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Singeetam Srinivasa Rao filmography

2026-05-06T18:05:42Z

Indian constitution: Put Up The Bio Needs Work

{{more footnotes|date=February 2026}}
{{short description|Filmography of Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
[[File:Singeetam srinivasa rao.jpg|thumb|Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}

[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] is an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor.<ref name="ఈనాడు సినిమాలో సింగీతం">{{cite news |last1=Singeetam |first1=Srinivasa Rao |date=1 July 2012 |title=స్వర్ణయుగాన్ని చూపించిన గురువు |url=http://telugucinemacharitra.com/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97-%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81/ |accessdate=7 October 2022 |work=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> He has directed around sixty films across multiple genres and languages, including [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], and [[English language|English]]. He is widely regarded as one of India's most versatile and innovative filmmakers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=20 May 2005 |title=Spinning magic |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052001520300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409062525/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052001520300.htm |archive-date=9 April 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |quote=With an amazing display of mastery over a wide range of subjects from comedies to experimental socials to folklore to mythological to 3D animation films that no other contemporary filmmaker has attempted, Singeetham Srinivasa Rao completes half a century of film career this year.}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 September 2010 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/07/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032615/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/07/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao.htm |archive-date=17 September 2017 |access-date=6 October 2014 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |quote=There's no stopping the drive and ambition of the veteran film-maker Singeetham Srinivasa Rao who has made film after successful film in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, and Hindi in as many genres as he could, from mythology to laugh-aloud comedies.}}</ref>

== Film ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of Singeetam Srinivasa Rao film credits
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! rowspan="2" |Language
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! scope="col" |Director
! scope="col" |Writer
|-
|1972
! scope="row" |''[[Neeti Nijayiti]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|1974
! scope="row" |''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
|1975
! scope="row" |''Zamindaru Gari Ammayi''
| rowspan="5" |Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1976
! scope="row" |''Oka Deepam Veligindhi''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[America Ammayi (film)|America Ammayi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1977
! scope="row" |''[[Tharam Marindi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Andame Anandam''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Niraparayum Nilavilakkum''
|[[Malayalam]]
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1978
! scope="row" |''[[Panthulamma]]''
| rowspan="8" |Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Rama Chilaka''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Gammathu Goodacharulu''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1979
! scope="row" |''[[Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Mangala Thoranalu''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1980
! scope="row" |''Triloka Sundari''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Gandara Golam''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Pilla Zamindar''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1981
! scope="row" |''[[Raja Paarvai]]''
|Tamil
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| rowspan="2" |Shot simultaneously
|-
! scope="row" |''Amavasya Chandrudu''
|Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
! scope="row" |''Jegantalu''
|Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1982
! scope="row" |''Thrilok Sundhari''
|[[Hindi]]
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Haalu Jenu]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Kannada]]
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
! scope="row" |''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Raju Rani Jackie''
|Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1984
! scope="row" |''[[Shravana Banthu]]''
|Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Vasantha Geetam]]''
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Sangeeta Samrat''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
|1985
! scope="row" |''[[Jwaalamukhi]]''
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
! scope="row" |''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1987
! scope="row" |''[[America Abbayi]]''
|Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Shruthi Seridaaga]]''
|Kannada
| {{no}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]''
|Sound{{efn|Won National Award as a Kannada entry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=35th National Film Festival, 1988 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004082428/http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=15 September 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>|group=lowe-alpha}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Also producer
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
! scope="row" |''[[Devatha Manushya]]''
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Chiranjeevi Sudhakar]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Samyuktha]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
|1989
! scope="row" |''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|1990
! scope="row" |''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|1991
! scope="row" |''[[Aditya 369]]''
|Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
! scope="row" |''Ksheera Sagara''
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Brundavanam]]''
|Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|1993
! scope="row" |''[[Phool (1993 film)|Phool]]''
|Hindi
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Story}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994
! scope="row" |''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''
|Tamil
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]''
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Madam (film)|Madam]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|1995
! scope="row" |''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]''
|Tamil
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|1996
! scope="row" |''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]''
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
! scope="row" |''[[Rajahamsa]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]''
|Tamil
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|1999
! scope="row" |''[[Tuvvi Tuvvi Tuvvi]]''
|Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
! scope="row" |''[[Little John (film)|Little John]]''
|Tamil [[English language|English]] Hindi
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]''
|Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|2002
! scope="row" |''[[Makeup (2002 film)|Makeup]]''
|Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
! scope="row" |''[[Vijayam]]''
|Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Son of Alladin]]''
|English
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Animated film
|-
|2005
! scope="row" |''[[Mumbai Xpress]]''
|Tamil Hindi
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|Shot simultaneously
|-
|2008
! scope="row" |''[[Ghatothkach]]''
|Hindi
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Animated film
|-
|2013
! scope="row" |''[[Welcome Obama]]''
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|-
|2022
! scope="row" |''[[Pratibimbalu]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}}
|Shot in 1982; co-directed by [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]
|-
|2026
| {{pending film|Sing-Geetham}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=February 1, 2026 |title='SSR61' announced: Singeetam Srinivasa Rao makes film at 93: Legendary director returns after 10 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ssr61-announced-singeetam-srinivasa-rao-makes-film-at-93-legendary-director-returns-after-10-years/articleshow/127833855.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==Other credits in films==

===Composing credits===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Singeetam Srinivasa Rao film composing credits
! rowspan="2"|Year
! rowspan="2"|Title
! colspan="2"|Credited as
! rowspan="2"|Language
! rowspan="2"|Notes
|-
! Songs
! Score
|-
| 1986
|''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan="2"|Kannada ||
|-
| 1988
|''[[Samyuktha]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Ghatothkach]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
| Hindi
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Welcome Obama]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| Telugu
| Also lyricist and playback singer
|-
|}

===Acting credits===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Singeetam Srinivasa Rao film acting credits
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1978
|''[[Panthulamma]]''
|
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
| Travelling singer
|Tamil
| Cameo appearance in the song "Kadha Kelu Kadha Kelu"
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Varudu]]''
|Sandy's grandfather
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2010-01-11 |title=Varudu getting ready |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/Jan/11/varudu-getting-ready-159827.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''Chinni Chinni Aasa''
|
|
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Kanche]]''
|Pianist
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Bhale Unnade]]''
|Old man
|
|{{cn|date=April 2026}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=nm0801870}}
{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
[[Category:Director filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]

Taj Mahal (2008 film)

2026-05-05T03:52:03Z

Indian constitution:

{{short description|2008 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Taj Mahal
|image = Taj_Mahal_(2008_film).jpg
|caption = Theatrical poster
|director = [[R. Chandru]]
|producer = T. Shivashankar Reddy
|writer = R. Chandru
|narrator =
|starring = [[Ajay Rao]] [[Pooja Gandhi]] [[Rangayana Raghu]] [[Ananth Nag]]
|music = [[Abhimann Roy]]
|cinematography = K. S. Chandrashekar
|editing = K. M. Prakash
|studio = Shiva Shakthi Enterprises
|released = {{Film date|2008|7|25|df=y}}
|runtime = 154 minutes
|country = India
|language = Kannada
|budget = 
}}

'''''Taj Mahal''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Kannada-language]] [[romantic drama]] film directed and written by [[R. Chandru]], starring [[Ajay Rao]] and [[Pooja Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/taj-mahal/cast-crew.html|title=Taj Mahal Cast & crew|publisher=entertainment.oneindia|date=2008}}</ref> Produced by T. Shivashankar Reddy, the film is Chandru's directoral debut. The film was released on 25 July 2008, and had a 200-day run in [[Karanataka]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url =http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2009/sivaji-taj-mahal-remake-040309.html|title=Sivaji to both act and produce a film|date=4 March 2009}}</ref> Music director [[Abhimann Roy]] was awarded the Best Music Director accolade at the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] for his film score. ''Taj Mahal'' was one of the most successful Kannada-language films of 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/taj-mahal-the-winner--kannada-news-43087.html|title=TAJ MAHAL' THE WINNER! One of the very few hits of this year so far|work=m.indiaglitz.com|date=18 November 2008}}</ref> It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Taj Mahal (2010 film)|under the same title]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2009/sivaji-taj-mahal-hero-041109.html|title=Sivaji turns hero in Taj Mahal remake|date=4 November 2009|website=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/T/Taj_Mahal/Taj_Mahal_Review.html|title=Taj Mahal Review - Shivaji, Shuruthi, Kota Srinivasan Rao, Taj Mahal , Taj Mahal Telugu Movie Review ,Telugu movie review, Telugu cinema - 123telugu.com - Andhra Pradesh News and Views|website=www.123telugu.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A college student and aspiring film director is kicked out of his house in a village by his father after he bunks classes and spends most of his time watching movies in theatres. Dejected, he takes a bus ride and starts reading a diary found on the seat next to his.

Ajay Kumar, an honest, poor boy from a [[village]], hands over a lost [[suitcase]] to the police. He tells them that his name is Kumar and leaves his cell number. Shruthi, the owner of the suitcase, is elated when she recovers her father's suitcase, and calls Kumar to thank him.

They speak over the phone many times and gradually fall in love. Incidentally they both study in the same [[engineering]] college, but Shruthi knows her lover only as Kumar. In college he is known as Ajay. Shruthi is not aware that Ajay and Kumar are the same person and flatly rejects Ajay when he proposes to her. Eventually Ajay is expelled from his college due to neglecting his studies in pursuit of Shruthi. In confusion and deep agony, Ajay decides to go back to his village. In a series of events Shruthi finds out that Ajay is none other than Kumar, then Shruthi and the aspiring film director and goes to his village to meet Ajay aka Kumar but a villager informs her that Ajay met with an accident and has died at the spot, his mother has died from the shock and his father has become a mentally imbalanced person. The villager further explains that Ajay's life and story is now used as a cautionary tale for children to not sacrifice their education for the sake of romance. Shruthi gets shocked, goes to the gravestone of Ajay with agony, and the film ends in tragedy.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajay Rao]] as Ajay Kumar
* [[Pooja Gandhi]] as Shruti
* Ashok
* Vishwanath Mundasada
* Kirange Naga
* [[Anant Nag]] as Narayan Murthy, Shruthi's father
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Shankar
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]] as Krishna
* Mohan Juneja
* Pranaya Murthy
* N. T. Jayaram Reddy
* Narasimha Bharathi
* Height Manju
* [[Padmaja Rao]] as Shruti's mother
* E. Krishnappa as himself (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
Director [[R. Chandru]] stated that the film would be based on his life as an aspiring film director. He stated, "I had cherished dreams of becoming a director since my childhood. My father, being a farmer, did not like the idea. He used to beat me when I bunked school and watched a movie at touring talkies near my village. I had to run away from home to realise my ambition. I thought it would be nice to tell the future directors that hard work and dedication are musts to realise their ambition. I conveyed this through ''Taj Mahal''."<ref>{{cite web |title=Based on true stories |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/aug/27/based-on-true-stories-81025.html |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=25 August 2023 |date=27 August 2009}}</ref> He wrote the story after completing his graduation and was partly financed by a farmer by {{INR}}3 [[lakh]], who wanted a role for himself in the film.<ref name="th1">{{cite web |last1=Sebastian R. |first1=Shilpa |title=Breaking through every brass gate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/director-r-chandru-on-taj-mahal/article21259155.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=25 August 2023 |date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

It was reported in November 2007 that [[Sunil Raoh]] would play the lead role in the film opposite [[Pooja Gandhi]]. Chandru had stated that [[Rajkiran]] would play a pivotal role in the film, and that "the film relates to the element of love". He added that filming would take place in [[Kullu]]–[[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Taj Mahal]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore]] and in the periphery of [[Sakleshpur]], and that it would begin on 17 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunil returns for good |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2007/sunil-rao-taj-mahal-201107.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=Filmibeat.com |date=20 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825111048/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2007/sunil-rao-taj-mahal-201107.html |archive-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> However, Raoh backed out, citing personal reasons. [[Ajay Rao]], who had one successful role in the film ''[[Excuse Me (2003 film)|Excuse Me]]'' (2003), replaced him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunil Raoh was supposed to play Krishna Ajai's Rao's role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/sunil-raoh-was-supposed-to-play-krishna-ajais-raos-role/articleshow/45357581.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=25 August 2023 |date=3 December 2014}}</ref>

Upon the film's release, some viewers called Chandru, accusing him of basing the film on their lives. Chandru dismissed these claims and stated that the film was based on events in a friend's life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/aug/180808-taj-mahal-copy-south-splash.htm|title=Taj Mahal is not a copy|publisher=Midday.com|accessdate=2008-08-18}}</ref> Speaking of the film's making in a 2017 interview, Chandru recalled, "The film progressed slowly but steadily. I would work as a director during the day and as a cook at nights. Me and the producers hired a small room, where we slept on mats... Soon, the film was complete and released. But the same day there was a bomb blast in one of the theatres and all theatres were empty. My stomach churned as the producer had put his all in this film. I broke down. But, the next day when the theatres opened, Taj Mahal was running houseful across Karnataka. It had a successful run and created history."<ref name="th1"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Taj Mahal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Abhimann Roy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:09
| label = Skanda Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Abhimann Roy]]. The soundtrack album consists of seven tracks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tajmahal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Various Artists |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/tajmahal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1501174931 |website=iTunes |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> It won Roy the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]] for 2008–09. The track "Kushiyagide" was received well.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ram |first1=Avinash G. |title='ಖುಷಿಯಾಗಿದೆ ಏಕೋ ನಿನ್ನಿಂದಲೇ...' ಎನ್ನುತ್ತ ಬಂದ 'ತಾಜ್ ಮಹಲ್‌' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ 15 ವರ್ಷ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/ajay-rao-pooja-gandhi-starrer-taj-mahal-kannada-movie-completes-15-years/articleshow/102109571.cms |website=Vijay Karnataka |access-date=25 August 2023 |language=kn |date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 30:09
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hoovantha Preethi
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Supriya Lohith]]
| length1 = 5:16
| title2 = Kushiyagide Eko Ninnindale
| lyrics2 = [[R. Chandru]]
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length2 = 4:37
| title3 = Nee Nanna Manasinali
| lyrics3 = [[Abhimann Roy]]
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length3 = 5:20
| title4 = Neenendu Nannavanu
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics4 = R. Chandru
| length4 = 4:55
| title5 = Kolluvudaadare Kondubidu
| extra5 = Badri Prasad
| lyrics5 = Manju Honnavar
| length5 = 3:48
| title6 = Preethi Annnodu
| extra6 = [[Chetan Sosca]]
| lyrics6 = Lokesh Krishna
| length6 = 1:39
| title7 = Ibbaru Preethina
| extra7 = Abhimann Roy
| lyrics7 = Manjunath Lava
| length7 = 4:34
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Taj Mahal'' had gained popularity due to its soundtrack album having been received well {{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}.
The film was slated for release on 18 July 2008, but was postponed to avoid clash with ''[[Moggina Manasu]]'', and released a week later, on 25 July. It was released simultaneously in Karnataka and in the UK, the first for a Kannada film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tajmahal is set to hit screens on 25 July |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2008/tajmahal-release-chandru-230708.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825105614/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2008/tajmahal-release-chandru-230708.html |archive-date=25 August 2023 |date=23 July 2008}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''[[Rediff.com]]'' awarded the film 3.5 stars out of 5, writing, "''Taj Mahal'' blends pure romance with a right portion of sentiment and a bit of humour. And it is ably complemented by its excellent music and brilliant cinematography. The film also underlines the importance of parents' contribution to the future of their children, and how such an important factor is missed out by today's youngsters... Performance-wise, Ajay has come out with his best till date. The actor, who made a very good first impression with Prem's ''Excuse Me'', has bounced back with this powerful performance. Pooja Gandhi looks stunning and has worked hard to give a very strong performance."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/25sst.htm|title=Review: Taj Mahal|date=July 25, 2008|agency=Rediff.com}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz.com'' rated the film 7.5 out of 10 and stated that Ajay Rao "has done his role quite comfortably. Pooja Gandhi the heroine to watch on Kannada screen has been very good in emotions."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/taj-mahal-kannada-movie-review-10338.html|title=Taj Mahal review. Taj Mahal Kannada movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 and wrote that Rao "has done it impressively and he is looking for a major breakthrough. Pooja Gandhi looks pretty and has done a good job. Suresh Mangalore Rangayana Raghu and Ananthnag are apt."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/taj-mahal-review-kannada-pclwGuibgfiha.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308072136/http://www.sify.com/movies/taj-mahal-review-kannada-pclwGuibgfiha.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2016|title=Taj Mahal|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Box-office ===
The film was released in [[Karnataka]] and completed a 200-day theatrical run. It was reported to have completed 100-day runs at 11 centers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - TAJ MAHAL GIVES MAHAL TO DIRECTOR! - Chitratara.com |url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=206&ptype=News&title=TAJ%20MAHAL%20GIVES%20MAHAL%20TO%20DIRECTOR! |website=Chitratara.com |access-date=25 August 2023 |date=18 November 2007}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="7" | [[56th Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Actress
| [[Pooja Gandhi]]
| {{Nom}}
|rowspan="7" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001531/2009|title=Filmfare Awards South|work=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Ajay Rao]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Director
| [[R. Chandru]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Abhimann Roy]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Ananth Nag]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| Padmaja Rao
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best lyricist
| [[R. Chandru]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[2008–09 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| Best Music Director
| Abhimann Roy
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="1" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/karnataka-state-film-awards-announced-kannada-news-62071.html|title=KARNATAKA STATE FILM AWARDS ANNOUNCED|work=m.indiaglitz.com|date=3 December 2010}}</ref>
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14253670}}

{{R. Chandru}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taj Mahal}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Chandru]]
[[Category:2008 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Abhimann Roy]]

Burari Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T12:50:31Z

Indian constitution:

{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Burari
| mla = [[Sanjeev Jha]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 2008
| loksabha_cons = [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[Central Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 2
}}
'''Burari Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern [[India]]. Its center is the city of [[Burari]]. Burari assembly constituency is a part of [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]] Lok Sabha constituency. This constituency was created by reorganization by [[Delimitation commission of India|delimitation commission]] in 2008.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Krishan Tyagi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Sanjeev Jha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Burari<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Burari">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Burari |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U052.htm |access-date=8 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208132050/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U052.htm |archive-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Sanjeev Jha]]
| votes = {{formatnum:121181}}
| percentage = {{formatnum:47.57}}
| change = {{decrease}}15.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Shailendra Kumar
| votes = {{formatnum:100580}}
| percentage = {{formatnum:39.48}}
| change = {{increase}}16.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mangesh Tyagi
| votes = {{formatnum:19920}}
| percentage = {{formatnum:7.82}}
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Ratan Tyagi
| votes = {{formatnum:3852}}
| percentage = {{formatnum:1.51}}
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = {{formatnum:2548}}
| percentage = {{formatnum:1.00}}
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = {{formatnum:20601}}
| percentage = {{formatnum:8.09}}
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = {{formatnum:253548}}
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Burari <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/|title=General Legislative Election 2020|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Sanjeev Jha]]
| votes = 1,39,598
| percentage = 62.81
| change = -1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Shailendra Kumar
| votes = 51,440
| percentage = 23.14
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Dharam Veer
| votes = 18,044
| percentage = 8.12
| change = +7.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Pramod Tyagi
| votes = 2,278
| percentage = 1.02
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal|candidate=Ranjeet Singh|votes=1,244|percentage=0.56|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate|party=BSNP|candidate=Anil Kumar Yadav|votes=1,210|percentage=0.54|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the Above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 1,206
| percentage = 0.54
| change = +0.33
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 88,158
| percentage = 39.67
| change = +4.90
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 2,22,391
| percentage = 61.48
| change = -6.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -1.01
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Burari]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Sanjeev Jha]]
| votes = 1,24,724
| percentage = 63.82
| change = +26.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Gopal Jha
| votes = 56,774
| percentage = 29.05
| change = -1.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = J. S. Chauhan
| votes = 6,750
| percentage = 3.45
| change = -16.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rambir
| votes = 2,343
| percentage = 1.19
| change = -1.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
| candidate = Manager Chaurasiya
| votes = 930
| percentage = 0.47
| change = +0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Dharampal Singh
| votes = 561
| percentage = 0.28
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the Above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 413
| percentage = 0.21
| change = -0.20
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 67,950
| percentage = 34.77
| change = +28.39
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,95,481
| percentage =67.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +26.75
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Burari]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=2 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Sanjeev Jha|votes=60,164|percentage=37.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Shri Krishan|votes=49,813|percentage=30.69|change=+0.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Deepak Tyagi|votes=31,649|percentage=19.50|change=-5.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Vinod Nagar|votes=6,462|percentage=3.98|change=-12.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kamal Sharma|votes=3,664|percentage=2.26|change=-9.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Surinder Routela|votes=2,700|percentage=1.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None|votes=665|percentage=0.41|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=10,351|percentage=6.38|change=+1.68}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,62,530|percentage=65.96|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party

| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Burari<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3876-delhi-2008/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf|title=2008 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Shri Krishan
| votes = 32,006
| percentage = 30.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Deepak Tyagi
| votes = 27,016
| percentage = 25.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = Vinod Nagar
| votes = 17,777
| percentage = 16.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Anand Mohan Joshi
| votes = 12,753
| percentage = 11.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Ram Kishore Tyagi
| votes = 4,695
| percentage = 4.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Manoj Kumar
| votes = 2,583
| percentage = 2.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Inder Singh
| votes = 1,397
| percentage = 1.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sandeep Kumar
| votes = 1,020
| percentage = 0.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dharmender Singhal
| votes = 899
| percentage = 0.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party
| candidate = Ganesh Pal
| votes = 771
| percentage = 0.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Munna Rawat
| votes = 716
| percentage = 0.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kamla Rani
| votes = 579
| percentage = 0.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sadhna Sharma
| votes = 519
| percentage = 0.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtrawadi Sena
| candidate = Bhagwan Singh
| votes = 441
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ragini Sharma
| votes = 437
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
| candidate = Deen Dayal Singh
| votes = 414
| percentage = 0.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party
| candidate = Lal Bahadur Singh
| votes = 414
| percentage = 0.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Babli
| votes = 367
| percentage = 0.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = National Lokhind Party
| candidate = Hari Kishan
| votes = 324
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Ram Maurya
| votes = 318
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nafe Singh
| votes = 272
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Suraj Pal Singh
| votes = 266
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shivji Shah
| votes = 221
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rakesh Kumar
| votes = 151
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,990
| percentage = 4.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 106,346
| percentage = 55.9
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.758|77.194|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Central Delhi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Badkhal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:58Z

Indian constitution: Creating new data initial version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badkhal
|type= SLA
| map_image = Badkhal Assembly constituency map.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|region =
|state = [[Haryana]]
|district = [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
|constituency_no = 87
|established = 
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
|mla = [[Dhanesh Adlakha]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|alliance = 
|latest_election_year = 
| electors = 3,29,878
}}
'''[[Badkhal Lake|Badkhal]]''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref> It is part of [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]] district. As of 2024, it is represented by [[Dhanesh Adlakha]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Haryana Election Results 2024: BJP's Dhanesh Adlakha Wins In Badkhal">{{cite news |last1= |date=8 October 2024 |title=Haryana Election Results 2024: BJP's Dhanesh Adlakha Wins In Badkhal |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/haryana-election-results-2024-bjps-dhanesh-adlakha-leads-in-badkhal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110164659/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/haryana-election-results-2024-bjps-dhanesh-adlakha-leads-in-badkhal |archive-date=10 November 2024 |access-date=7 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Mahender Pratap Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Seema Trikha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Dhanesh Adlakha]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badkhal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhanesh Adlakha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=79,476 |percentage=49.68% |change={{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Pratap Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=73,295 |percentage=45.81% |change={{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Choudhary |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,493 |percentage=1.56% |change={{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Verma |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,681 |percentage=1.05% |change={{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,509 |percentage=0.94% |change={{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,181 |percentage=3.86% |change= {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,59,984 |percentage=48.17% |change= {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,29,878 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badkhal<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Seema Trikha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,550 |percentage=43.26% |change={{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Pratap Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=56,005 |percentage=41.38% |change={{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharambir Bhadana |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=9,481 |percentage=7.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Choudhary |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,481 |percentage=3.31% |change={{decrease}}9.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Bhadana |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,362 |percentage=1.75% |change={{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,274 |percentage=1.68% |change={{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagram Gautam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=951 |percentage=0.70% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,545 |percentage=1.88% |change= {{decrease}}25.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,335 |percentage=49.15% |change= {{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,75,347 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badkhal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Seema Trikha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=70,218 |percentage=52.51% |change={{increase}}25.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahender Pratap Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,609 |percentage=25.13% |change={{decrease}}19.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharambir Bhadana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=16,949 |percentage=12.67% |change={{decrease}}8.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhatia |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=8,377 |percentage=6.26% |change={{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Purushbhan |party=Independent politician |votes=990 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=978 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagram Gautam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=899 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,609 |percentage=27.37% |change= {{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,33,732 |percentage=60.23% |change= {{increase}}4.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,22,042 |ref = |change= {{increase}}65.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badkhal<ref name="election2009">{{cite web |date=21 January 2020 |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3826-haryana-2009/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahender Pratap Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,150 |percentage=44.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Seema Trikha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,471 |percentage=27.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,641 |percentage=20.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemraj |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,677 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paramjeet Gulati |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,306 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=National Lokhind Party |votes=595 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Islamuddin |party=Independent politician |votes=482 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohtash |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=442 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinay |party=Independent politician |votes=430 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,679 |percentage=16.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,911 |percentage=55.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,480 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Faridabad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.41|77.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Faridabad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Hassan Khan (politician)

2026-04-19T11:13:08Z

Indian constitution: Made new data!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1936–2024)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Al-Haaj, Shri
| name = Ghulam Hassan
| honorific_suffix = Khan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency_MP = [[Ladakh]]
| parliament = Indian
| majority =
| term_start1 = 10 October 1999
| term_end1 = 6 February 2004
| predecessor1 = [[Syed Hussain]]<ref>[[12th Lok Sabha#Jammu & Kashmir]]</ref>
| successor1 = Thupstan Chhewang
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Thupstan Chhewang]]
| successor2 = Thupstan Chhewang
| prior_term =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Silmoo]], [[Batalik]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|12|17|1936|12|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name = Ghulam Hassan
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| other_party = Independent Candidate
| spouse = Zeben Nissa
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = Feroze Khan and 4 Others
| parents = Ghulam Muhammad And Smt. Khatija
| alma_mater = Kashmir University
| occupation = Politician, Police Officer
| profession = Agriculturist
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Haji Ghulam Hassan Khan''' (11 December 1936 – 17 December 2024) was an Indian politician from the union territory of [[Ladakh]].

==Background==
Khan was born at Silmo a village of [[Batalik]], [[Kargil]] on 11 December 1936. He married Zeben Nissa on 18 December 1963, and he had a bachelor's degree in arts from the [[University of Kashmir]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://leh.nic.in/peoples/mpladakh.html |title=Official Site |publisher=Leh |accessdate=2013-06-11}}</ref>

Khan died in [[Jammu]] on 17 December 2024, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former MP Ladakh Haji Ghulam Hassan Khan Passes Away |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/former-mp-ladakh-haji-ghulam-hassan-khan-passes-away/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |publisher=Daily Excelsior |date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
* 1999, was elected to [[13th Lok Sabha]].
* 1999–2000, served as a Member, Committee on Transport and Tourism Member, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests.
* 2000–2004, served as a Member, Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].
* 2009, was re-elected to [[15th Lok Sabha]] (2nd term) on 31 Aug.
* 2009, was a Member, Committee on Labour.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=191 |title=Lok Sabha |publisher=164.100.47.132 |accessdate=2013-06-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513025423/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=191 |archivedate=13 May 2013 }}</ref>

In the 15th Lok Sabha elections, over denial of mandate by the National Conference he fought against the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate in Ladakh as an independent candidate and won. Though later he announced his decision to return to the National Conference at a news conference, termed by JKNC chief [[Farooq Abdullah]] as his "Homecoming"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/20/stories/2009052055271300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524073852/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/20/stories/2009052055271300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-05-24 |title=National : Ladakh result a contentious issue |date=2009-05-20 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/election09/story.aspx?aid=532629 |title=Independent MP from Ladakh joins UPA |website=zeenews.india.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411032255/http://zeenews.india.com/election09/story.aspx?aid=532629 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> however due to political circumstances<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/ladakh-mp-denies-rejoining-national-conference-48050-2009-05-18 |title=Ladakh MP denies rejoining National Conference : Election News, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2009-05-19 |access-date=2013-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohua Chatterjee|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-18/india/28150483_1_provincial-president-nc-leadership-nc-cadres |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-18/india/28150483_1_provincial-president-nc-leadership-nc-cadres |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-11 |title=Cong upset with NC over Ladakh ploy |date=2009-05-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2013-06-11}}</ref> he had to clarify later on that he would be only lending unconditional support to the UPA and won't be re- joining the JKNC. Even in 2013 he was recorded as an [[Independent (politician)|Independent MP]] in the Lok Sabha records.<ref>{{cite web| title = Profile of Members| work = Government of India| url = http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=191| accessdate = 5 March 2012| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120405000412/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=191| archivedate = 5 April 2012}}</ref>

In September 2013 he contested as a councilor and won from Silmo constituency in the 3rd General elections of the LAHDC [[Kargil]]. It was his case that brought to the front the peculiarity in the LAHDC Act 1995 as he held the seat of a councilor and was yet to resign as the Member of Parliament, [[Ladakh]].<ref>[http://twocircles.net/2013aug29/congress_nc_win_kargil_hill_council_polls.html Congress, NC win Kargil hill council polls | TwoCircles.net]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/newly-elected-lahdc-councilors-administered-oath/ |title=Newly elected LAHDC Councilors administered oath – Rising Kashmir. Latest News, Breaking News From Kashmir`s very own English Daily |access-date=17 January 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201175852/http://www.risingkashmir.com/newly-elected-lahdc-councilors-administered-oath/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kargil.gov.in/lahdck/councilors.htm |title=List of Councilors, LAHDC Kargil |access-date=17 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163024/http://kargil.gov.in/lahdck/councilors.htm |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{update after|2015|1|1}}

==See also==
* [[Leh]]
* [[Kargil district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{15th LS members from Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Hassan}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Ladakh]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:People from Kargil district]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Ladakhi people]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ladakh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]

Mayur Vihar Phase III

2026-04-18T01:06:15Z

Indian constitution: put up some data more to come

{{Short description|Area of East Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{coord|28.6096|N|77.3303|E|display=title}}
'''Mayur Vihar Phase-3''' is the third phase of the [[Mayur Vihar]] residential area in East Delhi. It lies in [[Kondli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kondli]] constituency close to the Noida border on one side and New Kondli and Gharoli on the other. It lies adjacent to [[Vasundhara Enclave]], another prominent residential area of East Delhi. It lies on the eastern border of [[Delhi]] and shares Border of [[Uttar Pradesh]] with Noida as well as Khora Colony, a cluster of urban settlements bordering Ghaziabad. The Pincode of this area is 110096.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincodesearch.website/mayur-vihar-phase-3-110096|title=Pincode of Mayur Vihar Phase - 3, Delhi|website=pincodesearch.website|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref>

'''Ward :''' Gharoli Ward

'''Assembly constituency''': Kondli Assembly Constituency

'''Lok Sabha constituency''': East Delhi Parliamentary Constituency

'''Pin Code''': 110096

'''Post Office Name''': Vasundhara Enclave S. O

Mayur Vihar Phase - 3 can be accessed via four main entrances. The main entrance to the area via the NOIDA exit near to Sector 11 Noida, which is also called Noida More. It provides access to both NOIDA as well as South, East and Central Delhi, through [[Vasundhara Enclave]]. Likewise, the second route via [[Gharoli|Kondli-Gharoli dairy farm]] connects Mayur Vihar Phase-3 towards Kalyan Puri. The third route to the area is via Sector 11, Noida which connects Noida Sector-12/22 with Mayur Vihar Phase-3. It can also be reached via [[Ghazipur landfill|Ghazipur Landfill]] and the proposed paper market site.

'''Residential Area'''

The residential area here mainly consists of DDA Flats categorized as LIG, MIG, SFS and Janta Flats.

The LIG Flats are divided into three pockets, namely A-1, A-2, A-3.

The MIG Flats are also situated towards the outward stretch of the area. They are again divided into 6 pockets namely pocket 1,2,3,4,5& 6.

Also, within the MIG complex is situated the expandable LIG housing (mixed housing) alongside the pockets 2, 3 and 4.

The SFS Flats, which are of the same stature and worth as the HIG flats in other areas are divided into 4 pockets named from A to D. They also happen to be the most expensive and premium flats in the area.

New MIG Flats (also popularly known as Mini MIG) consisting of 480 flats were constructed around 2005 and again is divided into two pockets, Pocket A and Pocket B. They lie just opposite the Pocket D area of SFS Flats and adjacent to the Indane Gas Agency, HDFC Bank and Smriti Vana Park, a huge park that borders with Uttar Pradesh where people often go for morning and evening walks as well as a prominent area for the youngsters for sports and outdoor recreation.

Other than this, Mayur Vihar-3 also consists of Janta Housing Complex. There are three such pockets, namely B, C and D. Pocket B is further subdivided into eight pockets, namely B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7 and B-8. Pocket C is subdivided into pockets C-1 and C2 while pocket D as well into pockets D-1 and D-2 which are located towards the entry of Kalyan Puri through Old Kondli Market (Puraani Kondli).

Besides these, a new set of LIG Flats have been constructed most recently in the area adjacent to Pocket D behind the famous Hanuman Mandir of this area.

It is a good residential area to settle down and the people are known to have good nature which is home to a large population of people from southern part of India, particularly people from [[Kerala]]. It also boasts of its residential diversity with numerous Bengalis, Punjabis, Garhwalis, and Biharis, settled here.

'''Major Landmarks'''

There are three villages near Mayur Vihar Phase-3 namely, Dallupura, Kondli and Gharoli.

'''Main Market:'''

The Gharoli Dairy Farm also houses the cluster of market that spreads over a very large area and offers almost everything of need ranging from garments, stationery, utility and hardware stores, electrical and electronics stores, supplies, a ration store and few eatery joints. There are a few DDA shopping complexes scattered around the area although they are not as active as the main market when it comes to the crowd.

'''Religious Places:'''

Places of religious interests in the area include:

'''Temples:'''

* Hanuman Mandir in GD Colony
* Shiv Mandir in GD Colony
* Sai Baba Mandir in Pocket A-2
* Sharika Mata Temple (Temple Park Pocket A-2) (For Kashmiri Pandits)
* Ishta Siddhi Vinayaka Temple in Pocket A-2 (for Tamilians and Malayalees)
* Kali Bari temples in Pocket A-1 and A-2 (for Bengalis)
* Sri Dharmashaastha (Ayyappa) temple in Pocket C-2 (for Malayalees)

'''Churches:'''

* Assumption Forane church, Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, 154-B Pocket A-2 (for Malayalees)
* Mother of Perpetual Succour Latin Catholic Church, (open for all)
* St. George's Malankara Catholic Church (for Malayalees)
* [[St. James' Orthodox Church, Mayur Vihar Phase-3, Delhi|St. James Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], Pocket A-1 (for Malayalees)
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, 76-A, Pocket A-1 (for Malayalees)
* St. Stephen's Marthoma Church, behind Pocket B-7, (for Malayalees)

There is also a Gurudwara named Gurdwara Guru Singh Sabha in Pocket A-2, a Jain Temple in the Janta Flats and a Masjid in GD Colony.

A proposed paper market has been in construction and it is said that Mayur Vihar-3 will be connected in the coming days to Ghaziabad as well.
The place is known for its grand celebrations (mostly South Indian in nature) throughout the year.

'''Connectivity'''

Mayur Vihar Vihar Phase doesn't have a Metro Connectivity of its own. the nearest metro stations for the residents include Noida Sector-15, New Ashok Nagar Metro station and Mayur Vihar Extension Metro Stations on the Blue Line towards Noida [[electronic City]].

Mayur Vihar phase-3 is well connected with South, Central Delhi and Noida through its bus service. It has its own bus terminal' near the Ghazipur paper market.

Buses terminating here include the ones plying on routes 34A, 34Ext, 118, 206A, 211, 348, 378, 398, 493 and 611.

34A and 34Ext ply between Mayur Vihar Phase-3 and Lado Sarai/Badarpur Border. All DTC buses on this route including AC service.

118, 211 and 348 ply between Mayur Vihar Phase-3 and Mori Gate. 118 is also the only bus from Mayur Vihar Phase-3 with a night service due to it catering to passengers to Old Delhi railway Station. 118 is a pure DTC service with AC Service as well. Buses on routes 211 and 348 are partly DTC run and partly cluster run. No AC service on these two routes.

206A ply between Bhajanpura and Mayur Vihar Phase-3. Cluster Run buses and is also the newest route to this area. No AC buses on this route either.

378 ply between Kendriya Terminal and Mayur Vihar Phase-3. All DTC buses on this route.

398 ply between Dhaula Kuan and Mayur Vihar Phase-3 via Noida DND Highway. Non AC DTC buses.

493 ply between [[Nehru Place]] and Mayur Vihar Phase-3 via Noida. AC and non- AC DTC buses.

611 ply between Dhaula Kuan and Mayur Vihar Phase-3 via Sarai Kale Khan and R.K. Puram. AC and Non AC DTC buses as well as Cluster Buses.

Cctv camera installation Service in Mayur vihar-3 Nainotech cctv security system cctv camera installation service provider without hidden charge & best cctv price service aria Mayur vihar phase -3 near by connect link

==Schools==
Till 12th
*[[Bharti Public School]]
* Kerala School
*[[Ryan International School]]
* [[Salwan Public School]]
* St. Mary's Senior Secondary School
* Vidya Bal Bhawan Senior Secondary School
* Saint raman school

Till 8th
*Bharat bharti public school
*Luv Kush

Till 8th
*The Saviours School

==Banks==
* [[Axis Bank]]
*[[Bank of Baroda]]
* [[Bank of Maharashtra]]
*[[HDFC Bank]]
*[[Punjab National Bank]]
*[[RBL Bank]]
*[[South Indian Bank]]
*[[State Bank of India]]
*[[Union Bank of India]]
• [[Indian Overseas Bank|Indian overseas bank]]

==Shops==
* [https://www.instagram.com/swetastore Sweta Stationery Sports and Gifts]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

1. https://www.facebook.com/MayurViharPhaseIYoungAssociationGroup

2. http://maps.google.co.in/maps?hl=en&q=games+village+cwg+2010&pdl=1000&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl

3. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/station-info.aspx

4. http://asnschool.org/

5. [https://www.darkboysmedia.com/ Dark Boys Media]

6. [https://www.instagram.com/swetastore Sweta Stationery Sports and Gifts]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:East Delhi district]]

Somlung Mossang

2026-04-12T12:52:44Z

Indian constitution: Put Up The Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Somlung Mossang
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| office = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bordumsa-Diyun Assembly constituency|Bordumsa-Diyun]]
| assembly =
| majority =
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Nikh Kamin]]
| successor = [[Nikh Kamin]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Assam, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children =
| relatives =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| other_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
}}
'''Somlung Mossang''' is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He has been elected as Member of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election in [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] from [[Bordumsa-Diyun Assembly constituency|Bordumsa-Diyun constituency]] as Independent candidate.<ref name="BJP wins seven Assembly seats in Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BJP wins seven Assembly seats in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/May/23/bjp-wins-seven-assembly-seats-in-arunachal-pradesh-1980897.html |accessdate=20 May 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=23 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BJP wins 7 seats in Arunachal Pradesh, leads in 11: Election officials">{{cite news |last1= |title=BJP wins 7 seats in Arunachal Pradesh, leads in 11: Election officials |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-wins-7-assembly-seats-in-arunachal-pradesh-119052301306_1.html |accessdate=20 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Business Standard |date=23 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520123751/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-wins-7-assembly-seats-in-arunachal-pradesh-119052301306_1.html |archivedate=20 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Assembly Elections Results 2019: BJP wins 7 Assembly seats in Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |title=Assembly Elections Results 2019: BJP wins 7 Assembly seats in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/assembly-elections-results-2019-bjp-wins-7-assembly-seats-in-arunachal-pradesh/story-MTzVx00Nv8nLc6Od4mxpBO.html |accessdate=20 May 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=23 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520123708/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/assembly-elections-results-2019-bjp-wins-7-assembly-seats-in-arunachal-pradesh/story-MTzVx00Nv8nLc6Od4mxpBO.html |archivedate=20 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal: MLA Somlung Mossang seeks re-election after strong showing in Bordumsa">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Arunachal: MLA Somlung Mossang seeks re-election after strong showing in Bordumsa |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-mla-somlung-mossang-seeks-re-election-after-strong-showing-in-bordumsa.html |accessdate=20 May 2025 |publisher=NorthEast Now |date=12 February 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520123610/https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-mla-somlung-mossang-seeks-re-election-after-strong-showing-in-bordumsa.html |archivedate=20 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal: Somlung Mossang Elected Unopposed as State BJP Council Member">{{cite news |last1= |title=Arunachal: Somlung Mossang Elected Unopposed as State BJP Council Member |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/arunachal-somlung-mossang-elected-unopposed-as-state-bjp-council-member |accessdate=20 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Sentinel Digital |date=6 December 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520123606/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/arunachal-somlung-mossang-elected-unopposed-as-state-bjp-council-member |archivedate=20 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news |date=25 May 2019 |title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html |archivedate=19 May 2025 |accessdate=19 May 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Somlung Mossang later joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and contested as BJP candidate in [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Elections]] and lost to NCP candidate [[Nikh Kamin]] by a margin of 1,352 votes.<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bordumsa-Diyun">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0249.htm|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bordumsa-Diyun|date=2 June 2024|access-date=20 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520121519/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0249.htm|archive-date=20 May 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Bordumsa-Diyun Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/bordumsa-diyun|title=Bordumsa-Diyun Constituency Election Results 2024|date=2 June 2024|access-date=20 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520121517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/bordumsa-diyun|archive-date=20 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mossang, Somlung}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sandeep Singh Maan

2026-04-11T22:32:08Z

Indian constitution: Put Up First Bio V1

{{short description|Indian paralympic athlete}}
{{morefootnotes|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sandeep Singh Maan
| image = AVJR5910.jpg
| caption = Sandeep Maan receiving ARJUNA AWARD
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|7|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Para Athletics]]
| event = 100m, 200, 400m, Long Jump
| coach = Satyapal Singh
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Indonesia]]|400m T46}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 Asian Para Games|2014 Incheon]]|400m T46}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 Asian Para Games|2014 Incheon]]|200m T46}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2010 Asian Para Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|400m T46}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Athletics Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[India at the 2016 Asian Para Athletics Championships|2016 Dubai]]|200m T46}}
{{MedalCompetition|Asian Championship}}
{{MedalSilver|2016|200m T46}}
{{MedalCompetition|International Championships}}
{{MedalGold|2017 Paris|400m T46}}
{{MedalGold|2017 Paris|800m T46}}
{{MedalSilver|2013 Germany|Long Jump T46}}
{{MedalSilver|2013 Germany|200m T46}}
{{MedalSilver|2012 Kuwait|200m T46}}
{{MedalSilver|2012 Kuwait|400m T46}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[IWAS World Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|2011 Dubai|200m T46}}
{{MedalGold|2011 Dubai|400m T46}}
{{MedalGold|2009 Bangalore|4x400m relay T46}}

}}

'''Sandeep Singh Maan''' (born 16 July 1993) is an Indian [[Paralympic|Para]] athlete competing in Men's 100m, 200m, 400m and [[Long Jump]] events in the [[T46 (classification)|T46]] category. He is bronze medallist in Asian Para Games 2018 held in Jakarta, Indonesia. And three time silver medallist from the Asian Para Games; he won them at the 2010 and 2014 editions in Guangzhou, China <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101225/bathinda.htm#15 |title=Guangzhou 2010 Asian Para games |date=25 December 2015 |accessdate=15 November 2018}}</ref> and Incheon, Korea,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/para-asian-games-day-2-india-wins-two-golds/article6520057.ece |title=India wins two golds on Day 2 in Para Asian Games |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 October 2014 |accessdate=15 November 2018 |agency=PTI}}</ref> respectively. He received the [[Arjuna Award|Arjuna award]] in 2016 for his outstanding sporting achievements, the Maharana pratap Award in 2012 from state sports council of Rajasthan, and the Aravali Award in 2019. He is a national record holder in 200m and 400m since 2012 . And now his goal is towards winning medal in coming Para Commonwealth games 2022.

==Early life and background==
Sandeep was born in 1993 in [[Hanumangarh]], [[Rajasthan]] and suffered from a dysfunctional left arm by birth. He was inclined to sport from a very early age and used to compete in running events with regular able-bodied individuals during his school days. He started winning multiple medals across different events. Following his impressive performances agaiable-bodied competitors, Sandeep stepped into sports for the differently abled and soon started representing India at the international level in Para sports. His early training gave by Dronacharya Awardee [[R. D. Singh]].

==Career==
Sandeep gained national prominence after winning the silver medal for India at the [[2010 Asian Para Games]] in Guangzhou, China. He replicated his fine form the following year at the 2011 [[IWAS World Games]] in Sharjah (UAE), where he won gold medals in both 200m and 400m running events with a timing of 51.65 sec and 23.24 sec, respectively.<ref>[http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/assets/File/World%20Games%202011/Sharjah_Athletics_all%20day%20results(1).pdf 2011 IWAS World Games]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 15 November 2018.</ref>

Sandeep began 2014 with a bang, winning gold medals in both 200m and 400m and even securing a bronze in Long Jump at the FAZAA International Athletics Competition in [[Dubai]] (UAE).<ref>[http://team-thomas.org/_erg14/Dubai/?sub=e-5-93-k.pdf Team Thomas] FAZAA International Athletics Competition. Retrieved 15 November 2018.</ref> The same year Sandeep added to his ever increasing international medal tally when he won two silver medals in his native running events at the [[2014 Asian Para Games]].

Sandeep trains at the Nehru Stadium in New Delhi under coach Satyapal Singh. He has cited fellow Indian para-athlete and Paralympic gold medalist Devendra Jhajharia as an influence. Sandeep is a participant in the Asian Para Games and received the Arjuna Award in 2016. Since 2012, he has held the national records in the 200m and 400m.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mann, Sandeep Singh}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Indian men long jumpers]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Competitors in the sport of athletics with limb difference]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Para Games]]

Shyampukur Assembly constituency

2026-03-28T06:00:18Z

Indian constitution:

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shyampukur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Shyampukur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Shyampukur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Shashi Panja]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| constituency_no = 166
| established = 1951
| electors = 176,368
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Shyampukur Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Shyampukur Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 7, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|7]], [[Ward No. 8, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|8]], [[Ward No. 9, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|9]], [[Ward No. 10, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|10]], [[Ward No. 17, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|17]], [[Ward No. 18, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|18]], [[Ward No. 19, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|19]], [[Ward No. 20, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|20]], [[Ward No. 21, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|21]], [[Ward No. 24, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|24]] and [[Ward No. 26, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|26]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=22 February 2015|work =West Bengal | publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Borough
! Ward No.
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
|-
|rowspan=3|I
|[[Ward No. 7, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|7]]
|Bapi Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=14}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 8, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|8]]
|Pooja Panja
|-
|[[Ward No. 9, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|9]]
|Mitali Saha
|-
|rowspan=5|II
|[[Ward No. 10, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|10]]
|Subrata Banerjee
|-
|[[Ward No. 17, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|17]]
|Mohan Kumar Gupta
|-
|[[Ward No. 18, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|18]]
|Sunanda Sarkar
|-
|[[Ward No. 19, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|19]]
|Shikha Saha
|-
|[[Ward No. 20, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|20]]
|Vijay Upadhyay
|-
|rowspan=3|IV
|[[Ward No. 21, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|21]]
|Mira Hazra
|-
|[[Ward No. 24, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|24]]
|Ellora Saha
|-
|[[Ward No. 26, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|26]]
|Tarak Nath Chattopadhyay
|}

Shyampukur Assembly constituency is part of No. 24 [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-11-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election Year!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|rowspan="3"style="background-color: {{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|rowspan="3"|Hemanta Kumar Basu
|rowspan="3"|[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|G.C. Dey
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Hemanta Kumar Basu
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|''Vacant''
|<ref name="Commission1972">{{cite book|author=India. Election Commission|title=Report on the Fifth General Election in India, 1971-72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DUmAQAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Government of India Press|page=90}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Barid Baran Das
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Nalini Kanta Guha
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="2"|Kiron Chowdhury
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|rowspan="5"style="background-color: {{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|Santi Ranjan Ganguly
|rowspan="5"|[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2004by>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/108|title = AC Bye election Shyanpur 2004|publisher= India Votes | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Subrata Bose
|-
|Bye-election, 2004
|rowspan="2"|Jiban Prakash Saha
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|rowspan="3"style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Shashi Panja|Dr. Shashi Panja]]
|rowspan="3"|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-Dr shashi panja
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-AITMC
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Shyampukur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shashi Panja|Dr. Shashi Panja]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Poornima Chakraborty|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jhuma Das|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Shyampukur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Shashi Panja|Dr. Shashi Panja]]
|votes =55,785
|percentage =54.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sandipan Biswas
|votes = 33,235
|percentage = 32.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Jiban Prakash Saha
|votes = 10,828
|percentage = 10.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,063
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Surajit Ghosh
|votes = 639
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,520
|percentage = 22.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,03,047
|percentage = 58.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Shyampukur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Shashi Panja|Dr. Shashi Panja]]
|votes = 53,507
|percentage = 45.80
|change = -12.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Piyali Pal
|votes = 40,352
|percentage = 34.54
|change = -1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Somabrata Mandal
|votes = 18,378
|percentage = 15.73
|change = +12.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,700
|percentage = 2.31
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Subir Samanta
|votes = 619
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 13,155
|percentage = 11.26
|change = -10.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,16,816
|percentage = 68.30
|change = +0.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -12.17
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Shyampukur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Shashi Panja|Dr. Shashi Panja]]
|votes = 72,904
|percentage = 57.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Jiban Prakash Saha
|votes = 45,868
|percentage = 36.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ganesh Kumar Dhanania
|votes = 4,598
|percentage = 3.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Sushil Kumar Roy
|votes = 575
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 27,036
|percentage = 21.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,25,766
|percentage = 67.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box win|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Karunas

2026-03-27T11:53:31Z

Indian constitution: expanded content

{{short description|Indian actor and comedian}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Karunas Thevar
| image = Karunas.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Karunas
| birth_name = Karunanidhi Sethu Thevar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kuruvikkarambai]], [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| office1 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thiruvadanai (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvadanai constituency]]
| term_start1 = 19 May 2016
| term_end1 = 2 May 2021
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = President of Mukkulathor Pulipadai
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2019
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| spouse = [[Grace Karunas]]
| children = 2, including [[Ken Karunas|Ken]]
| occupation = Actor, Comedian, Composer, Playback singer, Politician
| office = Vice president of Tamilan Artistes' Association
| termstart = 10 October 2015
| party = Mukkulathor Pulipadai
}}

'''Karunas Thevar''' (born as '''Karunanidhi Sethu Thevar'''; February 21, 1970) is an Indian actor, comedian, musician and politician in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. Appearing mostly in supporting roles, he has also played main lead roles in films including ''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]'' (2008) and ''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' (2008). Apart from acting, Karunas has also been credited in films as a producer, music composer and singer, while he continues to serve as the Vice-President of the [[Nadigar Sangam]], a trade union for actors, after being elected in October 2015.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Comedy-proves-a-cakewalk/article15397614.ece|title=Comedy proves a cakewalk|date=15 February 2008|access-date=19 July 2018|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Karunas Thevar was born on February 21, 1970, in [[Kuruvikkarambai]], a village in [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]], Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite web|website=Cinesouth|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/karunas.shtml|title=An interview with Karunas|access-date=23 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207210513/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/karunas.shtml|archive-date=7 February 2005}}</ref> He did his schooling at Palangudi Bharathi School and later studied at Nandanam Arts, Presidency College. Karunas began his career as pop singer and dancer, working extensively on Tamil folk music.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-14/news-interviews/31700461_1_karunas-movie-star-dindigul-sarathy|title=I cannot eat, sleep and breathe movies: Karunas|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=9 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109171305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-14/news-interviews/31700461_1_karunas-movie-star-dindigul-sarathy|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article519445.ece?service=print|title=Karunas opens up|website=Newindianexpress.com|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094336/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article519445.ece?service=print|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then gradually appeared in films as a comedian.

== Film career ==
Karunas Thevar began work as a [[Folk music|folk]] singer aged 12, earning the moniker "Gaana" Karunas, and made his television debut through [[Yuhi Sethu]]'s ''Naiyaandi Darbar'' show in the late 1990s as a musician.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parameswaran |first=Prathibha |date=June 4, 2005 |title=Laughing all the way |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/laughing-all-the-way/article28169564.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112003239/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/laughing-all-the-way/article28169564.ece |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Director [[Bala (director)|Bala]] heard one of his songs and subsequently signed Karunas on for an acting role in his second directorial venture, the drama film ''[[Nandhaa]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite magazine |date=9 December 2001 |title=கலைத்துறைக்கு வராவிட்டால் ரவுடியாகி இருப்பேன்! - கருணாஸ் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2001-12-09/kalki2001-12-09.pdf |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=28–30 |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> He was cast as the comedian and the film was successful, prompting him to accept further film offers.<ref name="hin">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/its-karunas-call/article3022536.ece|title=It's Karunas' call|date=15 February 2008|access-date=19 July 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011155957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/its-karunas-call/article3022536.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently went on to appear in notable films including ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002), ''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003), ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' (2004) and ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (2007) in supporting comedy roles. Karunas has also distributed two films, ''[[Pori (film)|Pori]]'' (2007) and ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' (2007), both starring [[Jiiva|Jeeva]] in lead role, but the failure of both films has prompted him to stay away from distributing any further ventures.<ref name="hin"/>

Karunas first appeared in the lead role in the comedy drama, ''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]'' (2008), portraying an insecure man with an inferiority complex. With heavy promotions by [[Sun Pictures]], the film became a surprise success at the box office and prompted Karunas to appear in further lead roles in the comedy films ''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' (2010), ''[[Chandhamama]]'' (2013), ''[[Ragalaipuram]]'' (2013) and ''Lodukku Pandi'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/karunas.html|title=Karunas - Tamil Movie Actor Interview - Karunas - Ambasamudiram Ambani - Navneet Kaur - Dindugul Sarathy - Behindwoods.com|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203449/http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/karunas.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In between the films, he also essayed serious performances, and was briefly involved in the making of ''[[Thanga Meenkal|Thanga Meengal]]'' (2013) before it underwent a change of cast, while he was successful for his role in [[Santosh Sivan]]'s war drama film, ''[[Ceylon (film)|Ceylon]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-special-point-of-view/article5358064.ece|title=A special point of view|first=Sudhish|last=Kamath|date=16 November 2013|access-date=19 July 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034214/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-special-point-of-view/article5358064.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His films as the lead hero, gradually had lower key promotions than the previous ones, and in 2015, Karunas announced he would not appear in any further lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamildiplomat.com/karunass-last-movie-comes-to-screen-soon/|title=Karunas' last movie comes to screen soon - Tamil Diplomat|date=29 January 2015|website=Tamildiplomat.com|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233208/http://tamildiplomat.com/karunass-last-movie-comes-to-screen-soon/|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently made a return to starring supporting roles thereafter, being successful for his performance of a suicidal man in ''[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]]'' (2015) and as a villager in ''[[Komban]]'' (2015), which became his hundredth film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://heytamilcinema.com/karunas-makes-century/ |title=Karunas makes century |work=Hey Tamil Cinema |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233203/http://heytamilcinema.com/karunas-makes-century/ |archive-date=19 July 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In ''[[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]]'' (2016), Karunas' performance was well received by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/This-popularity-is-something-I-wasnt-prepared-for-Actor-Karunas/2016/09/13/article3620004.ece |title=This popularity is something I wasn't prepared for: Actor Karunas |work=New Indian Express |access-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913153312/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/This-popularity-is-something-I-wasnt-prepared-for-Actor-Karunas/2016/09/13/article3620004.ece |archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He has also continued to act in comedy films including ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' and ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]''. Karunas played character roles in ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020) and ''[[Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Soorarai Pottru review|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/soorarai-pottru-review/20201114.htm |access-date=2020-11-14 |work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=“Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai” Movie Review|url=https://chennaivision.com/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=Chennai Vision}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was the leader of Mukkulathor Pulipadai, a Thevar political outfit. He contested from [[Tiruvadanai]] in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election 2016 with [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK's]] Two Leaves (Irratai Ilai) as his election symbol.

On 25 February 2017, an unidentified person threw footwear at Karunas' car while out to garland a statue of freedom fighter [[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar]]. It is believed that the incident could be connected to his support of AIADMK leader [[V. K. Sasikala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/footwear-hurled-at-aiadmk-mla-karunas-car/|title=Footwear hurled at AIADMK MLA Karunas' car|date=25 February 2017|website=Indianexpress.com|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233704/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/footwear-hurled-at-aiadmk-mla-karunas-car/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Karunas Thevar is married to [[Grace Karunas|Grace]], a playback singer in the Tamil film industry. The pair had met when Karunas was the guest judge at an inter-collegiate singing competition, and after being impressed, Karunas asked her to sing in his personal music album.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break-grace-karunas/article3023313.ece |title=My First Break -- Grace Karunas |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113837/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break-grace-karunas/article3023313.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News35/25-10-05e/tamil-movies-news-karunas.html|title=Tamil movies : Karunas has multifaceted talents|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233215/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News35/25-10-05e/tamil-movies-news-karunas.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple have a daughter Diana Karunas and a son, [[Ken Karunas]].

Karunas's younger brother, Nagas, was set to making his acting debut through [[C. Ranganathan]]'s ''Vantharu Jaicharu'', but the film eventually did not release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/tmovies.asp|title=New launches - Tamil films|date=14 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030814215543/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/tmovies.asp|archive-date=14 August 2003}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Nandhaa]]'' || 'Lodukku' Pandi ||
|-
| rowspan="9"| 2002 || ''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume]]'' || Arun ||
|-
| ''[[123 (film)|123]]'' || Aalavandhaan ||
|-
| ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || Sambumani ||
|-
| ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' ||Kodukan ||
|-
|''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' || Samy ||
|-
| ''[[April Maadhathil]]'' || Jackson ||
|-
| ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' || Paal Pandi ||
|-
| ''[[Jaya (film)|Jaya]]'' || Micheal ||
|-
| ''[[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]]'' || Kutty ||
|-
| rowspan="14"| 2003 || ''[[Kadhaludan]]'' || Durai ||
|-
|''[[Puthiya Geethai]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' ||Rockfort Chandru ||
|-
| ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' || Ganesh's Friend ||
|-
| ''[[Kaiyodu Kai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ragasiyamai]]'' || Suraa Sriganthan||
|-
| ''[[Pithamagan]]'' || Karuvaayan ||
|-
|''[[Thirumalai]]''|| Thirumalai's Friend ||
|-
| ''[[Iyarkai]]'' || Nandu ||
|-
| ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]'' || JK ||
|-
| ''[[Indru]]'' || Vishwanath ||
|-
| ''[[Sindhamal Sitharamal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2004 || ''[[Ennavo Pudichirukku]]'' || Peela Magan ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhukottaiyilirundhu Saravanan]]'' || Vimal ||
|-
| ''[[Varnajaalam]]'' || Logu ||
|-
|''[[Swetha Naagu]]''
|"Black" Baba
|Telugu film; Dubbed in Tamil as ''Madhumathi''
|-
| ''[[Kuthu]]'' || Senthil ||
|-
| ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' || Tappa ||
|-
| ''[[New (film)|New]]'' || Vichu (Ex) ||
|-
| ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' || Kalaialangaram ||
|-
| ''[[Attagasam]]'' || Pangu ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2005 || ''[[Devathaiyai Kanden]]'' || 'Kaduppu' Subramani ||
|-
| ''[[Athbhutha Dweepu|Arputha Theevu]]'' || Karuppiah ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Seiya Virumbu]]'' || Odibaba Ulaganathan ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal FM]]'' || Chili Chicken ||
|-
| ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' || Tony ||
|-
| ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2006 || ''[[Sudesi]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Mercury Pookkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Prathi Gnayiru 9 Manimudhal 10.30 Varai]]'' || Romeo ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Kadhal Varum Paruvam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]'' || Tiger Prathaphan ||
|-
| ''[[Thagapansamy|Thagappansaamy]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2007 || ''[[Pori (film)|Pori]]'' || Hari's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaithu Ninaithu Parthen]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arputha Theevu]]'' || Karuppiah ||
|-
| ''[[Mudhal Kanave]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Naan Nila]]'' || Mokkasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Madurai]]'' || Arumugam ||
|-
| ''[[En Uyirinum Melana]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Tholaipesi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Puli Varudhu]]'' || Karuppa ||
|-
| ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' || Yuvaan-Suang ||
|-
|''[[Chennai 600028]]''|| Himself || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' || Auto Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2008 || ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' || Vellai ||
|-
| ''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Vallamai Tharayo]]'' || Master ||
|-
| ''[[Dhanam (2008 film)|Dhanam]]'' || Ananth's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (2008 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' || Villager ||
|-
| ''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]'' || Sarathy ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruvannamalai (film)|Thiruvannamalai]]'' || Duraisingam ||
|-
| ''[[Panchamirtham]]'' || Paandi ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2009 || ''[[Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]'' || Vasan's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' || Dilli ||
|-
| ''[[Ilampuyal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajathi Raja]]'' || Krishnamoorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Maasilamani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arumugam (film)|Arumugam]]'' || Velu ||
|-
| ''Thamizhagam'' || Constable Vasool Raja ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2010 || ''[[Rettaisuzhi]]'' || Military army ||
|-
|''[[Ambasamudram Ambani (film)|Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' || Thandapani ||
|-
| ''Pournami Nagam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[365 Kadhal Kadithangal]]'' || Murugan ||
|-
| ''[[Enthiran]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' || Janaki ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011 || ''[[Ilaignan]]'' || Subair ||
|-
| ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || Karuna ||
|-
| ''[[Maharaja (2011 film)|Maharaja]]'' || Maadasamy ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2012 || ''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' || Nandu ||
|-
| ''[[Aathi Narayana]]'' || Aslam Muhammed Rafiq Salam ||
|-
| ''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]'' || Amarkalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ullam (2012 film)|Ullam]]'' || || direct-to-television
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''[[Chandamama (2013 film)|Chandamama]]'' || Santhanakrishnan ||also producer
|-
| ''[[Ragalaipuram]]'' || Velu ||also producer
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ceylon (film)|Ceylon]]'' || Stanley ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2015 || ''[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]]'' || Athisaya Raj ||
|-
| ''[[Komban]]'' || Muniyandi ||
|-
| ''[[Masss]]'' || Azhagu ||
|-
| ''Lodukku Pandi'' || Pandi ||
|-
| ''[[Savaale Samaali]]'' || Karunakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' || Sooran ||
|-
| ''Kathirvel Kaakha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="12"| 2016 ||''[[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]]'' || Auto driver ||
|-
| ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' || Karpooram ||
|-
| ''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]'' || Pugazh's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Jithan 2]]'' || Surya's known person ||
|-
| ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' || Finger Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Ka Ka Ka Po]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thirunaal]]'' || Mani ||
|-
| ''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]'' || Nagappan ||
|-
| ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' || Murugan ||
|-
| ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Achamindri]]'' || Pattu ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2017 ||''[[Pandigai]]'' || Rattinam Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 || ''[[Draupadi (2020 film)|Draupadi]]'' || Guruthevan ||
|-
|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''|| Alapparai || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)]]
|-
| rowspan="1"|2021 || ''[[Sangathalaivan]]'' || Ranganathan ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2022 || ''[[Viruman]]'' || Balu ||
|-
|''[[Aadhaar (2022 film)|Aadhaar]]''|| Pachamuthu ||
|-
|''[[Gatta Kusthi]]''|| Ratnam ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2024 || ''[[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]'' || College Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai]]'' || Nalinamoorthy || [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| ''[[Kanguva]]'' || Selumaara ||
|-
| ''[[Sorgavaasal]]'' || Kattabomman ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Madraskaaran]]'' || Chellapandi ||
|-
|''[[Diesel (2025 film)|Diesel]]'' || Vetti Sekar ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Salliyargal]]'' || ||
|-
|-
|2026||{{Pending film|Kara}} || Kasi Maayan || Post-production
|}

===As a distributor===
*''[[Thagapansamy]]'' (2006)
*''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' (2007)

== Discography ==
===As a composer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Songs
! Score
! Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajathi Raja]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Pagiri]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
|''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || one song "Locality Boys"
|-
|}

===As a singer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Song
! Composer
! Notes
|-
| 1987 || ''Aisa Lakadi Mettu Thanunga'' (album) || || || Folk songs album<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aravindan |first=M.R. |date=17 February 2003 |title=A Pop Singer in Actor's Costume |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-pop-singer-in-actors-costume/article28399504.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220062646/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-pop-singer-in-actors-costume/article28399504.ece |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]'' ||"Madurai Jilla"|| T. S. Muralidharan ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Iyarkai]]'' || "Seetu Kattu" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || Uncredited
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Kaadhal]]'' || "Pura Koondu" || [[Joshua Sridhar]] ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Kadhal Seiya Virumbu]]'' || "Elam Elam" || G. Ram
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Thunichal]]'' || "Katikalama" || [[Premji Amaren]] ||
|-
|2006||''[[Thalaimagan]]''||"Uppumootai"||Paul J.||
|-
|2006||''[[Prathi Gnayiru 9 Manimudhal 10.30 Varai]]''||"Dhumkara"||[[John Peter (composer)|John Peter]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' ||"Jalsa" (Remix) || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
|''[[Puli Varudhu]]''
|"Kadhalikka Solludi"
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajathi Raja]]'' ||"Kathirikka" || Himself ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || "Kasethan" || Himself ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2013|| ''[[Chandhamama]]'' || "Koyambedu Silk Akka" ||Srikanth Deva || Also lyrics
|-
| ''[[Ceylon (film)|Ceylon]]'' || "Londoniley" || [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]||
|-
| ''[[Ragalaipuram]]'' || "Obamavum Ingethan" ||Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]]'' || "Vandha Mala" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' || "Locality Boys" ||himself, [[Bobo Shashi]]||also lyrics
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1420619|name=Karunas}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]

Ananya Sree Pullari

2026-03-26T19:20:50Z

Indian constitution: Creating basic article added tags

{{Short description|Indian volleyball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
'''Ananya''' '''Sree Pullari''' (born 8 October 2002)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://asianvolleyball.net/new/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/WAVCNC25_DB_01_pub.pdf | title=Daily bulletin | website=asianvolleyball.net}}</ref> is an Indian volleyball player from [[Telangana]]. She plays for [[India women's national volleyball team]] as a middle blocker, and for Telangana and Indian Railways in the domestic tournaments.

== Early life and education ==
She if from Raikode, Narayanpet district, Telangana. She was born to Pullari Anand and Varalakshmi. Her father used to run a hardware shop. She studied her Class 9 and 10 at Hyderabad and when she returned to her native place for holidays, she joined a summer camp. Earlier, she used to take part in athletics and play basketball in her school. But due to her height, her father joined her in the volleyball camp. After the 20-day camp, she was selected for the Sports Authority of Telangana centre in Saroornagar, Hyderabad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ananya sree: అప్పుడు నిరుత్సాహపడ్డా... ఇప్పుడు సాధించా |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/women/success-story-of--national-volleyball-player-ananya-sree/6204/125105426 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> She did her graduation in Physical Education at St. Stephen's College, Pathanapuram, Kollam, Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ststephenspathanapuram.ac.in/uploads/2023/12/PhysicalEduAnnualReport22_23.docx.pdf | title=St. Stephen's college, Pathanapuram, Kollam - Annual Report 2023 | website=ststephenspathanapuram.ac.in}}</ref> In June 2025, she was recruited by Bank of Maharashtra in sport quota to play for the bank's volleyball team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bank of Maharashtra Sportswoman P. Ananya Sree to play for India in AVC Women’s Nations Cup 2025 |url=https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/bank-of-maharashtra-sportswoman-p-ananya-sree-to-play-for-india-in-avc-womens-nations-cup-2025 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2019, she was selected for the Khelo India hostel in Kerala. While in the hostel, she represented Telangana in the Junior National Volleyball Championships. Later, she played many senior tournaments including the Federation Cup.<ref name=":0" /> In June 2025, she was part of the Indian team that played the AVC Nations Cup, formerly known as AVC Women's Challenge Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pullari Ananya Sree - AVC Women’s Nations Cup 2025 - Players |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/avc-women-nations-cup/players/222933 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=volleyballworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hub |first=India Sports |date=2025-06-05 |title=India Gears Up For Women’s Volleyball AVC Nations Cup 2025 In Vietnam. All You Need To Know {{!}} IndiaSportsHub |url=https://indiasportshub.com/india-gears-up-for-womens-volleyball-avc-nations-cup-2025-in-vietnam-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pullari, Ananya Sree}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's volleyball players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Middle blockers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Telangana]]

Melbourne

2026-03-26T19:19:28Z

Indian constitution:

{{Short description|Capital city of Victoria, Australia}}
{{About|the Australian metropolitan area|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type = city
| name = Melbourne
| native_name = {{nativename|wyi|Narrm|paren=omit}} ([[Boonwurrung language|Boonwurrung]]/[[Woiwurrung language|Woiwurrung]])
| state = vic 
| image = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Melburnian Skyline.jpg
| alt1 = Melbourne skyline
| caption1 = Melbourne skyline and [[Kings Domain]]
| image2 = Flinders Street Station Melbourne March 2021.jpg
| alt2 = Flinders Street Station
| caption2 = [[Flinders Street Station]]
| image3 = Shrine of Remembrance 1 (cropped).jpg
| alt3 = Shrine of Remembrance
| caption3 = [[Shrine of Remembrance]]
| image4 = 2017 AFL Grand Final panorama during national anthem (cropped).jpg
| alt4 = Melbourne Cricket Ground
| caption4 = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]
| image5 = Royal exhibition building tulips straight.jpg
| alt5 = Royal Exhibition Building
| caption5 = [[Royal Exhibition Building]]
| image6 = Melbourne Skyline and Princes Bridge - Dec 2008 (cropped).jpg
| alt6 = Melbourne CBD and Princes Bridge
| caption6 = [[Melbourne CBD]] and [[Princes Bridge]]
}}
| coordinates = {{coord|37|48|51|S|144|57|47|E|region:AU-VIC_type:city(5,200,000)|display=inline,title}}
| relief = yes
| alternative_location_map = Australia#Australia Victoria#Oceania
| mapframe = yes
| pop = 5,350,705 
| pop_year = 2024
| pop_footnotes = <ref name=24pop>{{cite web |title=Regional population |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=16 August 2025 |archive-date=16 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816052103/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref>
| poprank = 2nd
| population_demonym = Melburnian
| density = 535.5
| density_footnotes =
| established = {{start date and age|1835|8|30|df=y}}
| elevation = 31
| area = 2453
| area_footnotes = {{nbsp}}{{small|(GCCSA)}}<ref name=GCCSAgeo>{{cite web |title=Region summary: Greater Melbourne |url=https://dbr.abs.gov.au/region.html?lyr=gccsa&rgn=2GMEL |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=16 August 2025|archive-date=16 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816045452/https://dbr.abs.gov.au/region.html?lyr=gccsa&rgn=2GMEL |url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]
| utc = +10
| timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]]
| utc-dst = +11
| dist1 = 669
| dir1 = SW
| location1 = [[Canberra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |title=Great Circle Distance between Melbourne and Canberra |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151727/https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dist2 = 730
| dir2 = SE
| location2 = [[Adelaide]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=adelaide&placetype=0&state=SA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |title=Great Circle Distance between Melbourne and Adelaide |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151843/https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance?rec1=163285&placename=adelaide&placetype=0&state=SA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dist3 = 877
| dir3 = SW
| location3 = [[Sydney]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |title=Great Circle Distance between Melbourne and Sydney |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220150031/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dist4 = 1687
| dir4 = SW
| location4 = [[Brisbane]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |title=Great Circle Distance between Melbourne and Brisbane |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145905/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dist5 = 3337
| dir5 = SE
| location5 = [[Perth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |title=Great Circle Distance between Melbourne and Perth |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145902/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| lga = [[Local Government Areas of Victoria#Municipalities of Greater Melbourne|31 municipalities across Greater Melbourne]]
| county = [[County of Bourke, Victoria|Bourke]], [[County of Evelyn, Victoria|Evelyn]], [[County of Grant, Victoria|Grant]], [[County of Mornington|Mornington]]
| stategov = [[:File:Vic Melbourne Metro state districts 2014.png|55 electoral districts and regions]]
| fedgov = [[:File:MELBOURNE divisions overview 2016.png|23 divisions]]
| maxtemp = 20.2
| mintemp = 9.7
| rainfall = 515.5
| near-n = [[Hume (region)|Hume]]
| near-ne = [[Hume (region)|Hume]]
| near-e = [[Gippsland]]
| near-se = [[Gippsland]]
| near-s = ''[[Port Phillip|Port Phillip Bay]]''
| near-sw = [[Barwon South West]]
| near-w = [[Grampians (region)|Grampians]]
| near-nw = [[Loddon Mallee]]
}}
'''Melbourne''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|b|ər|n}} {{respell|MEL|bərn}},{{NoteTag|The spelling pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|b|ɔːr|n}} {{respell|MEL|born}} is also accepted within British [[Received Pronunciation]] and [[General American English]]. In Australian English, {{angbr|our}} in the second syllable always stands for the [[Vowel reduction in English|reduced]] {{IPAc-en|ər}} as in "labour".<ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=9781405881180}}; {{cite book |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=S. |title=Macquarie Dictionary |edition=6th |contribution=Melbourne |year=2013 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=Sydney |isbn=978-18-7642-966-9 |no-pp=y |title-link=Macquarie Dictionary}}</ref>}} {{IPA|en-AU|ˈmæɫbən||En-au-Melbourne.oga|label=locally}}; [[Boonwurrung language|Boonwurrung]]/{{langx|wyi|Narrm}} or {{lang|wyi|Naarm}})<ref name="naarm2">{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Ian D. |title=Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Melbourne and Central Victoria |date=2002 |publisher=Victorian Aboriginal Corp. for Languages |isbn=0957936052 |location=Melbourne |page=62}}</ref><ref name="Nicholson2">{{Cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Mandy |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429486470-30/wurundjeri-al-narrm-wurundjeri-melbourne-mandy-nicholson-david-jones |title=The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific |last2=Jones |first2=David |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-48647-0 |chapter=Wurundjeri-al Narrm-u (Wurundjeri's Melbourne): Aboriginal living heritage in Australia's urban landscapes |doi=10.4324/9780429486470-30 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604152111/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429486470-30/wurundjeri-al-narrm-wurundjeri-melbourne-mandy-nicholson-david-jones |archive-date=4 June 2022 |url-status=live |s2cid=213567108}}</ref> is the [[List of Australian capital cities|capital]] and [[List of cities in Australia by population|most populous city]] of the [[Australian state]] of [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], and the second most-populous city in Australia.<ref name="24pop"/> The city's name generally refers to a {{convert|2,453|sqkm|sqmi|adj=on}} area,<ref name="GCCSAgeo" /> comprising an urban agglomeration of [[Local Government Areas of Victoria#Municipalities of Melbourne|31 local government areas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localgovernment.vic.gov.au/Web20/rwpgslib.nsf/GraphicFiles/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09/$file/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09.pdf |title=Victorian Local Government Directory |publisher=Department of Planning and Community Development, [[Government of Victoria]] |page=11 |access-date=11 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915144252/http://www.localgovernment.vic.gov.au/Web20/rwpgslib.nsf/GraphicFiles/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09/$file/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2009}}</ref> The name is also used to specifically refer to the local government area named [[City of Melbourne]], whose area is centred on the [[Melbourne central business district]] and some immediate surrounds.

The city occupies much of the northern and eastern coastlines of [[Port Phillip|Port Phillip Bay]]. As of 2024, the population of the city was 5.35 million, or 19% of the [[population of Australia]];<ref name="24pop" /> inhabitants are known as "Melburnians".

The area of Melbourne has been home to [[Aboriginal Victorians]] for over 40,000 years.<ref name="settlement8-9"/><ref name="merrimerri" /> Of the five peoples of the [[Kulin nation]], the traditional custodians of the land encompassing Melbourne are the [[Boonwurrung]], [[Woiwurrung]] and the [[Wurundjeri]] peoples. In 1803, a short-lived British [[penal settlement]] was established at Port Phillip, then part of the [[Colony of New South Wales]]. Melbourne was founded in 1835 with the arrival of free settlers from [[Van Diemen's Land]] (modern-day [[Tasmania]]).<ref name="settlement8-9">{{cite web |title=History of the City of Melbourne |publisher=City of Melbourne |pages=8–10 |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/history-city-of-melbourne.pdf |date=November 1997 |access-date=28 January 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508155951/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/history-city-of-melbourne.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It was incorporated as a [[The Crown|Crown]] settlement in 1837, and named after the then-[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]].<ref name="settlement8-9" /> Declared a city by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1847, it became the capital of the newly separated Colony of Victoria in 1851.<ref name="MilesLewis25" /> During the 1850s [[Victorian gold rush]], the city entered a lengthy boom period that, by the late 1880s, had transformed it into Australia's, and one of the world's, largest and wealthiest metropolises.<ref name="RobertCervero320" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Davidson |first=Jim |date=2 August 2014 |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/rise-and-fall-of-british-empire-viewed-through-its-cities/news-story/a9f6ecb00ef2f6f13f4064a756a755ee |title=Rise and fall of British empire viewed through its cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114101416/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/rise-and-fall-of-british-empire-viewed-through-its-cities/news-story/a9f6ecb00ef2f6f13f4064a756a755ee |archive-date=14 January 2018 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |access-date=7 September 2018 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> After the [[federation of Australia]] in 1901, Melbourne served as the interim seat of government of the new nation until [[Canberra]] became the permanent capital in 1927.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/comlaw.nsf/440c19285821b109ca256f3a001d59b7/57dea3835d797364ca256f9d0078c087/$FILE/ConstitutionAct.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083947/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/comlaw.nsf/440c19285821b109ca256f3a001d59b7/57dea3835d797364ca256f9d0078c087/$FILE/ConstitutionAct.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2010 |title=Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act |publisher=Department of the Attorney-General, [[Government of Australia]] |page=45 (Section 125) |access-date=11 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Today, Melbourne is culturally diverse and, among world cities, has the [[Foreign born#Cities with largest foreign born populations|seventh-largest foreign born population]]. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, ranking 28th globally in the 2024 [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name="GFCI2">{{cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=GFCI 35 Rank |url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-35-explore-the-data/gfci-35-rank/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |publisher=Long Finance |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325153456/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-35-explore-the-data/gfci-35-rank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city's [[Architecture of Melbourne|eclectic architecture]] blends Victorian era structures, such as the [[World Heritage]]-listed [[Royal Exhibition Building]], with [[List of tallest buildings in Melbourne|one of the world's tallest skylines]]. Additional landmarks include the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] and the [[National Gallery of Victoria]]. Noted for [[culture of Melbourne|its cultural heritage]], the city gave rise to [[Australian rules football]], [[Heidelberg School|Australian impressionism]] and [[Australian cinema]], and is noted for [[Street art in Melbourne|its street art]], [[Music of Melbourne|live music]] and theatre scenes. It hosts major annual sporting events, such as the [[Australian Grand Prix]] and the [[Australian Open]], and also hosted the [[1956 Summer Olympics]]. Melbourne ranked as the [[City quality of life indices|world's most livable city]] on [[the Economist]]'s measure for much of the 2010s.<ref name=ABC_20170816>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-16/melbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year/8812196 |title=World's most liveable city: Melbourne takes top spot for seventh year running |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=16 August 2017 |author=Stephanie Chalkley-Rhoden |access-date=17 August 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816220821/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-16/melbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year/8812196 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Melbourne Airport]] is the second-busiest airport in Australia and the [[Port of Melbourne]] is the nation's busiest seaport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melbourne Airport – Flight Information, Shopping & Parking |url=https://www.melbourneairport.com.au/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=melbourneairport.com.au |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120141151/https://www.melbourneairport.com.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |year=2006 |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/1b374a6d8cae09e9ca2571cb0003c23a%21OpenDocument |title=Government outlines vision for Port of Melbourne Freight Hub |access-date=26 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708144910/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/1b374a6d8cae09e9ca2571cb0003c23a%21OpenDocument |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> Its main [[railways in Melbourne|metropolitan rail]] terminus is [[Flinders Street station]] and its main [[rail transport in Victoria|regional rail]] and road coach terminus is [[Southern Cross station]]. It also has Australia's most [[transport in Melbourne|extensive freeway network]] and the [[trams in Melbourne|largest urban tram network in the world]].<ref name="DOT_tram">{{cite web |url=http://www.ycat.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/EWLNA_2008/Main%20Report/Investing_in_Transport_East_West-Chapter03.pdf |title=Investing in Transport Chapter 3 – East/West, Section 3.1.2 – Tram Network |publisher=Department of Transport, [[Government of Victoria]] |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703031505/http://www.ycat.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/EWLNA_2008/Main%20Report/Investing_in_Transport_East_West-Chapter03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Name ==
The Port Phillip area of Melbourne is known in the [[Boonwurrung language|Boonwurrung]]/[[Woiwurrung language|Woiwurrung]] languages as {{lang|wyi|Narrm}}.<ref name="naarm">{{cite book |last= Clark |first= Ian D. |title=Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Melbourne and Central Victoria |date=2002 |publisher=Victorian Aboriginal Corp. for Languages |location=Melbourne |isbn=0957936052 |page=62}}</ref><ref name="Nicholson">{{Cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Mandy |last2=Jones |first2=David |chapter=Wurundjeri-al Narrm-u (Wurundjeri's Melbourne): Aboriginal living heritage in Australia's urban landscapes |date=2020 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429486470-30/wurundjeri-al-narrm-wurundjeri-melbourne-mandy-nicholson-david-jones |title=The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780429486470-30 |isbn=978-0-429-48647-0 |s2cid=213567108 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604152111/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429486470-30/wurundjeri-al-narrm-wurundjeri-melbourne-mandy-nicholson-david-jones |url-status=live }}</ref>

The name "Melbourne" is pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|b|ər|n}} {{respell|MEL|bərn}},{{NoteTag|The spelling pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|b|ɔːr|n}} {{respell|MEL|born}} is also accepted within British [[Received Pronunciation]] and [[General American English]]. In Australian English, {{angbr|our}} in the second syllable always stands for the [[Vowel reduction in English|reduced]] {{IPAc-en|ər}} as in "labour".<ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=9781405881180}}; {{cite book |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=S. |title=Macquarie Dictionary |edition=6th |contribution=Melbourne |year=2013 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=Sydney |isbn=978-18-7642-966-9 |no-pp=y |title-link=Macquarie Dictionary}}</ref>}} {{IPA|en-AU|ˈmæɫbən|label=locally||En-au-Melbourne.oga}}; the spelling pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|b|ɔːr|n}} {{respell|MEL|born}} is also accepted within British [[Received Pronunciation]] and [[General American English]]. In Australian English, {{angbr|our}} in the second syllable always stands for the [[Vowel reduction in English|reduced]] {{IPAc-en|ər}} as in "labour".<ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |year=2008 |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=9781405881180}}; {{cite book |title=Macquarie Dictionary |title-link=Macquarie Dictionary |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=978-18-7642-966-9 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=S. |edition=6th |location=Sydney |contribution=Melbourne |no-pp=y}}</ref>

Different parts of Melbourne have different traditional indigenous names, though traditional indigenous area names don't match up exactly with modern council districts. The Melbourne city area, near the St Pauls (or possibly St Patricks) cathedrals was called ''Geeburr'', Fitzroy area was referred to as ''Ngár-go'' and Collingwood was known as ''Yálla-birr-ang'' in the Woiwurrung language.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibson |first=Jason |last2=Gardner |first2=Helen |last3=Morey |first3=Stephen |date=2018-07-09 |title=The forgotten Aboriginal names for 10 of Melbourne's suburbs |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-10/the-aboriginal-names-for-ten-melbourne-suburbs/9960092 |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> The wider Port Phillip Bay area is referred to as ''Naarm'' in the Woiwurrung language<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Naarm, Mebourne's Port Phillip Bay, was a dry hunting ground before the time of chaos when seas rose |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/deeptime/filling-of-bay-boonwurrung/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Deep Time - ABC News |language=en}}</ref> and means "the Bay" in the Boonwurrung language.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
{{Further|History of Melbourne}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Melbourne history}}

===Indigenous people===
{{Further|Aboriginal Victorians|Aboriginal Australians}}
[[Aboriginal Victorians|Aboriginal Australians]] have lived in the Melbourne area for at least 40,000 years.<ref>Gary Presland, ''The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region'', (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-646-33150-7}}</ref> When [[Colony of Victoria|British colonists]] arrived in the 19th century, up to 20,000 [[Kulin people]] from three distinct language groups – the [[Wurundjeri]], [[Bunurong]] and [[Wathaurong]] – resided in the area.<ref name="rbg.vic.gov.au">{{Cite web |title=Indigenous connections to the site |url=http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908132608/http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2008 |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=rbg.vic.gov.au}}</ref><ref>Gary Presland, ''Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People'', Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994, {{ISBN|0-9577004-2-3}}</ref> It was an important meeting place for the clans of the [[Kulin nation]] alliance and a vital source of food and water.<ref name="settlement"/><ref name="merrimerri">Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, ''People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days'', Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 {{ISBN|0-9577728-0-7}}</ref> In June 2021, the boundaries between the land of two of the [[traditional owner]] groups, the Wurundjeri and Bunurong, were agreed after being drawn up by the [[Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council]]. The borderline runs across the city from west to east, with [[Melbourne central business district|the CBD]], [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]] and [[Hawthorn, Victoria|Hawthorn]] included in Wurundjeri land, and [[Albert Park, Victoria|Albert Park]], [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] and [[Caulfield, Victoria|Caulfield]] on Bunurong land.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunstan |first=Joseph |title=Melbourne's birth destroyed Bunurong and Wurundjeri boundaries. 185 years on, they've been redrawn |website=ABC News |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=26 June 2021 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-26/melbourne-aboriginal-traditional-owners-bunurong-wurundjeri/100236480 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630070654/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-26/melbourne-aboriginal-traditional-owners-bunurong-wurundjeri/100236480 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this change in boundaries is still disputed by people on both sides of the dispute including N'arweet [[Carolyn Briggs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eddie |first=Rachel |date=1 July 2021 |title=Traditional owners formalised in new boundaries covering central Melbourne |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/traditional-owners-formalised-in-new-boundaries-covering-central-melbourne-20210701-p585vg.html |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=The Age |language=en |url-access=registration |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605135509/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/traditional-owners-formalised-in-new-boundaries-covering-central-melbourne-20210701-p585vg.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some sources indicate the name ''Narrm'' refers to the area where Melbourne city is built,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smyth |first1=Robert Brough |title=Aborigines of Victoria: With Notes Relating to the Habits of the Natives of Other Parts of Australia and Tasmania Compiled from Various Sources for the Government of Victoria. Volume 2 |date=1878 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108006569 |page=188}}</ref><ref name="naarm" /> other sources indicate Naarm refers to the wider Phillip Bay area in the Woiwurrung language,<ref name=":1" /> and Naarm means "the Bay" in the Boonwurrung language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-30 |title=Aboriginal Country |url=https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginal-country |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.vic.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Narrm means scrub in Eastern Kulin languages which reflects the Creation Story of how the Bay was filled by the creation of the Birrarung (Yarra River). Before this, the dry Melbourne region extended out into the Bay and the Bay was filled with teatree scrub where boorrimul (emu) and marram (kangaroo) were hunted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Bill and Mandy |url=https://www.melton.vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/services/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander/bill-and-mandy-nicholson-january-2018.pdf |title=Wurundjeri's Cultural Heritage of the Melton Area |publisher=Melton City Council |year=2016 |location=Melbourne |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619150947/https://www.melton.vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/services/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander/bill-and-mandy-nicholson-january-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boon Wurrung: The Filling of the Bay – The Time of Chaos – Nyernila |url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/aboriginal-culture/nyernila/boon-wurrung-the-filling-of-the-bay-the-time-of-chaos/ |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=Culture Victoria |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703110903/https://cv.vic.gov.au/stories/aboriginal-culture/nyernila/boon-wurrung-the-filling-of-the-bay-the-time-of-chaos/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===British colonisation===
{{Further|Foundation of Melbourne}}
The first [[British Empire|British]] settlement in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], then part of the [[penal colony]] of [[New South Wales]], was established by Colonel [[David Collins (lieutenant governor)|David Collins]] in October 1803, at [[Sullivan Bay]], near present-day [[Sorrento, Victoria|Sorrento]]. The following year, due to a perceived lack of resources, these settlers relocated to [[Van Diemen's Land]] (present-day [[Tasmania]]) and founded the city of [[Hobart]]. It would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted.<ref>{{cite web |last=Button |first=James |title=Secrets of a forgotten settlement |website=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=4 October 2003 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/03/1064988393029.html?from=storyrhs |access-date=19 October 2008 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105201822/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/03/1064988393029.html?from=storyrhs |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[File:Batman signs treaty artist impression.jpg|thumb|left|A late 19th-century artist's depiction of [[John Batman]]'s [[Batman's Treaty|treaty]] with a group of [[Wurundjeri]] elders.]]
In May and June 1835, [[John Batman]], a leading member of the [[Port Phillip Association]] in Van Diemen's Land, explored the Melbourne area, and later claimed to have [[Batman's Treaty|negotiated a purchase]] of {{cvt|600000|acre|km2|disp=flip}} with eight Wurundjeri elders. However, the nature of the treaty has been heavily disputed, as none of the parties spoke the same language, and the elders likely perceived it as part of the gift exchanges which had taken place over the previous few days amounting to a [[tanderrum]] ceremony which allows temporary access to and use of the land.<ref>Diane E. Barwick, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24045800'Mapping the Past: An Atlas of Victorian Clans 1835-1904: PART 1,'] [[Aboriginal History]], 1984, Vol. 8, No. 1/2 (1984), pp. 100-131, p.107</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Robert |year=2008 |title=Tricks or Treats? |url=https://doi.org/10.2104/ha080038|journal=History Australia |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=38.1–38.14|doi=10.2104/ha080038 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the [[Yarra River]], declaring that "this will be the place for a village" before returning to Van Diemen's Land.<ref>{{cite book |last=Annear |first=Robyn |year=2005 |title=Bearbrass: Imagining Early Melbourne |location=Melbourne, Victoria |publisher=Black Inc |page=6 |isbn=1863953973}}</ref> In August 1835, another group of Vandemonian settlers arrived in the area and established a settlement at the site of the current [[Immigration Museum, Melbourne|Melbourne Immigration Museum]]. Batman and his group arrived the following month and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement, initially known by the native name of Dootigala.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Melbourne |volume=18 |page=91 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32937146 |title=Melbourne's Godfather. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=50 |issue=14,996 |location=Western Australia |date=14 July 1934 |access-date=20 September 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151735/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32937146 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Batman's Treaty with the Aboriginal elders was annulled by [[Richard Bourke]], the [[Governor of New South Wales]] (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association.<ref name="settlement">{{cite web |title=Foundation of the Settlement |work=History of the City of Melbourne |publisher=City of Melbourne |year=1997 |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/History/Pages/SettlementtoCity.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220130102/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/History/Pages/SettlementtoCity.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2011 |access-date=13 July 2010}}</ref> In 1836, Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the [[Port Phillip District]] of [[New South Wales]], and commissioned the first plan for its urban layout, the [[Hoddle Grid]], in 1837.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=53 |title=Roads |publisher=City of Melbourne |access-date=29 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220130459/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=53 |archive-date=20 February 2011}}</ref> Known briefly as Batmania,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11144430 |date=29 January 1938 |title=They Called Melbourne Barebrass |work=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] Weekend Magazine |last=Kenyon |first=A. S. |author-link=A. S. Kenyon |via=[[Trove]] |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407173142/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11144430 |url-status=live }}</ref> the settlement was named Melbourne on 10 April 1837 by Bourke<ref>{{Cite Trove newspaper |230669736 |title=New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, NSW) |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> after the [[British Prime Minister]], [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]], whose [[Family seat|seat]] was [[Melbourne Hall]] in the [[market town]] of [[Melbourne, Derbyshire]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/history-of-melbourne-581 |title=History of Melbourne |website=Onlymelbourne.com.au |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121095449/https://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/history-of-melbourne-581 |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, the settlement's [[General Post Office, Melbourne|general post office]] officially opened with that name.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phoenix Auctions History |title=Post Office List |url=http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&filter=*Melbourne* |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151912/http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&filter=%2AMelbourne%2A |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Landing at melbourne 1840.jpg|thumb|Melbourne in 1840.]]
Between 1836 and 1842, Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed of their land by British colonists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boyce |first=James |author-link=James Boyce (author) |title=1835: The Founding of Melbourne and the Conquest of Australia |publisher=Black Inc |year=2011 |page=151 |postscript=,}} citing [[Richard Broome]], "Victoria" in Ann McGrath (ed.), ''Contested Ground'': 129</ref> In 1840, the Superintendent of the [[Port Phillip District]], [[Charles La Trobe]] issued a directive to banish Aboriginals from the immediate vicinity of Melbourne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Broome |first1=Richard |title=Aboriginal Victorians: A History since 1800 |date=2005 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Crows Nest |isbn=9781741145694}}</ref> This was enforced later that same year by the mass-arrest and imprisonment of hundreds of Indigenous people during the [[Lettsom raid]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Standfield |first1=Rachel |title='The vacillating manners and sentiments of these people': Mobility, civilisation and dispossession in the work of William Thomas with the Port Phillip Aboriginal Protectorate |journal=Law Text Culture |year=2011 |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=162–184 |doi=10.14453/ltc.642 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol15/iss1/9/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406190747/http://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol15/iss1/9/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, Aboriginal people still managed to continue living near the settlement and by January 1844 there were said to be 675 residing in squalid camps around Melbourne.{{sfn|Boyce|2011|p=186}} The British Colonial Office had appointed five [[Protector of Aborigines|Aboriginal Protectors]] for the Aboriginal people of Victoria, in 1839, but their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured [[Squatting (pastoral)|squatters]] who took possession of Aboriginal lands.{{sfn|Boyce|2011|p=199}} By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come.{{sfn|Boyce|2011|page=163}} [[Letters patent]] of [[Queen Victoria]], issued on 25 June 1847, declared Melbourne a city.<ref name="MilesLewis25">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Miles |title=Melbourne: the city's history and development |edition=2nd |publisher=City of Melbourne |location=Melbourne |year=1995 |page=25 |isbn=0-949624-71-3}}</ref> On 1 July 1851, the Port Phillip District separated from [[New South Wales]] to become the Colony of Victoria, with Melbourne as its capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01353b.htm |title=Separation |website=EMelbourne-Encyclopedia of Melbourne |access-date=7 July 2015 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706093438/http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01353b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Victorian gold rush ===
[[File:Canvas town south melbourne victoria 1850s.jpg|thumb|South Melbourne's "Canvas Town" provided temporary accommodation for the thousands of migrants who arrived each week during the 1850s gold rush.]]
[[File:Eureka Rebellion Prisoners Released.jpg|thumb|A large crowd outside the Victorian Supreme Court, celebrating the release of the [[Eureka Rebellion|Eureka rebels]] in 1855.]]
{{further|Victorian gold rush}}

The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid-1851 sparked [[Victorian gold rush|a gold rush]], and Melbourne, the colony's major port, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had nearly doubled from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold |first=Suzie |last=Hoban |work=Victorian Cultural Collaboration |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |url=http://sbs.com.au/sbsmain/gold/story.html?storyid=49 |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724135849/http://sbs.com.au/sbsmain/gold/story.html?storyid=49 |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> Exponential growth ensued, and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken [[Sydney]] as Australia's most populous city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atse.org.au/index.php?sectionid=289 |title=The Snowy Mountains Scheme and Multicultural Australia |publisher=ATSE |access-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106222322/http://www.atse.org.au/index.php?sectionid=289 |archive-date=6 January 2010}}</ref>

An influx of intercolonial and international migrants, particularly from Europe and China, saw the establishment of slums, including [[Chinatown, Melbourne|Chinatown]] and a temporary "tent city" on the southern banks of the Yarra. In the aftermath of the 1854 [[Eureka Rebellion]], mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including improvements in working conditions across mining, agriculture, manufacturing and other local industries. At least twenty nationalities took part in the rebellion, giving some indication of immigration flows at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hagan |first=Kate |date=3 December 2006 |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/eureka-where-multiculturalism-was-born-20061203-ge3pjn.html |title=Eureka: where multiculturalism was born |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115112934/https://www.theage.com.au/national/eureka-where-multiculturalism-was-born-20061203-ge3pjn.html |archive-date=15 November 2018 |newspaper=[[The Age]] |access-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref>

With the wealth brought in from the gold rush and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]], the [[Old Treasury Building, Melbourne|Treasury Building]], the [[Old Melbourne Gaol]], [[Victoria Barracks, Melbourne|Victoria Barracks]], the [[State Library of Victoria|State Library]], [[University of Melbourne]], [[Melbourne GPO|General Post Office]], [[Immigration Museum, Melbourne|Customs House]], the [[Melbourne Town Hall]], [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Patrick's]] cathedral, though many remained incomplete for decades.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards and parklands surrounding the central city, was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas rapidly filled with the ubiquitous terrace houses, as well as with detached houses and grand mansions, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the [[Melbourne Mint|Royal Mint]], and (in 1861) Australia's first [[Australian Securities Exchange|stock exchange]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caslon.com.au/timeline6.htm |title=Media Business Communication time line since 1861 |publisher=Caslon |access-date=29 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206004159/http://www.caslon.com.au/timeline6.htm |archive-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> In 1855, the [[Melbourne Cricket Club]] secured possession of its now famous ground, the [[MCG]]. Members of the [[Melbourne Football Club]] codified [[Australian football]] in 1859,<ref>Pennings, Mark (2012). ''Origins of Australian Football: Victoria's Early History: Volume 1: Amateur Heroes and the Rise of Clubs, 1858 to 1876''. Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|9781921421471}}, p. 11</ref> and in 1861, the first [[Melbourne Cup]] race was held. Melbourne acquired its first public monument, the [[Burke and Wills]] statue, in 1864.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Downer |first1=Christine |title=Burke and Wills Monument |url=https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00264b.htm |website=eMelbourne |publisher=The University of Melbourne |access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold-mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria (especially wool) and with a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network spread into the countryside from the late 1850s. Construction started on further major public buildings in the 1860s and 1870s, such as the [[Supreme Court of Victoria|Supreme Court]], [[Government House, Melbourne|Government House]], and the [[Queen Victoria Market]]. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline, with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863,{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} due primarily to introduced diseases (particularly [[smallpox]]<ref name="rbg.vic.gov.au"/>), frontier violence and dispossession of their lands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stockton |first=Richard |date=16 November 2016 |title=Centuries Of Slaughter: Genocide In The Australian Outback |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/australia-genocide |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=All That's Interesting |language=en-US |archive-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709125711/https://allthatsinteresting.com/australia-genocide |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Land boom and bust===
[[File:A tram car passes the Federal Coffee Palace in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia colour.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The [[Federal Coffee Palace]], demolished in 1973, was one of many notable buildings built after the discovery of gold in Victoria.]]
The 1880s saw extraordinary growth: consumer confidence, easy access to credit, and steep increases in land prices led to an enormous amount of construction. During this "land boom", Melbourne reputedly became the richest city in the world,<ref name="RobertCervero320">{{cite book |last=Cervero |first=Robert B. |title=The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry |publisher=Island Press |location=Chicago |year=1998 |page=320 |isbn=1-55963-591-6}}</ref> and the second-largest (after London) in the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=Robin |last2=Buxton |first2=Michael |last3=Moloney |first3=Susie |chapter=The early development of Melbourne |title=Planning Melbourne: Lessons for a Sustainable City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3-NDAAAQBAJ |quote=By 1890, Melbourne was the second-largest city in the British Empire and one of the world's richest. |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |date=2016 |access-date=16 June 2019 |isbn=9780643104747 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802185923/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3-NDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, held in the large purpose-built [[Royal Exhibition Building|Exhibition Building]]. A telephone exchange was established that year, and the foundations of [[St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Paul's]] were laid. In 1881, electric light was installed in the [[Eastern Market, Melbourne|Eastern Market]], and a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation by 1882.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3807950 |title=The Story of Melbourne |newspaper=The Argus |location=Melbourne |date=9 September 1926 |access-date=24 January 2012 |page=8 Supplement: An Historic Souvenir |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220114122/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3807950 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Melbourne cable tramway system]] opened in 1885 and became one of the world's most extensive systems by 1890.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melbourne Tramway History {{!}} Victoria {{!}} Railways and Tramways of Australia |url=https://www.railtram.com.au/melbourne-tramway-history |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=mysite |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811011247/https://www.railtram.com.au/melbourne-tramway-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1885, visiting English journalist [[George Augustus Henry Sala]] & Joe Harold coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century and has come to refer to the opulence and energy of the 1880s,<ref>{{cite web |last=Button |first=James |title=He came, he saw, he marvelled |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/09/1073437468105.html |work=[[The Age]] |date=10 January 2004 |access-date=7 July 2012 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110242/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/09/1073437468105.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref> during which time large commercial buildings, grand hotels, banks, [[coffee palace]]s, [[terrace housing]] and palatial mansions proliferated in the city.<ref name="University1"/> The establishment of the Melbourne Hydraulic Power Company in 1886 led to the availability of high-pressure piped water, allowing for the installation of hydraulically powered [[elevator]]s, which led to the construction of the first high-rise buildings in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marvellous Melbourne – Introduction of the Hydraulic Lift |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/marvellous/powered/lifts.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413165429/http://museumvictoria.com.au/marvellous/powered/lifts.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2008 |publisher=Museum Victoria |access-date=21 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Melbourne Hydraulic Power Company |url=http://www.fadingvictoria.com/image/20110530XF9N3591/ |website=Fading Victoria |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710050504/http://www.fadingvictoria.com/image/20110530XF9N3591/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The period also saw the huge expansion of a significant radial rail-based transport network throughout the city and suburbs.<ref>{{cite book |year=1995 |first=Lewis |last=Miles |title=Melbourne the city's history and development |publisher=City of Melbourne |page=47}}</ref>

Melbourne's land-boom peaked in 1888,<ref name="University1">{{cite book |title=The Land Boomers |first=Michael |last=Cannon |publisher=Melbourne University Press; Cambridge University Press |year=1966}}</ref> the year it hosted the Centennial Exhibition. The brash [[boosterism]] that had typified Melbourne during that time ended in the early 1890s. The bubble supporting the local finance and property industries burst, resulting in a severe economic depression.<ref name="University1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/melbourne.html |title=A Brief History of Melbourne |last=Lambert |first=Tim |publisher=Local Histories |access-date=29 September 2008 |archive-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113035328/http://www.localhistories.org/melbourne.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sixteen small [[Land banking|land banks]] and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to the [[Economic history of Australia|Australian economic depression of the 1890s]] and the [[Australian banking crisis of 1893]]. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no significant construction until the late 1890s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373808/Melbourne/12674/Growth-of-the-city |title=Melbourne (Victoria) – growth of the city |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=29 September 2008 |archive-date=24 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524214405/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373808/Melbourne/12674/Growth-of-the-city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.we-love-melbourne.net/Melbourne-history.html |title=Fast Facts on Melbourne History |publisher=We Love Melbourne |access-date=29 September 2008 |archive-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034957/http://www.we-love-melbourne.net/Melbourne-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Temporary capital of Australia and World War II===
{{further|Federation of Australia}}
[[File:Opening of the first parliament.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Big Picture (painting)|The Big Picture]]'', the opening of the first [[Parliament of Australia]] on 9 May 1901, painted by [[Tom Roberts]].]]

At the time of Australia's [[Federation of Australia|federation]] on 1 January 1901, Melbourne became the seat of government of the federated [[Commonwealth of Australia]]. The first federal parliament convened on 9 May 1901 in the [[Royal Exhibition Building]], subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House, where it sat until it moved to [[Canberra]] in 1927. The [[Governor-General of Australia]] resided at [[Government House, Melbourne|Government House]] in Melbourne until 1930, and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Miles Bannatyne |title=Melbourne: the city's history and development |year=1995 |pages=113–114 |publisher=City of Melbourne |isbn=0949624888 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mWdAAAACAAJ |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411024608/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mWdAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> During [[World War II]], the city hosted American military forces who were fighting the [[Empire of Japan]], and the government requisitioned the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] for military use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcg.org.au/History/Other%20Events/US%20Marines.aspx |title=Melbourne Cricket Ground – US Marines at the MCG |access-date=10 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218084312/https://www.mcg.org.au/History/Other%20Events/US%20Marines.aspx#:~:text=Melbourne%20was%20described%20as%20the,Australian%20troops%20on%20the%20arena |archive-date=18 December 2013}}</ref>

===Post-war period===
In the immediate years after [[World War II]], Melbourne expanded rapidly, its growth boosted by [[post-war immigration to Australia]], primarily from Southern [[Europe]] and the [[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1961 – the Impact of Post-War Immigration |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/keydates.aspx?cid=13 |publisher=Museum Victoria |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011217/http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/keydates.aspx?cid=13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> While the "Paris End" of Collins Street began Melbourne's boutique shopping and open air [[cafe]] cultures,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/28/1053801445880.html |title=Boutique battle at Paris end of town |first=Misha |last=Ketchel |website=[[The Age]] |date=29 May 2003 |access-date=24 February 2010 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425154627/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/28/1053801445880.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref> the city centre was seen by many as stale—the dreary domain of office workers—something expressed by [[John Brack]] in his famous painting ''[[Collins St., 5 pm]]'' (1955).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.org.au/publications/1691/the-art-of-the-forgotten-people |title=The art of the forgotten people |website=[[Institute of Public Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313203932/http://ipa.org.au/publications/1691/the-art-of-the-forgotten-people |archive-date=13 March 2016 |first=Tim |last=Wilson |author-link=Tim Wilson (Australian politician)}}</ref> Up until the 21st century, Melbourne was considered Australia's "industrial heartland".<ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |year=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Orica House.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Orica House]] (formerly ICI House), a symbol of modernity in post-war Melbourne.]]
Height limits in the CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of [[ICI House]], transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, served by new indoor malls beginning with [[Chadstone Shopping Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/gallery/image.php?id=802 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805185805/http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/gallery/image.php?id=802 |url-status=dead |title=Sorry, we can't find the content you're looking for |publisher=[[State Library Victoria]] |date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and [[St Kilda Road]] which significantly modernised the city.<ref>Judith Raphael Buckrich (1996) ''Melbourne's Grand Boulevard: the Story of St Kilda Road''. Published State Library of Victoria</ref> New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre-war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of [[Facadism#Melbourne|facadism]]. Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided.

To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the [[Housing Commission of Victoria]], which resulted in the demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers.<ref>{{cite book |first=William |last=Logan |title=The Gentrification of inner Melbourne: a political geography of inner-city housing |publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]] |year=1985 |location=Brisbane, Australia |pages=148–160 |isbn=0-7022-1729-8}}</ref> In later years, with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership, the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner-city population. The [[Henry Bolte|Bolte]] government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne. Major road projects including the remodelling of [[St Kilda Junction]], the widening of [[Hoddle Highway|Hoddle Street]] and then the extensive [[1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan]] changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Millar |first=Royce |title=Road to ... where? |work=[[The Age]] |date=7 November 2005 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/road-to-where/2005/11/06/1131211946903.html |access-date=11 December 2012 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110308/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/road-to-where/2005/11/06/1131211946903.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Australia's financial and mining booms during 1969 and 1970 resulted in establishment of the headquarters of many major companies ([[BHP]] and [[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto]], among others) in the city. [[Nauru]]'s then booming economy resulted in several ambitious investments in Melbourne, such as [[Nauru House]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Shepherd |first=Dick |title=Hotel men expected to press for Govt. aid |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2eFUAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,571748 |access-date=25 April 2011 |work=Age |date=4 February 1972 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614013238/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2eFUAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710%2C571748&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Melbourne remained Australia's main business and financial centre until the late 1970s, when it began to lose this primacy to Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/30/1072546531264.html?from=storyrhs |title=Tell Melbourne it's over, we won |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=31 December 2003 |access-date=18 July 2008 |archive-date=24 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524004823/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/30/1072546531264.html?from=storyrhs |url-status=live }}</ref>

Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 and 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992, the newly elected [[Jeff Kennett|Kennett]] government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saward |first=Joe |title=Interview – Judith Griggs |website=Grandprix |publisher=Inside F1 |date=1 February 1996 |url=http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00208.html |access-date=14 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117122653/http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00208.html |archive-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During this period the [[Australian Grand Prix]] moved to Melbourne from [[Adelaide Street Circuit|Adelaide]]. Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the [[Melbourne Museum]], [[Federation Square]], the [[Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre]], [[Crown Melbourne|Crown Casino]] and the [[CityLink]] [[tollway]]. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure.<ref>{{cite book |author=Miles Lewis |title=Melbourne the city's history and development |page=203,205–206}}</ref>

===Contemporary Melbourne===
[[File:Melbourne city skyline from the perspective of Port Melbourne.jpg|thumb|right|The skyline of Melbourne from [[Port Melbourne]], 2023.]]
Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]], [[Port Melbourne]], [[Melbourne Docklands]] and [[South Wharf]]. Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city from 2001 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2005 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Melbournes-population-booms/2005/03/23/1111525222758.html |title=Melbourne's population booms |website=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |access-date=18 July 2008 |first1=Melissa |last1=Marino |first2=Tim |last2=Colebatch |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104162809/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Melbournes-population-booms/2005/03/23/1111525222758.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref>

From 2006, the growth of the city extended into "green wedges" and beyond the city's [[urban growth boundary]]. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vic.gov.au/planningmelbourne |title=Delivering Melbourne's newest sustainable communities |website=Victoria Online |publisher=State of Victoria |date=21 September 2006 |access-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604005014/http://www.vic.gov.au/planningmelbourne |archive-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> In 2009, Melbourne was less affected by the [[Great Recession]] in comparison to other Australian cities. At this time, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city—almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined,<ref>''[[The Age]]'', 12 February 2010{{full citation needed|date=May 2022}}</ref> and Melbourne's property market remained highly priced,<ref>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Ormonde |date=14 November 2009 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/housing-the-bubble-that-no-one-dares-burst-20091113-iemr.html |title=Housing the bubble that no one dares burst |access-date=21 June 2010 |website=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |archive-date=2 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202111801/http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/housing-the-bubble-that-no-one-dares-burst-20091113-iemr.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref> resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 February 2008 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/02/16/1202760669052.html |title=Rent crisis forces urgent action |website=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |access-date=21 June 2010 |first=Jason |last=Dowling |archive-date=17 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217035049/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/02/16/1202760669052.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Beginning in the 2010s, the State Government of Victoria initiated a number of major infrastructure projects designed to reduce congestion in Melbourne and encourage economic growth, including the [[Metro Tunnel]], the [[West Gate Tunnel]], the [[Level Crossing Removal Project]] and the [[Suburban Rail Loop]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2018 |title=What is Victoria's Big Build? |url=https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/things-to-do/everything-you-need-to-know-about-victorias-big-build |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Time Out Melbourne |language=en-AU |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031232850/https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/things-to-do/everything-you-need-to-know-about-victorias-big-build |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodcock |first=Ian |date=Jan 2020 |title=On track: Level Crossing Removal Project |url=https://architectureau.com/articles/level-crossing-removal-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222223923/https://architectureau.com/articles/level-crossing-removal-project/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=Architecture Australia |language=en}}</ref> New urban renewal zones were initiated in inner-city areas like [[Fisherman's Bend]] and [[Arden railway station, Melbourne|Arden]], while suburban growth continued on the urban periphery in Melbourne's outer west and east in suburbs like [[Wyndham Vale]] and [[Cranbourne, Victoria|Cranbourne]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Stanley |first1=Janet |last2=Stanley |first2=John |last3=Brain |first3=Peter |date=19 May 2019 |title=Rapid growth is widening Melbourne's social and economic divide |url=http://theconversation.com/rapid-growth-is-widening-melbournes-social-and-economic-divide-117244 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=The Conversation |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031232850/http://theconversation.com/rapid-growth-is-widening-melbournes-social-and-economic-divide-117244 |url-status=live }}</ref> Middle suburbs like [[Box Hill, Victoria|Box Hill]] became denser as a greater proportion of Melburnians began living in apartments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2019 |title='It's not what we bought into': How high density living is changing the face of Australia's suburbs |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-17/how-skyscrapers-are-reshaping-australian-suburbs/11697614 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025075104/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-17/how-skyscrapers-are-reshaping-australian-suburbs/11697614 |url-status=live }}</ref> A construction boom resulted in 34 new [[skyscraper]]s being built in the central business district between 2010 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Remarkable 10-year change to city skyline |work=Herald Sun |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/property/melbourne-city-skyline-adds-34-skyscrapers-in-10year-tower-boom/news-story/d7601d68e1bbdac2d207cb98266e16eb |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031234352/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/property/melbourne-city-skyline-adds-34-skyscrapers-in-10year-tower-boom/news-story/d7601d68e1bbdac2d207cb98266e16eb |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, Melbourne was classified as an Alpha city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Out of all major Australian cities, Melbourne was the worst affected by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and spent a long time under lockdown restrictions,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/28/bad-luck-or-bad-management-why-has-victoria-had-so-many-covid-outbreaks |title=Bad luck or bad management: why has Victoria had so many Covid outbreaks? |website=[[The Guardian]] |last=Liu |first=Donna |date=28 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531105209/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/28/bad-luck-or-bad-management-why-has-victoria-had-so-many-covid-outbreaks |url-status=live }}</ref> with Melbourne experiencing six lockdowns totalling 267 days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boaz |first1=Judd |title=Melbourne passes Buenos Aires' world record for time spent in COVID-19 lockdown |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-03/melbourne-longest-lockdown/100510710 |website=ABC News |date=3 October 2021 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004005924/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-03/melbourne-longest-lockdown/100510710 |url-status=live }}</ref> While this contributed to a net outflow of migration causing a slight reduction in Melbourne's population over the course of 2020 to 2022, Melbourne's population is projected to reach 6.4 million people by 2033–34.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.gov.au/publications/statements/2021-population-statement |title=2021 Population Statement |website=Centre For Population, Australian Government |date=21 December 2021 |access-date=5 January 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105121600/https://population.gov.au/publications/statements/2021-population-statement }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2024 |title=Australians to vote with feet for crowded city life, Treasury predicts |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-20/treasury-predicts-capital-city-population-growth-outpace-regions/104750974 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=20 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220085152/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-20/treasury-predicts-capital-city-population-growth-outpace-regions/104750974 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Wide image|Melbourne from Waterfront City, Docklands Pano 21.08.22.jpg|700px|A panoramic view of the Docklands and city skyline from Waterfront City, looking across [[Melbourne Docklands#Victoria Harbour|Victoria Harbour]]}}

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Melbourne}}

{{see also|Lakes and reservoirs of Melbourne}}
[[File:Greater Melbourne Map 4 - May 2008.png|thumb|Melbourne and [[Geelong]] urban areas.]]
Melbourne is in the southeastern part of mainland Australia, within the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia for Everyone |url=https://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/beyond-vic/ |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212042927/https://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/beyond-vic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Geologically, it is built on the confluence of [[Quaternary]] lava flows to the west, [[Silurian]] [[mudstone]]s to the east, and [[Holocene]] sand accumulation to the southeast along [[Port Phillip]]. The southeastern suburbs are situated on the [[Selwyn fault]], which transects [[Mount Martha]] and [[Cranbourne, Victoria|Cranbourne]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Geology |author=Thomas A. Darragh |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online |url=https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00636b.htm |publisher=School of Historical & Philosophical Studies, [[University of Melbourne]] |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407173145/https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00636b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The western portion of the metropolitan area lies within the [[Victorian Volcanic Plain grasslands]] vegetation community,<ref>[https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/projects/victorian-volcanic-plains/ Victorian Volcanic Plains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903124412/https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/projects/victorian-volcanic-plains/ |date=3 September 2022 }} by [[Greening Australia]]. Retrieved 3 September 2022.</ref><ref>[https://bwvp.ecolinc.vic.edu.au/about Biodiversity of the Western Volcanic Plains – The Western Volcanic Plains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903064342/https://bwvp.ecolinc.vic.edu.au/about |date=3 September 2022 }} State of Victoria (Department of Education). Retrieved 3 September 2022.</ref> and the southeast falls in the [[Gippsland Plains Grassy Woodland]] zone.<ref>[https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/gippsland-red-gum.pdf Gippsland Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Associated Native Grassland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201111619/https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/gippsland-red-gum.pdf |date=1 December 2022 }} Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Retrieved 6 September 2022.</ref>

Melbourne extends northward through the undulating bushland valleys of the [[Yarra Valley]]'s tributaries—[[Moonee Ponds Creek]] (toward [[Melbourne Airport]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woodlands Historic Park |url=http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/explore/parks/woodlands-historic-park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311070007/http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/explore/parks/woodlands-historic-park |archive-date=11 March 2012 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=parkweb.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> [[Merri Creek]], [[Darebin Creek]] and [[Plenty River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=211706&cmd=sp|title=Map of Plenty River, VIC|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223748/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=211706&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> The city reaches southeast through [[Dandenong]] to the growth corridor of [[Pakenham, Victoria|Pakenham]] towards [[West Gippsland]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/a-city-on-the-edge/2008/05/02/1209235157167.html | work=The Age | location=Melbourne, Australia | first1=Royce | last1=Millar | first2=Simon | last2=Mann | title=A city on the edge | date=3 May 2008 | archive-date=14 April 2018 | access-date=9 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414125452/https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/a-city-on-the-edge/2008/05/02/1209235157167.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In the west, it extends along the [[Maribyrnong River]] and its tributaries north towards [[Sunbury, Victoria|Sunbury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sunbury-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/big-growth-tax-grab-in-sunbury/ |title=Big growth tax grab in Sunbury – Council – News – Sunbury Leader |access-date=28 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706113351/http://sunbury-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/big-growth-tax-grab-in-sunbury/ |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref>

Melbourne's major bayside beaches are in the various suburbs along the shores of Port Phillip Bay, in areas like [[Port Melbourne]], [[Albert Park, Victoria|Albert Park]], [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]], [[Elwood, Victoria|Elwood]], [[Brighton, Victoria|Brighton]], [[Sandringham, Victoria|Sandringham]], [[Mentone, Victoria|Mentone]], [[Frankston, Victoria|Frankston]], [[Altona, Victoria|Altona]], [[Williamstown, Victoria|Williamstown]] and Werribee South. The nearest [[ocean surface wave|surf]] beaches are {{convert|85|km|mi|}} south of the Melbourne CBD in the back-beaches of [[Rye, Victoria|Rye]], [[Sorrento, Victoria|Sorrento]] and [[Portsea, Victoria|Portsea]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Russell |first=Mark |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/victoria/lifes-a-beach-in-melbourne/2006/01/02/1136050380503.html |title=Life's a beach in Melbourne |date=2 January 2006 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=29 September 2008 |archive-date=22 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122060830/http://www.smh.com.au/news/victoria/lifes-a-beach-in-melbourne/2006/01/02/1136050380503.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/Publications.nsf/2f1c2625731746aa4a256ce90001cbb5/d494227d97812f42ca2574330000f2c6/$FILE/1240.pdf |title=Beach Report 2007–08 |publisher=EPA |access-date=29 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001224523/http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/Publications.nsf/2f1c2625731746aa4a256ce90001cbb5/d494227d97812f42ca2574330000f2c6/%24FILE/1240.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2008}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{main|Climate of Melbourne}}

{{Further|Environmental issues in Melbourne|Extreme weather events in Melbourne}}
[[File:Storm clouds and blue sky over Melbourne skyline.jpg|thumb|Storm passing over the CBD in August. Melbourne is said to have "four seasons in one day" due to its changeable weather.]]
Melbourne has a temperate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb''), with warm summers and cool winters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tapper |first1=Andrew |last2=Tapper |first2=Nigel |title=The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne, Australia |isbn=0-19-553393-3 |edition=First |editor=Gray, Kathleen |page=300}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Linacre |first1=Edward |last2=Geerts |first2=Bart |title=Climates and Weather Explained |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1997 |page=379 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&pg=PA379 |isbn=0-415-12519-7 |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301173128/https://books.google.com/books?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&pg=PA379 |url-status=live }}</ref> Melbourne is well known for its [[southerly buster|changeable weather conditions]], mainly due to it being located on the boundary of hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause strong [[cold front]]s to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for varied forms of severe weather from [[gale]]s to [[thunderstorm]]s and [[hail]], large temperature drops and heavy rain. Winters, while exceptionally dry by southern Victorian standards, are often cloudy. The lack of winter rainfall is because of Melbourne's [[rain shadow]]ed location between the [[Otway Ranges|Otway]] and [[Macedon Ranges]], which block much of the rainfall arriving from the north and west.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weatherzone.com.au/news/rain-arriving-where-it-is-desperately-needed-in-victoria-tasmania-and-south-australia/1890834 |title=Rain arriving where it is desperately needed in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia |publisher=[[Weatherzone]] |author=Anthony Sharwood |date=26 August 2025 |access-date=26 August 2025 |archive-date=26 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826031032/https://www.weatherzone.com.au/news/rain-arriving-where-it-is-desperately-needed-in-victoria-tasmania-and-south-australia/1890834 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Port Phillip]] is often warmer than the surrounding oceans or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a "[[Lake-effect rain|bay effect rain]]", where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places (usually the eastern suburbs) for an extended period, while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry. Overall, the area around Melbourne is, owing to its rain shadow, nonetheless significantly drier than average for southern Victoria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/rainfall |title=Rainfall |publisher=State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) |date=22 February 2021 |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316171437/http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/rainfall |url-status=live }}</ref> Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies widely, from around {{convert|425|mm|in}} at [[Little River, Victoria|Little River]] to {{convert|1,250|mm|in}} on the eastern fringe at [[Gembrook]]. Melbourne receives 48.6 clear days annually. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from {{cvt|9.5|to|11.7|C|F}}.<ref name="Bureau">{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_086071|site_name=Melbourne Regional Office |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref>

Melbourne rarely receives widespread or continuous rainfall (as experienced in other Australian cities, such as [[Sydney]] or [[Brisbane]]) and instead experiences precipitation through fleeting showers that can vary in intensity, Melbourne is particularly prone to these isolated convective showers forming when a [[cold pool]] crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can include hail, squalls, and significant drops in temperature, but they often pass through very quickly with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This can occur in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having "four seasons in one day",<ref name="Bureau" /> a phrase that is part of local [[popular culture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=269&pg=2325 |title=Welcome to Melbourne |publisher=City of Melbourne |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719171215/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=269&pg=2325 |archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> The lowest temperature on record is {{convert|-2.8|C|F}}, on 21 July 1869.<ref name="Monthly climate statistics">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071_All.shtml |title=Monthly climate statistics |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=30 March 2012 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031175240/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was {{convert|46.4|C|F}}, on [[Black Saturday bushfires|7 February 2009]].<ref name="Monthly climate statistics"/> While [[snow in Australia|snow]] is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city, and dustings were observed in 2020, it has not been recorded in the central business district since 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2009 |title=BOM – Australian Climate Extremes |website=webarchive.nla.gov.au}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The sea temperature in Melbourne is warmer than the surrounding ocean during the summer months, and colder during the winter months. This is predominantly due to Port Phillip Bay being an enclosed and shallow bay that is largely protected from the ocean,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01165b.htm |title=Port Phillip Bay |website=eMelbourne |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429050127/https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01165b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> resulting in greater temperature variation across seasons.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Melbourne Olympic Park (Sports Precinct) (2013–2025 averages, extremes 2013–2025)
| Jan record high C = 43.4
| Feb record high C = 40.7
| Mar record high C = 38.9
| Apr record high C = 33.1
| May record high C = 26.7
| Jun record high C = 20.4
| Jul record high C = 23.8
| Aug record high C = 23.8
| Sep record high C = 30.6
| Oct record high C = 35.8
| Nov record high C = 40.9
| Dec record high C = 43.5
| year record high C =
| Jan avg record high C = 35.8
| Feb avg record high C = 33.7
| Mar avg record high C = 31.4
| Apr avg record high C = 27.0
| May avg record high C = 21.7
| Jun avg record high C = 17.5
| Jul avg record high C = 17.2
| Aug avg record high C = 19.1
| Sep avg record high C = 23.4
| Oct avg record high C = 27.0
| Nov avg record high C = 30.8
| Dec avg record high C = 34.1
| year avg record high C = 35.8
| Jan high C = 26.8
| Feb high C = 25.9
| Mar high C = 24.3
| Apr high C = 20.8
| May high C = 17.6
| Jun high C = 14.7
| Jul high C = 14.5
| Aug high C = 15.6
| Sep high C = 18.0
| Oct high C = 20.5
| Nov high C = 22.2
| Dec high C = 24.7
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 21.7
| Feb mean C = 21.0
| Mar mean C = 19.6
| Apr mean C = 16.5
| May mean C = 13.7
| Jun mean C = 11.2
| Jul mean C = 11.0
| Aug mean C = 11.8
| Sep mean C = 13.8
| Oct mean C = 15.7
| Nov mean C = 17.5
| Dec mean C = 19.6
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 16.5
| Feb low C = 16.0
| Mar low C = 14.8
| Apr low C = 12.2
| May low C = 9.7
| Jun low C = 7.7
| Jul low C = 7.5
| Aug low C = 8.0
| Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 10.9
| Nov low C = 12.7
| Dec low C = 14.4
| year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = 13.1
| Feb avg record low C = 13.1
| Mar avg record low C = 11.2
| Apr avg record low C = 8.6
| May avg record low C = 6.2
| Jun avg record low C = 4.3
| Jul avg record low C = 3.8
| Aug avg record low C = 4.8
| Sep avg record low C = 5.5
| Oct avg record low C = 7.3
| Nov avg record low C = 9.0
| Dec avg record low C = 10.8
| year avg record low C = 3.8
|Jan record low C = 10.3
|Feb record low C = 9.9
|Mar record low C = 8.5
|Apr record low C = 5.0
|May record low C = 1.7
|Jun record low C = 1.3
|Jul record low C = 0.6
|Aug record low C = 0.8
|Sep record low C = 3.4
|Oct record low C = 4.2
|Nov record low C = 6.4
|Dec record low C = 8.1
|year record low C =
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 57.6
|Feb rain mm = 24.7
|Mar rain mm = 34.5
|Apr rain mm = 66.7
|May rain mm = 46.3
|Jun rain mm = 41.3
|Jul rain mm = 40.8
|Aug rain mm = 45.6
|Sep rain mm = 42.7
|Oct rain mm = 64.2
|Nov rain mm = 64.4
|Dec rain mm = 50.2
|year rain mm =
|source 1 =[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086338.shtml
|title = Climate data online (Melbourne Olympic Park)
|publisher = Bureau of Meteorology
|access-date = 2 February 2026
|archive-date = 2 February 2026
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260202180810/https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086338.shtml
|url-status = live
}}</ref>}}

{{Weather box
|location=Melbourne Airport (1991–2020 averages, 1970–2024 extremes)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|unit precipitation days=0.2 mm
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan record high C=46.0
|Feb record high C=46.8
|Mar record high C=40.8
|Apr record high C=34.5
|May record high C=27.0
|Jun record high C=21.8
|Jul record high C=22.7
|Aug record high C=25.6
|Sep record high C=30.2
|Oct record high C=36.0
|Nov record high C=41.6
|Dec record high C=44.6
|year record high C=
| Jan avg record high C = 40.4
| Feb avg record high C = 38.2
| Mar avg record high C = 34.7
| Apr avg record high C = 28.8
| May avg record high C = 22.7
| Jun avg record high C = 18.0
| Jul avg record high C = 17.3
| Aug avg record high C = 19.8
| Sep avg record high C = 24.6
| Oct avg record high C = 30.2
| Nov avg record high C = 34.3
| Dec avg record high C = 37.6
| year avg record high C = 41.3
|Jan high C=27.0
|Feb high C=26.7
|Mar high C=24.4
|Apr high C=20.6
|May high C=16.7
|Jun high C=14.0
|Jul high C=13.4
|Aug high C=14.7
|Sep high C=17.1
|Oct high C=20.0
|Nov high C=22.6
|Dec high C=24.8
|year high C=
| Jan mean C= 20.6
| Feb mean C= 20.6
|Mar mean C= 18.6
| Apr mean C= 15.4
| May mean C= 12.5
| Jun mean C= 10.2
| Jul mean C= 9.6
| Aug mean C= 10.4
| Sep mean C= 12.1
| Oct mean C= 14.3
| Nov mean C= 16.6
| Dec mean C= 18.5
| year mean C= 14.9
|Jan low C=14.2
|Feb low C=14.4
|Mar low C=12.8
|Apr low C=10.1
|May low C=8.3
|Jun low C=6.4
|Jul low C=5.8
|Aug low C=6.0
|Sep low C=7.2
|Oct low C=8.7
|Nov low C=10.6
|Dec low C=12.3
|year low C=
| Jan avg record low C = 8.5
| Feb avg record low C = 8.7
| Mar avg record low C = 7.1
| Apr avg record low C = 4.4
| May avg record low C = 3.0
| Jun avg record low C = 1.3
| Jul avg record low C = 0.9
| Aug avg record low C = 1.1
| Sep avg record low C = 1.8
| Oct avg record low C = 3.1
| Nov avg record low C = 4.9
| Dec avg record low C = 6.6
| year avg record low C = 0.2
|Jan record low C=6.0
|Feb record low C=4.8
|Mar record low C=3.7
|Apr record low C=1.2
|May record low C=0.6
|Jun record low C=-0.9
|Jul record low C=-2.8
|Aug record low C=-2.5
|Sep record low C=-1.1
|Oct record low C=1.0
|Nov record low C=0.9
|Dec record low C=3.5
|year record low C=-2.8
|Jan precipitation mm=39.3
|Feb precipitation mm=41.4
|Mar precipitation mm=37.5
|Apr precipitation mm=42.1
|May precipitation mm=34.3
|Jun precipitation mm=41.5
|Jul precipitation mm=32.8
|Aug precipitation mm=39.3
|Sep precipitation mm=46.1
|Oct precipitation mm=48.5
|Nov precipitation mm=60.1
|Dec precipitation mm=52.5
|year precipitation mm=515.5
|Jan precipitation days=8.3
|Feb precipitation days=7.5
|Mar precipitation days=8.4
|Apr precipitation days=9.9
|May precipitation days=12.0
|Jun precipitation days=13.0
|Jul precipitation days=14.0
|Aug precipitation days=14.8
|Sep precipitation days=13.9
|Oct precipitation days=12.5
|Nov precipitation days=10.8
|Dec precipitation days=9.9
|year precipitation days=135.0
|humidity colour=green
|Jan afthumidity=44
|Feb afthumidity=45
|Mar afthumidity=46
|Apr afthumidity=50
|May afthumidity=59
|Jun afthumidity=65
|Jul afthumidity=63
|Aug afthumidity=57
|Sep afthumidity=53
|Oct afthumidity=49
|Nov afthumidity=47
|Dec afthumidity=45
|year afthumidity=
| Jan dew point C = 9.7
| Feb dew point C = 10.3
| Mar dew point C = 8.9
| Apr dew point C = 7.4
| May dew point C = 7.1
| Jun dew point C = 6.3
| Jul dew point C = 5.2
| Aug dew point C = 4.7
| Sep dew point C = 5.3
| Oct dew point C = 5.7
| Nov dew point C = 7.4
| Dec dew point C = 8.0
| year dew point C = 7.2
|Jan sun=272.8
|Feb sun=231.7
|Mar sun=226.3
|Apr sun=183.0
|May sun=142.6
|Jun sun=120.0
|Jul sun=136.4
|Aug sun=167.4
|Sep sun=186.0
|Oct sun=226.3
|Nov sun=225.0
|Dec sun=263.5
|year sun=2381.0
|Jan percentsun=61
|Feb percentsun=61
|Mar percentsun=59
|Apr percentsun=56
|May percentsun=46
|Jun percentsun=43
|Jul percentsun=45
|Aug percentsun=51
|Sep percentsun=52
|Oct percentsun=56
|Nov percentsun=53
|Dec percentsun=58
|year percentsun=53
|source 1=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086282_All.shtml |title=Melbourne Airport |publisher=BOM |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410032312/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086282_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=086282 |title=Melbourne Airport monthly highest temperature |publisher=BOM |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720134122/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=086282 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=086282 |title=Melbourne Airport monthly lowest temperature |publisher=BOM |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002130349/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=086282 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Melbourne CBD (1991–2015 averages, extremes 1910–2015)
| Jan record high C = 45.6
| Feb record high C = 46.4
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 34.9
| May record high C = 28.1
| Jun record high C = 22.4
| Jul record high C = 23.3
| Aug record high C = 26.5
| Sep record high C = 31.4
| Oct record high C = 36.9
| Nov record high C = 40.7
| Dec record high C = 42.9
| year record high C =
| Jan avg record high C = 40.3
| Feb avg record high C = 38.4
| Mar avg record high C = 34.7
| Apr avg record high C = 29.2
| May avg record high C = 23.4
| Jun avg record high C = 18.9
| Jul avg record high C = 18.5
| Aug avg record high C = 21.0
| Sep avg record high C = 25.5
| Oct avg record high C = 30.8
| Nov avg record high C = 34.6
| Dec avg record high C = 37.4
| year avg record high C = 41.2
| Jan high C = 27.0
| Feb high C = 26.9
| Mar high C = 24.6
| Apr high C = 21.1
| May high C = 17.6
| Jun high C = 15.1
| Jul high C = 14.5
| Aug high C = 15.9
| Sep high C = 18.1
| Oct high C = 20.5
| Nov high C = 22.9
| Dec high C = 24.8
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 21.5
| Feb mean C = 21.6
| Mar mean C = 19.6
| Apr mean C = 16.5
| May mean C = 13.7
| Jun mean C = 11.7
| Jul mean C = 11.0
| Aug mean C = 11.9
| Sep mean C = 13.8
| Oct mean C = 15.7
| Nov mean C = 17.9
| Dec mean C = 19.6
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 16.1
| Feb low C = 16.4
| Mar low C = 14.6
| Apr low C = 11.8
| May low C = 9.8
| Jun low C = 8.2
| Jul low C = 7.5
| Aug low C = 7.9
| Sep low C = 9.4
| Oct low C = 10.9
| Nov low C = 12.8
| Dec low C = 14.3
| year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = 11.4
| Feb avg record low C = 11.8
| Mar avg record low C = 9.7
| Apr avg record low C = 6.4
| May avg record low C = 4.4
| Jun avg record low C = 3.1
| Jul avg record low C = 2.9
| Aug avg record low C = 3.0
| Sep avg record low C = 4.4
| Oct avg record low C = 5.8
| Nov avg record low C = 7.9
| Dec avg record low C = 9.5
| year avg record low C = 2.1
|Jan record low C = 6.7
|Feb record low C = 4.5
|Mar record low C = 4.1
|Apr record low C = 1.9
|May record low C = -1.1
|Jun record low C = -1.1
|Jul record low C = -1.5
|Aug record low C = -1.5
|Sep record low C = -0.5
|Oct record low C = 0.1
|Nov record low C = 2.7
|Dec record low C = 5.9
|year record low C =
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 44.2
|Feb rain mm = 50.2
|Mar rain mm = 39.0
|Apr rain mm = 53.2
|May rain mm = 43.9
|Jun rain mm = 49.5
|Jul rain mm = 39.8
|Aug rain mm = 47.0
|Sep rain mm = 54.5
|Oct rain mm = 55.8
|Nov rain mm = 63.3
|Dec rain mm = 60.9
|year rain mm =
| Jan dew point C = 11.2
| Feb dew point C = 11.6
| Mar dew point C = 10.3
| Apr dew point C = 8.4
| May dew point C = 7.7
| Jun dew point C = 6.5
| Jul dew point C = 5.3
| Aug dew point C = 4.7
| Sep dew point C = 5.3
| Oct dew point C = 6.2
| Nov dew point C = 8.0
| Dec dew point C = 9.3
| year dew point C = 7.9
|source 1 =[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/
|title = Climate data online (Melbourne Regional Office)
|publisher = Bureau of Meteorology
|access-date = 27 June 2025
|archive-date = 11 October 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191011194536/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/
|url-status = live
}}</ref>}}

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+Average sea temperature ([[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seatemperature.info/st-kilda-water-temperature.html |title=Water temperature in St Kilda |website=seatemperature.info |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429050128/https://seatemperature.info/st-kilda-water-temperature.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
|-
| style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|{{convert|21.1|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|{{convert|21.4|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|{{convert|20.2|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|{{convert|17.9|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|{{convert|15.1|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|{{convert|12.7|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|{{convert|11.1|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|{{convert|10.9|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|{{convert|12.3|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|{{convert|14.5|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|{{convert|17.1|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|{{convert|19.2|°C|°F|1|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|}

==Urban structure==
{{See also|Melbourne city centre|List of heritage listed buildings in Melbourne|Lanes and arcades of Melbourne|Parks and gardens of Melbourne|List of tallest buildings in Melbourne}}
[[File:Melbourne density.jpg|thumb|Melbourne population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census.]]
[[File:Melbourne skyline sor.jpg|thumb|The CBD as viewed from above [[Kings Domain]].]]
[[File:Girls on a Picnic (6760195675).jpg|thumb|right|Spring at the [[Melbourne Botanic Gardens]]. Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city.]]
Melbourne's [[urban area]] is approximately 2,704 kilometres2, the largest in Australia and the 33rd largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2022 |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Demographia |page=39 |archive-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Hoddle Grid]], a grid of streets measuring approximately {{cvt|1|by|1/2|mi|km}}, forms the nucleus of Melbourne's [[central business district]] (CBD). The grid's southern edge fronts onto the [[Yarra River]]. More recent office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]] and [[Melbourne Docklands|Docklands]] have made these areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. A byproduct of the CBD's layout is its network of lanes and [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]], such as [[Block Arcade]] and [[Royal Arcade, Melbourne|Royal Arcade]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Freeman-Greene |first=Suzy |title=Melbourne's love affair with lanes |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Opinion/Melbournes-love-affair-with-lanes/2004/12/31/1104344983928.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=1 January 2005 |access-date=18 July 2008 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626122506/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Opinion/Melbournes-love-affair-with-lanes/2004/12/31/1104344983928.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Weston Bate |title=Essential but unplanned: the story of Melbourne's lanes |publisher=City of Melbourne |year=1994}}</ref>

Melbourne's CBD has become Australia's most densely populated area, with approximately 19,500 residents per square kilometre,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carey |first=Adam |date=17 June 2018 |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/population-pressure-a-fast-growing-concern-for-victorian-voters-20180614-p4zlh5.html |title=Population pressure a fast-growing concern for Victorian voters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075333/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/population-pressure-a-fast-growing-concern-for-victorian-voters-20180614-p4zlh5.html |archive-date=28 November 2018 |newspaper=[[The Age]] |access-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref> and is home to [[List of tallest buildings in Australia#Cities with the most skyscrapers|more skyscrapers than any other Australian city]], the tallest being [[Australia 108]], situated in Southbank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/australia-108/14817 |title=Australia 108 |website=The Skyscraper Center |publisher=[[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]] |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220110614/http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/australia-108/14817 |url-status=live }}</ref> Melbourne's newest planned skyscraper, [[Southbank by Beulah]]<ref>{{cite web |title=A Mini Metropolis for the Garden State |url=https://www.southbankbybeulah.com/vision |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704022957/https://www.southbankbybeulah.com/vision |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2022 |website=Southbank by Beulah |publisher=Beulah |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> (also known as "Green Spine"), has recently been approved for construction and will likely be the tallest building in Australia when completed.

The CBD and surrounds also contain many significant historic buildings such as the [[Royal Exhibition Building]], the [[Melbourne Town Hall]] and [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/ |title=Walking Melbourne, Heritage, Architecture, Skyscraper and Buildings Database |publisher=Walking Melbourne |access-date=28 September 2008 |archive-date=5 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205051055/http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourneaustralia.org/arts-architecture.html |title=Melbourne Architecture |publisher=Melbourne Travel Guide |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915024055/http://www.melbourneaustralia.org/arts-architecture.html |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref>

Although the area is described as the ''centre'', it is not actually the demographic centre of Melbourne at all, due to urban sprawl to the southeast, the demographic centre being located at [[Camberwell, Victoria|Camberwell]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sirianos |first1=Athos |title=Indian restaurant Tandoori Den Camberwell named as centre of Melbourne |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/indian-restaurant-tandoori-dan-camberwell-named-as-centre-of-melbourne/news-story/7c67a14aae9eae48e11f705f83669a88 |website=Herald Sun |publisher=News Corp |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807145102/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/indian-restaurant-tandoori-dan-camberwell-named-as-centre-of-melbourne/news-story/7c67a14aae9eae48e11f705f83669a88 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the [[Australian Dream]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The death of the great Australian dream |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 March 2016 |access-date=16 April 2020 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/10/the-death-of-the-great-australian-dream |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218092354/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/10/the-death-of-the-great-australian-dream |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Timms, Peter |title=Australia's quarter acre : the story of the ordinary suburban garden |date=2006 |publisher=Miegunyah Press |isbn=978-0-522-85185-4}}</ref> This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan]] Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low-density sprawl, whilst its inner-city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms.

Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria is known as ''the garden state''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/03/10/1205125821732.html |title=Victoria: the garden state or greenhouse capital? |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |access-date=29 September 2008 |date=11 March 2008 |first1=Clay |last1=Lucas |first2=Royce |last2=Millar |archive-date=20 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920213131/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/03/10/1205125821732.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wilmap.com.au/vic.html |title=Victoria |publisher=wilmap.com.au |access-date=29 September 2008 |archive-date=12 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112034738/http://www.wilmap.com.au/vic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is an abundance of [[Melbourne parks and gardens|parks and gardens in Melbourne]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=25&pg=617 |title=City of Melbourne – Parks and Gardens |publisher=City of Melbourne |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040830151740/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=25&pg=617 |archive-date=30 August 2004}}</ref> many close to [[Melbourne Central Business District|the CBD]] with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weekendnotes.com/melbournes-best-gardens/ |title=Melbourne's Best Gardens |work=weekendnotes.com |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910070819/http://www.weekendnotes.com/melbournes-best-gardens/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of [[City of Stonnington|Stonnington]], [[Boroondara]] and [[City of Port Phillip|Port Phillip]], southeast of the central business district. Several [[national park]]s have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the [[Mornington Peninsula National Park]], [[Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park]] and [[Point Nepean National Park]] in the southeast, [[Organ Pipes National Park]] to the north and [[Dandenong Ranges National Park]] to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1aboutus.cfm |title=About Parks Victoria |publisher=Parks Victoria |access-date=29 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725040209/http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1aboutus.cfm |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wild Places of Greater Melbourne |author=R Taylor |isbn=9780957747104 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |date=January 1999 |page=224}}</ref> The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicnet.net.au/government/localgovt/ |title=Vicnet Directory – Local Government |publisher=Vicnet |access-date=29 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928014734/http://www.vicnet.net.au/government/localgovt/ |archive-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/living-in-victoria/melbourne-and-regional-victoria/melbourne |title=Metropolitan Melbourne – Live in Victoria |publisher=Liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au |date=12 August 2009 |access-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124155435/http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/living-in-victoria/melbourne-and-regional-victoria/melbourne |archive-date=24 January 2010}}</ref>

===Housing===
{{Main|Housing in Victoria, Australia}}

[[File:Drummond Street Terrace Houses.jpg|thumb|right|19th-century terrace houses are common in the inner suburbs.]]

Melbourne has minimal public housing and high demand for rental housing, which is becoming unaffordable for many.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.domain.com.au/domain/real-estate-news/city-shortage-pushes-up-rents-20110418-1dksd.html |title=City shortage pushes up rents |date=17 April 2011 |first=Andrew |last=Wilson |work=Domain |access-date=7 July 2012 |archive-date=14 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514003239/http://news.domain.com.au/domain/real-estate-news/city-shortage-pushes-up-rents-20110418-1dksd.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-rental-pressure-cooker-20100402-rjvb.html |location=Australia |website=[[The Age]] |title=The rental pressure cooker |last=Cooke |first=Dewi |date=3 April 2010 |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-date=8 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708052251/http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-rental-pressure-cooker-20100402-rjvb.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourne-housing-now-severely-unaffordable-20110123-1a17l.html?comments=141 |location=Melbourne |website=[[The Age]] |title=Melbourne housing now 'severely unaffordable' |last=Zappone |first=Chris |date=24 January 2011 |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-date=30 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130170855/http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourne-housing-now-severely-unaffordable-20110123-1a17l.html?comments=141 |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref> Public housing is managed and provided by the [[Victoria State Government|Victorian Government's]] [[Department of Families, Fairness and Housing]], and operates within the framework of the Commonwealth-State Housing Agreement, by which both federal and state governments provide funding for housing.

Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. [[Subdivision (land)|Subdivision]] regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, since the release of [[Melbourne 2030]] in 2002, planning policies have encouraged [[Medium-density housing|medium-density]] and [[High density housing|high-density]] development in existing areas with good access to [[public transport]] and other services. As a result of this, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant [[brownfields]] redevelopment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://urbanmelbourne.info/projectdatabase |title=Project Database |website=Urban Melbourne |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013032/http://urbanmelbourne.info/projectdatabase |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Further|Architecture of Melbourne|List of tallest buildings in Melbourne}}
[[File:Melbourne Collins Street Architecture.jpg|thumb|left|Victorian era buildings on [[Collins Street, Melbourne|Collins Street]], preserved by setting skyscrapers back from the street.]]

On the back of the 1850s gold rush and 1880s land boom, Melbourne became renowned as one of the world's great Victorian-era cities, a reputation that persists due to its diverse range of [[Victorian architecture]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Dovey, Kim |year=2013 |title=Fluid City: Transforming Melbourne's Urban Waterfront |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135159719 |page=1}}</ref> High concentrations of well-preserved Victorian-era buildings can be found in the inner suburbs, such as [[Carlton, Victoria|Carlton]], [[East Melbourne]] and [[South Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Murray, John |author2=Armstrong, Mark |year=1999 |title=Victoria: From High Country to High Culture |isbn=9780864427342 |page=39|publisher=Lonely Planet }}</ref> Outstanding examples of Melbourne's built Victorian heritage include the [[World Heritage]]-listed [[Royal Exhibition Building]] (1880), the [[General Post Office, Melbourne|General Post Office]] (1867), [[Hotel Windsor (Melbourne)|Hotel Windsor]] (1884) and the [[Block Arcade]] (1891).<ref>{{cite web |last=Peregoy |first=Beau |date=20 March 2017 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/melbourne-stunning-victorian-architecture |title=7 Examples to Prove Melbourne Has Stunning Victorian Architecture |website=[[Architectural Digest]] |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045955/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/melbourne-stunning-victorian-architecture |url-status=live }}</ref> Comparatively little remains of Melbourne's pre-gold rush architecture; [[St James Old Cathedral]] (1839) and [[St Francis' Church, Melbourne|St Francis' Church]] (1845) are among the few examples left in the CBD. Many of the CBD's Victorian boom-time landmarks were also demolished in the decades after World War II, including the [[Federal Coffee Palace]] (1888) and the [[APA Building, Melbourne|APA Building]] (1889), one of the tallest [[early skyscraper]]s upon completion.<ref>{{cite book |title=A City Lost and Found: Whelan the Wrecker's Melbourne |first=Robyn |last=Annear |year=2014 |publisher=Black Inc |isbn=9-78-192223141-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Walking Melbourne |url=http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/building3_apa-building-the-australian-building.html |access-date=9 January 2012 |archive-date=22 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222052447/http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/building3_apa-building-the-australian-building.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[List of heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne|Heritage listings]] and [[heritage overlay]]s have since been introduced in an effort to prevent further losses of the city's historic fabric.

[[File:Skyline of Melbourne (Feb 2021).jpg|thumb|Melbourne is home of [[list of tallest buildings in Melbourne|77 skyscrapers]], the tallest being [[Australia 108]] (centre-right), the Southern Hemisphere's only [[list of buildings with 100 floors or more|100-plus-storey building]], and [[Eureka Tower]] (right), February 2021.]]
In line with the city's expansion during the early 20th century, suburbs such as [[Hawthorn, Victoria|Hawthorn]] and [[Camberwell, Victoria|Camberwell]] are defined largely by [[Federation architecture|Federation]] and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian]] architectural styles. The [[City Baths, Melbourne|City Baths]], built in 1903, are a prominent example of the latter style in the CBD. The 1926 [[Nicholas Building]] is the city's grandest example of the [[Chicago school (architecture)|Chicago School]] style, while the influence of [[Art Deco]] is apparent in the [[Manchester Unity Building]], completed in 1932. The city also features the [[Shrine of Remembrance]], which was built as a memorial to the men and women of Victoria who served in [[World War I]] and is now a memorial to all Australians who have served in war.

Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style, but rather an eclectic mix of large [[McMansion]]-style houses (particularly in areas of urban sprawl), apartment buildings, condominiums, and townhouses which generally characterise the medium-density inner-city neighbourhoods. Freestanding dwellings with relatively large gardens are perhaps the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne. Victorian terrace housing, townhouses and historic [[Italianate]], [[Tudor Revival]] and [[Georgian architecture|Neo-Georgian]] mansions are all common in inner-city neighbourhoods such as Carlton, Fitzroy and further into suburban enclaves like [[Toorak]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=David B. |year=1985 |title=Gentrification, Social Character, and Personal Identity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/214465 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2307/214465 |jstor=214465 |bibcode=1985GeoRv..75..142C |issn=0016-7428 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326031322/https://www.jstor.org/stable/214465 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Melbourne}}

[[File:State Library of Victoria Dome.jpg|thumb|upright|left|La Trobe Reading Room, [[State Library Victoria]]]]
Often referred to as Australia's cultural capital, Melbourne is known for its music, theatre and arts scenes, as well as its diverse range of cultural events and festivals, including the [[Melbourne International Arts Festival]], [[Melbourne Fringe Festival]] and [[Moomba Festival|Moomba]], Australia's largest free community festival.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.meldmagazine.com.au/2016/07/melbourne-cultural-capital-australia/ |title=What makes Melbourne the cultural capital of Australia? |date=12 July 2016 |work=Meld Magazine |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312075049/https://www.meldmagazine.com.au/2016/07/melbourne-cultural-capital-australia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For much of the 2010s, Melbourne topped ''[[The Economist Intelligence Unit]]''{{'s}} list of the [[World's most liveable cities#World's Most Liveable Cities|world's most liveable cities]], partly due to its cultural attributes.<ref name=ABC_20170816/>

[[State Library Victoria]], founded in 1854, is one of the world's oldest free [[public libraries]] and, as of 2018, the fourth most-visited library globally.<ref name = temple>{{Cite web |last=Temple |first=Emily |date=10 May 2018 |url=https://lithub.com/the-12-most-popular-libraries-in-the-world |title=The 12 Most Popular Libraries in the World |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200520185514/https://lithub.com/the-12-most-popular-libraries-in-the-world/ |archive-date=20 May 2020 |url-status=live |website=[[Literary Hub]] |access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> During the 19th-century boom period, Melbourne-based authors and poets [[Marcus Clarke]], [[Adam Lindsay Gordon]] and [[Rolf Boldrewood]] produced classic visions of colonial life,<ref>{{cite book |last=Narasimhaiah |first=C. D. |author-link=C. D. Narasimhaiah |date=1965 |title=An Introduction to Australian Literature |url= |location= |publisher=Jacaranda Press |page=29 |isbn=}}</ref> and many visiting writers recorded literary responses to the city: for [[Henry Kendall (poet)|Henry Kendall]], it was a "wild bleak Bohemia",<ref>Ackland, Michael (1993). ''Henry Kendall: Poetry, Prose and Selected Correspondence''. University of Queensland Press, {{ISBN |9780702223082}}, p. 140.</ref> while [[Henry Kingsley]] stated that, in its rapid growth, Melbourne "surpasses all human experience".<ref>{{cite book |last=Mellick |first=John Stanton Davis |author-link= |date=1982 |title=Henry Kingsley |url= |location= |publisher=University of Queensland Press |page=203 |isbn=9780702217500}}</ref> [[Fergus Hume]]'s ''[[The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (novel)|The Mystery of a Hansom Cab]]'' (1886), the fastest-selling crime novel of the era, is set in Melbourne, as is Australia's best-selling book of poetry, ''[[The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke]]'' (1915) by [[C. J. Dennis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bellanta |first=Melissa |year=2014 |url=http://jprstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/AMR_Bellanta.pdf |title=A Masculine Romance: The Sentimental Bloke and Australian Culture in the War- and Early Interwar Years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801073016/http://jprstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/AMR_Bellanta.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2020 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Popular Romance Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 }}</ref> Contemporary Melbourne authors who have set novels in the city include [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]], [[Helen Garner]] and [[Gerald Murnane]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Holdstock |first=Nick |date=12 January 2024 |title=Write for whom you love: Keys to a private world |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/literature/fiction/inland-gerald-murnane-book-review-nick-holdstock |work=The Times Literary Supplement |location=London |access-date=31 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830172525/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/literature/fiction/inland-gerald-murnane-book-review-nick-holdstock |url-status=live }}</ref> Melbourne has Australia's widest range of bookstores, as well as the nation's largest publishing sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofliterature.com/cities-of-literature/cities-of-literature/melbourne/ |title=Cities of Literature |work=cityofliterature.com |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218080101/http://www.cityofliterature.com/cities-of-literature/cities-of-literature/melbourne/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city also hosts the [[Melbourne Writers Festival]] and the [[Victorian Premier's Literary Awards]]. In 2008, it became the second UNESCO [[City of Literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2008/08/271122 |title=Melbourne books its place in UN cultural network of cities |date=29 August 2008 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=5 September 2024 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910112937/https://news.un.org/en/story/2008/08/271122 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Princess Theatre, Melbourne, Australia.jpg|thumb|Founded in 1854, the [[Princess Theatre (Melbourne)|Princess Theatre]] is the oldest theatre in the [[East End Theatre District]].]]
Melbourne is home to [[List of theatres in Melbourne|many theatres]], eight of which are concentrated in the [[East End Theatre District]], including the Victorian era [[Athenaeum, Melbourne|Athenaeum]], [[Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne|Her Majesty's]] and [[Princess Theatre, Melbourne|Princess]] theatres, as well as the [[Forum Theatre|Forum]] and the [[Regent Theatre, Melbourne|Regent]]. Other heritage-listed theatres include the avant-garde picture palace [[The Capitol, Melbourne|The Capitol]] and St Kilda's [[Palais Theatre]], Australia's largest seated theatre with a capacity of 3,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sadler |first=Denham |date=14 August 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/aug/14/live-music-in-melbourne-four-of-the-best-places-to-see-a-gig |title=Live music in Melbourne: four of the best places to see a gig |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801095703/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/aug/14/live-music-in-melbourne-four-of-the-best-places-to-see-a-gig |archive-date=1 August 2020 |url-status=live |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> The [[Melbourne Arts Precinct|Arts Precinct]] in Southbank is home to [[Arts Centre Melbourne]] (which includes the [[State Theatre (Melbourne)|State Theatre]] and [[Hamer Hall, Melbourne|Hamer Hall]]), as well as the [[Melbourne Recital Centre]], [[Malthouse Theatre]] and [[Southbank Theatre]], home of the [[Melbourne Theatre Company]], Australia's oldest professional theatre company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southbank Theatre |url=http://www.mtc.com.au/your-visit/southbank-theatre/ |website=Melbourne Theatre Company |access-date=9 November 2014 |year=2014 |archive-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712105331/http://www.mtc.com.au/your-visit/southbank-theatre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Australian Ballet]], [[Opera Australia]] and [[Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]] are also based in the precinct. Many of Melbourne's theatres join the [[Melbourne Town Hall]] in hosting the annual [[Melbourne International Comedy Festival]], one of the world's three largest comedy festivals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van der Wagen |first=Lynn |author-link= |date=2010 |title=Event Management |url= |location= |publisher=Pearson Higher Education AU |page=358 |isbn=9781442538399}}</ref>

[[File:George Hotel Crystal Ballroom St Kilda.jpg|thumb|left|St Kilda's [[Crystal Ballroom (Melbourne)|Crystal Ballroom]], famed for hosting local and international [[post-punk]] and [[new wave music|new wave]] bands]]
Melbourne has been called "the live music capital of the world";<ref name="Donoughue-2018">{{Cite web|last=Donoughue |first=Paul |date=12 April 2018 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-12/melbourne-is-the-live-music-capital-of-the-world-census-shows/9643684 |title=Melbourne is the live music capital of the world, study says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818135804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-12/melbourne-is-the-live-music-capital-of-the-world-census-shows/9643684 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |url-status=live |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> one study found it has more music venues per capita than any other world city sampled, with 17.5 million patron visits to 553 venues in 2016.<ref name="Donoughue-2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.musicvictoria.com.au/assets/2018/MLMC-2017-Report-compressed.pdf |title=Melbourne Live Music Census 2017 Report |last=Music Victoria |year=2017 |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321184343/https://www.musicvictoria.com.au/assets/2018/MLMC-2017-Report-compressed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Australia's first global music star, opera singer [[Nellie Melba]], took her stage name from her hometown. Composer [[Percy Grainger]] followed her in becoming the most famous Melburnian of the Edwardian era. The [[Sidney Myer Music Bowl]] in [[Kings Domain]] hosted the largest crowd ever for a music concert in Australia when an estimated 200,000 attendees saw Melbourne band [[The Seekers]] in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/sidney-myer-music-bowl |title=National Heritage Places – Sidney Myer Music Bowl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501175905/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/sidney-myer-music-bowl |archive-date=1 May 2020 |url-status=live |website=dcceew.gov.au |publisher=Australian Government (Department of Environment and Energy) |access-date=13 November 2018}}.</ref> Airing between 1974 and 1987, Melbourne's ''[[Countdown (music show)|Countdown]]'' helped launch the careers of local acts as diverse as [[AC/DC]]<ref>Huxley, Martin (2015). ''AC/DC: The World's Heaviest Rock''. St. Martin's Publishing Group. {{ISBN|9781250096524}}. p. 49, 57, 59</ref> and [[Kylie Minogue]]. Several distinct [[post-punk]] scenes flourished in Melbourne during the late 1970s and early 1980s, including the [[Little Band scene]] and [[St Kilda, Victoria#Music|St Kilda]]'s [[Crystal Ballroom (Melbourne)|Crystal Ballroom]] scene, which gave rise to [[Dead Can Dance]] and [[Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds]].<ref>Delaney, Cornelius (2020). "We're the Most Fabulous People Australia Has Ever Known". In Nichols, David; Perillo, Sophie (ed.). ''Urban Australia and Post-Punk: Exploring Dogs in Space''. Springer Nature. pp. 73–80. {{ISBN|9789813297029}}.</ref> More recent independent acts from Melbourne to achieve global recognition include [[The Avalanches]], [[Gotye]] and [[King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard]]. Melbourne is also regarded as a centre of [[Electronic dance music|EDM]], and lends its name to the [[Melbourne Bounce]] genre and the [[Melbourne Shuffle]] dance style, both of which emerged from the city's underground [[rave]] scene.<ref>Van Maas, Sander (2015). ''Thresholds of Listening: Sound, Technics, Space''. Fordham Univ Press, {{ISBN|9780823264391}}, pp. 223–224.</ref>

[[File:National Gallery of Victoria 2024.jpg|alt=NGV International, home of the National Gallery of Victoria's international collection|thumb|NGV International in Southbank, home of the [[National Gallery of Victoria]]'s international collection]]
Established in 1861, the [[National Gallery of Victoria]] is Australia's oldest and largest art museum, and houses its collection across two sites: [[National Gallery of Victoria#St Kilda Road: NGV International|NGV International]] in Southbank and [[NGV Australia]] at Federation Square. Several art movements originated in Melbourne, most famously the [[Heidelberg School]] of impressionists, named after [[Heidelberg, Victoria|a suburb]] where they camped to paint ''[[en plein air]]'' in the 1880s.<ref>Sayers, Andrew (2001). ''Australian Art''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780192842145}}, pp. 79–80.</ref> The [[Australian Tonalism|Australian tonalist]]s followed in the 1910s,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lock-Weir |first=Tracy |year=2009 |url=https://nga.gov.au/mistymoderns/essay.cfm |title=Misty moderns: Australian Tonalists 1915–1950 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224225128/https://nga.gov.au/mistymoderns/essay.cfm |archive-date=24 February 2021 |url-status=dead |website=NGA.gov.au |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> some of whom founded [[Montsalvat]] in [[Eltham, Victoria|Eltham]], Australia's oldest surviving art colony. Mid-century Melbourne became a stronghold of figurative modernism through the paintings of the [[Antipodeans]] and [[Angry Penguins]]; the latter group often met at a pastoral estate in [[Bulleen]], now the [[Heide Museum of Modern Art]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00703b.htm |title=Heide Museum of Modern Art |last=Delany |first=Max |website= |publisher=eMelbourne |access-date=5 September 2024 |archive-date=15 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115004408/https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00703b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is also home to the [[Australian Centre for Contemporary Art]], as well as numerous independent galleries and artist-run spaces. In the 2000s, [[street art in Melbourne|street art proliferated in Melbourne]], with [[Banksy]] saying its graffiti scene "leads the world",<ref>{{cite news |last=Northover |first=Kylie |date=29 May 2010 |title=Banksy's first Australian interview |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/banksys-first-australian-interview-20100528-wlj8.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |location=Sydney |access-date=31 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830172527/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/banksys-first-australian-interview-20100528-wlj8.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and "laneway galleries" becoming major tourist sites; [[Hosier Lane]] for example attracts more [[Instagram#Hashtags|Instagram hashtags]] than some of the city's traditional destinations, like the [[Melbourne Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scopelianos |first=Sarah |date=5 April 2020 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-05/melbourne-laneway-street-art-artists-concerned-for-future/12042794 |title=Melbourne is famous for its laneway street art. But artists work in a 'grey area' – and worry about the future |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426121209/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-05/melbourne-laneway-street-art-artists-concerned-for-future/12042794 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |url-status=live |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jopp |first=Ryan |date=8 June 2017 |url=https://theconversation.com/melbournes-love-hate-relationship-with-being-australias-street-art-capital-78177 |title=Melbourne's love-hate relationship with being Australia's 'street art capital' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526123014/https://theconversation.com/melbournes-love-hate-relationship-with-being-australias-street-art-capital-78177 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |url-status=live |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Melbourne's [[List of public art in Melbourne|many public artworks]] range from the [[c:File:Burke and Wills Monument.jpg|Burke and Wills monument]] (1865) to the abstract sculpture ''[[Vault (sculpture)|Vault]]'' (1978), the latter a popular reference point amongst Melbourne designers.<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Kerrie |date=28 July 2020 |title=Four decades on, the controversial Vault has won hearts |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/art-and-design/four-decades-on-the-controversial-vault-has-won-hearts-20200521-p54v6n.html |work=The Age |location=Melbourne |access-date=31 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830172525/https://www.theage.com.au/culture/art-and-design/four-decades-on-the-controversial-vault-has-won-hearts-20200521-p54v6n.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:RMIT Capitol Melbourne.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Capitol, Melbourne|The Capitol]], built in 1924, was Melbourne's first major [[picture palace]].]]
The oldest film in Australia's [[National Film and Sound Archive]] is of the [[1896 Melbourne Cup]].<ref name=film1>{{cite web |url=https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00567b.htm |title=Film |last=Freiberg |first=Freda |website= |publisher=eMelbourne |access-date=5 September 2024 |quote= |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917092726/https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00567b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Melbourne filmmakers spurred Australia's first cinematic boom with ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906), shot a quarter century after [[bushranger]] [[Ned Kelly]]'s execution at [[Old Melbourne Gaol]], and since recognised as the world's first feature-length narrative film.<ref name="Bushranger1">{{Cite web |last=Routt |first=William D. |title=More Australian than Aristotelian: The Australian Bushranger Film, 1904–1914 |url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/18/oz_western.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224214514/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/18/oz_western.html |archive-date=24 December 2010 |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=archive.sensesofcinema.com}}</ref> Melbourne remained a world leader in film production until the mid-1910s, when several factors, including a [[bushranger ban|ban on bushranger films]], contributed to a decades-long decline of the industry.<ref name="Bushranger1"/> A notable film shot and set in Melbourne during this lull was ''[[On the Beach (1959 film)|On the Beach]]'' (1959).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davey |first=Philip |date=17 December 2009 |url=https://2015.acmi.net.au/acmi-channel/2009/film-essay-on-the-beach/ |title=When Hollywood Came To Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809135800/https://2015.acmi.net.au/acmi-channel/2009/film-essay-on-the-beach/ |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live |work=[[Australian Centre for the Moving Image|ACMI]] |access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> In the wake of the 1970s [[Australian New Wave|Australian Film Revival]], many [[list of films shot in Melbourne|films have been shot and set in Melbourne]], including ''[[Mad Max (film)|Mad Max]]'' (1979),<ref name=film2>{{cite news |last=Leigh |first=Danny |date=26 June 2024 |title=Cities on screen: Melbourne's starring roles |url=https://www.ft.com/content/16cdb036-e34f-4f54-821d-22b587648b1f |work=Financial Times |location=London |access-date=5 September 2024 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910204120/https://www.ft.com/content/16cdb036-e34f-4f54-821d-22b587648b1f |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Romper Stomper]]'' (1992),<ref name=film1/> ''[[Chopper (film)|Chopper]]'' (2000) and ''[[Animal Kingdom (film)|Animal Kingdom]]'' (2010).<ref name=film2/> The [[Melbourne International Film Festival]] began in 1952 and is one of the world's oldest film festivals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gore |first=Chris |author-link= |date=2001 |title=The Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide |url= |location= |publisher=IFILM Pub. |page=346 |isbn=9781580650328}}</ref> The [[AACTA Awards]], Australia's top screen awards, were inaugurated by the festival in 1958. [[Docklands Studios Melbourne]] is the city's largest film and television studio complex and has attracted major international productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsmelbourne.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32 |title=Docklands Studios – Bringing Screen Ideas to Life |website=Docklands Studios |access-date=21 October 2010 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220114127/https://www.dsmelbourne.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32 |url-status=live }}</ref> Melbourne is also home to the [[ACMI (museum)|ACMI]], the Australian Centre for the Moving Image.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buckmaster |first1=Luke |title=A portal into other worlds: Melbourne's Acmi reopens after $40m overhaul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/feb/11/a-portal-into-other-worlds-melbournes-acmi-reopens-after-40m-overhaul |access-date=15 July 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

==Sport==
{{further|Sport in Victoria}}
[[File:Tom Wills Statue.jpg|thumb|Statue at the MCG of [[Australian rules football]] founder [[Tom Wills]] umpiring an 1858 football match. The first games of Australian rules were played in adjacent parklands.]]
[[File:Rod Laver Arena Melbourne Park Australian Open 2023 quarter final.jpg|alt=Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne during the Australian Open, 2023|thumb|Melbourne hosts the [[Australian Open]], the first of four annual [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tennis tournaments.]]
Melbourne has long been regarded as Australia's sporting capital due to the role it has played in the development of [[Australian sport]], the range and quality of its sporting events and venues, and its high rates of spectatorship and participation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hess |first1=Rob |last2=Symons |first2=Caroline |last3=Hemphill |first3=Dennis |url=http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01413b.htm |title=Sporting Culture |website=eMelbourne |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329214803/http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01413b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also sometimes dubbed the sporting capital of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melbourne - The Sporting Capital Of The World |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbourne-sporting-capital-world |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=premier.vic.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=11 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111235033/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbourne-sporting-capital-world |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is also home to [[Sport in Victoria#Melbourne 2|27 professional sports teams]] competing at the national level, the most of any Australian city. Melbourne's sporting reputation was recognised in 2016 when, after being ranked as the world's top sports city three times biennially, the Ultimate Sports City Awards in [[Switzerland]] named it 'Sports City of the Decade'.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2016 |title=Melbourne crowned 'sports city of the decade' |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/melbourne-crowned-sports-city-of-the-decade-116042100385_1.html |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024163021/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/melbourne-crowned-sports-city-of-the-decade-116042100385_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city has hosted a number of major international sporting events, most notably the [[1956 Summer Olympics]], the first Olympic Games held outside Europe and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.athletesedge.info/og_1956.php |title=1956 Melbourne |publisher=athletesedge.info |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102071309/http://www.athletesedge.info/og_1956.php |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Melbourne also hosted the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]], and is home to several major annual international events, including the [[Australian Open]], the first of the four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tennis tournaments. First held in 1861 and declared a public holiday for all Melburnians in 1873, the [[Melbourne Cup]] is the world's richest handicap horse race, and is known as "the race that stops a nation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Museum of Australia - First Melbourne Cup |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/melbourne-cup |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=nma.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216155503/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/melbourne-cup |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Formula One]] [[Australian Grand Prix]] has been held at the [[Albert Park Circuit]] since 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The most important facts & trivia ahead of the Australian GP |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/need-to-know-the-most-important-facts-stats-and-trivia-ahead-of-the-2025.6KNEBRvSQFbLa6drcKSX8K |access-date=11 November 2025 |publisher=Formula One |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112094410/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/need-to-know-the-most-important-facts-stats-and-trivia-ahead-of-the-2025.6KNEBRvSQFbLa6drcKSX8K |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Cricket]] was one of the first sports to become organised in Melbourne with the [[Melbourne Cricket Club]] forming within three years of settlement. The club manages one of the world's largest stadiums, the 100,000 capacity [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket/10-largest-cricket-stadiums-in-world/ |title=10 Largest Cricket Stadiums In The World |first=Amrit |last=Santlani |date=20 February 2020 |access-date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427233012/https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket/10-largest-cricket-stadiums-in-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketman2.com/cricket/stadium/largest-cricket-stadium-in-the-world-9323/ |title=Top 10 Largest Cricket Stadiums in the World 2025 – By Seating Capacity |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=25 July 2025 |archive-date=16 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116065353/https://cricketman2.com/cricket/stadium/largest-cricket-stadium-in-the-world-9323/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1853, the MCG is notable for hosting the first [[Test cricket|Test]] match and the first [[One Day International]], played between [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]] in 1877 and 1971, respectively. It is also the home of the [[National Sports Museum]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/australian-sports-museum-opens-at-mcg/2008/03/05/1204402550094.html |title=Australian sports museum opens at MCG |date=6 March 2008 |first=Geoff |last=Strong |website=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |access-date=18 July 2008 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617202031/http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/australian-sports-museum-opens-at-mcg/2008/03/05/1204402550094.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref> and serves as the home ground of the [[Victoria cricket team]]. At [[Twenty20]] level, the [[Melbourne Stars]] and [[Melbourne Renegades]] compete in the [[Big Bash League]].

[[Australian rules football]], Australia's most popular spectator sport, traces [[origins of Australian rules football|its origins]] to matches played in [[Yarra Park|parklands]] next to the MCG in 1858. Its first laws were codified the following year by the [[Melbourne Football Club]],<ref>Nauright, John (ed.) (2012). ''Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice'', ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|9781598843019}}, pp. 350–351.</ref> also a founding member, in 1896, of the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL), the sport's elite professional competition. Headquartered at [[Docklands Stadium]], the AFL fields a further eight Melbourne-based clubs: [[Carlton Football Club|Carlton]], [[Collingwood Football Club|Collingwood]], [[Essendon Football Club|Essendon]], [[Hawthorn Football Club|Hawthorn]], [[North Melbourne Football Club|North Melbourne]], [[Richmond Football Club|Richmond]], [[St Kilda Football Club|St Kilda]], and the [[Western Bulldogs]].<ref>Wilson, John K.; Promfet, Richard (ed.) (2019). ''Historical Perspectives on Sports Economics: Lessons from the Field'', Edward Elgar Publishing. {{ISBN|9781788977845}}, p. 25.</ref> The city hosts up to five AFL matches per round during the home and away season, attracting an average of 40,000 spectators per game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24109399-12270,00.html |title=AFL blueprint for third stadium |last=Smith |first=Patrick |date=1 August 2008 |website=[[The Australian]] |access-date=22 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809210411/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24109399-12270,00.html |archive-date=9 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[AFL Grand Final]], traditionally held at the MCG, is the [[List of sports attendance figures|highest attended club championship event in the world]].

In [[soccer]], Melbourne is represented in the [[A-League]] by [[Melbourne Victory]], [[Melbourne City FC]] and [[Western United FC]], and in [[rugby league]] it is home to the [[National Rugby League]] team, [[Melbourne Storm]]. North American sports have also gained popularity in Melbourne: basketball sides [[South East Melbourne Phoenix]] and [[Melbourne United]] play in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|NBL]]; [[Melbourne Ice]] and [[Melbourne Mustangs]] play in the [[Australian Ice Hockey League]]; and [[Melbourne Aces]] plays in the [[Australian Baseball League]]. [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]] also forms part of Melbourne's sporting identity, with a number of clubs located on the Yarra River, out of which many Australian Olympians trained.

==Economy==
{{See also|Category:Companies based in Melbourne|Tourism in Melbourne}}
[[File:Melbourne Central Coop's Shot Tower.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The 19th-century [[Coop's Shot Tower]] enclosed in [[Melbourne Central Shopping Centre|Melbourne Central]], one of the city's major retail hubs]]

Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters of many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and five of the largest seven in the country (based on [[market capitalisation]]);<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afr.com/rich-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829143027/http://www.brw.com.au/lists/detail/?listId=5 |url-status=dead |title=Rich List |archive-date=29 August 2007 |website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref> [[Australia & New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]], [[BHP]], the [[National Australia Bank]], [[CSL Limited|CSL]] and [[Telstra]], as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the [[Business Council of Australia]] and the [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]]. Melbourne's suburbs also have the head offices of [[Coles Group]] (owner of [[Coles Supermarkets]]) and [[Wesfarmers]] companies [[Bunnings]], [[Target Australia|Target]], [[Kmart Australia|K-Mart]] and [[Officeworks]], as well as the head office for [[Australia Post]]. The city is home to Australia's second busiest [[Port of Melbourne|seaport]], after [[Port Botany (seaport)|Port Botany]] in [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.portauthoritynsw.com.au/news-and-publications/news/port-botany-australias-biggest-container-port/ |title=Port Botany: Australia's biggest container port |website=Portauthoritynsw.com.au |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164457/https://www.portauthoritynsw.com.au/news-and-publications/news/port-botany-australias-biggest-container-port/ |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Melbourne Airport]] provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.<ref>{{Cite web |website=Australian Airports Association |url=http://planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/294809/057-Melbourne-Airport-Part-F.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009145547/http://planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/294809/057-Melbourne-Airport-Part-F.pdf |url-status=dead |title=The economic and social contribution of Australia's airports |archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref>

Melbourne is also an important financial centre. In the 2024 [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Melbourne was ranked as having the 28th most competitive financial centre in the world.<ref name="GFCI2" /> Two of the [[Big Four (banks)|big four]] banks, the ANZ and National Australia Bank, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for [[Superannuation in Australia|superannuation]] (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of [[Industry superannuation|industry super-funds]] including the AU$109 billion-dollar Federal Government [[Future Fund]]. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index |year=2008 |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt Wade |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=30 March 2014 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Crown Casino Complex Melbourne 20180723-002.jpg|thumb|The [[Crown Melbourne|Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex]] generates AU$2.7 billion in net revenue annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGuire |first1=Amelia |title=Crown Resorts posts $199m loss as $3b expense bill wipes out profits |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/crown-resorts-posts-199m-loss-as-massive-expenses-wipe-out-profits-20231025-p5ef2i.html |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=25 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220060028/https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/crown-resorts-posts-199m-loss-as-massive-expenses-wipe-out-profits-20231025-p5ef2i.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]] It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including [[Boeing Australia]], truck-makers [[Kenworth]] and [[Iveco]], [[Cadbury]] as well as [[Alstom]] and [[Jayco]], among others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dsdbi.vic.gov.au/our-department/strategies-and-initiatives/a-more-competitive-manufacturing-industry |title=Business Victoria – Manufacturing |date=26 May 2008 |publisher=State of Victoria, Australia |access-date=22 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103103103/http://dsdbi.vic.gov.au/our-department/strategies-and-initiatives/a-more-competitive-manufacturing-industry |archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> The south-eastern suburb of [[Scoresby, Victoria|Scoresby]] is home to [[Nintendo Australia|Nintendo's Australian headquarters]]. The city also has a research and development hub for [[Ford Australia]], as well as a global design studio and technical centre for [[General Motors]] and [[Toyota Australia]] respectively.

[[CSL Limited|CSL]], one of the world's top five biotech companies, and [[Sigma Pharmaceuticals]] have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.invest.vic.gov.au/biotechnology-life-sciences |title=Invest Victoria – Biotechnology and Life Sciences |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705045504/http://www.invest.vic.gov.au/biotechnology-life-sciences |archive-date=5 July 2013}}</ref> Melbourne has an important [[Information and communication technology|ICT]] industry, home to more than half of Australia's top 20 technology companies, and employs over 91,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of AU$34 billion and export revenues of AU$2.5 billion in 2018.<ref>{{cite report | title= Why Melbourne, Australia | publisher= Victorian State Government |year= 2018 | url= https://www.invest.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/37857/Melbourne-Flagship-Booklet-web-version.pdf | access-date= 6 January 2023 | archive-date= 6 January 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230106234630/https://www.invest.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/37857/Melbourne-Flagship-Booklet-web-version.pdf | url-status= live }}</ref> In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with 10.8 million domestic overnight tourists and 2.9 million international overnight tourists in 2018.<ref name="Budget Direct">{{cite web |title=Australian Tourism Statistics 2019 |work=Budget Direct |url=https://www.budgetdirect.com.au/travel-insurance/research/tourism-statistics.html |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505081624/https://www.budgetdirect.com.au/travel-insurance/research/tourism-statistics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of an AU$1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, [[Hilton Hotel]] and commercial precinct adjacent to the [[Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre]] to link development along the [[Yarra River]] with the [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank precinct]] and multibillion-dollar [[Melbourne Docklands|Docklands]] redevelopment.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rachel |last=Kleinman |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/councillors-furious-about-convention-centre-deal/2006/04/30/1146335610761.html |title=Councillors furious about convention centre deal |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=1 October 2007 |archive-date=11 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911232815/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/councillors-furious-about-convention-centre-deal/2006/04/30/1146335610761.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Melbourne}}

{{see also|Parks and gardens of Melbourne}}
[[File:CentrePlace-rain.jpg|thumb|upright|Known for its bars, [[street art in Melbourne|street art]] and coffee culture, the [[lanes and arcades of Melbourne|inner city's network of laneways and arcades]] is a popular cultural attraction.]]
Melbourne is the second most visited city in Australia and the seventy-third most visited city in the world.{{cn|date=February 2026}} In 2018, 10.8 million domestic overnight tourists and 2.9 million international overnight tourists visited Melbourne.<ref name="Budget Direct"/> The most visited attractions are [[Federation Square]], [[Queen Victoria Market]], [[Crown Melbourne|Crown Casino]], [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]], [[Melbourne Zoo]], [[Melbourne Aquarium]], [[Docklands, Victoria|Docklands]], [[National Gallery of Victoria]], [[Melbourne Museum]], [[Eureka Tower#Observation deck (Melbourne Skydeck)|Melbourne Observation Deck]], [[Arts Centre Melbourne]], and the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/melbourne_details.php?id=4481 |title=Victoria's Top 20 Attractions |publisher=Only Melbourne |date=27 September 2013 |access-date=30 March 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140409061420/http://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/melbourne_details.php?id=4481#.UgqoBEg6htI |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[State Library of Victoria]] is the fourth most visited in the world.<ref name="temple" /> [[Luna Park, Melbourne|Luna Park]], a theme park modelled on New York's [[Coney Island]] and Seattle's [[Luna Park, Seattle|Luna Park]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66391776 |title=Luna Park, St Kilda. |date=21 December 1912 |newspaper=Malvern Standard |access-date=18 May 2016 |issue= 507 |location= Victoria, Australia |volume=9 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151843/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/66391776 |url-status=live }}</ref> is also a popular destination for visitors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/latest/100-years-fun-luna-park-celebrating-melbourne-icon |title=100 years of fun at Luna Park |website=National Film and Sound Archive |year=2012 |last=Dee |first=Siobhan |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801071142/https://www.nfsa.gov.au/latest/100-years-fun-luna-park-celebrating-melbourne-icon |url-status=live }}</ref> In its annual survey of readers, the [[Condé Nast Traveler]] magazine found that both Melbourne and [[Auckland]] were considered the world's friendliest cities in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Kylie McLaughlin |title= Melbourne named the world's friendliest city, Sydney fifth |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/melbourne-named-the-worlds-friendliest-city-sydney-fifth-20140818-3dvj3.html#poll |access-date=18 August 2014 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819224050/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/melbourne-named-the-worlds-friendliest-city-sydney-fifth-20140818-3dvj3.html#poll |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Conde Nast Traveler The 2014 Friendliest and Unfriendliest Cities in the World |url=http://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2014-08-05/the-2014-friendliest-and-unfriendliest-cities-in-the-world/11 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |access-date=18 August 2014 |date=5 August 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090353/http://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2014-08-05/the-2014-friendliest-and-unfriendliest-cities-in-the-world/11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Melbourne's laneways and arcades are of particular importance for the city's tourism–[[Hosier Lane]] attracted one million visitors in each year prior to the COVID pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scopelianos |first=Sarah |date=5 April 2020 |title=Melbourne is famous for its laneway street art. But artists work in a 'grey area' – and worry about the future |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-05/melbourne-laneway-street-art-artists-concerned-for-future/12042794 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426121209/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-05/melbourne-laneway-street-art-artists-concerned-for-future/12042794 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref> The laneways of Melbourne have been gentrified and now include prominent displays of [[street art]], which attracts international tourists. Melbourne is considered one of the safest world cities for travellers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://safecities.economist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Aug-5-ENG-NEC-Safe-Cities-2019-270x210-19-screen.pdf |title=Safe cities index 2019 |work=The Economist |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200119072007/https://safecities.economist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Aug-5-ENG-NEC-Safe-Cities-2019-270x210-19-screen.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/melbourne-most-livable-city/index.html |title=Melbourne fans: 50 ways our city is the best |publisher=[[CNN]] |last1= Khoury |first1=Matt |last2=Prendergarst |first2=Luke |date=18 November 2018 |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516140021/http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/melbourne-most-livable-city/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Aerial photograph of Queen Victoria Market.jpg|thumb|left|[[Queen Victoria Market]] is the Southern Hemisphere's largest open air market.]]
Melbourne has a renowned culinary scene that attracts international tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/news/melbournes-food-and-drink-scene-has-been-voted-one-of-the-best-in-the-world-091421|title=Melbourne's food and drink scene has been voted one of the best in the world|work=Time Out Magazine|date=14 September 2021|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331051943/https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/news/melbournes-food-and-drink-scene-has-been-voted-one-of-the-best-in-the-world-091421|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/dining/worlds-50-best-restaurants-melbourne.html|title=How Melbourne Landed the World's 50 Best Restaurants Awards|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 April 2017|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331051943/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/dining/worlds-50-best-restaurants-melbourne.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.singletonargus.com.au/story/7945220/what-makes-melbournes-food-scene-so-iconic/|title=What makes Melbourne's food scene so iconic?|work=The Singleton Argus|date=17 October 2022|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331051944/https://www.singletonargus.com.au/story/7945220/what-makes-melbournes-food-scene-so-iconic/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lygon Street]], which runs through the inner-northern suburbs of Melbourne, is a popular dining destination with an abundance of Italian and Greek restaurants that date back to earlier European immigration of the city. Food festivals are of particular popularity in Melbourne, many of which are held during early autumn, earning this period the nickname "mad March".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waters |first1=Cara |title=Melbourne's 'Mad March' of festivals is here. But this trend has organisers sweating |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/fashionably-late-festivals-sweat-post-pandemic-trend-of-last-minute-tickets-20230303-p5cp39.html |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=The Age |date=4 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The most well-known of these events, the [[Melbourne Food and Wine Festival]], takes place over the course of ten days and began in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/things-to-do/melbourne-food-wine-festival-30-under-30|title=Melbourne Food & Wine Festival 30 Under 30|work=Time Out |first1=Sanam |last1=Goodman |date=16 June 2022|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052004/https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/things-to-do/melbourne-food-wine-festival-30-under-30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://beat.com.au/melbourne-food-and-wine-festival-why-melbournes-hospitality-culture-makes-the-city-so-exciting/ |first1=Jasmine |last1=Penman |title=Melbourne Food and Wine Festival: Why Melbourne's hospitality culture 'makes the city so exciting'|date=21 February 2023|accessdate=31 March 2023|work=Beat Magazine |archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331055009/https://beat.com.au/melbourne-food-and-wine-festival-why-melbournes-hospitality-culture-makes-the-city-so-exciting/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Melbourne Chinatown from Exhibition St.jpg|thumb|Established during the gold rush, [[Chinatown, Melbourne|Chinatown]] is the longest continuous Chinese settlement outside Asia.]]Melbourne is also home to many annual events and festivals. The [[Melbourne International Comedy Festival]] is held every year in March through to April. Established in 1987, it is one of the three largest international comedy festivals in the world. Other notable festivals and events include the [[Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show|Melbourne Flower and Garden Show]], the [[Melbourne International Jazz Festival]], the [[Melbourne Royal Show]] and the [[Midsumma Festival]].

== Demographics ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible floatright"
! colspan="2" |Country of birth (2021)<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics">{{Cite web |title=2021 Greater Melbourne, Census Community Profiles |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/2GMEL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630132510/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/2GMEL |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
|-
! Birthplace{{NoteTag|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately.}} !! Population
|-
|[[Australia]] ||2,947,136
|-
|[[India]] ||242,635
|-
|[[Mainland China]] ||166,023
|-
|[[England]] ||132,912
|-
|[[Vietnam]] ||90,552
|-
|[[New Zealand]] ||82,939
|-
|[[Sri Lanka]] ||65,152
|-
|[[Philippines]] ||58,935
|-
|[[Italy]] ||58,081
|-
|[[Malaysia]] ||57,345
|-
|[[Greece]] ||44,956
|-
|[[Pakistan]] ||29,067
|-
|[[South Africa]] ||27,056
|-
|[[Iraq]] ||25,041
|-
|[[Hong Kong SAR]] ||24,428
|-
|[[Afghanistan]] ||23,525
|-
|[[Iran]] ||20,922
|-
|[[United States]] ||20,231
|}{{Main|Demographics of Melbourne}}

Melbourne is projected to overtake Sydney as Australia's most populous city sometime between 2032 and 2046.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title=Population Projections, Australia, 2022 (base) - 2071 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/population-projections-australia/latest-release |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228071309/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/population-projections-australia/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref>

After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and [[Western Suburbs (Melbourne)|western suburbs]], aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as [[Postcode 3000]] and [[Melbourne 2030]], which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/introduction/02_summary.html |title=Melbourne 2030 – in summary |publisher=Victorian Government, Department of Sustainability and Environment |access-date=5 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907065147/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/introduction/02_summary.html |archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=288&pg=1362 |title=City of Melbourne: Strategic Planning – Postcode 3000 |publisher=City of Melbourne |access-date=5 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912084620/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=288&pg=1362 |archive-date=12 September 2008}}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, the CBD is the most densely populated area in Australia with more than 19,000 residents per square kilometre, and the inner city suburbs of [[Carlton, Victoria|Carlton]], [[South Yarra]], [[Fitzroy, Victoria|Fitzroy]] and [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]] make up Victoria's top five.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith |first=Rohan |date=5 October 2018 |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/victoria/news/theres-a-reason-melbourne-feels-so-crowded-its-the-most-densely-populated-area-in-australia/news-story/8ccbaa220544ff3702164b57a35caf57 |title=There's a reason Melbourne feels so crowded – it's the most densely populated area in Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414065002/https://www.news.com.au/national/victoria/news/theres-a-reason-melbourne-feels-so-crowded-its-the-most-densely-populated-area-in-australia/news-story/8ccbaa220544ff3702164b57a35caf57 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |website=[[news.com.au]] |access-date=14 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinatown, Melbourne: Dining, entertainment, shopping, accommodation & more |url=https://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |language=en-AU |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814001351/https://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Ancestry and immigration ===
At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics"/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|
* [[English Australian|English]] (24.8%)
* Australian (22.5%)
* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (8.8%)
* [[Irish Australian|Irish]] (8.2%)
* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (6.9%)
* [[Italian Australian|Italian]] (6.7%)
* [[Indian Australian|Indian]] (5.5%)
* [[Greek Australians|Greek]] (3.6%)
* [[German Australian|German]] (2.8%)
* [[Vietnamese Australian|Vietnamese]] (2.5%)
* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (1.7%)
* [[Dutch Australians|Dutch]] (1.4%)
* [[Maltese Australians|Maltese]] (1.3%)
* [[Polish Australians|Polish]] (1.1%)
* [[Sri Lankan Australians|Sri Lankan]] (1%)
* [[Lebanese Australians|Lebanese]] (1%)
}}

At the 2021 census, 0.7% of Melbourne's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] — [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{NoteTag|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics-2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/2GMEL|title=2021 Greater Melbourne, Census All persons QuickStats |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629062723/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/2GMEL|url-status=live}}</ref> In Greater Melbourne at the 2021 census, 59.9% of residents were born in Australia. The other most common countries of birth were [[India]] (4.9%), [[Mainland China]] (3.4%), [[England]] (2.7%), [[Vietnam]] (1.8%) and [[New Zealand]] (1.7%).<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics-2"/>

===Language===
At the time of the 2021 census, 61.1% of Melburnians speak only English at home. [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (4.3%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (2.3%), [[Greek language|Greek]] (2.1%), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (2%), and [[Arabic]] (1.8%) were the most common foreign languages spoken at home by residents of Melbourne.

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Melbourne (2021)<ref name="id"/>
| label1 = [[Christianity]]
| value1 = 40.1
| color1 = dodgerblue
| label2 = [[Atheism|No religion]]
| value2 = 37.2
| color2 = honeydew
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| value3 = 5.3
| color3 = Green
| label4 = [[Hinduism]]
| value4 = 4.1
| color4 = coral
| label5 = [[Buddhism]]
| value5 = 3.9
| color5 = gold
| label6 = [[Sikhism]]
| value6 = 1.7
| color6 = yellow
| label7 = [[Judaism]]
| value7 = 0.9
| color7 = turquoise
| label8 = Other religions
| value8 = 1.0
| color8 = grey
| label9 = Religion not stated
| value9 = 5.8
| color9 = lightgrey
}}[[File:St. Patricks Cathedral at dusk b.jpg|thumb|left|[[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Patrick's Cathedral]]]]
Melbourne has a wide range of religious faiths, the most widely held of which is [[Christianity]]. This is signified by the city's two large cathedrals—[[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Patrick's]] (Roman Catholic), and [[St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Paul's]] (Anglican). Both were built in the [[Victorian era]] and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/period_info2.html?period=Victorian |title=Victorian Architectural Period – Melbourne |website=Walking Melbourne |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-date=25 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325145312/http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/period_info2.html?period=Victorian |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, Greater Melbourne's irreligious community has grown to be one of the largest in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2016: Why Australians are Losing their Religion |url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2016/08/09/4515206.htm |website=ABC Religion and Ethics |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317003956/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2016/08/09/4515206.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the 2021 Census, persons stating that they had [[Irreligion|no religion]] constituted 36.9% of the population.<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics-2"/> [[Christianity]] was the most popular religious affiliation at 40.1%.<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics-2"/> The largest Christian denominations were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] (20.8%) and [[Anglicanism in Australia|Anglicanism]] (5.5%).<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics-2"/> The most popular non-Christian religious affiliations were [[Islam]] (5.3%), [[Hinduism]] (4.1%), [[Buddhism]] (3.9%), [[Sikhism]] (1.7%) and [[Judaism]] (0.9%).<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics-2"/>

Over 258,000 Muslims live in Melbourne.<ref name="id">{{cite web |title=Greater Melbourne Religion |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=270 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516192217/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=270 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=}}</ref> Muslim religious life in Melbourne is centred on about 25 mosques and a number of prayer rooms at university campuses, workplaces and other venues.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00766b.htm |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online |last=Saeed |first=Abdullah |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000127/http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00766b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2000}}, Melbourne had the largest population of [[Polish Jews]] and Holocaust survivors in Australia, and the largest number of Jewish institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-December-2001/freiberg.html |title=Judith Berman, Holocaust Remembrance in Australian Jewish Communities, 1945–2000 |last=Freiberg |first=Freda |year=2001 |publisher=UWA Press |access-date=22 October 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723004651/http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-December-2001/freiberg.html |archive-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Melbourne}}

[[File:Parkville - University of Melbourne (Ormond College).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ormond College]], part of the [[University of Melbourne]]]]
Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the My Choice Schools Ranking, five are in Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mychoiceschools.com.au/ |title=School Ranking |website=Mychoiceschools.com.au/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420150818/https://mychoiceschools.com.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city, with Melbourne considered the 5th best student city in the world for studying abroad in the 2026 Best Student Cities ranking by [[QS World University Rankings|QS]].<ref>{{cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=QS Best Student Cities 2026 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/city-rankings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250728110434/https://www.topuniversities.com/city-rankings |archive-date=28 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=QS}}</ref> Eight public universities operate in Melbourne: the [[University of Melbourne]], [[Monash University]], [[Swinburne University of Technology]], [[Deakin University]], [[RMIT University|Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University)]], [[La Trobe University]], [[Australian Catholic University|Australian Catholic University (ACU)]] and [[Victoria University of Technology|Victoria University (VU)]].

Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University and Monash University have campuses in [[Malaysia]], RMIT in [[Vietnam]], with Monash also having a campus in [[Indonesia]] and research centres in [[Prato]], Italy, and a joint partnership research academy with [[IIT Bombay]] in [[Mumbai]], India. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia,<ref>{{cite web |title=WEHI: Our research partners |work=Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research |publisher=University of Melbourne |url=http://www.wehi.edu.au/about_us/partners_and_affiliates/the_university_of_melbourne |access-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927122559/http://www.wehi.edu.au/about_us/partners_and_affiliates/the_university_of_melbourne |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> is the highest ranked university in Australia across the three major global rankings as of July 2025 – QS (19th),<ref name="Top Universities">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2025 |title=QS World University Rankings 2026: Top global universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104115634/https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Times Higher Education|THES]] (39th)<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/latest/world-ranking |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028092904/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Academic Ranking of World Universities (37nd),<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2024 |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=shanghairanking.com |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091622/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> with Monash University also ranking within the top 50 – QS (36th).<ref name="Top Universities" /> Both are members of the [[Group of Eight (Australian universities)|Group of Eight]], a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.go8.edu.au/ |title=Group of Eight Australia |work=go8.edu.au |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226020032/http://go8.edu.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2025 [[RMIT University]] is ranked 21st in the world in Architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=RMIT University Rankings |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/rmit-university#p2-programs |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Top Universities |archive-date=26 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726120505/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/rmit-university#p2-programs |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Swinburne University of Technology]], based in the inner-city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn, was as of 2014 ranked 76th–100th in the world for physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2015/12/excellence-in-research-australia-2015-physics-research-strongly-recognised-.php |title=Excellence in Research Australia 2015: Physics research strongly recognised |website=Swindon University |date=4 December 2015 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112081613/http://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2015/12/excellence-in-research-australia-2015-physics-research-strongly-recognised-.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deakin University]] maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. In recent years, the number of [[international student]]s at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available for them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/articleid_3967.html |title=University of Melbourne's international student offers rise as its demand leaps |publisher=University of Melbourne |date=12 January 2007 |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730104958/http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/articleid_3967.html |archive-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian [[Department of Education and Training (Victoria)|Department of Education]] (DET), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/default.htm |title=Department of Education and Early Childhood Development: About Us |website=Education Victoria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529131835/http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/default.htm |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

==Media==
{{Main|Media in Melbourne}}

{{See also|List of Australian radio stations#Melbourne}}
[[File:Federation Square (SBS Building).jpg|thumb|The Melbourne offices of the [[Special Broadcasting Service]] (SBS), located at Federation Square]]
Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne: the ''[[Herald Sun]]'' (tabloid), ''[[The Age]]'' (compact) and ''[[The Australian]]'' (national broadsheet). There are six primary free-to-air [[digital television]] stations operating in Greater Melbourne and Geelong: [[ABC Television (Australian TV network)|ABC]] Victoria, ([[ABV (TV station)|ABV]]), [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] Victoria (SBS), [[Seven Network|Seven]] Melbourne ([[HSV (TV station)|HSV]]), [[Nine Network|Nine]] Melbourne ([[GTV (Australia)|GTV]]), [[Network 10|Ten]] Melbourne ([[ATV (Australia)|ATV]]), [[C31 Melbourne]] (MGV) – community television.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Television – Communications – Travel Victoria: accommodation & visitor guide |url=https://www.travelvictoria.com.au/victoria/television/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=Travelvictoria.com.au |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121034821/https://www.travelvictoria.com.au/victoria/television/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Each station (excluding C31) broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melbourne TV Guide – All TV Show times, All Channels – 9Entertainment |url=https://www.yourtv.com.au/guide/melbourne/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=Yourtv.com.au |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121034819/https://www.yourtv.com.au/guide/melbourne/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some digital media companies such as [[Broadsheet (website)|Broadsheet]] are based in and primarily serve Melbourne.

Many AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include public (i.e., state-owned [[ABC Radio (Australia)|ABC]] and [[SBS Radio|SBS]]) and [[Community radio#Australia|community]] stations. Many [[Commercial broadcasting|commercial]] stations are networked-owned: [[Nova Entertainment]] owns [[Nova 100]] and [[Smooth 91.5|Smooth]]; [[Australian Radio Network|ARN]] controls [[Gold 104.3]] and [[KIIS 101.1]]; and [[Southern Cross Austereo]] runs both [[Fox FM (Melbourne)|Fox]] and [[Triple M Melbourne|Triple M]]. Youth stations include ABC [[Triple J]] and youth-run [[3SYN|SYN]]. Triple J, and community stations [[3PBS|PBS]] and [[Triple R]], strive to play under represented music. [[JOY 94.9]] caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender audiences. [[3MBS]] and [[ABC Classic]] play classical music. [[Light FM]] is a contemporary Christian station. AM stations include ABC: [[ABC Radio Melbourne]], [[Radio National]], and [[ABC NewsRadio|News Radio]]; also [[Nine Entertainment]] affiliates [[3AW]] ([[talk radio|talk]]) and [[Magic 1278|Magic]] ([[easy listening]]). [[SEN 1116]] broadcasts sports coverage. Melbourne has many community run stations that serve alternative interests, such as [[3CR (Melbourne)|3CR]] and [[3KND]] (Indigenous). Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victoria Members – Community Broadcasting Association of Australia |publisher=CBAA |url=http://www.cbaa.org.au/Who_We_Are/Victoria-Members |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-date=19 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219183454/http://cbaa.org.au/Who_We_Are/Victoria-Members |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Governance==
[[File:Parliament House East Melbourne.jpg|thumb|[[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]]]]
The governance of Melbourne is split between the [[government of Victoria]] and the [[Local Government Areas of Victoria#Municipalities of Greater Melbourne|27 cities and four shires]] that make up the metropolitan area. There is no ceremonial or political head of Melbourne, but the [[Lord Mayor of Melbourne|Lord Mayor of the City of Melbourne]] often fulfils such a role as a first among equals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dunstan |first=David |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/11/11/1100131127769.html?from=storylhs |title=The evolution of 'Clown Hall' |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=12 November 2004 |access-date=8 November 2010 |archive-date=6 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106140240/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/11/11/1100131127769.html?from=storylhs |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The local governments are responsible for providing the functions set out in the ''Local Government Act'' 1989<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubLawToday.nsf/0/B171E800B03D6A9ECA256E5B00037B12/$FILE/89-11a030.pdf |title=Local Government Act 1989 |website=Pub Law Today |date=1 July 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108212735/http://www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubLawToday.nsf/0/B171E800B03D6A9ECA256E5B00037B12/%24FILE/89-11a030.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2006}}</ref> such as [[urban planning]] and [[waste management]]. Most other government services are provided or regulated by the [[Victorian state government]], which governs from [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]] in [[Spring Street, Melbourne|Spring Street]]. These include services associated with local government in other countries and include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, health and planning of major infrastructure projects.

==Transport==
===Roads===
{{Main|Transport in Melbourne}}

[[File:Bolte bridge dusk.jpg|thumb|The [[Bolte Bridge]] is part of the [[CityLink]] tollway system.]]Like many Australian cities, Melbourne has a high [[Car dependency|dependency on the automobile]] for transport,<ref name="newman">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtf.org.au/binary.php/resouces_presentation/mtf_launch_presentation_071105_handout_.pdf |title=Most Liveable and Best Connected? The Economic Benefits of Investing in Public Transport in Melbourne |author1=Jan Scheurer |author2=Jeff Kenworthy |author3=[[Peter Newman (environmental scientist)|Peter Newman]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827051335/http://www.mtf.org.au/binary.php/resouces_presentation/mtf_launch_presentation_071105_handout_.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2006}}</ref> particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2007 |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22561141-2862,00.html |title=Still addicted to cars |newspaper=[[Herald Sun]] |location=Melbourne |access-date=18 July 2008 |archive-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013193634/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22561141-2862,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using {{cvt|22320|km|mi}} of road in Melbourne, which has one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world.<ref name="newman"/> The early 20th century saw an increase in popularity of automobiles, resulting in large-scale suburban expansion and a tendency towards the development of [[urban sprawl]]—like all Australian cities, inhabitants would live in the suburbs and commute to the city for work.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 February 2004 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/11/1076388428001.html |title=The cars that ate Melbourne |website=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |access-date=18 July 2008 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110553/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/11/1076388428001.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref> By the mid-1950s, there were just under 200 passenger vehicles per 1000 people, and by 2013, there were 600 passenger vehicles per 1000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Social Trends |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013 |website=abs.gov.au |date=5 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609055240/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Roads in Victoria|road network in Victoria]] is managed by the [[Department of Transport and Planning]] (DTP) who oversee planning and integration. Maintenance of roads is undertaken by different bodies, depending on the road. Local roads are maintained by local governments, while secondary and main roads are the responsibility of DTP. Major national freeways and roads integral to national trade are overseen by the Federal Government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Management Act, regulations & codes |url=https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/about-vicroads/acts-and-regulations/road-management-act-regulations-and-codesv |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=Vicroads}}</ref>

Today, Melbourne has an extensive network of freeways and arterial roadways. These are used by private vehicles, including road freight vehicles, as well as road-based public transport modes like buses and taxis. Major highways feeding into the city include the [[Eastern Freeway, Melbourne|Eastern Freeway]], [[Monash Freeway]] and [[West Gate Freeway]] (which spans the large [[West Gate Bridge]]). Other freeways include the [[Calder Freeway]], [[Tullamarine Freeway]], which is the main airport link, and the [[Hume Freeway]], which connects Melbourne to Canberra and Sydney. Melbourne's middle suburbs are connected via an orbital freeway, the [[M80 Ring Road]], which will be connected to the Eastern Freeway when the [[North East Link]] opens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadNetwork/ |title=Victoria's Road Network |publisher=[[VicRoads]] |access-date=5 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907072720/http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadNetwork/ |archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref>

Out of Melbourne's twenty declared freeways open or under construction, six are electronic toll roads. This includes the [[CityLink|M1 and M2 CityLink]] (which includes the large [[Bolte Bridge]]), [[EastLink, Melbourne|Eastlink]], North East Link, and the [[West Gate Tunnel]]. Apart from [[EastLink (Melbourne)|Eastlink]] which is owned and operated by [[ConnectEast]], the toll roads in Melbourne are run by the private company [[Transurban]]. In Melbourne, tollways have blue and yellow signage compared to the green signs used for untolled roads.

===Public transport===
{{Main|Transport in Melbourne}}

Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train, tram, bus and taxi systems. [[Flinders Street station]] was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s. From the 1940s, public transport use in Melbourne declined due to a rapid expansion of the road and freeway network, with the largest declines in tram and bus usage.<ref name="Mees-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Mees |first1=Paul |last2=Groenhart |first2=Lucy |date=2 January 2014 |title=Travel to work in Australian cities: 1976–2011 |journal=Australian Planner |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=66–75 |doi=10.1080/07293682.2013.795179 |s2cid=110693311 |issn=0729-3682}}</ref> This decline quickened in the early 1990s due to large public transport service cuts.<ref name="Mees-2014" /> The operations of Melbourne's public transport system was privatised in 1999 through a franchising model, with operational responsibilities for the train, tram and bus networks licensed to private companies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mees |first=Paul |date=1 July 2005 |title=Privatization of Rail and Tram Services in Melbourne: What Went Wrong? |journal=Transport Reviews |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=433–449 |doi=10.1080/0144164042000335779 |s2cid=59046845 |issn=0144-1647}}</ref> After 1996 there was a rapid increase in public transport patronage due to growth in employment in central Melbourne, with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14.8% and 8.4% of all trips.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/rrat_ctte/public_transport/report/c02.htm |title=Parliament of Australia, Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Committee; Investment of Commonwealth and State funds in public passenger transport infrastructure |website=Australian Senate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006053021/http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/rrat_ctte/public_transport/report/c02.htm |archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="Mees-2014" /> A target of 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006.<ref name="TransportFringe">{{Cite news |last=Lucas |first=Clay |date=14 January 2008 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/public-transport-makes-inroads-but-not-beyond-the-fringe/2008/01/13/1200159277533.html |title=Public transport makes inroads, but not beyond the fringe |website=[[The Age]] |access-date=8 October 2010 |location=Melbourne |archive-date=11 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911064140/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/public-transport-makes-inroads-but-not-beyond-the-fringe/2008/01/13/1200159277533.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration}}</ref> Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20% and a number of projects have commenced aimed at expanding public transport usage.<ref name="TransportFringe" />

====Train====
{{Main|Railways in Melbourne}}

{{See also|Rail transport in Victoria}}[[File:Southern Cross Station at night.jpg|thumb|Situated on the City Loop, [[Southern Cross station]] is Victoria's main hub for regional and interstate trains.]]
The [[Melbourne rail network|Melbourne metropolitan rail network]] dates back to the 1850s [[gold rush]] era, and today consists of [[List of Melbourne railway stations|227 suburban stations]] on sixteen lines which radiate from the [[City Loop]], a mostly-underground subway system around the CBD. [[Flinders Street station]], one of Australia's busiest [[transportation hub|rail hubs]], serves the entire network, and remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-140507763 |title='Under the clocks' Melbourne's favourite meeting place in the 50s and 60s at Flinders Street Station, ca.1956 [picture] |website=Trove}}</ref> The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities run by [[V/Line]], as well as direct interstate rail services which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, [[Southern Cross station]], in Docklands. ''[[The Overland]]'' to [[Adelaide]] departs twice a week, while the [[New South Wales XPT|XPT]] to Sydney departs twice daily. In the 2017–2018 financial year, the Melbourne metropolitan rail network recorded 240.9 million passenger trips, the highest ridership in its history.<ref name="Public Transport Victoria-2018">{{Cite web |url=https://static.ptv.vic.gov.au/PTV/PTV%20docs/AnnualReport/1537917277/2017-18-Annual-Report-accessible-version.pdf |title=2017–18 PTV Annual Report |website=Public Transport Victoria |year=2018 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003141415/https://static.ptv.vic.gov.au/PTV/PTV%20docs/AnnualReport/1537917277/2017-18-Annual-Report-accessible-version.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and [[rail yards]], are also used for freight.

An assortment of new railways are under construction in Melbourne. A $15 billion new [[rapid transit]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Metro Tunnel Project Business Case |url=https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/projects/metro-tunnel/about/overview/business-case |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Victoria’s Big Build |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514033729/https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/projects/metro-tunnel/about/overview/business-case |url-status=live }}</ref> heavy rail corridor through the inner city, the [[Metro Tunnel]], opened in late 2025, with full services to begin February 2026. It comprises five new stations, twin nine-kilometre tunnels under the CBD connecting the Sunbury line to the Cranbourne/Pakenham line<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Melbourne’s train network stacks up against the world|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/how-melbourne-s-train-network-stacks-up-against-the-best-in-the-world-20251119-p5ngst.html|website=The Age|date=1 December 2025|access-date=1 December 2025|language=en|first=Cara|last=Waters|archive-date=1 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251201090601/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/how-melbourne-s-train-network-stacks-up-against-the-best-in-the-world-20251119-p5ngst.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. The ongoing [[Level Crossing Removal Project]] is grade separating much of the network, and rebuilding many older stations. In June 2022, early works commenced on the [[Suburban Rail Loop]], a 90-kilometre underground automated [[orbital line]] through Melbourne's middle suburbs around {{cvt|12|-|18|km}} from the [[Melbourne CBD|CBD]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=Construction starts on SRL East |url=https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/news/suburban-rail-loop/construction-starts-today-on-srl-east |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=Victoria's Big Build |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812033018/https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/news/suburban-rail-loop/construction-starts-today-on-srl-east |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Melbourne Airport rail link|An airport rail connection]] has commenced with early works in Keilor East.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2022 |title=Start of works, Sunshine Masterplan and Contract announcements |url=https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/news/melbourne-airport-rail/start-of-works,-sunshine-masterplan-and-contract-announcements |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=Victoria's Big Build |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104135903/https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/news/melbourne-airport-rail/start-of-works,-sunshine-masterplan-and-contract-announcements |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Tram====
{{Main|Trams in Melbourne}}

[[File:Melbourne Tram D1-Class, St Kilda Road, Park St (20230925) (53321376497).jpg|thumb|A [[D-class Melbourne tram|D-class tram]] on [[St Kilda Road]]. [[Trams in Melbourne|The city's tram network]] consists of 493 trams and is the largest in the world.]]
[[Trams in Melbourne|Melbourne's tram network]] dates from the 1880s land boom and, as of 2021, consists of {{cvt|250|km|mi|1}} of double track, 475 trams, [[List of Melbourne tram routes|25 routes]], and 1,763 [[tram stop]]s, making it the largest in the world.<ref name="Yarra Trams">{{Cite web |title=Facts & figures |url=https://yarratrams.com.au/facts-figures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226002728/https://yarratrams.com.au/facts-figures |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=[[Yarra Trams]]}}</ref><ref name="DOT_tram" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/melbhist.html |title=Melbourne's Tram History |publisher=railpage.org.au |access-date=28 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109080504/http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/melbhist.html |archive-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017–2018, 206.3 million passenger trips were made by tram.<ref name="Public Transport Victoria-2018" /> Around 75 per cent of Melbourne's tram network shares road space with other vehicles, while the rest of the network is separated or are [[light rail]] routes.<ref name="Yarra Trams" /> Melbourne's trams are recognised as iconic cultural assets and a tourist attraction. [[W-class Melbourne tram|Heritage trams]] operate on the free [[City Circle tram|City Circle route]] around the CBD.<ref name="Metlink1">{{cite web |title=Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria |url=http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706110034/http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/ |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=5 October 2008 |publisher=[[Metlink]]}}</ref> Trams are free within the central city Free Tram Zone and selected routes run [[Night Network (Melbourne)|24-hour service on weekends]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visiting Melbourne and Victoria |url-status=live|url= https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/more/travelling-on-the-network/visiting-melbourne-and-victoria/ |access-date= |website=Public Transport Victoria |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520051546/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/more/travelling-on-the-network/visiting-melbourne-and-victoria/ }}</ref>

====Bus====
{{Main|Buses in Melbourne}}

Melbourne's bus network consists of more than [[List of Melbourne bus routes|400 routes]] which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services.<ref>{{cite report |title=Victoria's Bus Plan |publisher= Department of Transport Victoria State Government |year=2021}}</ref><ref name="Metlink1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getting-around-melbourne.com.au/melbourne-buses.html |title=Melbourne Buses |publisher=getting-around-melbourne.com.au |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-date=17 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917050105/http://www.getting-around-melbourne.com.au/melbourne-buses.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 114.9 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2023–2024, an increase of 15.2 percent on the previous [[financial year]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Transport and Planning Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/496229/globalassets/tabled-paper-documents/tabled-paper-8692/department-of-transport-and-planning-annual-report-2023-24.pdf |website=Parliament of Victoria |access-date=23 June 2025 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703130041/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/496229/globalassets/tabled-paper-documents/tabled-paper-8692/department-of-transport-and-planning-annual-report-2023-24.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Airports====
{{Main|List of airports in the Melbourne area}}

Melbourne has four airports. [[Melbourne Airport]], at [[Tullamarine]], is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia, with a traffic of over 37 million passengers in 2018–19.<ref>{{cite web | title = Airport Traffic Data | publisher = [[Bureau of Infrastructure & Transport Research Economics]]| year = 2022 | url = http://bitre.gov.au/publications/ongoing/airport_traffic_data.aspx | format = XLS | access-date = 21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424181122/https://www.bitre.gov.au/publications/ongoing/airport_traffic_data|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport, which comprises four terminals,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps of Melbourne Airport |url=https://www.melbourneairport.com.au/Passengers/Passenger-information/Maps |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121034819/https://www.melbourneairport.com.au/Passengers/Passenger-information/Maps |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=Melbourneairport.com.au}}</ref> is the home base for passenger airline [[Jetstar]] and cargo airlines [[Australian airExpress]] and [[Team Global Express]], and is a major hub for [[Qantas]] and [[Virgin Australia]]. [[Avalon Airport]], located between Melbourne and [[Geelong]], is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. A [[Melbourne Airport rail link|rail link to Tullamarine]] is planned to open in the 2030s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/projects/melbourne-airport-rail |title=Melbourne Airport Rail|date=31 August 2021 |website=Victoria's Big Build |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505070024/https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/projects/melbourne-airport-rail |url-status=live }}</ref> Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ambulance.vic.gov.au/about-us/our-services/air-ambulance/ |title=Air Ambulance |website=Ambulance Victoria |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512144740/https://www.ambulance.vic.gov.au/about-us/our-services/air-ambulance/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Melbourne also has a significant [[general aviation]] airport, [[Moorabbin Airport]] in the city's southeast that also handles a small number of passenger flights. [[Essendon Airport]], which was once the city's main airport, also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.essendonairport.com.au/ |title=Essendon Airport |publisher=Essendon Airport |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-date=14 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614043629/http://www.essendonairport.com.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Water transport====
Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The [[Port of Melbourne]] is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest, handling more than one-third of the nation's container trade. The port handled 3.39 million twenty-equivalent units (TEUs) in 2024, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kylie |first=Nicole |date=20 March 2025 |title=Port of Melbourne Achieves Highest Container Throughput on Record |url=https://www.portofmelbourne.com/port-of-melbourne-achieves-highest-container-throughput-on-record/ |access-date=8 December 2025 |website=Port of Melbourne |language=en-AU |archive-date=10 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210065032/https://www.portofmelbourne.com/port-of-melbourne-achieves-highest-container-throughput-on-record/ |url-status=live }}</ref>. [[Station Pier]] on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with [[cruise ships]] docking there. Ferries and water taxis run from [[Berth (moorings)|berth]]s along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay.

==Infrastructure==
===Health===
[[File:Royal Children's Hospital Atrium Melbourne.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Children's Hospital]]]]
Among Australian capital cities, Melbourne ties with Canberra in first place for the highest male life expectancy (80.0 years) and ranks second behind Perth in female life expectancy (84.1 years).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/mr-yr08-je-je112.htm |title=Sunshine Coast and WA Country and Perth Women among Longest Life Expectancy in the World |date=3 July 2008 |website=health.gov.au |publisher=[[Department of Health and Ageing]] |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107122008/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/mr-yr08-je-je112.htm |archive-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Victorian Government's [[Department of Health (Victoria)|Department of Health]] oversees about 30 public hospitals in the Melbourne metropolitan region and 13 health services organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.vic.gov.au/maps/metro_hs.htm |title=Melbourne public hospitals and Metropolitan Health Services |date=29 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121205917/http://www.health.vic.gov.au/maps/metro_hs.htm |archive-date=21 November 2015 |website=health.vic.gov.au |publisher=[[Department of Health (Victoria)|Victorian State Government, Department of Health]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Major medical, [[neuroscience]] and [[biotechnology]] research institutions located in Melbourne include the [[St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research]], [[Australian Stem Cell Centre]], the [[Burnet Institute]], the [[Doherty Institute|Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity]], [[Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute]], Victorian Institute of Chemical Sciences, Brain Research Institute, [[Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre]], the [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research]], and the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre.

The headquarters of Australian pharmaceutical company [[CSL Limited]] is located in the Melbourne Biomedical Precinct in [[Parkville, Victoria|Parkville]], which contains over 40 biomedical and research institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Precinct |url=https://www.melbournebiomed.com/the-precinct/ |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Melbourne Biomedical Precinct |language=en-AU |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615032149/https://www.melbournebiomed.com/the-precinct/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was announced in 2021 that a new Australian Institute for Infectious Disease would also be built in Parkville.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kevey |first=Donna |date=23 February 2022 |title=Australian Institute for Infectious Disease coming to world-leading Melbourne Biomedical Precinct |url=https://www.unimelb.edu.au/newsroom/news/2021/may/australian-institute-for-infectious-disease-coming-to-world-leading-melbourne-biomedical-precinct |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Newsroom |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151918/https://www.unimelb.edu.au/newsroom/news/2021/may/australian-institute-for-infectious-disease-coming-to-world-leading-melbourne-biomedical-precinct |url-status=live }}</ref> Other institutions include the [[Howard Florey Institute]], the [[Murdoch Children's Research Institute]], [[Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute]], and the [[Australian Synchrotron]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.health.vic.gov.au/ |title=Victorian Government Health Information Web site |publisher=health services, Victoria |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529234348/http://www.health.vic.gov.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of these institutions are associated with and located near to universities. Melbourne is also home to the [[Royal Children's Hospital]] and the [[Monash Children's Hospital]].

===Utilities===
{{Main|Energy in Victoria (Australia)}}

[[File:Sugarloaf Reservoir Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Sugarloaf Reservoir at [[Christmas Hills, Victoria|Christmas Hills]] in the metropolitan area is one of Melbourne's closest water supplies.]]

Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by [[Melbourne Water]], which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the [[Wonthaggi desalination plant]] and [[North–South Pipeline]]. Water is stored in a series of reservoirs located within and outside the Greater Melbourne area. The largest dam, the [[Thomson River Dam]], located in the Victorian Alps, is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1 |title=Dam Water Storage Levels |publisher=Melbourne Water |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718035023/http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1 |archive-date=18 July 2008}}</ref> while smaller dams such as the [[Upper Yarra Dam]], [[Yan Yean Reservoir]], and the [[Cardinia Reservoir]] carry secondary supplies.

Gas is provided by three distribution companies:
*[[AusNet Services]], which provides gas from Melbourne's inner western suburbs to southwestern Victoria.<ref name=smh05172013>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/chinas-state-grid-powers-up-in-australia-20130517-2js2n.html|title=China's State Grid powers up in Australia|last=Maiden|first=Malcolm|date=17 May 2013|language=en-US|access-date=11 August 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913131035/http://www.smh.com.au/business/chinas-state-grid-powers-up-in-australia-20130517-2js2n.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Multinet Gas]], which provides gas from Melbourne's inner eastern suburbs to eastern Victoria (owned by SP AusNet after acquisition, but continuing to trade under the brand name Multinet Gas).<ref name=age040917/>
*[[Australian Gas Networks]], which provides gas from Melbourne's inner northern suburbs to northern Victoria, as well as the majority of southeastern Victoria.<ref name=age040917>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbournes-electricity-and-gas-facing-greater-chinese-control-20170409-gvh84k.html|title=Melbourne's electricity and gas facing greater Chinese control|first=Josh|last=Gordon|date=9 April 2017|website=The Age|accessdate=13 January 2025|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828072236/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbournes-electricity-and-gas-facing-greater-chinese-control-20170409-gvh84k.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Naarm, Mebourne's Port Phillip Bay, was a dry hunting ground before the time of chaos when seas rose |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/deeptime/time/filling-of-bay-boonwurrung/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Deep Time - ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

Electricity is provided by five distribution companies:
*[[Citipower]], which provides power to Melbourne's CBD, and some inner suburbs.<ref name="spark">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Spark Infrastructure Group |url=https://newsnreleases.com/2020/11/10/spark-infrastructure-group/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=NewsnReleases |language=en-US |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809142414/https://newsnreleases.com/2020/11/10/spark-infrastructure-group/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Powercor]], which provides power to the outer western suburbs, as well as all of western [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] (Citipower and Powercor are owned by the same entity).<ref name="spark"/>
*[[Jemena]], which provides power to the northern and inner western suburbs.<ref name="alinta">{{cite web |title=Alinta |url=http://www.alinta.net.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718190552/http://alinta.net.au/ |archive-date=18 July 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008}}</ref>
*[[Alinta|United Energy]], which provides power to the inner eastern and southeastern suburbs, and the [[Mornington Peninsula]].<ref name="alinta"/>
*[[AusNet Services]], which provides power to the outer eastern suburbs and all of the north and east of Victoria.<ref name=smh05172013/>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Victoria|Australia|Cities}}}}
* {{annotated link|Environmental issues in Melbourne}}
* {{annotated link|Naval Base Melbourne}}
* {{annotated link|Regions of Victoria}}

===Lists===
* {{annotated link|List of Melbourne suburbs}}
* {{annotated link|List of museums in Melbourne}}
* [[List of people from Melbourne]]
* [[List of songs about Melbourne]]
* {{annotated link|Local government in Victoria}}
* {{annotated link|Outline of Melbourne}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Agnes Paton |title=Melbourne: John Batman's Village |publisher=Cassell Australia |location=Melbourne, Vic |year=1965 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Boldrewood |first=Rolf |title=Old Melbourne Memories |url=https://archive.org/details/oldmelbournememo00bold |publisher=Macmillan and Co |year=1896 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Borthwick |first1=John Stephen |last2=McGonigal |first2=David |title=Insight Guide: Melbourne |publisher=Prentice Hall Travel |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-13-467713-2 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Briggs |first=John Joseph |title=The History of Melbourne, in the County of Derby: Including Biographical Notices of the Coke, Melbourne, and Hardinge Families |publisher=Bemrose & Son |year=1852 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brown-May |first1=Andrew |last2=Swain |first2=Shurlee |title=The Encyclopedia of Melbourne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Melbourne, Vic |isbn=978-0521842341 |year=2005 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Brian |title=Melbourne: An Illustrated History |publisher=Lansdowne |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-7018-0195-3 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Cecil |first=David |title=Melbourne |publisher=Bobbs-Merrill |year=1954 |series=Grosset's universal library |lccn=54009486 |url=https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Melbourne.html?id=4_pHAAAAMAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Cervero |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Cervero |title=The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry |year=1998 |publisher=Island Press |location=Washington |isbn=9781559635912 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Jock |last2=Mondello |first2=Letizia |last3=Breheney |first3=John |last4=Childs |first4=Tim |title=Cosmopolitan Melbourne. Explore the world in one city |publisher=Big Box Publishing |location=Rhodes, New South Wales |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-9579624-0-8 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Coote |first=Maree |title=The Melbourne Book: A History of Now |publisher=Melbournestyle Books |year=2003 |edition=2009 |isbn=978-0-9757047-4-5 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |editor=Jim Davidson |title=The Sydney-Melbourne Book |publisher=Allen and Unwin |location=North Sydney, New South Wales |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-86861-819-7 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Miles Bannatyne |last2=Goad |first2=Philip |last3=Mayne |first3=Alan |title=Melbourne: The City's History and Development |publisher=City of Melbourne |year=1994 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-949624-71-0 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=McClymont |first1=David |last2=Armstrong |first2=Mark |title=Lonely Planet Melbourne |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-86450-124-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pwGAAAACAAJ&q=Melbourne |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Newnham |first=William Henry |title=Melbourne: The Biography of a City |publisher=F. W. Cheshire |year=1956 |isbn=9780855721442 |lccn=57032585 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHsrAAAAIAAJ |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=O'Hanlon |editor1-first=Seamus |editor2-last=Luckins |editor2-first=Tanja |title=Go! Melbourne. Melbourne in the Sixties |publisher=Melbourne Publishing Group |location=Beaconsfield, Victoria |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-9757802-0-6 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Priestley |first=Susan |title=South Melbourne: A History |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-522-84664-5 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Tout-Smith |editor-first=Deborah |title=Melbourne: A city of stories |publisher=Museum Victoria |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9803813-7-5 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Melbourne|d=yes|Melbourne}}

'''Travel'''
* {{official website|https://www.visitmelbourne.com/}} of Tourism Victoria
* [https://www.australia.com/en/places/melbourne-and-surrounds/guide-to-melbourne.html Guide to Melbourne] from Tourism Australia

'''General information'''
* [https://liveinmelbourne.vic.gov.au/discover/melbourne-victoria/about-melbourne About Melbourne] from the Victorian Government site
* [https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-melbourne/Pages/about-melbourne.aspx About Melbourne] from the city centre local government site
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Melbourne Melbourne] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
* [https://www.emelbourne.net.au/browse_a.htm ''eMelbourne'', A comprehensive encyclopedia About the city, its history and surroundings.]
* {{OSM relation|4246124}}

{{Melbourne}}
{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Cities of Victoria}}
{{Victoria}}
{{Local Government Areas of Victoria}}
{{Capital cities of Australia}}
{{Cities of Australia}}
{{Melbourne City Centre landmarks}}
{{Melbourne public transport}}
{{Melbourne Skyscrapers}}
{{Melbourne Sports Teams}}
{{Theatres in the Melbourne City Centre}}
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
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[[Category:1835 establishments in Australia]]
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[[Category:Coastal cities in Australia]]
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[[Category:Port cities and towns in Victoria (state)]]
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[[Category:Tech hubs]]

Asianet Suvarna News

2026-03-21T06:33:59Z

Indian constitution: Creating the entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language television news channel}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Star Suvarna]], a general entertainment channel owned by Disney Star}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Asianet Suvarna News
| logo = Asianet Suvarna News logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=y|2008|03|31}}
| picture_format =
| network = [[Asianet News Network]]
| owner = Jupiter Capital Private Limited
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| Current Editor =
| area = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| former_names =
| sister_channels = [[Asianet News]] Daily Post News
| website = {{URL|https://www.kannada.asianetnews.com/}}
| online_serv_1 = [[YouTube]]
| online_chan_1 = (World wide)
}}

'''Asianet Suvarna News''' is a [[Kannada]] news channel owned by [[Asianet News Network]], a news media subsidiary of Asianxt Digital Technologies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=29 May 2018|title=How Rajeev Chandrasekhar influenced the editorial policies at Suvarna News and Kannada Prabha|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/rajeev-chandrasekhar-editorial-policies-suvarna-news-kannada-prabha|access-date=2020-04-28|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en}}</ref> The majority shareholder of the company is [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]], who is a [[Rajya Sabha]] member from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/jupiter-capital/|title=Jupiter Capital|website=Media Ownership Monitor|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> It launched on 31 March 2008, the channel was the third news channel to be aired in the [[Kannada]] language.<ref name=":1" /> The channel has telecast fabricated news and social media [[hoax]]es on various occasions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Notice against Kannada news channel for running fake news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/notice-against-kannada-news-channel-for-running-fake-news-826215.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-09 |title=No, RBI is not going to discontinue Rs 2000 currency notes; false message viral |url=https://www.altnews.in/no-rbi-is-not-going-to-discontinue-rs-2000-currency-notes-false-message-viral/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-14 |title=Media misreport RTO inspector involved in Bengaluru accident as 'drunk' |url=https://www.altnews.in/media-misreport-rto-inspector-involved-in-bengaluru-accident-as-drunk/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=How an advocacy group is pushing back on Kannada media's misreporting, bigotry |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/03/21/how-an-advocacy-group-is-pushing-back-on-kannada-medias-misreporting-bigotry |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Newslaundry|date=21 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=I braved 'Bharat Bodh' and lived to tell the tale |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/16/i-survived-bharat-bodh-and-lived-to-tell-the-tale |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Newslaundry|date=16 February 2020 }}</ref>

== History ==
Asianet suvarna news (formerly Suvarna News) was launched as a 24x7 [[Kannada]] news channel on 31 March 2008<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/suvarna-to-launch-24-hour-news-channel/557679|title=Suvarna to launch 24-hour news channel|date=28 March 2008|website=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> by [[Asianet Communications Limited]], the media enterprise of Jupiter Capital Private Limited. With the launch, Asianet Suvarna News became the third News channel in Kannada.

Suvarna News had existed as a [[news bulletin]] on [[Star Suvarna|Suvarna TV]] before the launch of its own channel in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/suvarna-news-is-now-a-24-hour-kannada-news-channel-30356.html|title=Suvarna News is now a 24-hour Kannada news channel - Exchange4media|date=29 March 2008|website=exchange4media|language=en|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In November 2008, [[Star India]] acquired Asianet Communications excluding its news media operations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2014|title=STAR India acquires 100% Stake In Asianet Communications|url=https://www.medianama.com/2014/03/223-star-india-asianet/|access-date=18 October 2019|publisher=Medianama}}</ref> As a result, Suvarna News was placed under the [[Asianet News Network]] which continued to be owned by Jupiter Capital.<ref name=":0" /> Suvarna News was rebranded as '''Asianet Suvarna News''' on 1 December 2020.

== Controversies ==
The channel has a history of frequent changes in its editorial leadership. According to Shashidhar Bhat, the first and former editor of the channel, [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] maintains editorial control through the corporate management of the company.<ref name=":0" />

According to some reports, personnel from Suvarna News had also provided technical assistance for setting up [[NaMo TV]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] party channel, before and after the [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref name=":0" />

The National Broadcasting Standards Authority (NBSA) finned Suvarna News was Rs 50,000 for their biased coverage of the Tablighi Jamaat congregation of March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NBSA reprimands three TV channels over Tablighi Jamaat reports|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nbsa-reprimands-three-tv-channels-over-tablighi-jamaat-reports/article34843558.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Times Now, two other rebuked over Tablighi Jamaat coverage|work=siasat|url=https://www.siasat.com/times-now-two-other-news-channels-rebuked-over-tablighi-jamaat-coverage-2152386/}}</ref>

The Human rights organization, [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL) reported that Suvarna News along with other media channels, aided [[Right-wing politics|right wing]] [[Hindutva]] activists with coverage, during the [[2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka|attacks by right-wingers against the Karnataka's Christian community in 2021]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Complicity of Police; Forced Conversion a Myth': PUCL on Attacks on Christians in Karnataka|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/complicity-of-police-forced-conversion-a-myth-pucl-on-attacks-on-christians-in-karnataka|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Cops, media worked with Hindutva groups in attacks on Christians, says report|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cops-media-worked-hindutva-groups-attack-christians-say-rights-group-158779|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Kannada-language television channels]]
*[[Television in India]]
*[[Media in Karnataka]]
*[[Media of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kannada.asianetnews.com Official Website]

{{Kannada TV Channels}}
{{Television news in India}}

[[Category:Kannada-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2008]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]

{{Asia-tv-station-stub}}

Kothi State

2026-03-21T06:07:08Z

Indian constitution:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name =Kothi State
|common_name =Kothi
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|capital = [[Kothi, Satna|Kothi]]
|era =
|year_start = 17th century
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1950
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Political integration of India|Accession to India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Kothi-Bhaisunda map.jpg
|image_map_caption =Kothi State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 = 438
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 19,112
|today = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Kothi State''' (or '''Koti State''') was a [[princely state]] of the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Keonthal |volume=15 |page=749}}</ref> It belonged to the [[Bagelkhand Agency]] of [[Central India Agency|Central India]]. Its capital was at [[Kothi, Satna|Kothi]], in modern [[Satna district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

It was a relatively small [[Sanad (deed)|Sanad]].

==History==
Maharaja Vyaghradev Solanki, a scion of Anhilwara Patan in Gujrat, fl. 1234 A.D. (631 H.E.), he laid foundation of Baghelkhand (House of Baghel); married Maharani Singhumati, daughter of Makund Dev Chandravat, and had issue, five sons.

-Maharaja Karan Dev, succeeded to Rewah.

-Kirti Dev

-Surya Dev

-Shyam Dev

-Rao Kandhar Dev, ancestor of the Bara Rajas or the Raos of Kasauta.

Rao Kandhar Dev who was the 5th son of Maharaja Vyaghradev of Rewah, born 663 Samvat, in 683 Samvat his elder brother conferred on him the title of Rao (and later on the title of 'Maharao') with Illaka Pardhwan, which yielded an income of Rs. 12 Lac per annum, from that time the family is known as the Kasauta Rao family who ruled the area of Shankergarh, which comes under Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh and in the mid of 17th century one of their descendant Jagat Rai Singh Baghel migrated towards present day Satna and established the Kothi Princely State, presently which comes under Satna district of Madhya Pradesh.

The Rao Sahibs of Churhat (the royal family of Churhat, Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh) were also descendants of the Kasauta Rao family of Shankergarh (Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh).

Thakur Ranmat Singh Baghel (from Mankhari village, Satna) and his uncle, Thakur Shyam Shah Baghel, were both prominent leaders of the 1857 revolt in Baghelkhand, and they were also descendants of the Kothi royal family (Kothi Princely State).

Kothi State was founded in the mid of 17th century by a Baghel Rajput ruler who expelled the former [[Bhar]]r ruler of the area.<ref name="IGI2"/>

Towards the beginning of the nineteenth century, and in much the same manner as neighbouring Sohawal, Kothi became a [[British protectorate]] initially subordinate to Panna State. However, a separate ''sanad'' was granted to ''Rais'' Lal Duniyapati Singh in 1810.<ref name="IGI2">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_008.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 2.]</ref>

The last ruler of Kothi signed the [[instrument of accession]] to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 1 January 1950.{{cn|date=January 2017}}

===Rulers===
Rulers adopted the title ''[[Raja]] [[Bahadur (title)|Bahadur]]''.{{cn|date=January 2017}}

====Title ''Rais''====
*1650 – .... Lal Jagat Rai Singh Baghel
*180. – .... Lal Duniyapati Singh
*.... – 1862 Lal Abdhut Singh
*1862 – 5 June 1887 Ran Bahadur Singh

====Title ''Raja Bahadur''====
*1887 – 1895 Bhagwat Bahadur Singh
*1895 – 8 August 1914 Avadhendra Singh
*1914 – 1934 Sitaram Pratap Bahadur Singh
*1934 – 1948 Kaushalendra Pratap Singh
*1948 - 1970 Govind pratap singh Ju Deo
*1970 - 2017 Ghanshyam Singh Ju Deo
*2017 - Harshvardhan Singh Ju Deo

==See also==
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Vindhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|24|46|N|80|46|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
{{MP Princely States}}
[[Category:Satna district]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]

Hazrat Nizamuddin–Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express

2026-03-19T11:03:39Z

Indian constitution:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Overly detailed|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = B22222
| name = Hazrat Nizamuddin-Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express
| logo =
| color2 =
| image = 12431 Trivendrum Rajdhani name plate.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Train board of the Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express.
| type = [[Rajdhani Express]]
| locale = [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] and [[Delhi]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1993|07|03}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} (TVC)
| stops = 21
| end = {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} (NZM)
| distance = {{convert|2848.2|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 41 hrs 30 mins (45 hrs 00 mins in Monsoon)
| frequency = Tri-weekly
| class = {{unbulleted list|AC 1st Class|AC 2 Tier|AC 3 Tier}}
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = [[Pantry car]] On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Luggage Cum Braker van / Generator Car
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| el = 100%
| trainnumber = 12431 / 12432
| speed = {{convert|69|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts ({{convert|63.5|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in Monsoon)
| sharing = *[[Chennai Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Secunderabad Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Madgaon Rajdhani Express]]
| map = {{Trivandrum Rajdhani Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}
The 12431 / 12432 '''Hazrat Nizamuddin–Thiruvananthapuram ''Rajdhani Express''''' is a [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani Express train]] service in India, connecting {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} in the country capital [[New Delhi]] to {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}}, the capital of [[Kerala]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=12431 Rajdhani Exp - Trivandrum Cntl to H Nizamuddin : Train Number, Running Status, Time Table|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/rajdhani-exp-12431-train|access-date=2021-07-01|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> It is the Rajdhani Express with the longest route, covering {{convert|2848.2|km|0|abbr=on}} in about 41 hours 30 mins running at {{convert|69|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed.<ref>Information </ref> In the Monsoon Season every year from 1st June to 31st October, this train follows a '''Monsoon Timetable''' aimed to ensure passenger safety & less operational problem due to landslides which are very common & quite frequent in occurrence in [[Konkan Railway]] route.
In Monsoon season the train takes 45 hrs 30 mins as 12431 Rajdhani Express covering {{convert|2848.2|km|0|abbr=on}} running at {{convert|63|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed and takes 44 hrs 30 mins as 12432 Rajdhani Express covering {{convert|2848.2|km|0|abbr=on}} running at {{convert|64|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed

The train number is 12431/12432 which runs only on Tuesday, Thursday & Friday from Thiruvananthapuram Central to Hazrat Nizamuddin also it reverse runs in Sunday, Tuesday & Wednesday from Hazrat Nizamuddin to Thiruvananthapuram Central. It connects the states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]] & [[New Delhi]].<ref>Runs & States</ref>

==History==
At the time of its introduction it was travelling from [[Kerala]] to [[New Delhi]] via [[Ernakulam]], [[Erode]], [[Chennai]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Nagpur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Jhansi]] & [[Agra]] having a longer time table. Timings were Nizamuddin 09.30 am, Agra 11.44 am, Jhansi 14.25 pm, Bhopal 18.05 pm, Nagpur 23.40 pm, Vijayawada 09.25 am, Chennai (Madras) arrival 15.25 pm & departure 15.55 pm, Katpadi passing 17.39 pm, Erode 21.24 pm, Ernakulam (Kochi) 02.25 am, Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) 06.10 am. In return timings were Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) 18.35 pm, Ernakulam (Kochi) 22.25 pm, Erode 03.31 am, Chennai (Madras) arrival 08.45 am & departure 09.10 am, Vijayawada 15.20 pm, Nagpur 01.05 pm, Bhopal 06.40 am, Jhansi 10.20 am, Agra 12.59 am, Nizamuddin 15.15 pm. It used to cover {{convert|3,091.2|km|0|abbr=on}} in 44 hrs 40 mins running at {{convert|69|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed. Until 1998, there were only three [[Rajdhani Express]] from Delhi to [[South India]]. Trivandrum Rajdhani Express was a weekly train back then having rake sharing agreement with weekly [[Bangalore Rajdhani Express]]. But after 1 April 1998, following opening of [[Konkan Railway]] it got permanently re-routed via [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Vadodara]], [[Vasai]], [[Panvel]], [[Ratnagiri]], [[Madgaon]], [[Karwar]], [[Udupi]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kannur]], [[Kozhikode]], {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}, [[Thrissur]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Alappuzha]] & [[Kollam]] route. The timings after permanent diversion in [[Konkan Railway]] were Nizamuddin 09.45 am; Kota 14.55 pm; Vadodara 21.41 pm; Vasai Road 01.16 am; Panvel 02.35 am; Ratnagiri 07.15 am; Madgaon 10.35 am; Karwar 11.38 am; Udupi 14.20 pm, Mangalore 15.45 pm, Shoranur 21.20 pm; Ernakulam 23.30 pm; Alappuzha 00.30 am; Kollam 02.00 am, Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) 03.15 am. Return timings were Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) 18.35 pm; Kollam 19.43 pm; Alappuzha 21.12 pm; Ernakulam 22.15 pm; Shoranur 00.15 am; Mangalore 05.45 am; Udupi 06.59 am; Karwar 09.45 am; Madgaon 10.55 am; Ratnagiri 14.10 pm; Panvel 18.50 pm; Vasai Road 20.10 pm; Vadodara 00.55 am; Kota 07.05 am; Nizamuddin 12.05 pm; Later owing to bad timings, in 1999 timings were changed to Nizamuddin 11.15 am; Kota 16.25 pm; Vadodara 22.58 pm; Vasai Road 03.33 am; Panvel 04.53 am; Ratnagiri 09.35 am; Madgaon 12.53 am; Karwar 13.55 am; Udupi 16.38 pm, Mangalore 18.03 pm, Shoranur 23.03 pm; Ernakulam 01.13 pm; Alappuzha 02.13 am; Kollam 03.40 am, Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) 04.45 am. Return timings were made Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) 19.20 pm; Ernakulam 23.00 pm; Mangalore 06.20 am; Madgaon 11.30 am; Panvel 19.25 pm; Vadodara 01.25 am; Kota 07.50 am; Nizamuddin 12.50 pm.

[[File:Trivandrm Rajadhani.jpg|thumb|Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express standing at Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station.]]
In initial days the train had very few stops. Until 1999 it was the one-stop Rajdhani between [[Panvel railway station|Panvel]] and [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] stopping at [[Vadodara]] only. Thereafter stop of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] was introduced in this section. Despite this the train runs non-stop between {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}} section {{convert|528.3|km|0|abbr=on}}, which is the longest non-stop run in the country. But from 2022 it was provided stoppage at {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}, this making it to loose the name longest non-stop train.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 facts we bet you didn't know about Indian Railways - Know your railways |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/10-facts-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-indian-railways/non-stop/slideshow/57018087.cms |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
[[File:Trivandrum train (4837936250).jpg|thumb|Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani in its ICF avatar]]
[[File:Bangalore Rajdhani Express.jpg|thumb|Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express in its iconic Kerala Tourism vinyl wrappings. ]]
It has a record for the highest section speed, reaching {{convert|104|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} between Ratnagiri and Sawantwadi Road ({{convert|225|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}} in 2 h 10 min). It also gets a top speed of {{convert|130|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} between [[Nagda]] and Hazrat Nizamuddin (267 km). It moves at an average speed of {{convert|69|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} between Nizamuddin and Thiruvananthapuram. In the Monsoon Season every year from 1st June to 31st October, all the trains in [[Konkan Railway]] route follows a '''Monsoon Timetable''' to ensure passenger safety & less operational problem due to landslides which are very common & quite frequent in occurrence.

Till the introduction of [[Madgaon Rajdhani Express]] in 2015, this was the sole [[Rajdhani Express]] that traversed through [[Konkan Railway]].

==Coach composition==
before [[LHB coach]] upgrade this train used to run in [[ICF coach]] avatar and now LHB coach was given to The Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani generally has Two AC 1st Class, 3 AC 2 tier, 12 AC 3 tier coaches, 1 pantry car, and 2 luggage cum generator coaches making a total of 23 [[LHB coach]]. Back in 1995, the train had 11 coaches only.

It shares its rakes with [[Chennai Rajdhani Express]], [[Secunderabad Rajdhani Express]] and [[Madgaon Rajdhani Express]]. Earlier, it also shared its rake with the [[Bangalore Rajdhani Express]].

==Coach position==

This coach positioning is for 12431 at [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station |Thiruvananthapuram Central]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:orange;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:darkgreen;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:darkgreen;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:darkgreen;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:darkgreen;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:darkgreen;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:orange;"| 22
|-
|WAP 7||EOG||H2||H1||A5||A4||A3||A2||A1||PC||B12||B11||B10||B9||B8||B7||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||EOG
|}

Rake sharing with
*12433/34 [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]<-->[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] Chennai Rajdhani Express
*12437/38 [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Junction]]<-->[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] Secunerabad Rajdhani Express
*22413/14 [[Madgaon Junction railway station|Madgaon Junction]]<-->[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] Madgaon Rajdhani Express

==Route==
=== Route and halts ===
'''Kerala'''
# [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
# [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]]
# [[Alappuzha railway station|Alappuzha]]
# [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]]
# [[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]]
# [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur Junction]]
# [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]]
# [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]]
# [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]]
'''Karnataka'''
# [[Mangaluru Junction railway station|Mangaluru Junction]]
# [[Udupi railway station|Udupi]]
# [[Karwar railway station|Karwar]]
'''Goa'''
# [[Madgaon Junction railway station|Madgaon Junction]]
'''Maharashtra'''
# [[Ratnagiri railway station|Ratnagiri]]
# [[Panvel railway station|Panvel]]
# [[Vasai Road railway station|Vasai Road]]
'''Gujarat'''
# [[Surat railway station|Surat]]
# [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Junction]]
'''Madhya Pradesh'''
# [[Ratlam Junction railway station|Ratlam Junction]]
'''Rajasthan'''
# [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Junction]]
'''Delhi'''
# [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]

== Abstract 12431/12432 Normal Time Table ==

Up Direction:-
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| TVC || '''Thiruvananthapuram Central''' || || 19.15
|-
| QLN || Kollam Junction || 20.16 || 20.19
|-
| ERS || Ernakulam Junction || 22.45 || 22.55
|-
| SRR || Shoranur Junction || 00:55 || 01.00
|-
| MAJN || Mangaluru Junction || 05.55 || 06.05
|-
| MAO || Madgaon Junction || 11.00 || 11.10
|-
| PNVL || Panvel Junction || 19.00 || 19.05
|-
| BSR || Vasai Road || 20.15 || 20.20
|-
| ST || Surat || 23.20 || 23.24
|-
| BRC || Vadodara Junction || 00.50 || 01.00
|-
| RTM || Ratlam Junction || 04.00 || 04.03
|-
| KOTA || Kota Junction || 07.18 || 07.28
|-
| NZM || '''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' || 12:45 ||
|}

Down direction:-
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| NZM || '''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' || || 06:15
|-
| KOTA || Kota Junction || 11.05 || 11.15
|-
| RTM || Ratlam Junction || 14.14 || 14.17
|-
| BRC || Vadodara Junction || 17.30 || 17.40
|-
| ST || Surat || 19.06 || 19.10
|-
| BSR || Vasai Road || 22.10 || 22.15
|-
| PNVL || Panvel Junction || 23.30 || 23.35
|-
| MAO || Madgaon Junction || 07.25 || 07.35
|-
| MAJN || Mangaluru Junction || 12.35 || 12.45
|-
| SRR || Shoranur Junction || 17:40 || 17.45
|-
| ERS || Ernakulam Junction || 19.45 || 19.55
|-
| QLN || Kollam Junction || 22.24 || 22.27
|-
| TVC || '''Thiruvananthapuram Central''' || 23.45 ||
|-
|}

== Abstract 12431/12432 Monsoon Timetable==

Up Direction:-
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| TVC || '''Thiruvananthapuram Central''' || || 14.45
|-
| QLN || Kollam Junction || 15.54 || 15.57
|-
| ERS || Ernakulam Junction || 18.25 || 18.35
|-
| SRR || Shoranur Junction || 20:35 || 20.40
|-
| MAJN || Mangaluru Junction || 01.35 || 01.45
|-
| MAO || Madgaon Junction || 07.00 || 07.10
|-
| PNVL || Panvel Junction || 16.55 || 17.00
|-
| BSR || Vasai Road || 18.15 ||18.20
|-
| ST || Surat || 21.53 ||22.02
|-
| BRC || Vadodara Junction || 23.30 || 23.40
|-
| RTM || Ratlam Junction || 03.00|| 03.03
|-
| KOTA || Kota Junction || 06.50 || 07.00
|-
| NZM || '''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' || 12:15 ||
|}

Down direction:-
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| NZM || '''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' || || 06:15
|-
| KOTA || Kota Junction || 11.10 || 11.20
|-
| RTM || Ratlam Junction || 14.41 || 14.44
|-
| BRC || Vadodara Junction || 17.56 || 18.06
|-
| ST || Surat || 19.34 || 19.42
|-
| BSR || Vasai Road || 23.15 || 23.20
|-
| PNVL || Panvel Junction || 00.35 || 00.40
|-
| MAO || Madgaon Junction || 10.10 || 10.20
|-
| MAJN || Mangaluru Junction || 15.35|| 15.45
|-
| SRR || Shoranur Junction || 20:45 || 20.50
|-
| ERS || Ernakulam Junction || 22.50 || 23.00
|-
| QLN || Kollam Junction || 01.28 || 01.31
|-
| TVC || '''Thiruvananthapuram Central''' || 02.45 ||
|-
|}

== Traction ==
[[File:Trivandrum rajdhani.jpg|thumb|Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express, hauled by the iconic WDP-3A (Toaster) locomotive, prior to the route electrification]]
Prior to electrification of [[Konkan Railway zone|Konkan railways]], this train was hauled by [[Indian locomotive class WDP-3A|WDP3A]]/[[WDP4D]] from [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] to [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Junction]] and then by [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] of [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara shed]] till [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]. With the electrification of [[Konkan Railway zone|Konkan railways]], the train is end-to-end hauled by [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] and [[WAP-5]] of Ghaziabad/Tuglakabad/Vadodara shed.

==Incidents==
On 18 October 2018, two coaches of TVC Rajdhani derailed at a staffed level crossing at Thandla Road railway station near Ratlam when a truck rammed into the train. There were no injuries to train passengers but the truck driver was killed due to the collision. The train continued its journey after a delay of 7 hours towards New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Oct 19, 2018|title=Truck rams Rajdhani, two coaches derailed {{!}} Indore News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/truck-rams-rajdhani-two-coaches-derailed/articleshow/66280174.cms|access-date=2021-07-01|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rajdhani Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Rajdhani Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiruvananthapuram Central-Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajdhani Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1988]]

Gayatri (actress)

2026-03-16T21:16:27Z

Indian constitution: quick update

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gayatri Nag
| image =
| image_size = https://www.google.com/search?q=actress+gayathri+ananth+nag&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwilx7fu38WBAxWQ5TgGHXe_AP0Q2-cCegQIABAD&oq=actress+gayatri+anan&gs_lcp=ChJtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1pbWcQARgAMgkIABANEBMQgAQyBQgAEKIEMgUIABCiBDIFCAAQogQ6BAgjECdQ4whYyRxgmShoAXAAeACAAbMBiAGCB5IBAzAuN5gBAKABAcABAQ&sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-img&ei=LXsRZeX8KZDL4-EP9_6C6A8&bih=708&biw=360&client=ms-android-realme-terr1-rso2&prmd=ivn#imgrc=xhKyOiEBOeBtyM&vwlns=WyIwQ0JFUWhiRUphaGNLRXdpWTJNcjYzOFdCQXhVQUFBQUFIUUFBQUFBUUF3Il0=&lns=W251bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsIkVrY0tKRFF3TURkaU5tWXdMV1kzWXpNdE5HWmlOaTA1WXpZeUxUVmlPRGxqT0RreE1UTTJZaElmYXpORmFIY3lSMFU1TmtsU2MwWldkMUYzZG5veE4wZHRNSEZZUlhKQ1p3PT0iLG51bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsbnVsbCxbbnVsbCxbbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsWzQ0MjQ5LDEzNzM1LDgzODU1LDM2ODA2XV1dXQ==
| caption = Gayatri with her husband and daughter
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| death_date =
| years_active =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anant Nag]]|1987}}
| occupation = Actress
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Shankar Nag]] (Brother-in-law);
[[Arundhati Nag]] (co-sister)
}}

'''Gayatri ''' (born 23 April 1960) is a former Indian actress from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] who is known for heroine roles in [[Kannada]] movies like ''[[Auto Raja (1980 film)|Auto Raja]]'' (1980), ''[[Vasantha Geetha]]'' (1980), ''[[List of Kannada films of 1984|Sukha Samsarakke Hanneradu Sutragalu]]'' (1984), ''[[Jwaalamukhi]]'' (1985) and ''Shwetha Gulabi'' (1985). She is married to actor [[Anant Nag]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/About-real-life-and-reel-lives/articleshow/6765949.cms|title=About real life and reel lives | Bengaluru News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/233424/versatile-veteran.html|title=Versatile veteran|date=10 March 2012|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-better-to-be-in-cinema-than-in-politics/article2522310.ece|title='It's better to be in cinema than in politics'|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu |date=9 October 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gayatri married popular Kannada actor [[Ananth Nag|Anant Nag]] on 9 April 1987. They have a daughter, Aditi.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|1972
|''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]''
|Munni
|[[Hindi]]
|Child actor
|-
|1976
|''[[Tapasya (1976 film)|Tapasya]]''
|Chanda
|Hindi
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Mera Rakshak]]''
|Radha Rai
|Hindi
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Safed Haathi]]''
|Rani
|Hindi
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Atithee]]''
|Rajni
|Hindi
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Sunayana (film)|Sunayana]]''
|Sushma
|Hindi
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Thodisi Bewafaii]]''
|Veena
|Hindi
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Auto Raja (1980 film)|Auto Raja]]''
|Rani/ Bhavani
|Kannada
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Vasantha Geetha]]''
|Geetha
|Kannada
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Aarada Gaaya]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Rusthum Jodi]]''
|Usha
|Kannada
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Mogudu Kaavali]]''
|Krishnaveni
|Telugu
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Pelli Gola 1980|Pelli Gola]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Kula Puthra]]''
|Radha
|Kannada
|
|-
|1981
|''Hanabalavo Janabalavo''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Auto Raja (1982 film)|Auto Raja]]''
|Rani / Bhavani
|Tamil
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Indina Ramayana]]''
|
|Kannada
|Cameo
|-
|1984
|''[[Makkaliralavva Mane Thumba]]''
|
|Kannada
|Cameo
|-
|1984
|''[[Sukha Samsarakke Hanneradu Suthragalu]]''
|Jayalakshmi
|Kannada
|
|-
|1985
|''[[List of Kannada films of 1984|Olave Baduku]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1985
|''[[List of Kannada films of 1985|Khiladi Aliya]]''
|Sudha
|Kannada
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Maanava Daanava]]''
|Deepa
|Kannada
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Maha Purusha]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Hendti Beku Hendti]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Shwetha Gulabi]]''
|Shwetha
|Kannada
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Jwaalamukhi]]''
|V. Tejaswini
|Kannada
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Ade Kannu]]''
|Kamala
|Kannada
|
|-
|1985
|''[[List of Kannada films of 1985|Vajra Mushti]]''
|Rajini
|Kannada
|
|-
|1986
|''[[List of Kannada films of 1986|Preethi]]''
|Preethi
|Kannada
|
|-
|1986
|''[[List of Kannada films of 1986|Rasthe Raja]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Sigappu Malargal]]''
|Gayatri
|Tamil
|
|-
|1987
|''[[List of Kannada films of 1987|Thayi]]''
|Savitri
|Kannada
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Agni Parva]]''
|Vasundhara
|Kannada
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela]]''
|Lalitha
|Telugu
|
|-
|1989
|''[[List of Kannada films of 1989|Abhimana]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Ramarajyadalli Rakshasaru]]''
|Annapoorna
|Kannada
|
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
*[[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|6565190}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

{{India-film-actor-1960s-stub}}

Kambarmedu, Mayiladuthurai

2026-03-13T07:36:27Z

Indian constitution: Made entry

{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Kambarmedu, Mayiladuthurai
| alternate_name =
| image = MarinaBeach Kambar statue (close-up) 2Feb2013.jpg
| caption = Kambar statue at [[Marina Beach]], [[Chennai]]
| alt =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_alt =
| map_size = 270
| relief = y
| coordinates = {{coord|11.0507684|N|79.5811199|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Therizhandur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| region = [[Mayiladuthurai district | Mayiladuthurai]]
| type = Settlement
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built = 12th century CE
| abandoned =
| epochs =
| cultures = Medieval period
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations = 1983 - 1984
| archaeologists = P. Narayana Babu
| ownership =
| management = [[Archaeological Survey of India]], [[Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department]]
| public_access = No
| website =
| notes =
}}'''Kambarmedu or Kambar Medu''' ({{IPA|ta|kambarmeːɖu|lang}}, [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{IAST|Kambarimēṭu}}), is an archaeological site associated with the settlement of the Tamil poet [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]]. Excavations at the site were carried out by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) and the [[Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://nmma.nic.in/nmma/NAS1/nmma_doc/IAR/Indian%20Archaeology%201983-84%20A%20Review.pdf |title=Indian Archaeology 1983-84 – A Review |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India |year=1986 |editor=M. S. Nagaraja Rao |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref> The site is located near [[Therizhandur]] village in the present-day [[Mayiladuthurai district]] (formerly part of [[Thanjavur district]]).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu Governor inaugurates Kamba Ramayanam festival at Kambarmedu Archaeological site |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2116846 |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

== Location ==
Kambarmedu is located in Therizhandur village, about 15 km from the district headquarters of [[Mayiladuthurai]] and around 27 km from [[Kumbakonam]]. The site is accessible by road, with [[Kuthalam]] railway station located approximately 7 km away. The nearest major urban centre is Mayiladuthurai. The archaeological site is currently under the control of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).<ref name=":0" />

== Etymology ==
[[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] was a medieval Tamil poet who lived during the [[Chola dynasty|Chola period]], generally dated to the 12th century CE. He is credited with composing the ''[[Kamba Ramayanam]]'', a Tamil rendition of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', which he is believed to have presented to scholars at [[Srirangam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kampan {{!}} Tamil Poet, Epic Writer, Bhakti Movement {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kampan |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The Kamba Ramayanam is widely regarded in Tamil literature for its poetic structure and narrative style, and several scholars have noted its lyrical qualities and emotional depth.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Kambar also authored other literary works in Tamil, such as ''Tirukkai Valakkam'', ''Erelupatu'', [[Silaiyezhupathu|''Silai Elupatu'']], ''Kangai Puranam'', ''Sadagopar Antati'' and ''Saraswati Antati''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

The name Kambarmedu ({{Literal translation|Kambar mound}}) is traditionally associated with the Tamil poet Kambar. According to local oral tradition, Kambar had the practice of breaking and discarding the [[Pottery|clay vessels]] used for [[cooking]] each day, and the accumulation of these fragments eventually formed a [[mound]], which came to be referred to as ''“Kambar Medu”''. This explanation remains part of local folklore and is not supported by archaeological evidence.<ref name=":0" />

== Background and status of study ==
Excavations at Kambarmedu, Therizhandur village, were conducted by the Southern Circle of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1983–84. The investigations revealed that the site was primarily occupied during the early [[Megalith|Megalithic]] period, with some evidence of '''l'''ate Neolithic elements, followed by late Megalithic and early medieval phases. Early medieval remains were disturbed but included traces of brick walls, pits, pottery (mainly dull red ware), terracotta objects, and various small antiquities such as beads, ornaments, bangles, coins, and figurines. The Megalithic levels yielded black-and-red ware, painted wares, handmade grey ware, and a Neolithic celt, while the late Megalithic phase produced thin-section black-and-red pottery, some with graffiti marks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities |url=https://nmma.nic.in/nmma/exploreMusObject.do?musname=GM-CHE&object=39 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=nmma.nic.in}}</ref> Despite local associations, the excavations did not provide any evidence directly linking the site to the Tamil poet Kambar at the time of the investigation. [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] is expected to conduct further investigations in the area to assess claims regarding the birthplace of Kambar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Antony |date=2024-01-19 |title=ASI mulls interpretation centre at Kambar Medu in TN's Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jan/19/asi-mulls-interpretation-centre-at-kambar-medu-in-tns-mayiladuthurai |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 April 2025, the Governor of Tamil Nadu, along with representatives from the ASI and the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], attended the [[Ramavataram|Kamba Ramayanam]] festival at Kambarmedu. The week-long celebrations were proposed to include events at the Kambarmedu archaeological site, with activities aimed at engaging school and college students. The program included cultural events and interactive sessions intended to promote awareness of the Kamba Ramayana tradition in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-03-30 |title=Kamban is creator and father of 'Bharatiya culture': T.N. Governor Ravi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/kamban-is-creator-and-father-of-bharatiya-culture-rn-ravi/article69393888.ece |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Parvez |date=2025-03-18 |title=Culture Ministry set to launch comprehensive initiative to preserve, promote 'Kamba Ramayana' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/18/culture-ministry-set-to-launch-comprehensive-initiative-to-preserve-promote-kamba-ramayana |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 06 Apr 2025, during the Kamba Ramayanam festival at Kambarmedu, foundation stone was laid for an open-air museum and augmented reality facility at the archological site.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-06 |title=Stone laid for museum at Kambarmedu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/stone-laid-for-museum-at-kambarmedu/articleshow/120043565.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Kambar 1.jpg|[[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]]
File:Kambar-Medu Sign Board.jpg|Sign board
File:Kambar-Medu (6).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (8).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (10).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (11).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (2).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (12).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (15).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (4).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (14).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (5).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (1).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (7).jpg|Settlement
File:Kambar-Medu (17).jpg|Settlement
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}{{Archaeological sites in India}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Kalpetta

2026-03-12T12:29:43Z

Indian constitution:

{{Short description|Town in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalpetta
| official_name =
| native_name = കൽപ്പറ്റ
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Corporations, municipalities and taluks of Kerala|City]]
| image_skyline = File:Civil Station complex at Kalpetta Dec 2013.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kalpetta Civil Station complex entrance in December, 2013
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.622550|N|76.081252|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Kalpatta Municipality
| leader_party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = P Viswanathan
| leader_title1 = Deputy Chairperson
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 50.74
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 780
| population_total = 31,580
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 4936
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673121 (Kalpetta Head PO), 673122 (Kalpetta North)
| registration_plate = KL-12
| website = {{URL|https://kalpettamunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kalpetta''' is a small city and Wayanad Grade 2 [[Corporations, Municipalities and Taluks of Kerala|municipality]] in the [[Wayanad district]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]]. Kalpetta is the headquarters of the [[Wayanad district]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kalpetta-22770.htm
|title=Kalpetta
|publisher=india9
|access-date=2006-10-14
}}</ref> as well as the headquarters of [[Vythiri taluk]].<ref>[[Taluks of Kerala]]</ref> It is surrounded by dense coffee and tea plantations and mountains. It lies on the [[Kozhikode]]-[[Mysore]] [[National highways of India|National Highway]] [[NH 766]] (formerly NH 212) at an altitude of about 780 m above sea level. Kalpetta is {{cvt|72|km}} from [[Kozhikode]] and {{cvt|140|km}} from [[Mysore]]. Kainatty is the administrative suburb of Kalpetta.

==History==
[[File:Heart shaped pond, Wayanad.JPG|thumb|Chambra peak]]

In Wayanad, the [[Indian independence movement]] started first at Kalpetta. The first political conference was held in 1921 under the leadership of Dharmaraja Iyer. [[K. P. Kesava Menon]] and [[A. K. Gopalan]] participated in this meeting. Formation of the committee of [[Indian National Congress]] also occurred around the same time. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Kalpetta on 1934 January 14.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kalpettamunicipality.in/ml/history
|title=Kalpetta History
|publisher=kalpettamunicipality
|access-date=2014-01-29
|archive-date=1 February 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215250/http://www.kalpettamunicipality.in/ml/history
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Kalpetta became the headquarters when [[Wayanad district]] was formed on 1 November 1980. Kalpetta was still a Village Panchayath when it became district headquarters and it attained [[Municipality]] status on 1 April 1990.

==Municipality Members==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Kalpetta Municipality Election Results 2025 (Ward-wise)
|-
! Ward No. !! Ward Name !! Councilor Name !! Party !! Alliance
|-
| 001 || Maniangode || Bindu || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 002 || Puliyarmala || Ranjith R. || BJP || NDA
|-
| 003 || Government High School || C.K. Nisha || INC || UDF
|-
| 004 || Nedungode || Shabana C. || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 005 || Emily || Chithra || OTH || Others
|-
| 006 || Kanyagurukulam || Muhammad Rafil || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 007 || Kainatty || Jithesh V.A. || BJP || NDA
|-
| 008 || Civil Station || A.V. Deepa || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 009 || Goodalai || M.P. Navas || OTH || Others
|-
| 010 || Chathothu Vayal || Shareefa Teacher || OTH || Others
|-
| 011 || Municipal Office || Geetha Teacher || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 012 || Emily Thadam || Sowmya S. || CPI || LDF
|-
| 013 || Ambilery || K.K. Kunhammad || IUML || UDF
|-
| 014 || Pallithazhe || Moideen || IUML || UDF
|-
| 015 || Gramathu Vayal || Haritha K. || OTH || Others
|-
| 016 || Puthiya Bus Stand || Gireesh Kalpetta || INC || UDF
|-
| 017 || Pulppara || Shamir Oduvil || IUML || UDF
|-
| 018 || Rattakolly || Rajarani || INC || UDF
|-
| 019 || Puthoorvayal || Bini A.R. || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 020 || Manjalamkolly || Varghese || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 021 || Madiyoorkuni || Reena Vasudevan || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 022 || Perumthatta || Muhammad (Bava) || INC || UDF
|-
| 023 || Vellaramkunnu || Ravi V.C. || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 024 || Adelaide || Rajna || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 025 || Onivayal || Sashidharan Master || OTH || Others
|-
| 026 || Turkey || Anisha K.A. || CPI || LDF
|-
| 027 || Kendriya Vidyalayam || Shakira || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 028 || Edaguni || P. Vishwanathan ||CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 029 || Munderi || T.G. Beena || CPI(M) || LDF
|-
| 030 || Maravayal || Sarojini || IUML || UDF
|}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=673065
|title=Kalpetta Census 2011 data
|publisher=censusindia
|access-date=2014-01-29
}}</ref> Kalpetta had a population of 31,580. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. In Kalpetta, 11% of the population is under the age of 6.[[File:SKMJ Higher Secondary School, Kalpatta.JPG|thumb|SKMJ School, Kalpetta]]
[[File:Jaina2.jpg|thumb|Jain Temple]]
[[File:Kalpetta Narayanan1.JPG|thumb|Writer [[:ml:കല്പറ്റ നാരായണൻ|Kalpetta Narayanan]]]]
[[File:Civil Station complex at Kalpetta Dec 2013.jpg|thumb|Civil Station]]

Kalpetta Town Has Around 45 % Hindus,41% Muslims And 14 % Christians

==Tourist sites==
{{main|Tourist attractions in Kalpetta}}
*[[Pookode Lake]]
*[[Anantnath Swami Temple]]
*[[Chembra Peak]]
*[[Soochipara Falls]]
*[[900 Kandi]]
*[[Banasura Sagar Dam]]

==Notable personalities==
* [[Kalpatta Narayanan]] - Indian Poet and Novelist
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] - Actor
* [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]] - Writer and politician
* [[Anu Sithara]] - Actress
* [[Sunny Wayne]] - Actor
* [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]] - Script writer and director

==Climate==
{{Weather box/concise_C
| location=Kalpetta, Kerala
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org">
"CLIMATE: KALPETTA",
Climate-Data.org. Web: [http://en.climate-data.org/location/24055/].</ref>
| 27.2|28.8|30.4|30.4|29.4|25.9|24.4|25.1|26.0|26.6|26.5|26.5
| 16.7|17.9|19.5|20.8|20.8|19.7|19.3|19.4|19.2|19.4|18.6|17.0
| 4|10|19|99|210|664|1229|637|275|239|92|24
}}

==See also==
* [[Padinjarathara]]
* [[Chundale]]
* [[Meppadi]]
* [[Muttil, Kalpetta]]
* [[Vythiri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kalpetta}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kalpetta}}

{{Wayanad}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Wayanad district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Kalpetta area]]

Lourembam Rameshwor Meetei

2026-03-07T14:37:40Z

Indian constitution:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician|office=Member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Lourembam Rameshwor Meetei''' (born 1980)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lourembam Rameshwor Meetei (Bharatiya Janata Party): Constituency- Keirao (Implhal East) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=27 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is a member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Keirao Assembly constituency]] in [[Imphal East district]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Keirao Manipur Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate Lourembam Rameshwor Meetei wins from Keirao |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/keirao-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-bjp-congress-sp-bsp-aap-manipur-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-1518558 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Meetei is from Kyamgei, Imphal East district, Manipur. He is the son of Lourembam Iboton Singh. He completed his BA in 2014 at Regional College, Lilong, which is affiliated to [[Manipur University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Meetei won from Keirao Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. He polled 17,335 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Md. Nasiruddin Khan of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]], by a margin of 8,209 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS146.htm?ac=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003091539/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS146.htm?ac=6 |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keirao, Manipur Assembly Election 2022 – Get Keirao constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election/keirao-1808963735 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219110227/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election/keirao-1808963735 |archive-date=2023-12-19 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Keirao, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Lourembam Rameshwor Meetei with 17335 defeats NPEP's Md. Nasiruddin Khan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/keirao-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923438-2022-03-09 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was first elected in the [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], also from the Keirao constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keirao Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Lourembam Rameshwor Meetei of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/keirao-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4857308.html |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Keirao Election Result 2022 LIVE: How to check Keirao Legislative Assembly election (Vidhan Sabha) winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/keirao-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-keirao-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12566562.htm |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meetei, Lourembam Rameshwor}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]

Rafuchakkar

2026-03-05T23:36:27Z

Indian constitution: adding the stub initial version

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Heist film|Heist]]|[[Comedy]]}}
| creator =
| inspired_by =
| based_on =
| writer = Arjun Singgh Baran Kartik Nishandar
| screenplay =
| director = Ritam Srivastav
| cinematography =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Maniesh Paul]]
* [[Priya Bapat]]
* [[Aksha Pardasany]]
* [[Sushant Singh]]
* [[Chahat Vig]]
* Lekha Prajapati
}}
| music = Dewal Parashar
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| executive_producer = Sunil Dolamani Panda Rahul Rawat
| producer = {{ubl|Arjun Singgh Baran|[[Jyoti Deshpande]]|Kartik Nishandar}}
| editor =
| company = {{Plainlist|
* GSEAMS
* Jio Studios
}}
| network = [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|06|15|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Rafuchakkar''''' is a 2023 Hindi-language [[Heist film|heist]] [[comedy]] [[TV series]] on [[JioCinema]]. It is written by Arjun Singgh Baran and Kartik Nishandar and directed by Ritam Srivastav.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rafuchakkar trailer out. Maniesh Paul as con artist dupes people of money and planes in this light-hearted dramedy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/maneish-paul-ott-debut-rafuchakkar-drops-trailer-on-june-7-2389998-2023-06-07|website=India Today |access-date=12 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Maniesh Paul]], [[Priya Bapat]], [[Aksha Pardasany]], [[Sushant Singh]], Lekha Prajapati and [[Chahat Vig]].<ref>{{cite news |title="Maniesh had reinvented himself": Director Ritam Srivastav on Maniesh Paul in 'Rafuchakkar'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/maniesh-had-reinvented-himself-director-ritam-srivastav-on-maniesh-paul-in-rafuchakkar/articleshow/100896346.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 June 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rafuchakkar actor Priya Bapat: Want people to see my worth as an actor; language is not even a barrier anymore|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rafuchakkar-actor-priya-bapat-want-people-to-see-my-worth-as-an-actor-language-is-not-even-a-barrier-anymore/671efb7ec525|website=OTT Play |access-date=12 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Maniesh had reinvented himself": Director Ritam Srivastav on Maniesh Paul in 'Rafuchakkar'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/maniesh-had-reinvented-himself-director-ritam-srivastav-on-maniesh-paul-in-rafuchakkar20230610133809|website=ANI |access-date=10 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
A weird tale of Pawan Kumar, often known as Prince, who is accused of committing odd frauds involving anything from diet cookies to low-cost aeroplanes. A guy of many guises, is he a con artist or simply an upright man caught up in the web built up around him?<ref>{{cite news |title='Rafuchakkar' Director Ritam Srivastav Recalls The Time When Shooting In Nainital Became Difficult: "The Entire City Was Filled With Baba's Followers With 7-8 Lakhs…"|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/rafuchakkar-director-ritam-srivastav-recalls-the-time-when-shooting-in-nainital-became-difficult-the-entire-city-was-filled-with-babas-followers-with-7-8-lakhs/|access-date=12 June 2023 |work=Koimoi |date=10 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Take a look at trailer of Maniesh Paul-starrer 'Rafuchakkar'|url=https://theprint.in/feature/take-a-look-at-trailer-of-maniesh-paul-starrer-rafuchakkar/1620199/|access-date=12 June 2023 |work=The Print |date=9 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Maniesh Paul]] as Prince/ Pawan Kumar Bawariya / Ajay Chauhan
* [[Priya Bapat]] as Ritu Arora
* [[Aksha Pardasany]] as Shaurya
* Kuldeep Sareen as Pawan Kumar Bawariya's father
* [[Sushant Singh]] as Sarvesh Pathania
* Lekha Prajapati as Vinita Pathania
* [[Chahat Vig]] as Preeti Gogia
* Aakash Dahiya as Jaidev
* [[Vikram Kochhar]] as Ashfaq
* Shirin Sewani as Nupur
* Sushant Kumar Singh as Sarvesh Pathania
* Trupti Khamkar as Dimpy Patel
* Apurva Singh as Komal

== Release ==
Rafuchakkar is scheduled to be released on [[JioCinema]] on 15 June 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maniesh Paul is a conman in disguise in OTT debut Rafuchakkar set for June 15 release on JioCinema|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/maniesh-paul-conman-disguise-ott-debut-rafuchakkar-set-june-5-release-jiocinema/|access-date=12 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt27862209}}
[[Category:2023 web series debuts]]

An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed

2026-03-01T17:08:51Z

Indian constitution: Creating new entry initial version

{{Short description|Book written by Pearay Mohan in 1920}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title =
| name = An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed: An Account of the Punjab Disorders and the Working Martial Law
| image = An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed.png
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Title page for ''An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed'' (1920)
| author = [[Pearay Mohan]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[British India|India]]
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| publisher = Khosla Brothers
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| published = 1920
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes = Foreword by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed: An Account of the Punjab Disorders and the Working of Martial Law''''' is a book written by [[Pearay Mohan]], an Indian lawyer and assistant editor of ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]''. It was published by Khosla Brothers in 1920, shortly after the release of the [[History of the Indian National Congress|Indian Congress]] report on the Punjab disturbances of 1919. Included in it is a foreword by the Indian revolutionary, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].

==Publication==
''An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Supressed'' by [[Pearay Mohan]], was first published by Khosla Brothers of Lahore in 1920, shortly after the release of [[B. G. Horniman]]'s book ''Amritsar and Our Duty to India'' (1920), about the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] of April 1919,<ref>{{cite book |title=Jallianwala Bagh Commemoration Volume and Amritsar and Our Duty to India |date=1994 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-7380-388-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZARuAAAAMAAJ|page=53 |language=en}}</ref> and the [[History of the Indian National Congress|Indian Congress]] report on the Punjab disturbances of 1919.<ref name=Mohan1999>{{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=Pearay |title=The Punjab "rebellion" of 1919 and how it was Suppressed: An Account of the Punjab Disorders and the Working of Martial Law |date=1999 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0687-7 |page=xiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSFuAAAAMAAJ|language=en |chapter=Note from the editor|location=New Delhi}}</ref> It was reprinted in two volumes by Gyan Publishing House in 1999, and edited by Ravi M. Bakaya, under the new title of ''The Punjab Rebellion of 1919 and How It was Supressed''.<ref name=Mohan1999/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=Pandit Pearay |title=Punjab "Rebellion" of 1919 and how it was suppressed (vol.1-2): An account of the Punjab disorders and the working of marital law |url=http://delhi.ichrlibrary.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26172 |publisher=Gyan Publishing |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219032951/https://delhi.ichrlibrary.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26172|archive-date=December 19, 2024}}</ref>

==Content==
[[File:Pearay Mohan.jpg|thumb|Pearay Mohan in the 1999 reprint]]
Written in December 1919, the book has three chapters, preceded by a preface by the author and a foreword by the Indian revolutionary, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], and followed by seven [[addendum|appendices]] and a supplement. In it, Mohan describes the tragedy at Punjab as a series of five acts; the lead up to the disturbances led by [[Michael O'Dwyer|Sir Michael O'Dwyer]], events of 10 April 1919 at Amritsar, the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre|massacres]], the exaggeration of mob violence and attempt to claim a rebellion, and the fifth act which was yet to occur.

Included in the text is Mohan's theory of the approver [[Hans Raj (approver)|Hans Raj]] working with the British to gather crowds at [[Jallianwalla Bagh]] shortly prior to the massacre there.<ref name=Pathak2007>{{cite book |last1=Pathak |first1=Rashmi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yERpZ6s156cC&pg=PA58 |title=Punjab Through the Ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=81-7625-738-9 |edition=2nd |volume=3 |location=New Delhi |page=58 |language=en |chapter=Firing in the Bagh}}</ref> According to Mohan, the Punjab disturbances were a result of the harsh methods in recruiting labour from the villages.<ref name=Singha2020>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=Radhika |title=The Coolie's Great War: Indian Labour in a Global Conflict, 1914-1921 |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-752558-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-MJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA293|chapter=The ends of War: homecoming for the Indian soldier and follower, 1914-21|page=293 |language=en}}</ref>

The 1999 reprint contains an additional introduction by [[Bipan Chandra]], editor's note, a short biography of Mohan, and an image of him from his family album.

==Response and reviews==
Upon its publication in 1920, the book was immediately banned and copies confiscated by the [[British raj|British government in India]].<ref name=Mohan1999/><ref name=Walia2006>{{cite news |last1=Walia |first1=Varinder |last2=Bagga |first2=Neeraj |title=Jallianwala Bagh revisited|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060413/aplus.htm |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=The Tribune |date=13 April 2006}}</ref>

British historian Mark Condos, in his book ''The Insecurity State'' (2017) described the titile as "provocative" and the book in general as "sensational and incendiary".<ref name=Condos2017>{{cite book |last1=Condos |first1=Mark |title=The Insecurity State |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-41831-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLYrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|chapter=Introduction: fear, panic, and the violence of Empire|page=8 |language=en}}</ref> ''The Tribune'' called the book "a virtual encyclopaedia on Punjab under martial law in 1919 ".<ref name=Walia2006/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |title=An Imaginary Rebellion And How It Was Suppressed |date=1920 |publisher=Khosla Brothers |location=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15881}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century books]]
[[Category:1920 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]

Myrrh

2026-02-25T04:34:51Z

Indian constitution: expanded layout further and improved wording

{{Short description|Aromatic resin from the Commiphora myrrha tree}}
{{Other uses}}

{{Lead too short|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Small lumps of myrrh resin|Myrrh resin]]

'''Myrrh''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɜːr}}; from an unidentified ancient [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] language, مر; from [[Arabic]], מוֹר [[Help:IPA/Hebrew|/mor/]]; from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], see ''[[#Etymology|§ Etymology]]'') is a [[natural gum|gum]]-[[resin]] extracted from a few small, thorny tree species of the ''[[Commiphora]]'' genus, belonging to the [[Burseraceae]] family.<ref>Rice, Patty C., ''Amber: Golden Gem of the Ages'', Author House, Bloomington, 2006 p.321</ref>

Myrrh resin was traded in the ancient world, and has been used throughout history in [[medicine]], in [[ritual]], and to make [[perfume]] and [[incense]]. Its use is mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]], the [[New Testament]] and in [[Islam]]ic texts, as well as by ancient historians. It is still used by certain [[Christian denomination]]s for ritual purposes.

==Extraction and production==
[[File:Commiphora myrrha - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-019.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Botanical illustration showing thorny branches of plant with small, oval-shaped leaves|''[[Commiphora myrrha]]'' tree, one of the primary trees from which myrrh is harvested]]
When a cut on a tree penetrates through the [[bark (botany)|bark]] and into the [[sapwood (wood)|sapwood]], the tree secretes a [[resin]]. Myrrh gum, like [[frankincense]], is such a resin. Myrrh is harvested by repeatedly cutting the trees to bleed the gum, which is waxy and coagulates quickly. After the harvest, the gum becomes hard and glossy. The gum is yellowish and may be either clear or opaque. It darkens deeply as it ages, and white streaks emerge.<ref>Caspar Neumann, William Lewis, ''The chemical works of Caspar Neumann, M.D.'',2nd Ed., Vol 3, London, 1773 p.55</ref>

Myrrh gum is commonly harvested from trees of the [[Commiphora|genus Commiphora]]. It is commonly extracted from the species ''[[Commiphora myrrha]]'', ''[[Commiphora africana]]'', ''Commiphora erythraea'', ''[[Commiphora gileadensis]]'', ''[[Commiphora habessinica]]'', ''Commiphora hodai'', ''Commiphora quardricincta'', ''[[Commiphora schimperi]]'', and ''Commiphora truncata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Göttsch |first=Eggert |date=1986 |title=TRADITIONAL AROMATIC AND PERFUME PLANTS IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA (A botanical and ethno-historical survey) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965939 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=19 |pages=81–90 |jstor=41965939 |issn=0304-2243}}</ref>

''Commiphora myrrha'' is native to [[Somalia]], [[Oman]], [[Yemen]], [[Eritrea]], [[Somali Region|Somali Region of Ethiopia]] and parts of [[Saudi Arabia]]. Meetiga, a trade name for Arabian myrrh, is brittler and gummier than the Somali variety and does not have the latter's white markings.

Liquid myrrh, or [[stacte]], which was written about by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]],<ref>Pliny the Elder with Bostock, John and Riley, Henry Thomas, trans. (1855) [https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof03plin#page/130 ''The Natural History of Pliny''.] London, England, UK: Henry G. Bohn. vol. 3, Book 12, Chapters 33–35, pp. 129–132. From Ch. 35, p. 130: "The [myrrh] tree spontaneously exudes, before the incision is made, a liquid which bears the name of stacte, and to which there is no myrrh that is superior."</ref> was formerly a greatly valued ingredient and is commercially available as Jewish Incense.

==Etymology==
The word ''myrrh'' corresponds to a common [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] root ''[[wikt:م ر ر|m-r-r]]'' meaning "bitter", as in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar|مُرّ}} ''{{lang|ar-Latn|murr}}'' and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] {{lang|arc|ܡܪܝܪܐ}} ''{{lang|arc-Latn|mureera}}''. Its name entered the [[English language]] by way of the [[Hebrew Bible]], in which it is called {{lang|he|מור}} ''{{lang|he-Latn|mor}}'', and also later as a Semitic [[loanword]].<ref>Klein, Ernest, ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English'', The [[University of Haifa]], Carta, Jerusalem, p.380</ref> It appears in numerous pre-Hellenic sources up to the translation of the [[Tanakh]] into the [[Septuagint]], and later makes its way into the [[Greek myth]] about [[Myrrha]]; in the [[Ancient Greek language]], the related word {{lang|grc|μῠ́ρον}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|múron}}''), likely derived from a Semitic source, became a general term for [[perfume]].{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Attributed medicinal properties==
[[Image:Balsamodendron ehrenbergianum00.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Commiphora gileadensis]]'' (listed as "Balsamodendron ehrenbergianum")]]
{{more medical citations needed|section|date=August 2015}}

[[File:An old bottle of Tincture of Myrrh.jpg|thumb|An old bottle of Tincture of Myrrh]]

In [[pharmacology]], myrrh has been used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes, gargles, and toothpastes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930043102/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17990 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-09-30 |title=Species Information |publisher=www.worldagroforestrycentre.org |access-date=2009-01-15 }}</ref> It has also been used in liniments and salves applied to abrasions and other minor skin ailments. Myrrh has been used as an [[analgesic]] for toothache pain and in liniments applied to bruises, aching muscles, and sprains.<ref name="trieste">{{cite web|url=http://www.ics.trieste.it/MAPs/MedicinalPlants_Plant.aspx?id=599|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110809204252/http://www.ics.trieste.it/MAPs/MedicinalPlants_Plant.aspx?id=599|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-08-09|title=ICS-UNIDO – MAPs|publisher=www.ics.trieste.it|access-date=2009-01-16}}</ref>

Myrrh gum has often been claimed to reduce the symptoms of indigestion, ulcers, colds, cough, asthma, respiratory congestion, arthritis, and cancer, although more good scientific evidence is needed to support these uses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myrrh - Uses, Side Effects, and More |url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-570/myrrh |access-date=2024-02-22 |publisher=WebMD: Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version}}</ref><ref name="faraj">{{Cite journal|pmid=15814041|year=2005|last1=Al Faraj|first1=S|title=Antagonism of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin caused by the use of Commiphora molmol as a herbal medication: A case report|volume=99|issue=2|pages=219–20|doi=10.1179/136485905X17434|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology|s2cid=2097777}}</ref> There is evidence to suggest certain compounds in myrrh interact with [[Opioid|central opioid pathways]] in the brain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dolara |first=Piero |date=1996-01-04 |title=Analgesic effects of myrrh |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/379029a0.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=379 |issue=6560 |pages=29|doi=10.1038/379029a0 |pmid=8538737 |bibcode=1996Natur.379...29D }}</ref>

Myrrh mixed with [[posca]] or [[wine]] was widely used in many ancient cultures to produce pleasurable feelings and as an [[anti-inflammatory]] and [[analgesic]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Pliny the Elder |author-link=Pliny the Elder |translator-first=John |translator-last=Bostock |translator-first2=Henry Thomas |translator-last2=Riley |chapter=15: Wines Drunk by the Ancient Romans |title=The Natural History |title-link=Natural History (Pliny) |orig-year=77 |volume=14 |location=London |publisher=H.G. Bohn |year=1855 |page=253 |isbn=978-0-598-91078-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0EMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253 }}</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=single source only for ancient Rome|date=May 2021}}

==Religious ritual==

===In Ancient Egypt and Punt (Horn of Africa)===
The fifth-dynasty ruler of Egypt, [[Sahure|King Sahure]], recorded the earliest attested expedition to the [[land of Punt]], the modern day [[Horn of Africa]] (particularly [[Somalia]]), whose members brought back large quantities of myrrh, [[frankincense]], [[malachite]] and [[electrum]]. The expedition also brought back wild animals (particularly [[cheetahs]]), a secretary bird (''[[Sagittarius serpentarius]]''), [[giraffes]] and [[Hamadryas baboon|Hamadryas]] baboons (which were sacred to the [[Ancient Egyptians]]), [[ebony]], [[ivory]] and animal skins. In a relief from his mortuary temple celebrating the success of this expedition, Sahure is shown tending a myrrh tree in the garden of his palace. The relief, entitled "''Sahure's splendor soars up to heaven''", is the only one in Egyptian art that depicts a king gardening.<ref>S.Wachsmann, (2008) "Seagoing Ships & Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant" - Page 19</ref> Myrrh was used by the ancient Egyptians, along with [[natron]], for the embalming of mummies.<ref>Fritze, Ronald H. "New worlds: The great voyages of discovery 1400-1600". Sutton Publishing Limited, 2002, p. 25.</ref>

===In the Hebrew Bible===
[[File:MyrrhEssentialOil.png|thumb|upright|alt=Glass vial containing oil|An essential oil extracted from myrrh (''Commiphora myrrha'')]]

Myrrh is mentioned as a rare perfume in several places in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. In {{bibleverse||Genesis|37:25|NIV}}, the traders to whom [[Jacob]]'s sons sold their brother [[Joseph (biblical)|Joseph]] had "[[camel]]s ... loaded with spices, balm, and myrrh," and {{bibleverse||Exodus|30:23-25|NIV}} specifies that Moses was to use 500 [[shekel]]s of liquid myrrh as a core ingredient of the sacred anointing oil.

Myrrh was an ingredient of ''[[Incense offering in rabbinic literature|Ketoret]]:'' the consecrated [[incense]] used in the [[Solomon's Temple|First]] and [[Second Temple]]s at [[Jerusalem]], as described in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and [[Talmud]]. An offering was made of the ''Ketoret'' on a special incense altar and was an important component of the [[Temple in Jerusalem|temple service]]. Myrrh is also listed as an ingredient in the [[holy anointing oil]] used to anoint the [[tabernacle]], high priests and kings.

Oil of myrrh is used in {{bibleverse||Esther|2:12|KJV}} in a purification ritual for the new queen to King [[Ahasuerus]]:

{{Quote|Now when every maid's turn was come to go in to king Ahasuerus, after that she had been twelve months, according to the manner of the women, (for so were the days of their purifications accomplished, to wit, six months with oil of myrrh, and six months with sweet odours, and with other things for the purifying of the women).}}

===In ancient Nabataea===
Myrrh was recorded in the first century BC by [[Diodorus Siculus]] to have been traded overland and by sea via [[Nabateans|Nabatean]] [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]] and sea ports, which transported it from Southern Arabia to their capital city of [[Petra]], from which it was distributed throughout the Mediterranean region.<ref>J. W. Eadie, J. P. Oleson (1986) "The Water-Supply Systems of Nabatean and Roman Ḥumayma", ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research''</ref>

===In the New Testament===
Myrrh is mentioned in the [[New Testament]] as one of the three gifts (with [[gold]] and [[frankincense]]) that the [[Biblical Magi|magi]] "from the East" presented to the [[Child Jesus|Christ Child]] ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|2:11}}). Myrrh was also present at Jesus' death and burial. Jesus was offered wine and myrrh at his crucifixion ({{Bibleverse||Mark|15:23}}). According to [[John's Gospel]], [[Nicodemus]] and [[Joseph of Arimathea]] brought a 100-pound mixture of myrrh and aloes to wrap Jesus' body ({{Bibleverse||John|19:39}}). The [[Gospel of Matthew]] relates that as Jesus went to the cross, he was given vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink (Matthew 27:34); the [[Gospel of Mark]] describes the drink as wine mingled with myrrh (Mark 15:23).

===In contemporary Christianity===
Because of its mention in the New Testament, myrrh is an [[incense]] offered during some Christian [[Christian liturgy|liturgical celebrations]] (see [[Thurible]]). Liquid myrrh is sometimes added to [[egg tempera]] in the making of [[icon]]s. Myrrh is mixed with [[frankincense]] and sometimes more scents and is used in the [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Oriental Orthodox]], traditional [[Roman Catholic]], and [[Anglican]]/[[Anglican Communion|Episcopal]] churches.

Myrrh is also used to prepare the sacramental [[chrism]] used by many churches of both Eastern and Western rites. In the Middle East, the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] traditionally uses oil scented with myrrh (and other fragrances) to perform the [[sacrament]] of [[Eastern Orthodoxy#Chrismation|chrismation]], which is commonly referred to as "receiving the [[Holy anointing oil|Chrism]]".

===In Islam===
According to the [[hadith]] of [[Muhammad]], narrated by [[Abu Nuaim]] on the authority of Abban bin Saleh bin Anas, Muhammad said, "Fumigate your houses with mugwort, myrrh and thyme." (''Kanz-ul-Ummal'').<ref>[http://tibbenabawi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=260&Itemid=286 Myrrh ~ مر مكي]</ref> The ''Encyclopedia of Islamic Herbal Medicine'' mentions the same hadith: "The Messenger of Allah stated, 'Fumigate your houses with al-shih, murr, and sa'tar.'" The author states that this use of the word "murr" refers specifically to ''Commiphora myrrha''.<ref>Morrow, Joh A. "Encyclopedia of Islamic Herbal Medicine". Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2011, p. 145.</ref> The other two are Al-Shih (possibly [[mugwort]]) and Sa'tar (or ''Za'atar'' - [[thyme]]).

==Ancient myrrh==
[[Pedanius Dioscorides]] described the myrrh of the first century AD as most likely to refer to a "species of [[mimosa]]", describing it "like the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[Acacia nilotica|thorn]]". He describes its appearance and leaf structure as "spinnate-winged".<ref>{{cite book |title=The visitor or monthly instructor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2B1IAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35 |access-date=9 May 2013 |year=1837 |publisher=Religious Tract Society |pages=35– }}</ref>

== Other products that can be confused with myrrh ==
The oleo-gum-resins of a number of other ''Commiphora'' species are also used as perfumes, medicines (such as aromatic wound dressings), and incense ingredients. These myrrh-like resins are known as [[bdellium]] (including [[guggul]] and [[African bdellium]]), [[balsam]] ([[balm of Gilead]] or Mecca balsam) and opopanax ([[bisabol]]).

Fragrant "myrrh beads" are made from the crushed seeds of ''[[Detarium]] microcarpum'', an unrelated West African tree. These beads are traditionally worn by married women in [[Mali]] as multiple strands around the hips.

The name "myrrh" is also applied to the [[potherb]] ''Myrrhis odorata'', otherwise known as "[[cicely]]" or "sweet cicely".

==See also==
*[[Bdellium]]
*[[Chrism]]
*[[Frankincense]]
*[[Myroblyte saint]]
*''[[Naturalis Historia]]''
*[[Pliny the Elder]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Massoud A, El Sisi S, Salama O, Massoud A | year = 2001 |title= Preliminary study of therapeutic efficacy of a new fasciolicidal drug derived from ''Commiphora molmol'' (myrrh)|journal= Am J Trop Med Hyg|volume= 65|pages= 96–99| pmid = 11508399| issue = 2| doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.96 |doi-access= free}}
*{{Cite book | last=Dalby | given=Andrew | title=Dangerous Tastes: the story of spices | publisher=British Museum Press | place=London | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-7141-2720-0 }} (US {{ISBN|0-520-22789-1}}), pp. 107–122.
*{{Cite book | last=Dalby | given=Andrew | title=Food in the ancient world from A to Z | publisher=[[Routledge]] | place=London, New York | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-415-23259-3 }}, pp. 226–227, with [http://perso.orange.fr/dalby/extra/FoodAZExtra.html#Myrrh additions]
*{{cite journal| author = Monfieur Pomet | year = 1709 |title= Abyssine Myrrh)|journal= History of Drugs}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090621091727/http://www.bookofherbs.com/a/Abyssine_Myrrh_ruggs.htm Abyssine Myrrh]
* ''The One Earth Herbal Sourcebook: Everything You Need to Know About Chinese, Western, and Ayurvedic Herbal Treatments'' by Ph.D., A.H.G., D.Ay, Alan Keith Tillotson, O.M.D., L.Ac., Nai-shing Hu Tillotson, and M.D., Robert Abel Jr.
*{{Cite journal|pmid=19446652|year=2009|last1=Abdul-Ghani|first1=RA|last2=Loutfy|first2=N|last3=Hassan|first3=A|title=Myrrh and trematodoses in Egypt: An overview of safety, efficacy and effectiveness profiles|volume=58|issue=3|pages=210–4|doi=10.1016/j.parint.2009.04.006|journal=Parasitology International}} ( A good review on its antiparasitic activities) .

==External links==
{{Commons category|Myrrh}}
{{wiktionary}}
*[http://www.itmonline.org/arts/myrrh.htm History of Myrrh and Frankincense] (itmonline.org)

{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Nativity of Jesus}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Myrrh| ]]
[[Category:Commiphora]]
[[Category:Essential oils]]
[[Category:Incense material]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Resins]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Natural gums]]

Shandilya

2026-02-25T01:51:17Z

Indian constitution: minor update

{{short description|Gotra of Brahmins and Rajputs}}
{{For|the Upanishad|Shandilya Upanishad}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{Primary sources|date=June 2024}}

'''Shandilya''' ([[IAST]]: '''Śāṇḍilya''') is a [[gotra]]<ref name="Bose1994">{{cite book|author=Bose|title=Structure Of Hindu Society of Nepal and India, The — Rev. Edn.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDavv_0tgkAC&pg=PA71|accessdate=12 July 2012|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0855-2|pages=71–}}</ref> which is named after the great sage [[Sandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]],<ref name="Datta1989">{{cite book|author=Swati Datta|title=Migrant Brāhmaṇas in Northern India and Nepal: Their Settlement and General Impact C. A.D. 475-1030|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKAb9DPUCCcC&pg=PA128|accessdate=12 July 2012|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0067-0|pages=128–}}</ref> specifying that individuals of the gotra have Shandilya as one of their patrilineal ancestors. Shandilya Rishi was the progenitor of the Śāṇḍilya gotra. The name derives from the Sanskrit words Śaṇ, and Dilam, thus meaning Full Moon, therefore implying Śāṇḍilya to be the priest of the Moon God.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=जोशी|first=अनिरुद्ध|title=हिन्दुओं के प्रमुख वंश, जानिए अपने पूर्वजों को|url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/sanatan-dharma-history/hindu-dynasty-or-caste-history-116051700021_1.html|access-date=2021-09-25|website=hindi.webdunia.com|language=hi}}</ref> People belonging to this gotra are considered to be of lunar race. This gotra has three pravar{{Definition needed|date=September 2025}}, they are Sandilya, [[Rishi Asita|Asit]] and [[Devala|Deval]]. The Veda of this gotra is [[Samaveda|Samveda]]. Sandilya gotra is the largest gotra in [[Maithil Brahmin]]s of [[Nepal]] and [[Bihar]]. Many families claiming direct patrilineal ancestry to this gotra can be found throughout India and Nepal. People of this gotra hail from [[Nepal]] and many Indian states such as West Bengal, Bihar, Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha. Many [[Saraswat Brahmin]] families residing in Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh claim Shandilya as their paternal ancestor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gotra1 -|url=https://maithilbrahminmahasabha.in/gotra1/|access-date=2021-09-25|language=en-US|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925093908/https://maithilbrahminmahasabha.in/gotra1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are 44 [[Mool (lineage)|mool]] (origin) of Shandilya gotra in Maithil Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite web|title=mool -|url=https://maithilbrahminmahasabha.in/mool/|access-date=2021-09-25|language=en-US|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923192706/https://maithilbrahminmahasabha.in/mool/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other than Brahmins, some clans of [[Rajput]]s, like [[Banaut]]s, [[Waldia (Rajput clan)|Waldias]], and [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmars]], have Shandilya Gotra and have Shandilya as one of their patrilineal ancestors. There are only few [[Nepalis]] with '''Sandilya Gotra''' such as ''Kafle'', ''Poudar'' and ''Prasai'' but their population is relatively high compared to people with other gotras in Nepal.<ref name=":0" />

== Related temples and places ==

* '''''Shri Piplaj Mata Mandir,''''' Osian - Goddess Piplaj is the Kuldevi of the Shandilya gotra families living at Osian in the Jodhpur district of the Rajasthan state in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=करनपुरी |date=2022-10-04 |title=ओसियां में नौ साल बाद नवरात्रि पर पिपलाज माता की हुई पूजा, जानें क्यों करना पड़ा इतना इंतजार? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/jodhpur-paplaj-mata-templedeity-of-shandilya-gotra-located-in-osian-after-nine-years-worship-on-navratri-ann-2230366 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>
* '''Shandilya Dham Mandir''', Teghra - It is a Hindu shrine dedicated to the progenitor Rishi Shandilya of the gotra. It is maintained by the community belonging to the Shandilya gotra there. It is located at Teghra near Barauni town of the Begusarai district in the Mithila region of Bihar in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-14 |title=शांडिल्य धाम मंदिर निर्माण को लेकर हुई बैठक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/begusarai/story-shandilya-community-meeting-decides-to-accelerate-shandilya-dham-construction-ahead-of-makar-sankranti-201768400951250.html |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Shandilya Samhita]]
* [[Shandilya Bhakti Sutra]]
* [[Shandilya Smriti]]
* [[Shandilya Ashram]]
* [[Brijesh Shandilya|Biresh Shnadilya]]
* [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gotras]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Nimta High School

2026-02-21T09:00:41Z

Indian constitution: small changes

{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Nimta High School
| motto = Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.
| address = M. B. Road, [[Nimta]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 700049
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.6628169|N|88.4048799|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{Start date and age|1875|01|01|df=yes}}
| type = Government sponsored
| school_board = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]
| grades =
| enrolment =
| principal = Sri Kalyanasis Das
| faculty =
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_size = 1500sqm
| affiliation = [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]
| newspaper = Bihan
| colors =
| website = {{URL|www.nimtahighschool.org.in}}
}}

'''Nimta Higher Secondary School''', also known as '''Nimta High School''', is a secondary ([[Madhyamik]]) level and [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|Higher Secondary]] (''Uchha Madhyamik'') standard school in [[Nimta]], [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India that was established on 1 January 1875. In 2024 its celebrating its 150 years of anniversary. This school is affiliated to [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated Schools of West Bengal Board of secondary Education |url=http://wbbse.org/sn24pgs.htm |access-date=27 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424055845/http://wbbse.org/sn24pgs.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated Schools of West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education | url= http://www.webel-india.com/wbchse/html/hs_institute.html}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.nimtahighschool.org.in}}
{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1875]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in India]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Jacqueline Fernandez

2026-02-20T07:29:59Z

Indian constitution: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Sri Lankan actress (born 1985)}}
{{Semiprotected|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jacqueline Fernandez
| image = Jacqueline FBA 2017.jpg
| caption = Fernandez in 2017
| birth_name = Jacqueline Fernandez
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Manama]], Bahrain
| citizenship = Sri Lanka
| alma_mater = [[University of Sydney]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009–present
| title = [[Miss Universe Sri Lanka|Miss Universe Sri Lanka 2006]]
}}
'''Jacqueline Genevieve Fernandez''' (born 11 August 1985) is a [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] [[Actor|actress]] based in [[India]]. She has worked in [[Cinema of India|Indian films]], predominantly in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], besides appearing in reality shows and [[Music video|music videos]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=#WildForLife campaign seeks to mobilize millions to end illegal wildlife trade |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/05/wildforlife-campaign-seeks-to-mobilize-millions-to-end-illegal-wildlife-trade/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2016 |title=Footballing Icon Neymar Jr. Targets Deadly Threats to Wildlife |website=[[United Nations Environment Programme|UNEP]] |url=https://www.unep.org/es/node/8003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |date=17 February 2013 |title=Sri Lankan actress had role in embassy decision |website=[[Gulf News]] |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/bahrain/sri-lankan-actress-had-role-in-embassy-decision-1.1147332}}</ref> Fernandez was born and raised in [[Bahrain]]. After graduating in mass communication from the [[University of Sydney]] and working as a television reporter in Sri Lanka, she joined the modelling industry. She was crowned [[Miss Universe Sri Lanka]] in 2006, and represented her country at [[Miss Universe 2006]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramakrishnan |first1=P |date=10 August 2020 |title=How Sri Lankan Bollywood beauty Jacqueline Fernandez became one of India's most-bankable actresses – despite being slated by the critics |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3096670/how-sri-lankan-bollywood-beauty-jacqueline-fernandez}}</ref>

While on a modelling assignment in India in 2009, Fernandez successfully auditioned for [[Sujoy Ghosh]]'s fantasy drama [[Aladin (film)|''Aladin'']], which marked her acting debut and won her the [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female]]. Fernandez had her breakthrough role with the psychological thriller ''[[Murder 2]]'' (2011), her first commercial success. This was followed by glamorous roles in the commercially successful ensemble-comedy ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012) and the action thriller ''[[Race 2]]'' (2013), the former garnered her an [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress]] nomination. Fernandez went on to star in the top-grossing action films ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' (2014) and ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (2022), and the comedies ''[[Housefull 3]]'' (2016) and ''[[Judwaa 2]]'' (2017).

Alongside her screen acting career, Fernandez has worked as a judge in the [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 9)|ninth season]] of the dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' (2016–2017), is a popular celebrity endorser for various brands and products, has participated in stage shows, and is active in humanitarian work.

== Early life and modelling career ==
Jacqueline Fernandez was born on 11 August 1985, in [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]],<ref name="HTDecember 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/guys-get-away-with-so-much-like-food-says-actor-jacqueline-fernandez/story-yn6CuFWk1XETwdqbqWk4XJ.html |title=Guys get away with so much. Like food: Jacqueline Fernandez |last=Lopez |first=Rachel |date=23 December 2015 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821115015/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/guys-get-away-with-so-much-like-food-says-actor-jacqueline-fernandez/story-yn6CuFWk1XETwdqbqWk4XJ.html |archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="family" /> and was raised in a multi-ethnic family. Her father, Elroy Fernandez, is a Sri Lankan [[Burgher people|Burgher]], and her mother, Kim, is of [[Malaysians|Malaysian]] and Canadian descent.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Holla |first1=Anand |title=Jacqueline Fernandez's done with diets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Jacqueline-Fernandezs-done-with-diets/articleshow/13895151.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506130847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Jacqueline-Fernandezs-done-with-diets/articleshow/13895151.cms |archive-date=6 May 2014}}</ref> Her maternal grandfather is Canadian and her great-grandparents were from [[Goa]], then part of [[Portuguese India]] (now in India).<ref name="family" /> Her father, who was a musician in Sri Lanka, moved to Bahrain in the 1980s to escape [[Sri Lankan civil war|civil unrest between the Sinhalese and Tamils]] and subsequently met her mother, who was an air hostess.<ref name="family" /> She is the youngest of four children with one elder sister and two elder brothers.<ref name=Toi1>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Jacqueline-Fernandez-Thank-my-lucky-stars-to-have-Salman-Khan-in-my-life/articleshow/37904390.cms |title=Jacqueline Fernandez: Thank my lucky stars to have Salman Khan in my life |work=[[The Times of India]] |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712112639/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Jacqueline-Fernandez-Thank-my-lucky-stars-to-have-Salman-Khan-in-my-life/articleshow/37904390.cms |archive-date=12 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="family">{{Cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya |title=I would easily take a bullet for my family: Jacqueline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-would-easily-take-a-bullet-for-my-family-Jacqueline/articleshow/17743133.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=25 December 2012 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708050658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-would-easily-take-a-bullet-for-my-family-Jacqueline/articleshow/17743133.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> After receiving her early education in Bahrain at [[Sacred Heart School (Bahrain)|Sacred Heart School]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bollywood star Jacqueline Fernandez goes back to her school in Bahrain |url=https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/873507/VIDEO-Bollywood-star-Jacqueline-Fernandez-goes-back-to-her-school-in-Bahrain |website=[[Gulf Daily News]] |date=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jacqueline Fernandez Goes Back To School, Literally, And She's So Excited |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jacqueline-fernandez-goes-back-to-school-literally-and-shes-so-excited-2304202 |publisher=NDTV |last1=Basu |first1=Nilanjana |date=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="HTDecember 2015" /> she studied mass communication at the [[University of Sydney]] in Australia.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dalal |first1=Sayantan |title=Jacqueline Fernandez visits family in Bahrain |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jacqueline-fernandez-visits-family-in-bahrain-1601105 |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=20 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155620/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jacqueline-fernandez-visits-family-in-bahrain-1601105 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Biraia |first1=Pooja |title=Jacqueline Fernandez had her first crush in Class II |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/jacqueline-fernandez-had-her-first-crush-in-class-ii/story-WMsV0UdCo2b606ILorIlaO.html |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925160004/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/jacqueline-fernandez-had-her-first-crush-in-class-ii/story-WMsV0UdCo2b606ILorIlaO.html |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> After graduating she did a few television shows in Sri Lanka.<ref name="family" /> She also attended the [[Berlitz Corporation|Berlitz]] school of languages, where she learned Spanish and improved her French and Arabic.<ref name="Trib">{{Cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Sonika |title=Doon makes Jacqueline sweat |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100918/dplus.htm |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=17 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091628/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100918/dplus.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Her mother Kim died on 7 April 2025 after suffering a stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez’s mother Kim Fernandez dies after suffering a stroke|url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=107223 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Ada Derana}}</ref>

According to Fernandez, she had aspired to become an actress at a young age and fantasized about becoming a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movie star.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sah |first1=Malvika |title=Jacqueline's Journey |journal=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |date=19 March 2012 |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/jacqueline-fernandez-journey |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925061740/http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/jacqueline-fernandez-journey |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> She received some training at the John School of Acting.<ref name="Trib" /> Although she was a television reporter, she accepted offers in the modelling industry, which came as a result of her pageant success. In 2006, she was crowned the winner of the [[Miss Universe Sri Lanka]] pageant and represented Sri Lanka at the world Miss Universe 2006 pageant held in Los Angeles.<ref name="2006MissUSL">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-07/19/content_644587_2.htm |title=2006 Miss Universe Presentation Show |work=China Daily |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021628/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-07/19/content_644587_2.htm |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> In a 2015 interview, Fernandez described the modelling industry as "a good training ground" and said: "It is a medium that is about shedding your inhibitions, knowing your body, confidence".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Moving to India was a challenge: Jacqueline Fernandez |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/moving-to-india-was-a-challenge-jacqueline-fernandez/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915110608/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/moving-to-india-was-a-challenge-jacqueline-fernandez/ |archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> In 2006, she appeared in a music video for the song "O Sathi" by music duo [[Bathiya and Santhush]] and young female singer [[Umaria Sinhawansa]].<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |title=Jacqueline Fernandez: Lesser known facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/jacqueline-fernandez-lesser-known-facts/photostory/38748257.cms?from=mdr |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 September 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029031109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Jacqueline-Fernandez-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/38748257.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Acting career ==

=== Debut and breakthrough (2009–2013) ===
In 2009, Fernandez travelled to India for a modelling assignment. She successfully auditioned for Sujoy Ghosh's fantasy film ''[[Aladin (film)|Aladin]]'' (2009) her acting debut. She played the love interest of [[Riteish Deshmukh]]'s character, a role based on the character of [[Princess Jasmine]].<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez: The hottie from Venus! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-jacqueline-fernandez/20100406.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123703/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-jacqueline-fernandez/20100406.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hegde |first1=Rajul |title=How Yana, Kalki learnt Hindi |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-vikas-kumar-interview/20110421.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=6 September 2015 |date=21 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030213746/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-vikas-kumar-interview/20110421.htm |archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> and [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] felt that she was: "easy on the eyes and appears confident but has precious little to do".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Masand |first1=Rajeev |title=Masand's movie review: Aladin brings fable to life |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/now-showing-112-327710.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=5 September 2015 |date=30 October 2009 |author-link=Rajeev Masand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051001/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/now-showing-112-327710.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Although the film was a critical and commercial failure,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood 2009 in a nutshell |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/exclusive/bollywood-2009-in-a-nutshell_49892.html |publisher=Zee News |access-date=5 September 2015 |date=28 December 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100958/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/exclusive/bollywood-2009-in-a-nutshell_49892.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> she won the [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female]].<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Birthday Special: Jacqueline Fernandez' 30 Most Heartwarming Adorable Moments! |url=https://in.movies.yahoo.com/post/126419974249/birthday-special-jacqueline-fernandez-30-most |publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]] |access-date=5 September 2015 |date=11 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131832/https://in.movies.yahoo.com/post/126419974249/birthday-special-jacqueline-fernandez-30-most |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Jacqueline at RV song launch.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|Fernandez at ''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]'' song launch in 2013]]
In 2010, Fernandez appeared opposite Deshmukh in the science fiction romantic comedy ''[[Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai]]''. She was cast as a girl from [[Venus]], who lands on Earth in search of love.<ref name="rediff" /> The film, along with Fernandez's performance, received poor reviews; [[Rediff.com]]'s Sukanya Verma noted: "She gamely makes a fool of herself whilst aping the actions of movie stars, ranging from [[Sridevi]]'s Naagin dance, [[Mithun Chakraborty|Mithun Chakravarthy]]'s Disco Dancer moves, to Big B's violent headshake in ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]''. Her Tara could be a keeper if only Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai wasn't so intent on turning her into a love-struck Barbie."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/09/review-jaane-kahan-se-aayi-hai.htm |title=Review: Jaane Kahan ... could have been a gag fest |work=Rediff.com |date=9 April 2010 |access-date=19 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033523/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/09/review-jaane-kahan-se-aayi-hai.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Critic Anupama Chopra also criticized Fernandez, calling her "a pin-prick on a balloon".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Anupama Chopra reviews: Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-reviews-jaane-kahan-se-aayi-hai-500 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=6 September 2015 |date=9 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509003723/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-reviews-jaane-kahan-se-aayi-hai-500 |archive-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> Later that year, she made a special appearance in the song "Dhanno" for [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]'s comedy ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Making of 'Apka Kya Hoga' – Dhanno (Housefull) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/videos/id/16794/type/view/videoid/1229566 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222181430/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/videos/id/16794/type/view/videoid/1229566 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

[[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s thriller ''[[Murder 2]]'' was Fernandez's first commercial success and marked a turning point in her career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Jacqueline Fernandez Doesn't Regret 'Bold' Role in Murder 2 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-jacqueline-fernandez-doesnt-regret-bold-role-in-murder-2-736402 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=5 September 2015 |date=2 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920084156/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-jacqueline-fernandez-doesnt-regret-bold-role-in-murder-2-736402 |archive-date=20 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/John-can-make-a-rice-sack-look-sexy-Jacqueline/articleshow/12636801.cms |title=John can make a rice–sack look sexy: Jacqueline |work=The Times of India |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=8 May 2012 |archive-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914165146/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/John-can-make-a-rice-sack-look-sexy-Jacqueline/articleshow/12636801.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/murder_2/ |title=Murder 2 Box Office Details: Super Hit |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911223252/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/murder_2 |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> She took on the role of Priya, a lonely model who is in a confused relationship with Arjun Bhagwat (played by [[Emraan Hashmi]]). Fernandez was praised for her performance, and for the boldness and sex appeal she displayed in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jacqueline Fernandez turns 30: Hrithik Roshan, Riteish Deshmukh wish her |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-turns-30-hrithik-roshan-riteish-deshmukh-wish-her/ |access-date=5 September 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910145725/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-turns-30-hrithik-roshan-riteish-deshmukh-wish-her/ |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> Gaurav Malani of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that she was "tastefully tempting" but noted that her romance with Hashmi was "literally half-baked".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Malani |first1=Gaurav |title=Murder 2: Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Murder-2-Movie-Review/articleshow/9138006.cms |access-date=5 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=8 July 2011 |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222143743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Murder-2-Movie-Review/articleshow/9138006.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, Fernandez appeared in the ensemble comedy ''[[Housefull 2]]'' alongside [[Akshay Kumar]], [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], and [[Asin]]. It became one of the [[List of Bollywood films of 2012|top grossing productions of India]] that year and earned {{INRConvert|1.86|b}} worldwide. Fernandez received mostly negative reviews for her performance. While Gaurav Malani praised her for her looks, NDTV called her a "blathering bimbo" who "find[s] no pleasure in [her role]".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Malini |first1=Gaurav |title=Housefull 2: Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Housefull-2-Movie-Review/articleshow/12547329.cms |access-date=13 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031200707/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Housefull-2-Movie-Review/articleshow/12547329.cms |archive-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Housefull 2 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-housefull-2-698 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=6 September 2015 |date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031041459/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-housefull-2-698 |archive-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> Despite the negative reviews, Fernandez received a [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] nomination at the [[14th IIFA Awards]] for her performance.<ref name="IIFA">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2013 |title=Barfi! leads IIFA nominations with 13 nods |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/barfi-leads-iifa-nominations-with-13-nods-611703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527015424/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/barfi-leads-iifa-nominations-with-13-nods-357458 |archive-date=27 May 2014 |access-date=6 September 2015 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

Fernandez's first release of 2013 was ''[[Race 2]]'', an ensemble action thriller (alongside [[Saif Ali Khan]], John Abraham and [[Deepika Padukone]]), described as the "cinematic equivalent of a trashy novel" by critic Rajeev Masand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-masand-reviews-now-showing-94-533604.html |title='Race 2' Review: It's the cinematic equivalent of a trashy novel but seldom bores you |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=19 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050957/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-masand-reviews-now-showing-94-533604.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> She played Omisha, a ''[[femme fatale]]'', a role which required her learn [[fencing]] and some [[acrobatics]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Awaasthi |first1=Kavita |title=Race 2: Jacqueline Fernandez learnt fencing for a stunt |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/race-2-jacqueline-fernandez-learnt-fencing-for-a-stunt/story-gDpnqviF2aiWxznFiUs3rN.html |access-date=6 September 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113304/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/race-2-jacqueline-fernandez-learnt-fencing-for-a-stunt/story-gDpnqviF2aiWxznFiUs3rN.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The film emerged as a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Race 2 enters Rs.100 crore club |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/race-2-enters-rs-100-crore-club-153579-2013-02-07 |work=[[India Today]] |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216000157/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/race-2-enters-rs-100-crore-club/1/249407.html |archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Saif–Deepika's Race 2 enters Rs. 100 crore club |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/saif-deepika-s-race-2-enters-rs-100-crore-club/story-akZ2sQB9SoIgfYDQzGoCjJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 February 2013 |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311075910/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/saif-deepika-s-race-2-enters-rs-100-crore-club/story-akZ2sQB9SoIgfYDQzGoCjJ.html |archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> with the worldwide gross of more than {{INRConvert|1.8|b}} and a net domestically of over {{INRConvert|1|b}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Race 2' joins Rs. 100 crore club |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/310792/race-2-joins-rs-100.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 February 2013 |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519003644/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/310792/race-2-joins-rs-100.html |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Race 2 joins 100 crore club |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/race-2-joins-rs-100-crore-club-328403 |publisher=NDTV |date=8 February 2013 |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611055449/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/race-2-joins-rs-100-crore-club-328403 |archive-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> In a particularly scathing review, Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV wrote that both Fernandez and Padukone "strut around like wound-up automatons that are all decked-up but have nowhere to go."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Movie review: Race 2 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-race-2-775 |publisher=NDTV |date=25 January 2013 |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313162245/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-race-2-775 |archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> Also that year, Fernandez appeared in an item number, titled, "Jaadu Ki Jhappi", for [[Prabhu Deva]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mahadevan |first1=Sneha |title=Jacqueline's sizzling act in Jadoo Ki Jhappi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jacquelines-sizzling-act-in-Jadoo-Ki-Jhappi/articleshow/20842743.cms |access-date=6 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=1 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709203241/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jacquelines-sizzling-act-in-Jadoo-Ki-Jhappi/articleshow/20842743.cms |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Commercial success (2014–2018) ===
In 2014, Fernandez appeared in [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]'s directorial debut—the action film ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'', a remake of [[Kick (2009 film)|a 2009 Telugu film of same name]]. She starred opposite [[Salman Khan]], playing Shaina, a [[psychiatrist]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Salman Khan is special because he has changed my career: Jacqueline Fernandez |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/salman-khan-is-special-because-he-has-changed-my-career-jacqueline-fernandez-2384158.html |access-date=6 September 2015 |work=Firstpost |date=8 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910162303/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/salman-khan-is-special-because-he-has-changed-my-career-jacqueline-fernandez-2384158.html |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> She retained her real voice for the first time in ''Kick''.<ref name="nervous">{{Cite web |last=Anantharaman |first=Soumya |title="Before shooting with Salman Khan, I was nervous" – Jacqueline Fernandez |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6947 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727175051/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6947 |archive-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> While Sneha May Francis commented that she is: "incredibly dazzling, and moves like a magic", [[Raja Sen]] of Rediff.com was more critical of her dialogue delivery, calling it "unfortunate."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |title=Review: Kick is Salman's best film in a decade |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kick-is-salmans-best-film-in-a-decade/20140725.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |author-link=Raja Sen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727224457/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kick-is-salmans-best-film-in-a-decade/20140725.htm |archive-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics, but with worldwide revenue of over {{INRConvert|3.75|b}}, it became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Hindi|fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Salman Khan's Kick becomes 4th highest Bollywood grosser worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-kick-becomes-fourth-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide-204633-2014-08-19 |access-date=6 September 2015 |work=India Today |date=19 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713074915/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/salman-khan-kick-becomes-fourth-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide/1/377767.html |archive-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> The film established Fernandez as one of the most popular Bollywood actresses.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 2015, Fernandez featured in Vicky Singh's ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'', a romantic thriller, which critic Sarita A. Tanwar described as a "boring, exhausting and pretentious" film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanwar |first=Sarita A. |title='Roy' review: Not even a hot Ranbir Kapoor or a sexy Jacqueline Fernandez can save this pretentious snoozefest! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-roy-review-not-even-ranbir-or-jacqueline-can-save-this-pretentious-snoozefest-2060670 |access-date=4 September 2015 |date=13 February 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222942/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-roy-review-not-even-ranbir-or-jacqueline-can-save-this-pretentious-snoozefest-2060670 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Fernandez played dual roles, Ayesha Aamir, a filmmaker in a relationship with another filmmaker (played by [[Arjun Rampal]]) and Tia Desai, a girl in love with a thief (played by [[Ranbir Kapoor]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahgal |first=Geety |title=Jacqueline Fernandez's two characters in roy different from each other |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/jacqueline-fernandezs-two-characters-in-roy-different-from-each-other/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=5 September 2015 |date=10 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211160146/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/jacqueline-fernandezs-two-characters-in-roy-different-from-each-other/ |archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> While [[India TV]] called it "her best act till date",<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Abhishek |title=Roy movie review starring Ranbir, Arjun and Jacqueline |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/roy-movie-review-starring-ranbir-arjun-jacqueline-20609.html |publisher=[[India TV]] |access-date=5 September 2015 |date=14 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921232050/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/roy-movie-review-starring-ranbir-arjun-jacqueline-20609.html |archive-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> critic Rajeev Masand felt that she "appears miscast in a part that required greater range."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/movies/masand-reviewmasand-verdict-2-967208.html |title='Roy' review: The film limps lethargically and collapse in a predictable twist ending |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |publisher=CNN-IBN |first=Masand |last=Rajeev |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051054/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/movies/masand-reviewmasand-verdict-2-967208.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> ''Roy'' failed to meet its box-office expectations, and was a commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/435 |title=Worldwide Collections of Roy |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 February 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909095904/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/435 |archive-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> Later that year, she appeared in a guest appearance for the comedy-satire ''[[Bangistan]]''.<ref name="India Today">{{Cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Charu |title=Is Jacqueline Fernandez the next Katrina Kaif? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jacqueline-fernandez-the-next-katrina-kaif-salman-khan-kick-bangistan-dishoom-ek-tha-tiger-varun-dhawan-tiger-shroff-287554-2015-08-11 |access-date=5 September 2015 |work=India Today |date=11 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913215921/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jacqueline-fernandez-the-next-katrina-kaif-salman-khan-kick-bangistan-dishoom-ek-tha-tiger-varun-dhawan-tiger-shroff/1/457672.html |archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Sidharth Jacqueline promoting A gentleman (2).jpg|alt=|thumb|left|Fernandez at the promotions of ''[[A Gentleman]]'' with [[Sidharth Malhotra]], 2017]]
[[Karan Malhotra]]'s action drama ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]'' was Fernandez's next release. Co-starring alongside Akshay Kumar and [[Sidharth Malhotra]], Fernandez played Jenny, a fearless mother struggling for her child, a role which she described as "challenging", "intense", and "difficult".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez not hesitant to play mother on screen |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/jacqueline-fernandez-not-hesitant-to-play-mother-on-screen_1646764.html |publisher=Zee News |access-date=5 September 2015 |date=14 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816202159/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/jacqueline-fernandez-not-hesitant-to-play-mother-on-screen_1646764.html |archive-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> The role marked a departure from the glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying.<ref name=":0" /> Dhriti Sharma of [[Zee News]] called her character "soft, timid and promising", and praised her for: "convincingly pull[ing] off a pleasing character of a street fighter's wife".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Dhriti |title=Brothers movie review: Watch it for brilliant fight sequences! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/brothers-movie-review-akshay-kumar-is-the-hero-jackie-shroff-reigns_1646975.html |publisher=Zee News |access-date=3 September 2015 |date=16 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909044628/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/brothers-movie-review-akshay-kumar-is-the-hero-jackie-shroff-reigns_1646975.html |archive-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> Film critic Subhash K. Jha noted that she: "...in a limited role gives her finest emotive shot",<ref>{{Cite web |last1=K. Jha |first1=Subhash |title=Brothers: Movie Review |url=http://skjbollywoodnews.com/2015/08/brothers-movie-review/4135392.html |publisher=Skjbollywoodnews.com |access-date=3 September 2015 |date=14 August 2015 |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913044653/http://skjbollywoodnews.com/2015/08/brothers-movie-review/4135392.html |archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> while critic Raja Sen remarked: "[she] plays Kumar's long-sobbing wife who gets so deliriously happy on seeing a text message that it may well have contained news about a ''Kick'' sequel."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Raja |title=Review: Brothers is so bad it should be disqualified |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-brothers-is-so-bad-it-should-be-disqualified/20150814.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 September 2015 |date=14 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831095111/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-brothers-is-so-bad-it-should-be-disqualified/20150814.htm |archive-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> Later that year, she starred in the horror thriller ''[[Definition of Fear]]'', which marked her Hollywood debut.<ref name="definition">{{Cite news |title=No stunt double: Jacqueline Fernandez's Definition Of (fighting) Fear? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/no-stunt-double-jacqueline-fernandez-definition-of-fear-223407-2014-10-16 |access-date=27 October 2014 |work=India Today |date=16 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018230605/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/no-stunt-double-jacqueline-fernandez-definition-of-fear/1/396039.html |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>

Fernandez began 2016 with a role in ''[[Housefull 3]]'' which is the third instalment to the ''Housefull'' Series'. The ensemble comedy film paired her with [[Akshay Kumar]] as her love interest. The critic for ''Firstpost'' was disappointed with the picture and criticized Fernandez for her inclination towards a film, where she is treated as nothing more than a "visual attraction".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MM Vetticad |first1=Anna |title='Housefull 3' review: A lazily written, flat ensemble film |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/housefull-3-review-a-lazily-written-flat-ensemble-film-2815258.html |access-date=11 August 2016 |work=Firstpost |date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811233525/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/housefull-3-review-a-lazily-written-flat-ensemble-film-2815258.html |archive-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Nevertheless, the film was a commercial success, grossing {{INRConvert|1.88|b}} worldwide.<ref name="bollywoodhungama2">{{Cite web |title=Special Features: Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Housefull 3 |url=http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/special-features/670/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811131537/http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/special-features/670/ |archive-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Her next film—the action adventure ''[[Dishoom]]''—also grossed {{INRConvert|1.2 |b}} worldwide at the box-office.<ref name="bollywoodhungama1" /> Later that year, she served as a judge to the [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 9)|ninth season]] of the dance show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9: Everything you wanted to know about the dance reality show |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-jacqueline-fernandez-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-dance-reality-show-2946492/ |access-date=11 August 2016 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803225525/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-jacqueline-fernandez-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-dance-reality-show-2946492/ |archive-date=3 August 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, Fernandez appeared in [[Chandran Rutnam]]'s English-Sri Lankan crime-thriller ''[[According to Matthew]]''.<ref name="nervous" /> The film was her maiden cinematic appearance in Sri Lankan cinema as well. The film was released in Sri Lanka on 7 April 2017 in CEL Theatres with the title ''Anuragini''.<ref name= Anuragini>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/2017/03/23/?fn=sa17032328 |title=Sri Lankan Latest Films – බොලිවුඩ් සුපිරි නිළි ජැක්ලයින් ෆර්නැන්ඩ්ස් සිංහල සිනමාවට අනුරාගිනි 7 දා තිරයට |publisher=Sarasaviya |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829123556/http://www.sarasaviya.lk/2017/03/23/?fn=sa17032328 |archive-date=29 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her next film was the action-comedy ''[[A Gentleman]]'', with Siddharth Malhotra from the director duo [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.]] The film was poorly received by critics and was a box-office flop.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-gentleman/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of A Gentleman |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 August 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929164300/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-gentleman/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, she appeared in [[David Dhawan]]'s comedy film ''[[Judwaa 2]]'', opposite [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Taapsee Pannu]]. It was a sequel to the 1997 comedy film ''[[Judwaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet the 'Judwaa 2' trio: David Dhawan, Varun Dhawan and Sajid Nadiadwala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Meet-the-Judwaa-2-trio-David-Dhawan-Varun-Dhawan-and-Sajid-Nadiadwala/articleshow/50902764.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208195401/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Meet-the-Judwaa-2-trio-David-Dhawan-Varun-Dhawan-and-Sajid-Nadiadwala/articleshow/50902764.cms |archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> The film proved to be a box-office success earning {{INRConvert|2.26|b}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-judwaa-2/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Judwaa 2 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 September 2017 |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017233918/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-judwaa-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bollywoodhungama1">{{Cite web |title=Special Features: Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Dishoom |url=http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/special-features/761/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813053429/http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/special-features/761 |archive-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> In 2018, she starred alongside [[Salman Khan]] in ''[[Race 3]]'', the third addition to the ''[[Race (film series)|Race Franchise]]''. Race 3 was a box office success earning more than {{INRConvert|3|b}} worldwide despite mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/confirmed-salman-khan-to-hit-the-road-with-race-3-will-star-opposite-jacqueline-fernandez/story-I267pK3iZAIZojEYbmscNJ.html |title=Confirmed! Salman Khan to hit the road with Race 3, will star opposite Jacqueline Fernandez |date=23 August 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927114248/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/confirmed-salman-khan-to-hit-the-road-with-race-3-will-star-opposite-jacqueline-fernandez/story-I267pK3iZAIZojEYbmscNJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Career setbacks (2019–present) ===
[[File:John, JacquelineThe-Kapil-Sharma-Show.jpg|thumb|Fernandez and [[John Abraham]] on ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''.]]
In recent years, Fernandez's films have been critical failures. Fernandez has starred in [[Tarun Mansukhani]]'s ''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]'' opposite [[Sushant Singh Rajput]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drive-first-look-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-start-shooting-for-karan-johar-s-film/story-n72TlGsc938nN89avF6FMM.html |title=Drive first look sushant singh rajput jacqueline fernandez start shooting by karan johar |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420173752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drive-first-look-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-start-shooting-for-karan-johar-s-film/story-n72TlGsc938nN89avF6FMM.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She also starred in the [[Netflix]] original film, ''[[Mrs. Serial Killer]]'', directed by [[Shirish Kunder]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-to-star-in-netflix-s-mrs-serial-killer-directed-by-shirish-kunder-produced-by-farah-khan/story-mhRdf31g7DbAZAVaXoC4oN.html |title=Jacqueline Fernandez to star in Netflix's Mrs Serial Killer, directed by Shirish Kunder, produced by Farah Khan |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731052857/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-to-star-in-netflix-s-mrs-serial-killer-directed-by-shirish-kunder-produced-by-farah-khan/story-mhRdf31g7DbAZAVaXoC4oN.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She also featured with [[Akshay Kumar]] for the fourth time in a gangster drama ''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jacqueline Fernandez reunites with Akshay Kumar for the 4th time in a gangster drama 'Bachchan Pandey' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jacqueline-fernandez-reunites-with-akshay-kumar-for-the-4th-time-in-gangster-drama-bachchan-pandey/articleshow/79503557.cms |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, she was featured in the Kannada film ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'', which was received mixed to negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 August 2020|title=Kichcha Sudeep reveals Neetha Ashok's look in 'Phantom'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kichcha-sudeep-reveals-neetha-ashok-s-look-phantom-131281|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Vikrant Rona' -Telugu version, to hit the OTT on this date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vikrant-ronas-telugu-version-to-hit-the-ott-on-this-date/articleshow/93925939.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 September 2022|quote=the film attracted mixed to negative reviews for its content and execution.}}</ref>

In 2025, Fernandez appeared opposite [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in ''[[Housefull 5]]''. The film was released in two versions, titled ''Housefull 5A'' and ''Housefull 5B'', each featuring a different climax and murderer.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Housefull 5' wraps filming, movie to release in June 2025 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/housefull-5-wraps-filming-movie-to-release-in-june-2025-3331664 |date=25 December 2024 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Inside Sajid Nadiadwala's 'Housefull 5' Multiple Endings Gambit: 'Bringing Back That Element of Surprise' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/sajid-nadiadwala-housefull-5-multiple-endings-1236413688/ |website=Variety |date=30 May 2025 |accessdate=30 May 2025}}</ref> Devesh Sharma stated that she adds to the "glamour quotient", but has nothing to do in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Devesh |title=Housefull 5 Review: Leave your brains behind |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/housefull-5-review-leave-your-brains-behind-74467.html |website=Filmfare |accessdate=6 June 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life and other work ==
[[File:Jacqueline Fernandez with Bolly Flex (cropped).JPG|alt=Jacqueline Fernandez looks straight towards the camera|thumb|Fernandez performing at Bollywood Showstoppers, 2014]]
Fernandez shares a close bond with her family, and admits that she misses being around them.<ref name="family" /> She says: "I miss them so much everyday. You don't realise when you live away from home how difficult life can be [...] At the same time, staying away from them has taught me to be more responsible. It has taught me so many things about myself, about priorities and time management."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=D'Costa |first1=Melissa |title=I am in the mood to celebrate: Jacqueline Fernandez |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-am-in-the-mood-to-celebrate-jacqueline-fernandez-2046865 |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=25 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045019/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-am-in-the-mood-to-celebrate-jacqueline-fernandez-2046865 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

In 2008, Fernandez started dating Bahraini prince Hassan bin Rashid Al Khalifa, whom she met at a mutual friend's party; they separated in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Tushar |title=Jacqueline to marry prince from Bahrain? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jacqueline-to-marry-prince-from-Bahrain/articleshow/8774011.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=9 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817110631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jacqueline-to-marry-prince-from-Bahrain/articleshow/8774011.cms |archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Tushar |title=Jacqueline, Bahraini prince break up! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jacqueline-Bahraini-prince-break-up/articleshow/9075642.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=3 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712071015/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jacqueline-Bahraini-prince-break-up/articleshow/9075642.cms |archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> While filming ''Housefull 2'' in 2011, Fernandez began a romantic relationship with director [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jacqueline Fernandez, Sajid Khan an item? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jacqueline-fernandez-sajid-khan-an-item/story-oD5s4Nt3gAB8g43r2kxe9K.html |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113131008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jacqueline-fernandez-sajid-khan-an-item/story-oD5s4Nt3gAB8g43r2kxe9K.html |archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> The relationship attracted media coverage in India and there was speculation of an impending wedding.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dalal |first1=Sayantan |title=Yes, marriage is on my mind: Sajid Khan |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-yes-marriage-is-on-my-mind-sajid-khan-1644102 |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=31 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051121/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-yes-marriage-is-on-my-mind-sajid-khan-1644102 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> However, the relationship ended in May 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya |title=Sajid Khan: I went for a holiday with Jacqueline, but later things soured |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sajid-Khan-I-went-for-a-holiday-with-Jacqueline-but-later-things-soured/articleshow/36716163.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=18 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008052446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sajid-Khan-I-went-for-a-holiday-with-Jacqueline-but-later-things-soured/articleshow/36716163.cms |archive-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

Fernandez was the brand ambassador of the [[Indian Super League]] club [[Delhi Dynamos]] for the [[2017–18 Delhi Dynamos FC season|2017–18 season]], where she helped the club in engaging with the fans across the city and country. She was also the first female to be appointed the brand ambassador of an Indian football club.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Dynamos rope in Jacqueline Fernandez as Brand Ambassador |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/delhi-dynamos-rope-in-jacqueline-fernandez-as-brand-ambassador-117100400939_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=4 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez announced as brand ambassador of Delhi Dynamos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/jacqueline-fernandez-announced-as-brand-ambassador-of-delhi-dynamos-4874619/ |website=The Indian Express |date=4 October 2017 }}</ref>

Fernandez has supported charitable organizations and a number of causes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez to auction a few of her movie outfits for charity |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/15014923/Jacqueline-Fernandez-to-auction-a-few-of-her-movie-outfits-for-charity |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 September 2015 |date=3 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801031611/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/15014923/Jacqueline-Fernandez-to-auction-a-few-of-her-movie-outfits-for-charity |archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> For advocating the welfare of animals, Fernandez was named "Woman Of The Year" by PETA (India) in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Steven |title=Jacqueline Fernandez named PETA India's Woman of the Year |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a617831/jacqueline-fernandez-named-peta-indias-woman-of-the-year.html#~pnwDLC8k09jEhm |work=[[Digital Spy]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |date=20 December 2014}}</ref> Fernandez is a [[Veganism|vegan]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20230123194837/https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/people/veganism7-bollywood-actresses-who-follow-vegan-diet-523992 "Veganism: 7 Bollywood actresses who follow a vegan diet"]. pinkvilla.com. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</ref>

Fernandez has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies. In 2013, she performed at the ''Temptations Reloaded'' in Auckland, Perth, and Sydney alongside [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], and [[Madhuri Dixit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temptations Reloaded: Shahrukh Khan, Jacqueline Fernandez, Madhuri Dixit wow fans in Auckland |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/movies/temptations-reloaded-shah-rukh-madhuri-rani-jacqueline-wow-fans-in-auckland-921380.html#14524-8.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=5 September 2015 |date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803083550/http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/movies/temptations-reloaded-shah-rukh-madhuri-rani-jacqueline-wow-fans-in-auckland-921380.html |archive-date=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Temptation Reloaded 2013 |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/temptation-reloaded-2013-1 |publisher=[[MSN]] |access-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703060754/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/temptation-reloaded-2013-1 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |date=9 October 2013}}</ref> She also performed at the live talent show "Got Talent World Stage Live" with Khan, [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Varun Dhawan]] the following year.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} In July 2014, Fernandez opened a restaurant in [[Colombo]], Kaema Sutra, in collaboration with chef [[Dharshan Munidasa]], which specialises in contemporary Sri Lankan cuisine.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In Pics: Jacqueline Fernandez's Kaema Sutra in Colombo |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CEL-in-pics-jacqueline-fernandezs-kaema-sutra-in-colombo-4689922-PHO.html |access-date=5 September 2015 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=23 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814054026/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CEL-in-pics-jacqueline-fernandezs-kaema-sutra-in-colombo-4689922-PHO.html |archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Ankur |title=What's cooking, Jacky? |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Whats-cooking-Jacky/articleshow/37791998.cms |access-date=5 September 2015 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=5 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105232851/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Whats-cooking-Jacky/articleshow/37791998.cms |archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> In July 2018, Fernandez co-founded her activewear clothing line-up, Just F.<ref>{{Cite news |author=ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/apparel/jacqueline-fernandez-launches-fitness-brand-just-f/63714694 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez launches fitness brand 'Just F' |date=11 April 2018 |work=ET Retail |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113947/https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/apparel/jacqueline-fernandez-launches-fitness-brand-just-f/63714694 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2022, Fernandez danced to instant hit "[[Arabic Kuthu]]" song alongside other actresses on a TV show.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/shilpa-shetty-jacqueline-fernandez-rakul-preet-dance-to-arabic-kuthu/videoshow/90518581.cms | title=Shilpa Shetty, Jacqueline Fernandez & Rakul Preet dance to Arabic Kuthu | Tamil Movie News | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Since December 2021, Fernandez has been a subject of an investigation into a money laundering case involving ₹2 billion. The investigation is being carried out by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) who questioned Fernandez for 10 hours in relation to the case on 9 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez Questioned By ED For Ten Hours In Money Laundering Case |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-jacqueline-fernandez-questioned-for-ten-hours-about-money-laundering-case/404393 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref> On 22 December, ED rejected Fernandez's request to downgrade the [[look out circular]] (LOC) which was issued against her in the case which blocks her to travel outside India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2022 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez Can't Leave India As ED Rejects Her Plea to Cancel Lookout Circular Against Her |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jacqueline-fernandezs-request-to-cancel-lookout-circular-issued-against-her-refused-by-ed-4582316.html |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=News18.com}}</ref> Fernandez was removed from the film ''[[The Ghost (2022 film)|The Ghost]]'' starring [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]. It is speculated that the eviction from the film happened due to the money laundering case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez loses film with Nagarjuna due to the Sukesh Chandrasekhar case? |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/jacqueline-fernandez-loses-film-with-nagarjuna-due-to-the-sukesh-chandrasekhar-case-drb-r5nobc |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=Newsable.asianetnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2022 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez out of Nagarjuna's The Ghost due to THIS reason? – Movies News |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1030682/actor-jacqueline-fernandez-named-as-accused-by-enforcement-directorate-in-money-laundering-case |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=Indiatoday.in}}</ref> On 17 August 2022, the Enforcement Directorate named Fernandez as an accused in the same money-laundering case involving Sukesh Chandrashekhar.<ref>{{cite news |title='My wealth earned myself' – Jacqueline Fernandez clarifies on money laundering case |url=https://abcfry.com/my-wealth-earned-myself-jacqueline-fernandez-clarifies-on-money-laundering-case/ |work=abcFRY.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2022 |title=Actor Jacqueline Fernandez named as accused by Enforcement Directorate in money-laundering case |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-jacqueline-fernandez-questioned-for-ten-hours-about-money-laundering-case/404393 |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=scroll.in}}</ref> In response, she said that FDs{{explain|date=March 2024}} were made before having any links with the conman and all her income was legal and tax was also paid on it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2022 |title=Actor Jacqueline Fernandez named as accused by Enforcement Directorate in money-laundering case |url=https://bigmirror.in/jacqueline-names-nora-fatehi-in-response-to-ed/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824183329/https://bigmirror.in/jacqueline-names-nora-fatehi-in-response-to-ed/ |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=bigmirror.in}}</ref> On 26 September 2022, at the request of Fernandez's lawyer, the court granted interim bail to Jacqueline on a bail bond of ₹50,000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2022 |title=Actor Jacqueline Fernandez was granted interim bail |url=https://bigmirror.in/actor-jacqueline-fernandez-was-granted-interim-bail/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=bigmirror.in}}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Jacqueline at LFW 01.jpg|alt=Jacqueline Fernandez at Lee Jeans event in Mumbai|thumb|190px|Fernandez at Lakme Fashion Week, 2016]]
In 2008 and 2011, Fernandez featured in the UK magazine ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'s}} "World's Sexiest Asian Women" list, ranking twelfth.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Katrina Kaif is sexiest Asian woman for 2008 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-is-sexiest-asian-woman-for-2008-1211679 |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160757/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-is-sexiest-asian-woman-for-2008-1211679 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kareena Kapoor voted as Sexiest Asian Woman |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1393041/Kareena-Kapoor-voted-as-Sexiest-Asian-Woman |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 September 2015 |date=26 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144406/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1393041/Kareena-Kapoor-voted-as-Sexiest-Asian-Woman |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> She was ranked third on ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'s}} listing of the "Most Desirable Woman" in 2013 and 2014, after being ranked eighth, seventh and fourteenth, respectively, in the preceding three years.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women/articleshow/7241772.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403115549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women/articleshow/7241772.cms |archive-date=3 April 2015}} {{Cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women of 2011 : The Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11753716.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913224903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11753716.cms |archive-date=13 September 2015}} {{Cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women of 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2012/articleshow/19767120.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=29 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218173744/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2012/articleshow/19767120.cms |archive-date=18 December 2015}} {{Cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women of 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Queens-of-desire/articleshow/35726757.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420190837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Queens-of-desire/articleshow/35726757.cms |archive-date=20 April 2015}} {{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |title=Sunny Leone tops Times Most Desirable Woman 2014 list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sunny-Leone-tops-Times-Most-Desirable-Woman-2014-list/articleshow/47149314.cms |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510061214/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-leone-tops-times-most-desirable-woman-2014-list/articleshow/47149314.cms |archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> In 2013, Rediff.com placed her on their list of "Bollywood's Best Dressed Actresses".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood's Best Dressed Actresses of 2013 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-dressed-actresses-of-2013/20131219.htm#7 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 September 2015 |date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925040356/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-dressed-actresses-of-2013/20131219.htm |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> The following year, she held the sixty second position in the Indian edition of the ''[[Forbes India|Forbes]]'' Celebrity 100, a list based on the income and popularity of India's celebrities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=2014 Celebrity 100 List |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/1 |access-date=4 September 2015 |work=[[Forbes India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071333/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/1 |archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref>

In early 2013, Fernandez became the ambassador for [[HTC One series|HTC One]], which she endorses in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez HTC One ambassador |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news-in-images/jacqueline-fernandez-htc-one-ambassador-2013-05-30-1.508546 |publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]] |access-date=14 July 2013 |date=30 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730040921/http://www.emirates247.com/news-in-images/jacqueline-fernandez-htc-one-ambassador-2013-05-30-1.508546 |archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> She was the face of ''Indian Bridal Fashion Week''—''IBFW'' of 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahgal |first=Geety |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/jacqueline-fernandez-talks-brides-and-weddings/1152441/ |title=Jacqueline Fernandez talks brides and weddings |work=The Indian Express |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012030329/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/jacqueline-fernandez-talks-brides-and-weddings/1152441/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, she became the spokesperson for [[Gareth Pugh]]'s designed ''[[Forevermark|Forevermark Diamonds]]'' in Mumbai,{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} and was at the inaugural opening of the ''[[Forever 21]]'' store in Mumbai.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} While analyzing Fernandez's career, India TV noted: "Slowly and steadily Jacqueline Fernandez is climbing up the ladder of success [...] Jacqueline is comfortably grasping every aspect of the work, which an actress is required to do and is accordingly giving results."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez– the next female superstar of Bollywood |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-female-superstar-of-bollywood-20601.html |publisher=India TV |access-date=30 August 2015 |date=13 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815043615/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-female-superstar-of-bollywood-20601.html |archive-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> On the contrary, Charu Thakur of ''[[India Today]]'' criticized her acting skills, but remarked that: "[she has] managed to find her feet in Bollywood now by banking on glamorous roles".<ref name="India Today" />

In 2017, Fernandez invested {{INRConvert|35|m}} in Rakyan Beverages' ''Raw Pressery''. The company claim that with this investment, Fernandez became India's first celebrity to part-finance a consumer products firm.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/jacqueline-fernandez-puts-her-money-in-juice-making-startup/articleshow/58213132.cms |title=Jacqueline Fernandez puts her money in juice making startup |last=Malviya |first=Sagar |date=17 April 2017 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033136/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/jacqueline-fernandez-puts-her-money-in-juice-making-startup/articleshow/58213132.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| 2009
! scope="row"| ''[[Aladin (film)|Aladin]]''
| [[Princess Jasmine|Jasmine]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-jacqueline-fernandez-recalls-first-audition-sujoy-ghoshs-film-aladin/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Jacqueline Fernandez recalls her first audition for Sujoy Ghosh's film Aladin|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=7 April 2022 |access-date= 7 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai]]''
| Tara
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jaane-kahan-se-aayi-hai-helped-jacqueline-bag-cameo-in-housefull/|title=Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai helped Jacqueline bag cameo in Housefull|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=11 March 2010 |access-date= 11 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
| Dhanno
| Special appearance in song "Aapka Kya Hoga"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jacqueline-does-an-intem-number-in-housefull/story-c9BuXhXV0XZ0HZBAJhLxAO_amp.html|title=Jacqueline does an intem number in Housefull|website=Hindustan Times|date=9 April 2010 |access-date= 10 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
! scope="row"| ''[[Murder 2]]''
| Priya
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-plays-centrespread-model-in-murder-2/|title=Jacqueline Fernandez plays centrespread model in Murder 2|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=2 February 2011 |access-date= 2 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
! scope="row"| ''[[Housefull 2]]''
| {{sort|Kapoor|Bobby Kapoor}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/housefull-2-shot-at-a-victorian-castle-603964|title=Housefull 2 shot at a Victorian castle|website=Ndtv|access-date= 15 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
! scope="row"| ''[[Race 2]]''
| Omisha
|
|<ref>={{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jacqueline-fernandez-set-to-impress-with-stunts-in-race-2-608968|title=Jacqueline Fernandez set to impress with stunts in Race 2|website=Ndtv|access-date= 21 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Jadoo Ki Jhappi"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-to-do-a-special-song-in-ramaiya-vastavaiya/story-yeUUSohFWZqv2GpmCWCjMM_amp.html|title=Jacqueline Fernandez to do a special song in Ramaiya Vastavaiya|website=Hindustan Times|date=22 February 2013 |access-date= 23 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row"| ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''
| {{sort|Mehra|Shaina Mehra}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-sad-as-kick-shoot-with-salman-khan-wraps-up/lite/|title=Jacqueline Fernandez sad as 'Kick' shoot with Salman Khan wraps up|website=Theindianexpress|date=4 July 2014 |access-date= 4 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015
! scope="row"| ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''
| Ayesha Aamir / Tia Desai
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jacqueline-fernandez-enjoyed-her-directorial-act-in-roy/articleshow/46095497.cms|title=Jacqueline Fernandez enjoyed her directorial act in Roy|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 February 2015 |access-date= 3 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Bangistan]]''
| Rosanna (Rosie)
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Jacqueline-Fernandez-excited-about--Bangistan--special-appearance-15464185|title=Jacqueline Fernandez excited about 'Bangistan' special appearance|website=Mid-day|date=21 July 2014 |access-date= 21 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''
| {{sort|Fernandes|Jenny Fernandes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jacqueline-fernandez-excited-about-her-role-in-brothers-723306|title=Jacqueline Fernandez Excited About her Role in Brothers|website=Ndtv|access-date= 6 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Definition of Fear]]''
| {{sort|Fording|Sarah Fording}}
| British film
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016
! scope="row" |''[[Housefull 3]]''
| Ganga "Gracy" Patel
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Jacqueline-Fernandez-does-tap-dance-in--Housefull-3--17205170|title=Jacqueline Fernandez does tap dance in 'Housefull 3'|website=Mid-day|date=6 May 2016 |access-date= 6 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Dishoom]]''
| Meera Balraj "Ishika" Behl
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-out-jacqueline-fernandez-to-play-a-mysterious-character-in-dishoom/|title=Check out: Jacqueline Fernandez to play a mysterious character in Dishoom|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 March 2016 |access-date= 28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[A Flying Jatt]]''
| Kirti
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Tiger-Shroff-and-Jacqueline-Fernandez-promote--A-Flying-Jatt--at-Radio-City-17498181|title=Tiger Shroff and Jacqueline Fernandez promote 'A Flying Jatt' at Radio City|website=Mid-day|date=4 August 2016 |access-date= 4 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[According to Matthew]]''
| {{sort|Reynolds|Daphne Reynolds}}
| Sri Lankan film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[A Gentleman]]''
| Kavya Chetwani
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/381022/gentleman-sidharth-malhotra-and-jacqueline-fernandez-shoot-bandook-meri%3famp|title=A Gentleman: Sidharth Malhotra and Jacqueline Fernandez to shoot for Bandook Meri Laila next month|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=22 June 2017|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112071921/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/381022/gentleman-sidharth-malhotra-and-jacqueline-fernandez-shoot-bandook-meri?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Judwaa 2]]''
| Alishka Bakshi
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wrap-varun-dhawan-jacqueline-fernandez-taapsee-pannu-starrer-judwaa-2/|title=It's a wrap for Varun Dhawan, Jacqueline Fernandez and Taapsee Pannu starrer Judwaa 2|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=29 July 2017 |access-date= 29 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Baaghi 2]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "[[Ek Do Teen (song)|Ek Do Teen]]"
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43482472 |title='Unpopular' Bollywood remix gets 18 m views |date=21 March 2018 |publisher=BBC |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627003054/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43482472 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Race 3]]''
|Jessica Gomes
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/race-3-salman-khan-jacqueline-fernandez-wrap-bangkok-schedule/|title=Race 3: Salman Khan and Jacqueline Fernandez wrap up Bangkok schedule|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=22 February 2018 |access-date= 22 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019
! scope="row"| ''[[Saaho]]''
| Herself
| Simultaneously shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]; special appearance in song "Bad Boy"
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jacqueline and Prabhas sizzle in Saaho's Bad Boy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jacqueline-and-prabhas-sizzle-in-saahos-bad-boy/articleshow/70723531.cms |access-date=19 August 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819043040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jacqueline-and-prabhas-sizzle-in-saahos-bad-boy/articleshow/70723531.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]''
| Tara Loha
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drive-first-look-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-start-shooting-for-karan-johar-s-film/story-n72TlGsc938nN89avF6FMM.html |title=drive first look sushant singh rajput jacqueline fernandez start shooting by karan johar |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420173752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drive-first-look-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-start-shooting-for-karan-johar-s-film/story-n72TlGsc938nN89avF6FMM.html |archive-date=20 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2020
! scope="row"| ''[[Mrs. Serial Killer]]''
|Sona Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
! scope="row" | ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Dil De Diya"
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/radhe-song-dil-de-diya-salman-khan-jacqueline-fernandez-and-a-whole-bag-of-crazy-dance-moves-watch-7296572 |title=Radhe song Dil De Diya: Salman, Jacqueline and a whole bag of crazy dance moves |work=The Indian Express |date=1 May 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhoot Police]]''
| Kanika "Kanu" Kulbhushan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jacqueline-fernandez-wraps-shoot-bhoot-police/ |title=Jacqueline Fernandez wraps shoot for Bhoot Police |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=30 November 2020 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6"|2022
! scope="row"|''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]''
| Sophie
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jacqueline-fernandez-shares-glimpses-last-day-shoot-bachchan-pandey/ |title=Jacqueline Fernandez shares glimpses from the last day of shoot of Bachchan Pandey |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 March 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jacqueline Fernandez joins Akshay Kumar and Kriti Sanon in Sajid Nadiadwala's gangster drama Bachchan Pandey |url=https://www.mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-joins-akshay-kumar-and-kriti-sanon-in-sajid-nadiadwalas-gangster-drama-bachchan-pandey/articleshow/79498291.cms |author-link=Himesh Mankad |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Attack: Part 1|Attack]]''
| Ayesha Roy
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/attack-john-abraham-and-jacquline-fernandez-starts-shooting-for-the-action-thriller/articleshow/73166529.cms |title='Attack': John Abraham and Jacqueline Fernandez starts shooting for the action-thriller |access-date=9 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109070853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/attack-john-abraham-and-jacquline-fernandez-starts-shooting-for-the-action-thriller/articleshow/73166529.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BREAKING: John Abraham-starrer Attack to release a week after Akshay Kumar-starrer Prithviraj, on January 27, 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-john-abraham-starrer-attack-release-week-akshay-kumar-starrer-prithviraj-january-27-2022/ |date=30 September 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Vikrant Rona]]''
|Racquel D'Coasta aka Gadang Rakkamma
|[[Kannada]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/jacqueline-fernandez-completes-shooting-for-kannada-debut-film-vikrant-rona-see-pics-101626509993744.html |title=Jacqueline Fernandez completes shooting for Kannada debut film Vikrant Rona |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Tell It Like a Woman]]''
|Divya
|American–Italian film
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/tell-it-like-a-woman-jacqueline-fernandez-film-oscar-nomination-diane-warren-8403349/ |title=Tell It Like a Woman: Film starring Jacqueline Fernandez pulls off surprise Oscar nomination, will compete against RRR's 'Naatu Naatu' for Best Original Song |work=The Indian Express |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]''
| Sandra Rebello
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanyal |first=Jyoti |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-says-jai-shri-ram-on-ram-setu-mahurat-puja-day-in-ayodhya-1780760-2021-03-18 |title=Akshay Kumar says Jai Shri Ram on Ram Setu mahurat puja day in Ayodhya |work=India Today |date=18 March 2021 |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''
|Bindu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jacqueline-fernandez-returns-mumbai-shoot-cirkus/ |title=Jacqueline Fernandez returns to Mumbai for the shoot of Cirkus |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Selfiee]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Deewane"
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-jacqueline-fernandez-and-emraan-hashmis-new-romantic-track-deewane-from-selfiee-out-now/articleshow/98389440.cms|title=Akshay Kumar, Jacqueline Fernandez and Emraan Hashmi's new romantic track 'Deewane' from 'Selfiee' out now|work=The Times of India|date=3 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Kill 'Em All 2]]''
| Vanessa
| American film
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wiseman |first1=Andreas |title=Sony Releases First Trailer For Jean-Claude Van Damme & Jacqueline Fernandez Action Sequel 'Kill 'Em All 2' |url=https://deadline.com/video/jean-claude-van-damme-jacqueline-fernandez-kill-em-all-2-trailer-sony/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=16 September 2024 |date=16 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Fateh (2025 film)|Fateh]]''
|Khushi Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonu-sood-jacqueline-fernandez-starrer-fateh-starts-filming-in-punjab/article66607108.ece|title=Sonu Sood, Jacqueline Fernandez starrer 'Fateh' starts filming in Punjab |work=The Hindu|date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Raid 2 (film)|Raid 2]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in the song "Money Money"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2025|title=Jacqueline Fernandez and Yo Yo Honey Singh in a special song for Ajay Devgn's Raid 2|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-and-yo-yo-honey-singh-in-a-special-song-for-ajay-devgns-raid-2-exclusive-72572. |access-date=3 April 2025|website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Housefull 5]]''
|Sasikala
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-shares-a-stylish-bts-look-from-housefull-5-set-with-jacqueline-riteish-dino-and-abhishek-2797894.html|title=Akshay Kumar Shares A Stylish BTS Look From Housefull 5 Set With Jacqueline, Riteish, Dino, And Abhishek |work=Zee News|date=24 September 2024 |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
! scope="row"{{Pending film|Welcome to the Jungle}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |last=Kaur |first=Loveleen |title=Welcome To The Jungle: Akshay Kumar, Suniel Shetty, Raveena Tandon’s film to hit cinemas on June 26 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/welcome-to-the-jungle-akshay-kumar-suniel-shetty-raveena-tandons-film-to-hit-cinemas-on-june-26-1400237 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}



=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!Notes
|-
|2016
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 9)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''
| Judge
|
|-
|2020–present
|''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives]]''
|Herself
|Guest appearance
|-
|2025
|''[[Hai Junoon!]]''
|Pearl Saldanha
|
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2016
|"GF BF"
|Gurinder Seagal
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2016|title=Salman Khan lauds Jacqueline Fernandez's GF-BF song|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-khan-lauds-jacqueline-fernandez-s-gf-bf-song/story-Oz3tzy51haage2abOTc6DK.html|access-date=14 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|"Mere Angne Mein"
|[[Neha Kakkar]], [[Raja Hasan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2020 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez and Asim Riaz shoot for music video Mere Angne Mein |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/asim-riaz-and-jacqueline-fernandez-shoot-for-music-video-mere-angne-mein-6296580/ |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Genda Phool"
|[[Payal Dev]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2020 |title=Here's everything to know about Badshah's Genda Phool controversy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/everything-to-know-about-badshah-genda-phool-controversy-ratan-kahar-6346801/ |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|"Paani Paani"
|[[Aastha Gill]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez happy with response to Paani Paani: 'Loving the recreations people have been posting' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/jacqueline-fernandez-happy-with-response-to-paani-paani-loving-the-recreations-people-have-been-posting-101624972962538.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|"[[Mud Mud Ke]]"
|[[Neha Kakkar]], [[Tony Kakkar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/jacqueline-fernandez-michele-morrone-mud-mud-ke-video-watch-50-shades-of-grey-twist-7768881/|title=Jacqueline Fernandez, Michele Morrone's Mud Mud Ke video is like 50 Shades Of Grey, but worse. Watch|date=12 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|"Yimmy Yimmy"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Tayc]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez & TAYC's 'Yimmy Yimmy' takes internet by storm! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/jacqueline-fernandez-taycs-yimmy-yimmy-takes-internet-by-storm-1503280862.html |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Song
!Singer
!Writer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2024
|"Stormrider"
|Jacqueline Fernandez
|Amrita Sen, Robin Grubert
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Stormrider: Jacqueline Fernandez brings out her boldest self in debut single|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jacqueline-fernandez-stormrider-boldest-self-debut-single-2603564-2024-09-20|date=20 September 2024|website=India Today}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |2010
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aladin (film)|Aladin]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name="yahoo" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| Exciting New Face
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2010 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/647/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 March 2014 |date=18 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309140255/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/647/ |archive-date=9 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
! row | 2012
| Best Actress (Thriller/Action)
|''[[Murder 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="awards">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez—Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/16794 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309140257/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/16794 |archive-date=9 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |2013
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|''[[Housefull 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="IIFA" />
|-
|[[15th Asianet Film Awards]]
| Most Stylish Bollywood Actress
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref name="awards" />
|-
! rowspan="3" |2015
|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| BIG Star Most Entertaining Dancer
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Parismita |title=BIG Star Entertainment Awards 2014: 'Happy New Year', 'Haider' Receive Trophies; Complete List of Winners |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/big-star-entertainment-awards-2014-happy-new-year-haider-receive-trophies-complete-list-617739 |access-date=6 September 2015 |work=International Business Times |date=19 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822210540/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/big-star-entertainment-awards-2014-happy-new-year-haider-receive-trophies-complete-list-617739 |archive-date=22 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
| Style Diva
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Stardust Awards 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7635 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215100048/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7635 |archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Popular Choice Awards – Nominations |url=http://indianexpress.com/screenawards/popular-choice/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005104019/http://indianexpress.com/screenawards/popular-choice/ |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |2016
|[[Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year]]
|Global Entertainer
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year 2016 – Award Winners |url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/37094/ada-derana-sri-lankan-of-the-year-2016-award-winners |work=[[Ada Derana]] |date=24 September 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928184339/http://www.adaderana.lk/news/37094/ada-derana-sri-lankan-of-the-year-2016-award-winners |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress
|''[[Housefull 3]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="stardust1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.stardust.co.in/featured/vote-sansui-colors-stardust-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205145520/http://www.stardust.co.in/featured/vote-sansui-colors-stardust-awards/ |url-status=dead |title=Vote for Sansui Colors Stardust Awards! – Bollywood News |archive-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dishoom]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref name="stardust1" />
|-
! rowspan="4" |2017
| rowspan="3" |
[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|BIG Zee Entertainment Awards]]
|Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Film – Female
|''[[Housefull 3]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref name="Big ZEE">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-zee-entertainment-awards-nominations-list/ |title=Big ZEE Entertainment Awards: Nominations list |date=22 July 2017 |website=BizAsia |language=en-GB |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626215355/https://www.bizasialive.com/big-zee-entertainment-awards-nominations-list/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Most Entertaining Dancer – Male/Female
|''[[A Flying Jatt]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref name="Big ZEE" />
|-
|Most Entertaining Dancer – Male/Female
|''[[Dishoom]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref name="Big ZEE" />
|-
|[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India]]
|
Best Movie Actor (Female)
|''[[Judwaa 2]]''||{{Nom}}
|<ref name="awards" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |title='You can't learn about life from other people's experiences' |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140706/jsp/7days/18586212.jsp |access-date=6 September 2015 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130318/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140706/jsp/7days/18586212.jsp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Jacqueline Fernandez
|d = yes
|d-search = Q2312801
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{succession box
| before= Rozanne Diasz
| title= [[Miss Universe Sri Lanka]]
| years= 2006
| after= [[Aruni Rajapaksha]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Miss Universe 2006 delegates}}
{{IIFA AwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez, Jacqueline}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Manama]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan film actresses]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan female models]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan expatriates in Bahrain]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 2006 contestants]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Burgher people]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan models]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan people of Malaysian descent]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Malays]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan expatriates in Australia]]
[[Category:University of Sydney alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Sri Lankan actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Sri Lankan women singers]]
[[Category:People of Goan descent]]

Prabhavathi Meppayil

2026-02-09T06:11:50Z

Indian constitution: adding first details and citations

{{short description|Indian abstract artist (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Prabhavathi Meppayil
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Bangalore
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = Ken School of Art
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''n/eighty two'' (2016)
| style =
| movement = [[Minimalism]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| awards = 
| elected =
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website = 
| module =
}}
'''Prabhavathi Meppayil''' (born 1965) is an [[India]]n abstract artist known for her modernist and minimalist paintings, and [[installation art]].

==Biography==
Prabhavati Meppayil was born in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=pedro>{{cite web|publisher=The Brooklyn Rail|url=http://brooklynrail.org/2016/12/art/prabhavathi-meppayil-with-laila-pedro|title=Prabhavati Meppayil: In Conversation with Laila Pedro|date=6 December 2016|accessdate=5 February 2017|first=Laila|last=Pedro}}</ref><ref name=khurana>{{cite news|newspaper=Scroll|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/828349/in-this-indian-artists-stunning-works-chance-plays-a-powerful-role|title=In this Indian artist's stunning works, chance plays a powerful role|first=Chanpreet|last=Khurana|date=3 February 2017|accessdate=3 February 2017}}</ref> She belongs to a family of goldsmiths, her father and brother being craftsmen of handmade jewellery.<ref name=bmirror>{{cite news|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/What-you-see-when-you-see-Prabhavathi-M-Minimal-poetry-between-memory-and-loss/articleshow/56174310.cms|title=What You See When You See: Prabhavati M: Minimal Poetry Between Memory and Loss|first=Suresh|last=Jayaram|date=26 December 2016|accessdate=5 February 2017}}</ref>

After obtaining a BA from [[Bangalore University]] in 1986, she studied for a diploma in Fine Art at the Ken School of Art.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pacegallery.com/artists/564/prabhavathi-meppayil/documents|title=Prabhavathi Meppayil: Biographical Documents|publisher=Pace Gallery|accessdate=3 December 2017}}</ref>

Meppayil established her studio on [[Avenue Road, Bangalore|Avenue Road]] in Bangalore, an area with a concentration of goldsmiths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/prabhavathi-meppayil-review|date=26 March 2017|accessdate=3 December 2017|last=Thomas|first=Skye Arundhati|title=Prabhavathi Meppayil|publisher=Studio International}}</ref>

==Technique==
Meppayil's works involve the use of traditional materials and artisanal techniques. She works with [[gesso]], and copper, gold and iron wires. Her studio involves master metalworkers who stretch the metals that she then embeds into the gesso panels. She lays the gesso in multiple layers over wooden panels and polishes them. The interplay between the metal and the gesso has not entirely predictable results, the surface colours themselves age over time.<ref name=khurana/> In some works, she has used the traditional thinnam, jewellers' steel tools, to create microscopic indents, both horizontal and vertical, across the gesso.<ref name=jhaveri/>

==Critical reception==
[[Benjamin H. D. Buchloh]]'s analysis of Meppayil's work regards its formal nature. It suggests that the use of white was so that it could ''become a space for writing, or get assimilated as architecture''. Meppayil agrees that the interstitial spaces are important to her.<ref name=khurana/> He has also described it as a ''collision of ordering principles and disordering strategies'', as it expands on the Modernist theme of anti-narration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artbasel.com/catalog/artwork/39178/Prabhavathi-Meppayil-tw-one|publisher=Art Basel|accessdate=16 September 2017|title=Prabhavati Meppayil tw/one, 2016}}</ref> He hoped that there would be a nuanced appreciation for the work, recognising the historical specificity of her artistic approach.<ref name=jhaveri>{{cite web|publisher=Frieze|first=Shanay|last=Jhaveri|url=https://frieze.com/article/prabhavathi-meppayil?language=de|title=Prabhavati Meppayil|date=16 September 2014|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref>

In Shanay Jhaveri's view, the use of ''a reduced colour palette and visual considerations of the grid'' is a dialogue between Western Modernism of the 1950s and 1960s and contemporary South Asian art, expressing the clashing aesthetics of Indian neoliberalism versus the progressive ideals of Modernism.<ref name=jhaveri/>

Other reviewers have likened Meppayil's abstractions to those of Conceptual Minimalism and the Italian ''Pittura Segnica'', evoking among others Gastone Novelli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artribune.com/attualita/2014/04/minimalismo-dallindia-prabhavathi-meppayil-allaccademia-americana-a-roma/|first=Lorenzo|last=Taiuti|title=Minimalismo dall'India. Prabhavathi Meppayil all'Accademia Americana a Roma|date=27 April 2014|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref>

==Exhibitions==
Meppayil's art was displayed at the 55th [[Venice Biennale]] in 2013, the Pace Gallery in London in 2014, and at the Art Basel Unlimited in 2016. It has been presented at the 2016–2017 [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]].<ref name=khurana/> In 2016, her work was exhibited at the [[Dhaka Art Summit]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Dhaka Tribune|first=Shuprova|last=Tasneem|url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/feature/2016/feb/05/behind-scenes-dhaka-art-summit-2016|date=5 February 2016|accessdate=16 September 2017|title=Behind the scenes of Dhaka Art Summit 2016}}</ref>

One of her works "''fourteen/sixteen''" was sold for $20,000 at the [[Frieze Art Fair]] in London in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Robin|last=Pogrebin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/07/arts/design/at-frieze-art-fairs-no-frenzy-but-a-sense-of-steady-activity.html?_r=0|date=6 October 2016|accessdate=16 September 2017|title=At Frieze Art Fairs, No Frenzy but a Sense of Steady Activity}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.prabhameppayil.in/ Prabhavati Meppayil's webpage]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meppayil, Prabhavati}}

[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Painters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]

Madhurima Tuli

2026-02-08T12:01:57Z

Indian constitution: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhurima Tuli
| image = Madhurima Tuli (actress).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Tuli in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|8|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| height =
| title =

| partner = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation ={{hlist| Actress| model}}
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''
* ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]''
* ''[[Nach Baliye 9]]''
* ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
}}
}}

'''Madhurima Tuli''' (born 19 August 1986) is an Indian actress and model.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rising-star-madhurima-tuli-is-on-the-roll/1044199/0 |title=She has been selected for role of heroine in Hindi film Baby opposite Akshay Kumar who is one of the biggest star of Bollywood. Madhurima Tuli is on the roll |author=Khan, Asad |date=15 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Anik-Singal-a-US-citizen-is-all-set-to-shoot-in-India/articleshow/9993616.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104061959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-15/news-interviews/30159771_1_film-industry-hollywood-film-bollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Anik Singal a US citizen is all set to shoot in India |date=15 September 2011 |author=Dasgupta, Piyali |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> Her works in Hindi television include the fiction dramas ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'', ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]'', ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'', ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' and ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]'' and the reality shows ''[[Nach Baliye 9]]'' and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/kumkum-bhagya-madhurima-tuli-bikini-tanu-bali-lifetv-955331-2017-01-16 |title=Kumkum Bhagya actress Madhurima Tuli raises the temperature with her bikini pic |newspaper=India Today}}</ref> She also starred in popular Hindi films such as ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' (2015), ''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]'' (2015) and ''[[Naam Shabana]]'' (2017).

==Early life==
Tuli was born in [[Odisha]] on 19 August 1986.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-fame-madhurima-tuli-rings-in-her-birthday-with-family-in-pics-and-videos/articleshow/77633326.cms |title=Bigg Boss 13 fame Madhurima Tuli rings in her birthday with family;in pics and videos |date=19 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="IT"/> She hails from [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]. She won the Miss Uttraranchal contest when in college.<ref name="IT">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20130909-madhurima-tuli-miss-uttarakhand-jhansi-ki-rani-765613-2013-08-30 |title=Madhurima Tuli takes a leap, goes to big screen : Glossary |magazine=India Today |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> Her father works for [[Tata Steel]] and her mother for an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]. She has a younger brother Shrikant Tuli,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-madhurima-tuli-on-kaalo/20101217.htm |title=Meet the pretty face of horror! |work=Rediff.com |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/madhurima-tuli-and-her-brother-srikant-tuli-celebrate-raksha-bandhan-with-etimes-tv/videoshow/85532961.cms |title=Madhurima Tuli and her brother Srikant Tuli celebrate Raksha Bandhan with ETimes TV |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> who owns a Music Label SVMT Music.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bollyukmedia.com/madhurima-tulis-brother-shrikant-tuli-announces-his-third-song-in-association-ek-raah/ |title=Madhurima Tuli's brother Shrikant Tuli, announces his third song in association "Ek Raah" |work=bollyukmedia.com |date=2 August 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Tuli made an early debut in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''Saththaa'' (2004) opposite [[Sai Kiran]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} She moved to [[Mumbai]] and studied acting at the Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting School, worked as a model doing advertisements for brands like [[Godrej Consumer Products Limited|Godrej]], [[Fiama Di Wills]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Lenovo]], [[UltraTech Cement]], [[Domino's Pizza]] and [[Karbonn Mobiles]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: From winning Miss Uttaranchal contest to being a part of Akshay Kumar's film; a look at Madhurima Tuli's lesser-known facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-from-winning-miss-uttaranchal-contest-to-being-a-part-of-akshay-kumars-film-a-look-at-madhurima-tulis-lesser-known-facts/photostory/72355995.cms |access-date=2 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>{{circular reference|reason=The phrases looks similar to this article in its current version of any of the old revisions|date=March 2021}}

In 2008, she played a supporting role as the pretty girl Satya in ''[[Homam (film)|Homam]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-homam.html |title=Homam music launch - Telugu cinema - Jagapati Babu, JD Chakravarthy, Mamata Mohandas & Madhurima |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=3 August 2008 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519113204/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-homam.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[India]]n [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] written and directed by [[J. D. Chakravarthy]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2018 |title=Madhurima Tuli, actress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/madhurima-tuli-actress-691240.html |access-date=30 November 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and to some extent inspired by the 2006 [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movie ''[[The Departed]]'', directed by [[Martin Scorsese]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/Interview-with-JD-on-Homam_2494.html |title=Interview with JD on Homam |date=27 August 2008 |publisher=Totaltollywood.com |access-date=14 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908115152/http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/Interview-with-JD-on-Homam_2494.html |archive-date=8 September 2008}}</ref>

''[[Toss (2009 film)|Toss]]'' (2009) was her next film in the role of Sherry,<ref>{{cite web |author=iBaburao |url=http://www.ibaburao.com/movie/toss-2009-hindi-movie-5MT9jLb |title=Toss 2009 Hindi Movie |publisher=Ibaburao.com |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131115054116/http://www.ibaburao.com/movie/toss-2009-hindi-movie-5MT9jLb |url-status=dead}}</ref> and after the small role as Bindiya in [[Zee TV]]'s supernatural soap opera ''[[Shree (TV series)|Shree]]'' (2008-2009), Tuli played the aspiring model Kushi in [[STAR One]]'s TV series ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]'' (2010-2011).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromasti.com/tv/news/Madhurima-Tuli-enters-in-Rang-Badalti-Odhani-on-Star-One/9723 |title=Madhurima Tuli enters in Rang Badalti Odhani on Star One |publisher=Metromasti.com |date=20 June 2011 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref>

Tuli had a lead as newly married Rukmini in ''[[Kaalo]]'' (2010). It was screened at the 6th Annual South African Halloween Horror Festival in Cape Town, where it won the best feature film and best cinematography award.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |date=14 December 2010 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/wilson-louis-on-kaalo/20101214.htm |title=Awards are really not new to me |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.horror-movies.ca/horror_19482.html |title='Kaalo' India's First Daytime Creature Feature |publisher=Horror-movies.ca |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518000248/http://www.horror-movies.ca/horror_19482.html |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Together with [[Dino Morea]] as her partner, she took part in the third season of ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 3)|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'', a [[reality show]] filmed in [[Brazil]] and broadcast by [[Colors (TV channel)|Aapka Colors]]

Tuli had a leading role in ''[[Cigarette Ki Tarah]]'' (2012) along with [[Prashant Narayanan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theshadow.in/newsdet.aspx?q=74061 |title='Madhuri is a complete actor': Madhurima Tuli - Daily The Shadow Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |publisher=Theshadow.in |date=16 December 2012 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517233810/http://www.theshadow.in/newsdet.aspx?q=74061 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hyderabad Deccan News |url=http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Movie-Review-Cigarette-Ki-Tarah-25383.html |title=Movie Review - Cigarette Ki Tarah |publisher=Newswala.com |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518002337/http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Movie-Review-Cigarette-Ki-Tarah-25383.html |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and as the female lead Natasha in Anik Singal's English language short film ''Lethal Commission'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nme.com/movies/trailers/id/mQwZSQl65cQ/search/movie |title=Lethal Commission (full movie official) - Free Movie Videos, Movie Trailers, Film Trailers, Interviews and Gossip |work=NME |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref>

She starred in the film ''Maaricha'' (2012), directed by K. Sivasurya.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} The film was simultaneously made in [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and had [[Mithun Tejasvi]] playing the lead actor opposite Tuli.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article249916.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110071013/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article249916.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2013 |title=Maaricha: A thriller on honeymoon |author=Y Maheswara Reddy |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

Tuli played Gunjan Dutta in the Hindi [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[3D film]] ''[[Warning (2013 film)|Warning]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news |author=Anuj Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/a-film-thats-all-at-sea/article5180990.ece |title=A film that's all at sea |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 September 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://starblockbuster.com/warning-danger-ahead |title=Warning : Danger ahead! |publisher=Starblockbuster |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521194603/http://starblockbuster.com/warning-danger-ahead |url-status=dead}}</ref> She was seen playing the lead role in the film ''Nimbe Huli'', directed by Hemanth Hegde and produced by [[Subhash Ghai]]. The film had Hegde playing the lead role along with Tuli, [[Komal Jha]] and [[Nivedhitha]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Nimbe-Huli-audio-launched/articleshow/18238861.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110071956/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-29/news-interviews/36615255_1_nimbe-huli-muktha-arts-komal-jha |url-status=live |archive-date=10 November 2013 |title=Nimbe Huli audio launched |author=Sharanya CR |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> She also played the role of Anjali Singh Rajput (wife of [[Akshay Kumar]]) in the 2015 action film ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madhurima Tuli to play Akshay Kumar's wife in Baby |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |work=The Times of India |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=30 July 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Madhurima-Tuli-to-play-Akshay-Kumars-wife-in-Baby/articleshow/42002313.cms}}</ref> Tuli participated in Zee TV's reality show ''I Can Do That. She'' also played the antagonist role of Tanu in ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]] on [[Zee TV]]. Later she reprised'' her role of Anjali Singh Rajput in [[Naam Shabana]]—a spin-off of Baby (2015)—with [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], and [[Manoj Bajpayee]]. Her first Hollywood venture came in 2017 where she played the younger version of [[Shabana Azmi]] (Maharaja Duleep Singh's mother) in the film [[The Black Prince (film)|The Black Prince]], which is based on the last king of the Sikh Empire Maharaja Duleep.

She then portrayed Princess Chandrakanta in Colors TV series ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-madhurima-tuli-is-ekta-kapoor-s-chandrakanta-2378077 |title=Madhurima Tuli is Ekta Kapoor's Chandrakanta. |date=2 April 2017 |publisher=DNA India |access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tuli met actor [[Vishal Aditya Singh]] on the sets of her show [[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]] in 2017 and later dated him. They broke up after a year of dating in 2018.<ref name="broke up">{{cite news |title='Chandrakanta' co-actors Madhurima Tuli and Vishal Aditya Singh BREAK UP! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/chandrakanta-co-actors-madhurima-tuli-and-vishal-aditya-singh-break-up-794072 |access-date=7 February 2020 |work=news.abplive.com |date=3 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="broke up 2">{{cite news |title=Nach Baliye's Vishal Aditya Singh on breakup with Madhurima Tuli: 'She was abusive, was ashamed to be seen with me in public' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/nach-baliye-s-vishal-aditya-singh-on-breakup-with-madhurima-tuli-she-was-abusive-was-ashamed-to-be-seen-with-me-in-public/story-SYBSLcotCVhHNCad37wS7I.html |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography ==

===Films===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Madhurima Tuli film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Homam (film)|Homam]]'' || Satya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajamani |first1=Radhika |date=28 August 2008 |title=Homam is disappointing |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/28ssh.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Madhurima || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kaalo]]'' || Rukmini ||
|-
|2011
|''Kya Karein Kya Na Karein''
|Nisha
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''Lethal Commission'' || Natasha || [[English language|English]]||Short film<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2012 |title=Want to get famous? STRIP! |language=en |work=Rediff |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-want-to-get-famous-strip/20120217.htm#8 |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Maaricha''
|
|[[Kannada]], Tamil

|
|-
|''[[Cigarette Ki Tarah]]'' || Jessica || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Warning (2013 film)|Warning]]'' || Gunjan Dutta ||
|-
|2014
|''[[Nimbehuli|Nimbe Huli]]''
|Janaki
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Myself Pendu|My Self Pendu]]''
|
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' || Anjali Singh Rajput || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Cast List |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baby/cast/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=23 January 2015 |access-date=26 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]'' || Avni Prasad|| rowspan="2" | Cameo
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Naam Shabana]]'' || Anjali Singh Rajput
|-
|''[[The Black Prince (film)|The Black Prince]]'' ||Maharani Jinda || English Hindi Punjabi ||
|-
|2020 || ''Pasta'' || Nimmi || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||Short film<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hindi |first1=Dainik Bhaskar |date=18 September 2020 |title=मधुरिमा तुली, शरद मल्होत्रा शॉर्ट फिल्म पास्ता में आएंगे नजर |language=hi |work=दैनिक भास्कर हिंदी |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/entertainment/news/madhurima-tuli-sharad-malhotra-to-appear-in-short-film-pasta-164220 |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''Jeena Abhi Baaki Hai'' || || Musical film<ref>{{cite news |title=ZaShe Multimedia first Musical Film Jeena Abhi Baaki Hai is a campaign which provides a sense of hope and reassurance to all the women |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/zashe-multimedia-first-musical-film-jeena-abhi-baaki-hai-is-a-campaign-which-provides-a-sense-of-hope-and-reassurance-to-all-the-women20220507160754/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=ANI |date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171756/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/zashe-multimedia-first-musical-film-jeena-abhi-baaki-hai-is-a-campaign-which-provides-a-sense-of-hope-and-reassurance-to-all-the-women20220507160754/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Tehran (2025 film)|Tehran]]'' || Vandana ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/actor-madhurima-tuli-opens-up-about-being-single-and-focused-on-work-i-am-happy-and-content-in-life-101691844674218.html |title=Madhurima Tuli: Happily moved on in life, enjoying singlehood |first1=S Farah |last1=Rizvi |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 August 2023 |accessdate=23 April 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Madhurima Tuli television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]''
| Tanu Singhania
|
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Shree (TV series)|Shree]]'' || Bindiya
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
| Gayatri
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''
| Khushi Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi#Season 3|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 3]]''
| Contestant
|2nd runner-up
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay – Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka]]''
| Richa Thakral
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Tanushree "Tanu" Mehta
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Dafa 420|Daffa 420]]''
| Inspector Tanya Shivalay
|
|-
| ''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]''
| Contestant
|2nd runner-up
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]''
| Naina
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta – Ek Mayavi Prem Gaatha]]''
| Princess Chandrakanta
|
|-
|2018
|''Rasoi Ki Jung Mummyon Ke Sung''
|Herself
|Guest<ref>{{Citation |title=Madhurima Tuli's Mom VS Amruta Khanvilkar's Mom _ Chings Challenge _ Rasoi Ki Jung Mummyon Ke Sang |url=https://vimeo.com/305929831 |language=en |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]''
| Sanjana
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|2nd runner-up
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
|Entered on Day 63 & Ejected on Day 112)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''
| Neha
|
|-
| ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
| Herself
|Guest
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Madhurima Tuli web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
|2016
|''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''
|Dr. Devyani Bhowmick
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anil Kapoor's 24 back with Season 2: Hits and misses of the premiere episode - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anil-kapoors-24-back-with-season-2-hits-and-misses-of-the-premiere-episode/articleshow/53377168.cms |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Banga |first1=Gursimran Kaur }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''26 January''
|Insiya
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=3 February 2021 |title=Watch 26 January (2018) Ullu: Cast, All Episodes, Watch Online |url=https://indiantalents.in/26-january-web-series-ullu-cast-all-episodes-watch-online/ |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Indian Talents |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Avrodh the Siege Within|Avrodh: The Siege Within]]''
|Namrata Joshi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2020 |title=Avrodh: Who plays who in the web series on 2016 surgical strike |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/avrodh-characters-amit-sadh-neeraj-kabi-darshan-kumaar-6516516/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Madhurima Tuli music video credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Label
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
|2020
|''Khwabeeda''
| rowspan="2" |Anurag Mohn
| rowspan="2" |SVMT Music
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Roy Chowdhury |first1=Rishita |title=Vishal Aditya Singh, Madhurima Tuli come together for romantic track Khwabeeda |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/vishal-aditya-singh-madhurima-tuli-come-together-for-romantic-track-khwabeeda-1752426-2020-12-23 |access-date=4 June 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=23 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Hayaa''
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Hayaa - - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=18 July 2022 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hayaa/PbnlIOpKlBo_ |language=en-US |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Theatres ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Madhurima Tuli theatrical credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
|2018
|''Surya Ki Antim Kiran Se Surya Ki Pehli Kiran Tak''
|Queen Sheelavathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Surya Ki Antim Kiran Se Surya Ki Pehli Kiran Tak Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/surya-ki-antim-kiran-se-surya-ki-pehli-kiran-tak/0-0-movie_406872654 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Hindi television actresses]]
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|5564868}}
* {{Instagram|madhurimatuli}}

{{Commons category|Madhurima Tuli}}

{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
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{{authority control}}

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Gertrude Sinha Hirsch

2026-02-05T13:23:35Z

Indian constitution: put up page

{{Short description|Artist and children's art educator (1911–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gertrude Sinha Hirsch
| birth_name = Gertrude Hirsch
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1911|06|15}}
| birth_place = [[Vienna]], Austria
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|09|05|1911|06|15}}
| death_place = [[Santiniketan]], India
| citizenship = 1911-1938 Austrian
1938-1962 Stateless
1962-2011 Indian
| alma_mater = [[University of Applied Arts Vienna]]
| occupation = Artist, teacher
| known_for = Children's art teacher, lecturer in art, textile artist
| height = 5'1"
| spouse = [[Kiron Sinha]] (married 1939–2009)
| children = 1
| parents =
}}

'''Gertrude Sinha''' (née Hirsch; 15 June 1911 – 5 September 2011) was an Austrian-born artist and children's art educator who spent the majority of her life in [[India]].

== Early life ==
Gertrude Hirsch was born on 15 June 1911 in [[Vienna]], Austria.<ref name=":0">Max Fellerer (30 June 1936) ''Kunstgewerbeschule des Österreich Museums für Kunst und Industrie (Bundeslehranstalt) Abgangszeugnis Fräulein Gertrud Hirsch'' [Applied Arts School Graduation Certificate for Miss Gertrud Hirsch]. Vienna, Austria.</ref> Her older brother, Leopold, was one year her senior, and the siblings grew up in a close-knit family in the [[Landstraße]] district.<ref name=":0" /> Her father, Markus Hirsch, was a businessman, while her mother, Margarethe Hirsch (née Rebenwurzel), supported the household through domestic work. As a child, Hirsch was educated in German, Italian, French, and English.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=14 August 1963 |title=Viennese Artist Becomes an Indian |work=The Advertiser |location=Adelaide, Australia |pages=28}}</ref>

== Art studies in Vienna ==
Sinha demonstrated a talent for art as a child, and in October 1926 she enrolled in Vienna's Kunstgewerbeschule / [[University of Applied Arts Vienna|University of Applied Arts]] (now die Angewandte).<ref name=":0" />

Her teachers regarded her as a talented and diligent student. Her transcript states that she had:
<blockquote>"...an exceptional talent for rhythmic creation. [She] had an intense need to engage deeply with the problems of modern creation." (Prof [[Franz Cižek]]). "Amazingly industrious, hard-working and full of fantasy—talented." (Prof [[:de:Viktor Schufinsky|Viktor Schufinsky]]). "Special talent in graphics, very favourably predisposed and exceptionally striving." (Prof Dr [[Josef Hoffmann]]). "Very serious, very tasteful, she has the strength to complete a given task, distinct sense for line and proportion, good drawing using nature. Tasteful in her use of colour, she is an innovative and sophisticated graphic artist." (Prof [[:de:Wilhelm Müller-Hofmann|Wilhelm Müller-Hofmann]]).<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

On 23 June 1936, Sinha attended her graduation ceremony from the [[University of Applied Arts Vienna|University of Applied Arts]]. During the ceremony, she was commended for her graphic works and illustrations produced under the direction of [[:de:Wilhelm Müller-Hofmann|Professor Wilhelm Müller-Hofmann]].<ref>Max Fellerer (23 June 1936) Commendation Award for Gertrud Hirsch. Kunstgewerbeschule Wien, Vienna, Austria.</ref>

== Post-graduation ==
During her art studies, Sinha developed an interest in theosophy and joined a [[Theosophical Society]] lodge in Vienna around 1927. There, she began practising meditation and adopted a vegetarian diet.<ref>Gertrude Sinha (2006) ''Gertrude Sinha to Lily Hirsch 11 August'' [Letter]. Archive of the BulbulArt Collection. Article ID: BAC-20039.</ref>

In August 1936, [[George Arundale]], President of the Theosophical Society, and his wife, [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], visited [[Geneva]] for the organisation's World Congress.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 1936 |title=Second World Congress Number |url=http://iapsop.com/archive/materials/theosophist/theosophist_v58_n2_nov_1936.pdf |journal=The Theosophist |location=Adyar, Madras |volume=58 |issue=2}}</ref> Following the Congress, they embarked on an "Eastern Tour" through Europe, commencing in Vienna, where they stayed for four days.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 1937 |title=Sixty-First Annual General Report of the Theosophical Society |url=https://archive.org/details/GeneralReport1936/mode/2up?q=vienna |journal=Theosophical Society Annual General Report |publisher=Theosophical Society |publication-place=Adyar, Madras |pages=5–6, 88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arundale |first=George |title=On the Watch-Tower |url=http://iapsop.com/archive/materials/theosophist/theosophist_v58_n1_oct_1936.pdf |journal=The Theosophist |publisher=Theosophical Society |publication-place=Adyar, Madras |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arundale |first=George |date=December 1936 |title=On the Watch-Tower |url=http://iapsop.com/archive/materials/theosophist/theosophist_v58_n3_dec_1936.pdf |journal=The Theosophist |location=Adyar, Madras |publisher=Theosophical Society |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=186}}</ref>

During this visit, Sinha met Rukmini Devi, who two years earlier had founded the [[Annie Besant]] Memorial School in Madras (now Chennai).<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.kalakshetra.in/bths/about-us/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=Kalakshetra Foundation}}</ref> Devi was seeking teachers, and Sinha was offered a position as an art instructor at the school.<ref name=":1" /> She travelled to Madras in December 1936.

== Life in Madras ==
Sinha was employed as an art teacher at the Annie Besant Memorial School in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], Madras, by the Theosophical Society from January 1937 to 1942.<ref name=":2">Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (1960) ''Gertrude Sinha (w/o Kiron Sinha) Austrian National''. New Delhi: National Archives of India, 6/99/60 I. C.</ref> While teaching at the school, she met [[Kiron Sinha]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Hirsch |first1=Lily |url=https://dagworld.com/iconic-2.html |title=Iconic Masterpieces of Indian Modern Art, Edition 2 |last2=Blewett |first2=Verna |publisher=Delhi Art Gallery |year=2023 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Kishore |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |pages=751–763 |chapter=Kiron Sinha: Encountering a Friend}}</ref> a Bengali artist who had trained at [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Kala Bhavana]] in [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]],<ref>''Visva-Bharati Annual Report & Audited Accounts 1937–1938''. Published April 1938, p. 6.</ref> and who was working as an art teacher at [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]], another institution established by Rukmini Devi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Purnanda |date=1981 |title=প্রধানমন্ত্রী যে-উপেক্ষিত শিল্পীর বাড়ি যাবেন |trans-title=The unacclaimed artist's house that the Prime Minister will visit |work=Ananda Bazar Patrika |location=Santiniketan, India |language=Bengali |publication-date=8 December 1981}}</ref> The couple married on 1 June 1939,<ref name=":2" /> despite objections from Kiron's father, but with the blessing of Rabindranath Tagore.<ref name=":3" />

In Madras, Sinha gave educational talks on painting and watercolour techniques. She also occasionally performed on the piano on [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=22 October 1940 |title=The Indian Listener by All India Radio. Madras 1:35 pm to 2 pm. Saturday 9 November 1940 |journal=The Indian Listener |volume=5 |issue=21 |pages=1666}}</ref>

In 1941, Kiron left teaching to work as a full-time independent artist.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Purnanda |date=August 1991 |title=অবহেলিত নাকি স্ব-নির্বাসিত শিল্পী? |trans-title=Neglected, or self-exiled artists? |work=DESH Magazine |location=Kolkata, India |pages=98 |language=Bengali}}</ref> Sinha continued teaching in various positions to financially support him, including part-time work at the Training College in [[T. Nagar]], Madras, in 1942.<ref name=":2" />

Sinha also supported her husband artistically, tutoring him in anatomy and in the use of oil paints using notes from her own studies in Vienna. She advised him on perspective, and the couple discussed the work of major European artists. These influences were reflected in Kiron's practice, and he acknowledged her role in his artistic development.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Blewett |first=Verna |date=2018 |title=The artist with a difference: Finding Kiron Sinha |journal=The Statesman |location=Kolkata, India |issue=Festival Issue |pages=6–14}}</ref>

From February to April 1942, Sinha collaborated with her husband to produce a pair of murals titled "The Rhythm of Life"<ref name=":6" /> for the students' common room at the [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]], Chennai.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Parkar |first=Hamida |date=14 November 2018 |title=The art of loving in tragedy |journal=Indian Link |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Kiron |last2=Sinha |first2=Gertrude |last3=Dattaji |first3=M. S. |last4=George |first4=Elizabeth |date=1942 |title=The Rhythm of Life |journal=The Sunflower |location=Madras, India |publisher=Women's Christian College |volume=42 |pages=9–13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1942 |title=Women's Christian College: Mural Decorations in Common Room |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The murals remain on display.<ref name=":3" />

Their completion coincided with a period of uncertainty in Madras due to fears of a Japanese attack during the Second World War.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frederick |first=Prince |date=3 January 2012 |title=Memories of Madras – The Summer of 1942. When a Japanese raid looked imminent. When fear gripped Madras. When residents fled the city to safer places. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/memories-of-madras-the-summer-of-1942/article2771785.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> On 12 April 1942, the Government of Madras advised residents to evacuate; approximately 500,000 people left the city within a week.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karnad |first=Raghu |date=17 April 2017 |title=75 Years on, Remembering the Week Madras Was Almost Bombed |url=https://thewire.in/history/75-years-remembering-week-madras-almost-bombed |work=The Wire}}</ref> Sinha and her husband chose to remain in the city and continue their work on the murals. Dr Elizabeth George, then a teacher at Women's Christian College and later its first Indian principal, recalled:

<blockquote>"Sometimes when I look at these pictures and remember the events of the months when the artists were at work, transforming a blank white wall into a permanent stage, presenting and representing the rhythm of life in full swing, a queer sense of strangeness and mystery hangs over me — for those were days when suspense and fear, uncertainty and insecurity made the College atmosphere almost as tense as the atmosphere in the city and the country at large. But the artists worked on, in those critical weeks of February, March and April, with visible leisureliness except when the hand and the brush could not keep pace with the creative forces at work in them, in executing what the mind conceived or the eye perceived in imagination... That drama lives in the memory of those who had the privilege of watching them at work, now perched up on piles of packing cases giving full play to their brushes, now bent low on the floor mixing the paints, now standing together, gazing at the unfinished pictures on the wall and critically comparing them with the outline pictures on the paper spread out on the floor, now lost in thought and seeking inspiration, and occasionally relaxing and resting either on the swing or at the piano..."<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>

== Death of her parents ==
On 9 June 1942, Sinha's parents, who were [[Jewish secularism|secular Jews]], were deported by train from Vienna to [[Bratovshchina|Blagovshchina]].<ref name=":9">Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database. "Österreichische Opfer des Holocaust" [Austrian Victims of the Holocaust]. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</ref><ref>Namentliche Erfassung der Österreichischen Holocaustopfer, Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes, Wien [Database of Austrian victims of the Holocaust, Documentation Centre for Austrian Resistance, Vienna].</ref> On 15 June 1942, they were shot upon arrival.<ref name=":9" /> This date coincided with Sinha's 31st birthday.

== Rajasthan, Lahore, and Santiniketan ==
In 1943, Sinha obtained a position at Vidya Bhavan in [[Udaipur]],<ref name=":2" /> and the couple spent about a year working, painting, and travelling in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":5" />

By January 1944, they had moved to [[Lahore]], where Sinha had taken up a post as lecturer in art in the [[Panjab University|University of Panjab]]'s Fine Arts Department.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97273/page/n669/mode/2up?q=%22gertrude+sinha+hirsch%22 |title=The Calendar of the University of the Panjab, Volume 1 |date=1945 |publisher=The Civil and Military Gazette |location=The Mall, Lahore |pages=632}}</ref> The Head of the Department was [[Anna Molka Ahmed]], and other members of the Department included Esther Kehinkar (teacher), Nazrat Qureshi (demonstrator), and Sheila Prem Nath (demonstrator).<ref name=":10" />

The couple's first and only child, Kamona (nicknamed Bulbul), was born in June 1945 in [[Mussoorie]].<ref name=":11">Government of India Regional Passport Office, Calcutta (1963) Passport of Kamona Sinha. Archive of the BulbulArt Collection. Article ID: BAC-70063.</ref> This event prompted the family to purchase land in [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]] in 1947 with the intention of settling there.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> For the first two years of Kamona's life, Gertrude and Kiron moved between Lahore and Santiniketan, as Gertrude remained in her position until May 1948,<ref name=":2" /> while Kiron began designing and building their house in Santiniketan.

During the tumultuous period of the [[Partition of India|Partition]], Gertrude remained in Lahore and lost many of her possessions, including her Austrian passport<ref name=":2" /> and some of Kiron's paintings.

== Move to Shillong ==
In June 1948, the family moved to [[Shillong]], then the capital of [[Assam]] (now [[Meghalaya]]), where Sinha secured a government-funded position as Industrial Art Expert to the Government of Assam in the Rural Development Directorate.<ref name=":2" /> She worked under Thomas Hayley, Secretary and Director of Rural Development, Cottage Industries and Sericulture and Weaving, and Secretary and Registrar of Co-operative Societies.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Sinha's work involved travelling to various parts of Assam, where she studied traditional Assamese design from temple carvings and artisans.<ref name=":12">Thomas Hayley (1950) Reference Letter for Gertrude Sinha. 13 January [Letter]. Rural Development Directorate, Government of Assam. Archive of the BulbulArt Collection. Article ID: BAC-20554</ref> She collaborated closely with the Assam Co-operative Cottage Industries Association,<ref name=":12" /> which was run by Lady Sigrid Emilia Hydari (née Westling), widow of [[Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari]], the last British-appointed Governor of Assam. The Association focused on training people in traditional Indian folk art practices, such as preparing vegetable dyes, block printing, spinning, and weaving, in an effort to preserve these crafts.<ref>Sigrid Hydari (7 July 1948) ''Broadcast of Lady Hydari from the Shillong-Gauhati Station of All India Radio on 7th July 1948, at 7pm''. The Assam Co-operative Cottage Industries Association. National Archives of India.</ref> Sinha worked with the Association to develop designs for weavers and block printers, creating products intended for export.<ref name=":12" />

During their time in Assam, Sinha and her husband Kiron met the local artist [[Asu Dev]] and his wife, Bela, forming a long-lasting friendship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb |first=Anutosh |date=19 March 2023 |title=Bulbul Art: Celebrating the art and lives of Kiron Sinha (1916–2009) and Gertrude Sinha Hirsch (1911–2011) |url=https://artofasudev.org/aaftaa/bulbul-art/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=Art of Asu Dev}}</ref> The artists collaborated on several projects, including the design and production of woodblocks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deb |first=Anutosh |title=Asu Dev: Homage to the Artist |date=1983 |publisher=Anutosh Deb |location=Guwahati, India}}</ref>

Sinha's position in Shillong was discontinued in January 1950 due to funding cuts. By April 1950, the family had returned to [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]].<ref name=":2" />

== Return to Santiniketan ==
After Sinha and Kiron settled in [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]], they continued to design and carve woodblocks for many years. Sinha prepared her own vegetable dyes, in addition to using synthetic dyes, to print the woodblocks and produce highly sought-after printed textiles, wall hangings, housewares, and clothing.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Edith |last2=King |first2=Earl |date=15 October 1956 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Mary Alice |title=Handweaving in India Today |url=https://ia902308.us.archive.org/31/items/sim_handweaver-craftsman_fall-1956_7_4/sim_handweaver-craftsman_fall-1956_7_4.pdf |journal=Handweaver & Craftsman |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=10–13, 53–54 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=1950 |title=News from the Capital |work=Eve's Weekly |location=Bombay, India}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Fabri |first=Charles |date=22 October 1951 |title=Kiron and Gertrude Sinha: Paintings and Textiles (Institute of Foreign Languages, Davico's) |work=The Statesman |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 1951 |title=Exhibition of Textile Prints and Paintings |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 1951 |title=Mr Kiron Sinha's Paintings Exhibition at I.F.L. Centre |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Francis |first=Ivor |date=15 July 1952 |title=Show exciting, stimulating |work=The News |location=Adelaide, Australia |page=9}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Fabri |first=Charles |date=18 December 1952 |title=From our Art Critic |work=The Statesman |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

In December 1950, the Delhi State Women's Section of Refugee Handicrafts organised an exhibition of hand-printed textiles that included designs Sinha had produced during her tenure in Assam. The exhibition was opened by [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":13" />

In October 1951, an exhibition of Kiron's paintings and Sinha's textiles was held at the Institute of Foreign Languages, Davico's, in Connaught Circus, Delhi. The exhibition was inaugurated by Toyberg Frandzen, the Danish Ambassador to India. In his review, art critic [[Charles Fabri]] wrote of Sinha's textiles:

<blockquote>"They are exquisite, most unusual, admirably executed, and they have been selling on the first day like hot cakes."<ref name=":14" /></blockquote>

It was at this exhibition that Sinha met Indira Gandhi and became friends with her.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=Chattopadhyay |date=20 November 1984 |title=এটাই হবে আমার হাতের শেষ মূর্তি। |trans-title=This will be the last statue by my hands |work=Ananda Bazar Patrika |location=Santiniketan, India |language=Bengali}}</ref> Gandhi later became an admirer of Kiron's paintings and Sinha's hand-printed textiles, purchasing many works for display in public offices and for gifting to foreign visitors and dignitaries.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Artists Directory |date=1961 |publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi |location=New Delhi, India |pages=108–109}}</ref> She also inaugurated their exhibition at Freemasons' Hall in December 1952.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 1952 |title=Kiron Sinha's Paintings: Exhibition Opened |work=Hindusthan Standard |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> Reviewing this exhibition, Fabri again praised Sinha's textiles:

<blockquote>"The hand-printed textiles on view are works of art, and no doubt about it. The blocks are designed and cut by hand by these two admirable artists, Mr and Mrs Sinha, based on folk art and combined into astonishingly original, striking, and attractive patterns. There is marked advance even from last year's work, and the variety of patterns is greater. Nothing like it has been produced anywhere, and Christmas shoppers will lose their hearts the moment they enter this fairyland of prints. The prices are reasonable."<ref name=":15" /></blockquote>

From 1957 to April 1960, Sinha was affiliated with the Women's Co-operative Industrial Home in Uday Villa, 24 Parganas, [[Kolkata]].<ref name=":2" /> The Co-operative operated as a small-scale training centre aimed at revitalising cottage and home industries by developing skills among refugee women from [[East Bengal]]. It also served as the design centre of the [[All India Handicrafts Board]] and hosted numerous artists and studio potters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soumitra |date=8 August 2010 |title=The House of the Rising Sun |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-house-of-the-rising-sun/cid/1260479 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

In March 1959, Sinha collaborated with Californian artist Jane Woolverton—whom she had met in Santiniketan—to hold an exhibition of Sinha's textile designs alongside Woolverton's paintings at Artistry House on [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]] in Kolkata.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last=By Our Art Critic |date=10 March 1959 |title=Two Interesting Artists: Textile Designs and Paintings Show |work=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>Gertrude Sinha, Jane Woolverton (7 March 1959) Invitation to See Textiles and Paintings at Artistry House, Calcutta. From the Archive of the BulbulArt Collection. Article ID: BAC-30058</ref> One reviewer noted:

<blockquote>"Mrs Sinha's works deserve particular mention as effective examples of printing of woven material. She has adapted exquisite designs from temple reliefs and statues as well as toys and has drawn her inspiration from various folk styles, primitive art and Santal village scenes. For multicoloured designs combination blocks have been used successfully and their application on batik techniques in one piece is of great interest. In her use of a variety of colour shades the principles of colour harmony are carefully observed. A wealth of pictorial suggestions add enrichment to her finished products whose completeness as works of art makes it difficult to think of a happier combination of artist, printer, and dyer."<ref name=":17" /></blockquote>

By 1959, the Sinhas' woodblock prints and textile designs were sufficiently recognised to be featured in the Encyclopedia of World Art.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goetz |first=Hermann |title=Encyclopedia of World Art (15th Volume) |date=1959 |publisher=McGraw Hill |editor-last=Myer |editor-first=Bernard S. |location=New York |pages=778 |chapter=Engravings and Other Print Media – India}}</ref> Their works were also sold internationally, including in [[Sydney]] by interior designer [[Marion Hall Best]].<ref>Dora Sweetapple (1960) Letter from Dora Sweetapple to Leopold Hirsch regarding Marion Best Pty Ltd Interior Design, 11 November. Archive of the BulbulArt Collection. Article ID: BAC-20767</ref>

During the 1950s, Sinha managed the household with minimal domestic help. Twice weekly, she walked the 3.5 km from their home in Rattanpally, Santiniketan, to the market near [[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur Railway Station]] to buy groceries, carrying them home on her head or with assistance from a local woman she employed.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |date=19 September 1963 |title=Viennese in a Sari |work=The Herald |location=Melbourne, Australia |pages=34}}</ref> Water was drawn from a well on the family's property, often by Sinha or her daughter Kamona.<ref name=":18" /> The house had no electricity, and Sinha cooked on a kerosene stove.<ref name=":18" /> She had help with cleaning,<ref name=":1" /> but ran her textile design studio from home,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":18" /> preparing both vegetable and synthetic dyes in her small kitchen<ref name=":17" /> under the light of oil lamps.<ref name=":18" />

== Job in Kurseong ==
In May 1960, Sinha accepted a position as Art Mistress at Dowhill School in [[Kurseong]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=5 July 1962 |title=Education Department Notification |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.41715/page/n43/mode/2up?q=%22gertrude+sinha%22 |journal=The Calcutta Gazette |pages=44 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> where she remained for three years.

In July 1962, Sinha received Indian citizenship.<ref name=":2" />

During this period, Kiron continued to work independently as an artist in Santiniketan, supported financially by Sinha's teaching positions.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /> With the exception of her tenure in Kurseong, Kiron accompanied his wife to each location and recorded aspects of the local environment and daily life through paintings and sketches.<ref name=":3" />

Sinha was not only Kiron's wife and principal financial supporter but also a major artistic influence. Kiron stated that he regarded her as his most significant artistic inspiration<ref name=":6" /> and described her as "my inspiration, my muse, my most important teacher and the love of my life".<ref name=":3" />

== Australian tour ==
In late July 1963, Sinha and her 18-year-old daughter, Kamona, travelled to [[Australia]] on the P&O Orient Lines ship SS Oronsay<ref name=":11" /> to promote Kiron Sinha's artwork through a series of exhibitions.<ref name=":19">J. Fitzpatrick (15 October 1963) [https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/231128277?keyword=gertrude%20sinha "Gertrude Sinha, who is in Australia for a reunion with a brother who she has not seen since leaving Vienna for India 27 years ago, is at the same time bringing the work of her artist husband to the notice of the Australian people. Since arriving in Australia she has arranged two exhibitions in two Australian states - Mrs Sinah (centre) explains the detail of one of her husband Kiron's paintings to the Sydney Gallery visitors"] Photographic negative from the National Archives of Australia A1501:A4730/3</ref> The trip also provided an opportunity for Sinha to reunite with her only brother, Leopold Hirsch, whom she had not seen for 27 years.<ref name=":19" /> Hirsch had emigrated to [[Adelaide]], Australia in 1939.<ref>Leopold Hirsch (28 February 1930) Personal Statement and Declaration. National Archives of Australia, Canberra. Item 5511277, Series D4880</ref><ref>Reisepass Republik Österreich Leopold Franz Hirsch (27 May 1929) National Archives of Australia, Canberra. 1944/4/5328 Series: A435 Location: 4461196463 (B1314148)</ref> The siblings had maintained regular correspondence, and Hirsch provided Kiron with painting materials for many decades while promoting his work in Australia.<ref name=":7" />

The first exhibition was held from 23 September to 4 October 1963 at the Argus Gallery in [[Melbourne]]. J. S. Bloomfield, the Minister for Education, officially opened the exhibition in the presence of the Guest of Honour, [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharajah of Mysore]].<ref>Cliff Bottomley (23 September 1963) [https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/231125126?keyword=kiron%20sinha "His Highness the Maharajah of Mysore examines one of a series of paintings from Santiniketan by Kiron Sinha at an exhibition of the artist's works in Melbourne"]. Photographic negative from the National Archives of Australia Image Number A1501:A4684/3</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 1963 |title=The Maharajah and a Singing Minstrel |work=The Sun |location=Melbourne, Australia |pages=unknown}}</ref><ref>Kiron Sinha (September 1963) Invitation to Saga on the Santals at Argus Gallery, Melbourne. From the Archive of the BulbulArt Collection. Article ID: BAC-30137</ref>

The second exhibition was held from 15 to 25 October 1963 at the Dominion Gallery in [[Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gleeson |first=James |date=13 October 1963 |title=The World of Art: What's On |work=The Sun Herald |location=Sydney, Australia |pages=99}}</ref><ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 1963 |title=An Indian Sees Red |work=The Telegraph |location=Sydney, Australia |pages=unknown}}</ref>

Sinha and Kamona returned to India in November 1963.<ref>Department of Immigration Perth WA (5 February 1964) Departure Check: Visitor Name Sinha Gertrude, Kamona (daughter). National Archives of Australia, Canberra. SA1964/1244 Series: D399 Location: 4473176612 (B906637)</ref> Despite maintaining regular correspondence thereafter, Sinha and Hirsch did not meet again.

== Move to Naggar ==
In 1962, Kiron was introduced to Dr [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa|M. S. Randhawa]], who admired his work, particularly his documentation of local people. Randhawa suggested that Kiron spend time in the [[Kullu district|Kulu]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] valleys to record the landscape and its inhabitants. Towards the end of 1963, the family relocated to [[Naggar, Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":18" /> By the mid-1960s, Kiron had designed and built a house there. Until the late 1960s, the family spent most summers in Naggar while wintering in Santiniketan.<ref name=":5" /> During their time in Naggar, the family developed a friendship with the actress [[Devika Rani]] and her Russian painter husband, [[Svetoslav Roerich]].<ref name=":3" />

== Death of Kamona and later years ==
In March 1972, Sinha and Kiron's only daughter, Kamona, died in an accident in Santiniketan.<ref name=":16" />

In the following years, Kiron's eyesight deteriorated significantly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sabyasachi |date=1987 |title=The Agony and the Ecstacy |work=The Telegraph Colour Magazine |location=Kolkata, India |pages=18–19}}</ref> Until the early 1990s, the couple had limited income and lived in poverty. Their financial difficulties and Kiron's blindness contributed to a reclusive lifestyle.<ref name=":3" /> This situation was worsened by a violent burglary on 17 September 1980, in which Sinha was injured and several paintings were damaged,<ref name=":3" /> and another burglary on 25 August 2005, during which at least 18 paintings were stolen.<ref>Gertrude Sinha (2005) Gertrude Sinha to Robert Hirsch 15 September [Letter]. Archive of the BulbulArt Collection. Article ID: BAC-20044</ref>

In their final years, Sinha and Kiron led private lives, remaining within their compound and relying on local people for food and care.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

Gertrude Sinha died in Santiniketan on 5 September 2011, a few months after her 100th birthday.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* <nowiki>https://www.bulbulart.com</nowiki>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha Hirsch, Gertrude}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:People from Vienna]]
[[Category:Theosophical Society]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian women centenarians]]

Pakistanis in India

2026-01-27T02:57:50Z

Indian constitution:

{{short description|Widely-defined demographic of Pakistanis within India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Pakistanis in India
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| pop = 918,982
| total_year = 2011 census<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Naimat|date=2 October 2020|title=Pakistani Hindus migrating to India for new life often return home disappointed|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10671/download/13783/DS-0000-D01-MDDS.XLSX|website=[[Indian Govt]]|language=en}}</ref>
| total_source =
| popplace = Predominantly [[Northern India]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] and [[Chennai]]
| langs = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Languages of Pakistan|others]]
| rels = Predominantly {{Hlist|[[Hinduism]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Naimat|date=2 October 2020|title=Pakistani Hindus migrating to India for new life often return home disappointed|url=https://arab.news/vt3rk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231134/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1743311/world|archive-date=15 December 2020|access-date=25 January 2021|website=[[Arab News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Abi-Habib|first=Maria|date=5 October 2019|title=Hard Times Have Pakistani Hindus Looking to India, Where Some Find Only Disappointment|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/05/world/asia/pakistan-hindu-india-modi.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102204537/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/05/world/asia/pakistan-hindu-india-modi.html|archive-date=2 January 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 October 2015|title=Why Pakistani Hindus leave their homes for India|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34645370|url-status=live|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124162729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34645370|archive-date=24 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Butt|first=Kiran|date=11 September 2020|title=With shattered dreams, 14 Pakistani Hindus return home|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/with-shattered-dreams-14-pakistani-hindus-return-home/1969747|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101200725/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/with-shattered-dreams-14-pakistani-hindus-return-home/1969747|archive-date=1 January 2021|access-date=25 January 2021|website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref> and |[[Sikhism]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|date=3 September 2020|title=About 450 Pakistani Hindus, Sikhs await nod to return to India, apply for citizenship|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/about-450-pakistani-hindus-sikhs-await-nod-to-return-to-india-apply-for-citizenship/articleshow/77902768.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125182941/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/about-450-pakistani-hindus-sikhs-await-nod-to-return-to-india-apply-for-citizenship/articleshow/77902768.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>
| Minority [[Islam]]}}
| related_groups = [[Pakistani diaspora]]
}}

'''Pakistanis in India''' primarily consist of [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Pakistani Hindus]] and [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikhs]] who seek permanent settlement in the [[Republic of India]] via [[Indian nationality law|Indian citizenship]].<ref>{{cite news|author=IANS|first=|date=13 March 2012|title=Over 700 Pakistanis got Indian citizenship|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-13/india/31158920_1_indian-citizenship-pakistanis-applications|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2012-06-07}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Others include [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Pakistani nationality law|Pakistani nationals]] who desire Indian citizenship or seek to work in the Indian Republic as [[Expatriate|expatriates]].<ref name="Dawn">{{citation|title=Adnan Sami reveals why he took Indian citizenship |periodical=Dawn|date=2016-12-07|access-date=2018-11-10|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1176708}}</ref> In December 2015, [[British Pakistanis|Anglo–Pakistani]] singer [[Adnan Sami]] became a naturalised Indian citizen after living in India on an extended [[Travel visa|visitor visa]] since 2001.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{citation|title=Pakistani legend Adnan Sami |periodical=The Indian Express|date=2016-01-02|access-date=2018-11-10|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/pakistani-singer-adnan-sami-receives-indian-citizenship-certificate/}}</ref> The state of [[Maharashtra]] has witnessed a six-fold increase in applications for Indian citizenship from Pakistani nationals following the relaxation and simplification of immigration rules in December 2017. The primary purpose of these applications was a result of [[Transnational marriage|cross-border marriages]], which have resulted in spouses waiting for citizenship for close to a decade.<ref name="Times of India">{{citation |title=Eased immigration rules give Pak brides in India a ticket to travel |date=2018-11-11 |periodical=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eased-immigration-rules-give-pak-brides-in-india-a-ticket-to-travel/articleshow/66572780.cms |access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref>

Additionally, there are also an estimated 761 Pakistani nationals imprisoned within Indian jails, most of them serving their terms on charges of [[India–Pakistan relations|espionage and terror-related crimes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/606330|title=761 Pakistanis in Indian jails, NA told|date=2011-02-14|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref>

There are an extensive number of Pakistanis [[Illegal immigration to India|illegally overstaying in India]]. In 2017, 250 illegal Pakistani immigrants were deported from India.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/250-pakistani-nationals-1-750-bangladeshis-deported-from-india-in-last-3-years/story-Ja2VfyWDD5wPhhSGZcfRrL.html|title=250 Pakistani nationals, 1,750 Bangladeshis deported from India in last 3 years|date=2017-03-29|website=hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref>

According to a report in the Pakistani newspaper [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]], over 5,000 [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Pakistani Hindus]] migrate to India annually as [[Refugee|refugees]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1105830 | title=5,000 Hindus migrating to India every year, NA told | date=13 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Notable individuals==
* [[Ram Singh Sodho]], former member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]]<ref name="Tribune">{{citation|title=Hindu lawmaker resigns, settles in India|periodical=The Express Tribune|date=2011-01-31|access-date=2011-02-01|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/111306/hindu-lawmaker-resigns-settles-in-india/}}</ref>
*[[Arjun Das Bugti]], politician from Balochistan and former Deputy Speaker of the Provincial Assembly
* [[Adnan Sami]], [[Pakistan]]-born musician<ref name="The Indian Express">{{citation|title=Pakistani legend Adnan Sami |periodical=The Indian Express|date=2016-01-02|access-date=2018-11-10|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/pakistani-singer-adnan-sami-receives-indian-citizenship-certificate/}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan|India}}
* [[India–Pakistan relations]]
* [[Baloch people in India]]
* [[Sindhis in India]]
* [[Indians in Pakistan]]
* [[Partition of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Immigration to India}}
{{Pakistani diaspora}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Diasporas in India]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora in India| ]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pakistani descent| ]]
{{India–Pakistan relations}}

{{India-ethno-stub}}

R. A. M. Obaidul Muktadir Chowdhury

2026-01-11T15:06:49Z

Indian constitution: refined intro per standard format

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Obaidul Muktadir Chowdhury
| native_name = উবায়দুল মোকতাদির চৌধুরী
| image = Housing and Public Works Minister briefs journalists after meeting with Australian High Commissioner and CPD delegation, 2024-02-12 (PID-0010737) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Chowdhury in 2024
| office = [[Ministry of Housing and Public Works|Minister of Housing and Public Works]]
| term_start = 11 January 2024
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Sharif Ahmed (Bangladeshi politician)|Sharif Ahmed]] (as State Minister)
| successor = [[Adilur Rahman Khan]] (as Advisor)
| constituency_MP1 = [[Brahmanbaria-3]]
| parliament1 = Bangladesh
| term_start1 = 2011<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Constituency 245_11th_En |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/role-of-mps/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/3806-constituency-245-11th-en |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024144656/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/role-of-mps/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/3806-constituency-245-11th-en |archive-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
|term_end1 = 6 August 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Lutful Hai Sachchu]]

| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|df=y|1955|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Brahmanbaria]], [[East Bengal]], Pakistan
| alma_mater = [[Dhaka College]] [[University of Dhaka]] [[Asian Institute of Technology]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
}}

'''R. A. M. Obaidul Muktadir Chowdhury''' is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and a former [[Ministry of Housing and Public Works|minister of housing and public works]] of Bangladesh and a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Brahmanbaria-3]] constituency.

==Early life and education==
Chowdhury was born on 1 March 1955 in Brahmanbaria to Abdul Rouf Chowdhury and Mosammat Halima Khatun Chowdhury. He earned his BSS and MSS degrees from the [[University of Dhaka]].<ref name="bio"/> Besides he also studied Diploma in Rural Poverty Alleviation [[Asian Institute of Technology]] [[Bangkok]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=BioData of Honourable Minister |url=https://mohpw.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mohpw.portal.gov.bd/npfblock//BioData%20of%20Honlbe%20Minister.pdf |website=mohpw.portal.gov.bd |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064220/https://mohpw.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mohpw.portal.gov.bd/npfblock//BioData%20of%20Honlbe%20Minister.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
Chowdhury is a political figure, a dedicated social worker, education enthusiast and cultural activist. He is involved in various educational institutions and activities. He was received primary education at village school in [[Narayanganj]]. In 1969, he passed the Fazil examination securing 16th position in the first division from Madrasah-e-Alia, [[Dhaka]]. He passed the first division in 1972 from [[Dhaka College]] obtaining the Higher Secondary Certificate [[Higher Secondary Certificate|HSC]] (Humanities). In 1975, due to the situation of being underground after the assassination of Bangabandhu [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1971, he was arrested while returning from New Market area after attending a rally at [[Dhaka University]]. He took part in the Honors examination while in jail. In 1981, He obtained a master's degree in political science. In 1996 He also obtained a diploma in rural poverty alleviation in [[Asian Institute of Technology]]. In 2011, he was elected as a member of parliament in the 9th parliament, 10th parliament, 11th parliament and 12th parliament. He was also a Senate member in [[University of Dhaka]].
He was a president of the district [[Awami League]], [[Brahmanbaria]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:মাননীয় মন্ত্রীর দপ্তর |url=https://mohpw.gov.bd/site/page/a455ac92-1c25-417c-a93e-8e071df1f368/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0 |website=mohpw.gov.bd |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418071929/https://mohpw.gov.bd/site/page/a455ac92-1c25-417c-a93e-8e071df1f368/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
and was a president of Brahmanbaria district committee.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:যুদ্ধাহত বীর মুক্তিযোদ্ধা র আ ম উবায়দুল মোকতাদির চৌধুরী |url=https://bijoynagar.brahmanbaria.gov.bd/bn/site/leaders/gc3R-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=bijoynagar.brahmanbaria.gov.bd |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418073437/https://bijoynagar.brahmanbaria.gov.bd/bn/site/leaders/gc3R-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Role in the Liberation War ==
In 1971, he was responding the call from [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], he participated in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] as a [[Mukti Bahini]] and a leader of the [[Mujib Bahini]] in a sub-district. He was injured during the war and He was a war-wounded freedom fighter (Gazette No.-2385).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:যুদ্ধাহত বীর মুক্তিযোদ্ধা জনাব র আ ম উবায়দুল মোকতাদির চৌধুরী, মাননীয় মন্ত্রী, গৃহায়ন ও গণপূর্ত মন্ত্রণালয় |url=https://www.brahmanbaria.gov.bd/bn/site/leaders/bvkC-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=www.brahmanbaria.gov.bd |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418071930/https://www.brahmanbaria.gov.bd/bn/site/leaders/bvkC-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political and career==
Chowdhury served as the Co-General Secretary of [[Bangladesh Chhatra League]] Central Student Council in 1970. In 1971, while participating in the [[Bangladesh liberation war]] under Mujib's forces, he was injured in one of his legs by firing from Pakistani forces.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://csbnews.us/1970-2024-r-a-m-obaidul-muktadir-chowdhury/ |title=1970-2024 R. A. M. Obaidul Muktadir Chowdhury |first=Erik |last=Cipher |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120103005/https://csbnews.us/1970-2024-r-a-m-obaidul-muktadir-chowdhury/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1973-74, he was the Central Chhatra League's publications and publications editor and in 1975, when Bakshal was formed, he was nominated as a member of the 21-member National Chhatra League Central Committee.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/housing-ministers-first-press-meet-he-exchanged-barbs-not-views-3532431 |title=Housing minister's first press meet: He exchanged barbs, not views |date=31 January 2024 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310105008/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/housing-ministers-first-press-meet-he-exchanged-barbs-not-views-3532431 |url-status=live}}</ref>

When the assassination of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] took place in 1975, Chowdhury contributed to the development of the nationwide democratic student movement and resistance struggle.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/housing-minister-muktadir-files-tk100cr-defamation-case-against-defeated-rival |title=Housing Minister Muktadir files 100 crore taka defamation case against defeated rival in Brahmanbaria |date=12 January 2024 |work=The Business Standard |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064219/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/housing-minister-muktadir-files-tk100cr-defamation-case-against-defeated-rival |url-status=live}}</ref>

He participated as one of the organizers and participants in the first protest rally organized in protest of the assassination of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] on 20 October 1975, starting from the Bottola of Dhaka University and ending at Bangabandhu Bhaban. He was sheltered in India and upon return from India, arrested on the way back to Dhaka University and imprisoned for 23 months. In 1976, while in hiding, arrested on the way back to Dhaka University after participating in a rally at New Market. Familiar to student activists under the name Rabiul Alam Choudhury, he spent 23 months in captivity. He was released upon the directive of the High Court Division of the [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]]. He joined the Civil Service Administration Cadre in 1983. He served as private secretary to the prime minister and held various important positions until 2001. He also served as assistant private secretary to the then opposition leader [[Sheikh Hasina]] in 1986. In 1996, played a significant role as one of the organizers in the platform "Janatar Mancha" formed by the Bangladesh Civil Service Officers against the unilateral elections called by [[Khaleda Zia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUJ_3ZAYv_U |script-title=bn:উবায়দুল মোকতাদির চৌধুরীর জীবনের অজানা গল্প | R. A. M Obaidul Muktadir Chowdhury| Desh TV |date=11 April 2024 |via=YouTube |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064219/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUJ_3ZAYv_U |url-status=live}}</ref> Following this, he was arrested in October 1976 and imprisoned for almost 2 years and was released in September 1978 on the orders of the High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrdHlzpL3RU |script-title=bn:নতুন মন্ত্রিসভায় ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়ার উবায়দুল মোকতাদির চৌধুরী | Obaidul Muktadir Chowdhury | Somoy TV |date=10 January 2024 |via=YouTube |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrdHlzpL3RU |url-status=live}}</ref>

After passing the BCS examination in 1983, Chowdhury joined the administration cadre and in 1986 served as private assistant secretary to the leader of the opposition in the Jatiya Sangsad, [[Sheikh Hasina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=R. A. M. Obaidul Muktadir Chowdhury |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/member-profile/012024501/r-a-m-obaidul-muktadir-chowdhury |website=Bangladesh Parliament |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218164222/https://www.parliament.gov.bd/member-profile/012024501/r-a-m-obaidul-muktadir-chowdhury |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1996, Chowdhury played an important role as one of the organizers of the Janata Manch, which consisted of Bangladesh Civil Service officers, against the unilateral election by [[Khaleda Zia]]. From 1996-2001 served as the private secretary of Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]]. Later left the government job and joined politics<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://en.somoynews.tv/news/2024-01-12/obaidul-muktadir-was-jailed-for-protesting-bangabandhu-s-killing |title=Obaidul Muktadir was jailed for protesting Bangab... |work=Somoy News |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064223/https://en.somoynews.tv/news/2024-01-12/obaidul-muktadir-was-jailed-for-protesting-bangabandhu-s-killing |url-status=live}}</ref>
He was nominated twice as a member of Bangladesh Awami League Central Executive Committee. At present, he is successfully serving as the president of Brahmanbaria district Awami League.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OF5xgR1Pals |script-title=bn:আওয়ামী লীগ, জামায়াত ছাড়া অন্য দলগুলো সংগঠিত নয়: গৃহায়ন ও গণপূর্ত মন্ত্রী |Obaidul Muktadir Chowdhury |date=15 April 2024 |via=YouTube |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064222/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OF5xgR1Pals |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons-inline}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, R. A. M. Obaidul Muktadir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi civil servants]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Asian Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:People from Brahmanbaria District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]

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Firhad Hakim

2025-12-22T19:57:12Z

Indian constitution: fixes

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Firhad Hakim
| image = Firhad Hakim.jpg
| caption = Hakim in November 2020
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|1 January 1959}}<ref name="PK"/>
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| residence = [[Chetla]], Kolkata - 700027<ref>{{cite web |title=Dial M for MLA |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/dial-m-for-mla/cid/1277119 |work=Telegraph India |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194523/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/dial-m-for-mla/cid/1277119 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| office = 38th [[List of mayors of Kolkata|Mayor of Kolkata]]
| term_start = 28 December 2021
| constituency = [[Ward No. 82, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward No. 82]]
| predecessor = ''Himself'' {{small|(as Chairman of Board of Administrators)}}
| deputy = [[Atin Ghosh]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2018
| term_end1 = 7 May 2020
| predecessor1 = [[Sovan Chatterjee]]
| successor1 = ''Himself'' {{small|(as Chairman of Board of Administrators)}}
| deputy1 = [[Atin Ghosh]]
| constituency1 = [[Ward No. 82, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward No. 82]]
| office2 = [[Third Banerjee ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of West Bengal]]
| governor2 = {{ubl|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]|[[La. Ganesan]] ''(additional charge)''|[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]}}
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = *[[Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs|Urban Development and Municipal Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 10 May 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Suvendu Adhikari]] (''Transport'') [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]] (''Housing'')
| governor3 = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| 1blankname3 = [[List of Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 2blankname3 = Ministry and Departments
| term_start3 = 20 May 2011
| term_end3 = 5 May 2021
| predecessor3 = [[Ashok Bhattacharya]]
| successor3 = [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 13 May 2011
| constituency4 = [[Kolkata Port (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Port]]
| predecessor4 = ''Constituency created''
| term_start5 = 10 November 2009
| term_end5 = 13 May 2011
| constituency5 = [[Alipore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alipore]]
| predecessor5 = [[Tapas Paul]]
| successor5 = ''Constituency Abolished''
| office6 = Chairman of Board of Administrators, [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start6 = 7 May 2020
| term_end6 = 24 December 2021
| successor6 = ''Himself'' {{small|(as Mayor of Kolkata)}}
| predecessor6 = ''Himself'' {{small|(as Mayor of Kolkata)}}
| office8 = Chairman of [[KMDA]]
| term_start8 = July 2021
| predecessor8 = [[Debasish Sen]]
| successor =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (1998–present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 1998)
| spouse = Ismat Hakim
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Heramba Chandra College]] ([[BCom]])
| blank1 = Other names
| data1 = Bobby da
}}

'''Firhad Hakim''' (born 1 January 1959) is an Indian politician serving since 2018 as the 38th [[List of mayors of Kolkata|mayor of Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/mmic.jsp|title=Official Website of Kolkata Municipal Corporation|website=www.kmcgov.in|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> He is also the [[Cabinet Minister]] of
[[Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs|Urban Development and Municipal Affairs]] and Housing in the [[Government of West Bengal]]. Hakim is an [[State legislative assemblies of India|MLA]] of the [[Trinamool Congress]] party from the [[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency|Kolkata Port]] constituency and a member of [[National Working Committee of All India Trinamool Congress]].

Hakim was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 2009. Two years later, he became a cabinet minister in the [[Mamata Banerjee ministry (2011–2015)|Mamata Banerjee ministry]]. In December 2018, he was appointed mayor after [[Sovan Chatterjee]] resigned.

==Personal life==
Hakim's grandfather migrated from the [[Gaya district]] of [[Bihar]] to [[Kolkata]] and started his business. His father, Abdul Hakim, was a law officer for the [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata Port Trust]]. He is married to Ismat Hakim. They have three daughters—Priyadarshini, Shabba and Afsha.<ref name="PK">{{cite web |title=ভাবী মেয়র ফিরহাদ হাকিম সম্পর্কে যে তথগুলি আপনি জানেন না |trans-title=Information about the mayor-elect Firhad Hakim which you do not know |url=https://puberkalom.com/kolkata/unknown-info-about-next-mayor/9420/ |publisher=Puber Kolom |access-date=20 January 2019 |language=bn |date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120124831/https://puberkalom.com/kolkata/unknown-info-about-next-mayor/9420/ |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> They live in [[Chetla]], a neighborhood of [[South Kolkata]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |last1=Bhattashali |first1=Amitabha |title=ফিরহাদ হাকিম: স্বাধীনতা-উত্তর কলকাতার এই প্রথম মুসলমান মেয়র ঠিক কেমন মানুষ? |trans-title=Firhad Hakim: Who is this first Muslim mayor of post-independence Kolkata |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-46305016 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |language=bn |date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120201524/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-46305016 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is nicknamed Bobby after the Australian cricketer [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bobby Simpson]].<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Maleeha Hamid |date=29 April 2016 |title=Canvassing in 'mini-Pakistan' of Kolkata |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1255178 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122172953/https://www.dawn.com/news/1255178 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=20 January 2019 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

Hakim graduated from [[Heramba Chandra College]] with a degree in commerce.<ref name="Two Circles"/> He is the organizer-in-chief of the Chetla Agrani [[Durga Puja]] committee.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Rakhi |title=Club rivalry peaks in Kolkata as Puja nears |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Club-rivalry-peaks-in-Kolkata-as-Puja-nears/articleshow/48417789.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=10 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408093217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Club-rivalry-peaks-in-Kolkata-as-Puja-nears/articleshow/48417789.cms |archive-date=8 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Minister of West Bengal==
In the late 1990s, Hakim was first elected as a councilor of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="BBC"/> On 11 November 2009, he was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Alipore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alipore constituency]] after defeating [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party]] candidate, Kaustav Chatterjee by a margin of 27,555 votes in the by-poll.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bypolls: Left crumbles, Maya stages a comeback |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/10/kerala-rajastahn-bypoll-trends.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=11 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144237/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/10/kerala-rajastahn-bypoll-trends.htm |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Hakim won from the [[Kolkata Port (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Port constituency]] as a candidate of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He received 63,866 votes and defeated his nearest rival Moinuddin Shams of the [[All India Forward Bloc]] by a margin of 25,033 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata port constituency election results 2011 : Firhad Hakim AITC WINS - West Bengal |url=https://www.newsreporter.in/kolkata-port-constituency-election-results-2011-firhad-hakim-aitc-wins-west-bengal |publisher=News Reporter |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144159/https://www.newsreporter.in/kolkata-port-constituency-election-results-2011-firhad-hakim-aitc-wins-west-bengal |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, he became the [[Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs|Minister of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs]] in the [[Mamata Banerjee ministry (2011–2015)|first Mamata Banerjee cabinet]].<ref name="Two Circles">{{cite web |last1=Haque |first1=Zaidul |title=Muslim Ministers of West Bengal: An introduction |url=http://twocircles.net/2011jun08/muslim_ministers_west_bengal_introduction.html |publisher=[[Two Circles]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025647/http://twocircles.net/2011jun08/muslim_ministers_west_bengal_introduction.html |archive-date=8 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=10 crorepatis in Mamata's ministry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/10-crorepatis-in-mamata-s-ministry/story-CC62pieZsujlJ0STXqWE7I.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113151431/http://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/10-crorepatis-in-mamata-s-ministry/story-CC62pieZsujlJ0STXqWE7I.html |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 3 March 2013, the Ultadanga Flyover (located in East Kolkata) collapsed at 4:30 AM, well ahead of the rush-hour traffic. Three people were injured. Hakim blamed a crack that was detected in the flyover as a reason behind the collapse. He said that the problem was "not related to maintenance but a technical fault in the bolt system".<ref>{{cite web |title=Large portion of Kolkata flyover collapses |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/large-portion-of-kolkata-flyover-collapses-514966 |publisher=[[NDTV India|NDTV]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194606/https://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/large-portion-of-kolkata-flyover-collapses-514966 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2014, he announced that 22 new municipalities would be created in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal to Have 22 New Municipalities |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/west-bengal-to-have-22-new-municipalities/844153 |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=11 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618025723/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/west-bengal-to-have-22-new-municipalities/844153 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Hakim defeated his nearest rival, Rakesh Singh of the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]-[[Indian National Congress]] alliance by a margin of 26,548 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIST: 59 Muslim MLA elected in West Bengal assembly elections |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/list-59-muslim-mlas-elected-west-bengal-assembly-elections-960624/ |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120145814/https://archive.siasat.com/news/list-59-muslim-mlas-elected-west-bengal-assembly-elections-960624/ |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=বন্দরে জোটের শক্তিও সমান। জয়ের অঙ্ক টলমলে ফিরহাদের |trans-title=The strength of the alliance is same is port. Firhad's win is not sure |url=https://ebela.in/state/tough-game-for-firhad-hakim-against-tmc-and-left-front-candidate-1.347832 |work=[[Ebela]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |language=bn |date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194524/https://ebela.in/state/tough-game-for-firhad-hakim-against-tmc-and-left-front-candidate-1.347832 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 June 2017, he was appointed chairman of the [[Tarakeswar]] Development Board.<ref>{{cite web |title=তারকেশ্বর উন্নয়ন বোর্ডের চেয়ারম্যানের দায়িত্ব পেলেন ফিরহাদ |trans-title=Firhad becomes the Chairman of Tarakeswar Development Board |url=https://ebela.in/state/firhad-hakim-becomes-the-chairman-of-tarakeswar-development-board-1.628957 |work=[[Ebela]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |language=bn |date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144105/https://ebela.in/state/firhad-hakim-becomes-the-chairman-of-tarakeswar-development-board-1.628957 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Mayor of Kolkata==
On 20 November 2018, [[Sovan Chatterjee]], then [[List of mayors of Kolkata|mayor of Kolkata]], resigned as a cabinet minister.<ref>{{cite web |title=শোভন-বৈশাখীর প্রেম, যে যে কারণে শেষ কয়েকমাস বিতর্কে ছিল এই জুটি |trans-title=Sovan-Baisakhi relationship, the reasons for which this couple was at the centre of a controversy for the last couple of months |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/does-sovan-chattapadhyas-alleged-relationship-with-baishakhi-chatterjee-play-role-in-his-resignation-238286.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |language=bn |date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144417/https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/does-sovan-chattapadhyas-alleged-relationship-with-baishakhi-chatterjee-play-role-in-his-resignation-238286.html |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two days later, he resigned from the post of the mayor of Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two days after stepping down from Cabinet, Sovan Chatterjee resigns as Kolkata mayor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/sovan-chatterjee-resigns-as-kolkata-mayor-5459360/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010746/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/sovan-chatterjee-resigns-as-kolkata-mayor-5459360/ |archive-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, Trinamool Congress announced that Hakim would be their mayoral candidate. The [[Government of West Bengal|state government]] passed the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018. This allows a candidate who is not a member of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation to be appointed mayor of the city, provided they are elected to the same within a period of six months.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Soumya |title=Kolkata Mayor resigns, Hakim is TMC's Mayoral candidate |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/kolkata-mayor-sovan-chatterjee-704348.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144109/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/kolkata-mayor-sovan-chatterjee-704348.html |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Minister Firhad Hakim New Mayor Of Kolkata After Sovan Chatterjee Quits |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/firhad-hakim-new-mayor-of-kolkata-municipal-corporation-as-sovan-chatterjee-resigns-1951805 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194508/https://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/firhad-hakim-new-mayor-of-kolkata-municipal-corporation-as-sovan-chatterjee-resigns-1951805 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 November 2018, Hakim filed his nomination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hakim submits nomination for post of KMC Mayor |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/hakim-submits-nomination-for-post-of-kmc-mayor-329507 |work=Millennium Post |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144442/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/hakim-submits-nomination-for-post-of-kmc-mayor-329507 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following day the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] announced Mina Debi Purohit (former deputy mayor) as their mayoral candidate.<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP joins battle for Calcutta mayor post |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bjp-joins-battle-for-calcutta-mayor-post/cid/1676947 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144140/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/bjp-joins-battle-for-calcutta-mayor-post/cid/1676947 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> He secured 121 votes while Purohit received five votes; Hakim was elected mayor.<ref name="Mayor">{{cite web |author1=Subhajoy Roy |author2=Sandip Chowdhury |title=WhatsApp is Calcutta mayor Hakim's medium |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta-s-new-mayor-releases-whatsapp-number-for-people-to-complain-about-civic-issues/cid/1677554 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194517/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/calcutta-s-new-mayor-releases-whatsapp-number-for-people-to-complain-about-civic-issues/cid/1677554 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> He became the first Muslim since the [[independence of India]] to be elected mayor of Kolkata.<ref name="BBC"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata gets its first Muslim mayor, Firhad Hakim |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-gets-its-first-muslim-mayor-firhad-hakim-5476934/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144119/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-gets-its-first-muslim-mayor-firhad-hakim-5476934/ |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On getting elected, Hakim said that "pollution and environment are two areas" on which he would like to work. He also set up a [[WhatsApp]] number, promising to act on complaints received on that mobile number.<ref name="Mayor"/> Making Kolkata cleaner and greener, ensuring a continuous supply of drinking water to the city, building toilets in slums and making the slums "model residential areas" were his priorities as mayor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Sandip |title=Mayor Firhad Hakim outlines his plan for Calcutta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mayor-firhad-hakim-outlines-his-plan-for-calcutta/cid/1677702 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194523/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/mayor-firhad-hakim-outlines-his-plan-for-calcutta/cid/1677702 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2019, it was announced that Hakim would contest [[Ward No. 82, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|ward no. 82]] of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |title=৮২ নং ওয়ার্ডে আজ উপনির্বাচন, ভোটের লড়াইয়ে ফিরহাদ হাকিম |trans-title=There is by-election in Ward no.82 today, Firhad Hakim in the fight for votes |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/by-poll-election-is-going-on-82-no-ward-257242.html |publisher=News 18 |access-date=20 January 2019 |language=bn |date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144227/https://bengali.news18.com/news/by-poll-election-is-going-on-82-no-ward-257242.html |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a by-election, he won the ward and defeated his nearest rival Jiban Sen of the Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 13,987 votes; Hakim received 16,564 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata Mayor bypoll result: TMC Minister Firhad Hakim re-elected, defeats BJP candidate by 14,000 votes |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/09/kolkata-mayor-bypoll-result-tmc-minister-firhad-hakim-re-elected-defeats-bjp-candidate-by-14000-v-1922748.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010752/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/09/kolkata-mayor-bypoll-result-tmc-minister-firhad-hakim-re-elected-defeats-bjp-candidate-by-14000-v-1922748.html |archive-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The term of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation expired on 7 May 2020, however due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], elections couldn't be held on time to elect the new councillors of the KMC and was delayed.<ref name=BOA2020/> On 8 May 2020, Hakim was appointed as chairman of board of administrators of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation.<ref name=BOA2020>{{Cite web|title=Firhad Hakim appointed as chairperson of board of administrators of KMC|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/firhad-hakim-appointed-as-chairperson-of-board-of-administrators-of-kmc20200506204211/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> He resigned as chairman of board of administrators of KMC on 22 March 2021 after the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) has restrained political appointees serving as board administrators of West Bengal municipal corporations, ahead of the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trinamool's Firhad Hakim Quits As Kolkata Civic Body Chief Ahead Of Polls|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-polls-tmcs-firhad-hakim-steps-down-as-kolkata-municipal-corporation-chairman-2396170|access-date=2021-03-24|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Firhad Hakim resigns from Kolkata Municipality Corporation Board|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/west-bengal-election/firhad-hakim-resigns-from-kolkata-municipality-corporation-board-dbr-qqd0gg|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Khalil Ahmed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IAS Khalil Ahmed appointed administrator of Kolkata Municipal Corporation|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/2021/mar/22/ias-khalil-ahmed-appointed-administrator-of-kolkata-municipal-corporation-2280028.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Controversies==

=== Narada sting ===
In 2016, the [[Narada sting operation]] video was released in which Hakim was seen allegedly taking bribes.<ref>{{cite web |title=I spy with my little eye... |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/i-spy-with-my-little-eye/cid/1314596 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144155/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/i-spy-with-my-little-eye/cid/1314596 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 19 September 2017, he was questioned for eight hours by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] at [[Nizam Palace (Kolkata)|Nizam Palace]] about the sting operation. Hakim said that the CBI probe was a "political conspiracy" against his party and that "he was not seen taking cash in any of the footage".

On 17 May 2021, he along with senior minister [[Subrata Mukherjee]], MLA and former minister [[Madan Mitra]] and former Mayor of Kolkata [[Sovan Chatterjee]] had been arrested by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] from their house in connection with the [[Narada sting operation]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2021 |title=Narada bribery case: 2 ministers, 1 MLA arrested, Mamata rushes to CBI office |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/firhad-hakim-among-tmc-leaders-detained-by-cbi-in-narada-case-7318174/ |access-date=17 May 2021 |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2021 |title=2 Bengal Ministers, TMC MLA Held in Narada Sting Case; Mamata Reaches CBI Office Amid Row |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bengal-minister-firhad-hakim-says-being-taken-into-custody-in-narada-scam-case-cbi-denies-claim-3745220.html |access-date=17 May 2021 |work=[[News 18]]}}</ref>

=== Controversial remarks ===
Before the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Hakim, while speaking to Maleeha Hamid Sidiqqui of Pakistani newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', referred to his constituency as "mini-Pakistan".<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="IT">{{cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=TMC minister Firhad Hakim defends 'mini-Pakistan' comment, calls it a communal conspiracy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tmc-minister-firhad-hakim-defends-mini-pakistan-comment-calls-it-communal-conspiracy-320856-2016-04-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144507/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tmc-minister-firhad-hakim-defends-mini-pakistan-comment-calls-it-communal-conspiracy-320856-2016-04-30 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=20 January 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, he denied making such a statement. He said "she (the Pakistani journalist) only asked me that this place looks like [[Karachi]] of Pakistan. I did not make any comment".<ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=After 'mini Pakistan' controversy, Firhad Hakim denies comments to Pak newspaper |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-after-mini-pakistan-controversy-firhad-hakim-denies-comments-to-pak-newspaper-2207704 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144334/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-after-mini-pakistan-controversy-firhad-hakim-denies-comments-to-pak-newspaper-2207704 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=20 January 2019 |work=[[Dna India]]}}</ref> He also said that he was "being targeted for being a Muslim and that it was a communal conspiracy".<ref name="IT" />

At the time of 2021 West Bengal Assembly election, a video goes viral on social media, where Firhad Hakim is seen abusing India's central forces. In this context, the Election Commission made a show cause to Firhad Hakim. Although Firhad Hakim denies it.<ref>{{cite web |title=WB Assembly Election 2021: BJP ও কেন্দ্রীয় বাহিনীকে 'কুকথা', Firhad Hakim-কে শোকজ কমিশনের |date=27 April 2021 |trans-title=WB Assembly Election 2021: BJP and Central Forces 'Kukatha', Firhad Hakim to Showcase Commission |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/wb-assembly-election-2021-ec-showcause-firhad-hakim_379532.html |language=ba}}</ref>

On 3 July 2024, Hakim made controversial remarks during the 'All India Quran Competition' held at Dhono Dhanyo Auditorium in Kolkata. Hakim urged [[Conversion to Islam|non-Muslims to convert]] to [[Islam]], describing those not born into the faith as "unfortunate."

Hakim stated, "Those who are not born in Islam are unfortunate! They are born with misfortune. We have to bring them under the fold of Islam." He further added, "We need to spread Islam among non-Muslims. If we can bring someone on the path of Islam, then, we will prove to be true Muslims."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Kolkata Mayor Gives Open Call To Convert People To Islam; BJP Slams 'Appeasement Politics' |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/kolkata-mayor-gives-open-call-to-convert-people-to-islam-bjp-slams-appeasement-politics-8956136.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title='যারা ইসলাম নিয়ে জন্মায়নি, সেই দুর্ভাগাদের দ |url=https://eidin.in/allah-will-be-pleased-if-those-unfortunates-who-were-not-born-with-islam-come-to-believe-through-islam-said-state-minister-firhad-hakim-bjp-demanded-an-inquiry-from-the-central-government/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Eidin |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2024, while campaigning for Sheikh Rabiul Islam in the [[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]] by-election, he allegedly made objectionable remarks about Rekha Patra, the BJP candidate and prominent advocate for the victims of the [[2024 Sandeshkhali violence|Sandeshkhali incident]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Politics: फिरहाद हकीम ने भाजपा नेता रेखा पात्र पर की आपत्तिजनक टिप्पणी; PM मोदी को दाढ़ी वाला कहकर उड़ाया मजाक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/west-bengal-minister-firhad-hakim-accused-of-making-inappropriate-remarks-on-bjp-leader-rekha-patra-2024-11-07 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> His comments drew condemnation from [[Suvendu Adhikari]], the Leader of the Opposition in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]], who urged the [[National Commission for Women]] to take appropriate action.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-06 |title='আমাকে যে ভাষায়...', রেখা পাত্রকে কী এমন বললেন ফিরহাদ হাকিম, মুখ খুলল মহিলা কমিশনও |url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-complains-against-firhad-hakim-for-comment-against-rekha-patra-1133201.html |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hakim, Bobby}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Mayors of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Heramba Chandra College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Members of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Sudip Pandey

2025-12-19T20:11:20Z

Indian constitution: Put Up A Pg First Draft

{{Short description|Indian actor (died 2025)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox actor
| image = Sudip Pandey Bhojpuri actor.png
| caption = Pandey in 2019
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tekari]], [[Gaya district]], Bihar, India
| death_date = {{death date|df=y|2025|01|15}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actor, producer, politician
| years_active = 2007–2025
| known_for = Contribution to Bhojpuri cinema and Bihar tourism
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<ref name="s731">{{cite web | last=Hindi | first=Max Maharashtra | title=भोजपुरी एक्टर और NCP नेता सुदीप पांडेय से रंगदारी वसूलने के मामले में नवी मुंबई हाउसिंग सोसाइटी के अध्यक्ष व प्रबंधक पर मामला दर्ज | website=Max Maharashtra Hindi | date=2021-11-22 | url=https://hindi.maxmaharashtra.com/news-window/a-case-has-been-registered-against-the-chairman-and-manager-of-navi-mumbai-housing-society-for-extorting-extortion-from-bhojpuri-actor-and-ncp-leader-sudip-pandey-1075282 | language=hi | access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref>
}}

'''Sudip Pandey''' (died 15 January 2025) was an Indian actor, producer, and politician primarily known for his contributions to [[Bhojpuri cinema]] and [[Bihar tourism]].

Pandey debuted in 2007 with the film ''Bhojpuriya Bhaiya'', which he also produced, and subsequently starred in several films and TV shows.

== Life ==
Sudip Pandey was born and raised in [[Tekari]], Gaya district, Bihar. His father, Upendra Pandey was a professor at SND College in Tekari, and his younger brother, Bihari Pandey is a teacher.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 January 2025|title=टिकारी के लाल भोजपुरी अभिनेता सुदीप पांडेय का मुम्बई में निधन|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/gaya/news/tikaris-son-bhojpuri-actor-sudeep-pandey-passed-away-in-mumbai-134300905.html|website=bhaskar.com|access-date=2025-01-20}}</ref>

He obtained an [[engineering degree]] and worked as a [[Software engineering|software engineer]] in various firms in India and the [[United States]] for four years before transitioning to acting.<ref name="amarujala">{{Cite web |title=Sudip Pandey: सुदीप ने अमेरिका से लौटकर बनाई थी पहली फिल्म, छोटे पर्दे पर भी खूब हासिल की लोकप्रियता |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bhojpuri/sudip-pandey-death-know-lesser-known-facts-career-and-life-story-of-bhojpuri-actor-2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

Pandey died from a [[heart attack]] in [[Mumbai]], on 15 January 2025. He was in his 30s.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=16 January 2025 |title=Sudip Pandey, Bhojpuri cinema heartthrob, dies of heart attack |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/sudip-pandey-bhojpuri-cinema-heartthrob-dies-of-heart-attack-101736990813838.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Bhojpuri cinema actor Sudip Pandey dies of heart attack: cardiologist explains why the young are at high risk |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/health-wellness/heart-health-cardiologist-bhojpuri-actor-sudip-pandey-9784063/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
Pandey made his acting debut in 2007 with the film ''Bhojpuriya Bhaiya'', which he also produced. Following this, he starred in more than forty Bhojpuri language films, including:<ref name="amarujala"/><ref name="indiatoday"/><ref name="hindustantimes"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-09-10 |title=भोजपुरी स्टार सुदीप पांडेय पहुंचे टिकारी, सुशांत मामले पर कहा- CBI पर है पूरा भरोसा |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/gaya/bhojpuri-actor-sudeep-pandey-on-ssr-case/bh20200910125944602 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>
*''Bhojpuriya Bhaiya'' (2007)
*''Bhojpuriya Daroga'' (2008)
*''Masiha Babu'' (2009)
*''Sautan'' (2010)
*''Hamar Sangi Bajrangbali'' (2010)
*''Nathuniya Pe Goli Mare'' (2010)
*''Hum Hai Dharamyodha'' (2011)
*''Hamar Lalkar'' (2011)
*Sharabi (2012)
*''Kurbani'' (2013)
*''Khuni Dangal'' (2014)
*''Dharti Ke Beta'' (2014)
*''Brijwa'' (2015)
*''Jai Ho Jagdamba Mai'' (2015)
*''Bagawat'' (2016)
*''Bahinia'' (2017)
*''Bagawat'' (2018)
*''Jeena Sirf Tere Liye'' (2018)
*''V For Victor (2019)''

In addition to his film career, Pandey was active in television, hosting and acting in various serials such as ''Saat Vachan Saat Phere'', ''Khandaan'', ''Bihar Ek Khoj'', ''Police Files'', and ''Kahin Ka Haal Ba''. He also served as the brand ambassador for [[Bihar tourism]], promoting the state's cultural heritage through the initiative "''Bihar Ek Khoj.''"<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Bhojpuri actor Sudip Pandey dies of heart attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bhojpuri-actor-sudip-pandey-dies-of-heart-attack-2665391-2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

One of his last projects was a home production film titled ''V For Victor'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=V For Victor: सुदीप पांडे की बॉक्सिंग पर बनी हिंदी फीचर फिल्म वी फॉर विक्टर मार्च में होगी रिलीज - mobile |url=https://bollywood.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/sudip-pandey-movie-v-for-victor-release-in-march-933858 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> where he played the title role. He was also working on a sequel to ''Paro Patna Wali'' at the time of his death.<ref name="hindustantimes" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-16 |title=Bhojpuri star Sudip Pandey passes away from heart attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bhojpuri-star-sudip-pandey-passes-away-from-heart-attack/articleshow/117282135.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Pandey was vocal about the demand for a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe in the case of the [[Death of Sushant Singh Rajput]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri star Sudip Pandey joins Congress |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=749829 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 10 September 2020, he joined [[Indian National Congress]] Party in Patna's [[Sadaqat Ashram]] in the presence of [[Madan Mohan Jha]], [[Salman Khurshid]], and [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]] and [[Shaktisinh Gohil]] but resigned later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2020-10-14 |title=Bhojpuri actor Sudip Pandey becomes NCP's star campaigner in Bihar |url=https://thesamikhsya.com/breaking-news/bhojpuri-actor-sudip-pandey-becomes-ncps-star-campaigner-in-bihar |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Samikhsya |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Ajmal |date=2020-09-11 |title=ബിഹാര്‍ പിടിക്കാന്‍ കളി തുടങ്ങി കോണ്‍ഗ്രസ്; പ്രശസ്ത സിനിമാ താരം ഉള്‍പ്പടേയുള്ളവര്‍ പാര്‍ട്ടിയില്‍ |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/india/famous-bhojpuri-filim-star-sudip-pandey-joins-congress-in-bihar-261739.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=[[One India]] |language=ml}}</ref>

On 14 October 2020, Pandey joined [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in the presence of [[Praful Patel]] and [[Jayant Patil]] at the party’s headquarters in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri Actors Sudeep Pandey, Deepa Pandey Join NCP Ahead Of Bihar Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bhojpuri-actors-sudeep-pandey-deepa-pandey-join-ncp-ahead-of-bihar-polls-2309642 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed as NCP’s star campaigner in [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-10-14 |title=Bhojpuri actor Sudip Pandey becomes NCP's star campaigner in Bihar |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/maharashtra/bhojpuri-actor-sudip-pandey-becomes-ncps-star-campaigner-in-bihar/na20201014165258853 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Best Newcomer at the [[Bhojpuri Film Awards#3rd Bhojpuri Film Awards|3rd Bhojpuri Film Awards]] (2007, Mumbai)
* Pragya Vibhushan Award (2011, Patna)
* RK HIV/AIDS Research and Care Centre Awards (2012, 2013, Delhi/Mumbai)
* Abhimanyu Award at the Bhojpuri Samman Samaroh (2009, Banaras)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm10676583}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Sudip}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]

May 2014 Assam violence

2025-12-14T10:40:23Z

Indian constitution: put up some entry initial version.

{{Short description|Anti-Muslim killings in northeastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
|title = 2014 Assam violence
|partof = [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
|image= File:IN-AS.svg
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|location = [[Assam]], India
|target =
|coordinates =
|date = {{Start date|2014|05|01|df=y}} – {{End date|2014|05|03|df=y}}
|fatalities = 33 (and 3 suspected perpetrators)<ref name=ht/><ref name="ie1">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/30-killed-in-36-hours-by-bodo-militants-in-assam-curfew-imposed/|title=30 killed in 36 hours by Bodo militants in Assam, curfew imposed|work=Indian Express|date=3 May 2014|accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref>
|perpetrators= 3 suspected members of the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]]'s [[I K Songbijit|Songbijit]] faction
|weapons = [[AK 47]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-violence-assam-idINKBN0DI07C20140502 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306155431/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-violence-assam-idINKBN0DI07C20140502 | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 March 2016 | title=Twenty-two Muslims killed in sectarian attacks in Assam | work=Reuters | date=2 May 2014 | accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref>
|numparts =
|motive = Not voting for Bodos<ref name="toi1">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Rebels-kill-23-in-Assam-for-not-voting-for-Bodos/articleshow/34550292.cms|title=Rebels kill 23 in Assam for not voting for Bodos|work=Times of India|date=3 May 2014|accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref>
}}

{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}

From the night of 1 May 2014 until the early morning hours of 3 May, a series of attacks occurred against [[Bengali Muslims]] in [[Assam]], a north-eastern state of India. The perpetrators are suspected to be members of the terrorist group [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]]'s [[I K Songbijit|Songbijit]] faction.<ref name="ie1" /><ref name="fplive">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-live-30-including-children-killed-in-fresh-attacks-1506649.html|title=Assam live: 30, including children, killed in fresh attacks|work=Firstpost|date=3 May 2014|accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref> Speculated to be revenge for not voting for the National Democratic Front in the [[2014 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections]],<ref name="toi1" /> the death toll reached 33.<ref name="dna1">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-death-toll-up-to-32-in-assam-1984510 | title=Death toll up to 32 in Assam | work=DNA | date=3 May 2014 | accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Bodo people]] are an indigenous community in the [[Assam]] state of India and constitute about 3% of the state's population of 31 million people. The [[insurgency in Northeast India]] has been ongoing for decades, involving several rebel groups. [[2012 Assam violence|In 2012, violence]] between Bodo tribal people and Bengali Muslims resulted in 108 deaths fueled by an [[Assam Police]] [[Constable]] Mohibur Islam (alias Ratul).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Assam-cop-triggered-Bodoland-riots-CBI/articleshow/45377734.cms|title=Assam cop triggered Bodoland riots: CBI|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref>

In India, the [[Lok Sabha]] [[Elections in India|election]] was being held which would conclude its last phase on 12 May and the results would be declared on 16 May.<ref name=ht>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-kill-3-assam-sectarian-violence-suspects-arrest-8/article1-1215394.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504191941/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-kill-3-assam-sectarian-violence-suspects-arrest-8/article1-1215394.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2014|title =Police kill 3 Assam sectarian violence suspects, arrest 8 forest guards|work =Hindustan Times |date=4 May 2014}}</ref>

==Attacks==
Around 07:30 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 1 May, insurgents, arriving on bicycles, raided the [[Baksa district]] village of Narsingbari, opening fire on a house, killing three women and injuring two others. In the early morning hours of 2 May, another group of insurgents opened fire at three houses in the village of [[Balapara]] in the district of [[Kokrajhar]], killing seven people. On the evening of the same day, another group killed 12 people and burned down 30 thatched houses near [[Baksa district|Baksa]]'s [[Manas National Park]].<ref name="toi1" /> On 3 May, four suspected insurgents attacked police in the forest near [[Tezpur]]. Police fired in retaliation, killing two suspects while saying that another two had fled. Police killed an additional suspect in [[Udalguri district]], recovering a revolver and a hand grenade.<ref name=ht/>

==Investigation==
Police arrested 22 people along with eight forest guards to investigate their involvement.<ref name=ht/> The [[Government of Assam|Assam government]] decided to hand over the probe to [[National Investigation Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam Riots 2014: Assam Government hands over Case to NIA|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/assam-riots-2014-assam-government-hands-over-case-to-nia/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Security measures===
Due to the attack, several Bengali Muslims from the [[Dotoma]] region of [[Kokrajhar]] district and its environs fled their homes. [[Bodoland Territorial Council]] chief [[Hagrama Mohilary]] pacified the panicked people and promised them of security.<ref name="toi1" /> Curfew was set in Kokrajhar, Baksa, and [[Chirang district|Chirang]] districts and shoot-on-sight orders had been issued in Kokrajhar and Baksa.<ref name="ie1" /> The [[Indian Army|Army]] did flag marches in the sensitive areas of Kokrajhar and Baksa districts. Ten additional companies of [[Central Reserve Police Force]] were moved to the two districts. Strong action against the National Democratic Font has been initiated by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|home ministry of India]].<ref name="toi1" />

The Union Home Ministry deployed 43 companies of the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] while the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defense Ministry]] also deployed 15 columns of the Army numbering approximately 1,500 soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam violence act of certain group cadres: Sushilkumar Shinde |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/assam-violence-act-of-certain-group-cadres-sushilkumar-shinde/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>

===Responses===
Then-[[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister of Assam]], [[Tarun Gogoi]], reviewed the situation with top government officials. The opposition political parties blamed the Gogoi-led government in failing to protect lives despite intelligence alerts.<ref name="ie1" /> [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]] condemned the attack and termed it as a cowardly attempt to spread fear and terror.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Minister condemns Assam attacks as toll rises to 28|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/prime-minister-condemns-assam-attacks-as-toll-rises-to-28/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>

In a statement, the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (Songbijit, NDFB) denied their involvement in the attack and claimed it was a conspiracy by the state government to create communal friction between Bodos and Muslims.<ref name="bst1">{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ndfb-denies-involvement-in-violence-114050300774_1.html | title=NDFB denies involvement in violence | work=Business Standard | date=3 May 2014 | accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="dna3">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ndfb-denies-involvement-in-violence-1984798| title=NDFB denies involvement in violence| work=DNA | date=4 May 2014 | accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref> Relatives of the dead urged Gogoi to provide affirmative security and visit the area. They complained of pressure from local authorities to immediately conduct delayed funeral rites for those killed.<ref name="dna2">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-locals-in-violence-hit-assam-refuse-to-bury-dead-till-tarun-gogoi-visits-them-1984822| title=Locals in violence-hit Assam refuse to bury dead till Tarun Gogoi visits them| work=DNA | date=4 May 2014 | accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Assam violence}}
[[Category:2014 murders in India]]
[[Category:2014 mass murders]]
[[Category:2010s in Assam]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2014]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Bodo nationalism]]
[[Category:May 2014 in India]]
[[Category:May 2014 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengalis in Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Electoral violence in India]]
[[Category:2014 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in India]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Assam]]

Fort William College

2025-12-11T14:55:41Z

Indian constitution: refined structure further and added references

{{Short description|Academy of oriental studies and a centre of learning}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Fort William College''' (also known as the '''College of Fort William''') was an academy of [[Orientalism|oriental studies]] and a centre of learning, founded on 18 August 1800 by [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]], then [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] of [[British India]], located within the [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] complex in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. Wellesley started the Fort William College with the original intention that it would serve as a training ground for future European administrators. He backdated the statute of foundation to 4 May 1800, to commemorate the first anniversary of [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|his victory over Tipu Sultan at Seringapatam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Memorials of Old Haileybury College |author1=Danvers, FC |author-link=Frederick Charles Danvers |author2=M. Monier-Williams |year=1894|publisher=Archibald Constable and Company|place=Westminster|page=238|url=https://archive.org/stream/memorialsoldhai00collgoog#page/n325/mode/2up|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Abdur |title=From Makkah to Nuclear Pakistan |date=2001 |publisher=Ferozsons |isbn=978-969-0-01691-1 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zORtAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Numerous books were translated from [[Sanskrit]], [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], and [[Urdu]] into English at this institution.

== History ==
Wellesley's position on efficient administration was quite different from his predecessor, [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], who insisted that an honest administration of British India by the company's servants could be ensured only by paying them adequate salaries. Wellesley, on the other hand, believed that an honest administration of British India by the company's servants could be ensured by adequate training and education, by combining efficiency with honesty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=C.H. |title=The East India Company, 1784-1834 |publisher=Oxford University Branch |year=1961 |edition=2nd |location=India |pages=125–134}}</ref>

Lord Wellesley initially intended this to be the "Oxford of the East", but his idea was scaled down to a school for Indian languages as a compromise over a long tussle with the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]] led by [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]], who had threatened to close the college, the creation of which it had not authorized.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Embree |first=Ainslie T. |title=Charles Grant and British Rule in India |date=1962 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-87958-3 |series=Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences |location=New York, NY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kopf |first=David |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2430755 |title=British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773-1835 |date=1969 |publisher=University of California Press |edition=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rocher |first=Rosane |date=2002 |title=Sanskrit for Civil Servants 1806-1818 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087633 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=381–390 |doi=10.2307/3087633 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Languages ==
Fort William College aimed at training British officials in [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] and, in the process, fostered the development of languages such as Bengali and Urdu.<ref name="Sarkar">Sarkar, Nikhil, ''Printing and the Spirit of Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, pp. 130–2, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}.</ref> The period is of historical importance. In 1815, [[Ram Mohan Roy]] settled in Calcutta. It is considered by many historians to be the starting point of the [[Bengali Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kopf |first=David |date=1961 |title=Fort William College and the Origins of the Bengal Renaissance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140769 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=24 |pages=296–303 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name="S2001">Sengupta, Nitish, 2001–02, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|81-7476-355-4}}.</ref>{{rp|212}} Establishment of [[The Calcutta Madrassa]] in 1781, the [[Asiatic Society]] in 1784 and the Fort William College in 1800, completed the first phase of Kolkata's emergence as an intellectual centre.<ref name="Majumdar">Majumdar, Swapan, ''Literature and Literary Life in Old Calcutta,'' in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, pp. 107–9, [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}.</ref>

The East India Company's administration needed Bengali printed works not only for the training of civil servants at the Fort William College, but also for codifying Company regulations and to provide a wider audience for British Orientalist scholars. [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] established the first Bengali printing press as the [[Serampore Mission Press]] in 1800; with Carey's appointment as a teacher of Bengali in Fort William College that year, the Mission joined the efforts of the college in printing and publishing suitable textbooks in the vernacular. Between 1802 and 1852, books on diverse subjects-including history, legend, and moral tales- as well as a grammar and a dictionary were printed for Fort William College. Indigenous printing enterprises were not far behind: The first local entrepreneur was Babu Ram, who in 1807 set up his Sanskrit Press in Khidirpore to provide textbooks in Hindi and Sanskrit to Fort William.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Anindita |date=2003 |title=An Uncertain "Coming of the Book": Early Print Cultures in Colonial India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30227341 |journal=Book History |volume=6 |pages=23–55 |issn=1098-7371}}</ref>

Teaching of Asian languages dominated: Arabic, Urdu, Persian, Sanskrit, Bengali. Later, Marathi and even Chinese were added.<ref name="College">{{cite web
| url = http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~landc/bookplates/13_4_FtWilliam.htm
| title = College of Fort William
| access-date = 19 February 2007
| last = Diehl
| first = Katharine Smith
| publisher = Katharine Smith Diehl Seguin, Texas
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070430072337/http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~landc/bookplates/13_4_FtWilliam.htm
| archive-date = 30 April 2007
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Each department of the college was staffed by notable scholars. The Persian department was headed by [[Neil B. Edmonstone]], Persian translator to the East India Company's government since 1794.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Fort William College |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fort_William_College |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> While notable scholars were identified and appointed for different languages, there was no suitable person in Calcutta who could be appointed to teach Bengali. In those days, the Brahmin scholars learnt only Sanskrit, considered to be the language of the gods, and they did not study Bengali. The authorities decided to appoint Carey, who was with the Baptist Mission in [[Serampore]]. He, in turn, appointed Mrityunjoy Vidyalankar as head pandit, Ramnath Vachaspati as second pandit and [[Ramram Basu]] as one of the assistant pandits.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay">Mukhopadhyay, Prabhatkumar, Rammohun O Tatkalin Samaj O Sahitya, 1965, pp. 47–51, Viswa Bharati Granthan Bibhag {{in lang|bn}}.</ref>

Along with teaching, translations were organized. The college employed more than one hundred local linguists.<ref name="College" /> There were no textbooks available in Bengali. On 23 April 1789, the ''[[Calcutta Gazette]]'' published the humble request of several natives of Bengal for a Bengali grammar and dictionary.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay" />

==Location==
The college was located at the corner of Council House Street and [[B. B. D. Bagh|Dalhousie Square]] (now B. B. D. Bagh). After the college closed the building had a series of occupancies. First it was ''The Exchange'' of Messrs. Mackenzie Lyall & Co., then offices of the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]<ref name = "Cotton">Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref>{{rp|271}} and later the local [[HSBC Bank India|HSBC Bank office]].<ref name = "Cotton" />{{rp|544}}

==Library==
[[File:Exlibris FortWilliamCollegeLibrary.jpg|thumb|Ex libris from the Fort William College Library]]
The college library of Fort William was an important centre of learning and housed a magnificent collection of old manuscripts and many valuable historical books from across [[South Asia]]. Multiple MS copies were printed.<ref name="College" /><ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/baghobahar/BBFORTWM.pdf
| title = Selected publications of Fort William College| access-date = 19 February 2007| last = Pritchett | first = Frances| work = First Editions recommended for preservation| publisher = [[Columbia University]] }}</ref> When the college was dissolved in 1854, the books of the collection listed for preservation were transferred to the newly formed Calcutta Public Library, now the [[National Library of India|National Library]].<ref name="College" /> Some books were transferred to the [[Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales|School of Oriental Languages in Paris]] and are now held at [[Bibliothèque universitaire des langues et civilisations|BULAC]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fort William College Collection at BULAC (in French)|url=https://bina.bulac.fr/FWC|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=[[bina : collections patrimoniales numérisées de la BULAC]]}}</ref>

==Hurdles==
[[File:Ex libris FWC.jpg|thumb|Ex-libris of the Fort William College Library]]
The Court of Directors of the [[British East India Company]] were never in favor of a training college in Calcutta, and for that reason, there was always a lack of funds for running the college. Subsequently, a separate college for the purpose, the [[East India Company College]] at Haileybury (England), was established in 1807. However, Fort William College continued to be a center of learning languages.<ref name="College" /><ref name="Banglapedia" />

With the British settling down in the seat of power, their requirements changed. [[Lord William Bentinck]] announced his educational policy of public instruction in English in 1835, mostly to cater to the growing needs of administration and commerce.<ref name="S2001" />{{rp|236}} He clipped the wings of Fort William College, and the [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Dalhousie]] administration formally dissolved the institution in 1854.<ref name="Banglapedia" />

==Eminent scholars==
Fort William College was served by a number of eminent scholars. They contributed enormously towards development of Indian languages and literature. Some of them are noted below:
* [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] (1761–1834) was with Fort William College from 1801 to 1831. During this period he published a Bengali grammar and dictionary, numerous textbooks, the [[Bible]], grammar and dictionary in other Indian languages.<ref name="SSCB">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}} {{in lang|bn}}.</ref>{{rp|112}}
* [[Matthew Lumsden]] (1777–1835) was educated at [[King's College, Aberdeen|King's College]], Old Aberdeen. He went to India as assistant professor of Persian and Arabic in the College of Fort William, and in 1808, succeeded to the professorship.
* [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Borthwick Gilchrist]] (June 1759 – 1841) was principally known for his study of the Hindustani language. He compiled and authored ''An English-Hindustani Dictionary'', ''A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language'', and ''The Oriental Linguist.''
[[File:Catalogue des ouvrages conservés au Fort William College.jpg|thumb|Catalogue of the books in the Library of the College of Fort William (''[https://bina.bulac.fr/FWC/BULAC.RES.MON.FOL.234. Bibliothèque Numérique Aréale],'' BULAC)]]

* Mrityunjay Vidyalankar (c. 1762 – 1819) was the First Pandit at Fort William College. He wrote a number of textbooks and is considered the first 'conscious artist' of Bengali prose.<ref>Acharya, Poromesh, ''Education in Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, pp. 108–9, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}.</ref> Although a Sanskrit scholar he started writing Bengali as per the needs of Fort William College. He published ''Batris Singhasan'' (1802), ''Hitopodesh'' (1808) and ''Rajabali'' (1808). The last named book was the first published history of India. Mrityunjoy did not know English so the contents were possibly provided by other scholars of Fort William College.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay" />
* Tarini Charan Mitra (1772–1837), a scholar in English, Urdu, Hindi, Arabic and Persian, was with the Hindustani department of Fort William College. He had translated many stories into Bengali.<ref name="SSCB" />{{rp|196}}
* [[Lallu Lal]] (also spelt as Lalloolal or Lallo Lal), the father of [[History of the Hindi language|Sanskritized]] [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] prose, was instructor in Hindustani at Fort William College. In 1815, he printed and published the first book in the old Hindi literary language, [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Tulsidas]]'s [[Vinaya Patrika|Vinaypatrika]].<ref name="Sarkar" />
* [[Ramram Basu]] (1757–1813) was with the Fort William College. He assisted [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], [[Joshua Marshman]] and [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]] in the publication of the first Bengali translation of the Bible.<ref name="Sarkar" />
* [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] (1820–1891) was head pandit at Fort William College from 1841 to 1846. He concentrated on English and Hindi while serving in the college.<ref name="SSCB" />{{rp|64}} After discharging his duties as academician, and engagements as a reformer he had little time for creative writing. Yet through the textbooks he produced, the pamphlets he wrote, and retelling of [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa's]] ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' and [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[The Comedy of Errors|A Comedy of Errors]]'', he set the norm of standard Bengali prose.<ref name="Majumdar" />
* [[Madanmohan Tarkalankar|Madan Mohan Tarkalankar]] (1817–1858)

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=New Series |date=October 1955 |volume=87 |pages=105–123 |location=London |publisher=The Royal Asiatic Society |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00114029 |title=The East India Company's Education of its Own Servants |first=John |last=Bowen|issue=3–4 }}



[[Category:Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Defunct universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Education in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1800]]
[[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1854]]
[[Category:1800 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1854 disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:18th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in the 1800s]]
[[Category:Defunct educational institutions]]
[[Category:1854 disestablishments in India]]

Nirapara

2025-12-10T11:10:22Z

Indian constitution: adding the stub from scratch

{{Short description|Indian food production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = Nirapara
| logo = Nirapara logo.png
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype = {{ubl|Rice|Spice powder}}
| currentowner = [[Wipro Enterprises]]
| producedby =
| country = India
| introduced = 1976
| related =
| markets =
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website = http://www.nirapara.com
| module = 
| module1 = 
}}
'''Nirapara''' is a well known food product brand started in the year 1988 in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] district of [[Kerala]] by Nirapara Roller flour Mills Pvt. Ltd. which was founded by late P. V. Francis. The brand gained popularity in dealing with wheat products in Kerala. Later Rice products along with spices and pickles under the brand name Nirapara were started by K. K. R. Mills which was established by K.K.R. Karnan.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Brand : Nirapara â€" The Incredible Recipes {{!}} ISO 22000:2005; HACCP Certified |url=http://www.nirapara.com/brand/ |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Nirapara Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=25 November 2014 |title=Kavya MAdhavan in 24 Getup for Nirapara Brand Promotion |work=FilmBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/kavya-madhavan-in-24-getups-165518.html |access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> This K. K. R. Mills was acquired by [[Wipro Enterprises|Wipro Consumer Care]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Dec 20, 2022 |title=Wipro buys Kerala-based food brand Nirapara - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wipro-buys-kerala-based-food-brand-nirapara/articleshow/96356916.cms |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Nirapara Roller Flour Mills Pvt. Ltd. was started in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]] by late P. V. Francis, who was a well known wheat and rice merchant in Kerala. The company is currently headed by his son P. F. Joseph.

While KKR Group<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/khushboo-sundar-overawed-by-ugram-ujjwalam-grand-finale-performances-announces-winners-632002|title=Ugram Ujjwalam' Grand Finale Performances; The finale was attended by Nirapara Group/KKR group Vice-Chairman Biju Kannan.|last=James|first=Anu|date=11 May 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> was established by K. K. Karnan as a small scale [[rice mill]] factory located in the town of Okkal in [[Kalady]], near [[Kochi]]. K. K. Karnan later expanded this venture into a modern rice processing mill. Rice varieties, spice powders, ready-to-eat and other food products manufactured by the company were all brought under one name, making Nirapara a food brand in South India. Nirapara products are exported from Kerala and are available in 32 other countries including the [[United States|US]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Canada]], Far [[East Asia|East]] and [[West Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.emirates247.com/business/corporate/enhance-operating-companies-sets-1bn-turnover-target-for-2016-2016-01-14-1.617297|title=Enhance Operating Companies sets $1bn turnover target for 2016|last=George|first=Joseph|date=14 January 2016|work=[[Emirates 24/7]]|access-date= 12 October 2017 }}</ref>

== Controversy ==
K. K. R. Group faced a controversy in September 2015, when the food safety commissioner banned the manufacture, sale, and distribution of the Nirapara [[Chili pepper|chilli]], [[turmeric]], and [[coriander]] powder under the provisions of the Food Safety and Standards Act of India, as the authorities found added starch in the spice powders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/17th-asianet-film-awards-mammootty-manju-warrier-win-best-actor-awards-photoswinners-list-620099|title=The 17th Asianet Film Awards powered by Ujala and Nirapara - Mammootty, Manju Warrier Win Best Actor Awards|last=James|first=Anu|date=12 January 2015|work=International Business Times|access-date=12 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/hc-revokes-ban-on-nirapara-spices/article7759571.ece|title=HC revokes ban on Nirapara spices|date=14 October 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date= 12 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/nirapara-brand-of-powdered-spices-banned/article7618110.ece |title=Nirapara brand of powdered spices banned |date=5 September 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date= 12 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/en/kerala/2015/sep/5/nirapara-brand-powdered-spices-banned-kerala |title=Nirapara brand of powdered spices banned in Kerala |date=5 September 2015 |website=[[Madhyamam]] |access-date= 12 October 2017 }}</ref>

In October 2015, the [[Kerala High Court]] on Tuesday set aside the ban by the Food Safety Commissioner, as the samples were not found harmful for human consumption. In the absence of any harmful content, the court withdrew the ban imposed on the said spice powders facilitating its manufacture, sale, and distribution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/HC-lifts-ban-on-Irapara-brand-curry-powders/articleshow/49343241.cms|title=HC lifts ban on Irapara brand curry powders|last=Haneefi|first=Mahir|date=14 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date= 12 October 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.nirapara.com}}

[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1976]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1976]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Starch companies]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Wipro]]

Arohana

2025-12-03T18:39:56Z

Indian constitution: added references

{{short description|Ascending scale of a raga}}
{{One source|date=September 2019}}
{{Indian classical music}}
{{redirect|Arohan|the Hindi film|Arohan (film)}}
{{see also|Avarohana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Arohana''', '''arohanam''', '''aroh''' or '''aroha''', in the context of [[Indian classical music]], is the ascending [[Musical scale|scale]] of notes in a [[raga]].<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, ''Glossary'' pages, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref> The pitch increases as we go up from Shadja (Sa) to the Taar Shadja (Sa), possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.

It contrasts with an '''avarohana''', '''avarohanam''' or '''avaroha''' the descending scale of any raga.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, ''Glossary'' pages, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref> The notes descend in pitch from the upper tonic (taar shadja or Sa) down to the lower tonic, possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.

==Scale==
In [[Hindustani classical music]], the ascending scale's notes are S R G M P D and N. Lower forms of notes are written in lower case, like r g m d n (S and P are fixed notes), while the first scale given above is that of higher form of the notes. The English notes C D E F G A and B correspond to S R G M P D and N, when C is taken as the tonal note (S is sung at C).

In [[Carnatic music]], the ascending scale's notes for the variant notes R G M D and N have a subscript number indicating the specific variant (see examples below).

==Examples==
===For arohana===
In [[Multani (raga)|Multani]], the aroha is 'N S g M P N S' (lowercase notes are the lower forms, while uppercase notes are the higher forms, and an apostrophe preceding or following a note denotes the lower or higher octave respectively – see [[swara]]).

In [[Dheerasankarabharanam|Sankarabharanam]] ragam (29th [[Melakarta]] in 72 parent ragam scheme of [[Carnatic music]]) the Arohana is ''S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N3 S''.<ref name="ragas" /> See [[Swara#Swaras in Carnatic music|swaras in Carnatic music]] for explanation of notation.

In [[Abhogi]] ragam, which is a [[janya]] ragam of 22nd melakarta [[Kharaharapriya]], the Arohana is ''S R2 G2 M1 D2 S''.<ref name="ragas" /> In this ragam certain notes are excluded so the raga is totally changed.

===For avarohana===
In raga [[Darbari]], an [[Asavari]]-[[That (music)|thaat]] raga with [[Vadi (music)|vadi]]-[[samvadi]] R-P, the avroha is R' n S' d~ n P, m P g~ m R S, with [[Andolan (music)|andolan]] on the dhaivat and gandhar.

In [[Malahari]], which is ''[[janya]]'' raga of 15th ''[[melakarta]]'' [[Mayamalavagowla]], the avarohana is ''S D1 P M1 G2 R1 S''.<ref name="ragas" /> See [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|swaras in Carnatic music]] for description of this notation.

In [[Sahana (raga)|Sahana]], a ''janya'' raga of 28th ''melakarta'' [[Harikambhoji]], the Avarohana is ''S N2 D2 P M1 G3 M1 R2 G3 R2 S''.<ref name="ragas" /> This raga in its avarohana has the notes jumping from one to another (a bit like Dattu). This changes the whole feel of the raga, making Sahana a beautiful raga to listen to.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]
[[Category:Ragas]]

Promode Dasgupta

2025-12-03T13:04:28Z

Indian constitution: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Promode Dasgupta
| image = Promode Dasgupta.jpg
| image_size = 180
| alt = Promode Dasgupta holding a cigar between his fingers
| caption = Dasgupta, c. 1978
| office = [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Member of Polit Bureau]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start = 7 November 1964
| term_end = 29 November 1982
| office1 = State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]]
| term_start1 = 1964
| term_end1 = 1982
| predecessor1 = Position Created
| successor1 = [[Saroj Mukherjee]]
| office2 = Chairman of the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| term_start2 = 1977
| term_end2 = 1982
| predecessor2 = Position Created
| successor2 = Saroj Mukherjee
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1910|7|13}}
| birth_place = [[Faridpur District|Kaurpur village]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in Bangladesh)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|11|29|1910|7|13}}
| death_place = [[Beijing]], China
}}

'''Promode Dasgupta''' (13 July 1910 – 29 November 1982) was an Indian Communist politician from [[West Bengal]], often referred to as '''PDG'''. He was the first leader of the West Bengal unit of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)), serving as State Secretary from the party's birth in 1964 until his death in 1982. He was also a member of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)'s politburo]], its supreme decision-making body. Although he personally never contested an election, Dasgupta earned a reputation as a disciplined organiser of the party and its cadres. Under his leadership, the CPI(M)-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] came to power in a landslide victory in the 1977 election, and remained the dominant force in West Bengal politics for several decades following Dasgupta's death.

==Biography==
Promode Dasgupta was born in July 1910 in a [[Baidya]] family in [[Faridpur District|Kaurpur village]] in the [[Bengal Presidency|undivided Bengal]] of [[British India]]; it is now a part of Bangladesh. His father was a doctor employed in government service. Dasgupta had eight siblings, of whom one sister would become a fellow CPI(M) member. PDG says of his youth, "I joined the university but gave it up soon after to become an apprentice in a workshop".<ref name=IT1/>

==Working style and personality==
In a 1978 article written during the first year of the Left Front government, ''India Today'' compared the personalities and leadership styles of West Bengal chief minister [[Jyoti Basu]] and Promode Dasgupta. It described the former as an urbane, mild-mannered statesman from a prosperous family who had attended Calcutta's top schools and studied law in Britain, where his conversion to Marxism had occurred. In contrast, ''India Today'' characterised Dasgupta as a "homespun Marxist" whose "life has been devoted to the single-minded aim of strengthening the CPM" in West Bengal. The article pointed out PDG's genius for organisation but also his reputation for being a "shadowy figure" who is "blunt, abrasive and retiring by nature".<ref name=IT1>"[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780415-jyoti-basu-is-mr-soft-and-pramode-dasgupta-the-mr-hard-of-west-bengal-cpm-818341-2015-02-04 'Jyoti Basu is Mr Soft and Pramode Dasgupta the Mr Hard of West Bengal CPM' ]". ''[[India Today]]''. 15 April 1978.</ref> For Sumit Mitra, writing in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', "it was Dasgupta who pulled the strings, and Basu was the puppet."<ref>Sumit Mitra. "[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/counter-evolutionary/story-MzgG39yMS9MYQ6Wqe49k6H.html Counter-evolutionary]". ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. 18 January 2010.</ref>

Among the managerial skills he exhibited were thorough knowledge of CPI(M) grassroots organisations in West Bengal. "Promode da was an excellent manager. Even as he sat all by himself in his office room at the party headquarters at Calcutta and smoked his cigar," ''India Today'' quoted a party worker, "a well-oiled communication machinery brought to him exactly what was happening at various levels of the party so that he was rarely caught off guard." This knowledge enabled him to act as a mediator, brokering truces between conflicting groups within the CPI(M) and the various parties in the Left Front.<ref name=IT2>"[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19821231-marxist-leader-promode-dasgupta-death-leaves-a-political-void-in-cpi-m-772530-2013-07-26 Marxist leader Promode Dasgupta's death leaves a political void in CPI-M]". ''India Today''. 31 December 1982.</ref>

In the CPI(M) politburo, PDG often took hardline stances against the national leadership, especially in their desire to seek out alliances with non-Left parties. "Those who are not strong enough in their own rights have to go in for such exercises", he quipped. He also protected the positions of his West Bengal unit from the more moderate central politburo. Upon Dasgupta's death, Basu acknowledged the difficulty of his successor's task, both as chief organiser ("When he (Dasgupta) was there none of us had to bother about the organisation. Now we will have to work as a collective body.") and as politburo representative ("Promode babu enjoyed a special position in the politburo and it would be too much to hope that his successors will command the same respect.").<ref name=IT2/>

On the flip side, Dasgupta is routinely cast as "[[Stalinism|Stalinist]]" and "[[anti-intellectualism|anti-intellectual]]" by commentators.<ref>Ashis Chakrabarti. "[https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/restoration-drama-p-c-joshi-rehabilitated-means-that-promode-dasgupta-is-finally-dead/cid/1026319 Restoration drama]". ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]''. 22 April 2007.</ref><ref>Ashis Chakrabarti. "[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/demolition-of-bengal-s-pride/cid/499601 Demolition of Bengal's pride]". ''The Telegraph''. 15 July 2010.</ref>

''India Today'' wrote of his personal asceticism in 1978:<ref name=IT1/>
<blockquote>A man of frugal habits, Dasgupta has few worldly possessions. He lives simply in a single room provided by the party and has his meals at the common hall of the CPM district office at Alimuddin Street, off Lower Circular Road, Calcutta. Dressed in starched and spotless dhoti-kurta, his one weakness is his [[Cuban cigar|Castro-style cigar]] which he lights and relights as he talks. He has never married and has few family attachments. "Pramode Babu is married to the party," say his followers.</blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*"[http://ganashakti.tripod.com/archive/pdg.htm Remembrances: PDG]". ''[[Ganashakti]]''. Retrieved on 31 July 2018.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Promode}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Barishal Zilla School alumni]]
[[Category:Brojomohun College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Faridpur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Machali (tigress)

2025-11-25T06:41:21Z

Indian constitution: put up a biography with sources.

{{Short description|Tiger from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox animal
| name = Machali
| image = Machli (tigress)2.jpg
| caption = ''Machali'' in Ranthambore National Park
| othername = T-16
| species = [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris'')
| gender = Female
| birth_date = 1997 {{Circa}}<ref name=Machli>{{cite journal|author=Doubleday, K.F.|year=2017|title=Nonlinear liminality: Human-animal relations on preserving the world's most famous tigress|journal=Geoforum|volume=81|issue=3|pages=32–44|doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.02.005}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2016|8|18|19}}
| death_place = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]], India
| known = India's most famous tigress; considered to have been the most photographed tigress in the world
| title = {{ubl|Queen Mother of Tigers|Tigress Queen of Ranthambore|The Lady of the Lakes|Crocodile Killer}}
| owner = [[Ranthambore National Park]]
| parents = Machali I
| children = 11 (7 daughters and 4 sons)
| appearance = See ''[[#In the media|In the media]]''
| namedafter = Machali I
}}

'''Machali''' ([[Hindi]] for 'fish'; code name: '''T-16'''),<ref name="Ranthambore">{{cite web | url=http://www.ranthamborenationalpark.com/ranthambore-machali.html | title=Tigress Queen of Ranthambore- The Machli | publisher=[[Ranthambore National Park]] | access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> also known as '''Machli''' or '''Machhli''', was a [[Bengal tiger|Bengal]] [[tigress]] who lived in [[Ranthambore National Park]] in [[India]]. She was born in the spring of 1997,<ref name=Machli/> and died on 18 August 2016.<ref name=:2/>

Machali played a key role in the regeneration of the tiger population in the park in the early 2000s, and was celebrated with titles such as ''Queen Mother of Tigers'', ''Tigress Queen of Ranthambore'', ''Lady of the Lakes'', and ''Crocodile Killer''. She was considered India's most famous tigress and, before her death, the oldest living in the wild.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/18/indias-beloved-tiger-machli-dies-sparking-outpouring-of-grief/|title=India's beloved 'Queen mother' tiger Machli dies sparking outpouring of grief|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=18 August 2016|access-date=20 August 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/18/india-tiger-queen-mother-machali-dies-crocodile-wrestling|title=India mourns crocodile-wrestling 'Queen mother' of tigers|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=18 August 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>

India earned about US$10{{nbsp}}million per year due to tourists attracted to Machali. She won the "Lifetime Achievement Award" of Travel Operators For Tigers due to her contribution to conservation and as a tourist attraction that earned significant income for India.

== Life ==
Machali was born in the spring of 1997,<ref name=Machli/> and was the dominant cub in a litter of three females.<ref name=":1" /> She inherited her name from her mother, Machali I, who was also named after the [[Hindi]] word for 'fish' due to a fish-shaped mark on her face.<ref name=":1" /> In her first two years, she started hunting on her own and took over a part of her mother's territory.<ref name=":1" />

Tigresses generally have two or three litters. Over seven years, from 1999 to 2006, Machali had five litters comprising eleven cubs – seven daughters and four sons.<ref name="tigernation">{{cite web | url=https://www.tigernation.org/tigers/3 | title=Machli – Life stories | publisher=Tigernation | access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/180816/worlds-most-photographed-tiger-machli-dies-at-19-in-ranthambore.html|title=World's most photographed tiger 'Machli' dies at 19 in Ranthambore|date=18 August 2016|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> Machali's offspring increased the tiger population in the park significantly – from 15 tigers in 2004, to 50 tigers in 2014. Eventually, more than half of the tigers in the park were of her [[Lineage (genetic)|lineage]].<ref name=":1" /> In 2008, two of her female cubs were relocated to [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] and successfully boosted the tiger population in that park as well.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tiger-queen-hale-and-hearty-spotted-after-a-month/article5661336.ece|title='Tiger Queen' hale and hearty, spotted after a month|date=6 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>

In early 2014, Machali disappeared from her usual area, sparking a search by over 200 park staff. She was sighted after about a month, and appeared to be in good health. She had survived in dense forest by hunting her own prey, despite having been fed by park staff prior to her disappearance.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Ranthambores-missing-tigress-Machli-found-after-26-days/articleshow/29875506.cms|title=Ranthambore's missing tigress Machli found after 26 days – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 February 2014 |access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>

She was known for her hunting skill and strength, in particular in an incident in 2003 when she fought with and killed a [[mugger crocodile]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajasthan-to-immortalise-world-s-most-photographed-tigress-1996299|title=Rajasthan to immortalise world's most photographed tigress|date=18 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> As a result of the fight, she lost two [[canine teeth]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pallavi|date=2016-05-30|title=Machli- the Tigress matriarch of Ranthambore turns 20|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/machli-the-tigress-matriarch-of-ranthambore-turns-20-2113352.html|access-date=2021-05-17|website=|language=en}}</ref> She was also known for her ferocity in protecting her cubs from threats such as male tigers and other animals.<ref name=":2" />

=== Recognition ===
India earned about US$10{{nbsp}}million per year due to tourists attracted by the tigress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World's Most Photographed Tigress, Machli Of Ranthambore, Turned 20 This Month |date=27 May 2016|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/the-world-s-most-photographed-tigress-machli-of-ranthambore-turned-20-this-month-255783.html}}</ref> She won the "Lifetime Achievement Award" of ''Travel Operators For Tigers'' due to her contribution to conservation and as a tourist attraction that earned significant income for India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/two-wild-tigers-get-lifetime-achievement-award-314507.html | title=Two wild Tigers get 'Lifetime Achievement Award' | publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] | date=24 April 2009 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, the Indian government issued a commemorative postal cover and stamp to honour the tigress for her ecological and economical contributions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Stamp-of-honour-for-Ranthambhore-tigress-Machli/articleshow/22673425.cms|title='Stamp' of honour for Ranthambhore tigress Machli|date=18 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/ranthambore-national-park-machli-ranthambore-tigress-missing-178372-2014-01-25|title=Most popular Ranthambore tigress, Machli goes missing|date=26 January 2014 |access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>

=== In the media ===
Machli is considered to have been the most photographed tigress in the world.<ref name=":0" /> She was featured in a number of wildlife documentaries, including a 50-minute documentary about her life, titled ''Tiger Queen'', which was aired on the [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]] and [[Animal Planet]] channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/watching-machli-the-tiger-queen-of-yore/article3364894.ece|title=Watching Machali, the Tiger Queen of yore...|date=28 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 August 2015|last1=Sebastian|first1=Sunny}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/wild/big-cat-week/galleries/tiger-dynasty/at/tiger-queen-67172/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129133509/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/wild/big-cat-week/galleries/tiger-dynasty/at/tiger-queen-67172/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2012|title=Tiger Dynasty – Tiger Queen|publisher=[[National Geography]]|access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> In 2012, the story of Machli was aired on the [[BBC]]'s ''[[List of Natural World episodes#Series 31|Natural World]]'' in an episode titled "Queen of Tigers: Natural World Special".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nhwyz|title=Queen of Tigers: Natural World Special|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q128515171|title=The Natural World: Queen of Tigers (TV Episode 2012)}}</ref>

=== Later years and death ===
As a result of her age, Machali lost almost all of her teeth, sight in one eye and much of her strength in her later years. She also lost her territory, as her daughter Sundari, born in her last litter, drove her out of her turf.<ref name=":1" /> As she was unable to hunt and kill for herself, park staff provided her with food.<ref name=":2" /> This intervention became somewhat controversial; tiger expert [[K. Ullas Karanth|K Ullas Karanth]] commented that it resulted in Machali living longer than she should have, and that truly wild animals should be born, live and die naturally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qz.com/761157/indias-famous-crocodile-hunting-female-tiger-machli-has-died/|title=India's famous crocodile-hunting female tiger, Machli, has died|last=Punit|first=Itika Sharma|date=18 August 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>

In August 2016 Machali became critically ill. Due to her great age, it was considered risky for Ranthambore's rangers and staff to treat and aid her as the medications needed could be harmful or fatal.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/machli-ranthambore-tiger-critical-335453-2016-08-18|title=Machli of Ranthambore, most photographed tigress, dies|date=18 August 2016 }}</ref> She died on 18 August 2016.<ref name=":2">{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/machli-queen-of-ranthambore-and-perhaps-the-most-photographed-tigress-on-earth-an-obituary-2963686.html?utm_ | title=Machhli, Queen of Ranthambore and perhaps the most photographed tigress on earth: An obituary | work=First Post | date=18 August 2016 | access-date=19 August 2016 | author=Navin M Raheja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news18.com/news/rajasthan/ranthambores-royal-tigress-now-too-old-to-hunt-740367.html | title=Ranthambore's 'royal tigress' now too old to hunt | publisher=[[ETV Network|News18]] | date=25 May 2015 | access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> She was 19 years old, older than the average 12 year lifespan of tigers in the wild.<ref name=Machli/> She was cremated in observance with traditional Hindu rituals in a public ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/legendary-ranthambore-tigress-machhli-dies-690249#AzG6ZYzD1ehbDQwB.97|title=Legendary Ranthambore tigress Machhli dies, cremated with full Hindu rituals [PHOTO]|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=18 August 2016}}</ref>

The last few years of Machali's life were captured on film by wildlife filmmaker S. Nallamuthu. Titled 'The World's Most Famous Tiger', the film contains a two-minute showdown between Machali and her daughter Sundari that ends with the former losing control of the [[Ranthambore Fort]] and the unusual instance of a former mate joining her in what seemed an act of companionship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news|title=Film captures life of Machli|date=6 May 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

== Phylogeny ==
The [[cladogram]] below shows the [[Offspring|phylogeny]] (progeny or offspring) of Machali with code names and/or nicknames. From 1999 to 2006, she gave birth to at least eleven cubs.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIJ/2010/09/06&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00103&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828164914/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIJ/2010/09/06&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00103&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 August 2016 | title=Ranthambore 'Machli' on her last legs | access-date=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://thelastwilderness.org/experiences/ranthambore.html | title=Ranthambhore Diaries | access-date=23 August 2016}}</ref>

{{clade
|label1='''Machali'''
|1={{clade
|label1=Male X
|1={{clade
|1=ST2 (female)
|2=ST3 (female)}}
|label2=Bamboo Ram
|2={{clade
|1=''Slant Ear'' – T0 (male)
|2=''Broken Tail'' (male)}}
|label3=Nick Ear
|3={{clade
|1=Jhumari (female)
|2=Jhumaroo (male)}}
|label4=Male X
|4={{clade
|1= Bubbly – T1 (female)
|2= Bunty – T3 (male)}}
|label5=Male X
|5={{clade
|1=Satra/Sundari – T17 (female)
|2=Athara/Baghani – T18 (female)
|3=Unnis/Krishna – T19 (female)}}
}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
<div style="float: right;">
{{External media
| video1={{YouTube|on9wc57qJKI | T16 Machli on Trail {{!}} Ranthambore Tigers}}
| video2={{YouTube|7_gERPEAyFA | Tiger Queen – Own Rules (National Geographic)}}
| video3={{YouTube|uYC_R-tsrEU | Tigress Machli Kills 14 foot long Crocodile}}
| video4={{YouTube|TABMdrMi9Go | Tigress Machli fights male tiger to protect her cubs}}
| video5={{YouTube|WyAdbOYglJ0|Tigers Revenge Wild Animal Documentary 2015 HD - National Geographic Documentary}}
}}
</div>

[[Category:1997 animal births]]
[[Category:2016 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Individual tigers in India]]
[[Category:Individual wild animals]]
[[Category:Bengal tiger]]

Jagdish Mulik

2025-11-17T09:52:25Z

Indian constitution: Made a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Jagdish Bhau Mulik.png
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = [[Bapusaheb Pathare]]
| successor = [[Sunil Tingre]]
| constituency = [[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]]
| office1 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]{{dash}}Pune City
| term_start1 = 29 January 2020
| term_end1 = 19 July 2023
| president1 = [[Chandrakant Patil]] [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
| predecessor1 = [[Madhuri Misal]]
| successor1 = Dheeraj Ghate
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Jagdish Tukaram Mulik''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was first elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in 2014, representing the [[Vadgaon Sheri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vadgaon Sheri constituency]] assembly in [[Pune]].<ref name="India Today - 18 October 2014 -Election results: Historic results, says Modi as BJP bags Haryana, Maharashtra">{{cite news |title=Election results: Historic results, says Modi as BJP bags Haryana, Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/live-blog-assembly-poll-results-223719-2014-10-18 |access-date=26 November 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/maharashtra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=979 My neta]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/vadgaon-sheri.html Vadgaon Sheri (Maharashtra) Election Results 2014]</ref>

In the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]],<ref name="Election Commission of India - GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT OCT-2019 - Maharashtra Result Status">{{cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT OCT-2019 - Maharashtra Result Status |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/statewiseS1327.htm |access-date=26 November 2019 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> Mulik was defeated by [[Sunil Tingre]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in the same constituency, losing by a margin of nearly 5,000 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulik, Jagdish}}
[[Category:Politicians from Pune]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kandali Tarf Rahur

2025-09-20T08:06:15Z

Indian constitution: Made new bio!

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kandali Tarf Rahur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3862589|N|73.2323033|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 23
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 579
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552617
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kandali Tarf Rahur''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is situated between [[AH47]] (Mumbai-Nashik highway) and the [[Bhatsa River]].

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kandali Tarf Rahur has 140 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 80.54%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 579 || 295 || 284
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 65 || 24 || 41
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 89 || 43 || 46
|-
| Literates || 414 || 246 || 168
|-
| Workers (all) || 304 || 165 || 139
|-
| Main workers (total) || 153 || 124 || 29
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 23 || 19 || 4
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 16 || 10 || 6
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 16 || 15 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 98 || 80 || 18
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 151 || 41 || 110
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 83 || 4 || 79
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 37 || 15 || 22
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 4 || 3 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 27 || 19 || 8
|-
| Non-workers || 275 || 130 || 145
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Koreans in Varanasi

2025-09-15T09:16:27Z

Indian constitution: Made a data

{{Short description|Ethnic group in Varanasi, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Travel guide|date=August 2020}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2020}}
}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

Koreans initially began to [[Koreans in India|migrate to India]] during the early 1950s. The Korean Association of India was established at that time by a trio of South Koreans who went into exile after their release from imprisonment in their own country. The 1990s, however, showed the actual beginning and growth of the migration, which grew to approximately 1200 people during the following years. By the 2000s, the size of the Korean community grew immensely, becoming the 25th largest Korean community in the entire world. Some areas in India which show significant growth of the Korean community are [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[West Bengal]], [[National Capital Region]], and [[Maharashtra]].

==Varanasi==
[[Varanasi]] or Kashi or Benaras is one of the major religious cities in India, situated beside the banks of the [[Ganges]] river in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], which welcomes tourists from all over the world. The city witnesses huge numbers of Korean migrants due to the many students attending [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU), particularly studying Indian art and aesthetics. This is due to their bond with Buddhism and the legend of marital ties between Princess [[Heo Hwang-ok|Heo]] of Ayodhya in India and [[King Suro]] of Gaya, an ancient kingdom in Korea.{{Cn|date=June 2023}}

Places like Bengali Tola and other parts of Varanasi feature Korean-style cafes, restaurants, and [[K-pop|K-Pop]] music stores.

==Food==
Some Korean-style cafes and restaurants are run solely by Indians, while others are run jointly with Korean friends or relatives. Korean design elements are common, such as wallpaper featuring [[Hangul]] script, traditional masks and fans, and low-seating arrangements. Dishes such as [[bibimbap]], containing vegetables, chicken, sticky rice, [[soya sauce]], soya chilli paste, and sesame oil, and [[rabokki]], a street food made with ramen, rice cakes, spicy sauce, boiled eggs and noodles, are served.

==Music==
Varanasi also has K-Pop CDs and poster shows. Koreans, particularly the younger generation, have shown enthusiasm in learning classical Indian music instruments such as the [[tabla]] and [[sitar]]. Many are fluent in Hindi and enjoy Indian cinema and music. The similarity between Korean musical instruments like the [[gayageum]] (also called kayagum), a 12-stringed instrument, and the sitar, an Indian instrument with 18, 19 or even 21 strings, has also helped by being an extension of cultural exchange.

==Korean language==
BHU offers diploma courses in Korean, enabling Indian students to pursue an education in the language.

==Extension of India in South Korea==
A group of students from the prestigious Wonkwang Digital University or WDU from Iksan, South Korea, came to BHU to attend an exchange programme on ayurveda and yoga and upon their return, established a club named Ganga in WDU. The university includes the Department of Yoga Studies and Meditation. Almost every year, a number of Korean students come to BHU for the exchange programme, initiating the joint signing of a memorandum of understanding in 2005.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
# {{Citation|title=7. Conclusion: Remaking the Mainstream|work=Remaking the American Mainstream|year=2003|pages=271–292|place=Cambridge, MA and London, England|publisher=Harvard University Press|doi=10.4159/9780674020115-007|isbn=978-0-674-02011-5}}
# {{Cite journal|last1=Alba|first1=Richard|last2=Nee|first2=Victor|date=1997|title=Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration|journal=International Migration Review|volume=31|issue=4|pages=826–74|doi=10.2307/2547416|jstor=2547416|pmid=12293207|issn=0197-9183}}
# {{Cite news|date=6 March 2001|title=Korean Memorial to Indian Princess|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm}}
# {{Cite web|date=2018-03-17|title=In Varanasi's bylanes, a surprise: A thriving Korean culture|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/in-varanasi-s-bylanes-a-surprise-a-thriving-korean-culture/story-EDVtNIsx7x4DKiSZhSI38J.html|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}
# {{Cite web|last=Bell|first=Melissa A.|date=2008-05-02|title=The hurricane bombers|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vW2hqTmgCMxSQPCOLPr7zJ/The-hurricane-bombers.html|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Livemint|language=en}}
# {{Cite book|last=Song, Min, 1970-|title=Strange Future Pessimism and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots|date=2015|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8749-7|oclc=1139383521}}
# {{Cite book|last1=Howard |first1=Keith |title=Korean musical instruments|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-586177-9|oclc=925254108}}
# {{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 31, 2013|title=A Ganga club at a Korean university |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/A-Ganga-club-at-a-Korean-university/articleshow/18263823.cms|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}

{{Korean diaspora}}
{{Immigration to India}}

[[Category:Korean diaspora in Asia]]
[[Category:Varanasi]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Korean diaspora by city|Varanasi]]
[[Category:Diasporas in India]]
[[Category:India–South Korea relations]]

Ngangom Ronald Singh

2025-09-01T21:27:25Z

Indian constitution: added references

#REDIRECT [[Ronald Singh Ngangom]]

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List of Ollywood films of 2005

2025-07-29T08:05:57Z

Indian constitution: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[List of Odia films of 2005]]

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National Highway 113 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T02:19:56Z

Indian constitution: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 56 (India)]]

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Sakharpuda

2025-05-27T17:16:36Z

Indian constitution: slightly cleaned up information also and added references

{{Short description|Indian engagement ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}

'''Sakharpuda''' is an [[engagement]] ceremony for [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] communities. It is also known as ''waangnischay'' (vāṅaniścaya) which literally means verbal agreement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupte |first1=Balkrishna Atmaram |title=A Prabhu Marriage: Customary and Religious Ceremonies Performed in the Marriage of a Member of the Chāndraseni Kāyasth Prabhus of Bombay. With a Chapter on Some Curiosities of Marriage Customs in India |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent government printing, India |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3x9RAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=वाङनिश्चय - Meaning in English - वाङनिश्चय Translation in English |url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/marathi-english/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF-meaning-in-english |website=SHABDKOSH |language=en}}</ref> ''Sakhar'' means sugar and ''puda'' means a packet or box.

In the sakharpuda, a pre-wedding ceremony, the prospective [[bridegroom]]'s parents give a packet of sugar to the bride, and the [[bride]]'s parents give a coconut and coin to the prospective bridegroom. This signifies a solemn promise by both the parents to give their children in [[marriage]]. The groom's parents present a sari to the bride, which symbolizes her acceptance into the groom's family. Her hands are adorned with green bangles, and some couples also exchange rings. Traditionally the families wait to print and send the wedding invites until after the sakharpuda.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
Photos from a [[Koli people|koli]] wedding [https://exhibits.jioinstitute.edu.in/spotlight/from-sakharpuda-to-grihapravesh-rituals-and-customs-of-koli-weddings]

[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]]
[[Category:Engagement]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

Chhiahtlang

2025-04-10T23:33:15Z

Indian constitution: basic fixed details and corrected details

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
′
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhiahtlang
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Chhiahtlang.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Chhiahtlang village from High School Hill.
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.379170|N|92.843592|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 796181
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03838
| registration_plate = MZ 06
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = Aizawl
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[TUIKUM]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Mizoram
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Village Council
| website = {{URL|mizoram.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chhiahtlang''' is an independent village level administration within [[Serchhip]] Town, in the [[Mizoram]] State of India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Chhingchhip Population - Serchhip, Mizoram |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/271386-chhingchhip-mizoram.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Serchhip district]]
[[Category:Serchhip]]

{{Mizoram-geo-stub}}

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Road

2025-02-28T17:47:34Z

Indian constitution: Creating the info from scratch

{{Short description|Road in New Delhi, India}}
[[File:Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.jpg|thumb|'''Sheikh Mujibur Rahman''' after whom the road is named]]

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Road''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিব সড়ক, [[Hindi]]: बंगबंधु शेख मुजीब मार्ग, [[Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq|بنگ بندھو شیخ مجیب مارگ}}) is a street situated in [[Lutyens' Delhi]] at the centre of [[New Delhi]], capital of [[India]]. The road was formerly named Park Street. The name was changed by [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] as a "friendly gesture" towards [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhis-park-street-renamed-after-sheikh-mujibur-rahman/articleshow/58053476.cms|title=Delhi's Park Street renamed after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|date=6 April 2017|website=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121104425/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhis-park-street-renamed-after-sheikh-mujibur-rahman/articleshow/58053476.cms |archive-date=21 January 2025 }}</ref> The road is named after Bangabandhu [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], founding president of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2017/04/09/delhi-park-street-sheikh-road|title=Delhi's Park Street renamed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Road|date=9 April 2017|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> The newly renamed road was opened by Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] and Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 8 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/218135/Road-in-New-Delhi-named-after-Bangabandhu-Sheikh-Mujib |title=Road in New Delhi named after Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib |date=2017-04-08 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |last=Sangbad Sangstha |first=Bangladesh |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220924132213/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/218135/Road-in-New-Delhi-named-after-Bangabandhu-Sheikh-Mujib |archive-date=2022-09-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The road starts from traffic roundabout that connects Shankar Road and Mandir Marg, from that point the road goes towards Mother Teresa Crescent. [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital]] is located next to it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/world/south-asia/new-delhi-park-street-named-after-bangabandhu-1387399|title=New Delhi's Park Street named after Bangabandhu|date=6 April 2017|website=The Daily Star}}</ref> The road is located 2.25 km from [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].

[[Sushma Swaraj]], then External Affairs Minister of India, chose the position of the road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/hasina-thanks-new-delhi-for-naming-road-after-bangabandhu-1491671555.html|title=Hasina thanks New Delhi for naming road after Bangabandhu|date=8 April 2017|website=The Statesman}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of things named after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
* [[List of artistic depictions of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|28.6255603|N|77.197457|E|region:BD|display=title}}

[[Category:Streets in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Memorials to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]

Navtej Singh Rehal

2025-02-19T20:41:58Z

Indian constitution: Content refined and expanded

#REDIRECT [[Bombay Rockers]]

{{R with history}}

Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu

2024-10-23T09:01:29Z

Indian constitution: updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = ''Order of the Gurkha Right Arm''
| image = Order of the Gorkha Dakshina Bahu 2nd class badge star (Nepal) - Tallinn Museum of Orders.jpg
| caption = Second class of the Order
| presenter = [[King of Nepal]] (now [[President of Nepal]])
| country = {{flag|Nepal}}
| type = [[Order (honour)|Order]]
| eligibility =
| awarded_for = Valuable service to Nepal
| campaign =
| status =
| description = 1st Class to 5th Class, plus a medal
| motto =
| clasps =
| post-nominals =
| established = 1896, revived 7 September 1932
| firstawarded = 1896
| lastawarded = 2006
| total_awarded =
| total_awarded_posthumously =
| total_recipients =
| precedence_label =
| individual =
| higher = [[Order of Tri Shakti Patta]]
| same =
| lower = none
| related =
| image2 = Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu.svg
| image2_size = 80px
| caption2 = Ribbon bar of the order
}}
The '''Most Puissant Order of the Gorkha Dakshina Bahu''' ({{langx|ne|गोरखा दक्षिण बाहु}}; Order of the Gurkha Right Arm ''or Hand'') was an order of knighthood of [[Nepal]]. It was one of the highest honors given traditionally by the king. It was awarded to both the military and civilians, including foreign nationals, for distinguished contribution to the country in the field of [[arts]], [[literature]], [[sports]], [[science]], and [[social service]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Kantipur-फेरि विभूषणको अवमूल्यन - कान्तिपुर समाचार| access-date = 2024-02-02| url = https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2017-05-30/20170530073841.html}}</ref> It was the second highest honor of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] after the [[Order of Tri Shakti Patta]]; the award was discontinued after the fall of monarchy in 2008.

== History ==
The order was first instituted by King [[Prithvi of Nepal|Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] in 1896. The order was later revived and reformed on 7 September 1932 by King [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Dev]]. Attached to the order is a medal instituted by King Tribhuvan in 1936. It is the oldest [[Order (honour)|order]] in [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]. Its recipients include Sir Edmund Hillary, bestowed on June 23, 1953.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Academy of Achievement: Sir Edmund Hillary| access-date = 2024-07-15| url = https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/}}</ref>

==Insignia==
The ribbon of the order is officially [[Saffron (color)|saffron]].

==Grades==
The Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu has five classes and a medal:
* Member First Class (''Suprasidha-Prabala-Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu'')
* Member Second Class (''Prasidha-Prabala-Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu'')
* Member Third Class (''Suprabala-Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu'')
* Member Fourth Class (''Prabala-Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu'')
* Member Fifth Class (''Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu'')
* Medal (''Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu-Padak'')

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.medals.org.uk/nepal/nepal010.htm World Medals Index], Nepal: The Most Puissant Order of the Gurkha Right Arm

[[Category:Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu| ]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Nepal|Gorkha Dakshina Bahu, Order of]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1896]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:2006 disestablishments in Nepal]]