768423|N |long=76.6701475|E |label=[[Atru]] |position=top}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=24.4779998|N |long=75.6382657|E |label=Modi |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=22.2507773|N |long=76.1522879|E |label=[[Mandhata]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=23.5251102|N |long=77.8081363|E |label=[[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha) |position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India Madhya Pradesh |lat=23.9352738|N |long=78.2219806|E |label=[[Pathari]] |position=top}}
}}
Several inscriptions from Jayavarman reign, in [[Sanskrit]] language and [[Nagari script]], have been discovered. These include:{{sfn|Bhatia|1970|p=155}}{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=146}}

* 1256 CE ([[Vikrama Samvat|VS]] 1312) [[Rahatgarh]] stone inscription (as Jayasimha-deva)
* 1257 CE (VS 1314) [[Atru]] inscription (as Jayasimha)
* 1258 CE (VS 1314) Modi stone inscription (as Jayavarman)
* 1261 CE (VS 1317) [[Mandhata]] copper-plate inscription (as Jayavarma-deva)
* 1263 CE (VS 1320) [[Vidisha|Bhilsa]] stone inscription (as Jayasimha-deva)
* 1269 CE (VS [[Pathari]] inscription (as Jayasingha)
* 1274 CE (VS 1331) Mandhata copper-plate inscription (as Jayavarman and Jayasimha-deva)

=== 1256 Rahatgarh inscription ===
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Jayavarman II of Malwa}}

The [[Rahatgarh]] inscription, dated 28 August 1256 CE (VS 1312), was discovered on a stone slab by [[Alexander Cunningham]] during the 1870s. The 14-line inscription is written in Sanskrit prose.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=190}}

The inscription drafts a royal document of ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'' ("great king") of [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]]. As the inscription is partially damaged, different scholars have read the name of the king as "Jayasimhadeva" or "Jayavarmadeva".{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=191}}

It is possible that Jayavarman captured the Rahatgarh area from the [[Chandela]]s.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=191}}

=== 1257 Atru inscription ===

The 1257 CE Atru inscription was discovered by [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] on the pillar of the [[Gadgach]] temple in [[Atru]]. The 6-line inscription records the grant of the Mhaisada village to a ''kavichakravartin'' ("emperor of poets") Thakara Narayana. It ends with a curse to anyone who revokes the grant.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=192}}

The inscription names the donor ''Maharajadhiraja'' (great king) Jayasimha, although it does not mention his royal house. Historians have identified him as the Paramara king Jayavarman. Inscriptions of the earlier Paramara king [[Udayaditya]] have been found at [[Jhalrapatan]] at Shergadh in present-day Rajasthan. It appears that Jayavarman extended the Paramara territories further in the north, resulting in a conflict with the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamana]] rulers of [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]].{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=193}}

The 1288 CE Balvan inscription of the Chahamana king [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]] suggests that his father [[Jaitrasimha]] (died 1283 CE) defeated the Jayasimha of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa-Durga]]. It states that he defeated the brave warriors of Jayasimha at Jhampaighatta, and imprisoned them at the Ranthambore fort.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=193}}

=== 1258 Modi inscription ===

This fragmented stone inscription was found near the ruins of a temple complex, in Modi village near [[Bhanpura]]. Some broken parts of this inscription are now lost.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=194}} Besides a ''prashasti'' (eulogy) of the Paramara dynasty, the objective of the inscription was to record the donations towards the construction of a temple complex. It can be inferred that it was originally set up in a newly constructed temple.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=195}} According to the inscription, Modi (IAST: Mauḍī) was originally the headquarters of a ''mandala'' (subdivision). The site of the temples is now submerged under the [[Gandhi Sagar Dam|Chambal dam]] reservoir.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=197}}

The text of the inscription comprises [[kāvya]] (verses), composed by the Brahmin Vamana in ''shardulavikridita'' and ''sragdhara'' [[Sanskrit metre|metres]].{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=195}}

Although several fragments of the inscription are now lost, it appears that its first verse invokes Shiva, and also pays obeisance to [[Heramba]] (Ganesha) and [[Kuvera]]. The next few parts contained auspicious [[shloka]]s, which are now lost. The subsequent verses contain an account of the mythical origin of the Paramara dynasty, in which the sage Vashistha crates a hero called Paramara on Arbuda mountain (Mount Abu). The inscription also describes Jayavarman and his predecessors, but the part containing the description of Jayavarman is now lost.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=196}}

Next, the inscription mentions a [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] sage named Mallikarjuna. Based on the information that can be gathered from the fragments, it appears that the sage was credited with building a temple (or temples), and installing the idols of deities.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=196}} This is followed by a list of donations of money, land and villages towards the construction of the temple complex. The list includes the name of Jayavarman's ''[[pradhana|mahapradhana]]'' (prime minister) Chāduri, who donated a village in name of [[Shiva|Vaidyanatha]].{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=197}}

=== 1261 Mandhata plates ===

This inscription contains two dates of the year [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]] 1317, corresponding to 7 November 1260 CE (the date of the grant) and 12 May 1261 (the date of composition).{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=202-203}} It comprises two copper plates discovered in 1904 at Godarpura village on the [[Mandhata]] island.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=200}} It contains an image of a bearded [[Garuda]] (the Paramara emblem) in human form.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=201}}

The inscription records the grant of the Vadauda village by Gangadeva to three Brahmins. The village is divided into 6 shares:{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=201-203}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Shares !! Donee !! [[Gotra]] !! [[Shakha]]
|-
| 4 || [[Agnihotri]] Mādhava-śarman, the son of Pathaka Hāriśarman, grandson of Dviveda Veda || Bhārgava || Mādhyandina
|-
| 1 || Chaturveda Jānardana, the son of Dviveda Līmadeva, grandson of Dviveda Lāshū || Gautama || Āśvalāyana
|-
| 1 || Dviveda Dhāmadeva-śarman, son of Dikshita Divākara, grandson of Dikshita Kekū || Bhārdvāja || Mādhyandina
|}

Gangadeva is described as a devotee of Shiva, and a member of the [[Pratihara (clan)|Pratihara]] clan.{{sfn|Lal|1916|p=64}} The inscription is issued by ''Maharajadhiraja'' Jayavarmadeva, on whose orders Gangadeva made the grant. Jayavarman is mentioned as a resident of the [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa-Durga]].{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=202}} At its beginning, the inscription contains a genealogy of the Paramara kings from [[Bhoja]] to [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]]. It states that Devapala was succeeded by his son Jaitugi, who held the title ''Bālanārāyana''; Jaitugi was succeeded by Jayavarman.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=202}} It also names two officials: Pandita Mālādhara (the minister of war and treaty) and Ajayadeva (the ''[[pradhana|mahapradhana]]'' or prime minister).{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

The text inscription was composed by Harśadeva, and revised by the grammarian Āmadeva. The inscription was engraved by Kānhaḍa.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

=== 1263 Bhilsa inscription ===

This 10-line inscription, dated 12 April 1263 CE, was discovered by [[D. C. Sircar]]. It features a donkey-and-woman [[motif (visual arts)|motif]]. Written in corrupt Sanskrit, it records the performance of a pious act (donation) by a woman named Sanumati or Bhanumati. The act was performed for the religious merit of Pandita Thakura Madanasimha, who was probably her husband. The name of the donee is not mentioned. Therefore, it appears that the donation was in form of the idol of a deity, near which the stone inscription would have originally been set up.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=206-207}}

The donation was made at Bhailasvamidevapura (Bhilsa or modern [[Vidisha]]), which the inscription states, was in the territory of the king Jayasimha-deva.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=206-207}}

According to the 13th century Muslim historians, the [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Iltutmish]] captured Bhilsa during 1233-34 CE ([[Hijri year|AH]] 632), and destroyed the Bhailasvamin temple. Jayavarman's 1274 CE plates claim that his father Devapala killed a [[mleccha]] ''adhipa'' (possibly the Muslim governor of the Delhi Sultanate) near the city of Bhailasvamin. Combined with the 1263 inscription, this would indicate that Bhilsa was reconquered by the Paramaras, and was a part of Jayavaraman's territory. This is further corroborated by the fact that the later [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] Sultans of Delhi had to re-capture Bhilsa from Hindus.{{sfn|Sircar|1966|pp=187-188}}

=== 1269 Pathari inscription ===

This inscription, dated 10 April 1269 (VS 1326), was discovered at [[Pathari]] in Vidisha district. It records the allotment of land for a religious rite by one Ranasimha. The king's name is given as Jayasingha; although his royal house is not mentioned, but the expressions used in the inscription are similar to the ones used in the 1274 CE Mandhata copper-plate inscription of Jayavarman II. Based on this, Jayasingha can be identified as the Paramara king Jayavarmana II.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=208-209}}

The inscription mentions Vaḍovyapattana, which is identified with the Badoh village near Pathari.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=209}}

=== 1274 Mandhata plates ===

The [[Mandhata]] inscription, dated 10 August 1274 CE comprises four copper-plates held together by copper rings. It was discovered in 1927 while clearing the grounds of the Kashi-Vishveshvara temple at Mandhata. The inscription is written in a mixture of prose and verse. The last plate features [[Garuda]], the Paramara royal emblem.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|pp=139-142}} The charter was authored by Jayavarman's courtier Srikantha, and engraved by the artisan Kanhaka.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=147}} The artisan is probably same as Kanhada, the engraver of the 1261 inscription.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=147}}

The inscription begins with the [[Om]] symbol, and pays obeisance to [[dharma]] (righteousness), which is described as the crown-jewel of the [[purushartha]]s (the four objectives of human life). This is followed by a salutation to the moon deity. The next few stanzas praise [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]] and [[Shiva]]. Next, the text describes the locality ([[Omkareshwar]]-Mandhata), its presiding deity and its rivers ([[Narmada]] and [[Kaveri River (Madhya Pradesh)|Kaveri]]). The next verses seek blessings of [[Varaha]] (an avatar of [[Vishnu]]) and ''Pitamaha'' ([[Brahma]]). It then states that the ''Pitamaha'' created the [[saptarishi|seven sages]] including Vashistha, followed by the legend about the mythical origin of the Paramaras.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=212}}

Next, the inscription lists the eight legendary successors of Paramara, the mythical hero who is said to have founded the dynasty. The eight names are Kamandaludhara, Dhumraja, Devasimhapala, Kanakasimha, Shriharsha, Jagaddeva, Sthirakaya and Voshari. Most of these do not appear to be historical figures.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=212}} These names are followed by historically attested Paramara kings: [[Vairisimha]], [[Vakpati I|Vakpatiraja]], [[Siyaka II|Siya]], [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]], [[Sindhuraja]], [[Bhoja|Bhoja-deva]], [[Udayaditya]], [[Naravarman]], [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]], [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Ajayavarman]], [[Vindhyavarman]], [[Subhatavarman]], [[Arjunavarman]], [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]], [[Jaitugideva|Jaitugi-deva]] and Jayavarman.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=213}}

The inscription states that Jayavarman's army crossed the [[Vindhyas]], and forced the forces of a southern ("Dakshinatya") king to retreat.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=214}} According to D. C. Sircar, this king was probably Ramachandra, the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava king of Deogiri]], who later defeated Jayavarman's successor Arjunavarman II.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|p=146}} However, H. V. Trivedi argues that this is unlikely, because during the early part of his reign, Ramachandra was engaged in a conflict with his own brother Amana. The Dakshinatya king referred to here is probably Ramachandra's uncle Mahadeva. The Sangur inscription of the Yadavas refers to Mahadeva's invasion of Malwa.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=215}}

The inscription then claims that Jayavarman erected temples with golden [[shikhara]]s, planted gardens and excavated tanks; he also donated cities, gold and cows to Brahmins. It does not mention the names or locations of the temples, and no temples built by Jayavarman are known today.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=215}}

Finally, the inscription records a grant of land by one Anayasimha-deva to several Brahmins of Mandhata, with the permission of the king. Anayasimha is mentioned as a ''sadhanika'' (commander of the army) from the [[Chahamana]] family, and a resident of the [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa Durga]]. The inscription describes the achievements of his ancestors, who were in the service of the previous Paramara kings. It also mentions the construction of temples and tanks, as well as other charitable donations made in the past by Anayasimha.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|p=215}}

The king, variously named as Jayasimha and Jayavarman, is described as the lord of [[Dhar]]a.{{sfn|Sircar|1959|pp=139-142}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |first=Pratipal |last=Bhatia |title=The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0410-2 }}
* {{cite book |first=Hira |last=Lal |title=Descriptive lists of inscriptions in the Central provinces and Berar |year=1916 |url=https://archive.org/stream/descriptivelists00hirarich#page/64/mode/2up |publisher=Government Central Press |location=Nagpur }}
* {{cite book |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |title=Concise History of Ancient India: Political history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal }}
* {{cite book |first=D. C. |last=Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=32 |chapter=Mandhata Plates of Paramara Jayasimha-Jayavarman, V. S. 1331 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-32#page/n215/mode/2up |year=1959 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]` }}
* {{cite book |first=D. C. |last=Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=35 |chapter=Bhilsa inscription of the time of Jayasimha, Vikrama 1320 |year=1966 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |ref={{harvid|Trivedi|1991}} }}
{{Paramara dynasty}}

[[Category:Kings of Malwa]]
[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Vishnu Sharma

2025-08-19T22:15:30Z

Indussource: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Ancient Indian writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Vishnu Sharma
| occupation = {{cslist|Writer|teacher|scholar}}
| notable_works = ''[[Panchatantra]]''
| genre = [[Fable]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
}}
[[File:Kelileh va Demneh.jpg|thumb|220px|right|A page from ''Kelileh o Demneh'' dated 1429, from [[Herat]], a [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of the ''Panchatantra'' derived from the [[Arabic]] version – ''Kalila wa Dimna'' – depicts the manipulative jackal-vizier, Dimna, trying to lead his [[Asiatic lion|lion-king]] into war.]]
'''Vishnu Sharma''' ([[Sanskrit]]: विष्णुशर्मन् / विष्णुशर्मा) was an Indian scholar and author who wrote the ''[[Panchatantra]]'', a collection of fables.<ref name="ref67hafuh">{{Citation | title=71 Golden Tales of Panchatantra | author=Santhini Govindan | year=2007 | publisher=Unicorn Books, 2007 | isbn=9788178060866 | url={{GBurl|id=4evdJNxWatMC}} | quote=''... credited to Pandit Vishnusharma somewhere between 1200 BC and AD 300. Many stories may have existed long before then, but Vishnusharma put them together as a single unit ...''}}</ref>

==Works==
Panchatantra is one of the most widely translated non-religious books in history. The ''Panchatantra'' was translated into Middle Persian/[[Middle Persian|Pahlavi]] in 570 CE by [[Borzūya]] and into [[Arabic]] in 750 CE by [[Persian people|Persian]] scholar [[Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa]] as ''Kalīlah wa Dimnah'' ({{langx|ar|links=no|كليلة و دمنة}}).<ref>{{Harvnb|Knatchbull|1819}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Falconer|1885}}</ref> In Baghdad, the translation commissioned by [[Al-Mansur]], the second Abbasid Caliph, is claimed to have become "''second only to the Qu'ran in popularity.''"<ref name="ref19majex">{{Citation | title=Human Drama: World History: From 500 to 1450 C.E., Volume 2 | author=Jean Johnson, Donald James Johnson | date=16 July 2009 | publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005 | isbn=978-1-55876-220-6 | url={{GBurl|id=jZs1fN7QIMoC}} | quote=''... reached al-Mansur, the second Abbasid caliph ... he ordered it translated into Arabic ... Some claim it soon became second only to the Quran in popularity ... at least eleven Panchatantra tales are included in the work of La Fontaine ...''}}</ref> "''As early as the eleventh century this work reached Europe, and before 1600 it existed in [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Latin]], Spanish, Italian, German, English, [[Old Slavonic]], [[Czech language|Czech]], and perhaps other [[Slavonic languages]]. Its range has extended from [[Java]] to [[Iceland]].''"<ref>{{Harvnb|Edgerton|1924|p=3}}. "reacht" and "workt" have been changed to conventional spelling.</ref> In France, "''at least eleven Panchatantra tales are included in the work of [[Jean de La Fontaine]]''."<ref name="ref19majex"/>

==Legend==
The prelude to the ''Panchatantra'' identifies Vishnu Sharma as the author of the work. Since there is no other independent external evidence about him, "it is impossible to say whether he was the historical author . . .or is himself a literary invention".<ref>{{Harvnb|Olivelle|1997}}</ref> Based on analysis of various Indian [[recension]]s and the geographical features and animals described in the stories, [[Kashmir]]<ref name="ref65joyeh">{{Citation | title=Orissa review, Volume 22 | year=1965 | publisher=Home Department, Government of Orissa, 1965 | url={{GBurl|id=jZFiYtIcYycC}} | quote=''... He has concluded Kashmir as the birthplace of Vishnusharma taking into account the geographical features and the animals ...''}}</ref> is suggested to be his birthplace by various scholars.

He has also been associated with the [[University of Taxila]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2018|author=Eleanor Nesbitt |title=Punjab|encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |editor-surname=Jacobsen |editor-given=Knut A. |editor-link=Knut A. Jacobsen |display-editors=etal |volume=1–6 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1010020060 |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ENHI/COM-1010020060.xml?rskey=3oDqiv&result=1 |isbn=978-9004271289 |url-access=registration |quote=... university is regarded as the setting for the composition and compiling of significant Sanskrit works, which include the [[Arthaśāstra]] (a treatise on economic, political and military strategy; see artha) by [[Kauṭilya]], the [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]] (the first known grammar of Sanskrit) by [[Pāṇini]] (see language and linguistics), and the [[Pāñcatantra]] (collected animal fables) by Viṣṇuśarman.}}</ref>

The prelude narrates the story of how Vishnu Sharma supposedly created the 'Panchatantra'. There was a king called Amarshakti{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} who ruled a kingdom, whose capital was a city called Mahilaropya (महिलारोप्य), whose location on the current map of India is unknown.<ref name="comppanch3242">{{Citation | title=सम्पूर्ण पञ्चतन्त्र (The Complete Panchatantra) | author=Acharya Vishnusharma | publisher=Parampara Books | url=http://pustak.org/bs/home.php?bookid=5780 | quote=''... भारत की दक्षिण दिशा में स्थित महिलारोप्य नामक नगर किसी राज्य की राजधानी था (located in the south of India was a city named Mahilaropya, the capital of some kingdom)...'' | access-date=1 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006064226/http://pustak.org/bs/home.php?bookid=5780 | archive-date=6 October 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The king had three sons named Bahushakti, Ugrashakti and Anantshakti.<ref name="ref03rofud">{{Citation | title=Secrets of Leadership: Insights from the Pancha Tantra | author=Luis S.R.Vas, Anita Vas | date=10 September 2002 | publisher=Pustak Mahal, 2004 | isbn=978-81-223-0802-0 | url={{GBurl|id=MxU-Gi2bB8AC}} | quote=''... a king called Amarshakti. He had three sons – Bahushakti, Ugrashakti and Anantshakti – all dullards ...''}}</ref> Though the king himself was both a scholar and a powerful ruler, his sons were "''all dullards''."<ref name="ref03rofud" /> The king despaired of his three princes' inability to learn, and approached his ministers for counsel. They presented him with conflicting advice, but the words of one, called Sumati, rang true to the king.<ref name="ref53pibam">{{Citation | title=Story of Panchtantra | author=Pustak Mahal – Editorial Group / Bloomsbury | date=14 August 1999 | publisher=Pustak Mahal, 1999 | isbn=978-81-223-0454-1 | url={{GBurl|id=9tPuMbMZQTcC}} | quote=''... One of them named Sumati advised the ruler to hand over the princes to the care of the renowned teacher Acharya Vishnusharma ...''}}</ref> He said that the sciences, politics and diplomacy were limitless disciplines that took a lifetime to master formally. Instead of teaching the princes scriptures and texts, they should somehow be taught the wisdom inherent in them, and the aged scholar Vishnu Sharma was the man to do it.<ref name="ref75qipuv">{{Citation | title=Secrets of Leadership: Insights from the Pancha Tantra | author=Luis S.R.Vas, Anita Vas | date=10 September 2002 | publisher=Pustak Mahal, 2004 | isbn=978-81-223-0802-0 | url={{GBurl|id=MxU-Gi2bB8AC}} | quote=''... a wise man named Sumati. He came up with the idea that the princes should not be taught the scriptures but only the wisdom in them. There is a man called Vishnusharma ...''}}</ref>

Vishnu Sharma was invited to the court, where the king offered him a hundred land grants if he could teach the princes.<ref name="ref92yibir">{{Citation | title=Children and Literature | author=Shubha Tiwari | year=2006 | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2006 | isbn=978-81-269-0583-6 | url={{GBurl|id=9TtfjO6dezAC}} | quote=''... In return the king promised to pay a hundred land grants but Vishnusharma replied: 'Naham vidyavikrayam shasanshatenapi karomi.' Translated, 'I am not the man to sell good learning for a hundred land grants.' ...''}}</ref> Vishnu Sharma declined the promised award, saying he did not sell knowledge for money, but accepted the task of making the princes wise to the ways of politics and leadership within six months.<ref name="ref75qipuv"/><ref name="ref92yibir"/> Vishnu Sharma knew that he could never instruct these three students through conventional means. He had to employ a less orthodox way, and that was to tell a succession of animal fables – one weaving into another – that imparted to them the wisdom they required to succeed their father. Adapting stories that had been told for thousands of years in India, panchatantra was composed into an entertaining five part work to communicate the essence of diplomacy, relationships, politics and administration to the princes.<ref name="ref75qipuv"/> These five discourses — titled "The Loss of Friends", "The Winning of Friends", "Of Crows and Owls", "Loss of Gains" and "Imprudence" — became the ''Panchatantra'', meaning the five (''pancha'') treatises (''tantra'').

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Librivox author |id=17255}}

{{Clear}}

{{Panchatantra}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnusharma}}
[[Category:Panchatantra]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian fabulists]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Asian people whose existence is disputed]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Taxila Tehsil]]

Dharmamudrā

2025-07-17T20:16:27Z

Indussource: started article

{{Buddhism}}
'''Dharmamudrā''' ([[Sanskrit]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 法印) is a Buddhist term translated as "the seal of the dharma" or "the distinguishing mark of the dharma". It can be construed as the objective qualities of all phenomena (a related term is the [[three marks of existence]]), but is generally interpreted as the "seal" or "mark" that distinguish the Buddhist teachings from non-Buddhist ones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism|others=Buswell, Robert E., Jr., 1953-, Lopez, Donald S., Jr., 1952-, Ahn, Juhn.|date=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-068115-9|location=[Princeton]|oclc=1003080564}}</ref> ''Dharmamudrā'' also provides doctrinal insight that distinguishes the definitive teachings of Buddhism from the provisional teachings.

== Types of Dharmamudrā ==
One general type is called '''Trilakṣaṇā dharmamudrā''' ([[Sanskrit]]; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 三法印), or the three marks:

* [[Anitya|Impermanence]]: All compounded things are characterized by impermanence.
* [[Anatta|Non-self]]: All existing things are characterized by the lack of a self.
* [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nirvana]]: Nirvana is characterized by uncompounded quiescence.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nhất Hạnh, Thích|title=The heart of the Buddha's teaching : transforming suffering into peace, joy & liberation : the four noble truths, the noble eightfold path, and other basic Buddhist teachings|date=8 June 1999 |publisher=Harmony/Rodale |isbn=978-0-7679-0369-1|oclc=933299324}}</ref>

In another typology, the third 'mark' is replaced by "all experiences are characterized by suffering" ([[Duḥkha|Duḥkha]]).<ref>{{Cite book|translator=Walshe, Maurice O'C. (Maurice O'Connell)|title=The long discourses of the Buddha : a translation of the Dīgha Nikāya|date=15 June 1995 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=0-86171-103-3|oclc=823345428}}</ref>

Another type is called '''caturmudrā''' ([[Sanskrit]]; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 四法印), or the [[Four Dharma Seals|four seals]], which include "suffering" to the three seals or marks mentioned above.<ref name=":0" />

There is also the five marks or seals, which refer to impermanence, non-self, nirvana, suffering and [[Śūnyatā|emptiness.]]<ref>{{Cite book|translator=Watson, Burton|title=The Vimalakirti Sutra|year=2008|orig-date=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1672-5|oclc=880203589}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Three marks of existence]]
* [[Four Dharma Seals]]
* [[Impermanence|Anitya]]
* [[Anatta]]
* [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nirvana]]
* [[Duḥkha|Dhukha]]
* [[Śūnyatā|Sunyata]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]

{{Buddhist-philo-stub}}

Eka Movement

2025-07-14T20:58:20Z

Indussource: minor update

{{Short description|Indian peasant movement started in 1921}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{inline|date=June 2019}}
'''Eka Movement''' or '''Unity Movement''' is a peasant movement which surfaced in [[Hardoi]], [[Bahraich]], [[Barabanki]] and [[Sitapur]] of North Western Province of U.P during the end of 1921. Initially started by Congress and the Khilafat movement, it was later headed by [[Madari Pasi]]. The main reason for the movement was high rent, which was generally higher than 50% of recorded rent in some areas. Oppression by ''thekedars'' who were entrusted to collect rent and practice of share rent also contributed to this movement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian National Congress and Eka Movement in Awadh |url=https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v8i1/ART20194597.pdf |website=IJSR|accessdate=29 November 2022 |date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

The Eka meetings were marked by a religious ritual in which a hole that represented River Ganga was dug in the ground and filled with water, a priest was brought in to preside and assembled peasants vowed that they would pay only recorded rent but pay it on time, would not leave when ejected, would refuse to do forced labour, would give no help to criminals and abide by the Panchayat decisions, they would not pay the revenue without receipt and would remain united under any circumstance. Small zamindars who were disenchanted with British Government due to heavy land revenue demand were also a part of this movement.

Soon the leadership of Movement changed from Congress to Madari Pasi, a low caste leader who was not inclined to accept non-violence. This led the movement losing contact with nationalist class. Because in this the national leader was Mahatma Gandhi and his ideology was based on non violence. The loss of supporters and backing of Congress due to the violent turn of the movement made it easier for colonial authorities to repress the movement.

In March 1922, arresting of the leader Madari Pasi by the British government brought the Eka Movement to an end.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* ''India's Struggle for Independence'' by Bipin Chandra, Mridula Mukherjee, Aditya Mukherjee, Suchetha Mahajan, KN Panikkar
* [https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v8i1/ART20194597.pdf Indian National Congress and Eka Movement in Awadh] ISSN: 2319-7064

[[Category: Social movements in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts in India]]