Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Santhosh Narayanan

2026-05-06T03:43:23Z

Indiabulez: Started!

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Lead too short|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Santhosh Narayanan
| image = Santhosh Narayanan and his Wife at ‘Kadugu’ Movie Premiere (cropped).jpg
| caption = Narayanan at the premiere of ''[[Kadugu]]''
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|05|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], Tamil Nadu, India
| genre = {{hlist|Film score|Jazz|Indian folk|Hip hop|Rock|Electronic}}
| occupations = {{hlist|Composer|music producer|arranger|singer|music director}}
| instruments = vocals, piano, flute, keyboard, trumpet
| years_active = 2012–present
}}

'''Santhosh Narayanan''' (born 15 May 1983) is an Indian film composer, music producer and singer, primarily active in [[Tamil cinema]], also having composed for notable [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. Narayanan made his debut as an independent composer with the 2012 film ''[[Attakathi]]'', directed by [[Pa. Ranjith]]. His further collaborations with directors Pa. Ranjith, [[Karthik Subbaraj]], and [[Mari Selvaraj]] have resulted in celebrated scores for films such as ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012), ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' (2014), ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016), ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' (2018), ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018), ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' (2021), ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' (2021), and ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' (2024). Narayanan is considered a prominent figure in contemporary South Indian film music.

==Early life==
Santhosh Narayanan was born in [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], India. He is the younger of two children. He was educated at [[RSK Higher Secondary School|RSK Higher Secondary School, Tiruchirappalli]]. Santhosh Narayanan completed his [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in [[Computer Science]] at J. J. College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchirappalli.

After completing his education, he worked as a [[recording engineer]], arranger and programmer, before beginning to produce independent music and compose for films.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Band-musicians-turn-composers-in-Tamil-films/articleshow/20876445.cms|title=Band musicians turn composers in Tamil films|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005001656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Band-musicians-turn-composers-in-Tamil-films/articleshow/20876445.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He composed the music including two original songs for the Telugu short film ''Advaitham'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/26/stories/2010072650770100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830234835/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/26/stories/2010072650770100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 August 2012 |title=Metro Plus Kochi : Short takes to success|date=26 July 2010|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-attakathi/article2820301.ece |title=Audio Beat: Attakathi |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2012 |access-date=30 November 2013 |last1=Kumar |first1=S. R. Ashok |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629105300/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Audio-Beat-Attakathi/article13375342.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also part of the contemporary folk music band "La Pongal" in which he performed in a few live shows in 2009.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>

Through [[Mani Ratnam]], Santhosh also got to work on a couple of [[A. R. Rahman]] soundtracks starting with ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/article/Womens-Interest/Women-Exclusive/A-Virtuosos-Musical-Journey-Santhosh-Narayanan|title=A Virtuoso's Musical Journey Santhosh Narayanan|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629105328/https://www.magzter.com/stories/Womens-Interest/Women-Exclusive/A-Virtuosos-Musical-Journey-Santhosh-Narayanan|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

===2012–2013: Debut success===

He made his debut as an independent music director in the 2012 Tamil film ''[[Attakathi]]'' directed by [[Pa. Ranjith]]. He got the opportunity through its producer [[C. V. Kumar]] who saw him working in his studio.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1240746.ece|title='Atta Kathi' music composer ready with first 'unofficial album'|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120172911/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1240746.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Santhosh composed a song in the [[Gaana]] genre for the film, "Aadi Pona Aavani", and gave a then-unknown [[Gana Bala]], who had been singing gaana songs at funerals until then, the chance to sing it. Along with "Aadi Pona Aavani", a second gaana song, "Nadukadalula Kappala" was recorded for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=39&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=10-02-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar03900&publabel=TOI |title=I Want To Take Gana to a Different Level |author=V. Lakshmi |access-date=30 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020213/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=39&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=10-02-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar03900&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/gaga-over-gaana/article4904911.ece|title=Gaga over gaana|author=Udhav Naig|work=The Hindu|date=11 July 2013|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629105345/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/gaga-over-gaana/article4904911.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Both songs went on to become popular, making Gana Bala a star, and were said to have brought back gaana to Tamil cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Gana-makes-a-comeback/articleshow/19633859.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062601/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-20/news-interviews/38692510_1_soodhu-kavvum-singers-film-music |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Gana makes a comeback|date=20 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote that the gaana songs were "one of the major highlight of the film"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/attakathi-review-tamil-15005447.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813084436/http://www.sify.com/movies/attakathi-review-tamil-15005447.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2013 |title=Movie Review : Attakathi|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> and Behindwoods called the ''Attakathi'' album an "experimental yet fresh attempt".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/feb-12-01/atta-kathi-music-review.html |title=Atta Kathi Music Review – Atta Kathi Music Review |website=Behindwoods |access-date=30 November 2013 |archive-date=21 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821175703/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/feb-12-01/atta-kathi-music-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following ''Attakathi'', he composed the music for the films ''Uyir Mozhi'' and ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'', the directorial debuts of Raja and [[Karthik Subbaraj]], respectively. All three albums, ''Attakathi'', ''Uyir Mozhi'' and ''Pizza'' were recorded and mastered by Leon Zervos at [[Studios 301]] in Sydney Australia;<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=S. R. Ashok Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-attakathi/article2820301.ece |title=Audio Beat: Attakathi |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2012 |access-date=30 November 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629105300/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Audio-Beat-Attakathi/article13375342.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ibnlive1">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pizza-will-be-a-musical-treat-to-the-audience/300751-71-180.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208232105/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pizza-will-be-a-musical-treat-to-the-audience/300751-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2013 |title='Pizza' will be a musical treat to the audience |publisher=CNN IBN |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> furthermore, the [[Sydney Symphony Orchestra]] had performed for the soundtrack of ''Pizza'',<ref name="ibnlive1"/> which also saw Santhosh collaborating with Gana Bala again, albeit on a [[Blues]] number this time.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> For ''Uyir Mozhi'', some of the songs Santhosh had scored for a private album were used by the director.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-uyirmozhi/article3848310.ece|title=Audio Beat: Uyirmozhi|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|work=The Hindu|date=September 2012|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519140216/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-uyirmozhi/article3848310.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Santhosh's work in ''Pizza'' was positively reviewed. According to [[Sify]], Santhosh Narayanan's music was a "major plus" of the film,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pizza-review-tamil-15010682.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322042414/http://www.sify.com/movies/pizza-review-tamil-15010682.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2013 |title=Movie Review : Pizza|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> and [[IBN Live]] described the score as "splendid".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pizza-review-this-tamil-film-will-keep-you-glued-to-your-seat/301400-71-178.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025030543/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pizza-review-this-tamil-film-will-keep-you-glued-to-your-seat/301400-71-178.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|title='Pizza' Review: This Tamil film will keep you glued to your seat|work=IBNLive}}</ref> The song "Mogathirai" from the soundtrack album was also listed by Indiaglitz.com in their Top songs from 2012 list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/89601.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231205313/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/89601.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2012 |title=Top songs from 2012|website=IndiaGlitz |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> Behindwoods at the end of 2012 wrote, "Santosh Narayanan brought a different sound to Tamil cinema this year. Even his gaana tracks in ''Attakathi'' were freshly produced and the soundtrack of ''Pizza'' was eclectic to say the least".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/top-25-music-directors-in-tamil/15-santosh-narayanan.html |title=15. Santosh Narayanan | Top 25 Music Directors in Tamil |website=Behindwoods |access-date=30 November 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006143923/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/top-25-music-directors-in-tamil/15-santosh-narayanan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also won accolades that year: the Jaya TV 2012 award for Sensational Debutant Music Director for ''Attakathi'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Attakathi-bags-five-awards/articleshow/17791639.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-28/news-interviews/36036084_1_studio-green-nandita-nalanum-nandhiniyum |url-status=live |archive-date=23 October 2013 |title=Attakathi bags five awards|date=28 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref> and the Big Tamil Melody Award for Best Debut Music director for ''Pizza''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Express Features |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Melody-awards/2013/08/19/article1740670.ece |title=Melody awards |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=19 August 2013 |access-date=30 November 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106112533/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Melody-awards/2013/08/19/article1740670.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> He worked on the black comedy film ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' directed by the Director [[Nalan Kumarasamy]] next. Gana Bala was given a "gana-rap" in the film,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Gana-makes-a-comeback/articleshow/19633859.cms|title=Gana makes a comeback|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820001828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Gana-makes-a-comeback/articleshow/19633859.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> "Kaasu Panam", which went on to become one of the most popular songs of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/top-5-best-songs-of-2013/5-kasu-panam.html|title=5. Kasu Panam – TOP 5 BEST SONGS OF 2013|work=behindwoods.com|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214172958/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/top-5-best-songs-of-2013/5-kasu-panam.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-tamil-songs-of-2013/20140117.htm#3|title=Top Tamil Songs of 2013|date=18 January 2014|work=Rediff|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120183939/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-tamil-songs-of-2013/20140117.htm#3|url-status=live}}</ref> His work in the film earned him the [[8th Vijay Awards|Vijay Award for Best Background Score]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/8th-Annual-Vijay-Awards-a-grand-success/articleshow/37960678.cms|title=8th Annual Vijay Awards a grand success|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225003312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/8th-Annual-Vijay-Awards-a-grand-success/articleshow/37960678.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His other releases of 2013 were ''[[Pizza 2: The Villa]]'', a sequel to ''Pizza'', and ''Billa Ranga'', his first Telugu and only full-fledged Telugu project until 2023's ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''.

===2014–2015===

Santhosh Narayanan worked exclusively on Tamil films. He had four soundtracks released that year, the first being the album to the romantic drama ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''. ''Cuckoo'''s soundtrack was highly appreciated by critics who called it an "alluring and immersive album"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/cuckoo/cuckoo-songs-review.html|title=Cuckoo (aka) Cuckoo songs review|work=behindwoods.com|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320163253/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/cuckoo/cuckoo-songs-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and "the best soundtrack that composer Santhosh Narayanan has produced yet".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2014/03/01/cuckoo-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/?relatedposts_exclude=9087|title=Cuckoo – Music Review (Tamil Movie Soundtrack)-Santhosh Narayanan-Yuga Bharathi-Dinesh-Malavika – Music Aloud|work=Music Aloud|date=March 2014|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120184526/http://www.musicaloud.com/2014/03/01/cuckoo-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/?relatedposts_exclude=9087|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Manasula Soora Kaathey" from the album reached number one position in the [[iTunes Store|Tunes all India charts]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Santhosh-Naryanan-pips-Anirudh-and-AR-Rahman/articleshow/32301943.cms|title=Santhosh Naryanan pips Anirudh and AR Rahman|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325035506/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Tamil/Music/Santhosh-Naryanan-pips-Anirudh-and-AR-Rahman/articleshow/32301943.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] named it one of South India's top songs of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/2014-Southern-Film-Songs/292978|title=2014: Southern Film Songs – Vipin Nair|work=outlookindia.com|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120184427/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/2014-Southern-Film-Songs/292978|url-status=live}}</ref> The score received equal praise with [[Baradwaj Rangan]] terming it as "great",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/cuckoo-love-is-blind/article5818832.ece|title=Cuckoo: Love is blind|author=Baradwaj Rangan|work=The Hindu|date=22 March 2014|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705033637/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/cuckoo-love-is-blind/article5818832.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] as "life-affirming",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Cuckoo---Blinded-By-Love/2014/03/22/article2124248.ece#.UzG_uvl5P_E|title='Cuckoo' – Blinded By Love|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501121719/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Cuckoo---Blinded-By-Love/2014/03/22/article2124248.ece#.UzG_uvl5P_E|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rediff]] as "sensational"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-cuckoo-is-brilliant/20140321.htm|title=Review: Cuckoo is brilliant|date=21 March 2014|work=Rediff|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624105342/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-cuckoo-is-brilliant/20140321.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Sify]] as "outstanding".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/cuckoo-review-tamil-15051653.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321182022/http://www.sify.com/movies/cuckoo-review-tamil-15051653.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2014|title=Movie Review : Cuckoo|work=Sify}}</ref> The next release was Karthik Subbaraj's second directorial, ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'', which was promoted as a "musical gangster story".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/will-jigarthanda-bring-change-kollywood-1644585.html|title=Will Jigarthanda bring about a change in Kollywood?|work=Firstpost|date=August 2014|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004152956/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/will-jigarthanda-bring-change-kollywood-1644585.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While ''Cuckoo'' featured [[live instrumentation]], Santhosh Narayanan used [[electronic musical instrument]]s for the recording in ''Jigarthanda'', who recorded almost all the songs in a studio in Sydney, Australia for nearly two months.<ref name="s.r.ashokkumar">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-jigarthanda-fusion-folk-rap-and-more/article5788341.ece|title=Audio Beat: Jigarthanda – Fusion, folk, rap and more|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|work=The Hindu|date=15 March 2014|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705033627/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-jigarthanda-fusion-folk-rap-and-more/article5788341.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack and score featured a melange and [[Fusion genre|fusion]] of several genres, including [[Gangsta rap]], [[folk music|folk]], [[electro (music)|electro]].<ref name="s.r.ashokkumar"/> His work was well received again; while [[The Times of India]], in its album review, wrote that "Santhosh Narayanan shows, yet again, that he is one of those composers to watch out for — both for his new sounds and tunes",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Jigarthanda/articleshow/33177452.cms|title=Music Review: Jigarthanda|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328105014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Jigarthanda/articleshow/33177452.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindu's Baradwaj Rangan stated that "his flamboyant score imbues even the weaker scenes with a Tarantinoesque swagger".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jigarthanda-racket-science/article6275097.ece|title=Jigarthanda: Racket science|author=Baradwaj Rangan|work=The Hindu|date=2 August 2014|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129170050/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jigarthanda-racket-science/article6275097.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After ''Jigarthanda'', he worked on the action-drama film ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''. The Hindu described his score as "excellent".<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madras-a-tale-of-two-halves/article6452813.ece|title = Madras: A tale of two halves|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 27 September 2014|last1 = Srinivasan|first1 = Sudhir|access-date = 21 January 2015|archive-date = 28 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140928070046/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madras-a-tale-of-two-halves/article6452813.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> The soundtrack to ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'', the Tamil remake of the Kannada film ''[[Lucia (2013 film)|Lucia]]'', for which he had composed the score, was his final 2014 release. The album was also lauded by critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/enakkul-oruvan-music-review-roundup-critics-laud-santhosh-narayanans-consistency-audio-608713|title='Enakkul Oruvan' Music Review Roundup: Critics Laud Santhosh Narayanan's Consistency [AUDIO]|date=10 September 2014|work=International Business Times|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=7 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307192225/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/enakkul-oruvan-music-review-roundup-critics-laud-santhosh-narayanans-consistency-audio-608713|url-status=live}}</ref> Behindwoods named him the "most promising among the younger composers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/santhosh-narayanan-2014s-show-stealer.html|title=Santhosh Narayanan – 2014's show-stealer|work=behindwoods.com|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312202344/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/santhosh-narayanan-2014s-show-stealer.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, he worked on ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'', the Tamil remake of the Malayalam film ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Santhosh-roped-in-for-How-Old-Are-You-remake/articleshow/44994364.cms|title=Santhosh roped in for 'How Old Are You/' remake|work=The Times of India|last1=Suganth|first1=M.|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104023706/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Santhosh-roped-in-for-How-Old-Are-You-remake/articleshow/44994364.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Upcoming projects of Santhosh Narayanan include the next films of directors [[Karthik Subbaraj]] and [[Nalan Kumarasamy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/cv-kumar-to-launch-three-more-movies-news-tamil-okek7Pgabebjf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005210817/http://www.sify.com/movies/cv-kumar-to-launch-three-more-movies-news-tamil-okek7Pgabebjf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2014|title=CV Kumar to launch three more movies|work=Sify}}</ref> In 2016, he composed songs for [[Sudha Kongara]]'s bilingual sports drama ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''(filmed simultaneously in Hindi as ''Saala Khadoos'').<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/madhavan-gets-tough/article6729113.ece|title=Madhavan gets tough|work=The Hindu|date=27 December 2014|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408192745/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/madhavan-gets-tough/article6729113.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindi adaptation film, "Saala Khadoos" however did not feature [[background score]] by Santhosh as [[Rajkumar Hirani]], the co-producer of the film brought in composers Sanjay Wandrekar and Atul Raninga who had worked with him in ''[[3 Idiots]]'' and ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' to compose the background score. ''[[Kashmora]]'' to be directed by Gokul,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/santosh-narayanan-for-kashmora-news-tamil-pburUncjijbaf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121144003/http://www.sify.com/movies/santosh-narayanan-for-kashmora-news-tamil-pburUncjijbaf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2015|title=Santosh Narayanan for Kashmora!|work=Sify}}</ref> and ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]'' were his other noted released in 2016 apart from ''[[Kabali]]'', the biggest Tamil project so far in his career. In 2016, a music critic from [[The Hindu]] labelled Narayanan as one of the three in "the new-age musical trio of Tamil cinema" alongside [[Sean Roldan]] and [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/%E2%80%98Vaa-machaney%E2%80%99/article14012277.ece|title = Vaa machaney|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 22 January 2016|access-date = 13 February 2018|archive-date = 17 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210217054914/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/%E2%80%98Vaa-machaney%E2%80%99/article14012277.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===

The year 2016 was one of the most packed years for Santhosh Narayanan. Six releases during the year including music compositions for ''[[Iruthi Suttru]]'', ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]'', ''Kadhalum Kadanthu Pogum'', ''[[Iraivi]]'', ''[[Kabali]]'', ''[[Kaashmora]]'', ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''.

In 2017, he composed for the [[Vijay (Actor)|Vijay]]-starrer ''[[Bairavaa]]''. Santhosh's next release was as a guest composer, in the film ''Meyaadha Maan'', a production venture of his Karthik Subbaraj. In May 2017, Santhosh signed for ''Kaala'', his second film for Superstar Rajinikanth. In 2018 he gave scored Karthik Subbarraj's silent thriller film ''[[Mercury (film)|Mercury]]'' and Vetrimaaran's ''Vada Chennai'', the latter being Santhosh's 25th as a composer. In 2020 with new projects which were ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'', Jeeva starrer ''[[Gypsy (2020 film)|Gypsy]]'' and ''[[Penguin (film)|Penguin]]''.

=== 2021-present ===
He was involved with [[Dulquer Salmaan]]'s 2021 Malayalam film ''[[Salute (2021 film)|Salute]]'', before being replaced by [[Jakes Bejoy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/santhosh-narayanans-malayalam-debut-delayed-as-makers-of-salute-change-the-composer/|title=Santhosh Narayanan's Malayalam debut delayed as makers of Salute change the composer|date=28 July 2021|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729073534/https://www.onlykollywood.com/santhosh-narayanans-malayalam-debut-delayed-as-makers-of-salute-change-the-composer/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also composed the soundtrack and film's score for [[Sarpatta Parambarai]]; It marked the composer's fifth consecutive film with Pa. Ranjith, since his and the director's debut film Attakathi (2012). According to Santhosh, he said that "the film is influenced by the aspects of Madras, as it is mostly about the descriptive and realistic portrayal of North Chennai, while the boxing culture during the 1970s also serve as the subplot".
He worked with [[Maajja]] on independent music as ''[[Enjoy Enjami]]'' sung by [[Arivu]], [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] and himself which clocked 19 million views within one week of release making it the highest watched Tamil music video album and keeping now at 510 million views. Also on the music video Neeye Oli sung by rappers [[Shan Vincent de Paul]], Navz-47 and himself. Neeye Oli also featured in [[Sarpatta Parambarai]] as the theme song. His latest releases are ''[[Anel Meley Pani Thuli]]'', ''[[Gulu Gulu]]'' and ''[[Buffoon (film)|Buffoon]]'' in Tamil, ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' in Telugu and ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' and ''[[Tovino Thomas|Anweshippin Kandethum]]'' in Malayalam. Narayanan made his Bollywood debut in Salman Khan's film Sikandar in which he composed the background score.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 December 2024 |title=Santhosh Narayanan to make his Bollywood entry with Salman Khan and AR Murugadoss's ''Sikandar''|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-narayanan-to-make-his-bollywood-entry-with-salman-khan-and-ar-murugadosss-sikandar/articleshow/116392874.cms |work=The Times of India|date=17 December 2024 }}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Songs
!Score
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2008
|''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|Telugu
|Additional background score only
|-
|2013
|''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|Kannada
||Additional background score only. Santhosh opted out after composing two themes.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012 || ''[[Attakathi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || rowspan="6" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''Uyir Mozhi''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Unreleased film
|-
| ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || [[8th Vijay Awards|Vijay Award for Best Background Score]] Nominated—[[Vijay Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated—[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| [[Pizza II: Villa]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
| ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Mirchi Award For Best Album of the Year
|-
| ''Billa Ranga''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Telugu || Debut in [[Telugu cinema]]
|-
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || rowspan="4" | Tamil || [[9th Vijay Awards|Vijay Award for Best Background Score]]
|-
| ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Remake of ''Lucia''
|-
| ''[[36 Vayathinile]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2016 || ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' ''[[Saala Khadoos]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}} || Tamil Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || rowspan="7" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Iraivi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kabali]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kaashmora]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Bairavaa]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Guru (2017 film)|Guru]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Telugu || Remake of ''Iruthi Suttru'' and ''Saala Khadoos''
|-
| ''[[Server Sundaram (unreleased film)|Server Sundaram]]'' || {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || rowspan="3" | Tamil || Unreleased film
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Mercury (2018 film)|Mercury]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Guest composer; 1 song only
|-
| ''[[Dhwaja (2018 film)|Dhwaja]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Kannada || Remake of ''Kodi''
|-
|''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Vada Chennai]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || 25th Film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[A1 (2019 film)|A1]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || rowspan="17" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Otha Seruppu Size 7]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}} || Guest composer; 1 song only
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Gypsy (2019 film)|Gypsy]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Penguin (film)|Penguin]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2021
|| ''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Jagame Thanthiram]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vellai Yaanai]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|| ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|| ''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kasada Thapara]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}} || Streaming release; Guest composer; 1 song only
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
||''[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Gulu Gulu]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Buffoon (film)|Buffoon]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Anel Meley Pani Thuli]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}} || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|| ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Telugu || Nominated—[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated— [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nanis-rustic-look-in-dasara-shyam-singha-roy-to-release-in-theatres-this-december/article37017757.ece| title = Nani goes for a rustic look in 'Dasara', 'Shyam Singha Roy' to release in theatres this December – The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 16 October 2021| access-date = 8 November 2021| archive-date = 8 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211108010326/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nanis-rustic-look-in-dasara-shyam-singha-roy-to-release-in-theatres-this-december/article37017757.ece| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/oct/15/nani-29th-film-is-dasara-motion-poster-out-27295.html| title = Nani's 29th film is Dasara; motion poster out- Cinema express| website = [[Cinema Express]]| date = 15 October 2021| access-date = 8 November 2021| archive-date = 29 June 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230629105258/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/oct/15/nani-29th-film-is-dasara-motion-poster-out-27295.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chithha]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|Tamil
|Guest composer; 1 song only Won: [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024
|''[[Saindhav]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Yatra 2]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
||''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-stars-unite-to-announce-tovino-thomas-anveshippin-kandethum-7155677/|title = Malayalam stars unite to announce Tovino Thomas' Anveshippin Kandethum|date = 21 January 2021|access-date = 21 January 2021|archive-date = 7 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210307130837/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-stars-unite-to-announce-tovino-thomas-anveshippin-kandethum-7155677/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/composer-santosh-narayanan-to-make-his-mollywood-debut-with-tovino-film/articleshow/79820444.cms|title=Composer Santosh Narayanan to make his Mollywood debut with Tovino film|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 December 2020|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605083027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/composer-santosh-narayanan-to-make-his-mollywood-debut-with-tovino-film/articleshow/79820444.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
||''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Telugu ||50th Film
|-
|''[[Andhagan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Vaazhai]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Pani (film)|Pani]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| [[Sikandar (2025 film)|''Sikandar'']]
| {{no}}
| {{yes}} || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2025-06-29 |title=Vijay Sethupathi–Nithya Menen's Thalaivan Thalaivii to release on this date |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/vijay-sethupathinithya-menens-thalaivan-thalaivii-to-release-on-this-date-838605 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
| ''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|{{pending film|Seyon}}
|{{Yes|Yes}}
|{{Yes|Yes}}
|
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{pending film|Kalki 2898 AD : Part 2}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Telugu
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Series
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Pettaikaali (TV series)|Pettaikaali]]''
|Tamil
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] series
|-
|''[[Faadu (web series)|Faadu]]''
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|[[SonyLIV]] series
|-
|2023
|''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''
|Title song only
|-
|}

=== As a playback singer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Songs
!style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Composer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014||''[[Kappal]]'' ||"Kaali Pasanga"
| rowspan="28" |Tamil||[[Natarajan Sankaran]]
|-
|''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' ||"Baby", "Dhesayum Ezhundhaney"|| rowspan="4" |Santhosh Narayanan
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015||''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]''||"Endi Ippadi"
|-
|''[[36 Vayathinile]]''||"Naalu Kazhudha"
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016||''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]''||"Ka Ka Ka Po", "Bongu Kichan"
|-
|''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' ||"Daavuya"||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|''[[Iraivi]]''||"Kaadhal Kappal"|| rowspan="4" |Santhosh Narayanan
|-
|''[[Kaashmora]]''||"Dhikku Dhikku sir"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017||''[[Server Sundaram (upcoming film)|Server Sundaram]]''||"Bro"
|-
|''[[Meyaadha Maan]]''||"Address song"
|-
|''[[Vizhithiru]]''||"Pon Vidhi"||Sathyan Mahalingam
|-
|2018||''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''||"Karuppi", "Naan Yaar"|| rowspan="3" |Santhosh Narayanan
|-
|2019||''[[A1 (2019 film)|A1]]'' ||"Chittukku"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020||[[Gypsy (2020 film)|''Gypsy'']]||"Very Very Bad","Desanthiri"
|-
|''[[Dagaalty]]''||"Kotha Kothudhu Bodhai"||Vijay Narain
|-
|''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]''
|"Rakita Rakita Rakita", "Aala Ola", "Naan Thaan Da Mass", "Bujji"||rowspan="1" |Santhosh Narayanan
|-
| rowspan="7" |2021||''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''||"Polakattum Para Para"||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]''
|"Bacha Bachikey"
| rowspan="6" |Santhosh Narayanan
|-
|[[Karnan (2021 film)|''Karnan'']]
|"Kandaa Vara Sollunga", "Uttradheenga Yeppov"
|-
|''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''
|"[[Neeye Oli]]" (Film version)
|-
|[[Mahaan (2022 film)|''Mahaan'']]
|"Naan Naan" "Soorayattam", "Evanda Enakku Custody"
|-
|''[[Kasada Thapara]]''|| "Vaazhvome"
|-
|''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]''
|"Enniko Er Pudichane", "Bambara Boomi"
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022||''[[Anbarivu]] '' || "Ready Steady Go" || [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|-
|''[[Buffoon (film)|Buffoon]]''
|"Madichu Vecha Vethala"
|Santhosh Narayanan
|-
|[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal|''Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kadhal'']]
|"Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kadhal"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|''[[Gulu Gulu]]''
|"Maatna Gaali", "Inner Peace", "Amma Nah Nah"
|Santhosh Narayanan
|-
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|"Thenmozhi"; [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2023
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''
|"Ori Vaari"
|Telugu
| rowspan="7" |Santhosh Narayanan
|-
|"Dhoom Dhaam Dhosthu", "Theekari"
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|-
|''[[Chithha]]''
|"Unakku Thaan"
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]''
|"Maamadura"
|-
|"Kora Meesam"
|Telugu
|-
|"Theekuchi"
| rowspan="7" |Tamil
|-
|"Oyyaram"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Lover (2024 film)|Lover]]''
|"Usura Uruvi"
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|-
|''[[Raayan]]''
|"Water Packet"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|''[[Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai]]''
|"Yezhezhu Malai"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |2025
|rowspan="1" |''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]''
|"Kannadi Poove", "[[Kanimaa]]", "The One"
|rowspan="1" |Santhosh Narayanan
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=5365739}}
* {{Facebook|santhosh.narayanan.3701}}
* {{Twitter|Music_Santhosh}}
{{Santhosh Narayanan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Santhosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Abdulrab Rasul Sayyaf

2026-05-03T21:39:55Z

Indiabulez: creating new post - done

{{Short description|Afghan military commander and politician (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abdulrab Rasul Sayyaf {{nq|عبدالرب رسول سیف}}
| image = File:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf.jpg
| caption = Sayyaf in 1984
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1946}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Paghman]], [[Kabul Province|Kabul]], [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Politician, former [[Afghan mujahideen|Mujahideen]] leader
| known_for = [[Afghan Jihad]] Opposition to the [[Taliban]]<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news |date=23 February 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/23/AR2007022300251.html |title=Former Mujahedeen Stage Rally in Kabul |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Washington Post | access-date=28 February 2016 |last=Shah |first=Amir}}</ref>
| party = [[Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan]]
}}

'''Abdulrab Rasul Sayyaf'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Abdul Rasul Sayyaf from Afghanistan pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|ɑː|b|ˈ|d|uː|l|_|r|ə|ˈ|s|uː|l|_|s|aɪ|ˈ|j|ɑː|f}} {{respell|ahb|DOOL|_|ra|b|_|rə|SOOL|_|sy|YAHF}}; {{langx|ps|عبدالرب رسول سیف}}}} (born 1946) is an Afghan politician and former military commander. He took part in the war against the Marxist–Leninist [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA) government in the 1980s, leading the [[Afghan mujahideen]] faction ''[[Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan|Ittehad-al-Islami]]'' (Islamic Union).

Compared to other Afghan mujahideen leaders, Sayyaf was closely tied with international mujahideen from the [[Arab world]].<ref name=auto>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1154721/1226_1369733568_ppig1.pdf|title=Afghanistan: Political Parties and Insurgent Groups 1978-2001
|year=2014|access-date=22 March 2023|publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> During the Soviet-Afghan War he had close relations with [[Saudi Arabia]] and helped mobilize Arab jihadist volunteers for the mujahideen forces.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.economist.com/banyan/2014/02/01/man-of-the-mountain|title=Man of the mountain|date=2014-02-01|magazine=[[The Economist]]
|access-date=2019-05-30|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

Sayyaf was allied with the [[Burhanuddin Rabbani|Rabbani government]] in the 1990s. After the rise of the [[Taliban]] militia, he joined the [[Northern Alliance]] in opposition of the Taliban,<ref name="reasons2">Layden-Stevenson, Justice.
This Party youngest member is Maiwand Safa and general secretary of the party.
"Hassan Almrei and the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration and Solicitor General for Canada", "Reasons for Order and Order", 5 December 2005</ref> despite his close relationship with Saudi Arabia that supported the Taliban. In 2005 after the creation of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]], Sayyaf's Islamic Union was converted into a political party and he was elected as a member of the [[National Assembly (Afghanistan)|Afghan Parliament]], where he maintained political influence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/10/08/the-swordsman-the-talibans-public-enemy-number-one/|title="The Swordsman": The Taliban's public enemy number one|last=Shafi|first=Ahmad|website=Foreign Policy|language=en|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> Following the Taliban [[fall of Kabul (2021)|capture of Kabul]] in 2021, Sayyaf fled to exile in [[New Delhi, India]].<ref name="seen">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indiabased-ustad-sayyaf-being-seen-as-leader-of-anti-taliban-forces-101637585328062.html|title = India-based Ustad Sayyaf being seen as leader of anti-Taliban forces|date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Abdulrab Rasul Sayyaf<ref name="globalsecurity">{{cite web |title=Ustad Abdul Rasul Sayyaf |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/sayyaf.htm |access-date=28 February 2016 |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Azadi |first=RFE/RL's Radio |title=Salafi Head To Run For Afghan President |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/25124260.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-17 |title=Abdulrab Rasul Sayyaf - man who brought bin Laden to Afghanistan |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/asia-pacific/20140317-abdulrab-rasul-sayyaf-man-who-brought-bin-laden-afghanistan |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Abdul Rab Rasul Sayyaf |url=https://nrcafghanistan.org/en/structure/board-of-directors/abdul-rab-rasul-sayyaf/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref> was born in 1946 in [[Paghman]] in the [[Kabul Province]] of the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] into a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] family of [[Ghilzai]] tribe.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8369747.stm | work=BBC News | title=Afghan ex-warlord escapes attack | date=20 November 2009}}</ref><ref>University of California. Afghanistan. [online] Available at: https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=s1.17.25&toc.depth=1&toc.id=appb&brand=eschol [Accessed 3 Jun. 2023].</ref>

Sayyaf ({{lang|ar|سياف}}) is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word that means "swordsman." He is fluent in [[Arabic language]] and holds a degree in religion from [[Kabul University]] and a masters from the illustrious [[Al-Azhar University]] in [[Cairo]], Egypt. He has been described as "a big, beefy man with fair skin and a thick gray beard." Sayyaf is reported to be approximately {{convert|6|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}} in height and weigh {{convert|250|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. "He usually wears a white skullcap or a large turban, and a traditional Afghan [[Pashtun clothing|partug kameez]], a tunic with loose pants."<ref name="Book_Anderson">{{cite book | last = John Lee Anderson | title = The Lion's Grave| year = 2002|edition= 26 November 2002|pages= 224 | publisher = Atlantic Books| isbn= 1-84354-118-1}}</ref> He was also noted for his [[photographic memory]]; Abdullah Anas, one of the leading [[Afghan Arabs]], recalls in his memoirs that "once when the hugely influential [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi|Abu'l Hassan al-Nadawi]], known as the [[Syed Qutb]] of India, was delivering a lecture at Kabul University, Sayyaf translated the whole lecture into Persian word for word without mistakes after the former had finished delivering the entire lecture."<ref>Abdullah Anas, ''To the Mountains: My Life in Jihad, from Algeria to Afghanistan'', C. Hurst & Co. (2019), p. 42</ref>

Sayyaf was a member of the Afghan-based [[Muslim Brotherhood|Ikhwan al-Muslimin]], founded in 1969 by [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] and Dr. [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] and having strong links to the original and much larger [[History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt. Sayyaf was a professor at the Shariat (Islamic law) faculty of Kabul University until 1973, when he plotted with his group to overthrow President [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]]. The uprising attempt in July 1975, in [[Panjshir Valley]], failed significantly and he was forced to flee to Pakistan<ref name="globalsecurity"/> but was arrested when he returned.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} However another account claims Sayyaf was not part of the plot but was merely arrested by the government for his ideology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3p30056w&chunk.id=d0e4829&toc.id=&brand=ucpress|title=Before Taliban|website=publishing.cdlib.org|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref>

==As a warlord==
===Soviet war and Bin Laden friendship===
[[File:ARSayaf-Jaji-19840830-P1010012.JPG|thumb|250px|Sayyaf (left) as an [[Afghan mujahideen|Afghan Mujahid]] commander in 1984]]
Being imprisoned by the Communist [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] in April 1978, he was freed in controversial circumstances by General Secretary [[Hafizullah Amin]], who, coincidentally, was Sayyaf's distant relative.<ref name="auto"/> Although he did not arrive in [[Peshawar]] until 1980, after the actual Soviet intervention, due to having been incarcerated, he was recognized by the Pakistanis as the leader of the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan (''Ittihad-i-Islami Baraye Azadi Afghanistan''), a coalition of several parties fighting the Soviet and Afghan government forces. The Islamic Union soon imploded, and Sayyaf retained the name as the title of his own organization. After presenting his organization and the jihad to Arabs in [[Saudi Arabia]], Sayyaf is thought to have been most responsible for internationalizing the Afghan jihad against the Soviets, and thus creating a vocal point of concerns to Muslims in the Middle East. Sayyaf further made a name change and growing his beard very long, which were symbols of his close relations with the royal Saudis and their [[Wahhabi]]st tradition.<ref name="auto"/> The Saudi [[General Intelligence Presidency]] tried to coerce the leaders of the other mujahideen movements to accept Sayyaf as their leader. In 1980 Prince [[Turki bin Faisal Al Saud|Turki bin Faisal]] invited the major mujahideen leaders to a conference in [[Ta'if|Taif]] and locked them in a jail until they agreed to accept Sayyaf's command, but they reneged on the agreement immediately after being freed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|title=The looming tower : Al-Qaeda and the road to 9/11|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2011|isbn=978-0-525-56436-2|edition=1|location=New York|pages=115–116|oclc=761224415}}</ref>

Sayyaf fought against [[Afghan Armed Forces|government forces]] and [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|Soviet occupation forces]] in Afghanistan during the 1980s, and was generously financed, and apparently favoured, by Saudi Arabia, seemingly due to his close religious affinities with the Wahhabist Saudi Royal and religious establishment and his excellent command of the [[Arabic language]]. During the jihad against the Soviet Union and its Afghan allies, he formed a close relationship with [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref name="telegraph_2001">{{cite news |date=3 December 2001 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1364206/Former-bin-Laden-mentor-warns-the-West.html |title=Former bin Laden mentor warns the West |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=21 April 2008 |last=Warren |first=Marcus}}</ref> Together in the [[Jalalabad]] area they established a training camp network, later used by [[Al-Qaeda]] personnel, with bunkers and emplacements.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} In 1981, Sayyaf formed and headed the ''Ittihad-i-Islami Baraye Azadi Afghanistan'', or [[Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan]]. In 1985, he founded a university in an [[Afghan refugees|Afghan refugee]] camp near Peshawar called ''[[Dawa'a al-Jihad]]'' (Call of Jihad), which has been described the "preeminent school for terrorism." [[Ramzi Ahmed Yousef]], who masterminded the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]], attended it.

Despite his growing wealth, he continued to live a spartan life, avoiding modern conveniences like mattresses and [[air conditioning]]; although he enjoyed a nightly game of [[tennis]].<ref name="child">{{cite book |title= Guantanamo's Child |last=Shephard |first=Michelle |author-link=Michelle Shephard |year= 2008 |publisher= [[John Wiley & Sons]]}}</ref>

During the post-war period, Sayyaf retained his training camps, using them for militarily training and indoctrinating new recruits to fight in Islamic-backed conflicts such as [[Chechen–Russian conflict|Chechnya]], [[Bosnian War|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. In the [[Moro conflict|Southern Philippines]], his name and example inspired the early leaders of the [[Abu Sayyaf]] group, who took the name Abu Sayyaf as a ''nom de guerre''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://ctc.usma.edu/the-sources-of-the-abu-sayyafs-resilience-in-the-southern-philippines/|title = The Sources of the Abu Sayyaf's Resilience in the Southern Philippines|date = 3 May 2010|access-date = 12 August 2019|archive-date = 12 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201212165238/https://ctc.usma.edu/the-sources-of-the-abu-sayyafs-resilience-in-the-southern-philippines/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
Also, in these camps, Sayyaf trained and mentored the soon-to-be-infamous, Kuwaiti-born, future Al-Qaeda operative and senior commander and principle architect of the 9/11 attacks, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], after being introduced by the latter's brother, Zahid, during the [[Mujaheddin|Afghan Jihad]] in 1987. Sayyaf has also been alleged to be the true mastermind of 9/11. This is due to his probable role in assassinating [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] two days before 9/11 and his connections to and mentoring of the perpetrators of 9/11, something acknowledged even in the official 9/11 commission report.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kean |first=Thomas H. |url=https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf |title=The 9/11 Commission Report |date=August 21, 2004 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist attacks upon the United States |pages=58, 145–150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=Kriegsfürst: 9/11-Drahtzieher will afghanischer Präsident werden - WELT |url=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article120637178/9-11-Drahtzieher-will-afghanischer-Praesident-werden.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=DIE WELT |language=de}}</ref>

===Battle of Kabul===
After the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|forced withdrawal of Soviet forces]] in 1989, and the overthrow of the [[Mohammad Najibullah]] regime in 1992, Sayyaf's organization's human rights record became noticeably worse, underlined by their involvement in the [[Afshar Operation|infamous massacres and rampages]] in the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Hazaras|Hazara]]-majority [[Afshar, Kabul|Afshar district]] of [[Kabul]] in 1992-1993 during the [[Battle of Kabul (1992–96)|Battle of Kabul]].<ref name="Human Rights Watch">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/afghanistan0605/index.htm |title=Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity |year=2005 |chapter-url=http://hrw.org/reports/2005/afghanistan0605/5.htm#_Toc105552365 |chapter=Ittihad |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307040402/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/afghanistan0605/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sayyaf's faction was responsible for, "repeated human butchery", when his faction of Mujahideen turned on civilians and the Shia [[Hezb-i Wahdat]] group in west Kabul<ref name="Book_Anderson"/> starting May 1992.<ref name="Human Rights Watch"/> [[Amnesty International]] reported that Sayyaf's forces rampaged through the neighborhood, slaughtering and raping inhabitants and burning homes.<ref name="bbc_2001">{{cite news |date= 2 December 2001|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/1682466.stm|title = A personal account|work = [[BBC News]]| access-date = 21 April 2008 | last= Phil Rees }}</ref> Sayyaf, who was allied with the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|''de jure'' Kabul government]] of [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]], did not deny the abductions of Hazara civilians, but merely accused the [[Hezbe Wahdat|Hezb-i Wahdat]] militia of being an [[Iran]]ian agent.<ref name="Human Rights Watch"/>

===Opposition to the Taliban===
Sayyaf claimed and claims he is a vituperative opponent of the [[Taliban]] movement, which is the reason he officially joined the [[Northern Alliance]], despite his religious and ideological affinities with the Taliban and [[Al-Qaeda]]. Sayyaf was initially the only [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] leader in the Northern Alliance fighting against the Taliban.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/uncategorized/afghanistan-s-national-assembly/67/|title=A Woman Among Warlords ~ Afghanistan's National Assembly {{!}} Wide Angle|date=2007-09-11|website=Wide Angle|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> Sayyaf is rumored to have helped Arab [[Suicide attack|suicide assassins]] of [[al-Qaeda]] to kill the [[Northern Alliance]] leader, [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]]. He is also rumored to have helped during their preparations, raising suspicion he was involved in killing Massoud.<ref name="Book_Anderson"/> Sayyaf's forces participated in the [[Fall of Kabul (2001)|Northern Alliance's capture of Kabul]] during the 2001 [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]].<ref name="bbc_2001" />

==Since 2001==
===2003 Constitutional Loya Jirga===
In 2003, Sayyaf was elected as one of the 502 representatives at the Constitutional [[Loya Jirga]] in Kabul, chairing one of the working groups. Originally wanted Loya Jirga intended to divide the 502 delegates randomly among 10 working groups, but Sayyaf objected, suggesting delegates be divided among the groups to ensure equal distribution of professional expertise, provincial origin, gender and other criteria. "Those who know the constitution, the [[ulema]] [Islamic scholars], and the lawyers should be split into different groups so that the results of the discussion and debate will be positive, and closer to each other," said Sayyaf.

Abdul Sayyaf's influence in the convention was felt further when his ally [[Fazal Hadi Shinwari]] was appointed by [[Hamid Karzai]] as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in violation of the constitution, as Fazal was over the age limit and trained only in religious, not secular, law. Shinwari packed the Supreme Court with sympathetic mullahs, called for Taliban-style punishments and renewed the Taliban-era Ministry for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, which was renamed the Ministry of Haj and Religious Affairs.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

===Member of parliament===
He launched his newly converted [[Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan]] party in 2005 and was elected as a [[member of parliament]] that same year in [[2005 Afghan parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8369747.stm|title=Afghan ex-warlord escapes attack|date=2009-11-20|access-date=2019-05-30|language=en-GB}}</ref> Later in 2005 he was running for Speaker of the Lower House, where he surprisingly gained the support of [[Muhammad Mohaqiq]], an ethnic Hazara and former member of the Hazara militia that fought against Sayyaf's militia in west Kabul in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UzJAAAAQBAJ&q=%22sayyaf%22+%22mohaqiq%22&pg=PA221|title=Dynamics of Political Development in Afghanistan: The British, Russian, and American Invasions|last=Emadi|first=H.|date=2010-10-18|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230112001|language=en}}</ref> Although Sayyaf lost the Speaker election to [[Yunus Qanuni]], Mohaqiq's support helped to fix the relationship between Sayyaf and Hazaras.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/sayyaf.htm|title=Ustad Abdul Rasul Sayyaf|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/mohaqqeq.htm|title=Haji Mohammad Mohaqqeq|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref>

During his years as MP and in the 2010s, Sayyaf has become an influential elderly lawmaker, presenting himself as a "voice of wisdom".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-politics-idUSBRE96G1FS20130718|title=In Ramadan quiet, Afghans jockey for post-Karzai era|date=2013-07-18|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-05-30|language=en}}</ref> He was noted as being having the "greatest authority" to speak on religious matters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1422753/ex-warlord-and-911-mentor-becomes-afghanistans-top-presidential-candidate|title=Ex-warlord and 9/11 mentor becomes Afghanistan's top presidential candidate|date=2014-02-07|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> Sayyaf was a loyal supporter of the incumbent president, [[Hamid Karzai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24609076.html|title=Karzai's pick for parliament speaker accused of atrocities|last=Newspapers|first=Saeed Shah-McClatchy|website=mcclatchydc|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> However he controversially supported a bill granting [[amnesty]] for former mujahideen warlords accused of crimes in the past.<ref name="washingtonpost"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1543721/Warlords-rally-to-demand-Afghan-amnesty.html|title=Warlords rally to demand Afghan amnesty|last=Coghlan|first=Tom|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2007-02-24|access-date=2019-05-31|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/mar/afghanistan-ukba-c-of-origin-report.pdf|title=COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: AFGHANISTAN|last=UK Border Agency|date=August 29, 2008|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref>

On the first anniversary of Burhanuddin Rabbani's assassination, Sayyaf spoke at a gathering saying that the actions of suicide bombers are against Islam and unforgivable by God.<ref>[https://www.tolonews.com/node/4295h Tolo News] {{dead link|date=May 2019}}</ref>

Sayyaf announced himself as a candidate for the [[President of Afghanistan]] in the [[2014 Afghan presidential election|2014 election]], campaigning in fighting against corruption and in favor of women's rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1422753/ex-warlord-and-911-mentor-becomes-afghanistans-top-presidential-candidate|title=Ex-warlord and 9/11 mentor becomes Afghanistan's top presidential candidate|date=2014-02-07|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> He received 7.04% of the vote in the first round,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/AFG-2014-Election-Update-May-30-NDI-EOM-English-FINAL.pdf|title=AFGHANISTAN 2014 ELECTION UPDATE|last=National Democratic Institute|date=May 30, 2014|website=ndi.org|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> as the candidate for the aforementioned [[Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan]], and winning [[Kandahar Province]].

In 2015, Sayyaf strongly criticized the Taliban in a speech, calling their actions "un-Islamic" and called the group "slaves of [[Pakistan]]" – his remarks were widely hailed by different Afghan social segments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tolonews.com/node/11269|title=Sayyaf's Remarks on Taliban Widely Hailed|website=TOLOnews|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> On proposed peace talks with the [[Taliban]] in 2018, Sayyaf commented that peace is the "order of Allah".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/politicians-mark-massoud-day-calling-unity|title=Politicians Mark Massoud Day By Calling For Unity|website=TOLOnews|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref>

In April 2019, Sayyaf was chosen by President Ghani to chair the four-day [[loya jirga]] for peace efforts, attended by 3,200 representatives in Kabul. He called for unity in his opening remarks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/kabul-peace-discussion-among-3200-delegates-opens-under-a-political-cloud/2019/04/29/6f6d4fa4-6aa2-11e9-bbe7-1c798fb80536_story.html|title=Kabul peace discussion among 3,200 delegates opens under a political cloud|last=Constable|first=Pamela|author-link=Pamela Constable |date=April 29, 2019|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> In his main speech, Sayyaf stressed the importance of [[Women's rights in Afghanistan|women's rights]], saying "The Prophet of Islam is also a descendant of a woman", and called defending women a "religious principle".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghadirinews.ir/news/exnews/page/?id=22642|title=آغوش ملت برای گروه طالبان باز است با حفظ تمامیت ارضی / در پروسه صلح دعوت به سوی زندگی باهم مطرح است نه انتقال قدرت|website=www.ghadirinews.ir|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baztab.news/article/1005037|title=آغوش ملت برای گروه طالبان باز است با حفظ تمامیت ارضی / در پروسه صلح دعوت به سوی زندگی - صدای افغان - آوا|website=بازتاب نیوز|language=fa|access-date=2019-05-31}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This countered reports from the western press that he is a hardliner opposed to women's rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/10976127fd1f403e9c2c91823cefe26e|title=Afghan leader holds council to set agenda for Taliban talks|last=Gannon|first=Kathy|date=2019-04-29|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190503-afghanistan-grand-council-calls-peace-talks-taliban|title=Afghanistan's grand council ends with call for Taliban peace talks|date=2019-05-03|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref>

===2021- present===
After the [[fall of Kabul (2021)|fall of Kabul]] on August 15, 2021, Sayyaf refused to pledge allegiance and was rumored to have fled to India. In October, there were unconfirmed reports that he is part of a planned [[government in exile]] in Tajikistan alongside other exiled politicians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/world/plans-afoot-to-form-afghan-government-in-exile-2402933.html|title = Plans afoot to form Afghan government in exile|date = 15 October 2021}}</ref> This resistance movement was declared a few days later, alongside [[Atta Muhammad Nur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-175143|title=Islamic Emirate Reacts to Newly-Formed 'Resistance Council'}}</ref> It was later revealed that Sayyaf had been based in [[New Delhi]], India, after fleeing the Taliban's take over of Afghanistan.<ref name="seen"/>

On 25 February 2025, it was reported that Sayyaf travelled to Iran for a medical visit. He also had a meeting with the Iranian officials.<ref name="h216">{{cite web | last=Mohammadi | first=Habib | title=Sayyaf travels to Iran | website=Amu TV | date=2025-02-25 | url=https://amu.tv/159709/ | access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayyaf, Abdul Rab Rasul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Afghan Muslim Brotherhood members]]
[[Category:Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan politicians]]
[[Category:Kabul University alumni]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in Pakistan]]

Sultanate of Bijapur

2026-04-25T17:02:03Z

Indiabulez: Stub!

{{Short description|Indian kingdom in the Deccan (1490–1686)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = 
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Bijapur
| image_map = Adil_Shahis.png
| map_caption = Map of the Adil Shahi dynasty of the Bijapur Sultanate at its greatest extent<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=148, map XIV.4 (k)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=186&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>
| image_flag =
| era = Early modern
| year_start = 1490
| year_end = 1686
| p1 = Bahmani Sultanate
| s3 = Maratha Empire
| s1 = Mughal Empire
| s2 = Portuguese India
| capital = [[Bijapur]]
| official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| common_languages = {{ubl|
|[[Deccani language|Deccani]]{{efn|name=a35|After 1535<ref>Satish Chandra, ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals'', Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 210.</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Alam| first=Muzaffar| date=1998| title=The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics| journal=Modern Asian Studies| publisher=Cambridge University Press| volume=32| issue=2| pages=317–349| doi=10.1017/s0026749x98002947| s2cid = 146630389}}</ref>}}
|[[Kannada]]{{efn|name=a35}}
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]{{efn|Written only, for local government<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sheikh |first1=Samira |title=Persian in the Villages, or, the Language of Jamiat Rai's Account Books |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |date=2021 |volume=64 |issue=5–6 |page=704 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341551|quote=The Adil Shahi rulers of Bijapur used written Marathi for local government, including revenue collection and judicial matters, as did the Nizam Shahis.|doi-access=free}}</ref>}}}}
| religion = '''State religion:''' {{ubl
|[[Shia Islam]] (1504–34 and 1558–82)
|[[Sunni Islam]] (1490–1504, 1534–58, after 1582)
}}
----'''Other:''' [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1490–1510
| leader2 = [[Sikandar Adil Shah]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 1672–1686
| title_leader = [[#List of rulers|Sultan]]
| today = [[India]]
}}

The '''Sultanate of Bijapur'''<ref group=n>{{langx|fa|{{nq|عادل شاهیان}}}}</ref> was an [[early modern]] kingdom in the western [[Deccan]] and [[South India]], ruled by the Muslim '''Adil Shahi''' (or '''Adilshahi''') dynasty. Bijapur had been a ''[[Pargana#Mughal era|taraf]]'' (province) of the [[Bahmani Kingdom]] prior to its independence in 1490 and before the kingdom's political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century. It was one of the [[Deccan sultanates]], the collective name of the kingdom's five successor states. The Sultanate of Bijapur was one of the most powerful states on the Indian Subcontinent at its peak,{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=xxiii}} second to the [[Mughal Empire]] which [[Siege of Bijapur|conquered]] it in 1686 under [[Aurangzeb]].

After emigrating to the Bahmani Sultanate, [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] rose through the ranks to be appointed governor of the province of [[Bijapur]]. In 1490, he created a ''de facto'' independent Bijapur state which became formally independent with the Bahmani collapse in 1518.

The Bijapur Sultanate's borders changed considerably throughout its history. Its northern boundary remained relatively stable, straddling contemporary southern [[Maharashtra]] and northern [[Karnataka]]. The sultanate expanded southward, its first major conquest the [[Raichur Doab]] after defeating the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] at the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565. Later campaigns in the [[Karnataka|Karnatak]] and [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] extended Bijapur's borders and nominal authority as far south as [[Tanjore]]. For most of its history, Bijapur was bounded on the west by the Portuguese state of [[Goa]], on the east by the [[Sultanate of Golconda]], on the north by the [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]] and on the south by the Vijayanagara Empire and its succeeding [[Nayaka dynasties]].

The sultanate clashed incessantly with its neighbours. After the allied victory against Vijayanagara at Talikota in 1565, the state expanded through its conquest of the neighbouring [[Bidar Sultanate]] in 1619. The sultanate was then relatively stable, although it was damaged by the revolt of [[Shivaji]] (who founded an independent Maratha kingdom which become the [[Maratha Confederacy]]). From the late 16th century, the greatest threat to Bijapur's security was the expansion of the Mughal Empire into the Deccan. Agreements and treaties imposed Mughal suzerainty on the Adil Shahs, by stages, until Bijapur's formal recognition of Mughal authority in 1636. The influence of their Mughal overlords and continual strife with the Marathas sapped the state of prosperity until the Mughal conquest of Bijapur in 1686.

The former Bahmani provincial capital of Bijapur remained the sultanate's capital throughout its existence. After modest earlier developments, Ibrahim Adil Shah I and [[Ali Adil Shah I]] remodelled Bijapur with a citadel, city walls, and a [[congregational mosque]]. Their successors, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]], [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]] and [[Ali Adil Shah II]], added palaces, mosques, a mausoleum and other structures (considered some of the finest examples of [[Deccani architecture|Deccani]] and [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]) to the capital.

==History==
[[File:India in 1525 Joppen Hi Def.jpg|thumb|alt=An old map from a book published in 1907|India and the [[Deccan sultanates]] in 1525; the Sultanate of Bijapur is center-left.]]

The founder of the dynasty, [[Yusuf Adil Shah]], may have been a Georgian slave<ref name="Subrahmanyam 2012 101">{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia |year=2012 |page=101 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06736-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-ub1MSr89QC}}</ref> who was purchased by [[Mahmud Gawan]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=445}} Other historians have said that he is of [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Meri|first1=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization, Volume 1 An Encyclopedia|date=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-96691-7|page=108|quote=In 1481, Yusuf 'Adil Khan, a Persian slave who claimed to descend from the Ottoman sultan Murad III, became the governor of Bijapur.}}</ref> or [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] origin.<ref name="Egger">{{cite book|last1=Vernon O. Egger|title=A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dEYDQAAQBAJ&q=yusuf+adil+shah+turkmen&pg=PT266 |date=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315511078}}</ref><ref name="Bosworth">{{cite book|last1=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&q=turkmen+yusuf+adil+shahi&pg=PA55 |date=2007|page=55|publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004153882}}</ref> According to the contemporary historian [[Firishta]], Yusuf was a son of the Ottoman Sultan [[Murad II]]; however, this is disputed by modern historians.{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=291}}<ref name="Matthee">{{cite book|last1=Nikki R. Keddie,Rudi Matthee|title=Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics|date=2011|publisher=University of Washington Press.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLlcCgAAQBAJ&q=yusuf+adil+shah+turkmen&pg=PA25 |page=25|isbn=9780295800240}}</ref> Another theory is that he was an [[Aq Qoyunlu]] Turkman.<ref>Bolar, Varija R (2012). [http://www.sobiad.org/eJOURNALS/journal_IJSS/arhieves/2012_1/varija_bolar.pdf "Turks in Karnataka" (PDF)]. International Journal of Social Studies 4 (1): 423.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Salma Ahmed|last=Farooqui|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|publisher=Pearson Education India|date=2011|page=174|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&dq=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century++Yusuf+Adil+Khan+of+Turkish+descent+was+the+son+of+king+Agha+Murad+of+Turkey&pg=PA174}}</ref><ref name="Matthee"/> 

===Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)===
Yusuf impressed [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani Sultan]] [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah III]], and he was appointed governor of [[Bijapur]].{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=342}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=291}} Yusuf took advantage of Bahmani decline to establish himself as an independent sultan at Bijapur in 1490, pursuing the same goal [[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I]] had that year.{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=291}}{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=151}} He proclaimed [[Shia Islam]] as the official religion of his territorial holdings in 1503,{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=151}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=446}} following the lead of [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail]] of the [[Safavid dynasty]].<ref name="EI3"/> Yusuf conquered and annexed the Bahmani ''taraf'' of [[Gulbarga]] the following year{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=429}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=446}} and reinstated his Shia mandate shortly afterwards, a year after he revoked it under threat of invasion.<ref name="EI3"/> A [[Portuguese Empire]] colonial expedition led by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] exerted pressure on the major Adil Shahi port of [[Goa]], [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|conquering it]] in 1510;{{sfn|Chandra|2014|pp=156–157}} Yusuf retook the settlement two months later, but the Portuguese again conquered it in November of that year.{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=303}}

Yusuf died in 1510, between these two clashes with the Portuguese,{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=303}} when his son [[Ismail Adil Shah]]{{efn|Yusuf and his son, [[Ismail Adil Shah|Ismail]], generally used the title ''Adil Khan''. "Khan" ("chief" in a number of Central Asian cultures and adopted in Persia) conferred lower status than "Shah", which indicated royal rank. With the rule of Yusuf's grandson, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] ({{ruled|1534|1558}}), the title "Adil Shah" became common, but Bijapur rulers recognized [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Persian]] suzerainty over their realm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anwar |first=M. Siraj |title=The Safavids and Mughal Relations with the Deccan States |date=1991 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142611 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |pages=255–262 |jstor=44142611 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>}} was a boy. Ismail's regent, Kamal Khan, staged an unsuccessful coup against him; he was killed, and Ismail became the absolute ruler of Bijapur.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=447}} In 1514, a dispute over Gulbaraga province led the rulers of the Ahmednagar, Golconda, and [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]] Sultanates to unsuccessfully invade Ismail Adil Shah's provinces.{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=430}} [[Krishnadevaraya]], ruler of Vijayanagara, laid siege to the Bijapuri fort of [[Raichur]] in 1520. The siege continued for three months until the emperor's encounter with Ismail, who attempted to end it. Ismail was defeated by Krishnadevaraya in the [[Battle of Raichur]]; initially successful, with an advantage in artillery{{sfn|Eaton|2009|p=299}} (in its first major appearance in a South Asian battle),{{sfn|Eaton|2009|p=289}} Ismail was routed by the Vijayanagara forces in a surprise counter-attack which scattered much of his forces.{{sfn|Eaton|2009|pp=302–303}} Soon after Ismail's retreat, Krishnadevaraya captured the Raichur fort.{{sfn|Eaton|2009|pp=304–305}} In a later diplomatic conflict, Krishnadevaraya occupied Bijapur for an extended period and the sultan refused to see him.{{sfn|Eaton|2009|pp=306–307}}  Ismail invaded the territory of [[Amir Barid I]] of Bidar in 1529, besieging his capital; [[Aladdin Imad Shah]] of [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] unsuccessfully tried to mediate the conflict.{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|p=12}} Amir Barid surrendered the fort of Bidar, which was looted by Ismail and his troops. Ismail recaptured Raichur and [[Mudgal]] from Vijayanagara the following year, after the death of Krishnadevaraya.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=448–449}} Amir Barid agreed with Ismail to cede him the forts of Kalyani and Qandhar in exchange for Ismail's surrender of Bidar.{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|p=13}}

Ismail was succeeded in 1534 by [[Mallu Adil Shah]], whose reign was short-lived. Installed by a prominent Bijapuri noble, [[Asad Khan (Bijapuri noble)|Asad Khan]], he is noted for incompetence; Vijayanagara invaded the sultanate and seize the [[Raichur Doab]] from the Adil Shahis. Mallu Adil Shah was soon blinded and removed from power.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=449}}{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=140}}

[[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]], Ismail's son, succeeded Mallu the following year.{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=140}}  He established [[Sunni Islam]] as the state religion{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=449}} and made anti-Westerner changes,{{efn|The "Westerners", also known as the ''gharibs'' or ''afaqis'', were a faction in the Deccani and Bahmani courts of anyone not native to the subcontinent ("west" of it) and were typically Persian-speaking and Shia Muslim.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=61}}{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=91}}}} abolishing the use of Persian in some administrative tasks (although it remained the sultanate's official language)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Baqir|first1=Muhammad|title=BĪJĀPŪR|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bijapur-capital-city-and-domain-of-the-adelsahi-dynasty|website=iranicaonline.org|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=8 February 2017|quote=The official language of the court at Bījāpūr during the ʿĀdelšāhī period and until the end of Mughal rule in 1274/1858 was Persian. Indeed, Yūsof ʿĀdelšāh (895–916/1489–1510) and his son Esmāʿīl themselves wrote poetry in Persian, Esmāʿīl under the pen name Wafāʾī. The ʿĀdelšāhīs established Shiʿism in Bījāpūr and actively encouraged the immigration of Persian writers and religious figures.}}</ref> and replacing many Westerners with Deccanis.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=91}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=449}} Ibrahim also invaded the Vijayanagara Empire; he pillaged a number of cities and besieged the capital, [[Vijayanagara]], but did not seize any territory in the long term and returned home with only non-territorial rewards.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=450}} In another conflict with the Portuguese, Ibrahim ceded two ports in the fear that trade through Goa might be cut off from the Adil Shahis.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=450}} His kingdom was invaded four times by Ahmednagar Sultanate forces, the sultanate's greatest adversary. Sultan [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] initially allied himself with Bidar in his first invasion (which saw no territorial losses for Bijapur) but Bidar, ruled by [[Ali Barid Shah I]], allied itself with Bijapur in the second invasion: a quadruple alliance of Ahmednagar, [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]] of Golconda, Vijayanagara, and [[Darya Imad Shah]] of Berar.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=417–418}} The war was a defeat for the Bijapuri–Bidar side, who ceded a northern district of the Bijapur Sultanate to Ahmednagar. Burhan and Ibrahim allowed Ahmednagar freedom to expand in Bidar if Bijapur had the same freedom to annex lands from Vijayanagara; Ibrahim imprisoned Ali Barid Shahi of Bidar despite their former alliance, although he was later freed by Jamsheed (who wanted a buffer state in the Deccan).{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=419}} Burhan Nizam Shah besieged the Bijapuri city of [[Solapur]] four times,{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=418–420}} but did not retain it until a third invasion which occupied territory on the southern border. Burhan advanced in a fourth invasion in 1553 with Vijayanagara almost to the Bijapuri capital, but retreated due to failing health.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=420}}

[[File:The Ruler on His Seven-Storied Throne, Stars of the Sciences (Nujum al-'ulum), 1570, fol. 191r, Chester Beatty Library, Dublin.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A colourful, elaborately-illustrated manuscript page|A page from [[Nujum-ul-Ulum]], a manuscript on astrology and metaphysics completed during the reign of [[Ali Adil Shah I]]{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=161}}]]
[[Ali Adil Shah I]], who ascended the throne in 1558, reestablished Shia Islam as the state religion.{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=152}} He unsuccessfully asked [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] for the return of [[Solapur]] and Kaliyani (both seized in Ahmednagari invasions){{sfn|Haig|1925|p=444}} and then invaded the Nizam Shahi kingdom with assistance from Vijayanagara's ''de facto'' ruler [[Rama Raya]] and [[Ibrahim Qutb Shah]], besieging [[Ahmednagar]] and other cities. Hussain sued for peace in 1561, submitting to Rama Raya and returning Kaliyani to Ali Adil Shah.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|pp=96–97}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=445}} In 1563, Hussain attempted to regain Kaliyani and again besieged it. Ahmednagar was besieged by Ali, and Hussain was forced to abandon his siege of Kaliyani; the only beneficiary of the conflict was Vijayanagara, who gained territory from invading Golconda.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|pp=97–98}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=423–424}} Vijayanagara negotiated additional land from Bijapur, including the cities of [[Yadgir]] and [[Bagalkote]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=423–424}} Wary of Vijayanagara's growing power, Ali allied his forces with the sultans of Golconda, Ahmednagar and Bidar (despite past conflicts) and defeated the Vijayanagara Empire in the 1565 [[Battle of Talikota]]. Rama Raya was beheaded after his capture by Deccani forces. Vijayanagara and nearby cities were sacked and looted (Vijayanagara for five to six months),{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=424–426}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=449}} and historian [[Hermann Goetz (art historian)|Hermann Goetz]] said that this prompted the emigration of much of Vijayanagara's population to Bijapur.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=97}} The Raichur Doab and its surrounding area were returned to Bijapur.  The Vijayanagara military was demolished, and the kingdom was a shell of its former self.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|pp=98–99}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=426}} Ali I then fortified Bijapur with a wall, which facilitated the further centralization of authority. Subsequent architectural projects encouraged the growth of the city and its skilled class.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=86}} Another conflict between Ahmednagar and Bijapur arose in 1567; although Ali invaded Ahmednagar and his forces occupied a number of forts, the war ended in a stalemate.{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=451–452}} A 1570 [[War of the League of the Indies|conflict with the Portuguese]] began with the hope of expelling them from India, but Ali was defeated after a number of encounters the following year.{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=452–453}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|pp=333–334}} He then annexed more land from Vijayanagara in a campaign which lasted until 1575, conquering [[Adoni]] and much of the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]].{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=453–454}} Ali also began a campaign to capture the [[Karnataka|Karnatak]];{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=69}} according to [[Richard M. Eaton]], his "armies destroyed two to three hundred Hindu temples" which were replaced with Shia buildings.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=68}} By 1576, land gained under Ali I had doubled the sultanate's holdings.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=84}} He forged diplomatic relations with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], and [[Safavid Empire|Safavids]] during his reign, which Eaton says brought the sultanate into the ''[[dar al-islam]]''.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=88}}

===Peak and decline (1580–1686)===
[[File:The House of Bijapur.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of two men talking, surrounded by other men and a white horse|''[[The House of Bijapur]]'', a 1680 painting of the nine Bijapur sultans and [[Shah Ismail]] of the [[Safavid dynasty]]<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|title=The House of Bijapur|date=1680 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453183}}</ref>]]
Ali I had no son, and his nine-year-old nephew [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|Ibrahim II]] was set on the throne in 1580.{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=337}} Control of the regency was contested by Kamal Khan{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=14}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=337}} and, later, by the [[Habesha peoples|Habshi]] Dilawar Khan (who reverted the state religion to Sunni Islam). Dilawar was deposed by Ibrahim II in 1590.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|pp=70–71}} Ibrahim's rule was characterised by prosperity and patronage;{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=169}}<ref>{{EI2|title=ʿĀdil-S̲h̲āhs|first=P.|last=Hardy|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-0315.xml?rskey=J8bWBG}}</ref> [[Sufism]] thrived, with its adherents and others flocking to Bijapur{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=63}}{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=71}} because of his talent as a musician and poet.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=98}} [[Religious syncretism|Religious]] and cultural [[syncretism]] reached a zenith, and the capital was one of India's most prosperous;{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=89}} population estimates in the latter half of Ibrahim's rule are as high as one million,{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=90}} and accounts from a [[Jesuit]] in Ali I's rule and a Mughal diplomat in the same period of Ibrahim's rule indicate the increase of wealth of the commoners and city.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=89}} Ibrahim suppressed a 1594 rebellion by his brother, Ismail, who was aided by [[Burhan Nizam Shah II|Burhan II]] of Ahmednagar.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=454}} Despite their past quarrels, the Adil Shahis formed an alliance in 1597 with Ahmednagar and Golconda to deter further Mughal advances in the Deccan. The alliance, led by a Bijapuri general, was defeated despite a three-to-one numerical advantage.{{sfn|Chandra|2014|p=264}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=434}} Ahmednagar fell to the Mughals in 1600,{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=435}} but Ibrahim continued to support the eventually-successful resistance of [[Malik Ambar]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=455}} Ibrahim II founded the city of [[Nauraspur]] in 1599, three kilometers west of Bijapur,{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=42}} as a planned center of learning and art; never completed,{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=14}} it was destroyed in 1624 by Malik Ambar's forces.<ref name="EI3">{{EI3|first=Deborah S.|title=ʿĀdil Shāhīs|date=2010|last=Hutton|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-23656.xml}}</ref> In 1618, the sultan lost the fortress of [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira]] to the independent [[Janjira State|Habshi state]] of western India.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=14}} The following year, Bijapur conquered the neighbouring Bidar Sultanate{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=468}} (although control of the state was achieved as early as 1580).{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=9}} This was preceded by an agreement between the rulers of Bijapur and the Ahmednagar Sultanate, who divided their spheres of influence; the Ahmednagar Sultanate could conquer the Berar Sultanate if the Adil Shahis could expand south into the decaying Vijayanagara Empire without hindrance from the Nizam Shahis.{{sfn|Chandra|2014|p=259}}{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=69}} Bidar was in neither sphere of influence and Malik Ambar, ''de facto'' ruler of Ahmednagar, invaded Bijapur; after reaching the capital relatively unopposed, he withdrew.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=14}} In addition to his work on Nauraspur, the sultan built the [[Ibrahim Rauza]].{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=14}}

[[File:Ali Riza (painter). Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II Venerates a Sufi Saint, Bijapur, ca 1620-30, British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Painting of a seated sultan with two other people|Painting by the Bijapuri [[Ali Riza (painter)|Ali Riza]] of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] venerating a [[Wali|Sufi saint]]]]
[[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil Shah]] succeeded his father, Ibrahim II, in 1627. Under Muhammad, the Sultanate of Bijapur reached its zenith.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=458}}{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=xxiii}} The first Mughal invasion of the sultanate was in 1631 by [[Shah Jahan]], who reached (and besieged) Bijapur but was ultimately unsuccessful.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=456}} In 1636, Bijapur signed a treaty agreeing to pay tribute to the Mughal emperor{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=214}} and acknowledge Mughal authority.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=15}} As a reward for this gesture, the recent Mughal conquest of Ahmednagar was partitioned between the two states.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=457}} The treaty began a period of relative peace with the Mughals, allowing for more southern conquests;{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=183}}{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=179}} Bijapur reached its territorial peak, with its borders stretching from the [[Arabian Sea]] to the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The sultanate began a rapid decline halfway through Muhammad's reign,{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=177}} primarily due to strained relations with nobles and landholders (many of whom later worked for the Mughals){{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=190}} and the revolt of [[Pune]] governor [[Shivaji]],{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=16}} whose father was a [[Maratha]] commander for Muhammad Adil Shah (part of the Karnatak campaigns).{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=252}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=459–463}} Muhammad Adil Shah died in 1656 after a decade-long, paralyzing illness.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=181}}

[[Ali Adil Shah II]] inherited a troubled kingdom which was invaded by Mughal forces in 1657 under viceroy [[Aurangzeb]], who [[Siege of Bidar|captured Bidar]] and other forts and reached Bijapur before retreating; Aurangzeb annexed much of the occupied territory, including Bidar.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=459}}{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=16}} The stability of the Bijapur Sultanate was again affected by trouble with the Marathas, who persisted with raids and rebellions.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=16}} Bijapuri general [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] was sent to subdue Shivaji in 1659, but he was murdered and his home fort of [[Pratapgad|Pratapgarh]] was captured in a [[Battle of Pratapgarh|confrontation]] with Shivaji.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=258–259}} Despite further Maratha advances in the north, Ali continued his southern campaigns in the Karnatak and Carnatic and captured [[Thanjavur]] and other cities from the [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayakas]] from 1659 to 1663.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=459–460}}

[[Sikandar Adil Shah]], the last Adil Shahi sultan, ruled for fourteen troubled years. His reign saw a number of civil wars, internal strife and unrest, particularly over his regency; he was four years old at his accession.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|pp=190–191}} Khawas Khan, Sikandar's first regent and leader of the Deccani faction,{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=461}} took control of the state before his removal from power.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=16}} Shivaji founded an independent Maratha kingdom which became the [[Maratha Confederacy]] in 1674, with ''de facto'' control of much of the Adil Shahis' original territory in the Deccan. He undid almost all the southern Bijapuri conquests over the following years, annexing the territory{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=462}} and renewing efforts to conquer the remaining Muslim Deccan states after Shivaji's death in 1680.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=16}} In April 1685, Mughal forces led by Aurangzeb began a [[siege of Bijapur]];{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=462}} at its conclusion, on 12 September 1686,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8GsAgAAQBAJ&dq=12+September+1686+bijapur&pg=PT50|date=2011|first=Kaushik|last=Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-79086-7 }}</ref> the Sultanate of Bijapur came to an end.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=462–463}} The capital and its surrounding territory were annexed into an eponymous ''[[subah]]'',{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=16}} and Sikandar was sent into Mughal captivity.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=463}}


== Culture ==
{{See also|Deccan sultanates#Bijapur}}
=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of the Deccan sultanates#Bijapur Sultanate}}
{{See also|Bijapur Fort}}
[[File:Picture Perfect.JPG|thumb|upright=1.14|alt=Two large buildings, seen from a distance|The [[Ibrahim Rauza]] in Bijapur, commissioned by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]]]

The sultanate's architecture, a subset of [[Deccani architecture]], was a variant of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] influenced by that of the Middle East.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|pp=1–2}} Adil Shahi architecture was of good quality with a localized, unique nature. It was characterised by large domes and [[dargah]]s (Sufi shrines), complex [[turret (architecture)|turret]]s,{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|pp=86–87}} geometric and Arabic (or Persian) calligraphic designs,{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=91}} and decorated [[frieze]]s of [[tholobate]]s.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=87}}

[[Yusuf Adil Shah]], the first sultan, began by expanding two dargahs at [[Gulbarga]] with [[minaret]]s.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=86}} The first building characteristic of Adil Shahi architecture was a [[Jama Masjid]] built during the reign of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]].{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=87}} The primary [[Jama Masjid, Bijapur|Jami Masjid of Bijapur]], built under [[Ali Adil Shah I|Ali I]], was commissioned in 1576.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=88}} The largest of any structure of its type in the Deccan when it was built,{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=434}} [[Richard M. Eaton|Eaton]] calls it "one of the most imposing and magnificent" in the region.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=86}} Under [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|Ibrahim II]], the sultanate's most prolific patron,{{sfn|Overton|2016|p=91}} Adil Shahi architecture focused on intricate carvings and detail{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=90}} and adopted Hindu–Muslim syncretism;{{sfn|Eaton|1978|pp=94–95}} this change is seen in the Malika Jahan Begum mosque built by the sultan in 1586. His most notable commissioned work was the eponymous [[Ibrahim Rauza]], completed in 1626, with a mosque built in honour of his wife and a mausoleum for his family.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=90}} [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]] facilitated the creation of the [[Gol Gumbaz]], his mausoleum and one of Bijapur's greatest monuments. It is supported by large, arched [[Alcove (architecture)|recesses]] and a massive dome,{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|pp=92–93}} the largest in the Islamic world<ref>{{cite book |last=Mondini |first=Sara |chapter=The Jami Masjid Miḥrāb of Bijapur: Inscribing Turkic Identities in a Contested Space |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004437364_011 |title=Turkish History and Culture in India |page=294 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004437364_011 |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |s2cid=234656650 }}</ref> when it was nearly completed at Muhammad's death in 1656.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|pp=92–93}} The last major Adil Shahi architectural project was the [[Bara Kaman]], [[Ali Adil Shah II]]'s unfinished mausoleum, which halted construction with his death in 1672.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=96}}



=== Painting and literature ===

The Adil Shahis used [[miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] painting from the [[Bijapur]] school of [[Deccan painting]]. Miniature painting was virtually nonexistent in the sultanate before the reign of [[Ali Adil Shah I|Ali I]], but became widespread under his rule and flourished under [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|Ibrahim II]] and his successors.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=161}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Binney |first=Edwin |date=1979 |title=Indian Paintings from the Deccan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41373866 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |volume=127 |issue=5280 |pages=784–804 |jstor=41373866 |issn=0035-9114}}</ref> The Bijapur school of painting was rooted in [[Persian miniature]] painting and culture, and was usually [[baroque]] in style.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Basil |date=1938 |title=Deccani Paintings: The School of Bijapur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/867457 |journal=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs |volume=73 |issue=425 |pages=74–77 |jstor=867457 |issn=0951-0788}}</ref> In contrast to North Indian contemporary painting, it seldom depicted events and scenes of war but focused on atmospheric, picturesque fantasies and dreams, avoiding logic in general.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|pp=1–2}}

The Adil Shahi sultans promoted the development of writing in the [[Deccani language]], and Bijapur was a center of its early literary evolution.{{sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=100}} Ibrahim II, a skilled writer of [[Urdu literature|Deccani Urdu literature]],{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=74}} was one of its earliest proponents. He wrote the ''[[Kitab-i Nauras]]'', a Deccani musical poetry work,{{sfn|Matthews|1993|pp=92–93}} and patronized a number of poets and their work. His [[poet laureate]], the Persian [[Muhammad Zuhuri]],<ref>{{cite book|first=adhey|last=Shyam|title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2008|isbn=978-8120826519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC|page=383}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=98}} wrote the ''Saqinama'', a collection of [[lyric poetry]].{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=98}} After entering Ibrahim's service in 1604 and gaining his trust, [[Firishta]] followed the sultan's suggestion and wrote the ''Tarikh-i Firishta'', his history of the medieval Deccan which is the basis for much modern historiography on the region and period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ferestatarik-|date=1999|first=Gavin R. G.|last=Hambley|title=FEREŠTA,TĀRĪḴ-E|website=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref>{{sfn|Matthews|1993|p=92}} [[Nusrati]], a noted Deccani poet, wrote the later romantic poem ''[[Gulshan-i 'Ishq]]'' and a narrative of the sultan's conquests under the patronage of [[Ali Adil Shah II]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Keelan|editor-last=Overton|date=2020|title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation|pages=44, 409|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253048943}}</ref>

== Rulers ==
Nine sultans ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur from 1490 to 1686, with the title of Sultan of Bijapur.<ref name="Iranica-B">{{cite web|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|title=ʿĀDELŠĀHĪS|access-date=3 July 2024|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/adelsahis-a-dynasty|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton}}</ref>

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|House of Adil-Shahi}}
[[File:Shajra e Yusufi.png|thumb|Genealogy of Yusuf Adil Shah]]
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#FFD700|#white; border-width:2px}} Bijapur Sultanate
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''[[Yusuf Adil Shah|Yusuf Adil-Shah]]''' {{r.|1490|1510}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''[[Ismail Adil Shah|Isma'il Adil-Shah]]''' {{r.|1510|1534}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | |
|A01='''[[Mallu Adil Shah|Mallu Adil-Shah]]''' {{r.|1534|1535}}
|A02='''[[Ibrahim Adil Shah I|Ibrahim I Adil-Shah]]''' {{r.|1535|1558}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | |
|A01='''[[Ali Adil Shah I|Ali I Adil-Shah]]''' {{r.|1558|1580}}
|A02=Tahmasp
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''[[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|Ibrahim II Adil-Shah]]''' {{r.|1580|1627}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''[[Mohammed Adil Shah of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil-Shah]]''' {{r.|1627|1656}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''[[Ali Adil Shah II|Ali II Adil-Shah]]''' {{r.|1656|1672}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''[[Sikandar Adil Shah|Sikandar Adil-Shah]]''' {{r.|1672|1686}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Reign
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| Independence from the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] (1490)
|-
|align="center"|Amir {{Nastaliq|أمیر}}
|align="center"| [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] {{Nastaliq| یوسف عادل شاہ}}
|align="center"|1490–1510
|-
|align="center"| Adil Khani {{Nastaliq|عادل خانی}} 
|align="center"| [[Ismail Adil Shah]] {{Nastaliq| اسماعیل عادل شاہ}}
|align="center"|1510–1534
|-
|align="center"|Adil Khani {{Nastaliq|عادل خانی}} 
|align="center"| [[Mallu Adil Shah]] {{Nastaliq|ملو عادل شاہ}}
|align="center"|1534–1535
|-
|align="center"| Adil Khani {{Nastaliq|عادل خانی}} 
|align="center"| [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] {{Nastaliq| ابراہیم عادل شاہ اول}}
|align="center"|1535–1558
|-
|align="center"| Adil Khani {{Nastaliq|عادل خانی}} 
|align="center"| [[Ali Adil Shah I]] {{Nastaliq|علی عادل شاہ اول}}
|align="center"|1558–1580
|-
|align="center"|Adil Khani {{Nastaliq|عادل خانی}} 
|align="center"| [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] {{Nastaliq|ابراہیم عادل شاہ دوئم}} 
|align="center"| 1580–1627
|-
|align="center"|Adil Khani {{Nastaliq|عادل خانی}} 
|align="center"| [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]] {{Nastaliq| محمد عادل شاہ }}
|align="center"| 1627–1656
|-
|align="center"|Adil Khani {{Nastaliq|عادل خانی}} 
|align="center"| [[Ali Adil Shah II]] {{Nastaliq| علی عادل شاہ دوئم}}
|align="center"| 1656–1672
|-
|align="center"|Adil Khani {{Nastaliq|عادل خانی}} 
|align="center"| [[Sikandar Adil Shah]] {{Nastaliq| سکندر عادل شاہ }}
|align="center"| 1672–1686
|-
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|colspan=4 align="center"| Conquered by [[Aurangzeb]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1686.
|}

==See also==
{{Karnataka History}}
*[[Islam in South Asia]]
*[[Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Bijapur–Mysore Conflict]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Sources===
*{{cite book|first1=Catherine B.|last1=Asher|first2=Cynthia|last2=Talbot|title=India Before Europe|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/indiabeforeeurop0000ashe|isbn=9780511808586}}
*{{cite book|title=History of Medieval India 800–1700 A.D|first=Satish|last=Chandra|date=2014 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-medieval-india-800-1700_202303/page|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|isbn=9788125032267|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}

*{{cite book|title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton|date=1978|publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ|isbn=9781400868155|author-link=Richard M. Eaton}}
*{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 : Eight Indian Lives|url=https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofd0000eato|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-71627-7|oclc=226973152|section=Rama Raya (1484–1565)}}
*{{cite journal |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=43 |issue=1 |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title='Kiss My Foot,' Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20488080 |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=289–313 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003289 |jstor=20488080|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton|date=2019|title=India in the Persianate Age, 1000–1765|isbn=9780520325128|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkkSEQAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ |title=Local States in an Imperial World : Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan |first=Roy S. |last=Fischel |date=2020 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9781474436090}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDGdDwAAQBAJ|title=The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates: Living Well in the Persian Cosmopolis|first=Emma J.|last=Flatt|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108481939}}
*{{cite book |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989 |title=Cambridge History of India Vol. 2 |date=1925 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Wolseley Haig}}
*{{cite book|last=Harle|first=James C.|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1994|isbn=9780300062175}}
*{{cite journal|journal=[[Muqarnas]]|volume=33|date=2016|pages=91–154|title=Book Culture, Royal Libraries, and Persianate Painting in Bijapur, circa 1580‒1630|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551683|first=Keelan|last=Overton|doi=10.1163/22118993_03301P006 |jstor=26551683}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |chapter=The Five Sultanates of the Deccan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |editor-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}}
*{{cite journal|last=Matthews|first=David J.|title=Eighty Years of Dakani Scholarship|url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/11813|journal=The Annual of Urdu Studies|year=1993|volume=9}}
*{{cite book|last1 = Michell|first1 = George|first2 = Mark |last2 = Zebrowski|title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7)|publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1999| location = Cambridge| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ju1XvgAACAAJ| isbn = 9780521563215}}
*{{cite book|last1=Shaheen|first1=Shagufta|chapter=The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī|title=Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad|year=2018|editor-last=Azam|editor-first=Kousar J.|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351393997|last2=Shahid|first2=Sajjad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SusrDwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551|title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study|last=Sherwani|first=Haroon Khan|year=1946|author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani|publisher=Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan}}
*{{cite book|first=Haroon Khan|last=Sherwani|year=1973|title=History of Medieval Deccan (1295–1724) : Volume I|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142905|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1|title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments|last=Yazdani|first=Ghulam|year=1947|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9788120810716|author-link=Ghulam Yazdani}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*Chapter on "Persian Literature in Bijapur Sultanate" in The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature by R.M. Chopra, Iran Culture House, New Delhi, 2012.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Adil Shahi dynasty}}
{{Commons category|Bijapur Sultanate}}
*[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/bijapur/adilshahis.htm The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)] by Dr. (Mrs) Jyotsna Kamat

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijapur}}
[[Category:States and territories established in 1490]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1686]]
[[Category:Sultanate of Bijapur| ]]

[[de:Adil Shahi]]

Irula Snake Catchers' Industrial Cooperative Society

2026-04-25T04:56:43Z

Indiabulez: started a stub!

{{Short description|Indian cooperative society of tribal snake handlers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Irula Snake Catchers' Industrial Cooperative Society
| formation = 1978
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| founder = [[Romulus Whitaker]]
| type = [[Cooperative]]
| purpose = [[Snake venom]] extraction for [[antivenom]] production, providing livelihood to the [[Irula people|Irula community]]
| headquarters = [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]], [[Chengalpattu district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.743887|80.238734}}
| membership = ~350 members of the Irula community
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| num_staff =
| website = https://irulasnakecatchers.com
| remarks =
| location =
| region_served = India
}}

The '''Irula Snake Catchers' Industrial Cooperative Society''' ({{Abbr.}}'''ISCICS'''), also known as '''Irula Cooperative Society''', is an Indian cooperative society of tribal [[snake handler]]s based in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was founded in 1978 by [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] and conservationist [[Romulus Whitaker]] to provide a sustainable livelihood for the [[Irula people]], a [[Scheduled Tribe]] of Tamil Nadu, known for their traditional skills in catching snakes for the production of life-saving [[antivenom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irulas: The Snake Trackers |url=https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/irulas:-the-snake-trackers |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BetterIndia">{{cite web |last=Dsouza |first=Krystelle |date=21 March 2025 |title=How This Tamil Nadu Tribal Community Has Made a Business Out of Snake Venom |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/414760/irula-snake-catchers-industrial-cooperative-society-antivenom/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=The Better India}}</ref> The cooperative is the largest producer of snake venom in India, supplying a significant portion of the raw material needed to manufacture antivenom for the country's most medically significant venomous snakes, [[Big Four (Indian snakes)|Big Four]], such as the [[Indian cobra]], [[Russell's viper]], and [[Echis]].<ref name="Undark">{{cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=In India, a Need for New Antidotes to Curb Deadly Snakebites |url=https://undark.org/2023/11/06/india-snakebites-antivenin/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Undark Magazine}}</ref>

The [[Cooperative|co-op]], where members are all Irula people, is located on the campus of the [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]], a reptile zoo and herpetology research station located near Chennai. It is recognised as a successful cooperative model for the sustainable use of natural resources and for its role in both public health and the economic empowerment of a marginalised community.<ref name="MCBT">{{cite web |title=The Irular |url=https://madrascrocodilebank.org/the_iruals |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust & Centre for Herpetology}}</ref><ref name="Rajagiri" /> Two of its members, [[Masi Sadaiyan]] and [[Vadivel Gopal]], were awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2023 for their social work recognising their expertise and conservation efforts.<ref name="CurrentConservation">{{cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=A Day in the Life of an Irula Snake Catcher |url=https://www.currentconservation.org/a-day-in-the-life-of-an-irula-snake-catcher/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Current Conservation}}</ref>

== History ==
The Irula people have a long history of coexisting with snakes and possess extensive traditional knowledge of the local fauna. They're known as the "snake society" or "snake-charming community" for their snake catching skills.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Konar |first1=Arup Kanti |last2=Modak |first2=Biplob Kumar |date=2010-06-01 |title=Socialising Snake Society: An Indian Instance |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/004908571004000204 |journal=Social Change |language=EN |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=157–174 |doi=10.1177/004908571004000204 |issn=0049-0857|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="MadrasCourier">{{cite web |date=7 March 2024 |title=Irula People: An Essential But Invisible Component Of The Global Healthcare System |url=https://madrascourier.com/environment/irula-people-an-essential-but-invisible-component-of-the-global-healthcare-system/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Madras Courier}}</ref> Irula people have made their living for generations by hunting snakes for their skins, which is used by the leather industry to manufacture exotic [[Snakeskin|snake leather]], often used for fashion accessories such as [[handbag]]s and [[wallet]]s. This trade formed a significant part of their income.<ref name="BetterIndia" /> However, the enactment of the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]] in India banned the hunting of several animals, including snakes, and a subsequent ban on the export of snake skins in 1976 left the Irula community without their primary source of livelihood.<ref name="Finshots">{{cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=The snake venom industry is facing a fatal bite! |url=https://finshots.in/archive/the-snake-venom-industry-is-facing-a-fatal-bite-snake-bite-irula-tribe-india-padma-shri-vadivel-gopal-masi-sadaiyan/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Finshots}}</ref> This led to significant and sudden economic hardship and poverty within the community.<ref name="MadrasCourier" />

[[Romulus Whitaker]], a herpetologist, proposed an alternative approach where the Irulas' expertise could be redirected towards a critical public health need: the production of antivenom.<ref name="Ashoka">{{cite web |title=Romulus Whitaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/fellow/romulus-whitaker |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Ashoka}}</ref> Snakebite is a major public health issue in India, with tens of thousands of deaths annually.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-05 |title=FEATURE: Small, rural snake-catching tribe saving lives across India with vital antivenom - Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2016/12/05/2003660624 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref> With Whitaker's assistance, the society was established in 1978. It was founded to be owned, managed, and operated by the Irula community, ensuring that the profits would directly benefit its members.<ref name="Rajagiri">{{cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Sustainable business is not an oxymoron - Irula snake catchers industrial cooperative society |url=https://www.rajagiribusinessschool.edu.in/blog-details/sustainable-business |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Rajagiri Business School}}</ref> The cooperative was licensed by the government to capture a limited number of the four most venomous snake species ("[[Big Four (Indian snakes)|Big Four]]") in the region—the spectacled cobra, the common krait, the Russell's viper, and the saw-scaled viper—for venom extraction.<ref name="Undark" /> The unique mission of the society was to ensure that Irula tribal people can continue gainful employment and sustainably provide for themselves while ensuring that snakes are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This involves keeping the snakes in captivity for a limited period, extracting limited venom, and releasing them back into the wildlife.<ref name="Undark" />

== Operations ==
The cooperative's operations are centered on a sustainable and humane model of venom extraction. Members of the cooperative are licensed by the Forest Department and use their traditional tracking skills to locate and capture snakes in the wild, identifying them based on their tracks, smell and other signs in the environment.<ref name="CurrentConservation" /> The cooperative operates under a quota system, which was originally set by the [[Madras High Court]] in 1994, allowing for the capture of a specific number of each of the four medically significant snake species annually.<ref name="EJN">{{cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Indigenous Snake-venom Tappers Lose Livelihoods in India |url=https://earthjournalism.net/stories/indigenous-snake-venom-tappers-lose-livelihoods-in-india |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Earth Journalism Network}}</ref>

Once captured, the snakes are brought to the cooperative's facility. They are housed in cool, earthen pots, which mimic their natural habitat, for a maximum of 21 days.<ref name="BetterIndia" /> During this period, venom is extracted from each snake up to four times.<ref name="CurrentConservation" /> After the 21-day period and the final extraction, the snakes are marked with a small, harmless mark on their belly scales to prevent immediate recapture and are then released back into the wild in the same general area where they were caught.<ref name="BetterIndia" /> As a collective, they are allowed to bring in up to 13,000 snakes per year, and at any given time, a maximum of 800 venomous snakes can be housed.<ref name="Undark" />

The collected venom is then freeze-dried (lyophilized) to preserve its potency and sold to pharmaceutical laboratories across India.<ref name="PMC">{{cite journal |last1=Chakma |first1=J. K. |last2=Menon |first2=J. C. |last3=Dhaliwal |first3=R. S. |author4=Indian Council of Medical Research |date=29 December 2021 |title=White paper on venomous snakebite in India |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=152 |issue=6 |pages=568–574 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_3377_20 |doi-access=free |pmid=34145096 |pmc=8224165 }}</ref> The Irula cooperative is a primary supplier for the seven major antivenom-producing companies in the country.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=An Inside Look at the Effort to Curb Deadly Snakebites in India |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/an-inside-look-at-the-effort-to-curb-deadly-snakebites-in-india-180983267/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The cooperative plays a crucial role in India's public health system. It is estimated to supply up to 80% of the venom required for the production of polyvalent antivenom in India, which is effective against bites from the "big four" venomous snakes—the Russell’s viper, the common krait, the Indian cobra, and the Indian saw-scaled viper.<ref name="Finshots" /> These snakes responsible for the majority of snakebite fatalities in the country, about 46,000 deaths per year according to a 2011 study.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Indiaspora">{{cite web |title=Slithering Solutions: India's Fight Against Snakebite Crisis |url=https://indiaspora.org/slithering-solutions-indias-fight-against-snakebite-crisis/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Indiaspora |date=8 January 2024 }}</ref> The consistent supply of high-quality venom from the cooperative has been instrumental in making antivenom more widely available and has saved thousands of lives.<ref name=":0" /> For the Irula community, the cooperative has provided a much-needed source of income, reversing the economic devastation caused by the ban on the snake skin trade.<ref name="Rajagiri" /> It has legitimized their traditional skills and provided a platform for their knowledge to be recognized and valued. The cooperative model ensures that the community members are direct beneficiaries of their work, with annual revenues reaching several crores of rupees in good years.<ref name="Finshots" /> The society has approximately 350 active members who earn a livelihood through its activities.<ref name="Undark" />

== Recognition ==
{{Multiple image
|image1=Masi Sadaiyan.jpg
|image2=Vadivel Gopal.jpg
|footer=Masi Sadaiyan (left) and Vadivel Gopal (right) facilitated with Padma Shri by the President of India.
}}
The expertise of the Irula snake catchers has gained international recognition. In 2017, two members of the cooperative, [[Masi Sadaiyan]] and [[Vadivel Gopal]], were invited to [[Florida]], United States, to help control the invasive population of [[Burmese python]]s in the [[Everglades National Park]]. Their traditional methods proved highly effective, leading to the capture of dozens of pythons.<ref name="MadrasCourier" /> The duo were subsequently awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in recognition of their impact.<ref name="CurrentConservation" />

== Challenges ==
Despite its success, the cooperative faces several challenges. The process of obtaining annual licenses and quotas for snake catching from the Tamil Nadu Forest Department can be subject to delays, which directly impacts the members' income and the supply of venom.<ref name="EJN" /> In recent years, the permitted quota of snakes has often been lower than the original number set by the High Court, leading to significant drops in revenue and periods of financial hardship for the cooperative.<ref name="Finshots" /><ref name="EJN" /> Additionally, the traditional skill of snake tracking and handling is suffering from rise of automation and shift towards cruelty-free testing. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=A Tamil Nadu tribe supplies 80% of India’s anti-snake venom but struggles to find a cure for poverty |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/a-tamil-nadu-tribe-supplies-80-of-india-s-anti-snake-venom-but-struggles-to-find-a-cure-for-poverty-101726077937718.html |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The snake handling and venom extraction methods have also been criticised.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Irula people]]
* [[Romulus Whitaker]]
* [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]]
* [[Snakebite]]
* [[Antivenom]]
* [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Reptile conservation organizations]]
[[Category:Health in India]]
[[Category:Herpetology organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1978]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Tamil Nadu]]

Darshan Puttannaiah

2026-04-24T23:44:38Z

Indiabulez: new - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Darshan Puttannaiah
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 May 2023
| parents = [[K. S. Puttannaiah]] (father), Suneetha Puttannaiah (mother)
| constituency = [[Melukote Assembly constituency|Melukote]]
| predecessor = [[C. S. Puttaraju]]
| party = [[Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha]]
| other_party = [[Swaraj Abhiyan]] {{small|(March 2017-January 2019)}}
| alma_mater =
| education = [[Bachelor of Technology]] from JSS Science and Technology University
}}

'''Darshan Puttannaiah''' (born 1977) is an Indian politician from Karnataka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dharshan Puttannaiah(Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha):Constituency- MELUKOTE(MANDYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8171 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He is a Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Melukote Assembly constituency]] since 2023 representing the [[Sarvodaya Karnataka Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Melukote Assembly Election 2023: JD(S)' CS Puttaraju Seeks Second Consecutive Term |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/melukote-assembly-election-2023-karnataka-mla-results-bjp-congress-janta-dal-aap-candidates-list-cs-puttaraju-darshan-puttannaiah-lndresh-kumar-10076429 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-05-13 |title=Melukote Karnataka Election |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/melukote-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601906 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melukote Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/melukote-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7796857.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Puttannaiah was born to [[K. S. Puttannaiah]] and Suneetha Puttannaiah in [[Mandya district]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=Puttannaiah's wife files nomination |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/karnataka/puttannaiahs-wife-files-nomination |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=english.varthabharati.in |language=en}}</ref> He completed his [[Bachelor of Technology]] from the Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore in the year 2001.<ref name=":0" /> He was a techie settled in US, who returned to politics in India after the death of his father before the 2018 Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-27 |title=Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha felicitates Darshan Puttannaiah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/raitha-sangha-felicitates-darshan-puttannaiah/article66901080.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goudar |first=Mahesh M. |date=2023-05-22 |title=First-time Karnataka MLAs: Gritty women, giant slayers, US-returned farmer, millionaire without shoes |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/first-time-karnataka-mlas-gritty-women-giant-slayers-us-returned-farmer-millionaire-without-shoes/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He is the president of [[Sarvodaya Karnataka Party]] after its renewal in 2023. He is the only son of late [[K. S. Puttannaiah]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarvodaya K'taka Party to contest Assembly polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/sarvodaya-k-taka-party-to-contest-assembly-polls-1184017.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

He was supported by the [[Indian National Congress]], who did not field a candidate in the 2023 Assembly elections from Melukote.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=Congress marks one seat for Sarvodaya Karnataka Party in 2nd list of candidates |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/congress-marks-one-seat-for-sarvodaya-karnataka-party-in-2nd-list-of-candidates-11680762176424.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Elections 2023: Techie sells company in US to put his heart & soul into polls |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/karnataka-elections-2023-techie-sells-company-in-us-to-put-his-heart-soul-into-polls |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

He had fought [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Melukote Assembly constituency]] representing [[Yogendra Yadav]]'s [[Swaraj india|Swaraj India]] but lost to [[C. S. Puttaraju]] of Janata Dal (S).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Darshan Puttannaiah, a techie who left his US firm to contest Karantaka polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/meet-darshan-puttannaiah-a-techie-who-left-his-us-firm-to-contest-karantaka-polls-1217475-2018-04-22 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puttannaiah, Darshan}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
[[Category:Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha]]

List of Indian military radars

2026-04-11T13:45:37Z

Indiabulez: stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Dynamic list|multiple=yes|date=July 2025}}
The [[Indian Armed Forces]] uses various types of radars.

== Airspace surveillance radar ==
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center|100px; font-size: 85%; width:95em;"
!Name
!Type
!Designer
!Manufacturer
!{{tooltip|Dim|Dimension}}
!{{tooltip|Freq|Frequency}}
!Range
!{{tooltip|Alt|Altitude}}
!User
!{{tooltip|Intr.|Introduction}}
!{{tooltip|Qty|Quantity}}
!Status
!Image
!Notes
!{{tooltip|Ref.|Source}}
|-
|THD-1955
|High Power Static Radar
|{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Thomson-CSF]]
|rowspan="8"|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|3D
|
|{{Convert|230|nmi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|{{Convert|75000|ft|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Indian Air Force]]
|1976
|12
|In service
|
|First operationalised at [[Jodhpur Air Force Station|Jodhpur AFS]] by 33 Signal Unit.
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |date=2024-10-12 |title=The Secret Story of Indian Air Force's Radar Indigenisation |url=https://iafhistory.in/2024/10/12/the-audacious-secret-story-of-indian-air-forces-radar-indigenisation-program/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=#IAFHistory |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|PSM-33
|Medium Power
|{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Thomson-CSF]]
----{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bharat Electronics]]
|
|
|{{Convert|140|nmi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|
|1983
|
|In service
|
|First operationalised at [[Naraina]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|TRS-2215
|Medium Power
|{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Thomson-CSF]]
----{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bharat Electronics]]
|
|[[S band|S]]
|
|{{Convert|13000|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|
|
|In service
|
|
|
|-
|[[Indian Doppler Radar|INDRA]] I
| rowspan="2" |[[Pulse-Doppler radar|Pulse-doppler]]
Medium-range
|rowspan="5"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|2D
|[[L band (NATO)|L]]
|
|
|[[Indian Army]]
|N/A
|6
|In service
|[[File:Indra-I radar SriLanka.JPG|frameless|137x137px]]
|Incorporated [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] Mk X
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Doppler Radar |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/hi/bhaarataiya-daopalara-radaara |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|INDRA II
|2D
|[[L band (NATO)|L]]
|
|
|Indian Air Force
|N/A
|69
|In service
|[[File:The Indra MK- II ( PC ) Radar System gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006.jpg|frameless|115x115px]]
|Can track up to 200 targets
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Low Flying Detection Radar (Indra II) - BEL |url=https://bel-india.in/product/low-flying-detection-radar-indra-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417234923/https://bel-india.in/product/low-flying-detection-radar-indra-ii/ |archive-date=2025-04-17 |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Reporter
|[[Tactical control radar]]
|
|[[X band|X]]
|{{Convert|40|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|15-4000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Indian Army
|N/A
|N/A
|In service
|[[File:Reporter Tactical Control Radar at rehearsal of Republic Day Parade 2011.jpg|frameless|130x130px]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tactical Control Radar (Reporter) - BEL |url=https://bel-india.in/product/tactical-control-radar-reporter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418001833/https://bel-india.in/product/tactical-control-radar-reporter/ |archive-date=2025-04-18 |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reporter |url=https://www.radartutorial.eu/19.kartei/04.battle/karte048.en.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Radartutorial}}</ref>
|-
|[[Central acquisition radar (3D-CAR)|Rohini]]
|Medium-range [[Primary surveillance radar|primary surveillance]]
|3D
|[[S band|S]]
|{{Convert|150|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|15|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|rowspan="3"|Indian Air Force
|2008
|~45
|In service
|[[File:Rohini radar.jpg|frameless|135x135px]]
| rowspan="2" |Based on 3D Central Acquisition Radar. Also acts as surveillance radar for [[Akash (missile)|Akash Weapon System]] (Squadron or Group-level)
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=3D Surveillance Radar – Rohini - BEL |url=https://bel-india.in/product/3d-surveillance-radar-rohini/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517191122/https://bel-india.in/product/3d-surveillance-radar-rohini/ |archive-date=2025-05-17 |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Central acquisition radar (3D-CAR)|3D Tactical Control Radar]]
|Medium-range [[Primary surveillance radar|primary surveillance]]
|3D
|[[S band|S]]
|{{Convert|90|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|15|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|2015
|6+
|In service
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=3D Tactical Control Radar - BEL |url=https://bel-india.in/product/3d-tactical-control-radar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315132041/https://bel-india.in/product/3d-tactical-control-radar/ |archive-date=2025-03-15 |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Ground Smarter 100
|[[GaN]]-based [[AESA radar|AESA]] Multifunction radar
|{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Thales Group]]
|[[Thales Group|Thales]] (6)
----[[Bharat Electronics]] (13)
|
|[[S band|S]]
|{{Convert|180|km|abbr=on}}
|
|2014
|19
|In service
|
|
|<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Neelam |title=Indian Radar Buys Prompt Thales Joint Venture {{!}} AIN |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2014-11-26/indian-radar-buys-prompt-thales-joint-venture |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Aviation International News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[EL/M-2084]]
|[[AESA radar|AESA]] Multifunction radar
|{{Flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]
|[[ELTA Systems]]
|3D
|[[C band (NATO)|C]]
|
|
|Indian Army
----Indian Air Force
|2021
|
|In service
|[[File:Elta EL-M-2084 MMR at NATO Days 2023.jpg|frameless|175x175px]]
|Paired with [[SPYDER]] and [[MRSAM]] missile syetsms.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frantzman |first=Seth |date=2021-01-05 |title=Israel and India test MRSAM air defense system |url=https://www.defensenews.com/training-sim/2021/01/05/israel-and-india-test-of-mrsam-air-defense-system/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Akash |date=2021-09-11 |title=Make-In-India: Induction of MRSAM Barak-8 missile system into Indian Defence Forces |url=https://indsamachar.com/make-in-india-induction-of-mrsam-barak-8-missile-system-into-indian-defence-forces-2/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=IndSamachar |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1628798328145334272 |user=DefenceDecode |title=The Indian Army has raised its first Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (#MRSAM) Regiment in the Eastern Theatre to strengthen its air defense capabilities along the #LaC... |date=2023-02-23 |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1924785614245027932 |user=Kunal_Biswas707 |title=Rare look of Indian Army's Israeli ELM-2084 3D AESA MMR, perhaps first time we seeing this in India, can detecting & tracking aircraft & ballistic targets & providing fire control guidance for missile interception to Air defense units... |date=2025-05-20 |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>
|-
|Surya
|Anti-[[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] radar
|rowspan="6"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|Alpha Design Technologies
|
|[[VHF]]
|{{Convert|360|km|abbr=on}}
|
|rowspan="4"|Indian Air Force
|2025
|1
|In service
|
|6 on order.
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-26 |title=India develops anti-stealth Surya VHF radar as China plans to give stealth 5th genereation fighter jets to Pakistan: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/india-develops-anti-stealth-surya-vhf-radar-as-china-plans-to-give-stealth-5th-genereation-fighter-jets-to-pakistan-report/articleshow/121404272.cms |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|Arudhra
|Medium Power, [[AESA radar]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|4D
|[[S band|S]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Radar and Radar Subsystems - DATA PATTERNS |url=https://www.datapatternsindia.com/product/product.php?catid=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329182151/https://www.datapatternsindia.com/product/product.php?catid=4 |archive-date=2025-03-29 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.datapatternsindia.com}}</ref>
|{{tooltip|Instr|Instrumented range}}–{{Convert|400|km||abbr=on}}
{{tooltip|Det|Detection range}}–{{Convert|300|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|100|m||abbr=on}} to {{Convert|30|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|
|
|On order<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks Rs 3,700 crore contracts with BEL for Medium Power Radars 'Arudhra' & 129 DR-118 Radar Warning Receivers |date=2023-03-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1910065 |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>
|
|Offers 360° coverage in rotating mode with option for staring mode. Replaces PSM-33, [[P-40 radar|P-40]] and TRS-2215 radars.
16 ordered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Vijay |date=2026-04-10 |title=IAF plans advanced Long-Range Surveillance Radars to strengthen air defence network |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/iaf-plans-advanced-long-range-surveillance-radars-to-strengthen-air-defence-network/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Technologies {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs-establishment/technologies/electronics-radar-development-establishment-lrde |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709080511/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs-establishment/technologies/electronics-radar-development-establishment-lrde |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO/BEL ARUDHRA : Medium Power Radar - The sacred wave. |url=http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/3/post/2018/04/drdobel-arudhra-medium-power-radar-the-sacred-wave.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Full Afterburner |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MEDIUM POWER RADAR (MPR) - ARUDHRA |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/mpr.pdf |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.drdo.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125015555/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/mpr.pdf|archive-date=2024-11-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Ashwini Low-Level Transportable Radar (LLTR)
|[[AESA radar|AESA]] Multifunction radar
|4D
|[[S band|S]]<ref name=":4" />
|{{tooltip|Instr|Instrumented range}}–{{Convert|200|km||abbr=on}}
{{tooltip|Det|Detection range}}–{{Convert|150|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|30|m||abbr=on}} to {{Convert|15|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|
|
|On order<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Rs 2,906 crore contract signed with BEL for Low-level Transportable Radar (Ashwini) for IAF |date=2025-03-12 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2110849 |access-date=2025-07-07}}</ref>
|
|Used for [[Early-warning radar|early-warning]] and airspace surveillance roles.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande|first=Smruti|date=2025-03-13|title=How indigenous transportable radar Ashwini can boost India’s air defence capabilities|url=https://theprint.in/defence/how-indigenous-transportable-radar-ashwini-can-boost-indias-air-defence-capabilities/2546731/|access-date=2025-07-07|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411082523/https://theprint.in/defence/how-indigenous-transportable-radar-ashwini-can-boost-indias-air-defence-capabilities/2546731/|archive-date=2026-04-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LLTR">{{cite web |title=Low Level Transportable Radar (LLTR) |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/lltr.pdf |access-date=7 July 2025 |publisher=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) |format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|DRDO-L&T High Power Radar
|High Power Static Radar
|[[Larsen & Toubro]]
|4D
|N/A
|>{{Convert|400|km|abbr=on}}
|N/A
|
|
|On order<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-03-01 |title=Defence Ministry seals procurement deals worth ₹39,125 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-signs-contracts-worth-over-39000-crore-for-brahmos-missiles-close-in-weapon-systems-radars-and-mig-29-engines/article67903148.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|
|12 ordered.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian MoD RFI For High Power Radar |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/17237/Indian_MoD_RFI_For_High_Power_Radar |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.defensemirror.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=L&T Signs (Major*) Contract for High Power Radars |date=2024-03-01 |publisher=[[Larsen & Toubro]] |url=https://www.larsentoubro.com/pressreleases/2024-03-01-lt-signs-major-contract-for-high-power-radars/ |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HIGH POWER RADAR (HPR) |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/high-power-radar.pdf |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Battery Surveillance Radar (BSR)
|[[Primary surveillance radar|Primary surveillance]] [[AESA radar]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|
|[[X band|X]]
|{{Convert|120|km|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|30|m||abbr=on}} to {{Convert|6|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|rowspan="2"|Indian Army
|
|
|Cleared for induction<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2025-07-03 |title=MoD clears projects worth Rs 1.05 lakh cr, including QRSAM, MCMVs and electronic warfare systems |url=https://theprint.in/defence/mod-clears-projects-worth-rs-1-05-lakh-cr-including-qrsam-mcmvs-and-electronic-warfare-systems/2678841/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|Battery level surveillance radar for [[QRSAM]] Weapon System.
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=X- Band Multi Function Radar (X-BMFR) - BEL |url=https://bel-india.in/product/x-band-multi-function-radar-x-bmfr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315143115/https://bel-india.in/product/x-band-multi-function-radar-x-bmfr/ |archive-date=2025-03-15 |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile (QRSAM) |url=https://bel-india.in/product/quick-reaction-sam-qrsam/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=BEL}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite tweet |number=1341693385074098178 |user=KesariDhwaj |title=+ the surveillance and fire-control-radar for Akash missile (pic-01) 3. QRSAM has two radars - one is Battery Surveillance Radar (BSR) and other is Battery Multi-Function Radar (BMFR)... |first=Dhwaj |last=Kesari |date=2020-12-23 |access-date=2025-07-10}}</ref>
|-
|Air Defence Tactical Control Radar (ADTCR)
|Volumetric surveillance
|
|
|[[S band|S]]
|{{Convert|90|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|10|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|
|
|Under development
|
|Army variant of Ashwini radar. Replacement for INDRA and P-19 radars. Ready for user trials.
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=India Vs China Military balance – Air Defense- Part 4 Indian Radar Systems |url=http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/3/post/2021/04/india-vs-china-military-balance-air-defense-part-4-indian-radar-systems.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Full Afterburner |language=en}}</ref>
|}
</div>

== Fire-control radar ==
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center|100px; font-size: 85%; width:95em;"
!Name
!Type
!Designer
!Manufacturer
!{{tooltip|Dim|Dimension}}
!Frequency
!Range
!{{tooltip|Alt|Altitude}}
!User
!{{tooltip|Intr.|Introduction}}
!{{tooltip|Qty|Quantity}}
!Status
!Image
!Guidance
!Notes
!{{tooltip|Ref.|Source}}
|-
|Upgraded [[Super Fledermaus]]
|
|{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Ericsson|Ericsson Radar Electronics]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|
|
* Doppler radar''':''' [[E band (NATO)|E]]/[[F band (NATO)|F]]
* Pulse-doppler radar''':''' [[J band (NATO)|J]]
|{{Convert|90|km||abbr=on}}
|
|[[Indian Army]]
|2000s
|N/A
|In service
|[[File:030 - Super Fieldmouse locating- tracking radar (24696531738).jpg|frameless|104x104px]]
|[[Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun|L/60]] and [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|L/70]] [[anti-aircraft guns]]
|Original units, with a range of {{Convert|15|km||abbr=on}}, were procured in early 1980s
|<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Fledermaus radar |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/galleries/picture.php/309 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1619899514911088641 |user=SupratikSaumya |title=Upgraded Super Fledermaus (USFM) radar, thought these would have been retired... |first=Saumya |last=Supratik |date=2023-01-30 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flycatcher (radar)|Flycatcher]]
|
|{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Signaal]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|
|
* Search''':''' [[I band (NATO)|I]]/[[J band (NATO)|J band]]
* Track''':''' [[K band (NATO)|K band]]
|{{Convert|20|km||abbr=on}}
|
|Indian Army
|1985
|260
|In service
|[[File:Flycatcher_in_camouflagekleuren_opgesteld_op_een_vliegbasis_in_Nederland,_1991.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun|L/60]], [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|L/70]] [[anti-aircraft guns]] and [[Trishul (missile)|Trishul SAM]]
|
|<ref>Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 1992-93, P333</ref><ref>Inside the solid state, the history of Bharat Electronics, by S. Krishnan, S. Prabhale and V.K. Koshy, p.41</ref><ref name="2004IECH">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8kePYFK1L8C |title=2004 International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook, p115 |date=2004 |publisher=Horizon House |isbn=9781580538985}}</ref>
|-
|Atulya ADFCR
|
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|
| rowspan="2" |
* [[X band|X]] (AESA 3D search radar)
* [[Ka band|Ka]] (tracking radar)
* [[Electro-optical sensor|EO]] (passive 2D tracking sensors)
* [[Laser rangefinder|LRF]] (radar-independent ranging)
|{{Convert|20-40|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|10-30|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|Indian Army
|
|66<ref name=":10" />
|On order
|
|[[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|L/70]] [[anti-aircraft guns]]
|
|<ref name=":1522">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=DAC approves 10 capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 1.45 lakh crore to enhance defence preparedness |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2051323 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Press Release |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks Rs 2,000 crore contract with BEL for Air Defence Fire Control Radars for Indian Army |date=2025-07-25 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2148334 |access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-25 |title=BEL bags order worth Rs 1640 cr from Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bel-bags-order-worth-rs-1640-cr-from-indian-army/articleshow/122901590.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|Mountain Fire Control Radar
|
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|
|{{Convert|25|km||abbr=on}}
|
|
|
|
|Under development
|
|2 [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|L/70]] [[anti-aircraft guns]] and [[VSHORAD (India)|VSHORAD missile]]
|Also called ADFCR Light. Developed by BEL's Defence & Aeronautics division
|<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Raksha Mantri inaugurates Missile Integration facility at BEL, Bengaluru; Flags-off Akash 3rd and 4th Regiment Combat systems & unveils Mountain Fire Control Radar |date=16 February 2026 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2228831&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2023651794841464917 |user=DefenceDecode |title=Mountain Fire Control Radar (#MFCR) aka ADFCR (Light) |date=2026-02-17 |access-date=2026-02-17}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajendra (radar system)|Rajendra]]
|[[Passive electronically scanned array|Passive phased array radar]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|3D
|
* Search''':''' [[G band (NATO)|G]]/[[H band (NATO)|H band]]
* Track''':''' [[I band (NATO)|I]]/[[J band (NATO)|J band]]
|{{Convert|80|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|20|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|Indian Army
----[[Indian Air Force]]
|2015
|~28
|In service
|[[File:Rajendra Radar during Republic Day 2019.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
----[[File:Rajendra Radar for Akash SAM.jpg|frameless|101x101px]]
|[[Akash (missile)|Akash Weapon System]] (Battery)
|Airspace surveillance-capable. Known as Troop Level Radar (TLR) in IA and Flight Level Radar (FLR) in IAF.
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Battery Multi-Function Radar (BMFR)
|Multifunction [[AESA radar]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|
|[[X band|X]]
|{{Convert|90|km|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|30|m||abbr=on}} to {{Convert|6|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|Indian Army
|
|
|Cleared for induction<ref name=":5" />
|
|[[QRSAM]] Weapon System (Launcher Unit level)
|Provides mid-course two-wat data link guidance to missiles on the move. It also features Radio Communication and Satellite communication while moving.
|<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />
|}
</div>

== Counter-battery radar ==
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center|100px; font-size: 85%; width:95em;"
!Name
!Designer
!Manufacturer
!{{tooltip|Freq|Frequency}}
!Range
!{{tooltip|Alt|Altitude}}
!Azimuth
!User
!{{tooltip|Intr.|Introduction}}
!{{tooltip|Qty|Quantity}}
!Status
!Image
!Notes
!{{tooltip|Ref.|Source}}
|-
|[[AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar|AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder]]
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hughes Aircraft Company]]
|[[Hughes Aircraft Company]]
|[[S band|S]]
|{{Convert|50|km||abbr=on}}
|
|±45°
|[[Indian Army]]
|
|12
|In service
|[[File:Q-37 (V) Firefinder Radar.jpg|frameless|91x91px]]
|
|<ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=18 April 2002 |title=India signs 'historic' US arms deal |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1937313.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414013949/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1937313.stm |archive-date=14 April 2018 |access-date=13 April 2018 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2007-05-02 |title=India acquires 12 contracted WLRs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-acquires-12-contracted-wlrs/story-4Bu9epIaL4dxDdCZ4esO3K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506101227/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-acquires-12-contracted-wlrs/story-4Bu9epIaL4dxDdCZ4esO3K.html |archive-date=2025-05-06 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Swathi Weapon Locating Radar]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|[[C band (IEEE)|C]]
|{{Convert|48|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|4900|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|±45°
|Indian Army
|1985
|49
|In service
|[[File:Weapon Locating Radar (Swathi) passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2018, in New Delhi on January 23, 2018.jpg|frameless|96x96px]]
|Derivative of [[Rajendra radar]].
|
|}
</div>

== Anti-ballistic missile early-warning radar==
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center|100px; font-size: 85%; width:95em;"
!Name
!Designer
!Manufacturer
!{{tooltip|Freq|Frequency}}
!Range
!{{tooltip|Alt|Altitude}}
!Azimuth
!User
!{{tooltip|Intr.|Introduction}}
!{{tooltip|Qty|Quantity}}
!Status
!Image
!Notes
!{{tooltip|Ref.|Source}}
|-
|[[Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|[[L band (IEEE)|L]]
|{{Convert|1500|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|15|km||abbr=on}}
|360°
|Indian Army
|2009
|Classified (Minimum 2 units deployed)
|In service
|
|Derivative of [[EL/M-2080 Green Pine]]
|<ref name=":swlrtr">{{cite news |date=9 March 2009 |title=DRDO claims to better US, Russian missile defence|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/drdo-claims-to-better-us-russias-missile-defence/story-OydfKeGAXyUKyM4BiBBryI.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Richardson|first=Jack|date=2020-06-01|title=India Ready to Install Ballistic Missile Defence|url=https://euro-sd.com/2020/06/news/17401/india-ready-to-install-ballistic-missile-defence/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=European Security & Defence|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|VLRTR
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|[[L band (IEEE)|L]]
|{{Convert|3000|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|15|km||abbr=on}}
|360°
|Indian Army
|2017
|2 units
|In service
|
|Derivative of [[Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar]]
|<ref name=":vlrtr">{{cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2019-04-22|title=India completes phase one of ballistic missile defence programme, nod for missiles awaited|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-completes-phase-one-of-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-nod-for-missiles-awaited/224959/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Technologies {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-establishment/technologies/electronics-radar-development-establishment-lrde|access-date=2021-03-29|website=}}</ref>
|}
</div>
== Low-level/Man-portable radar ==
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center|100px; font-size: 85%; width:95em;"
!Name
!Type
!Designer
!Manufacturer
!{{tooltip|Dim|Dimension}}
!{{tooltip|Freq|Frequency}}
!Range
!{{tooltip|Alt|Altitude}}
!Azimuth
!User
!{{tooltip|Intr.|Introduction}}
!{{tooltip|Qty|Quantity}}
!Status
!Image
!Notes
!{{tooltip|Ref.|Source}}
|-
|[[BEL Battle Field Surveillance Radar]]
|Short range [[List of radar types#Battlefield and reconnaissance radar|battle field surveillance radar]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|
|[[J band (NATO)|J]]
|{{tooltip|Instr|Instrumented range}}–{{Convert|18|km||abbr=on}}
{{tooltip|Det|Detection range}}–{{Convert|14|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|4900|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|±45°
|[[Indian Army]]
|2004
|1400+
|In service
|[[File:BFSR-SR_with_thermal_imager.JPG|101x101px]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weapon Locating and Battle Field Surveillance Radars |url=https://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=699&h=Weapon-Locating-and-Battle-Field-Surveillance-Radars |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.spslandforces.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-17 |title=Range of radars |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30185455.ece |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|EL/M-2026B
|Low-level lightweight radar
|{{Flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]
|[[ELTA Systems]]
|
|[[X band|X]]
|{{tooltip|Instr|Instrumented range}}–{{Convert|25|km||abbr=on}}
{{tooltip|Det|Detection range}}–{{Convert|15|km||abbr=on}}
|
|
|Indian Army
|2010s
|21
|
|
|
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|Bharani
|Low-level lightweight radar
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|2D
|[[L band (NATO)|L]]
|{{tooltip|Instr|Instrumented range}}–{{Convert|50|km||abbr=on}}
{{tooltip|Det|Detection range}}–{{Convert|40|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|30-5400|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|±45°
|Indian Army
|
|N/A
|In service
|[[File:Bharani_radar.jpg|98x98px]]
|Detects UAVs, helicopters and fixed wing aircraft at low to medium altitudes.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharani - Radartutorial |url=https://www.radartutorial.eu/19.kartei/04.battle/karte027.en.html#:~:text=Bharani%20or%20Low%2Dlevel%20Lightweight,and%20compact%202D%20surveillance%20radar.&text=The%20radar%20has%20an%20integral,an%20identification%20of%20hostile%20aircrafts. |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Radartutorial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Low Level Light Weight Radar (Bharani) |url=https://bel-india.in/product/low-level-light-weight-radar-bharani/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=bel-india.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DSC00393 |url=http://media.bharat-rakshak.com/aero/main.php?g2_itemId=1355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021103105/http://media.bharat-rakshak.com/aero/main.php?g2_itemId=1355 |archive-date=2007-10-21 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=media.bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref>
|-
|Aslesha MkI
|Low-level lightweight radar
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|3D
|[[S band|S]]
|{{tooltip|Instr|Instrumented range}}–{{Convert|50|km||abbr=on}}
|
|
|
|
|
|Under development
|
|Detects UAVs, helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. Weighs {{Convert|250|kg||abbr=on}}.
|<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Low Level Light Weight Radar (Aslesha) |url=https://bel-india.in/product/low-level-light-weight-radar-aslesha/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=BEL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3D Low Level Light Weight Radar Aslesha Mk I {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/3d-low-level-light-weight-radar-aslesha-mk-i |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Aslesha MkII
|Low Level Surveillance Radar
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO|Bharat Electronics]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|3D
|[[S band|S]]
|{{tooltip|Instr|Instrumented range}}–{{Convert|120|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|20|m||abbr=on}} to {{Convert|120|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|
|
|
|
|Under development
|
|Twin HMV-configuration (Sensor Vehicle and Power Supply Vehicle) with [[GaN]]-based semi-[[AESA radar]].
|<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1930499345935180087 |user=DefenceDecode |title=#DRDO's Aslesha MK-II 3D Low Level Surveillance Radar (#LLSR) |date=2025-06-05 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>
|}
</div>

== Airborne radar ==
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center|100px; font-size: 85%; width:95em;"
!Name
!Type
!Designer
!{{tooltip|Freq|Frequency}}
!Range
!User
!{{tooltip|Intr.|Introduction}}
!{{tooltip|Qty|Quantity}}
!Status
!Image
!Platform
!Notes
!{{tooltip|Ref.|Source}}
|-
|[[DRDO AEW&CS|Netra Mk 1]]
|[[AEW&C]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|
|{{Convert|250–375|km||abbr=on}}
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|2017
|3
|In service
|[[File:DRDO AEW&C Embraer ERJ 145.JPG|frameless|128x128px]]
|[[Embraer ERJ family#Specifications|Embraer ERJ-145]]
|
|
|-
|[[Uttam AESA Radar|Uttam]]
|[[GaAs]]-based [[AESA radar]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[X band|X]]
|>{{Convert|100|km||abbr=on}}
|
|
|
|Under development
|[[File:AAAU of DRDO Uttam AESA radar.png|frameless|125x125px]]
|
* [[HAL Tejas]] (Planned)
* [[HAL Tejas Mk2]] (Planned)
|
|
|-
|[[Uttam AESA Radar#Virupaaksha|Virupaaksha]]
|[[GaN]]-based [[AESA radar]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[X band|X]]
|>{{Convert|400|km||abbr=on}}
|
|
|
|Under development
|
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] (Planned)
|Based on Uttam radar
|
|}
</div>

== Naval platform-based radars ==
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center|100px; font-size: 85%; width:95em;"
!Name
!Type
!Designer
!Manufacturer
!{{tooltip|Dim|Dimension}}
!{{tooltip|Freq|Frequency}}
!Range
!{{tooltip|Alt|Altitude}}
!User
!{{tooltip|Intr.|Introduction}}
!{{tooltip|Qty|Quantity}}
!Status
!Image
!Platform
!Notes
!{{tooltip|Ref.|Source}}
|-
|[[Central acquisition radar (3D-CAR)|Revathi]]
|[[Primary surveillance radar]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[DRDO]]
|[[Bharat Electronics]]
|3D
|[[S band|S]]
|{{Convert|185|km||abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|18|km|ft|abbr=on}}
|[[Indian Navy]]
|2007
|6
|In service
|[[File:INS Kadmatt - Revathi Radar - Front View.jpg|frameless|133x133px]]
|
* {{INS|Rana|D52}}
* {{INS|Jalashwa|L41}}
* {{Sclass|Kamorta|corvette}}
|Based on 3D Central Acquisition Radar
|<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |title=3D Surveillance Radar- REVATHI - BEL |url=https://bel-india.in/product/3d-surveillance-radar-revathi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214214606/https://bel-india.in/product/3d-surveillance-radar-revathi/ |archive-date=2024-12-14 |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR]]
|Quad-panel multifunction [[AESA radar]]
|{{Flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]
|[[ELTA Systems]]
|
|[[S band|S]]
|>{{Convert|450|km||abbr=on}}
|
|Indian Navy
|2014
|10
|In service
|[[File:ELM 2248 MF-STAR radar onboard INS Kolkata (D63) of the Indian Navy.png|frameless|153x153px]]
|
* {{Sclass|Kolkata|destroyer}}
* {{Sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer}}
* {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}
* {{Sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|||2019}}
|Based on [[EL/M-2084]]
|
|}
</div>

== See also ==
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
* [[List of Indian military missiles]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Indian military-related lists|Radars]]
[[Category:Military radars of India]]
[[Category:Military radars]]

Joint Admission Test for Masters

2026-04-03T07:05:44Z

Indiabulez: started new post

{{Short description|All India entrance test, jointly conducted by IITs}}

{{Infobox examination
| name = Joint Admission Test for Masters
| image_name =
| image_size = 100px
| image_alt =
| caption = JAM 2026 Conducting Authority
| acronym = JAM
| type = Computer-Based Test (CBT)
| test_admin = Conducted jointly by the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), on behalf of the Ministry of Education (MoE), Government of India
| skills_tested = Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Mathematical Statistics, Biotechnology, Geology, Economics
| purpose = Admission to M.Sc., Joint M.Sc.–Ph.D., and other postgraduate science programmes
| year_started = {{Start date|2004}}
| year_terminated =
| duration = 3 hours
| score_range = Varies by paper (AIR-based ranking)
| score_validity = 1 year
| offered = Once a year (February)
| attempt_restriction = No age limit; no attempt limit
| regions = India (multiple test cities nationwide)
| language = English
| test_takers = ~60,000–70,000 annually
| prerequisite = Bachelor’s degree (B.Sc./B.Tech./equivalent)
| fee = INR ₹1000 (Single Paper) & ₹1350 (Double Papers) for Female (All Categories) / SC / ST / PwD. INR ₹2000 (Single Paper) & ₹2700 (Double Papers) for all other categories (JAM 2026)
| score_users = IITs, IISc, NITs, IIEST Shibpur, IISERs, and other CFTIs
| qualification_rate = Varies (~15–20% qualify typically)
| website = {{URL|https://jam2026.iitb.ac.in}} (JAM 2026)
| footnotes = Conducting institute changes every year among IITs
}}

The '''Joint Admission Test for Masters''' ('''JAM''') is a common admission test conducted every year for admission into [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) and other post-graduate science programs at [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]] (IIITs) and [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs), organized by alternating institutes every year. JAM has been conducted since 2004.<ref name=PR>{{cite press release|title=JAM – 2021 |url=https://jam.iisc.ac.in/uploads/JAM_2021_Press_Release1.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref> The 2021 edition was organized by [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name=PR/> JAM 2022, 2023 and 2024 was organized by [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati]] and [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] respectively. JAM 2025 was organized by [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]].

== Eligibility ==
{{as of|2022}}, the eligibility criteria for JAM include having a [[bachelor's degree]]. There is no percentage criteria to apply for the exam. The Foreign candidates can also apply for the JAM Exam after having a qualifying degree with the Minimum Educational Qualifications (MEQs) as specified by the Admitting Institute.<ref>{{cite web |title=IIT JAM Eligibility Criteria (ERs) for Admission |url=https://jam.iitm.ac.in/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IIT JAM Minimum Educational Qualifications (MEQs) for Admission |url=https://jam.iitm.ac.in/meqs.php}}</ref>

=== Notes ===
a) It is responsibility of the candidates to prove that they satisfy the Minimum Educational Qualifications (MEQs) and Eligibility Requirements (ERs) for admission. 
b) The Admitting Institute has the right to cancel, at any stage, the admission of candidates who are found to have been admitted to a Programme to which they are not entitled, being unqualified or ineligible in accordance with the rules and regulations in effect.

== Exam pattern ==
The exam is Computer Based Test (CBT). The Seven Papers of respective subject namely [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[mathematical statistics]], [[geology]], [[biotechnology]] and [[economics]]. [[Biological science]] was removed in 2020 and economics introduced in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JAM2021|url=https://jam.iisc.ac.in/|access-date=2020-10-20|website=jam.iisc.ac.in}}</ref> The exam is three hours and is conducted only in English. It includes 60 questions, as follows: 30 multiple choice questions (MCQ - involving 10 questions of one mark each and 20 questions of two marks each), 10 multiple select questions (MSQ) and 20 numerical answer type (NAT) questions. Total marks are 100, 50 for MCQ, 20 for MSQ and 30 for NAT. Negative marks are given for mistakes in the MCQ part.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]

{{India-edu-stub}}

Juvenile Justice Board

2026-03-26T08:42:00Z

Indiabulez: started post!

{{Short description|Quasi-judicial body in India}}
'''Juvenile Justice Boards''' are Indian [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial bodies]] that decide whether juveniles accused of a crime should be tried as an adult.<ref name="jj5">{{cite news |last1=Ganotra |first1=Komal |date=17 February 2016 |title=With no systems in place, we are taking away our children's right to justice |publisher=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/article/802693/with-no-systems-in-place-we-are-taking-away-our-childrens-right-to-justice |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="jj8">{{cite news |date=18 July 2022 |title=Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) - JournalsOfIndia |publisher=journalsofindia.com |url=https://journalsofindia.com/juvenile-justice-boards-jjbs/ |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

== History ==

Juvenile Justice Boards were formed by State Governments<ref name="jj7">{{cite news |title=SC directs states to clear pendency in Juvenile Justice Boards: Another SLIC achievement towards ensuring child rights — SLIC |url=http://www.slic.org.in/litigation/sc-direct-states-to-clear-pendency-in-juvenile-justice-boards-another-hrln-achievement-towards-ensuring-child-rights |access-date=18 October 2022 |publisher=slic.org.in |date=24 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref> under the [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015]].<ref name="jj1">{{cite news |last1=More |first1=Hemant |title=Juvenile Justice Board: Its constitution, powers, jurisdiction, and functions |url=https://thefactfactor.com/facts/law/legal_concepts/criminology/juvenile-justice-board/12087/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |publisher=The Fact Factor |date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="jj2">{{cite news |date=4 October 2022 |title=44 per cent apprehended juveniles out of 1,026 were acquitted in the last seven years: RTI reply |language=en |publisher=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/44-per-cent-apprehended-juveniles-acquitted-last-seven-years-rti-8188477/ |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>

== Members of the board and eligibility ==

Each Juvenile Justice Board consists of one first-class judicial magistrate and two social workers at least one of whom is a woman.<ref name="jj6">{{cite news |title=Juvenile Justice System of India- Jurisdiction of Courts and beyond |url=https://www.lawinsider.in/columns/juvenile-justice-system-of-india-jurisdiction-of-courts-and-beyond |access-date=18 October 2022 |publisher=Law Insider India |date=13 February 2022}}</ref> They are paid an honorarium. Terms last two years for those of ages 35–65.<ref name="jj3">{{cite news |title=Applications invited for posts of Juvenile Justice Board members |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/applications-invited-for-posts-of-juvenile-justice-board-members/article37348030.ece |access-date=18 October 2022 |publisher=The Hindu |date=5 November 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref> To qualify as a board member, the applicant should have been engaged for seven years in the areas of health, education or other child welfare activities or should be a qualified professional with a degree from an accredited Institute and practicing in Law, Sociology, Psychology, or Psychiatry relating to children.<ref name="jj4">{{cite news |title=Applications invited for Juvenile Justice Board member posts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/applications-invited-for-juvenile-justice-board-member-posts/article7002037.ece |access-date=18 October 2022 |publisher=The Hindu |date=16 March 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Functions ==

Juvenile Justice Boards have the following functions:<ref name="jj10">{{cite news |title=Juvenile Justice Board - Indian Law Portal |url=https://indianlawportal.co.in/juvenile-justice-board/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |publisher=indianlawportal. |date=22 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

* To be informed of the details on the presence of children and their parents/guardians during the proceedings before the board.
* Ensure protection of children's rights during the course of legal proceedings.
* Provide a translator or interpreter if he/she is unable to understand the language used in legal proceedings.
* Ensure that proceedings are followed in accordance with section 14 of the Juvenile Justice Act.
* Any other functions assigned to the board as per the Juvenile Justice Act.

== Pre-requisites for consideration as a minor ==

The Juvenile Justice Board considers the following circumstances before declaring any juvenile as minor:<ref name="jj12">{{cite news |title=Explained: How should JJBs decide on whether to try a child of 16 years as an 'adult'? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/juvenile-justice-trial-explained-child-adult-8033429/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=16 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jj9">{{cite news |title=Why preliminary assessment is against the idea of juvenile justice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/developing-contemporary-india/why-preliminary-assessment-is-against-the-idea-of-juvenile-justice/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |publisher=Times of India Blog |date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

* Physical ability of the juvenile to commit alleged crime.
* Mental ability of the juvenile.
* Potential of the juvenile to analyse and understand crime consequences.
* Circumstances leading to the commitment of alleged offence.

Juveniles classified as adults may face serious punishments such as life imprisonment that are applicable for adult criminals.

== Appeals ==
Appeals against the Board's order can be made to the [[Children's court|Children's Court]]. Subsequently, orders of the Children's court can be appealed in the High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JJ Act Section 101 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=CEN&statehandle=123456789/1362&actid=AC_CEN_13_14_000010_201602_1517807328168&sectionId=12821&sectionno=101&orderno=101&orgactid=AC_CEN_13_14_000010_201602_1517807328168}}</ref>

== Controversies and Criticism ==
The Juvenile Justice Board has faced criticism in the trial of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]. The juvenile defendant Mohammed Afroz was not allowed to be trial as adult, with the JJB rejecting the plea of [[Delhi Police]] to conduct a bone ossification test.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Subramanian-Swamy-s-plea-for-trying-juvenile-as-adult-accused-dismissed/Article1-999187.aspx |title=Subramanian Swamy's plea for trying juvenile as adult accused dismissed |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126212008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Subramanian-Swamy-s-plea-for-trying-juvenile-as-adult-accused-dismissed/Article1-999187.aspx |archive-date=26 January 2013 }}</ref> Despite being labeled as the most brutal in the crime, he was subsequently sentenced to 3 years in a Juvenile Reform Facility, which earned criticism from activists and lawyers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-declared-a-minor-by-board/Article1-1002908.aspx |title=Most brutal rapist declared minor, victim's kin outraged |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128234008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-declared-a-minor-by-board/Article1-1002908.aspx |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nirbhaya gang-rape case: Juvenile found guilty of rape and murder|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nirbhaya-gang-rape-case-Juvenile-found-guilty-of-rape-and-murder/articleshow/22183253.cms|access-date=31 August 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=31 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831170638/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nirbhaya-gang-rape-case-Juvenile-found-guilty-of-rape-and-murder/articleshow/22183253.cms|archive-date=31 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> He was released in December 2015 after his term finished, and protests took place at the time of his release. Afroz's family ostracized him in the aftermath of his crime. Following his release, Afroz has been reported to be working as a cook somewhere in South India, while his identity through his photograph remains hidden for his safety.<ref>{{cite news |author=S. W. Staff |title=Nirbhaya's 'Juvenile' Rapist Who Walked Free Last Year Is Reportedly Working As A Cook |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/meanwhile-heres-how-the-juvenile-rapist-of-nirbhaya-is-spending-his-life/ |access-date=11 June 2019 |work=ScoopWhoop |date=5 May 2017 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519105859/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/meanwhile-heres-how-the-juvenile-rapist-of-nirbhaya-is-spending-his-life/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the arrest of the minor accused Vedant Agarwal in the [[2024 Pune car crash|2024 Pune Porsche hit-and-run case]], which led to the death of 2 software engineers in [[Kalyani Nagar]], [[Pune]] he was granted bail by the JJB and asked to write a 300 word essay. The decision sparked nation-wide outrage and public outcry from political leaders and the general public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gautam |first=Aditi |date=22 May 2024 |title=Explained: Charges Against Pune Builder, Son Who Ran Over 2 With Porsche |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pune-porsche-crash-pune-crash-explained-charges-against-pune-builder-son-who-ran-over-2-with-porsche-5719485 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Following the protests against the order, the bail was canceled and Agarwal was remanded back into custody of an observation home. [[Pune Police]] officials later moved to the [[Bombay High Court]] to try Agarwal as an adult.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=Pune Porsche deaths: Police move higher court for trying accused minor as adult{{!}} Top updates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pune-porsche-deaths-police-move-higher-court-for-trying-accused-minor-as-adult-top-updates-101716219198206.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, Agarwal was later granted bail by the [[Mumbai High Court]] and was remanded into the care of his maternal aunt, which further sparked outrage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bose |first1=Mrityunjay |title=Pune Car Crash: Bombay High Court orders release of minor boy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/pune-car-crash-bombay-high-court-orders-release-of-minor-boy-3079974 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> On 15 July 2025, the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) dismissed the Pune police's request to prosecute the minor involved in the fatal Porsche accident as an adult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-porsche-case-accused-juvenile-justice-board-police-plea-rejected-10127555/|title=Porsche case | JJB rejects plea to try minor as adult; in Pune, not one minor involved in heinous crime tried as adult, say lawyers|date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

Between February and March 2026, the Juvenile Justice Board faced widespread condemnation in cases where minors involved in underage driving and hit-and-run, which led to death of civilians on two-wheelers, were granted bail on frivolous grounds - in a case in Delhi, the 17-year old minor was granted interim bail for giving class 10 exams.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sahil-dhaneshra-accident-accused-minor-in-dwarka-crash-gets-bail-jjb-flags-lack-of-parental-supervision-101773194996072.html|title= Sahil Dhaneshra accident: Accused minor in Dwarka crash gets bail, JJB flags lack of parental supervision}}</ref> In another case that took place in a suburb of Mumbai, the minor, who was also 17 years old, was granted bail, which sparked protests among the victim's family.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/ghatkopar-grief-turns-to-anger-hundreds-march-seeking-justice-for-dhrumil-patel-killed-in-suv-accident-involving-minor-driver|title= Ghatkopar Grief Turns To Anger: Hundreds March Seeking Justice For Dhrumil Patel Killed In SUV Accident Involving Minor Driver}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Juvenile court|Juvenile Court]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Juvenile courts]]
[[Category:Quasi-judicial bodies of India]]

Basant (festival)

2026-03-22T06:06:23Z

Indiabulez: minor updated layout to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Punjabi spring-season festival}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=see talk page}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Basant
|image = Basant-01.jpg
|caption = Kite-flying on Basant in [[Fatima Jinnah Park]], [[Islamabad]]
|observedby = [[Punjabis]]
|litcolor = Yellow
|longtype = Seasonal
|significance = {{hlist|[[Punjabi culture|Cultural]]|[[Punjabis|ethnic]]}}
|date = 5 [[Magh (Punjabi calendar)|Magh]] (January or February)
|date2026 = 23 January 2026 (traditional) 6—8 February 2026 (official in [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
|observances = Kite-flying, eating sweet dishes, decorating homes with yellow flowers
|relatedto = Other [[Punjabi festivals]]
}}

'''Basant''' ({{IPA|pa|bəsəntˈ|lang}}) is a springtime [[Punjabi festivals|Punjabi festival]] primarily associated with flying [[kite]]s. According to the [[Punjabi calendar]], it is held on the fifth day of [[Magh (Punjabi calendar)|Magh]] (in late January or early February), marking the start of [[spring (season)|spring]]. Basant is celebrated throughout the [[Punjab]] in both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], and among the [[Punjabi diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/Chapter%203.htm |title=Chapter iii |publisher=Punjabrevenue.nic.in |year=1930 |access-date=2014-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603160416/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/Chapter%203.htm |archive-date=2016-06-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Patronage and institutionalisation ==
Kite flying gained prominence during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] as part of springtime court and popular festivities, with Basant patronized by Mughal emperors and officials and celebrated at the [[Lahore Fort]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahir|first=Salman|date=2026-02-04|title=The eternal ascent: Basant returns to the skies of Lahore|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1969527|access-date=2026-02-08|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|language=en|quote=Historical chronicles recall Basant at its most magnificent during the Mughal era. Emperors revelled in the spectacle: kites wheeling above the ramparts of Lahore Fort, their strings guided by hands adorned with henna.}}</ref>

During the early 19th century, Basant received significant patronage under the [[Sikh Empire]], particularly during the reign of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]]. Contemporary travel accounts describe state-sponsored celebrations in Lahore, where members of the court and military wore yellow clothing and participated in public festivities, effectively institutionalising the festival at an imperial level.<ref name=":0">Burnes, A. (1834). ''Travels into Bokhara''. London.</ref>

==Majha Punjab==
{{See also|Majha}}
[[File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh holding court outside near the Golden Temple in Amritsar with everyone dressed in Basant (yellow).jpg|right|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh holding court near the Golden Temple in Amritsar, with everyone dressed in yellow for Basant]]
[[Amritsar]], Lahore, and [[Kasur]] are the traditional areas where kite-flying festivals are held.<ref name="Kaul2001">{{cite book|first=Suvir|last=Kaul|title=The Partitions of Memory: The Afterlife of the Division of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dNbD9i1vPkC&dq=lahore++basant&pg=PA195|year=2001|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-21566-8|page=195}}</ref> A well-known Basant Mela is held in Lahore (see [[Festivals of Lahore]]). However, the festival has also been traditionally celebrated in areas such as [[Sialkot]], [[Gujranwala]] and [[Gurdaspur]].

Historically, Maharaja Ranjit Singh held an annual Basant fair and introduced kite-flying as a regular feature of the fairs held during the 19th century, which included holding fairs at Sufi shrines.<ref name="Mirepoix1967">{{cite book|first=Camille|last=Mirepoix|title=Now Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwpMGA0HH_sC&q=maharaja+ranjit+singh+introduced+kite+flying+on+basant+panchami|year=1967|publisher=Grenich|page=142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-06-19 |title=SHC reserves order on Labbaik’s plea against channel NOC withdrawal |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/13123-shc-reserves-order-on-labbaiks-plea-against-channel-noc-withdrawal |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[The News International]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his queen [[Moran Sarkar|Moran]] would dress in yellow and fly kites on Basant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Masudul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19MPxs-mvTMC&dq=ranjit+singh+and+moran+basant+kites |title=Unique Women of the World: Being Unique Stories of the Sidelights of the Lives, Loves, and Mysteries of Famous Women of All Times, All the World Over |date=1971 |publisher=Unique Publications |language=en}}</ref> The association of kite-flying with Basant soon became a Punjabi tradition with the centre in Lahore which remains the regional hub of the festival throughout the Punjab region.<ref name="Desai2010">{{cite book|first=Nikita|last=Desai|title=A Different Freedom: Kite Flying in Western India; Culture and Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsaBwAAQBAJ&dq=kite%20flying%20jaipur%20royal%20patronage&pg=PA37|date=9 June 2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2310-4|page=37}}</ref> Maharaja Ranjit Singh held a darbar or court in Lahore on Basant which lasted ten days. During this time soldiers would dress in yellow and show their military prowess.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGJRAAAAYAAJ&dq=Basant,+celebrated+during+Ranjit+Singh's+times |title=The Sikh Courier International |date=1993 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |language=en}}</ref> Other traditions of Basant in Lahore included women swaying on swings and singing.<ref>[https://lahorenama.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/the-history-of-basant/ Rumi, Raza (10.03.2009) The history of Basant. Lahore Nama]</ref>

==Malwa, Punjab, India==
The festival of Basant is celebrated across [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100120/bathinda.htm#1 |title=Kite fliers ready to soar on Basant Panchami|first=Rajay |last=Deep |publisher=Tribune India|date=19 January 2010 |access-date=2014-02-17}}</ref> where people organize gatherings to fly kites. In areas such as [[Firozpur]], children generally fly kites to mark the auspicious occasion. A large fair is organised on the day of Basant Panchmi in the Shiva temple of Bansari and Gudri which is located in [[Dhuri]], [[Sangrur]] district. The fair includes swings, rides and food.<ref>[http://astrobix.com/festivals_of_india/basant_panchami/basant_mela.aspx Basant Mela 2015]</ref>

==Punjab, Pakistan==
[[File:Basant kite.jpg|thumb|right|Basant festival kite fliers]]
In the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] of Pakistan, Basant is considered to be a seasonal festival, celebrated in spring.<ref name="autogenerated1">The Sikh World: An Encyclopedia Survey of Sikh Religion and Culture: Ramesh Chander Dogra and Urmila Dogra; {{ISBN|81-7476-443-7}}</ref> The festival marks the commencement of the spring season. In the Punjab region (including the Punjab province of Pakistan), Basant Panchami has been a long-established tradition of flying kites and holding fairs, but due to deaths caused by dangerous kite strings and other dangerous practices, the Punjab government banned it from 2007 until February 2026.<ref>''Punjabiat: The Cultural Heritage and Ethos of the People of Punjab'': Jasbir Singh Khurana</ref> On the [[Pothohar Plateau]] in northern Punjab, Basant is celebrated with the flying of kites, with one of the largest kite-flying events held annually in [[Rawalpindi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasin |first=Aamir |last2=Asghar |first2=Mohammad |date=2015-03-14 |title=Pindi says ‘Bo Kata’ to kite-flying ban |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1169502 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> Even during the ban on flying kites, kite enthusiasts still continued to celebrate the festival there. According to ''The Express Tribune'', "in spite of a ban, kites of all sorts, spindles, twines are available freely in the old city area" of Rawalpindi in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-02-07 |title=Kite fliers flout ban |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2152463/kite-fliers-flout-ban |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> People also light fireworks and play loud music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kite Flying, Aerial Firing Were Order Of Day During Basant, Police Remain Silent Spectator |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/kite-flying-aerial-firing-were-order-of-day-843894.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2025 |title=Pakistan's Punjab to hold Basant kite festival from Feb. 6-8 after 25-year ban |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2625742/pakistan |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Punjab province lifts ban on kite flying during Basant festival after 20 years |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pakistan/pakistans-punjab-province-lifts-ban-on-kite-flying-during-basant-festival-after-20-years/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Urbanisation and kite flying ===
Competitive [[kite flying]] (''patang bazi'') became increasingly associated with Basant during the late colonial and post-colonial periods, particularly in large cities. While kites had long been used across Asia for recreation and ritual purposes, their association with Basant in Punjab developed gradually as part of urban seasonal celebration rather than as an original or universal feature of the festival.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nakade |first=S. |year=2020 |title=Kites, kite flying and kite fighting in North India: Culture and seasonal festivals |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=45–58}}</ref><ref>Nakade, S., et al. (2020). “Kites, kite flying and kite fighting in Punjab: Culture, tradition and Basant”. ''Journal of South Asian Studies'', 33(1).</ref>

By the mid-20th century, Basant in major urban centres had evolved into a public festival characterised by rooftop gatherings, music, and competitive kite flying, reflecting broader processes of urbanisation and popular culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Punjab and the Raj, 1849–1947 |publisher=Manohar |year=2009 |isbn=978-8185054452}}</ref>

[[Lahore]] emerged as a major centre for Basant celebrations, with rooftops and open spaces filled with kite flyers, music, and seasonal fairs. Scholars note that this transformation redefined Basant from a largely agricultural marker into a large-scale urban festival, while similar spring celebrations persisted in other regions under different names and forms.<ref>Malik, A. (2022). “Fraying kites, forged joy: State, modernity, and the emotional landscape of spring in Lahore (1950–2010).” ''The Historian'', 19, 15–30.</ref>
=== Safety and regulation ===
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Basant celebrations—particularly those involving kite-flying—became associated with public safety concerns. The use of sharp, glass-coated or chemically treated kite strings (commonly known as ''manjha'' or ''dor'') resulted in injuries and fatalities among pedestrians, motorcyclists, birds, and participants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad |year=2021 |title=Kite-flying injuries and urban safety in South Asia |journal=Journal of Injury and Violence Research |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5249/jivr.v13i2.1612|doi-broken-date=9 February 2026 }}</ref>

Additional risks included falls from rooftops, electrocution from contact with overhead power lines, and damage to infrastructure. Environmental concerns have also been raised regarding waste generation, noise pollution, and harm to wildlife caused by synthetic materials. As a result, authorities in several cities imposed bans or restrictions on kite flying during Basant, while debates continue regarding regulation, cultural preservation, and public safety.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=Farah |year=2018 |title=Urban festivals, regulation, and public safety in South Asia |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=421–438}}</ref><ref>Malik, A. (2022).</ref>

===Ban===
The date of the Basant kite festival in Punjab, Pakistan until 2007 was determined by the authorities using the Punjabi calendar, always on a Sunday and usually at the end of February or the beginning of March. In 2007, the festival was banned, primarily because of an increasing number of deaths and serious injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haq |first=Shahram |date=2011-02-06 |title=Kite makers fret over Basant decision |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/114728/kite-makers-fret-over-basant-decision |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> These had various causes related to the festival, including:
{{bulleted list |Bullets and tracer bullets fired during celebratory gunfire |Dangerous types of kite strings, such as metal wire, or strings coated in ground glass or metal filings |Electrocutions caused by flying metal wire kites near power lines |Electrocutions caused by people touching power lines while trying to retrieve kites |Falls from rooftops related to flying or trying to retrieve kites}}
Another reason cited for the ban was the cost to the electricity power transmission system related to
{{bulleted list |Short circuits from metal kite wires touching power lines |Costs incurred from switching off the power grid to prevent short circuits}}

In 2004, ''[[Nawa-i-waqt]]'', a Pakistani daily, opposed Basant celebrations in Pakistan, arguing that the festival celebrated [[Haqiqat Rai]]'s insult of Muhammad.<ref>{{cite news |date=2004-02-16 |title=EDITORIAL: Can't we have a nice time? |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/16-Feb-2004/editorial-can-t-we-have-a-nice-time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103231536/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/16-Feb-2004/editorial-can-t-we-have-a-nice-time |archive-date=2014-11-03 |access-date=2017-07-28 |newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref> One major reason for the ban was the challenge by a lawyer from Lahore of the Basant in the [[Lahore High Court]] on religious grounds. To persuade the court, the lawyer asserted that Basant was a solely Hindu celebration, and he also mentioned the loss of life and electronic goods as a result of the Basant. As a result, Basant was outlawed in the city in 2005.<ref>Ali, Muhammad Kashif. 2022. "THE LOST FESTIVALS OF THE BRITISH LAHORE: A HISTORICAL SURVEY." Ancient Punjab 10 (1): 52-63</ref> But upon the province-wide lift on the ban in 2025, the Punjab government rejected the claim of the festival being a solely 'Hindu' one, and cited it being a solely 'Punjabi' festival.

===Revival===
Although the revival of the festival was widely reported in Pakistan since 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mati |date=2017-02-02 |title=Basant to be celebrated in Lahore after security clearance: Minister |url=https://dnd.com.pk/basant-to-be-celebrated-in-lahore-after-security-clearance-minister/123321/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Dispatch news Desk |language=en-US}}</ref> the uplifting of the ban was not made official by the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]] until December 2025. The revival is due to its importance in [[Punjabi culture]], but restrictions were applied.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab govt says ‘NO’ to Basant festival |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/02/07/punjab-govt-says-no-to-basant-festival/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170729150351/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/02/07/punjab-govt-says-no-to-basant-festival/ |archive-date=2017-07-29 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[Pakistan Today]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> After a 19-year ban, the festival took place in February 2026 over three days and was limited to Lahore. The festival was strictly monitored with rules around kite sales and flying.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qazi |first=Mekaiel |date=2026-01-16 |title=Basant Returns To Lahore: Kites, Culture, And Heritage Soar After 20 Years |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/16-Jan-2026/basant-returns-lahore-kites-culture-heritage-soar-20-years |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[The Friday Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Motorcyclists were given metal rods to stick between the handlebars of their bikes to prevent any threads becoming tied around their necks while they drove. Nets were placed over selected streets to prevent kite strings from falling onto power lines. Larger kites were also banned. The sale of kites was managed, with any kites for sale before the first of February seized by police. Police monitored rooftops using drones and positioning CCTV cameras to observe rooftops.<ref name="s699">{{cite web |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=8 February 2026 |title=Basant, Pakistan's famous but deadly kite festival, returns after 19-year ban |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1dkd5ql91lo |access-date=8 February 2026 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-09 |title=In Pakistan, a Kite Festival Returns to Troubled Skies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/09/world/asia/pakistan-kite-lahore.html |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Outside Lahore, Basant activity was also reported in other cities despite the official restriction. In [[Rawalpindi]], residents defied the ban with rooftop kite flying. Police registered cases against flyers and sellers, made several arrests, and recovered hundreds of kites and string reels as they sought to enforce the prohibition on unauthorized kite flying.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Basant celebrations continue in Rawalpindi despite government ban |url=https://propakistani.pk/2026/02/14/basant-celebrations-continue-in-rawalpindi-despite-government-ban/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=ProPakistani}}</ref> In Quetta, a separate three-day Basant event also began; authorities urged citizens to celebrate safely under police guidance. Though held in Balochistan, the event brought the traditions of the Punjabi spring festival to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=Three-day Basant festival kicks off in Quetta amid high spirits |url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330452440/three-day-basant-basant-festival-kicks-off-in-quetta-amid-high-spirits |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Aaj English TV}}</ref>

Several well-known figures and celebrities posted the celebrations in social media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=Lahore lights up as Pakistani celebrities embrace Basant celebrations |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2026/02/09/lahore-lights-up-as-pakistani-celebrities-embrace-basant-celebrations/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=[[Pakistan Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On 9 February 2026, Punjab Chief Minister [[Maryam Nawaz]] praised the citizens for their responsible engagement in making the festival a success and characterized it as an essential component of Punjab's legacy. She added that it revived Lahore's cultural identity and ignited wider public interest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=Maryam Nawaz hails Basant revival as cultural and economic boost for Punjab |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/09-Feb-2026/maryam-nawaz-hails-basant-revival-cultural-economic-boost-punjab |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 16 February, 165 kite flyers and dealers were arrested by police from all city police stations and brought before courts for breaching the Basant ban. Violations included yelling slogans on megaphones, bursting firecrackers, flying kites, and participating in aerial gunfire.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-02-16 |title=Rawalpindi intensifies Basant crackdown |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2592775/rawalpindi-intensifies-basant-crackdown |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> On 25 February, the Punjab government informed the [[Lahore High Court]] that 17 individuals were killed in the city during the three-day festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-25 |title=Punjab tells court 17 killed during Basant kite-flying festival this month |url=https://arab.news/bj9kd |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

Basant has been referenced in Pakistani popular culture through films, documentaries, and music, where it is portrayed as a seasonal festival associated with kite flying and urban life in Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2591579/kites-in-the-sky-stories-on-screen-basant-in-punjabi-cinema-and-music|title=The Express Tribune News, life and Style, How Lahore’s iconic kite festival lives on through films and music, preserving its colours and memories|website=ExpressTribune |date=9 February 2026 }}</ref>

* ''[[Bo Kata]]'' (2007), a [[documentary film]], documents Basant celebrations in Lahore and depicts kite flying competitions and rooftop culture associated with the festival.
* ''[[Kites Grounded]]'' (2013), a [[Pakistani Punjabi film|Pakistani Punjabi-language film]], is set against the backdrop of Basant and follows the story of a kite maker affected by the ban on the festival in Punjab.

==See also==
* [[Saraswati Puja]]
* [[Vasanta (Ritu)]]
* [[Vasanta (season)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjab, India}}
{{Punjabi fairs and festivals}}
{{Punjabi festivals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Punjabi festivals| ]]
[[Category:Festivals in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kite festivals]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sports festivals in India]]

Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII

2026-03-20T10:57:37Z

Indiabulez: data - done

{{Short description|68th Peethadishwar of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Jagadguru Sri
| name = Chandrasekharendra Saraswati VIII
| honorific-suffix = Mahaswamigal
| image = Jagadguru Shri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Mahaswamy.jpg
| caption = 68th Jagadguru of the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| order = [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| consecration = 13 February 1907
| ordination = 9 May 1907
| birth_name = Swaminathan Shasthri
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1894|5|20}}
| birth_place = [[Villupuram]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|01|08|1894|05|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| resting_place = [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| module = {{infobox officeholder|embed=yes
|title = [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]]
|term_start = 1907
|term_end = 1994
|predecessor = [[Mahadevendra Saraswati V]]
|successor = [[Jayendra Saraswati]]
}}
}}
'''Jagadguru Shri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Shankaracharya Mahaswamigal''' (born in a Kannada Smartha family as '''Swaminathan Shasthri'''; 20 May 1894 – 8 January 1994) also known as the '''Sage of Kanchi''' or '''Mahaperiyava''' (meaning, "The great elder") was the 68th [[Jagadguru]] Shankaracharya of the Moolamnaya Saravjna [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]]. Mahaperiyava's discourses have been recorded in a Tamil book titled "Deivathin Kural" (''Voice of God'').

== Early life ==
Jagadguru Shri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Mahaswamigal (born Swaminathan Shasthri) was born on 20 May 1894. He was brought up in the central part of the southern state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]], [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot District]]. He was born in a [[Kannada Brahmin|Kannada-speaking]] [[Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin]] family that had migrated to Tamil Nadu generations earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/426301099/Maha-Periyava#google_vignette |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=www.scribd.com}}</ref> Subrahmanya Sastri worked as a teacher having entered the educational service. His mother Mahalakshmi was also from a [[Kannada Brahmin]] family from the village of Eachangudi near Tiruvaiyaru. Swaminathan was the second child of his parents. His younger brother later became the great yogi Sivan SAR.<ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/of-sibling-and-sensibility/article4032605.ece | title=Of sibling and sensibility | date=26 October 2012 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=2 December 2018 }}</ref>{{Advaita}}[[File:Paramacharya.JPG|thumb|Mahaperiyava in 1933]]Swaminathan's [[upanayana]]m was performed in [[Tindivanam]] in 1905 and it was during his upbringing that he became well versed in the [[Vedas]] and started performing [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]]. In 1906 the 66th Acharya of Kamakoti Pitha, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati VI, was camping in [[Perumukkal]], a small village near [[Tindivanam]] in observance of the [[Chaturmas|Chaturmasya vrata]]. The 66th Acharya attained siddhi and died in [[Kalavai]], only 1 week after ascending the position and Swaminathan's maternal cousin was installed as the 67th [[Acharya]]. The 67th Acharya had a fever, attained siddhi and died. Due to the unexpected turn of events, Swaminathan was installed as the next Acharya. Swaminathan ascended the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]] on Paraabhava Tamil Year Maasi Tamil Month Moolam Star in the year 1907 (13th February 1907) as the 68th Acharya with the [[Sannyasa|Sannyasashrama]] nama ''Chandrasekharendra Saraswati''.

As per the usual training given to the seers, he was well-trained in the Vedas, Puranas, various Hindu texts and ancient Indian literature. The Acharya was fifteen years old in 1909. For two years he studied under the [[pandit]]s of the [[Matha]] at [[Kumbakonam]]. From 1911 to 1914 he studied in Mahendramangalam, a tiny village on the Northern bank of Akhanda Kaveri. The Acharya showed interest in subjects such as photography, mathematics and astronomy. He returned to Kumbakonam in 1914. The Court of Wards managed the Matha (or mutt) from 1911 to 1915 until he turned twenty-one in May 1915.
<blockquote>'' I had a bath at the Kumara Koshta Thirtha. A carriage of the Mutt had come there from Kalavai with the people to buy articles for the Maha Puja on the tenth day of the passing of the previous 66th Acharya. One of them, a hereditary maistry (mason) of the Mutt, asked me to accompany him. A separate cart was engaged for the rest of the family to follow me. During the journey, the maistry hinted to me that I might not return home and that the rest of my life might be spent in the Mutt itself. At first, I thought that my elder cousin had become the Head of the Mutt, it was his wish that I should live with him. But the maistry gradually clarified matters as the cart rolled on. The Acharya had a fever which developed into delirium and that was why I was separated from the family to be taken to Kalavai. I was stunned by this unexpected turn of events. I lay in a kneeling posture in the cart, shocked as I was, repeating “Rama… Rama,” the only prayer I knew. My mother and other children came sometime later only to find that instead of her mission of consoling her sister, she was placed in the state of having to be consoled''.

— Jagadguru Shri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Shankaracharya Mahaswamigal<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mahadevan|first=T. M. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlYqAAAAYAAJ|title=The Sage of Kanchi|date=1983|publisher=Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Sankara Mandir|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

== Contributions ==
[[File:Kamakshi Amman Temple in Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|[[Kamakshi Amman temple]]]]
Mahaperiyava started spreading his knowledge in spiritual journeys across the Indian hinterland. These included devotional practices and daily rituals such as performing various [[Puja (Hinduism)|Poojas]] and recitations of the [[Vedas]]. [[Iyengars]] (who were not part of the mutt), various sub castes and [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic followers]] became his devotees. He carried the responsibility effortlessly and made simple practices for devotees to increase devotion, like chanting and writing the holy name of [[Rama]]''.'' Devotees soon realized he was not a normal person and labelled him a Jagadguru (lit. the [[guru]] of the universe) for his help in rectifying their issues. Mahaperiyava dedicated his life to the deity [[Kamakshi]] in the premises where he was the spiritual guru, [[Kamakshi Amman temple]]. The temple is where the goddess herself came personally for devotion to [[Shiva]].

Throughout his life, Mahaperiyava breathed and practised the [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] philosophy of his guru, [[Adi Shankaracharya]], the great Hindu philosopher and reformist. Mahaperiyava renovated multiple temples across India and increased the recitals of sacred texts like the ''[[Vishnu Sahasranāma]]'' (which was not allowed by women at the time). Mahaperiyava helped [[Vedas|Vedic]] priests on their pronunciation of the holy [[Sanskrit]] texts and implemented rigorous [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama Sastra]] teachings describing cosmology, epistemology, philosophical doctrines, precepts on meditation and other topics. He also had a huge love towards Tamil language. He had many discourses with esteemed Tamil Scholars. He also bought in the practice of conducting the "Paavai Nonbu Padal Poti"(Margazhi month Thiruppavai and Thiruvempavai singing competition) for young children. He made radical social changes by allowing devotees inside the temple premises. The day India became independent on [[Independence Day (India)|August 15th 1947]], he gave a speech on the significance of the [[Flag of India|flag]] and the [[Ashoka Chakra]] in it.<ref>From a Calendar Published on Behalf of the Mutt in 1997 – 50th Year of India Independence.</ref>

He died without celebrating his centenary on 8 January 1994.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhagat |first1=Rasheeda |title=Kanchi Paramacharya attains siddhi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EoplAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1222%2C3440517 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=9 January 1994 |page=1}}</ref> His attainment of [[Moksha|Videhamukti]] invited devotees to go beyond numerology and believe only the name of god in their lifespan. He was also considered an avatar of the Hindu deity [[Shiva]] {{By whom|date=July 2025}}.

=== Discourses ===
As a religious head of the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]] obliged to spiritual duties, Mahaperiyava travelled across the country by foot and started giving discourses. On several occasions he addressed the common masses on diverse aspects of [[dharma]], ancient culture, and a variety of subjects. He delivered the discourses on simple verandahs, river beds and sabhas (smaller halls) unlike in the 21st century. The discourses "Deivathin Kural" (The Voice of God)[https://archive.org/details/DeivathinKural] were compiled by his disciple R.Ganapathi and published in English and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as.[https://archive.org/details/DeivathinKural] It has been also translated to other Indian languages. Discourses were related to various subjects across different topics, which are well researched and well advised. His discourses were important for his devotees and others across India suffering from lack of devotion. He brought back the ancient practice of [[sanatana dharma]], travelling throughout the country offering guidance, founding schools and providing for the people.

=== Influence on Indian Freedom Movement ===
Mahaperiyava reconverted [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[F. G. Natesa Iyer]] from [[Christianity]] to Hinduism. Iyer, as a boy of ten, took shelter with Englishmen who brought him up and converted him to Christianity. Twenty years later, dissatisfied with the ability of the priests to clarify his doubts, he met the Kanchi Sankaracharya and, getting satisfactory answers from him, reconverted to Hinduism.<ref>{{cite news|author=T.S.Mani|date=1–15 April 2012|title=FGN – actor and patron of the arts|newspaper=Madras Musings|volume=XXI|issue=24|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%2024/remembering-fgn.html}}</ref>

[[Indian National Congress|The Indian National Congress]], in the decade of the 1920s, started organising the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]], which involved getting many people to protest on the streets. F.G.Natesa Iyer, the leading Congress activist of [[Tiruchirappalli]] then, as also the elected Mayor, took this opportunity to convert the movement to also show support for the Mahaperiyava. He described the occasion, thus:
"I was nominated by the public as the chairman of the Reception Committee for arranging a reception for the Acharya of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam. As the municipal chairman, it was my duty to provide a proper welcome and respect to Swamigal who was visiting after a long time. The opportunity to welcome His Holiness in a manner that was exponentially greater than receptions given to kings and viceroys, was accorded to me, along with my supporters: Sri M.Kandaswamy Servai, Sri. R.Srinivasa Iyengar, the lawyer and the larger public. The procession that was seven miles long, was preceded by seven groups of nadaswaram players, three band groups, four elephants, many horses and camels, instrumental players, Bhajan singers, Seva Samitis. I had the blessing to hold the front side of the ivory palanquin where our guru for the whole world, Sri Sankaracharya Swamigal was seated. He gave darshan to numerous people lined on both sides of the roads, all of whom were chanting the words "''Jaya Jaya Shankara Hara Hara Shankara''", in every floor, irrespective of their religion, caste or creed. There was no count of arathis, Poorna kumbams, garlands, asthika goshams. The procession that started at 6 pm ended at 10 pm in front of the mutt at [[Thiruvanaikaval|Thiruvanaikkaval]]. I was enthralled in my service to Swamigal as service to Lord Shiva himself".<ref>{{cite news|author=T.K.Balasubramaia Iyer|date=10 May 1923|title=Editorial|newspaper=The Hindu|quote=Never before in the annals of Tiruchirapalli have we witnessed the grandeur and enthusiasm that were displayed at the reception of His Holiness Sri Jagadguru Sri Sankaracharya of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam who arrived at Tiruchirapali on the 23rd. The mile-long procession was headed by richly caparisoned elephants and surging crowds with His Holiness seated high on the ivory palanquin in the centre, surrounded by a large concourse of Brahmins chanting the Vedas, and followed by numerous Bhajan parties and Thevaram parties, the rich and tasteful decorations all along the route which extended to nearly eight miles, the buoyant enthusiasm of the huge crowd that pressed on all sides just to have a glimpse of His Holiness' beaming countenance and that followed the procession right through to the end, the festive appearance of the whole town and the eagerness of everyone in that vast concourse of people to do some sort of service to His Holiness were sights for Gods to see and they beggar all description. It showed clearly and unmistakably the stronghold of religion and religious ideals still on the people of the country. No Viceroy or even the Emperor himself could have evoked such spontaneous and heartfelt enthusiasm. It took nearly five hours for the procession to reach its destination. His Holiness had a smile or a word of cheer for every one of the assembled people and when he retired into the mutt, His Holiness observed that the weariness of the journey was counteracted by the unprecedented enthusiasm of the people. Despite being his student, Mahaperiyava had huge respect for his successor Shri Jayandra Saraswathi, fondly known as Pudhu Periyava}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]]
* [[Ramana Maharshi]]
* [[Dalai lama]]
* [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]
* [[Vinoba Bhave]]
* [[Sathya Sai Baba]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Books==
* {{cite book|last1=Svāmī|first1=Candraśekharendra Sarasvatī|title=Hindu dharma : the universal way of life |date=2000|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|url=http://www.kamakoti.org/newlayout/template/hindudharma.html|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-8172760557|edition=4th}}
* {{cite book|author=Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati|title=The Vedas|date=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-7276-401-2|edition=7th}}
* {{cite book|author=Candraśekharendra Sarasvatī Svāmī|title=Voice of the Guru : The Guru tradition|date=2008|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-8172764159|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|last1=Svāmī|first1=Pūjyaśrī Candrasekharendra Sarasvatī|title=Śri Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya's Saundaryalaharī = Saundaryalaharī An exposition|date=2001|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-8172762124|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|author=Jagadguru His Holiness Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Swamigal|editor-last=Fitzgerald|editor-first=Michael Oren|title=Introduction to Hindu dharma : illustrated|date=2008|publisher=World Wisdom|location=Bloomington, Ind.|isbn=978-1933316482}}
* {{cite book|author=Candraśekharendra Sarasvatī Svāmī|title=Voice of God Vol 1 and 2|date=2008|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-7276-415-9|edition=2nd}}{{citation needed|date= February 2018}}
* {{cite book|author=Chandraśekharendra Sarasvatī Svāmī|title=Voice of God 7 Volumes in Tamil (தெய்வத்தின் குரல்), a collection of his discourses|date=1978|publisher=Vanathi Publishers|location=Chennai|edition=26th}}{{citation needed|date= March 2023}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kamakoti.org Official website of Kanchi Kamakoti peetham]
* Book [http://www.kamakoti.org/newlayout/template/hindudharma.html "Hindu Dharma: The Universal Way of Life" by Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi] Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Press.
* History of Kanchi Mutt [http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/alt_hindu_msg.html]
* [http://www.srikanchimahaswami100.org/SriMahaSwamyCharitram__2__1_edit.pdf Sri Kanchi Mahaswamy Charitram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214124920/http://www.srikanchimahaswami100.org/SriMahaSwamyCharitram__2__1_edit.pdf |date=14 February 2012 }}

{{Hinduism footer small}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraswati, Chandrashekarendra}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas of Kanchipuram|C]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Mahadevendra Saraswati V]]
| title = [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|Kanchi Kāmakoti Pīṭhādhipati]]
| years = 13 February 1907 – 20 January 1994
| after = [[Jayendra Saraswati]]
}}
{{s-end}}

Dhu al-Qarnayn

2026-03-19T18:47:06Z

Indiabulez:

{{Short description|Figure in the Quran}}
{{redirect|Zulkarnain|the footballer|Zulkarnain (footballer)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
[[File:Iskandar (Alexander) builds a wall against Gog and Magog (CBL Per. 395.1).jpg|thumb|{{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} building a wall with the help of the [[jinn]]s to keep away [[Gog and Magog]]. [[Persian miniature]] from a book of [[Falnama]] copied for the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid emperor]] [[Tahmasp I]] ({{reign|1524|1576}}), currently preserved in the [[Chester Beatty Library]], Dublin.]]
'''{{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}}''', ({{langx|ar|ذُو ٱلْقَرْنَيْن|Dhū l-Qarnayn}}, {{IPA|ar|ðu‿l.qarˈnajn|IPA}}; {{lit.}} "The Owner of Two-Horns"<ref>{{cite book |author1=Cándida Ferrero Hernández |author2=John Tolan |title=The Latin Qur'an, 1143–1500: Translation, Transition, Interpretation |year=2021 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3110702712 |page=311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdtwEAAAQBAJ |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>) is a leader who appears in the [[Quran|Qur'an]], [[al-Kahf|Surah al-Kahf (18)]], [[Ayah]]s 83–101, as one who travels to the east and west and sets up a barrier between a certain people and [[Gog and Magog]] ({{langx|ar|يَأْجُوجُ وَمَأْجُوجُ|Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj|label=none}}).{{sfn|Netton|2006|p=72}} Elsewhere, the Qur'an tells how the [[Muslim eschatology|end of the world]] will be signaled by the release of Gog and Magog from behind the barrier. Other apocalyptic writings predict that their destruction by [[God in Islam|God]] in a single night will usher in the [[Islamic eschatology|Day of Resurrection]] ({{Langx|ar|یوم القيامة|translit=Yawm al-Qiyāmah|label=none}}).{{sfn|Cook|2005|p=8,10}}

Dhu al-Qarnayn has most popularly been identified by Western and traditional Muslim scholars as [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>{{harvnb|Watt|1960–2007}}: "It is generally agreed both by Muslim commentators and modéra [sic] occidental scholars that Dhu ’l-Ḳarnayn [...] is to be identified with Alexander the Great." {{harvnb|Cook|2013}}: "[...] {{Transliteration|ar|Dhū al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} (usually identified with Alexander the Great) [...]".</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Maududi |first=Syed Abul Ala |author-link=Abul A'la Maududi |url=http://www.englishtafsir.com/Quran/18/index.html#sdfootnote62sym |title=Tafhim al-Qur'an |quote=The identification ... has been a controversial matter from the earliest times. In general the commentators have been of the opinion that he was Alexander the Great but the characteristics of Zul-Qarnain described in the Qur'an are not applicable to him. However, now the commentators are inclined to believe that Zul-Qarnain was Cyrus ... We are also of the opinion that probably Zul-Qarnain was Cyrus... |access-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120233633/http://www.englishtafsir.com/quran/18/index.html#sdfootnote62sym |archive-date=20 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bietenholz|1994|pp=122–123}}{{sfn|Stoneman|2003|p=3}} Historically, some tradition has parted from this identification<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hämeen-Anttila |first=Jaakko |title=Khwadāynāmag The Middle Persian Book of Kings |date=2018-04-17 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27764-9 |quote=Many Mediaeval scholars argued against the identification, though. Cf., e.g., the discussion in al-Maqrizi, ''Khabar'' §§212-232.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Maqrīzī |first1=Aḥmad Ibn-ʿAlī al- |title=Al-Maqrīzī's al-Ḫabar ʻan al-bašar: vol. V, section 4: Persia and its kings, part I |last2=Hämeen-Anttila |first2=Jaakko |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-35599-6 |series=Bibliotheca Maqriziana Opera maiora |location=Leiden Boston |pages=279–281}}</ref> in favor of others,<ref name="Cottrell" /> like [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n kings such as the (mythical) [[Sa'b Dhu Marathid]] of [[Himyar]]<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Wheeler |first1=Brannon M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Wj9Ld4kUEC |title=Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis |last2=Wheeler |first2=Associate Professor of Islamic Studies and Chair of Comparative Religion Brannon M. |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780700716036 |pages=16–19 |language=en |quote=Of particular relevance to the origins of the later Alexander stories is the possible identification of Dhu al-Qarnayn with a South Arabian, Himyarī king, variously named Şa'b Dhu Marāthid, ... In al-Tabarī, for example, the king, ...conquers the Turks in Azerbaijan, ... There are a number of elements in Ibn Hisham's account that parallel elements not found in the early Greek and Syriac recensions ... This suggests that Ibn Hisham's account, coupled with Q 18:83-101, upon which he comments, could represent the immediate source for the stories which attribute these elements to the Alexander stories. These elements originally associated with Sa'b as Dhu al-Qarnayn were incorporated, along with the elements attributed to Dhu al-Qarnayn in Q 18:83-101, into the stories which identified Dhu al-Qarnayn with Alexander. ... It is not possible to show that the Ethiopic and Persian versions of the Alexander stories are derived directly from the Syriac versions. There are a number of problems with the dating of the Syriac versions and their supposed influence on the Quran and later Alexander stories, not the least of which is the confusion of what has been called the Syriac Pseudo-Callisthenes, the sermon of Jacob of Serugh, and the so-called Syriac "Legend of Alexander." Second, the key elements of Q 18:60-65, 18:83-101, and the story of Ibn Hisham's Șa'b Dhu al-Qarnayn do not occur in the Syriac Pseudo-Callisthenes. |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092213/https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Wj9Ld4kUEC |archive-date=23 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zadeh |first=Travis |title=Mapping Frontiers Across Medieval Islam: Geography, Translation and the 'Abbasid Empire |date=2017-02-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78673-131-9 |pages=97–98 |quote=In the early history of Islam there was a lively debate over the true identity of Dhū 'l-Qarnayn. One prominent identification was with an ancient South Arabian Ḥimyarī king, generally referred to in the sources as al-Ṣaʿb b. Dhī Marāthid. [...] Indeed the association of Dhū 'l-Qarnayn with the South Arabian ruler can be traced in many early Arabic sources.}}</ref> or the historical figure [[al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man]] of the [[Lakhmid kingdom]] (d. 554).<ref name="Cottrell" /> [[Cyrus the Great]] has also gained popularity among modern Muslim commentators.<ref name=":02" /><ref>Tabatabai, Muhammad Hussein. "Al-mizan." ''Beirut: Academic Press Co'' 1403 (1995): 353.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Besharati |first1=Mohammad Reza |last2=Shojaie |first2=Hossein |last3=Talebpour |first3=Alireza |date=2022-01-23 |title=A study in matching the time and the names of Cyrus and Dhu al-Qarnayn |url=https://osf.io/9cekn/download |doi=10.31235/osf.io/9cekn |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=doi.org}}</ref>

==Quran 18:83–101 ==
[[File:Derbent wall.jpg|thumb|200px|The Caspian Gates in [[Derbent]], Russia, part of the defence systems built by the [[Sasanian Empire]], often identified with the [[Gates of Alexander]].]]
[[File:Verses 83-101, al-Kahf (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3|thumb|right|Recitation of al-Kahf, verses 83-101, taken from a [[:File:Chapter 18, Al-Kahf (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3|full recitation of Al-Kahf]].]]The verses of the chapter reproduced below show Dhu al-Qarnayn traveling first to the Western limit of travel where he sees the sun set in a muddy spring, then to the furthest East where he sees it rise from the ocean, and finally northward to a place in the mountains where he finds a people oppressed by Gog and Magog:

{|class="wikitable" style
! scope="col" width="10%" | Verse Number
! scope="col" width="45%" | [[Arabic]] (Uthmani script)
! scope="col" width="45%" | English ([[Marmaduke Pickthall]])
|-
! scope="row" | 18:83
|وَيَسْـَٔلُونَكَ عَن ذِى ٱلْقَرْنَيْنِ ۖ قُلْ سَأَتْلُوا۟ عَلَيْكُم مِّنْهُ ذِكْرًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|83|quote=They will ask you about Dhu'l-Qarneyn. Say: I shall recite unto you a remembrance of him.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:84
|إِنَّا مَكَّنَّا لَهُۥ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ وَءَاتَيْنَٰهُ مِن كُلِّ شَىْءٍ سَبَبًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|84|quote=We established him in the land, and gave him the means to all things.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:85
|فَأَتْبَعَ سَبَبًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|85|quote=And he followed a road.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:86
|حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا بَلَغَ مَغْرِبَ ٱلشَّمْسِ وَجَدَهَا تَغْرُبُ فِى عَيْنٍ حَمِئَةٍ وَوَجَدَ عِندَهَا قَوْمًا ۗ قُلْنَا يَٰذَا ٱلْقَرْنَيْنِ إِمَّآ أَن تُعَذِّبَ وَإِمَّآ أَن تَتَّخِذَ فِيهِمْ حُسْنًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|86|quote=Till, when he reached the setting-place of the sun, he found it setting in a muddy spring, and found a people thereabout. We said: O Dhu'l-Qarneyn! Either punish or show them kindness.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:87
|قَالَ أَمَّا مَن ظَلَمَ فَسَوْفَ نُعَذِّبُهُۥ ثُمَّ يُرَدُّ إِلَىٰ رَبِّهِۦ فَيُعَذِّبُهُۥ عَذَابًا نُّكْرًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|87|quote=He said: As for him who doeth wrong, we shall punish him, and then he will be brought back unto his Lord, Who will punish him with awful punishment! }}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:88
|وَأَمَّا مَنْ ءَامَنَ وَعَمِلَ صَٰلِحًا فَلَهُۥ جَزَآءً ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ ۖ وَسَنَقُولُ لَهُۥ مِنْ أَمْرِنَا يُسْرًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|88|quote=But as for him who believeth and doeth right, good will be his reward, and We shall speak unto him a mild command.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:89
|ثُمَّ أَتْبَعَ سَبَبًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|89|quote=Then he followed a road.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:90
|حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا بَلَغَ مَطْلِعَ ٱلشَّمْسِ وَجَدَهَا تَطْلُعُ عَلَىٰ قَوْمٍ لَّمْ نَجْعَل لَّهُم مِّن دُونِهَا سِتْرًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|90|quote=Till, when he reached the rising-place of the sun, he found it rising on a people for whom We had appointed no shelter therefrom.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:91
|كَذَٰلِكَ وَقَدْ أَحَطْنَا بِمَا لَدَيْهِ خُبْرًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|91|quote=So (it was). And We knew all concerning him.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:92
|ثُمَّ أَتْبَعَ سَبَبًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|92|quote=Then he followed a road.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:93<td width="23%">حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا بَلَغَ بَيْنَ ٱلسَّدَّيْنِ وَجَدَ مِن دُونِهِمَا قَوْمًا لَّا يَكَادُونَ يَفْقَهُونَ قَوْلًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|93|quote=Till, when he came between the two mountains, he found upon their hither side a folk that scarce could understand a saying.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:94
|قَالُوا۟ يَٰذَا ٱلْقَرْنَيْنِ إِنَّ يَأْجُوجَ وَمَأْجُوجَ مُفْسِدُونَ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ فَهَلْ نَجْعَلُ لَكَ خَرْجًا عَلَىٰٓ أَن تَجْعَلَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُمْ سَدًّا
|{{Cite Quran|18|94|quote=They said: O Dhu'l-Qarneyn! Gog and Magog are spoiling the land. So may we pay thee tribute on condition that thou set a barrier between us and them ?}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:95
|قَالَ مَا مَكَّنِّى فِيهِ رَبِّى خَيْرٌ فَأَعِينُونِى بِقُوَّةٍ أَجْعَلْ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ رَدْمًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|95|quote=He said: That wherein my Lord hath established me is better (than your tribute). Do but help me with strength (of men), I will set between you and them a bank.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:96
|ءَاتُونِى زُبَرَ ٱلْحَدِيدِ ۖ حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا سَاوَىٰ بَيْنَ ٱلصَّدَفَيْنِ قَالَ ٱنفُخُوا۟ ۖ حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا جَعَلَهُۥ نَارًا قَالَ ءَاتُونِىٓ أُفْرِغْ عَلَيْهِ قِطْرًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|96|quote=Give me pieces of iron - till, when he had levelled up (the gap) between the cliffs, he said: Blow! - till, when he had made it a fire, he said: Bring me molten copper to pour thereon.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:97
|فَمَا ٱسْطَٰعُوٓا۟ أَن يَظْهَرُوهُ وَمَا ٱسْتَطَٰعُوا۟ لَهُۥ نَقْبًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|97|quote=And (Gog and Magog) were not able to surmount, nor could they pierce (it).}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:98
|قَالَ هَٰذَا رَحْمَةٌ مِّن رَّبِّى ۖ فَإِذَا جَآءَ وَعْدُ رَبِّى جَعَلَهُۥ دَكَّآءَ ۖ وَكَانَ وَعْدُ رَبِّى حَقًّا
|{{Cite Quran|18|98|quote=He said: This is a mercy from my Lord; but when the promise of my Lord cometh to pass, He will lay it low, for the promise of my Lord is true.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:99
|وَتَرَكْنَا بَعْضَهُمْ يَوْمَئِذٍ يَمُوجُ فِى بَعْضٍ ۖ وَنُفِخَ فِى ٱلصُّورِ فَجَمَعْنَٰهُمْ جَمْعًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|99|quote=And on that day we shall let some of them surge against others, and the Trumpet will be blown. Then We shall gather them together in one gathering.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:100
|وَعَرَضْنَا جَهَنَّمَ يَوْمَئِذٍ لِّلْكَٰفِرِينَ عَرْضًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|100|quote=On that day we shall present hell to the disbelievers, plain to view,}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18:101
|ٱلَّذِينَ كَانَتْ أَعْيُنُهُمْ فِى غِطَآءٍ عَن ذِكْرِى وَكَانُوا۟ لَا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ سَمْعًا
|{{Cite Quran|18|101|quote=Those whose eyes were hoodwinked from My reminder, and who could not bear to hear.}}
|}

== Quranic exegesis ==

=== Occasion of revelation ===
The story of Dhu al-Qarnayn is related in chapter 18 of the Qur'an, [[al-Kahf]], revealed to Muhammad when his tribe, [[Quraysh|Al-Quraysh]], sent two men to discover whether the [[Jews]], with their superior knowledge of the scriptures, could advise them on whether Muhammad was truly a prophet of God. The rabbis told the Quraysh to ask Muhammad about three things, one of them "about a man who travelled and reached the east and the west of the earth, ask what his story was. If he tells you about these things, then he is a prophet, so follow him, but if he does not tell you, then he is a man who is making things up, so deal with him as you see fit." (Qur'an 18:83-98).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Itani |first1=Talal |url=https://www.clearquran.com/018.html |title=Quran in English - Clear and Easy to Read |language=en |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926164006/https://www.clearquran.com/018.html |archive-date=26 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Qarnayn'' ===
A well known narration from a Companion of Muhammad, [[Ali]] denies that the term "Qarnayn" literally meant horns. He instead narrates that the term "Dhul Qarnayn" was not a literal term but instead referred to injuries that took place on the two sides of the head of the ruler.<ref>''Musnaf Ibn Abi Shaybah'': 6/346

''Al Ahaad wal Mathani by Ibn Abi Asim'': 141

''Jami' Bayan al Ilm by Ibn Abd al Barr'': 464

''Al Mashyakha al Baghadadiyya by Abi Tahrir al Silafi'': 27</ref>

Cyril Glasse writes that the reference to "He of the two horns" also has a symbolical interpretation: “He of the two Ages”, which reflects the eschatological shadow that Alexander casts from his time, which preceded Islam by many centuries, until the end of the world. The Arabian word ''qarn'' means both "horn" and “period” or “century”.{{sfn|Glassé|Smith|2003|p=38}} Classical commentary from [[Al-Qurtubi]] has reported the narration from [[Al-Suhayli]] commentaries that he favored the identification that Dhu al-Qarnayn were actually two different persons, where one lived during the time of [[Abraham]], while the other has lived during the time of [[Jesus]].<ref name="Prophets in the Quran An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis; Dhulqarnayn" />

=== Gog and Magog ===
{{main|Gog and Magog}}
Regarding the Gog and Magog, a minority of Muslim commentators argue that Gog and Magog here refers to some barbaric North Asian tribes from pre-Biblical times which have been free from Dhu al-Qarnayn's wall for a long time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghamidi |first=Javed Ahmed |author-link=Javed Ahmad Ghamidi |url=https://www.javedahmedghamidi.org/#!/quran?chapter=18&paragraph=30 |title=Al-Bayan |chapter=18 |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302072829/https://javedahmedghamidi.org/#!/quran?chapter=18&paragraph=30 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Cook|2005|p=205-206}} Modern Islamic apocalyptic writers put forward various explanations for the absence of the wall from the modern world, such as "not everything in existence can be seen", similar to human intelligence and angels, or that God has concealed the Gog and Magog from human eyes.{{sfn|Cook|2005|p=205-206}}

== People identified as {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} ==
===Alexander the Great===
[[File:Alexander-Coin.jpg|thumb|Silver [[tetradrachm]] of Alexander the Great shown wearing the horns of the ram-god [[Amun|Zeus-Ammon]].]]
{{Main|Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran}}

According to most historians, the story of {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} has its origins in legends of [[Alexander the Great]] current in the Middle East, namely the ''[[Syriac Alexander Legend]]''.<ref name="Bladel2">{{Cite book |last=Van Bladel |first=Kevin |title=The Qurʼān in Its Historical Context |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor1-last=Reynolds |editor1-first=Gabriel Said |chapter=The Alexander Legend in the Qur'an 18:83-102 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/33727330 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213042218/https://www.academia.edu/33727330 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first century Josephus repeats a legend whereby Alexander builds an iron wall at a mountain pass (potentially at the [[Caucasus Mountains]]) to prevent an incursion by a barbarian group known as the [[Scythians]], whom elsewhere he identified as [[Gog and Magog|Magog]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Donzel |first1=Emeri Johannes van |title=Gog and Magog in early syriac and islamic sources: Sallam's quest for Alexander's wall |last2=Schmidt |first2=Andrea Barbara |last3=Ott |first3=Claudia |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17416-0 |series=Brill's Inner Asian Library |location=Leiden |pages=10–11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bøe |first=Sverre |title=Gog and Magog: Ezekiel 38 - 39 as pre-text for Revelation 19,17 - 21 and 20,7 - 10 |date=2001 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-147520-7 |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe |location=Tübingen |pages=221–222, 230}}</ref> The legend went through much further elaboration in subsequent centuries before eventually finding its way into the Quran through a Syrian version.{{sfn|Bietenholz|1994|p=122-123}} However, some have questioned whether the ''Syriac Legend'' influenced the Quran on the basis of dating inconsistencies and missing key motifs,<ref name="wheelerq1998">{{harvnb|Wheeler|1998|p=201|ps=: "There are a number of problems with the dating of the Syriac versions and their supposed influence on the Qurʾan and later Alexander stories, not the least of which is the confusion of what has been called the Syriac Pseudo-Callisthenes, the sermon of Jacob of Serugh, and the so-called Syriac Legend of Alexander. Second, the key elements of Q 18:60-65, 18:83-102, and the story of Ibn Hishām's Saʿb dhu al-Qarnayn do not occur in the Syriac Pseudo-Callisthenes."}}</ref><ref name="Klar">{{Cite book| last = Klar| first = Marianna| title = The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies| chapter = Qur’anic Exempla and Late Antique Narratives| date = 2020| url = https://www.academia.edu/download/64572053/09-Shah-and-Haleem-Chap08-v1.pdf| page = 134| quote = The Qur’anic exemplum is highly allusive, and makes no reference to vast tracts of the narrative line attested in the Neṣḥānā. Where the two sources would appear to utilize the same motif, there are substantial differences to the way these motifs are framed. These differences are sometimes so significant as to suggest that the motifs might not, in fact, be comparable at all.}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> although others have in turn rebutted these arguments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tesei |first=Tommaso |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001 |title=The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate |date=2023-10-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-764687-8 |pages=171–172 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001 |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092118/https://academic.oup.com/book/51697 |url-status=live }}</ref>

While the ''Syriac Alexander Legend'' references the horns of Alexander, it consistently refers to the hero by his Greek name, not using a variant epithet.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing| isbn = 978-1-78673-131-9| last = Zadeh| first = Travis| title = Mapping Frontiers Across Medieval Islam: Geography, Translation and the 'Abbasid Empire| date = 2017-02-28|page=241}}</ref> The use of the Islamic epithet {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn}} "Two-Horned", first occurred in the Quran.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book| publisher = University of Toronto Press| isbn = 978-1-4426-4466-3| last = Faustina Doufikar-Aerts| title = Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages: Transcultural Perspectives| chapter = Coptic Miniature Painting in the Arabic Alexander Romance| date = 2016|page=169}}</ref> The reasons behind the name "Two-Horned" are somewhat obscure: the scholar [[al-Tabari]] (839-923 CE) held it was because he went from one extremity ("horn") of the world to the other,{{sfn|Van Donzel|Schmidt|2010|p=57 fn.3}} but it may ultimately derive from imagery of the [[horns of Alexander]], inspired by the tradition of his descent from the ram-god [[Amun|Zeus-Ammon]], as popularised on coins throughout the [[Hellenistic]] Near East.{{sfn|Pinault|1992|p=181 fn.71}}

The wall {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} builds on his northern journey may have reflected a distant knowledge of the [[Great Wall of China]] (the 12th-century scholar [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] drew a map for [[Roger II of Sicily]] showing the "Land of Gog and Magog" in [[Mongolia]]), or of various [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] walls built in the [[Caspian Sea]] region against the northern barbarians, or a conflation of the two.{{sfn|Glassé|Smith|2003|p=39}}
[[File:Alexander visits Elias and Khizr at the Fountain of Life', Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) of Ferdowsi MET cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Persian miniature of Alexander (top left) visiting the fountain of Youth and meeting [[Khidr]] and [[Elijah in Islam|Ilyas]] there]]
{{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} also journeys to the western and eastern extremities ("qarns", tips) of the Earth.{{sfn|Wheeler|2002|p=96}} Ernst claims that {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} finding the sun setting in a "muddy spring" in the West is equivalent to the "poisonous sea" found by Alexander in the Syriac legend. In the Syriac story Alexander tested the sea by sending condemned prisoners into it, while the Quran refers to this as an administration of justice. In the East both the Syrian legend and the Quran, according to Ernst, have Alexander/{{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} find a people who live so close to the rising sun that they have no protection from its heat.{{sfn|Ernst|2011|p=133}}

Some exegetes believed that Dhu al-Qarnayn lived near the time of [[Abraham]] following accounts by [[al-Azraqi]] and Ibn Abi Hatim.{{sfn|Wheeler|2002|p=64}} To avoid this chronological discrepancy, several medieval exegetes and historians did not identify Dhu al-Qarnayn with Alexander. [[Al-Tabari]] inferred that there were two Dhu al-Qarnayn's: the earlier one, called Dhu al-Qarnayn al-Akbar, who lived in the time of [[Abraham]], and the later one, who was Alexander.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = BRILL| isbn = 978-90-04-30772-8| title = Fictional Storytelling in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond| date = 2016-10-10 | last = Rubanovich |first = Julia|chapter=A Hero Without Borders: Alexander the Great in the Medieval Persian Tradition|page=211}}</ref> In one account concerning Abraham building a well at [[Beersheba]], Dhu al-Qarnayn seems to have been placed in the role of [[Abimelech]] as described in Gen 21:22–34.{{sfn|Wheeler|2002|p=65}}

Other notable Muslim commentators, including [[ibn Kathir]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Qasas-ul-QuranByShaykhHifzurRahmanSeoharvir.a|title=Qasas-ul-Qur'an|last=Seoharwi|first=Muhammad Hifzur Rahman|volume=3|author-link=Muhammad Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi}}</ref>:100-101 [[ibn Taymiyyah]],<ref name=":2" />:101<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.sunnahfollowers.net/library/books/The%20Criterion%20Between%20The%20Allies%20Of%20the%20Merciful%20&%20The%20Allies%20Of%20the%20Devil.pdf|title=الفرقان - بین اولیاء الرحمٰن و اولیاء الشیطٰن|last=Ibn Taymiyyah|publisher=Idara Ahya-us-Sunnah|pages=14|translator-last=Ibn Morgan|translator-first=Salim Adballah|trans-title=The Criterion - Between Allies of the Merciful & The Allies of the Devil|author-link=Ibn Taymiyyah|access-date=19 March 2022|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021004939/http://www.sunnahfollowers.net/library/books/The%20Criterion%20Between%20The%20Allies%20Of%20the%20Merciful%20%26%20The%20Allies%20Of%20the%20Devil.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://tafseerenamoona.net/topicResult/2341|title=Tafseer-e-Namoona|last=Shirazi|first=Naser Makarem|author-link=Naser Makarem Shirazi|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814223046/http://tafseerenamoona.net/topicResult/2341|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Ebrahim Desai]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=IslamQA |date=2012-07-29 |title=Alexander the Great, is he the Dhul Qarnayn mentioned in the Qur'aan? |url=https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askimam/11435/alexander-the-great-is-he-the-dhul-qarnayn-mentioned-in-the-quraan/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=IslamQA |language=en-GB}}</ref> have used theological arguments to reject the Alexander identification: Alexander lived only a short time whereas {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} (according to some traditions) lived for 700 years as a sign of God's blessing, though this is not mentioned in the Quran, and Dhu al-Qarnayn [[tawhid|worshipped only one God]], while Alexander was a polytheist.{{sfn|Van Donzel|Schmidt|2010|p=57 fn.2}}

=== Ṣaʿb Dhu-Marāthid ===
{{Main|Sa'b Dhu Marathid}}
The various campaigns of {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} mentioned in Q:18:83-101 have also been attributed to the South Arabian [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarite]] King [[Sa'b Dhu Marathid|Ṣaʿb Dhu-Marāthid]] (also known as al-Rāʾid).{{sfn|Wheeler|1998|pp=200-1}}<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Taylor & Francis| isbn = 978-0-415-18571-4| editor-last1 = Meisami| editor-first1 = Julie Scott| last = Canova | first = Giovvani| title = Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature| date = 1998| contribution=Alexander Romance| page=68}}</ref> [[Ibn Hisham]] gives an extensive forty-five page account of King Ṣaʿb in his work ''[[The Book of Crowns on the Kings of Himyar]]'', relying on the Yemeni author [[Wahb ibn Munabbih]] (b. 655 CE).{{sfn|Stoneman|2003|p=11}}{{Sfn|Durmaz|2022|p=102}}<ref>{{Wikisourcelang-inline|ar|2=التيجان/النص_الكامل#ملك_الصعب_ذي_القرنين|3=Account of Sa'b dhu al-Qarnayn}}</ref> In this account, King Ṣaʿb was a conqueror who was given the epithet Dhu al-Qarnayn after meeting a figure named Musa al [[Khidr]] in Jerusalem. He then travels to the ends of the earth, conquering or converting people until being led by al Khidr through the [[Land of Darkness]].{{sfn|Wheeler|1998|p=200}} Other elements include a journey to a valley of diamonds,<ref name="Akasoy 2017">{{Cite book |last=Akasoy |first=Anna |editor1-last=Glei |editor1-first=Reinhold |editor2-last=Jaspert |editor2-first=Nikolas |year=2017 |chapter=Geography, History and Prophecy: Mechanisms of Integration in the Islamic Alexander Legend |title=Locating Religions |publisher=Brill |pages=23–4 |url=https://brill.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9789004335066/B9789004335066_003.xml |isbn=978-90-04-33506-6}}</ref> a castle with glass walls,{{sfn|Stoneman|2003|p=11}} and a campaign as far as the [[Iberian Peninsula|Andalusia region]] (classical era Spain).<ref name="The Ten Lost Tribes A World History; Wahb ibn Munabbih">{{cite book |author1=Zvi Ben-Dor Benite |title=The Ten Lost Tribes A World History |date=2013 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=9780199324538 |pages=93–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3gTDAAAQBAJ |access-date=27 April 2024 |language=En |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092101/https://books.google.com/books?id=a3gTDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, according to [[Al-Qurtubi]], the original opinion of Wahb ibn Munabbih identified the legendary conqueror as a Roman, contradicting Ibn Hisham's commentary.<ref name="Prophets in the Quran An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis; Dhulqarnayn">{{cite book |author1=Brannon M. Wheeler |title=Prophets in the Quran An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis |date=2002 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780826449573 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC |access-date=27 April 2024 |language=En |format=Paperback |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092101/https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Al-Tabari]] also reports that Wahb believed Dhu al-Qarnayn was a man from [[Byzantium]] named Iskandar ([[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]).{{Sfn|Durmaz|2022}}

Academic scholars consider the Sa'b story to be an appropriation of the Syriac Alexander Legend.<ref name="Akasoy 2017" />{{Sfn|Durmaz|2022|p=101}} While Ibn Hisham's book made use of Wahb's material, Tilman Nagel doubts that Wahb's text included this particular story given Ibn Hisham's sceptical attitude to the claims of Southern Arabians, and notes that al-Tabari relied on Wahb's Alexander story yet included no Himyarite (South Arabian) elements. Following a detailed analysis, Nagel instead defines the milieu in which this version emerged as that of South Arabians in early eighth-century Egypt,<ref name="Akasoy 2009">{{cite journal| volume = 72| issue = 2009| pages = 9–10| url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1982&context=gc_pubs |title=Alexander in the Himalayas: Competing Imperial Legacies in Medieval Islamic History and Literature |last=Akasoy |first=Anna |date=2009 | journal = The University of Chicago Press| doi = 10.1086/JWCI40593762| url-access=subscription}}</ref> and observes that Southern Arabs were one of two factions who vied for power in the Umayyad empire.<ref name="Akasoy 2017" />

Richard Stoneman notes that Wahb was known for the composition of ''qisas'', in which folklore is served up as history. According to Stoneman, the South Arabian legend was composed within the context of the [[Qays–Yaman rivalry|division between the South Arabs and North Arabs]] that began with the [[Battle of Marj Rahit (684)|Battle of Marj Rahit]] in 684 AD and consolidated over two centuries. He too dates the story to the 8th century CE, intended to give a parallel for, and to justify, the Islamic conquests in the west, representing a glorification of the South Arabian traditions and their conquests in Egypt.{{sfn|Stoneman|2003|p=11-12}} Anna Akasoy agrees with Alfred Beeston that Sa'b's entire existence is fictional and a product of Yemeni chauvinism, noting that later Yemeni Kings whose existence is confirmed were assigned similar exploits borrowed from legends of Alexander.<ref name="Akasoy 2009" /> According to Wheeler, it is possible that some elements of these accounts that were originally associated with Ṣaʿb have been incorporated into stories which identify Dhu al-Qarnayn with Alexander.{{sfn|Wheeler|1998|p=201}}

=== Cyrus the Great ===
{{multiple image| width = 85 | image1 = Cyrus Great.jpg | image2 = Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 058.jpg | footer = The relief of a [[winged genie]], or according to some scholars, [[Cyrus the Great]], in [[Pasargadae]]. The two horns of the [[Hemhem crown]] have been related to the name "{{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}}".}}

In modern times, some Muslim scholars have argued in favour of {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} being actually [[Cyrus the Great]], the founder of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] and conqueror of Persia and Babylon. Proponents of this view cite [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]]'s vision in the [[Old Testament]] where he saw a two-horned ram that represents "the kings of [[Media (region)|Media]] and Persia" ({{Bibleverse|Daniel|8:20|KJV}}).{{sfn|Wheeler|1998|p=200}} They also cite the [[Hemhem crown]] (a type of ancient Egyptian crown mounted on a pair of long spiral ram's horns) of the [[Pasargadae]] [[winged genie]], once thought by some to be a representation of Cyrus,<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Stronach| first = David| title = Pasargadae: a report on the excavations conducted by the British Institute of Persian Studies from 1961 to 1963| date = 1978|page=53|quote=Abol Kalam Azad has adopted the view that Cyrus, not Alexander, should be ‘Zu'l Qarnain’ or ‘the Lord of the Two Horns’ of Islamic tradition and he has invoked the horned crown of the Pasargadae figure as one proof of his theory, while G. de Francovich refers to an unpublished paper of his own that purports to endorse the identity of the winged figure with Cyrus.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| isbn = 978-1-119-17428-8| editor-last1 = Jacobs| editor-first1 = Bruno| editor-last2 = Rollinger| editor-first2 = Robert| title = A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire| contribution=Statuary and Relief| first=Margaret| last=Cool Root|date = 2021-08-31|page=1380}}</ref> though this is no longer accepted.{{sfn|Sekunda|2010|p=268-9|ps=: "It was once held that the figure must represent Cyrus because he is labelled with this inscription. It has since been pointed out, however, that the inscription is not unique to this doorway or to this particular figure. Two other examples of the same inscription still survive engraved on stone antae at Pasargadae, and two further examples of this same inscription (CMa in Kent's categorization) are known to have once flanked the south-west poritico of Palace S. These inscriptions are now known to have been retrospectively inscribed by Darius at a later date (Stronach 1990). They did not label anything."}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/herzfeld-ernst-ii |title=HERZFELD, ERNST ii. HERZFELD AND PASARGADAE |last=Stronach |first=David |date=2003 |website=Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429191208/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/herzfeld-ernst-ii |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pasargadae |title=PASARGADAE |last=Stronach |first=David |date=2009 |website=Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717200529/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pasargadae |url-status=live }}</ref>

This theory was proposed in 1855 by the German [[philologist]] G. M. Redslob, but it did not gain followers in the west.<ref name="tatum">{{Cite book| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| isbn = 978-0-8018-4619-9| last = Tatum| first = James| title = The Search for the ancient novel| date = 1994| page = 342}}</ref> Among Muslim commentators, it was first promoted by [[Sayyed Ahmad Khan]] (d. 1889), then by [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], whose commentary became popular in 1970s [[Pahlavi Iran]],{{sfn|Merhavy|2015|pp=936-937}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sirry |first=Mun'im A. |title=Scriptural polemics: the Qur'an and other religions |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935936-3 |location=Oxford New York |pages=106, 244n35}}</ref> and generated wider acceptance over the years.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-317-29476-4| last1 = Daneshgar| first1 = Majid| last2 = Riddell| first2 = Peter G.| last3 = Rippin| first3 = Andrew| title = The Qur'an in the Malay-Indonesian World: Context and Interpretation| date = 2016-06-10|page=222}}</ref>

Brannon Wheeler argues that it would be possible to make that identification based on what is known of the conquests of Cyrus. However, the Arabic histories did not view Cyrus as a conqueror in the sense described in Q 18:83-102, and the early Quran commentaries did not identify Cyrus with Dhu al-Qarnayn.{{sfn|Wheeler|1998|p=200}}

=== Others ===
Other persons who either were identified with the Quranic figure or given the title {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn}}:

* Afrīqish al-Ḥimyarī, king of [[Himyar]]. [[Al-Biruni]] in his book, ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', listed a number of figures whom people thought to be Dhu al-Qarnayn. He favoured the opinion that Dhu al-Qarnayn was the Yamani prince Afrīqish, who conquered the Mediterranean and established a city called [[Afrīqiah]]. He was called {{Transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Qarnayn}} because he ruled the lands of the rising and setting sun. To support his argument, al-Biruni cited Arabic [[onomastics]], noting that compound names beginning with {{Transliteration|ar|Dhū}}, such as {{Transliteration|ar|[[Dhu Nuwas|Dhū Nuwās]]}} and {{Transliteration|ar|[[Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan|Dhū Yazan]]}}, were common among the kings of Himyar.{{sfn|Daneshgar|2016|p=226}}
* [[Fereydun]]. According to [[al-Tabari]]'s ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings|Tarikh]]'', some say Dhu al-Qarnayn the Elder (''al-akbar''), who lived in the era of [[Abraham]], was the mythical Persian king Fereydun, who al-Tabari rendered as Afrīdhūn ibn Athfiyān.<ref>{{The History of al-Tabari | volume = 3 | page = 3}}</ref>
* In an account attributed to [[Umar bin Khattab]], Dhu al-Qarnayn is said to be an [[angel]] or part angel.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = BRILL| isbn = 978-90-04-52876-5| last = Hämeen-Anttila| first = Jaakko| title = Al-Maqrīzī's al-Ḫabar ʿan al-bašar: Vol. V, Section 4: Persia and Its Kings, Part II| date = 2022-10-31|page=287}}</ref>
*[[Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr|Imru'l-Qays]] (died 328 CE), a prince of the [[Lakhmids]] of southern Mesopotamia, an ally first of Persia and then of Rome, celebrated in romance for his exploits.<ref name="Cottrell" />{{sfn|Ball|2002|p=97-98}}
*[[Messiah ben Joseph]], a fabulous military saviour expected by [[Yemenite Jews]].{{sfn|Wasserstrom|2014|p=61-62}}
*[[Darius the Great]].<ref>Pearls from Surah Al-Kahf: Exploring the Qur'an's Meaning, Yasir Qadhi Kube Publishing Limited, 4 Mar 2020, {{ISBN|9781847741318}}</ref>
* Kisrounis, [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] king.<ref>[[Agapius of Hierapolis|Agapius]], ''Kitab al-'Unvan'' [Universal History], [https://archive.org/details/PatrologiaOrientalis5-Agapius/page/n76/mode/1up p. 653]</ref><ref name=Cottrell>{{Cite book |editor=Krzysztof Nawotka | last = Emily Cottrell| title = Alexander the Great and the East: History, Art, Tradition| chapter = An Early Mirror for Princes and Manual for Secretaries: The Epistolary Novel of Aristotle and Alexander| page=323)}}</ref>
* [[Mustafa Khattab]], in his translation of the [[Quran]] attributes Dhu al-Qarnayn to be [[Abu Karib|Abu Kuraib Al-Ḥamiri]], a righteous king from [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khattab |first1=Mustafa |title=The Cave (Al-Kahf) |url=https://quran.com/18?startingVerse=83 |website=Quran.com |publisher=Quran Foundation |access-date=6 February 2026 |language=English |quote=Many scholars believe it was Abu Kuraib Al-Ḥamiri, a righteous king from Yemen.}}</ref>

==In later literature==
{{further|Alexander the Great in Arabic tradition|Alexander the Great in Islamic tradition}}
Dhu al-Qarnayn, the traveller, proved a popular subject for later writers. In [[Al-Andalus]], for instance, an Arabic translation of the [[Syriac Alexander Legend]] appeared, entitled ''[[Qissat Dhulqarnayn]]''. This work explores Dhu al-Qarnayn's life – his upbringing, journeys, and eventual death. The text identifies Dhu al-Qarnayn with Alexander the Great and portrays him as the first person to complete the Hajj pilgrimage.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last1=Miyashiro |first1=Adam |title=Teaching the global Middle Ages |last2=Fang Ng |first2=Su |date=2022 |publisher=Modern Language Association of America |isbn=978-1-60329-516-1 |editor-last=Heng |editor-first=Geraldine |series=Options for teaching |location=New York |pages=99–113}}</ref>

Another Hispano-Arabic legend featuring Dhu al-Qarnayn, representing Alexander, is the ''[[Hadith Dhulqarnayn]]'' (or the ''Leyenda de Alejandro''). In one of the many Arabic and [[Persian language|Persian]] versions depicting [[Alexander the Great in legend|Alexander's encounter with Indian sages]], the Persian Sunni Sufi [[theologian]] [[al-Ghazali]] (1058–1111) describes a scene where Dhu al-Qarnayn meets a people who own nothing but dig graves outside their homes. Their king explains that death is life's only certainty, a reason for their practices. Ghazali's interpretation found its way into the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]].{{sfn|Yamanaka|Nishio|2006|p=103-105}}''

The esteemed medieval Persian poet [[Rumi]] (1207-1273) wrote about Dhu al-Qarnayn's eastward travels. Here, the hero climbs [[Mount Qaf]], the emerald 'mother' of all mountains encircling the Earth, its veins spreading below every land. Upon Dhu al-Qarnayn's request, the mountain reveals how earthquakes occur: when God wills it, one of its veins pulsates, triggering a tremor. Atop this grand mountain, Dhu al-Qarnayn encounters [[Israfil]] (archangel [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]]), prepared to sound the trumpet on Judgement Day.{{sfn|Berberian|2014|p=118-119}}

The Malay epic ''[[Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain]]'' links several Southeast Asian royal lines to Iskandar Zulkarnain;<ref name="(Malaysia)19992">{{cite book |author=Balai Seni Lukis Negara (Malaysia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL-fAAAAMAAJ |title=Seni dan nasionalisme: dulu & kini |publisher=Balai Seni Lukis Negara |year=1999 |isbn=9789839572278 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092602/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL-fAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> this includes the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] royalty of [[Central Sumatra]]<ref>Early Modern History {{ISBN|981-3018-28-3}} page 60</ref> and the [[Chola Empire|Cholan emperor]] [[Rajendra I]] in the ''[[Malay Annals]]''.<ref name="TasaiDjamari20052">{{cite book |author1=S. Amran Tasai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcVkAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajendra+Chola+zulkarnain |title=Sejarah Melayu: sebagai karya sastra dan karya sejarah : sebuah antologi |author2=Djamari |author3=Budiono Isas |publisher=Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional |year=2005 |isbn=978-979-685-524-7 |page=67 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092713/https://books.google.com/books?id=YcVkAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajendra+Chola+zulkarnain |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sapiee20072">{{cite book |author=Radzi Sapiee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMLXAAAAMAAJ |title=Berpetualang Ke Aceh: Membela Syiar Asal |publisher=Wasilah Merah Silu Enterprise |year=2007 |isbn=978-983-42031-1-5 |page=69 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092701/https://books.google.com/books?id=wMLXAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQobAAAAMAAJ |title=Dewan bahasa |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |year=1980 |pages=333, 486 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111152533/https://books.google.com/books?id=uQobAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gates of Alexander]]
*[[Iron Gate (Central Asia)]]
*[[Epic of Ergenekon|Ergenekon]]
*[[Alexander the Great]]
*[[Cyrus the Great]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ball |first=Warwick |title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ |isbn=9781134823871 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092702/https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Berberian |first=Manuel |title=Earthquakes and Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau |publisher=Elsevier |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ur1AgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0444632975 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bietenholz |first=Peter G. |title=Historia and fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the modern age |publisher=Brill |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFjXaCAWoOUC&q=%22from+a+Syrian+version+it+found+its+way+into+the+Koran%22&pg=PA123 |isbn=978-9004100633 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092604/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFjXaCAWoOUC&q=%22from+a+Syrian+version+it+found+its+way+into+the+Koran%22&pg=PA123#v=snippet&q=%22from%20a%20Syrian%20version%20it%20found%20its%20way%20into%20the%20Koran%22&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=David B. |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2005 |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature |publisher=Syracuse University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCtQhsrnwWQC&pg=PA205 |isbn=9780815630586 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092605/https://books.google.com/books?id=uCtQhsrnwWQC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Durmaz |first=Reyhan |title=Stories Between Islam and Christianity |date=2022 |publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Cook |first1=David B. |author1-link=David Cook (historian) |date=2013 |title=Gog and Magog |editor1-last=Fleet |editor1-first=Kate |editor2-last=Krämer |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-link=Gudrun Krämer |editor3-last=Matringe |editor3-first=Denis |editor4-last=Nawas |editor4-first=John |editor5-last=Rowson |editor5-first=Everett |editor5-link=Everett K. Rowson |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ernst |first=Carl W. |title=How to Read the Qur'an: A New Guide, with Select Translations |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOnr6M0QmwwCq&pg=PA133 |isbn=9781134823871 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |last2=Smith |first2=Huston |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Rowman Altamira |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&q=%22the+eschatological+shadow+that+Alexander+casts%22&pg=PA38 |isbn=9780759101906 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092634/https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&q=%22the+eschatological+shadow+that+Alexander+casts%22&pg=PA38#v=snippet&q=%22the%20eschatological%20shadow%20that%20Alexander%20casts%22&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Merhavy |first=Menahem |date=2015 |title=Religious Appropriation of National Symbols in Iran: Searching for Cyrus the Great |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=933–948 |url=https://www.academia.edu/19824583 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2014.922277 |s2cid=144725336}}
* {{Cite book |last=Netton |first=Ian Richard |title=A Popular Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_--lK2ZGp8gC&q=%22He+with+the+two+horns%22%22has+been+identified+as+Alexander+the+Great%22&pg=PA72 |isbn=9781135797737 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092607/https://books.google.com/books?id=_--lK2ZGp8gC&q=%22He+with+the+two+horns%22%22has+been+identified+as+Alexander+the+Great%22&pg=PA72#v=snippet&q=%22He%20with%20the%20two%20horns%22%22has%20been%20identified%20as%20Alexander%20the%20Great%22&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pinault |first=David |title=Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights |publisher=BRILL |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guHmLGJMbg4C&q=Story-Telling+Techniques+in+the+Arabian+Nights |isbn=978-9004095304 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523093216/https://books.google.com/books?id=guHmLGJMbg4C&q=Story-Telling+Techniques+in+the+Arabian+Nights#v=snippet&q=Story-Telling%20Techniques%20in%20the%20Arabian%20Nights&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sekunda |first=Nicholas |contribution=Changes in Achaemenid Royal Dress |title=The World of Achaemenid Persia. History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East |editor-last1=Curtis |editor-first1=John |editor-last2=Simpson |editor-first2=St John |publisher=I. B. Taurus |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmGJDwAAQBAJ |isbn=9781848853461 |access-date=7 June 2025 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |editor1-last=Panayotakis |editor1-first=Stelios |editor2-last=Zimmerman |editor2-first=Maaike |editor3-last=Keulen |editor3-first=Wytse |year=2003 |chapter=Alexander the Great in Arabic Tradition |title=The Ancient Novel and Beyond |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers NV |isbn=978-90-04-12999-3}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Van Donzel |first1=Emeri J. |last2=Schmidt |first2=Andrea Barbara |title=Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources |publisher=Brill |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtxOXRlPMA0C&q=%22Alexander+and+his+barrier+against+Gog+and+Magog+was+rooted+in+Syriac+tradition%22&pg=PA57 |isbn=978-9004174160 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523093224/https://books.google.com/books?id=PtxOXRlPMA0C&q=%22Alexander+and+his+barrier+against+Gog+and+Magog+was+rooted+in+Syriac+tradition%22&pg=PA57#v=snippet&q=%22Alexander%20and%20his%20barrier%20against%20Gog%20and%20Magog%20was%20rooted%20in%20Syriac%20tradition%22&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wasserstrom |first=Steven M. |title=Between Muslim and Jew: The Problem of Symbiosis Under Early Islam |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0oABAAAQBAJ&q=%22Dhul+Qarnain+as+Messiah+ben+Joseph%22&pg=PA61 |isbn=9781400864133 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523093207/https://books.google.com/books?id=I0oABAAAQBAJ&q=%22Dhul+Qarnain+as+Messiah+ben+Joseph%22&pg=PA61#v=snippet&q=%22Dhul%20Qarnain%20as%20Messiah%20ben%20Joseph%22&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Watt |first1=W. Montgomery |author1-link=W. Montgomery Watt |date=1960–2007 |title=al-Iskandar |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630}}
* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1086/468638 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=191–215 |last=Wheeler |first=Brannon M. |title=Moses or Alexander? Early Islamic Exegesis of Qurʾān 18:60-65 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |date=1998 |s2cid=162366963 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/468638 |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214160411/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/468638 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Brannon M. |title=Moses in the Qur'an and Islamic Exegesis |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=9781136128905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uArBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Dhu+al-Qarnayn%27s+journey+to+the+ends+of+the+Earth%22&pg=PA96 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523093110/https://books.google.com/books?id=4uArBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Dhu+al-Qarnayn%27s+journey+to+the+ends+of+the+Earth%22&pg=PA96#v=snippet&q=%22Dhu%20al-Qarnayn's%20journey%20to%20the%20ends%20of%20the%20Earth%22&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Yamanaka |first1=Yuriko |last2=Nishio |first2=Tetsuo |title=The Arabian Nights and Orientalism: Perspectives from East and West |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrtwI5hQ7ZUC&q=%22There+are+many+other+versions%22%22with+the+Indian+sages%22&pg=PA103 |isbn=9781850437680 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523093225/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrtwI5hQ7ZUC&q=%22There+are+many+other+versions%22%22with+the+Indian+sages%22&pg=PA103 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-29476-4 |last1=Daneshgar |first1=Majid |editor-last1=Daneshgar |editor-first1=Majid |editor-last2=Riddell |editor-first2=Peter G. |editor-last3=Rippin |editor-first3=Andrew |title=The Qur'an in the Malay-Indonesian World: Context and Interpretation |date=2016-06-10 |contribution=Dhū l-Qarnayn in modern Malay commentaries}}
* {{Cite book |last=Van Bladel |first=Kevin |chapter=The Alexander Legend in the Qur'an 18:83-102 |editor1-last=Reynolds |editor1-first=Gabriel Said |title=The Qurʼān in Its Historical Context |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/33727330 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213042218/https://www.academia.edu/33727330 |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}

{{Quranic people}}
{{Cyrus the Great}}
{{Doomsday}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dhul-Qarnayn| ]]
[[Category:Legendary Muslims]]
[[Category:Alexander the Great in legend]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Cyrus the Great]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Islamic mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological kings]]
[[Category:People of the Quran]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]

P. K. Kunhalikutty

2026-03-17T19:17:17Z

Indiabulez: improved section for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1951)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. K. Kunhalikutty
| image = P. K. Kunhalikutty.jpg
| caption = P. K. Kunhalikutty in January 2016
| office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|
Deputy Leader of Opposition]] in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| leader =
| term_start = 22 May 2021
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
| term_start4 = 17 July 2017
| term_end4 = 3 February 2021
| predecessor4 = [[E. Ahamed]]
| successor4 = [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]
| office1 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. N. A. Khader]]
| constituency1 = [[Vengara (State Assembly constituency)|Vengara]]
| term_start1 = 20 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor2 = [[K. N. A. Khader]]
| constituency2 = [[Vengara (State Assembly constituency)|Vengara]]
| term_start2 = 2011
| term_end2 = 2017
| successor2 = [[K. N. A. Khader]]
| term_start3 = 1991
| term_end3 = 2006
| successor3 = [[K. T. Jaleel]]
| constituency3 = [[Kuttippuram (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttippuram]]
| office5 = [[Second Chandy ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| governor5 = [[R. S. Gavai]] [[M. O. H. Farook]] [[Hansraj Bhardwaj|H. R. Bhardwaj]] [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]|
| term_start5 = 23 May 2011
| term_end5 = 19 May 2016
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[Oommen Chandy]]
| 2blankname5 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata5 = * [[Industry (economics)|Industries]]
*[[IT]]
* Trade & Commerce
* Mining & Geology
* Wakf & Haj Affairs
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[Oommen Chandy]]
| 2blankname6 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata6 = *[[Industry (economics)|Industries]]
* [[IT]]
*[[Social Welfare]]
| governor6 = [[R. L. Bhatia]]
| term_start6 = 31 August 2004
| term_end6 = 12 May 2006
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[A. K. Antony]]
| 2blankname7 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata7 = * [[Industry (economics)|Industries]]
* [[Municipalities]]
| term_start7 = 22 March 1995
| term_end7 = 9 May 1996
| governor7 = [[B. Rachaiah]] [[P. Shiv Shankar]] [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Oorakam]], [[Madras State]], [[India]] (present-day [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| nationality = {{flag|India}}n
| spouse =
| relations =
| children = 2
| parents =
| residence = [[Panakkad]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]
| portfolio =
| website = {{URL|1=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3887&Itemid=3069|2=www.kerala.gov.in}}
}}

'''P. K. Kunhalikutty''' (born 1 June 1951 as '''Pandikkadavath Kunhalikutty''') is an Indian politician and social worker who is the present [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vengara Assembly constituency|Vengara Assembly Constituency]] in [[Kerala]]. He also serves as National General Secretary of [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML) and Deputy Leader of opposition in Kerala Leglative Assembly.<ref name="kerala1">[http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3887&Itemid=3069 Minister for Industries and Information Technology]. Kerala.gov.in. Retrieved on 23 July 2015.</ref><ref name="niyamasabha1">[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/p_k_kunhalikutty.htm Members – Kerala Legislature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216215023/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/p_k_kunhalikutty.htm |date=16 February 2012 }}. Niyamasabha.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2015.</ref>

Kunhalikutty was born at Oorakam in [[Malabar District|Malabar district]], [[Madras State]] in 1951. He entered public life through students and college union politics and served as Chairman of [[Malappuram|Malappuram Municipality]] at the age of 29 in 1980.<ref name="kerala1" /><ref name="niyamasabha1" /> He was elected to the Kerala state Legislative Assembly for the first time from the [[Malappuram Assembly constituency|Malappuram Constituency]] in 1982.<ref name="kerala1" /><ref name="niyamasabha1" /> He went on to become Member of Legislative Assembly of Kerala eight times between 1982 and 2021. He also served as Minister for Industries in several [[Government of Kerala|Kerala]] Legislative Assemblies (under [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders [[K. Karunakaran]], [[A. K. Antony]] and [[Oommen Chandy]]).<ref name="kerala1" /><ref name="niyamasabha1" /> Kunhalikutty served as Kerala State General Secretary of Indian Union Muslim League from 2003 - 2006 and from 2007 - 2011.<ref name=":0" />

Kunhalikutty is popularly known as "Kunjappa" among his supporters.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|author=Udayabhanu, Prem|date= 17 April 2017|title= A sneak peek at the life and times of 'Kunjappa'|newspaper=Malayala Manorama|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/malappuram-by-election-2017/2017/04/17/sneak-peek-life-times-kunjappa-kunhalikutty.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190412123513/https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/malappuram-by-election-2017/2017/04/17/sneak-peek-life-times-kunjappa-kunhalikutty.html|archivedate=2019-04-12}}</ref> He is known for his deep 'bonding' to [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]], the decades-old [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led pre-poll alliance in Kerala.<ref name=":3" /> As per ''Malayala Manorama'' daily, "the persuasive charm" of Kunhalikutty is widely respected by his political peers and rivals.<ref name=":3" /> He is also known for his 'vast experience in crafting strategic moves', and having 'weathered many a storm in his political career'.<ref name=":1" /> The ''Outlook'' magazine once described Kunhalikutty as "Indian Union Muslim League's backbone in Kerala politics."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/e-ahameds-daughter-fouzia-emerges-as-a-political-face-in-keralas-misogynistic-mu/298000|title=E. Ahamed's Daughter Fouzia Emerges As A Political Face In Kerala's Misogynistic Muslim League|website=Outlook (India)|date=27 January 2018 |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=Explained: The importance of Kunhalikutty in Kerala Assembly elections|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-importance-of-kunhalikutty-in-kerala-assembly-elections-7174620/|access-date=2021-02-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Background and career ==
P. K. Kunhalikutty was born on 1 June 1951 at [[Oorakam]], Melmuri in present-day [[Malappuram district|Malappuram District]] as the son of Pandikkadavath Mohamed Haji and K. P. Fathima Kutty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4941|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> He completed his secondary education from G. V. H. S. S. Vengara. He has an under-graduate degree in commerce from [[Sir Syed College (Taliparamba)|Sir Syed College]], [[Taliparamba]]. He was also educated at [[Farook College]], [[Kozhikode]].<ref name=":0" /> He is also a Post-Graduate Diploma holder in Business Management.<ref name="kerala1" /><ref name="niyamasabha1" />

=== Personal life ===
Kunhalikutty is married to K. M. Ummul Kulza<ref name=":0" /> and the couple have two children.<ref name="kerala1" /><ref name="niyamasabha1" /> He spends his spare time in vegetable cultivation at a plot near his residence and in ornamental fish farming.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2017 |title=Kunhalikutty Engane Kunjappayayi? Chila Malappuram Kauthuka Kazhchakal |work=Malayala Manorama |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2017/04/10/malappuram-by-election-candidates.html# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412124547/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2017/04/10/malappuram-by-election-candidates.html |archive-date=12 April 2019}}</ref>

The chairman of Koyenco Group, P. P. Koya, is brother-in-law of P. K. Kunhalikutty.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&q=kunhalikutti+koyenco&pg=PT336|title=INDIA'S NEW CAPITALISTS: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|date=2018-11-25|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5195-280-0|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Kunhalikutty is also the National General Secretary of Indian Union Muslim League, (IUML).<ref name="kerala1" /><ref name="niyamasabha1" /> He earlier served as Kerala State General Secretary, Indian Union Muslim League from 2003 - 2006 and 2007 - 2011.<ref name=":0" /> He was National Treasurer, Indian Union Muslim League.<ref name="niyamasabha1" />

He is also serving presently as Director, ''Chandrika'' daily and Director, Muhammed Koya International Foundation.<ref name="kerala1" /><ref name="niyamasabha1" /> From May 2016 to April 2017, he served as Deputy Leader of Opposition, [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0" />

=== 1980 Malappuram Municipality chairman ===
Kunhalikutty entered politics through [[Muslim Students Federation (I. U. M. L.)|Muslim Students Federation (the MSF)]], the student wing of [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. He later became State Treasurer, [[Muslim Students Federation (I. U. M. L.)|Muslim Students Federation]]. He also served as Secretary, Farook College Students Union. He completed graduation at [[Sir syed college]], Taliparamb.<ref name=":0" />

He subsequently served as chairman, Malappuram Municipality, at the age of 29, in 1980.<ref name="kerala1" /><ref name="niyamasabha1" /> The ''Indian Express'' later wrote, "he became the blue-eyed boy of the [respected] Panakkad Thangal family after displaying political acumen and charisma upon being elected Malappuram Municipality chairman in 1980".<ref name=":1">{{cite news|date=17 April 2017|title= IUML's warhorse saddles up for national sojourn|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/apr/18/iumls-warhorse-saddles-up-for-national-sojourn-1594726.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412124154/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/apr/18/iumls-warhorse-saddles-up-for-national-sojourn-1594726.html|archive-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> Rise of Kunhalikutty in [[Indian Union Muslim League]] after the 1980 victory was later described by the media as "meteoric".<ref name=":3" />

=== Tenures in Kerala Legislative Assembly ===
Kunhalikutty has been elected to Kerala Legislative Assembly eight times, in 1982 and 1987, contesting from [[Malappuram Assembly constituency|Malappuram Assembly Constituency]], and in 1991, 1996 and 2001, from [[Kuttippuram (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttippuram Constituency]] and in 2011, 2016 and 2021 from [[Vengara Assembly constituency|Vengara Constituency]].<ref name=":0" /> In the 2006 [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] wave in Kerala, Kunhalikutty was defeated by [[K. T. Jaleel|K.T. Jaleel]] in Kuttippuram Constituency.<ref name=":3" />

=== Career as Minister for Industries ===
Kunhalikutty served as Minister for Industries and Social Welfare from 1991 to 1995 in the [[K. Karunakaran]] Ministry (1991–95).<ref name=":1" /> As per observers, the selection was an indication of senior leader [[K. Karunakaran]]'s regard for the "young League politician".<ref name=":3" />

Kunhalikutty went on to serve as Minister for Industries and Municipalities from 1995 to 1996, and Minister for Industries, IT and Social Welfare from 2001 to 2004, in two [[A. K. Antony]] Ministries and Minister for Industries, IT and Social Welfare, from 2004 to 2005 in the [[Oommen Chandy]] Ministry.<ref name="kerala1" /><ref name="niyamasabha1" /> In 2011 he was the wealthiest member in the cabinet of [[Oommen Chandy]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Devasia|first=T. K.|title=Kunhalikutty is the richest in Kerala cabinet|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/kunhalikutty-is-the-richest-in-kerala-cabinet|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref> and served as Minister for the remarkable IT Project [[Akshaya project]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-06-01 |title=Kerala embarks on mass computer literacy drive |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-embarks-on-mass-computer-literacy-drive/articleshow/1106.cms |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|U D F]] term!! Chief Minister !! Period !! Portfolios
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991–1996||[[K. Karunakaran]] || 1991–95 ||Industries and Social Welfare
|-
|[[A. K. Antony]] || 1995–96 || Industries and Municipalities
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001–2006||[[A. K. Antony]] || 2001–04 || Industries, Information Technology and Social Welfare
|-
|[[Oommen Chandy]] || 2004–05 || Industries, Information Technology and Social Welfare
|-
|2011–2016||[[Oommen Chandy]] || 2011–16|| Industries, Information Technology, Haj and Wakf and Mining and Geology
|}[[File:P._K._Kunhalikutty_with_Oommen_Chandy_(2012)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|314x314px|P. K. Kunhalikutty with [[Oommen Chandy]] (2012)]]

=== Member of Parliament ===
Kunhalikutty got elected as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]] [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Parliamentary Constituency]] in 2017 in a by-election.<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/malappuram-by-election-2017/2017/04/16/malappuram-by-poll-results-iuml-kunhalikutty-udf-ldf-kerala.html Malappuram Election Result]</ref> The election was a result of the death of former Minister of State for External Affairs and senior IUML leader [[E. Ahamed]]. Kunhalikutty won from all the seven Assembly constituencies of the [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Parliament Constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Press Trust of India|date=17 April 2017|title=Muslim League wins big to retain Malappuram Lok Sabha seat|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/muslim-league-wins-big-to-retain-malappuram-lok-sabha-seat/article9644277.ece|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412125124/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/muslim-league-wins-big-to-retain-malappuram-lok-sabha-seat/article9644277.ece|archivedate=2019-04-12}}</ref> He was re-elected to Malappuram during the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]].<ref name=":2" />

He was a member of Standing Committee on Railways, Government of India.<ref name=":0" /> From May 2017 to January 2018, he was a member in Committee on Government Assurances, Government of India.<ref name=":0" />

=== Return to Legislative Assembly ===
In February 2021, Kunhalikutty resigned from the Lok Sabha to contest the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=IUML leader PK Kunhalikutty resigns as MP to contest Kerala Assembly polls |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iuml-leader-pk-kunhalikutty-resigns-mp-contest-kerala-assembly-polls-142764 |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=4 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He is currently a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vengara Assembly constituency|Vengara Assembly Constituency]].[[File:Manmohan Singh addressing at the 11th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, in Kochi. The Union Minister for External Affairs, Shri Salman Khursheed and the Minister of State for External Affairs, Shri E. Ahamed are also seen (cropped).jpg|thumb|P. K. Kunhalikutty (third from right) with the then Prime Minister [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]] at the 11th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (2013) in Kochi|555x555px|center]]

== Controversies ==
P. K. Kunhalikutty experienced electoral defeat only in 2006 Kerala state assembly elections due to his involvement in the 1997 [[Ice cream parlour sex scandal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 15, 2004|first=M. G. |last=Radhakrishnan|title=8-year-old sex scandal haunts Kerala minister P.K. Kunhalikutty, rocks govt|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/kerala/story/20041115-8-year-old-sex-scandal-haunts-kerala-minister-pk-kunhalikutty-789418-2004-11-15|access-date=2021-02-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> A closure report in the case was filed in the trial court later by the Special Investigation Team. There were severe allegations levelled in relation to this case including death of two girls in Kozhikode.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plea filed for fresh probe into girls' death|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/mar/18/plea-filed-for-fresh-probe-into-girls-death-236754.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] had in 2016 dismissed a petition from the opposition communists seeking a federal probe into the case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mathrubhumi|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/electioneering-in-malappuram-ls-by-poll-hots-up-1.1849448|last=|first=|date=5 April 2017|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524093950/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/electioneering-in-malappuram-ls-by-poll-hots-up-1.1849448|archive-date=2020-05-24|access-date=}}</ref>

There were allegations in relation to [[2020 Kerala gold smuggling case]] that one of the key accused, K.T. Ramees is a relative of P.K. Kunhalikutty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=M.K|first=Nidheesh|date=2020-07-12|title=Malappuram-based businessman in customs custody over Kerala gold smuggling case|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/malappuram-based-businessman-in-customs-custody-over-kerala-gold-smuggling-case-11594555754368.html|access-date=2021-02-25|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NIA Arrests PK Kunhalikutty's Kin Rameez in Gold Smuggling Case; Chakkiri Ahmed Also A Relative|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/english/news/kerala/gold-smuggling-pk-kunhalikutty-relative-chakkiri-ahmed/2395|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Deshabhimani|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, he skipped a [[Lok Sabha]] session for attending a marriage in [[Dubai]] when parliamentary proceedings over ''Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2018'' were taking place. He was heavily criticised for his behaviour as the bill was about the criminalisation of [[triple talaq in India]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-29|title=Kunhalikutty slammed for skipping talaq voting|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kunhalikutty-slammedfor-skipping-talaq-voting/articleshow/67293577.cms|access-date=2021-02-25|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kunhalikutty-draws-flak-for-missing-triple-talaq-voting/article25852578.ece |title=Kunhalikutty draws flak for missing triple talaq voting |date=2018-12-28 |access-date=2024-06-19 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003201043/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kunhalikutty-draws-flak-for-missing-triple-talaq-voting/article25852578.ece |archive-date=2020-10-03 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In 2011, there was plea before Vigilance and Anti Corruption Bureau Court, Thrissur made by Andul Aziz from [[National Secular Conference]] to undertake a probe into wealth amassed by P.K. Kunhalikutty and his relatives.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inquiry into complaints on Kunhalikutty begins|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/aug/13/inquiry-into-complaints-on-kunhalikutty-begins-281098.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> The plea had mention about investments made into Seashore Rolling Engineering Company owned by son of P.K. Kunhalikutty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Court rejects plea for investigation into Kerala industries minister |url=https://www.pressreader.com/oman/oman-daily-observer/20110907/282046208812760|access-date=2021-02-26|via=PressReader}}</ref> The plea was dismissed by the VACB court due to inadequate evidences to support the claim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plea against Kunhalikutty rejected|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/sep/07/plea-against-kunhalikutty-rejected-288615.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Indian Union Muslim League]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[E. Ahamed]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]] |years=17 April 2017 – 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{17th LS members from Kerala}}
{{United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunhalikutty, PK}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Kerala]]

Salem City Municipal Corporation

2026-03-17T09:30:40Z

Indiabulez: cleanup

{{Short description|Municipal governing body of Salem, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Salem City Municipal Corporation
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| houses = '''2 Houses'''
* [[Legislature|Legislature Assembly]]
* [[Executive (government)|Executive Assembly]]
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]] 
| leader1 = [[A. Ramachandran (politician)|A. Ramachandran]]
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Saradha Devi
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[Commissioner]]
| leader3 = S.Balachander [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = [[District Collector]]
| leader4 = Dr.R.Brindha Devi, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =[[Salem City Police|City Police Commissioner]]
| leader5 =Tmt. B.Vijayakumari [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| party5 =
| election5 =
| members =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 = Salem Corporation 2022.png
| structure1_res = 220px
| structure2 = Salem Corporation Election Results 2022.jpg
| structure2_res = 220px
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government]] (50)''' '''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (50)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (48)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)
'''Opposition (10)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (7)
:*{{Color box|#757575}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = 19 February 2022
| next_election1 = 2027
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| last_election2 =
| session_room =File:Salem Corporation Head office panoramic view.jpg
| session_res = 240px
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| logo_pic =File:SCMC Emblem.png
| Seats_type1 =
| seats1 = 60
| seats1_title = Ward
| seats2 = 4 Zones
* [[Hastampatti]]
* Ammapettai
* [[Kondalampatti]]
* Suramangalam
| seats2_title = Zones
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1866|04|01}}
| seats = 60
| motto = நகர் நலம் நாடு (''[[Tamil language|tamil]]'') City Wealth Country
| logo_caption = Salem Corporation emblem
| session_alt = }}

''' Salem City Municipal Corporation (SCMC) ''' is a civic body that governs [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] city, Tamil Nadu, India. It consists of a [[legislative]] and an [[Executive (government)|executive]] body. The legislative body is headed by the city mayor while the executive body is headed by a Chief Commissioner. This corporation consists of 60 wards<ref name=wards>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Salem-Corporation-to-increase-number-of-wards/article14377048.ece|title= Salem Corporation to increase the number of wards|work=The Hindu|date=1 June 2016|access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref> and is headed by a [[Mayor]] who presides over a Deputy Mayor and 60 [[councillors]] who represent each ward in the city. '''SCMC''' is the fifth largest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu. For administrative purposes, the Salem corporation is divided into four zones: Suramangalam, [[Hastampatti|Hasthampatty]], Ammapettai, and [[Kondalampatti|Kondalampatty]]. Each Zonal Office has its own Zonal Chairman and an Asst. Commissioner to take care of Zonal Activities.

==History==
The Centurion Municipality was declared as the Salem City Municipal Corporation on 1 June 1994. The Salem City Municipal Council celebrated its centenary in 1966. Fittingly the Municipality was upgraded into a special grade Municipality with effect from 1 April 1979. Salem City Municipal Limits were further extended by the inclusion of Suramangalam Municipality, Jarikondalampatty Town Panchayat, Kannankurichi Town Panchayat and 21 other Village panchayats with effect from 1.4.94, with an extent of {{cvt|91.34|km2}} and a total population of 8,29,267 (2011 Census). Salem is the Headquarters of the [[Salem district]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Salem Corporation consists of 60 wards<ref name=wards/> categorized under 4 Zonal Offices namely Suramangalam Zonal, [[Hastampatti|Hasthampatty Zonal]], [[Ammapettai, Salem|Ammapet Zonal]], [[Kondalampatti|Kondalampatty Zonal]]. Each Zonal Office has its own Zonal Chairman and an Asst. Commissioner to take care of Zonal Activities.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

== Forums ==
'''Salem City Municipal Corporation''' consist of 2 Houses, namely,

* [[Legislature|Legislature Assembly]]
* [[Executive (government)|Executive Assembly]]

=== Legislature Assembly ===
Legislature Assembly is one of the assembly councils in SCMC. This is headed by city [[Mayor]] who presides over [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]] and 60 [[councillor]]s who represents each ward of the city.

=== Executive Assembly ===
Executive Assembly is also one of the two assembly council of SCMC. This is headed by Chief Commissioner, the person graded with [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] position. There are 4 zonal officers under City Chief [[Commissioner]]. This assembly executes the decision taken in both the assembly particularly in Legislature Assembly.
[[File:Organisational structure of SCMC.jpg|thumb|Organisational structure of SCMC]]

==Zones==

{| class="wikitable"
! style="color:blue; background-color:#EE8844;" colspan="4"| Zones
|-
|Suramangalam
|[[Hastampatti]]
|[[Ammapettai, Salem|Ammapettai]]
|[[Kondalampatti]]
|-
! style="color:blue; background-color:#AACC44;" colspan="4"|Wards
|-
| colspan="4" align="center"|60
|}

{| border="1"
|-style="color:blue; background-color:#88EE66;"
!Commissioner
!Mayor
!Deputy Mayor
!Zonal Heads
!Member of SCMC wards
|-style="font-style:italic; color:green;"
|align="center"|S. Balachander [[Indian Administrative Service]]
|align="center"|A. Ramachandran [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|align="center"|Saradha devi [[Indian National Congress]]
|align="center"|'''4'''
|align="center"|'''60'''
|}

== Administrations ==
{| border="1" align="Left" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="200" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%"
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#cccccc" align="center" | '''City officials, as of March 2022 '''
|-
| width="15%" | '''[[Mayor]]'''
| [[A. Ramachandran (politician)|A. Ramachandran]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|
|-
| '''[[Deputy Mayor]]'''
| [[M. Saradha Devi]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
| '''[[Commissioner|Corporation Commissioner]]'''
| S. Balachander [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|
|-
| '''[[Police commissioner|Commissioner of Police]]'''
| Vijayakumari [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|
|}

From among themselves, the councillors elect the mayor and a deputy mayor who preside over about ten standing committees. The council normally meets once a month. The executive wing is headed by the Commissioner. In addition, there are deputy commissioners, various heads of departments and four zonal officers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salem Municipal Corporation|url=https://salemcorporation.gov.in/about-corporation.php|access-date=2021-09-16|website=salemcorporation.gov.in}}</ref>
{{clear}}
=== Municipal finance ===
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Salem City Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/salem |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> the Salem City Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹275 crore (US$33 million) and total expenditure of ₹404 crore (US$49 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 39.3% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹85 crore in grants during the financial year.

==Elections==
[[File:Salem Corporation 2022.png|thumb|2022 Salem Municipal Corporation Election {{legend|#D80000|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: 48 seats}} {{legend|#00BFFF|Indian National Congress: 2 seats}} {{legend|#21971F|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: 7 seats}} {{legend|#696969|Independent : 3 seats}}]]
The seats of the [[mayor]], [[deputy mayor]] and the Salem Corporation Council have been vacant since 2016. As part of the [[2022 Tamil Nadu urban civic body elections]], the Salem City Municipal Corporation went to polling on 19 February 2022, alongside [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|20 other municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu]], to elect 60 councillors to represent [[List of Salem Corporation zones|the city's 60 wards]]; the councillors will choose one amongst themselves as the [[List of mayors of Salem, Tamil Nadu|Mayor of Salem]], a historically significant, coveted office. The election results were announced on 22 February 2022 by the Tamil Nadu State Election Commission. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) won 48 out of the total 60 wards in Salem, with the other parties in its [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] winning 2 seats by [[Indian National Congress]]. The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) won 7 seats. 3 [[independent candidates]] won in their respective wards. Having secured an [[Supermajority|absolute majority]], the DMK councillors will formally elect the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Elections – 2022|url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/result/election_urban2022/index.php?dcode=Mjk=|access-date=22 February 2022|website=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>

== Emblem ==
Salem Corporation is centurion municipality in 1966. Centurion municipality became Salem Municipal corporation in 1994. After forming municipal corporation unique [[emblem]] for corporation is created. It is created with city's unique identities in emblem. The emblem holds the theme of [[urbanization]] of the city by including the icons of industries and households. It also consists of six mangoes icon, three on each side of the emblem, which indicates the fame of the city. It also holds the tag line (''Nagar Nalam Naadu'') which means the growth of the country begins with the growth of the city (''[[Tamil language|tamil]] நகர் நலம் நாடு'').

==Departments==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No
!Department
|-
|1
|Finance
|-
|2
|Developmental Planning
|-
|3
|Health and Family Welfare
|-
|4
|Rehabilitation Project Committee
|-
|5
|Smart City Project Committee
|-
|6
|Income Tax Department
|-
|7
|Educational and Sports Developmental Authority
|}

==List of mayors==
{{Main|List of mayors of Salem, Tamil Nadu}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |S.{{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|name="no1"|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Elected Ward
! rowspan="2" |Political Party{{efn|name=party|This column only names the mayor's party. The corporation the mayor heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
! colspan="3" |Term of Office
! rowspan="2" |Corporation Election
|-
!From
!To
!Days in office
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''1'''
|
|G. Soodamani
|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|1996
|2001
|1st

(5 years)
|1st
|-
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''2'''
|
|Suresh Kumar
|Directly elected
| rowspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|2001
|2006
|1st

(5 years)
| rowspan="2" |2nd
|-
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''3'''
|
|[[S. Soundappan]]
|
|2006
|2006
|1st

(210 days)
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''4'''
|
|[[J. Rekha Priyadharshini]]
| rowspan="2" |Directly elected
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|2006
|2011
|1st

(5 years)
|3rd
|-
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''(5)'''
|
|[[S. Soundappan]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|2011
|24 October 2016
|2nd

(5 years)
|[[Tamil Nadu local body elections, 2011|4th]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Corporation / Mayoralty suspended (25 October 2016 – 2 March 2022)
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;"|'''6'''
|
|[[A. Ramachandran (politician)|A. Ramachandran]]
|6
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|4 March 2022
|''Incumbent''
|1st

({{Age in years and days|2022|03|04}})
|[[2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections|5th]]
|}

== Salem Smart City ==
{{advert|date=March 2023}}

In the State of Tamil Nadu, there are 11 [[Smart city|Smart Cities]] and Salem is one among the 11 Smart Cities as identified by Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, GoI. Salem is the fifth largest city in Tamil Nadu. The name 'Salem' appears to have been derived from Sela or Shalya by which the term refers to the country around the hills, as in the inscriptions. The city's vision emphases upon enlightening the city's potentials and eliminating its weakness. Salem is known for its industrial base and has varied small scale commercial business. The Coimbatore – Bangalore Industrial corridor and Coimbatore – Salem Industrial corridor proposals paves way for economic development in the city. Hence a base for these activities is an indispensable need. Provision of urban services is efficient but lacks technological interventions thus craving a need for smart technologies in service delivery. The identified Smart City area is the Central Business District of Salem holding an area of 690 acre and it is inhabited by approximately 8% (71,295 persons) of the total Salem population (8,29,267 persons). The existence of city bus stand as well as the market areas attracts large volume of population from all over. It holds humungous opportunities for growth and improvement of local livelihood. Accordingly the core city area with maximum coverage was taken up which included; Mix of high commercial activities, congested transit hubs (old bus stand & railway station), narrow roads, diverse traffic composition, dense residential pockets, markets, informal hawking areas, heritage places, rejuvenation of Thirumanimutharu river channel to cater environmental problems and also ensuring a mix of different social and income groups. The vision of Salem Smart City is making the identified Central Business District in to a vibrant commercial business center by providing an enhanced core infrastructure with ICT based solutions, Transit Oriented Development to boost local economy, promote interactions, and ensure citizen security.

The Government of India launched Smart Cities Mission on 25 June 2015. The objective is to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart solutions’. The Smart city mission covers 100 cities in India, and Salem is covered as one of the Smart city in India, with the vision ""To establish Salem as commercial cum industrial hub with a diversified economic base that provides equitable opportunities to all and to provide paramount quality services through leading edge technology on the foundation of New Urbanism principles." As a part of Smart City initiatives, the State-of-the-art Integrated Command Control Centre (Centre) needs to be set up. This ICCC shall effectively bring all necessary data pointers from various sources such ULB, police, transport, water, sewerage, power, etc. under one roof through electronic data integrations. The ICCC solution shall be able to consume such data and predict useful information which would be useful for authorities to take informed decision making. The Command and Control Centre (CCC) acts as a fulcrum in effectively integrating most of the envisaged smart city works.

The Mission is operated as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Central Government will give financial support to the extent of Rs. 48,000 crores over 5 years i.e. on an average Rs.100 crore per city per year. An equal amount on a matching basis is to be provided by the State/ULB. Additional resources are to be raised through convergence, from ULBs’ own funds, grants under Finance Commission, innovative finance mechanisms such as Municipal Bonds, other government programs and borrowings. Emphasis has been given on the participation of private sector through Public Private Partnerships (PPP). Citizens’ aspirations were captured in the Smart City Proposals (SCPs) prepared by the selected cities. Aggregated at the national level, these proposals contained more than 5,000 projects worth over Rs. 2,00,000 crores, of which 45 percent is to be funded through Mission grants, 21 percent through convergence, 21 percent through PPP and rest from other sources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salem |url=https://www.salemsmartcity.org/about-salem-smart-city |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.salemsmartcity.org}}</ref>

== Salem metropolitan area ==
{{Main|Salem metropolitan area (India)}}
The '''[[Salem metropolitan area (India)|Salem Metropolitan Area]]''' is the 16th most populous [[metropolitan area]] in India. It is the third most populous metropolitan area in [[Tamil Nadu]], only after [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai]] and [[Coimbatore metropolitan area|Coimbatore]].<ref>Urban Development – Declaration of [http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/go/hud_e_213_2022.pdf Salem Urban Planning Area] under clause (48) of section 2 of the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 (Tamil Nadu Act 35 of 1972) – Orders – Issued</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=Salem Draft Master Plan 2024 |url=https://www.salemlpamasterplan.com/_files/ugd/664561_f48451a81fc7429d87ce56928ac78890.pdf |website=Salem LPA Master Plan}}</ref> The Salem Metropolitan Area consist of the [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|city of Salem]] and its [[suburb]]s in [[Salem district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salem, India Metro Area Population 1950-2021|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21392/salem/population|access-date=2021-09-16|website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Saravanan|first=S. P.|date=2015-11-02|title=Salem, more like a vast urban village|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salem-more-like-a-vast-urban-village/article7832866.ece|access-date=2021-09-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Salem Corporation covers {{cvt|124|km2}} and population is 8,29,267 while Salem metropolitan area covers {{cvt|799.59|km2}} and population is 1,774,122.<ref name="salem.nic.in">{{Cite web|title=Salem District Town and Country Planning {{!}} Salem District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} India|url=https://salem.nic.in/salem-local-planning-area-slpa/|access-date=2021-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> It consist of Salem City Municipal Corporation and suburban areas spread over the Salem district. New construction in areas under the Salem Local Planning Authority needs their approval to start work.

== Planning authority ==
The '''Salem Urban Development Authority''' (SUDA) is nodal planning agency for Salem City Municipal Corporation and it's [[Suburb]]s of Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Salem Urban Development Authority administers the Salem Metropolitan Area, spread over an area of 1265.197 km2. And covers the area of Salem City Municipal Corporation, 2 Municipalities, 8 [[Nagar panchayat|Town Panchayats]] and 7 [[Local government in Tamil Nadu|Panchayat Unions]]. Total population of the area covered by Salem Urban Development Authority is 2,463,367.<ref name="salem.nic.in" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/plng_permissions.html|access-date=2021-06-26|website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/TN/tn952.htm|access-date=2021-06-26|website=www.bareactslive.com|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928095543/http://bareactslive.com/TN/tn952.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Law and enforcement ==
{{Main|Salem City Police}}
[[File:Salem city police chart.jpg|thumb]]
The '''Salem City Police''' was formed in 1972 and The Salem Police Commissionerate was formed in 1990 for the major metropolitan cities like [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]] and [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]]. The jurisdiction of Salem city police commissionerate extends jurisdiction limit to Salem City Municipal Corporation. There are 11 police stations in Salem city, numbered '''B-1''' to B-11. City Police has five wings: traffic wing, traffic investigation wing, prohibition enforcement wing, city crime record bureau, armed reserve, in three zones Salem North, Salem South and Salem West.

=== Wings ===
{| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="800" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%"
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#cccccc" align="center" | '''Wings of Salem city police with address '''
|-
| width="30%" | '''South range, Salem city'''
| Inspector of Police, Salem Town PS, D.No.426/44, '''Big Bazaar St''', Salem-636 001
|-
| '''North range, Salem city'''
| Inspector of Police, Hasthampatty PS,
D.No.1/1,Kallikadu,
Kannankurchi main road,
Salem 636007.
|-
| '''West range, Salem city'''
| Inspector of Police, Sooramangalam PS, D.No.1/1, Junction main road, Sooramangalam, Salem 636005
|-
| '''Traffic wing, Salem city'''
| Inspector of Police, (South Traffic) Apsara Theater Near, Shevapet, Salem-2
|-
|'''Traffic investigation wing, Salem city'''
| Inspector of Police, Traffic Investigation Wing, Fairlands Police Station Back Side, Salem City-16
|-
|'''Prohibition enforcement wing, Salem city'''
|ACP (PEW) P.G Nagar, Jahir Ammapalayam, Vennakudi Muniyappan Koil back Side, Salem
|-
|'''City crime record bureau, Salem city'''
|Inspector of Police, CCRB, No.5 Rajaji Kalai Mandram, Bretts road, Salem-7
|-
|'''Armed reserve, Salem city'''
|Inspector of Police, Armed Reserve, Line Medu, Salem-6
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/ official website]

{{Salem District }}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Salem City Municipal Corporation| ]]
[[Category:Government of Salem, Tamil Nadu]]

Kakalbhai Ravjibhai Kothari

2026-03-11T12:06:54Z

Indiabulez: started new info

{{tone|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian Journalist}}

{{Infobox
| image = [[File:Kothari.jpg|thumb|Kothari]]
| name = Kakalbhai Kothari
| label1 = Born
| data1 = 1903
| label2 = Place
| data2 = [[Kathiawar]], [[Gujarat]]
| label3 = Work
| data3 = Indian Journalist
| label4 = Legacy
| data4 = Founder of [http://theprabhat.com Prabhat] Prabhat group of Newspapers (1934)
| label5 = Death
| data5 = [[Ahmedabad]] (1965)
| label6 = Spouse
| data6 = Soorajba Kothari
| label7 = Children
| data7 = Bachubhai Kothari, Rajnikant Kothari
}}
'''Kakalbhai Ravjibhai Kothari''' was an [https://amritkaal.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?15533 Indian freedom fighter], journalist, editor, and social reformer from the Kathiawar region of present-day [[Gujarat]]. His contributions were majorly to the struggle of the Indians to get independence especially in his pioneering work on the Gujarati press.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shah |first=Girish |title=The Role of Gujarati Press in India's Freedom Struggle |journal=Indian Journalism Review |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=1995 |pages=43–55}}</ref> Kothari was also a person active in the mobilization of the nationalist cause and expressing the interests of the population in the princely colonials of the time.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |title=Popular Movements in Princely India |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |year=1999}}</ref> He was the founder of [https://theprabhat.com/ The Prabhat], a newspaper and piece of [[Media in Gujarati language]], which has been continuously published for over 90 years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Urvish |title=Gujarati Patrakaritano Itihas |publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Akademi |year=2001}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Kakalbhai Kothari was born in 1902 in [[Kathiawar]], a historical province that contained several [[Princely state|princely states]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Patel |first=Ravindra |title=Freedom Fighters from Kathiawar |journal=Gujarat Historical Journal |volume=10 |issue=3 |year=1980}}</ref> His childhood was filled with national enthusiasm, and this affected him as a youngster, drawing him toward the ideas of [[freedom of the press]] and [[self-governance]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Yagnik |first=Achyut |title=Shaping Modern Gujarat |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2005}}</ref>
== Role in the Freedom Movement ==

Kothari actively participated in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom struggle]]. In 1920, he participated in the ''Tilak Swaraj'' Fund collection in [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], which was organized to finance the national movement of the Congress.<ref>{{cite book |last=Desai |first=Mahadev |title=The Story of Satyagraha |publisher=Navajivan Publishing |year=1930}}</ref> He also worked in arousing Western India's support against the Non-Cooperation Movement and subsequently the Civil Disobedience Movement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Bipan |title=India's Struggle for Independence |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1989}}</ref>

Kothari also led the political awakening of the [[Princely state|princely states]] becoming a part of the [[Kathiawar|Kathiawar States People Convention]] in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Shyam |title=People's Movements in Princely India |publisher=New Era Books |year=1983}}</ref> This campaign was aimed at placing awareness in the minds of the subjects to the princely rulers that they had a right and that they needed to associate with the larger freedom movement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=V.P. |title=The Story of the Integration of the Indian States |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1956}}</ref> In a letter to Kothari dated 2 November 1933, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] talks about the correspondence taking place between the two concerning these activities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |title=Letter to Kakalbhai Kothari |date=2 November 1933 |work=Collected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru |url=https://archive.org/stream/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW-06/nehru.sw.vol.06_djvu.txt}}</ref>

== Journalism and editorial work ==

Kothari began his journalism career at [[Phulchhab]], a Gujarati newspaper known for its reformist and nationalist tone. In 1934, he founded his own daily newspaper, ''The Prabhat'', which quickly became a platform for articulating the nationalist agenda.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Urvish |title=Gujarati Patrakaritano Itihas |publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Akademi |year=2001}}</ref> He later edited the weekly ''Navsaurashtra'', which covered socio-political developments and carried articles in favor of [[swaraj]] (self-rule).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trivedi |first=Rohit |title=Voices of the Press: Gujarat's Contribution |journal=Indian Freedom Chronicles |volume=6 |year=1990}}</ref>

Kothari was also associated with the [[Janmabhoomi (Gujarati newspaper)|Janmabhoomi]] group of newspapers, through which he continued to disseminate political awareness and press for reforms. His editorials often challenged British policies and called for solidarity among Indian states and commoners.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Joshi |first=Suresh |title=Forgotten Editors of Pre-Independence Gujarat |journal=Indian Media Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2007}}</ref> In 1928, he authored a biographical book titled ''Narveer Lalaji'', which detailed the life and contributions of a fellow nationalist and social worker.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kothari |first=Kakalbhai |title=Narveer Lalaji |publisher=Digital Library of India |year=1928 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.304492}}</ref> The book was among the earliest biographical efforts in [[Gujarat Literature Festival|Gujarati literature]] to celebrate contemporary freedom fighters.

== Later activities and social work ==

Apart from his journalism and political work, Kothari was a vocal advocate for education, press freedom, and social equity. He campaigned for literacy among rural populations and supported constructive programs aligned with [[Gandhian style non-violent action|Gandhian principles]], such as [[khadi]] promotion<ref>https://khadi.gov.in/saurashtra-initiatives</ref> and sanitation.
He also played a role in developing literary circles in Gujarat, encouraging the growth of independent thought and writing. Several journalists and writers who later emerged as leading figures in Gujarat's literary community credited Kothari for mentoring and supporting their early careers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rajyaguru |first=Sundarji |title=Gujarati Sahitya na Itihas |publisher=University Granth Nirman Board |year=1959}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

Kakalbhai Kothari has been acknowledged by the [[Government of India]] as one of the unsung heroes<ref>{{cite web | last1=Kaal | first1=Amrit | title=Kakalbhai Ravjibhai Kothari | work=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India | url=https://amritkaal.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?15533 }}</ref> of the India independence struggle.He is also included in the official portal of the [[Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav]] initiative, featuring little-known freedom fighters. His presence has not been quite as well-regarded in popular history, but his contribution to the facturation of the popular opinion, confrontation of the colonial discourse in the press, and democratic reforms in state-states under the princes is substantial.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhatt |first=Neelam |title=Unsung Nationalists of Gujarat |journal=Journal of Modern Indian History |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=2010}}</ref>

His work is still remembered at journalism schools and in Gujarat circles of historical knowledge where he is credited as an early leader of politically involved Gujarati journalism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thakkar |first=D.R. |title=Who's Who of Indian Freedom Fighters |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1969}}</ref>

== Prabhat group of Newspapers ==

Kakalbhai Kothari, a ''Indian journalist'', founded the Gujarati daily newspaper [https://theprabhat.com/ The Prabhat], expanding upon his previous editorial ventures with Saurashtra and Phulchhab.''Prabhat'' holds a unique place in the history of [[Media in Gujarati language|Gujarati journalism]]. It was among the earliest [[Media in Gujarati language]] daily newspapers, dedicated to covering socio-political issues, the nationalist movement, and regional affairs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thakkar |first=Manish |title=The Rise of Regional Press in Gujarat |journal=Journal of Media History |volume=9 |issue=2 |year=2003}}</ref> The paper gained a reputation for its fearless critique of colonial administration and its strong editorial stance promoting Indian self-rule.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Raval |first=Pratima |title=Press and Politics in Pre-Independence Gujarat |journal=Media and Culture Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |year=2004}}</ref>

Over the decades, ''The Prabhat'' evolved into a credible source of news for Gujarati readers and has continued its publication for over 90 years, making it one of the longest-running Gujarati newspapers in India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anjaria |first=Ulka |title=A History of the Indian Press |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020}}</ref> It remains influential in Gujarat's journalistic and political circles even today. It is

The newspaper was printed and published from Prabhat Bhavan, located in Ahmedabad, under the banner of Kothari Printers. It was one of the few newspapers of the time to integrate editorial, publishing, and printing under a single roof. the Prabhat still runs successful by the Kothari family from Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

== See also ==
* [[Indian independence movement]]
* [[Gujarati journalism|Journalism in Gujarat]]
* [[Janmabhoomi (Gujarati newspaper)]]
* [[Media in Gujarati language]]
* [[Phulchhab]]
* [[Bansilal Verma]]
* [[Chunilal Madia]]
* [[List of people from Ahmedabad|List of People from Ahmedabad]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?15533= Government of India – Unsung Heroes: Kakalbhai Kothari]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.304492 "Narveer Lalaji" – Archive.org]
* [https://archive.org/stream/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW-06/nehru.sw.vol.06_djvu.txt Nehru-Kothari Correspondence – Archive.org]
* [http://theprabhat.com/ The Prabhat Website]
* [https://amritkaal.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?15533 Indian Unsang Heroes of Freedom]
* [https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%e0%aa%95%e0%ab%8b%e0%aa%a0%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b0%e0%ab%80-%e0%aa%95%e0%aa%95%e0%aa%b2%e0%aa%ad%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%88/ Kakalbhai Kothari Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kothari, Kakalbhai Ravjibhai}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Minto Bridge

2026-03-10T22:19:36Z

Indiabulez: starting!

{{Short description|Heritage railway underbridge in New Delhi}}
{{distinguish|Minto Bridges}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox bridge
| name = Shivaji Bridge
| coordinates = {{coord|28|38|1|N|77|13|2|E|display=inline,title}}
| carries = Trains
| track_gauge = 5 ft 6 in gauge railway{{!}} Broad Gauge
| electrification = Yes
| built = Disputed
| mapframe = yes
| id = Q113570344
| qid = Q113570344
}}
An [[Indian Railways]] underpass connecting [[Shivaji Bridge railway station|Shivaji Bridge Railway Station]] to [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Railway Station]]'''Minto Bridge''' is a [[railway underbridge]] in [[New Delhi]].

Vivekananda Road, once known as Minto Road, passes under the bridge,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soofi |first=Mayank Austen |date=2015-09-04 |title=Bye bye, Aurangzeb |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zKhIv4dMpjxYLvjFt3DrhK/Bye-bye-Aurangzeb.html |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Livemint}}</ref> connecting [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] to the [[Ajmeri Gate]] side of the [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Railway Station]] and [[Old Delhi]].<ref name="Soofi-2010">{{Cite web |last=Soofi |first=Mayank Austen |date=2010-10-23 |title=The story of a bridge |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-story-of-a-bridge/story-esYKXwTeVZwX5vOBoPoQKI.html |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shrangi-2020">{{Cite web |last=Shrangi |first=Vatsala |date=2020-07-19 |title=Waterlogged since 1950s: Why Minto Bridge is Delhi's flooding constant |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/waterlogged-since-1950s-why-minto-bridge-is-delhi-s-flooding-constant/story-EMM9oz0CvshDaiZ8qIQ9TJ.html |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Journalist and chronicler [[Ronald Vivian Smith|RV Smith]] places the date of construction as 1933.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=R. V. |author-link=Ronald Vivian Smith |date=2016-06-19 |title=A bridge of stories |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-bridge-of-stories/article14429979.ece |access-date=2022-08-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Shrangi-2020" /> AK Jain, an architect and a planner at [[Delhi Development Authority]], places the construction to 1926.<ref name="Sharma-2020">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=2020-07-23 |title=A lot of water has flown under this bridge: The Minto mark on Delhi's history |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/a-lot-of-water-has-flown-under-this-bridge-the-minto-mark-on-delhi-s-history/story-28RtrRTUcpWKKXifGdEkBI.html |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It was built to carry a new railway line to New Delhi railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Paras |date=2021-12-05 |title=Skywalk, Minto bridge widening part of New Delhi railway station revamp |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/skywalk-minto-bridge-widening-part-of-new-delhi-railway-station-revamp-101638726394355.html |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It is now a heritage structure; this designation comes into light during plans to redevelop the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-20 |title=A Long Lost Bridge With A Dwindling History - Minto Bridge Near Connaught Place |url=https://so.city/delhi/article/a-long-lost-bridge-with-a-dwindling-history-minto-bridge-near-connaught-place |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=So City |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Joshi-2020">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Mallica |date=2020-07-21 |title=Explained: Why does Delhi's Minto Bridge underpass keep getting flooded? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/new-delhi-minto-bridge-rains-floods-waterlogging-6516140/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The bridge is named after [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto]] who was the [[Governor-General of India|viceroy and governor-general of India]] from 1905 to 1910.<ref name="Sharma-2020" /> It was renamed Shivaji Bridge however the old name is more commonly used.<ref name="Sharma-2020" /> The now shut restaurants 'Blue Star' and 'Splash Bar & Restaurant' were located in its vicinity.<ref name="Sharma-2020" /><ref name="Soofi-2010" />

The underpass is known to face waterlogging since India's independence.<ref name="Shrangi-2020" /><ref name="Joshi-2020" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:Bridges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Bangaru Kodipetta

2026-03-03T21:52:01Z

Indiabulez: small refined content as per guidelines additionally and added references based on references

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bangaru Kodipetta
| image = Firstlook-bangarukodipetta.jpg
| caption = Bangaru_Kodipetta First Look
| director = Raj Pippalla
| producer = [[Sunitha Tati]]
| story = Raj Pippalla
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Navdeep]] [[Swati Reddy]]
| music = Mahesh Shankar
| cinematography = Sahir Raza
| editing = Chandrasekhar GV
| studio = [[Guru Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|3|7|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aptoday.com/topstories/review-bangaru-kodipetta.html |title= Review: Bangaru Kodipetta |publisher= aptoday.com |date= 7 March 2014 |accessdate= 7 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091301/http://www.aptoday.com/topstories/review-bangaru-kodipetta.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-bangaru-kodipetta-this-hen-is-too-slow.html|title=Review : Bangaru Kodipetta – This hen is too slow| publisher= 123telugu.com | accessdate= 7 March 2014}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bangaru Kodipetta''''' ({{translation|Golden Hen}}) is a 2014 [[Telugu language]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Raj Pippalla and produced by [[Sunitha Tati]] under [[Guru Films]] and starring [[Navdeep]] and [[Swati Reddy]]. The title of this film is based on a song from ''[[Gharana Mogudu]]'' (1992).

==Cast==
* [[Navdeep]] as Vamsi
* [[Swati Reddy]] as Bhanumati Pinisetti
* [[Harsha Vardhan]]
* [[Santosh Sobhan]] as Venu
* Ram as Yerra Babu
* Laxman as Dora Babu
* Sanchalana as Sruthi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/today/bangarukodipetta-3stories.html|title=Bangaru Kodipetta News Journal Three stories|publisher=[[idlebrain.com]]|accessdate=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081734/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/bangarukodipetta-3stories.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Production==
Navdeep and Swati are main lead in this film with popular action choreographers Ram - Laxman in vital roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/bangarukodipetta-swathi.html|title=Bangaru Kodipetta News Journal introducing Bhanumati Pinnesetty character|publisher=[[idlebrain.com]]|accessdate=31 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075411/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/bangarukodipetta-swathi.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first look of the film was revealed on 24 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/navadeepswathis-bangaru-kodipetta-movie-first-look/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022090712/http://timesofap.com/cinema/navadeepswathis-bangaru-kodipetta-movie-first-look/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2021|title=Navadeep,Swathi's Bangaru Kodipetta Movie First Look|date=24 July 2012|accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> On 13 November 2012 sources reported that the shooting of the film was completed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/firstlook-bangarukodipetta.html|title=Bangaru Kodi Petta first look|date=13 November 2012|accessdate=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917172353/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/firstlook-bangarukodipetta.html|archive-date=17 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The movie's audio was released by [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] on 3 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-bangarukodipetta.html|title= Bangaaru Kodi Petta Movie Audio Released|publisher= [[idlebrain.com]]|date= 3 July 2013|accessdate= 15 July 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233656/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-bangarukodipetta.html|archive-date= 19 July 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref> The soundtrack of ''Bangaru Kodipetta'' was composed by [[Mahesh Shankar]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Bangaru Kodipetta
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 3 July 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| prev_title = Poga
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[D for Dopidi]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singers
| total_length =
| title1 = Bulli Bulli Pitta
| extra1 = [[Rita Thyagarajan]], [[Suchith Suresan]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Yemo Nemo
| extra2 = [[Suchith Suresan]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =
| title3 = Allo Nerello
| extra3 = Amruthavarshini
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Thadhasthu
| extra4 = Mahesh Shankar and Megha Girish
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = O Lachcha
| extra5 = [[Usha Uthup]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
| title6 = BKP Mashup Gogulu Pooche
| extra6 = [[Usha Uthup]], Amruthavarshini, [[Mahesh Shankar]], Megha Girish, [[Rita Thyagarajan]], [[Suchith Suresan]]
| lyrics6 =
| length6 =
}}

==Release==
The film was given U/A Certificate by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] in India. The film's makers announced that its release date of 27 February 2014 was postponed to 7 March.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/bangaru-kodipetta-postponed-again.html|title= 'Bangaru Kodipetta' postponed again |date= 24 February 2014 | publisher= 123telugu.com | accessdate= 25 February 2014 }}</ref> Later it was dubbed into Tamil titled as ''Love Pannunga Life Nalla Irukkum''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/love-pannunga-life-nalla-irukum/love-pannunga-life-nalla-irukum-photos-pictures-stills.html#10|title=LOVE PANNUNGA LIFE NALLA IRUKUM - IMAGES|publisher=behindwoods.com|accessdate=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192123/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/love-pannunga-life-nalla-irukum/love-pannunga-life-nalla-irukum-photos-pictures-stills.html#10|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|2015
|4th [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Debutant Producer
|Sunitha Tati
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e.indiaglitz.com/telugu/news/2015/siima2015-nominations-list.html |title=SIIMA 2015 - TELUGU NOMINATIONS LIST |website=IndiaGlitz.com |accessdate=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617081508/http://e.indiaglitz.com/telugu/news/2015/siima2015-nominations-list.html |archivedate=17 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
{{2010s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Pir Panjal Region (Jammu Division)

2026-03-03T07:55:51Z

Indiabulez: Added First Entry Nd Citations

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pir_Panjal_Region_%28Jammu_Division%29&diff=1177356495&oldid=1159464277 these 2023 additions]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, vocab distribution typical of 2023-24 LLMs etc}}
{{about|the term used for some parts of Jammu and Kashmir, India|3=Pir Panjal Region}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pir Panjal
| official_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Region
| image_skyline = Rajouri city skyline shot.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rajouri city's aerial view.
| image_flag =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| anthem = 
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_alt1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| grid_name = 
| grid_position = 
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,119,250
| population_footnotes = <ref name="newsclick-july-2021">{{Cite news|last=Ayoob|first=Anzer|title=J&K: Chenab Valley Seeks Separate Divisional Status as well as Council|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Jammu-kashmir-chenab-valley-separate-divisional-status-council|date=17 July 2021|publisher=NewsClick.in|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref>
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Revenue Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu division]]
| parts_type = 
| parts_style = 
| parts = 
| p1 =
| p2 = 

| area_footnotes = 
| area_magnitude = 
| dunam_link = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_total_sq_mi = 
| area_land_km2 = 4304
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_point = 
| elevation_max_footnotes = 
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_max_point = 
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_footnotes = 
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft =
| elevation_min_point = 
| elevation_min_rank = 
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| timezone2 =
| utc_offset2 =
| timezone2_DST =
| utc_offset2_DST = 
| blank_name_sec1 = Districts
| blank_info_sec1 = * [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]]
* [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Vehicle Registration Numbers
| blank1_info_sec1 = JK11(Rajouri), JK12(Poonch)
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = 
 |blank_name_sec2 = Police Zone
| blank_info_sec2 = Rajouri Poonch Range
| blank1_name_sec2 = Lok Sabha Constituency
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 = 
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Pir Panjal Region''' is a proposed administrative division located in the southwestern part of the [[Pir Panjal Range]] in the [[Jammu Division]] of the Indian-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. This name particularly refers to the districts of [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] and [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Geelani vows to resist settlement of retired soldiers in Kashmir|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/mobi/news/kashmir/geelani-vows-to-resist-settlement-of-retired-soldiers-in-kashmir/192366.html|access-date=30 September 2015|archive-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003142351/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/mobi/news/kashmir/geelani-vows-to-resist-settlement-of-retired-soldiers-in-kashmir/192366.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1814/18140650.htm|title=THROUGH THE PIR PANJAL}}</ref>

==Name==
The Pir Panjal region is named after the Pir Panjal Pass, whose original name as recorded by Srivara, is Panchaladeva (IAST: Pāñcāladeva, meaning the deity of Panchala). Panchala is a kingdom mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]] in the northwest Uttar Pradesh. However, there are also traditions that place the Mahabharata regions in western Punjab and southern Kashmir. Scholar Dineshchandra Sircar has analysed the geography described in the Shakti‐sangama Tantra, where this is indeed the case.Scholar M. A. Stein believes that the concept of deity must have been translated into that of a Pir after the region was Islamised.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Geography==
The Pir Panjal Region includes the districts of [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] and [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]. The districts border [[Kashmir Division]] to the north, [[Azad Kashmir]] to the west and the [[Jammu Division]] to the south and east.<ref>{{cite news | last=Kissu | first=Sagrika | title=Why Pir Panjal region is becoming a militant hotspot— porous LoC, routes to Kashmir, ‘local support’ | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=15 September 2023 | url=https://theprint.in/india/why-pir-panjal-region-is-becoming-a-militant-hotspot-porous-loc-routes-to-kashmir-local-support/1764003/ | access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Pir Panjal challenge: Terrorists are again changing tactics in J&K. New Delhi must be alive to serious emerging threats | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=15 September 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/pir-panjal-challenge-terrorists-are-again-changing-tactics-in-jk-new-delhi-must-be-alive-to-serious-emerging-threats/ | access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> {{As of |2023}}, this region is considered a backward area in terms of development.<ref>{{cite news | title=Declare Pir Panjal region as backward: Javed Rana | website=[[Daily Excelsior]] | date=8 June 2023 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/declare-pir-panjal-region-as-backward-javed-rana/ | access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

The Nowshera Tunnel stands as the first tunnel ever constructed in the Pir Panjal region, establishing a historical milestone.<ref>{{cite news | last=Bhargav | first=Sumit | title=IST TUNNEL IN PIR PANJAL REGION {{!}} Construction work in full swing | website=[[Greater Kashmir]] | date=6 August 2023 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/pir-panjal/ist-tunnel-in-pir-panjal-region-construction-work-in-full-swing | access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The economy of the Pir Panjal Region is characterized by its rich natural resources and diverse economic activities. This region is endowed with abundant resources, including forests, herbal plants, minerals, and favorable agro-climatic conditions. [[Tourism]] and agro-based industries play a pivotal role in the region's economic landscape, offering significant investment potential.

Agriculture in the Pir Panjal region focuses on the cultivation of a variety of fruits, such as [[apples]], [[almonds]], [[cherries]], [[apricots]], and [[citrus fruits]]. Additionally, the region is known for its skilled workforce in producing delicate handicraft items, including [[embroidery]], [[wood carving]], [[fur]] and [[leather]] products, [[woodwork]], and various traditional crafts. The area's mineral resources, particularly [[limestone]], are essential for the [[cement industry]]. The government's strategic areas of focus encompass [[food processing]], agro-based industries, auto-ancillaries, [[precision engineering]], [[mineral exploration]], and [[eco-tourism]], making the Pir Panjal region an attractive destination for investment.<ref name="u046">{{cite news | last=Sharma | first=Y.P. | title=Economic potential of Pir Panjal region | website=[[Daily Excelsior]] | date=30 August 2017 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/economic-potential-pir-panjal-region/ | access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Muslims form a majority in the two districts constituting the [[Pir Panjal]] region. About 75% of the population was Muslim according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], and the rest were 22.73% Hindus and 2.38% [[Sikhs]]. {{See also|List of Scheduled Castes in Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{Pie chart|thumb = left
| caption=Pir Panjal region: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
|label1 = [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]] |value1 = 52.81 |color1 = Indigo
|label2 = [[Gojri]] |value2 = 37.78 |color2 = Salmon
|label3 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]|value3 = 3.79 |color3 = MediumVioletRed
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 2.4 |color4 = LightGreen
|label5 = Others |value5 = 3.22 |color5 = Grey

<ref name="census2011-C16">
{{cite report |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=18 July 2020}}
</ref>
}}

{{Pie chart|label1=[[Islam]]|value1=74.52|color1=green|label2=[[Hinduism]]|value2=22.73|color2=orange|label3=[[Sikhism]]|value3=2.38|color3=yellow|label4=others|value4=0.37|color4=Black|caption=Religions in Pir Panjal (2011)
<ref name="2011 Census">
{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}
</ref>
}}

{{clear}}

==Tourism==
Pir Panjal is also the hub of hilly tourist attractions after Valley of Kashmir & Chenab Valley, some of them are as follows;

*Pir Ki Gali
*Shrine of Sayin Miran Bakshi
*Shrine of Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah (Shahdara Sharif)
*Chingus Sarai
*Noori Chambh
*Loran Valley
*Jamia Masjid
*Poonch Fort
*Historic Mughal Road
*MANGLA MATA TEMPLE IN JHANGER NOWSHERA (RAJOURI)

==Demand For Divisional Status==
There has been a movement demanding divisional for the Pir Panjal by various social and political activists for a long time. The demand rose in 2018 and 2019 when [[Ladakh]] got divisional status and the former Chief Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Omar Abdullah]] added "Two Separate Divisional Status for [[Chenab Region|Chenab Valley]] and Pir Panjal Region" to his party's political agenda.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Separate division for Ladakh: Omar promises two more for Chenab valley, Pir Panjal if voted to power|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/separate-division-for-ladakh-omar-promises-two-more-for-chenab-valley-pir-panjal-if-voted-to-power/articleshow/67902569.cms|date=8 February 2019|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref>

As of 2021, the movement for of divisional status or merger with Kashmir Division again increased after rumours of second bifurcation of J&K and demand for a separate state of [[Jammu]].The majority of people in Pir Panjal are ethnic Paharis & Gujjars and are more connected to their [[Valley|Kashmir Valley]] brethren by religion, culture, connectivity, geography & historical links with Kashmir.

There is a common reason for this demand. People allege negligence in terms of developmental issues by the government if the Pir Panjal remains linked to the [[Jammu division]].<ref name="newsclick-july-2021"/>

===Hill Development Council===
In 1996, [[Farooq Abdullah|Dr. Farooq Abdullah]] as Chief minister promised administrative autonomy to Chenab & Pir Panjal.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why oppose Hill Council status for Chenab, Pir Panjal valleys? |url=http://brighterkashmir.com/why-oppose-hill-council-status-for-chenab-pir-panjal-valleys--|date=25 March 2020|publisher=Brighter Kashmir|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Chenab Valley|Chenab Valley (region)]]
* [[Panun Kashmir]]
* [[Duggar (region)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Regions of India]]

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Geography of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Kacchey Limbu

2026-03-02T04:45:13Z

Indiabulez: started a details

{{Short description|2022 Indian sports drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kacchey Limbu
| image = Kacchey Limbu film poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Shubham Yogi
| writer = Shubham Yogi Sharanya Rajgopal Sukanya Subramaniyan [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]]
| producer = [[Jyoti Deshpande]] Pranjal Khandhdiya Neha Anand
| starring = [[Radhika Madan]] [[Rajat Barmecha]] [[Ayush Mehra]]
| cinematography = Piyush Puty
| editing = Mitesh Soni
| music = Anshul Takkar
| runtime = 106 minutes
| distributor = [[JioCinema]]
| studio = Jio Studios Mango People Media
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|09|12|[[Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto]]|2023|05|19|India}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Kacchey Limbu''''' ({{Translation|Unripe Lemons}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[sports drama film]] written and directed by Shubham Yogi on his directorial debut. It stars [[Radhika Madan]], [[Rajat Barmecha]], and [[Ayush Mehra]] in the lead roles. The film explores the lives of siblings-brother and sister-who are [[cricket]] crazy and their bond.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kacchey Limbu Review: Radhika Madan's light-hearted sibling rivalry is an entertaining watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kacchey-limbu/ottmoviereview/100339293.cms |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film premiered at the [[2022 Toronto International Film Festival]] and received rave reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kacchey Limbu |url=https://tiff.net/events/kacchey-limbu |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=TIFF |language= |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519140346/https://tiff.net/events/kacchey-limbu |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was also screened at the [[World Film Festival of Bangkok]] and the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-18 |title=Gully cricket saga 'Kacchey Limbu' to start streaming from May 19 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/gully-cricket-saga-kacchey-limbu-to-start-streaming-from-may-19/articleshow/100322978.cms |access-date=2023-05-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519140345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/gully-cricket-saga-kacchey-limbu-to-start-streaming-from-may-19/articleshow/100322978.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film began streaming on [[JioCinema]] on 19 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-05-19 |title='Kacchey Limbu' review: Feel-good gully cricket film is empowerment lite |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1049351/kacchey-limbu-review-feel-good-gully-cricket-film-is-empowerment-lite |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519044215/https://scroll.in/reel/1049351/kacchey-limbu-review-feel-good-gully-cricket-film-is-empowerment-lite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kacchey Limbu Movie Review: Radhika Madan, Rajat Barmecha, Ayush Mehra's film on gully cricket thoda kaccha reh gaya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/kacchey-limbu-movie-review-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-ayush-mehras-film-on-gully-cricket-kaccha-hi-reh-gaya-2381184-2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=India Today |date=19 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519041816/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/kacchey-limbu-movie-review-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-ayush-mehras-film-on-gully-cricket-kaccha-hi-reh-gaya-2381184-2023-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Aditi, who has grown up in the shadow of her brother who was often sidelined earlier due to social norms and restrictions for a typical Indian girl. Meanwhile, Aditi initially wanted to be a fashion designer, but her father wanted her to study medicine and a become doctor. Aditi makes a challenge to his elder brother Aakash, which eventually is going to decide the future pathway of his life, as Aditi bets that if she wins against him in the [[gully cricket]] tournament, Akash has to obey his father's wish of attending regular corporate job interviews thereby putting his cricket dream away. Initially, Akash got the green light from his father who encouraged him to take up the sport from childhood but later opposed it as he gave up the hope that his son wouldn't be better if he chose to stick with gully cricket and forced Akash to attend job interviews. Akash clearly had one goal in his life which was to play for the Indian cricket team one day.

Hence, the challenge is set to be a make or break moment for Akash and he accepts to play against his sister in the gully cricket tournament, with perspective-altering results.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-19 |title='Kacchey Limbu' movie review: Radhika Madan, Rajat Barmecha star in a fine film about the burden of dreams |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kacchey-limbu-movie-review-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-star-in-a-fine-film-about-the-burden-of-dreams/article66870340.ece |access-date=2023-05-19 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519140345/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kacchey-limbu-movie-review-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-star-in-a-fine-film-about-the-burden-of-dreams/article66870340.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Aditi somehow manages to assemble a team of rookies and new faces to battle in the gully cricket league against her brother. Aditi even pulls one of his brother's former teammates to form her team, and she names her team Kacchey Limbu. Initially, the Kacchey Limbu team looked clueless and thin on paper but eventually became a competent team, which gave a run for its money to other teams in the league.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-16 |title=Kacchey Limbu trailer: Radhika Madan assembles a cricket team to win it all in this heartwarming family drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kacchey-limbu-trailer-radhika-madan-assembles-a-cricket-team-to-win-it-all-in-this-heartwarming-family-drama-101684252975680.html |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518210357/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kacchey-limbu-trailer-radhika-madan-assembles-a-cricket-team-to-win-it-all-in-this-heartwarming-family-drama-101684252975680.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Radhika Madan]] as Aditi Nath, Aakash's younger sister
* [[Rajat Barmecha]] as Aakash Nath, Aditi's elder brother
* [[Ayush Mehra]] as Kabir Saini
* [[Mahesh Thakur]] as Ajit Nath, Aakash and Aditi's father
* Purva Parag as Anjali Nath, Aakash and Aditi's mother
* [[Jaywant Wadkar]] as Sudhakar Uncle
* Faiz Khan as Zakir
* Vedaansh Jaju as Yuvi
* [[Aisha Ahmed]] as Sara
* Sukhita Aiyar as Kavita Ma'm
* Shreya Kapoor as Charvi
* Tanushree Das as Ira
* Pradeep Nigam as building secretary and commentator}}

== Critical reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|67|6|6|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kacchey Limbu {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kacchey_limbu |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21387380}}

[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2020s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2022 sports films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]

Codification (law)

2026-02-28T14:13:23Z

Indiabulez: expanded content

{{short description|Process of collecting and restating certain area of law forming a legal code}}

In [[law]], '''codification''' is the process of collecting and restating the law of a [[jurisdiction]] in certain areas, usually by subject, forming a [[legal code]], i.e. a [[codex]] ([[book]]) of law.

Codification is one of the [[Civil law (legal system)#Codification|defining features for most civil law]] jurisdictions. In [[common law]] systems, such as that of [[English law]], codification is the process of converting and consolidating [[judge-made law]] or uncodified statutes enacted by the [[legislature]] into codified [[statute law]].<ref>{{cite journal |first = Gunther A. | last=Weiss|year = 2000|volume = 25 |issue =2|url = http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=yjil |title = The Enchantment of Codification in the Common-Law World |journal = Yale Journal of International Law}}</ref><ref> [[Lord Scarman]] on codification [https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=2330&context=ilj]</ref><ref>Sauveplanne article on codification [http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00009908.pdf]</ref>

== History ==
Ancient [[Sumer]]'s [[Code of Ur-Nammu]] was compiled ''circa'' 2050–1230 BC, and is the earliest known surviving [[civil code]]. Three centuries later, the [[Babylonia]]n king [[Hammurabi]] enacted the [[Code of Hammurabi|set of laws named after him]].

Important codifications were developed in the ancient [[Roman Empire]], with the compilations of the ''[[Twelve Tables|Lex Duodecim Tabularum]]'' and much later the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]''. These codified laws were the exceptions rather than the rule, however, as during much of ancient times [[Roman law]]s were left mostly uncodified.

The first ''permanent'' system of codified laws could be found in [[imperial China]],{{NoteTag|See [[Chinese law]].}} with the compilation of the ''[[Tang Code]]'' in AD 624. This formed the basis of the Chinese [[criminal law|criminal code]], which was eventually replaced by the ''[[Great Qing Legal Code]]'', which was in turn abolished in 1912 following the [[Xinhai Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. The new [[law of the Republic of China|laws of the Republic of China]] were inspired by the German codified work, the [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]. A very influential example in Europe was the French [[Napoleonic Code]] of 1804.

Upon confederation, the [[Iroquois]] created constitutional [[wampum]], each component symbolizing one of the many laws within the 117 articles. The union of the five original nations occurred in 1142,<ref>{{cite news |last1=McClure |first1=Bruce |title=The Eclipse That Marked The Start Of The Iroquois Confederacy |url=https://earthsky.org/human-world/solar-eclipse-marks-beginning-of-iroquois-confederacy/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |publisher=EarthSky |date=July 15, 2019}}</ref> and its unification narrative served the basis for the Iroquois laws.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kayanlaˀ Kówa – Great Law of Peace |url=https://oneida-nsn.gov/our-ways/our-story/great-law-of-peace/ |website=Oneida |publisher=Oneida Nation |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>

Systems of religious laws include the [[halakha]] of Judaism and the ''sharia'' of Islam. The use of civil codes in ''[[sharia]]'' began with the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 19th century. American legal scholar [[Noah Feldman]] has written that the Ottoman codification of the sharia reduced the power of the religious scholarly class, upsetting the [[balance of powers]] and the traditional [[uncodified constitution]] of Islamic societies and leading to the rise of [[autocrat]]s unconstrained by [[rule of law]] in the [[Muslim world]].<ref name="Feldman">{{cite magazine | author=Feldman | first=Noah | date=March 16, 2008 | title=Why shariah? | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html | magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]] | issn=0028-7822 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321050106/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html?;partner=rssnyt&;emc=rss&ex=1363320000&;ei=5088&;en=8a9c9bceeb43a1ae&pagewanted=all | archive-date=2008-03-21}}</ref>

{{further|Legal history}}

==Civil law jurisdictions==
{{main|Civil law (legal system)}}
[[civil law (legal system)|Civil law]] jurisdictions rely, [[Civil law (legal system)#Codification|by definition]], on codification. Notable early examples were the [[Statutes of Lithuania]], in the 16th century. The movement towards codification gained momentum during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], and was implemented in several European countries during the late 18th century (see [[civil code]]). However, it became widespread only after the enactment of the French [[Napoleonic Code]] (1804), which has heavily influenced the legal systems of many other countries.

The Napoleonic Code of 1804 served as a primary model for legal codification across [[Continental Europe]] and Latin America, effectively abolishing [[Feudalism|feudal]] legal structures in favor of uniform [[Civil law (legal system)|civil laws]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Peter |title=Roman Law in European History |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521643726 |page=115 |chapter=The Great Codifications}}</ref>

==Common law jurisdictions==
{{main|Common law}}

[[Common law]] has been codified in many jurisdictions and in many areas of law: examples include [[criminal code]]s in many jurisdictions, and include the [[California Civil Code]] and the ''[[Consolidated Laws of New York]]'' ([[New York State]]).

===England and Wales===
The English judge [[Sir Mackenzie Chalmers]] is renowned as the draftsman of the [[Bills of Exchange Act 1882]], the [[Sale of Goods Act 1893]] and the [[Marine Insurance Act 1906]], all of which codified existing [[common law]] principles. The Sale of Goods Act was repealed and re-enacted by the [[Sale of Goods Act 1979]] in a manner that revealed how sound the 1893 original had been.{{NoteTag|For the most part, the Sale of Goods Act 1979 retains the wording and section numbers of its 1893 predecessor.}} The Marine Insurance Act (mildly amended) has been a notable success, adopted ''verbatim'' in many common law jurisdictions.

Most of England's [[criminal law]]s have been codified, partly because this enables precision and certainty in prosecution. However, large areas of the common law, such as the [[law of contract]] and the [[law of tort]] remain remarkably untouched. In the last 80 years there have been statutes that address immediate problems, such as the [[Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943]] (which, ''inter alia'', coped with contracts rendered void by war), and the [[Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999]], which amended the [[Privity of contract|doctrine of privity]]. However, there has been no progress on the adoption of [[Harvey McGregor]]'s ''Contract Code'' (1993), even though the [[Law Commission]], together with the Scots Law Commission, asked him to produce a proposal for the comprehensive codification and unification of the contract law of England and Scotland. Similarly, codification in the law of tort has been at best piecemeal, a rare example of progress being the [[Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945]].

[[Consolidation bill|Consolidation bills]] are routinely passed to organize the law.

===Ireland===
[[Law of the Republic of Ireland]] evolved from [[English law]], the greatest point of difference being the existence of the [[Constitution of Ireland]] as a single document. The unofficial "popular edition" of the Constitution is regularly updated to take account of [[Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland|amendments to it]], while the official text enrolled in the [[Supreme Court of Ireland|Supreme Court]] in 1938 has been replaced five times: in 1942, 1980, 1989, 1999, and 2019.<ref name="sc2020">{{cite book |author1=Supreme Court of Ireland |title=Annual Report 2019 |date=2020 |location=Dublin |pages=50–52 |url=http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/(WebFiles)/3E96211DAA2B6F1C8025851A0035EF6C/$FILE/SupremeCourt_AnnualReport_2019_Online_LoRes.pdf#page=52 |access-date=13 August 2022 |chapter=Sixth enrolment of the Constitution}}</ref> As in England, subordinate laws are not officially codified, although [[consolidation bill]]s have restated the law in many areas. Since 2006 the [[Law Reform Commission (Ireland)|Law Reform Commission]] (LRC) has published semi-official "revised" editions of [[Acts of the Oireachtas]] taking account of textual and other amendments to the original version.<ref name="lrc-ie">{{cite web |title=Revised Acts |url=https://revisedacts.lawreform.ie/revacts/intro |publisher=Law Reform Commission |location=Dublin |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref> The [[Finance Act]]s are excluded from the LRC programme.<ref name="lrc-ie"/> Private companies produce unofficial consolidated versions of these and other commercially important pre-2005 laws. An official advisory committee between 2006 and 2010 produced a Draft Criminal Code.<ref>{{multiref|
{{cite book |author1=Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee |title=Draft Criminal Code and Commentary |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/d4fa7-draft-criminal-code-and-commentary/ |publisher=Stationery Office |location=Dublin |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=20 September 2013 |orig-year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4064-2783-7 }}|
{{cite web |title=Latest News |url=http://www.criminalcode.ie/website/CLCAC/clcac.nsf/page/news-en |website=Official website |publisher=Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en}}
}}
</ref>

=== United States ===

==== The early codification movement ====

In the United States, a critique of the inherited English tradition of [[common law]] and an argument for systematic codification was championed by the [[Society of United Irishmen|United Irish]] exiles [[William Sampson (lawyer)|William Sampson]] (admitted to the New York bar in 1806),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Walter J. |date=2014 |title=Rights, Revolutions, Republics, 1750-1850: The Work and Works of William Sampson (1764—1836): A Chronology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43234379 |journal=American Journal of Irish Studies |volume=11 |pages=(41–88), 42 |issn=2165-3224 |jstor=43234379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Walter |date=2005 |title=The Priest-Penitent Privilege: An Hibernocentric Essay in Postcolonial Jurisprudence |url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol80/iss4/3 |journal=80 Indiana Law Journal 1037 (2005) |volume=80 |issue=4 |issn=0019-6665}}</ref> and [[William Duane (journalist)|William Duane]] publisher of the Jeffersonian paper, the ''[[Philadelphia Aurora]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bushey |first=Glenn Leroy |date=1938 |title=William Duane, Crusader for Judicial Reform |url=https://journals.psu.edu |journal=Pennsylvania History |volume=V |issue=3 (July |pages=(141-156), 144}}</ref> In 1810, Sampson published ''Trial of the Journeymen Cordwainers of the City of New-York for a Conspiracy to Raise Their Wages,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sampson |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_c-AAAAYAAJ |title=Trial of the Journeymen Cordwainers of the City of New-York for a Conspiracy to Raise Their Wages . . . |publisher=I. Riley |year=1810 |location=New York City |language=en}}</ref> commentary on his (unsuccessful) argument in ''The People v Melvin'' (1806) to quash an indictment of illegal worker combination. Insisting on the supremacy of the elected legislature, Sampson's objected that the prosecution was reasoning "abstractedly" from principles of English common law without any reference to statute. It was this, alone, that allowed them to deny journeymen the right to "conspire against starvation" while, without notice or challenge, leaving master tradesmen in a "permanent conspiracy" to suppress wages.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Howe |first=Mark De Wolfe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gGIW0dl1DEC |title=Readings in American Legal History |date=2001 |publisher=Beard Books |isbn=978-1-58798-094-7 |pages=435–436, 141 |language=en}}</ref> He went on to argue that an "indiscriminating adoption of common law" had caused the [[New World|New-World]] society to carry over "barbarities" from the Old: laws that "can only be executed upon those not favoured by fortune with certain privileges" and that in some cases operate "entirely against the poor".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Howe |first=Mark De Wolfe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gGIW0dl1DEC |title=Readings in American Legal History |date=2001 |publisher=Beard Books |isbn=978-1-58798-094-7 |pages=435–436, 141 |language=en}}</ref>

Sampson's summary ''Discourse on the Common Law'' (1823),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sampson |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrwrg7F3VHEC |title=An Anniversary Discourse: Delivered Before the Historical Society of New York, on Saturday, December 6, 1823; Showing the Origin, Progress, Antiquities, Curiosities, and Nature of the Common Law |date=1824 |publisher=E. Bliss and E. White |language=en}}</ref> holding common law to be contrary to the ethos a democratic republic and urging, with reference to the [[Napoleonic Code|Code Napoleon]], its replacement by a general law of reference, was hailed as "the most sweeping indictment of common law idealism ever written in America" .<ref>Maxwell (1967), p. 240.</ref> It was a source of inspiration for [[Edward Livingston]]<ref name="Subrin">{{cite journal |last1=Subrin |first1=Stephen N. |date=Autumn 1988 |title=David Dudley Field and the Field Code: A Historical Analysis of an Earlier Procedural Vision |url=https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:332404/fulltext.pdf |journal=Law and History Review |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=311–373 |doi=10.2307/743686 |jstor=743686 |s2cid=145512997 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2047/d20002460}}</ref> who drew upon French, and other European, civil law in drafting the 1825 Louisiana Code of Procedure.<ref name=":02">{{Citation |last=Clark |first=David S. |title=Development of Comparative Law in the United States |date=2019-03-21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvqNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |work=The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law |pages=147–180 |editor-last=Reimann |editor-first=Mathias |access-date=2020-05-17 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198810230.013.6 |isbn=978-0-19-881023-0 |editor2-last=Zimmermann |editor2-first=Reinhard|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Later, Sampson's efforts appeared vindicated in New York where in 1846 a new [[Constitution of New York|state constitution]] directed that the whole body of state law be reduced to a written and systematic code, and in [[David Dudley Field II|David Dudley Field]]'s subsequent drafting of the New York Code of Civil Procedure (1848).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subrin |first=Stephen N. |date=1988 |title=David Dudley Field and the Field Code: A Historical Analysis of an Earlier Procedural Vision |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/743686 |journal=Law and History Review |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=311–373 |doi=10.2307/743686 |issn=0738-2480 |jstor=743686 |s2cid=145512997 |hdl=2047/d20002460|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=William Sampson |url=https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/william-sampson/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Historical Society of the New York Courts |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sampson sought to disassociate codification from the doctrinaire insistence on positive legislation that had marked [[Jeremy Bentham]]'s championing of the cause in Britain. But, focussing on the French experience, critics thought it sufficient to comment on the futility of trying to compress human behaviour into rigid categories.<ref>Maxwell (1967), p. 246.</ref> President [[Thomas Jefferson]] had remained neutral when Duane's attempted to force the issue in the 1805 election in Pennsylvania. Federalists joined with "Constitutional Republicans" to defeat the reform agenda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bushey |first=Glenn Leroy |date=1938 |title=William Duane, Crusader for Judicial Reform |url=https://journals.psu.edu |journal=Pennsylvania History |volume=V |issue=3 (July |pages=(141-156), 153-156}}</ref>

==== Present status ====
{{main|United States Code|Code of Federal Regulations}}

===== Statutory =====
In the United States, [[act of Congress|acts of Congress]], such as federal statutes, are published chronologically in the order in which they become law – often by being signed by the [[President of the United States|President]], on an individual basis in official pamphlets called "[[slip law]]s", and are grouped together in official bound book form, also chronologically, as "[[session law]]s". The "session law" publication for Federal statutes is called the [[United States Statutes at Large]]. A given act may be a single page or hundreds of pages in length. An act may be classified as either a "Public Law" or a "Private Law".

Because each Congressional act may contain laws on a variety of topics, many acts, or portions thereof, are also rearranged and published in a topical, subject matter codification by the [[Office of the Law Revision Counsel]]. The official codification of Federal statutes is called the [[United States Code]]. Generally, only "Public Laws" are codified. The United States Code is divided into "titles" (based on overall topics) numbered 1 through 54.<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1068 Public Law No: 113-287, To enact title 54, United States Code, "National Park Service and Related Programs", as positive law.]</ref> [[Title 18 of the United States Code|Title 18]], for example, contains many of the Federal criminal statutes. Title 26 is the [[Internal Revenue Code]].<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode USC table of contents]</ref>

Even in code form, however, many statutes by their nature pertain to more than one topic. For example, the statute making [[Tax avoidance and tax evasion|tax evasion]] a felony pertains to both criminal law and tax law, but is found only in the Internal Revenue Code.<ref>see [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/7201- 26 USC 7201]</ref> Other statutes pertaining to taxation are found not in the Internal Revenue Code but instead, for example, in the Bankruptcy Code in [[Title 11 of the United States Code]], or the Judiciary Code in [[Title 28 of the United States Code|Title 28]]. Another example is the national minimum drinking age, not found in [[Title 27 of the United States Code|Title 27]], ''Intoxicating liquors'', but in [[Title 23 of the United States Code|Title 23]], ''Highways'', [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/23/158.html §158].

Further, portions of some Congressional acts, such as the provisions for the effective dates of amendments to codified laws, are themselves not codified at all. These statutes may be found by referring to the acts as published in "slip law" and "session law" form. However, commercial publications that specialize in legal materials often arrange and print the uncodified statutes with the codes to which they pertain.

In the United States, the individual states, either officially or through private commercial publishers, generally follow the same three-part model for the publication of their own statutes: slip law, session law, and codification.

===== Regulatory =====
Rules and regulations that are promulgated by agencies of the [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|Executive Branch of the United States Federal Government]] are published in the [[Federal Register]] and codified in the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]. These regulations are authorized by specific legislation passed by the legislative branch, and generally have the same force as statutory law.

==International law codification==
{{main|International law}}

Following the First World War and the establishment of the [[League of Nations]], the need for codification of international law arose. In September 1924, the General Assembly of the League established a committee of experts for the purpose of codification of international law, which was defined by the Assembly as consisting of two aspects:
* Putting existing customs into written [[treaty|international agreement]]s
* Developing further rules
In 1930 the League of Nations held at the Hague a [[League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930|conference]] for the purpose of codification of rules on general matters, but very little progress was made.

Following the Second World War, the [[International Law Commission]] was established within the United Nations as a permanent body for the formulation of principles in international law.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Timothy |title=Codifying Custom |journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review |date=2012 |volume=160 |page=995-1069 |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=penn_law_review}}</ref>

==Canon law codification==
{{main|1917 Code of Canon Law|Legal history of the Catholic Church}}

Papal attempts at codification of the scattered mass of canon law spanned the eight centuries since [[Gratian (jurist)|Gratian]] produced his ''[[Decretum Gratiani|Decretum]]'' {{circa|1150}}.<ref name=BenedictXV204>Peters, ''Life of Benedict XV'', pg. 204.</ref> In the 13th century especially canon law became the object of scientific study, and different compilations were made by the Roman Pontiffs. The most important of these were the five books of the ''[[Decretales Gregorii IX]]'' and the ''[[Liber Sextus]]'' of [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]. The legislation grew with time. Some of it became obsolete, and contradictions crept in so that it became difficult in recent times to discover what was of obligation and where to find the law on a particular question.

[[File:Cover of a copy of the 1917 Codex Iuris Canonici (Code of Canon Law).jpg|thumb|Hardcover of the ''1917 Code of Canon Law'']]
Since the close of the ‘’Corpus Juris’’ numerous new laws and decrees had been issued by popes, councils, and [[Congregation (Roman Curia)|Roman Congregations]]. No complete collection of them had ever been published and they remained scattered through the ponderous volumes of the ‘’Bullaria’’ the ‘’[[Acta Sanctae Sedis]]’’, and other such compilations, which were accessible to only a few and for professional canonists themselves and formed an unwieldy mass of legal material. Moreover, not a few ordinances, whether included in the ‘’Corpus Juris’’ or of more recent date, appeared to be contradictory; some had been formally abrogated, others had become obsolete by long disuse; others, again, had ceased to be useful or applicable in the present condition of society. Great confusion was thus engendered and correct knowledge of the law rendered very difficult even for those who had to enforce it.<ref name=GeneralLegislation55>Ayrinhac, ‘’General Legislation’’ §55.</ref>

When the Vatican Council met in 1869 a number of bishops of different countries petitioned for a new compilation of church law that would be clear and easily studied. The council never finished its work and no attempt was made to bring the legislation up to date. By the 19th Century, this body of legislation included some 10,000 norms. Many of these were difficult to reconcile with one another due to changes in circumstances and practice. In response to the request of the bishops at the [[First Vatican Council]],<ref>Pietro Cardinal Gasparri, preface to the CIC 1917</ref> on 14 May 1904, with the ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''Arduum sane munus'' ("A Truly Arduous Task"), [[Pope Pius X]] set up a commission to begin reducing these diverse documents into a single code,<ref>Manual of Canon Law, pg. 47</ref> presenting the normative portion in the form of systematic short canons shorn of the preliminary considerations<ref>Manual of Canon Law, pg. 49</ref> ("Whereas...") and omitting those parts that had been superseded by later developments.

By the winter of 1912, the "whole span of the code"<ref name=BenedictXV205>Peters, ''Life of Benedict XV'', pg. 205.</ref> had been completed, so that a provisional text was printed.<ref name=BenedictXV205/> This 1912 text was sent out to all Latin bishops and superiors general for their comment, and their notations which they sent back to the codification commission were subsequently printed and distributed to all members of the commission, in order that the members might carefully consider the suggestions.<ref name=BenedictXV205/> The new code was completed in 1916.<ref>Entry for 'canon law, new code of'. 1910 New Catholic Dictionary. http://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/ncd/view.cgi?n=1909. 1910. Accessed 14 April 2016</ref> Under the aegis of Cardinal [[Pietro Gasparri]], the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under [[Benedict XV]], Pius X's successor, who promulgated it on 27 May 1917<ref name=Chair256>La Due, William J., J.C.D.: ''The Chair of Saint Peter: A History of the Papacy'' (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1999), pg. 256.</ref> as the Code of Canon Law ({{langx|la|Codex Iuris Canonici}}) and set 19 May 1918<ref name=Chair256/> as the date on which it came into force.<ref>Ap Const. ''Providentissima Mater Ecclesia'' Benedict XV, 27 May 1917</ref> In its preparation centuries of material were examined, scrutinized for authenticity by leading experts, and harmonized as much as possible with opposing canons and even other codes, from the [[Corpus Juris Civilis|Codex of Justinian]] to the [[Napoleonic Code]]. It contained 2,414 canons<ref>[[Dr. Edward N. Peters]], [http://www.canonlaw.info/a_simpleoverview.htm CanonLaw.info "A Simple Overview of Canon Law"], accessed June-11-2013</ref> and was in force until Canon 6 §1 1° of the ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law]]''<ref>1983 Code of Canon Law Annotated, Canon 6 (pg. 34)</ref> took legal effect—thereby [[abrogation (canon law)|abrogating]] it<ref>Dr. Edward Peters, [http://canonlaw.info/masterpage1917.htm CanonLaw.info], accessed June-9-2013</ref>—on 27 November 1983.<ref>NYTimes.com, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/27/us/new-canon-law-code-in-effect-for-catholics.html New Canon Law Code in Effect for Catholics]", 27-Nov-1983, accessed June-25-2013</ref>

==Recodification==
{{unreferenced-section|date=September 2025}}
Recodification refers to a process where existing codified statutes are reformatted and rewritten into a new codified structure. This is often necessary as, over time, the legislative process of amending statutes and the legal process of construing statutes by nature over time results in a code that contains archaic terms, superseded text, and redundant or conflicting statutes. Due to the size of a typical government code, the legislative process of recodification of a code can often take a decade or longer.

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Klaus Peter Berger. ''The creeping codification of the new lex mercatoria'', 2nd edn. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2010.
* Michael Bohlander & Daley Birkett, eds. ''The codification of criminal law''. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2014.
* Giacinto Della Cananea, Angela Ferrari Zumbini, & Otto Pfersmann, eds. ''The Austrian codification of administrative procedure: diffusion and oblivion (1920-1970)''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023.
* Felix Uhlmann, ed. ''Codification of administrative law: a comparative study on the sources of administrative law''. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2023.

{{-}}
{{law}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Codification of law| ]]
[[Category:Law reform]]

Transportation in Wayanad

2026-02-23T04:23:35Z

Indiabulez: Started!

{{Cleanup rewrite|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Wayanad churam.JPG|thumbnail|Wayanad Hill Road]]
[[File:KSRTC at Wayanad Ghat Section.jpg|thumbnail|Hairpin Bend]]
The district capital of [[Wayanad]] is Kalpetta town. [[Kalpetta]] has very good road connectivity with the rest of [[Kerala]] and neighboring South Indian cities. [[National Highway 766 (India)]] NH766 connects Kalpetta with [[Kozhikode]] and [[Mysore]]. State Highways connect Kalpetta with [[Ooty]] in Tamil Nadu and [[Madikeri]] in Karnataka.

==Night Traffic Ban==
En route to Mysore on NH 766, past Wayanad district boundary, which is also the Kerala state boundary, NH 766 passes through [[Bandipur National Park]]. There is a night traffic ban imposed on this stretch since 2009.<ref name=":0">{{cite web
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-bandipur-road-to-be-closed-at-night-hc-1277831
|title=Bandipur-road-to-be-closed-at-night
|publisher=DNA India
|accessdate=2014-05-11
}}</ref>

==Road routes==

Kalpetta – Mysore (132 km): Sulthan Bathery – Gundlupet - Mysore(NH766)('''Night travel not allowed''')

Kalpetta – Mysore (115 km): Mananthavady – Bavali – Handpost ([[Heggadadevana kote]]) - Mysore(SH33) ('''Night travel not allowed''') Bavali forest checkpost will be open only up to 6 PM.

Kalpetta – Mysore (159 km): Mananthavady - Kutta- Mysore ('''Night travel allowed''') Road is bumpy.

Kalpetta - Kozhikode (99 km): Padinjarathara - Perambra

Kalpetta – Ooty (127 km) : Meppadi – Gudalur

Kalpetta – Madikeri (135 km): Mananthavady - Kutta

Kalpetta - Kannur (123 km) : Mananthavady - Koothuparamba

Kalpetta - Malappuram (99 km) : Thamarassery - Areekkode - Manjeri

Kalpetta - Kozhikode (72 km) : Vythiri - Thamarassery

The authorities has announced new National Highway connecting Mysore with Malappuram via Gonikoppa, Kutta, Mananthavadi & Kalpetta.

== Kalpetta==
Kalpetta has very good road connectivity with the rest of Kerala and neighboring South Indian cities. [[National Highway 766 (India)|NH 766]] connects Kalpetta with [[Kozhikode]] and [[Mysore]]. State Highways connect Kalpetta with [[Ooty]] in Tamil Nadu and [[Madikeri]] in Karnataka.

===Highways===
[[File:Mountain Pass Wayanad.jpg|thumb|Wayanad Ghat Road (Mountain Pass) on NH 766]]
All national and state highways passing through Wayanad District intersect at Kalpetta,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://keralapwd.gov.in/keralapwd/eknowledge/Upload/documents/1894.jpg
|title=Road map of Wayanad district
|publisher=Kerala PWD
|accessdate=2014-05-02
}}</ref> making it a strategic location and the "Gateway of Wayanad":

*[[National Highway 766 (India)|National Highway NH 766]] connects Kalpetta with [[Kozhikode]] in Kerala and [[Mysore]] in Karnataka. This highway is the primary access to Wayanad from the major cities of Kerala ([[Kozhikode]], [[Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]) as well as Karnataka ([[Bangalore]] and [[Mysore]]).
*[[State Highway 29 (Kerala)|State Highway SH 29]] connects to the road to [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] and [[Ooty]] at the "Kerala - Tamil Nadu state border". This highway was originally Kozhikode - Vythiri - Kerala State border however the section Kozhikode - Chundale is now part of NH766. This highway now starts at [[Chundale]], 6 km away from Kalpetta town-center.
*[[State Highway 54 (Kerala)|State Highway SH 54]] is an alternate road connecting Kalpetta with [[Kozhikode]]. This highway starts at Kalpetta and proceeds to Kozhikode through [[Padinharethara|Padinjarathara]], [[Poozhithode]], [[Peruvannamuzhi]], [[Perambra]] and [[Pavangad, Kozhikode]]. Note that the section Padinjarethara to Poozhithode is not yet laid as the environmental clearance to build the road through the forest is pending.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/forest-march-for-road/article3275510.ece
|title=Padinajrethara Poozhithode road
|work=The Hindu
|date=2 April 2012
|accessdate=2014-05-02
}}</ref> This road is known as "Padinjarathara Road" at Kalpetta.

*[[State Highway 59 (Kerala)|State Highway SH 59]] [[Hill Highway (Kerala)]] - This proposed highway connects both ends of Kerala state, passing through entire hilly regions of the state. This highway will pass through Kalpetta, connecting [[Mananthavady]] to the North and Meppadi and [[Nilambur]] to the South. (The section Meppadi to Nilambur is to be built).

===Night Traffic Ban on NH 766 at Bandipur National Park===
En route to Mysore on NH 766, past Wayanad district boundary, which is also the Kerala state boundary, NH 766 passes through [[Bandipur National Park]]. There is a night traffic ban imposed on this stretch since 2009.<ref name=":0" />

== Sultan Battery ==
[[Sultan Battery]] has a very good road connectivity with [[south Indian]] states. The major Road is [[NH 766]] connected to [[Mysore]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Kozhikode]], two [[State highways]] connected to [[Ooty]] and [[Coimbatore]] and a state highway connected to [[Mangalore]], [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kasaragod Town|Kasaragod]] and [[Malappuram]].

== Mananthavady==

Mainly five [[Ghat]] roads are used for reaching Mananthavady from coastal towns and lower hilly towns of Kerala:

#From [[Thalassery]]: [[Nedumpoil]]-Periya Ghat road, which connects [[Kasargod]], [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]] and [[Kuthuparamba]] with [[Wayanad]]
# From [[Kozhikode]]: [[Thamarassery]]-[[Lakkidi, Wayanad|Lakkidi]] Ghat road, part of [[National Highway 766 (India)|NH 766]], which connects Kozhikode and the rest of Kerala, south of Kozhikode with [[Wayanad]]
# From [[Vatakara]]: [[Kuttiady]]-Pakramthalam Ghat road, which connects [[Thalassery]], [[Vatakara]], [[Nadapuram]], [[Kuttiady]] and [[Thottilpalam]] with [[Wayanad]]
# From [[Iritty]]: [[Kottiyoor]]-Ambayathode-Palchuram-Boys Town Ghat road, which connects lower hilly towns and villages of [[Kannur District|Kannur]] and [[Kasargod District|Kasargod]] districts with [[Wayanad]]. The towns are [[Panathur]], [[Vellarikundu]], [[Chittarikkal]], [[Udayagiri, Kannur|Udayagiri]], [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha]], [[Alakode, Kannur district|Alakode]], [[Sreekandapuram]], [[Payyavoor]], [[Iritty]], [[Peravoor]], [[Kelakam, India.|Kelakam]], [[Kottiyoor]], etc.
# From [[Nilambur]]: [[Vazhikkadavu]]-Nadukani Ghat road, which connects [[Nilambur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Thrissur]] and [[Malappuram]], with [[Wayanad]].

==See also==
* [[Kozhikode–Wayanad Tunnel Road]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kerala State Highways Network}}

{{Wayanad district}}
{{North Malabar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roads In Kerala}}
[[Category:Roads in Wayanad district]]

Noor Alam Khalil Amini

2026-02-18T13:51:34Z

Indiabulez: Added The Bio From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1952–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|religion = Islam
|honorific_prefix = Mawlāna
|name = Noor Alam Khalil Amini
|image= Noor Alam Khalil Amini.jpg
|birth_date = 18 December 1952
|birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], India
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|05|03|1952|12|18}}
|death_place = [[Deoband]], India
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Mau]], [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Madrasa Aminia]], [[King Saud University]]
|main_interests = Arabic literature, Urdu literature
|notable_works = ''Falastin Fi Intezari Salahidin'', ''Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah'', ''Wo Koh Kan Ki Baat''
|awards = Presidential Certificate of Honour 2017
|students = [[Akram Nadwi]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Safarnama-e-Hind-Akram-Nadwi-2017/page/n13/mode/1up|title=Safar-e-Hind|last=Nadwi|first=Akram|publisher=Muhammad Akram Nadwi|year=2017|pages=14–15|trans-title=Travel to India|chapter=Darul Uloom Deoband: Maulana Noor Alam Khalil Amini}}</ref> [[Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri]], [[Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi]], [[Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi]]
|resting_place = [[Qasmi cemetery]]
| influences = [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]]<ref name="nayab" />
}}
'''Noor Alam Khalil Amini''' (18 December 1952 – 3 May 2021) was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar, academic and a litterateur of Arabic and Urdu.<ref name="qindeel1">{{cite news |title=مولانا نور عالم خلیل امینی عربی و اردو کی مشترکہ لسانی روایت کے علم بردار تھے:ابرار احمد اجراوی |trans-title=Noor Alam Khalil Amini was well versed in the common linguistic tradition of Arabic and Urdu |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-noor-alam-khaleel-ameeni-arabi-wa-urdu-ki-mushtarka-lisani-riwayat-ke-alam-bardar-the/ |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=Qindeel Online |date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811014328/https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-noor-alam-khaleel-ameeni-arabi-wa-urdu-ki-mushtarka-lisani-riwayat-ke-alam-bardar-the/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a senior professor of [[Arabic language]] and literature at the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. His book ''Falastin Fi Intezari Salahidin'' was subject of a doctoral study at [[Assam University]] and his book ''Miftahul Arabia'' is part of [[dars-e-nizami]] curricula in various madrasas.

Amini was an alumnus of [[Darul Uloom Mau]], Darul Uloom Deoband, [[Madrasa Aminia]] and the [[King Saud University]]. His books include ''Wo Koh Kan Ki Baat'', ''Harf-e-Shireen'', ''Miftah al-Arabiyyah'' and ''Falastin Fi Intezari Salahidin''.

==Early life and education==
Noor Alam Khalil Amini was born on 18 December 1952 in [[Muzaffarpur]] in Bihar.<ref name="najeeb"/> He was schooled at Madrasa Imdadiya [[Darbhanga]], [[Darul Uloom Mau]] and Darul Uloom Deoband. In 1970, he moved to [[Madrasa Aminia]], [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmiri Gate]] for graduation in traditional [[dars-e-nizami]] studies. His teachers include [[Abdul Haq Azmi]], [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]], [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]], and [[Qamruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri]].<ref name="qindeel"/><ref name="nayab">{{cite book |author1=Nayab Hasan Qasmi |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |publisher=Idara Tahqeeq-e-Islami |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=247–252 |edition=2013 |language=ur |chapter=Mawlāna Nūr Alam Khalīl Amīni}}</ref> He specialized in teaching [[Arabic language]] from the [[King Saud University]].<ref name ="selfbio"/>

==Career==
Amini taught Arabic literature at the [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] for ten years from 1972 to 1982.<ref name="najeeb">{{cite news |last1=Qasmi |first1=Mohammad Najeeb |author1-link=Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi |title=آہ! عربی واردو زبان وادب کا شہسوار چل بسا |trans-title= The famous scholar of Arabic and Urdu literature Maulana Noor Aalam Khalil Amini passed away|url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/145099 |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=Baseerat online |language=ur}}</ref> He later taught at the Darul Uloom Deoband for a span of 39 years.<ref name="qindeel">{{cite news |title=حضر ت مولانانور عالم خلیل امینیؒ کا انتقال ملت اسلامیہ کا بڑا علمی خسارہ: امارت شرعیہ |trans-title=Nur Alam Khalil Amini's death is a huge loss to Muslim community: Imarat-e-Sharia |url=https://qindeelonline.com/hazrat-maulana-noor-alam-khaleel-ameeni-ka-intiqal/ |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=Qindeel Online |language=ur |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123060530/https://qindeelonline.com/hazrat-maulana-noor-alam-khaleel-ameeni-ka-intiqal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He served as the chief-editor of Darul Uloom Deoband's monthly Arabic magazine ''[[Al-Daie]]''.<ref name="death" /><ref name="siasat">{{cite news |title=Maulana Noor Alam Khalil Amini nominated for President's Award |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/association-muslim-professionals-organizes-job-drive-1055699/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref>
He was conferred with the President's Certificate of Honour in 2017.<ref>{{Citation |title= President Awards the Certificate of Honour 2017| url=https://mhrd.gov.in/president-awards-certificate-honour-and-maharshi-badrayan-vyas-samman-year-2017 | publisher= [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|HRD Ministry, GoI]] | access-date = 24 May 2020}}</ref> His students number more than 1000, including [[Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi]].<ref name="death" /><ref name="najeeb"/>

Amīni was an author of Arabic and the [[Urdu language]]. He wrote extensively in both languages and translated around 25 books from Urdu to Arabic.<ref name="najeeb"/> He wrote more than 500 articles in Arabic language, and those were published in national and international magazines including, ''Al-Faysal'', ''Al-Jazīrah'', ''Al-Dawah'' of [[Riyadh]]; and Indian magazines like ''Al-B'as al-Islami'', ''[[Tameer-e-Hayat]]'' and ''Al-Furqān'' of [[Lucknow]].<ref name ="selfbio">{{cite book |author1=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah |publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab |location=Deoband |pages=933 |edition=5th, February 2017 |language=Urdu |chapter=About the author of the book}}</ref> His translated works include, [[Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]]'s "''Appreciation and interpretation of religion in the modern age''"; [[Taqi Usmani]]'s "''[[Mu'awiya I|Muawiyah]] and historical facts''"; [[Manzoor Nomani]]'s "''Iran Revolution, Khumaini and Shi'ism''", "''[[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]] and his religious reform''", "''Indian scholars and the propaganda against [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab]]''"; and [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]'s, "''Educational condition of India, before and after the British colonialism''".<ref name="najeeb"/>

==Death and legacy==
Amīni died on 3 May 2021, at his residence in [[Deoband]].<ref name="death">{{cite news |title=معروف عالم دین مولانا نور عالم خلیل امینی کا انتقال ، علمی وادبی حلقہ سوگوار |trans-title=Famous Islamic scholar Nūr Alam Khalil Amini passes away |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/story/69780 |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=Millat Times |date=3 May 2021 |language=ur |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502221633/https://urdu.millattimes.com/story/69780 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islamic scholars, [[Abul Qasim Nomani]], [[Arshad Madani]], [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]] and [[Mahmood Madani]] expressed sorrow at his death.<ref name="amarujala">{{cite news |title=देवबंद: नहीं रहे दारुल उलूम के वरिष्ठ उस्ताद मौलाना नूर आलम, दुनिया के इस्लामिक जगत में था बड़ा नाम |trans-title=Noor Alam Khalil Amini, senior teacher of Darul Uloom Deoband, no more.|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/senior-master-of-darul-uloom-maulana-noor-alam-khalil-amini-is-death-in-saharanpur-at-today |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref> His funeral prayer was led by Arshad Madani, and he was buried in the [[Qasmi cemetery]] of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maulana Noor Alam Khalil Amini, a senior maestro of the Islamic educational institution Darul Uloom and a great scholar of Arabic language, died after a long illness |url=https://thenewscaravan.com/maulana-noor-alam-khalil-amini-a-senior-maestro-of-the-islamic-educational-institution-darul-uloom-and-a-great-scholar-of-arabic-language-died-after-a-long-illness-he-was-70-the-news-of-his-death/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |work=The News Caravan}}</ref>
[[File:Inscription_on_Noor_Alam_Khalil_Amini's_grave.jpg|thumb|250px|Inscription on Amīni's grave in the [[Mazar-e-Qasmi|Qasmi Cemetery]] in Deoband]]
At the [[Assam University]], Abul Kalam wrote his doctoral thesis entitled ''Socio-Political Aspects in the Writings of Noor Alam Khalil Amini with Special Reference to Falastin Fi Intezari Salahidin''.<ref name = "thesis">{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Kalam |first=Abul |date=2013 |title=Socio-Political Aspects in the Writings of Noor Alam Khalil Amini with Special Reference to Falastin Fi Intezari Salahidin|url =https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/97127 |publisher=Assam University|hdl=10603/97127 }}</ref>

==Literary works==
Amini's works in Arabic and Urdu include:<ref name="fikreinqelab1">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Mahtab |editor1-first=Ahsan |title=Urdu Ke Farogh Mai Ulama-e-Deoband Ka 150 Saala Kirdar |journal=Fikr-e-Inqelab |date=16–31 January 2017 |volume=5 |issue=112 |page=535 |trans-title=150 year role of the scholars of Darul Uloom Deoband in the propagation of Urdu |publisher=All India Tanzeem Ulma-e-Haque Trust |language=ur}}</ref>
*''Al-dawatul islamiyyah bayn al-ams wa al-yawm'' (Arabic)
* ''Al-sahabatu wa makanatuhum fi al-Islam'' (Arabic), published in Urdu as ''Sahaba-e-Rasool Islam ki Nazar Mai'' (Companions of [[Muhammad]] in the Islamic perspective)
* ''al-Muslimoona fi al-Hind'' (Arabic) (The Indian Muslims)
* ''Falastin Fi Intezari Salahidin'' (Arabic), published in Urdu as, ''Falastīn kisi Salāhuddīn ke intezār mai'' (Palestine waiting for some Salahuddin)
* ''Harf-e-Shireen'' (Urdu)
* ''Kya Islam Paspa Horaha hai'' (Is Islam dying?)
* ''Maujuda Saleebi Saihuni Jang'' (Urdu)
* ''Miftahul Arabia'' (Arabic). This book is taught in the [[dars-e-nizami]] curriculum in various madrasas.<ref name="siasat" />
* ''Mujtama'tuna al-ma'asarah wa al-tareequ ila al-Islam'' (Arabic)
* ''Mata Takoon ul Kitabaat-o- Muassirah?'' (Arabic)
* ''Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah'' (Urdu)
* ''Ta'allamu Al-arabiya Fa'innaha Min Deenikum'' (Arabic)
* ''Wo Koh Kan Ki Baat'' (biography of Waheeduz Zaman Kairanwi)
== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Ahmed |first=Imtiyaz |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/535451 |title=Analytical study of Islamic literary services of Maulana Noor Alam Khalil Amini |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Comparative Language and Culture, [[Barkatullah University]] |year=2023 |location=India |language=en}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Arabi |first=Zikrullah |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Arabic Journalism With Special Reference of Al-Die (Monthly Magazine) and Comprehensive Catalogue Upto 2013 |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |language=ar |pages=136–152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024643/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/337869 |url-status=live}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amini, Noor Alam Khalil}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Madrasa Aminia alumni]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:People from Deoband]]
[[Category:King Saud University alumni]]
[[Category:Students of Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]]
[[Category:Burials at Qasmi Cemetery]]

Sooranad Kunjan Pillai

2026-02-12T02:49:50Z

Indiabulez: basic adjust structure after review and added references

{{Short description|Indian writer and academic (1911–1995)}}
{{family name hatnote|Sooranad|Kunjan Pillai|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Indian patronymic|Kunjan Pillai|Payikkattu Neelakanta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sooranad P. N. Kunjan Pillai
| image = Sooranad Kunjan Pillai.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|06|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sooranad]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British India]] (present day [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1995|03|08|1911|11|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| education = MA(Eng), MA(Mal), MA(San), D.Litt.
| occupation =
| spouse = C. Bhagavati Amma
| parents = {{ubl|Neelakanta Pillai|Karthiyani Pillai Amma}}
| children = 4
| awards = {{ubl|Sahithya Nipunan|1976 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]|1984 [[Padmashri]]|1992 [[Vallathol Award]]|1993 [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]]}}
}}
'''Sooranad Payikkattu Neelakanta Kunjan Pillai''' (24 June 1911 {{endash}} 8 March 1995) was an Indian researcher, [[lexicographer]], poet, essayist, literary critic, orator, [[Linguist|grammarian]], educationist, and scholar of the [[Malayalam language]], best remembered for his contributions in compiling ''Malayala Maha Nighantu'', a lexicon. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padmashri]] in 1984 for his contribution to [[Malayalam literature]] and education. He was also a recipient of the [[Vallathol Award]] in 1992 and when the Government of Kerala instituted the [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]], their highest literary honour in 1993, he received the inaugural award.

==Biography==
[[File:University College , Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|left|University College , Thiruvananthapuram, Pillai's alma mater]]
Kunjan Pillai was born on 26 November 1911 in [[Sooranad]], near [[Sasthamkotta]] in the present day [[Kollam district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to [[Nair|Nair parents]] Payikkattu Neelakanta Pillai and Karthiyani Amma.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/SooranadKunjanPillai/Html/SooranarKPillaigraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-20 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> After initial studies under his father, he did his formal education at a local elementary school, [[Thevalakkara]] Primary School and Chavara High School where he studied under noted teacher, Azhakathu Padmanabha Kurup, and passed the 10th standard examination in 1927. Subsequently, he joined the [[University College, Thiruvananthapuram]] for his under-graduate studies with English as the optional subject and Sanskrit as subsidiary and graduated in 1933 and earned a master's degree in English in 1933.<ref name="Sooranad Birth Centenary Fete Inaugurated">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/jun/21/sooranad-birth-centenary-fete-inaugurated-264763.html |title=Sooranad Birth Centenary Fete Inaugurated |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> Continuing his education, he secured two more master's degrees, in Sanskrit in 1934 and in Malayalam in 1935.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Pillai started his professional career as an [[English language|English]] teacher in [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram|St. Joseph School, Thiruvananthapuram]] and retired from government service in 1971 as the [[Chief Editor]] of Malayalam Lexicon, [[University of Kerala]], a position he held from 1953.<ref name="Suranad Kunjan Pillai (ed.): Malayalam lexicon: a comprehensive Malayalam-Malayalam-English dictionary on historical and philological principles. Vols. I [a]-II [ā-au]">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/suranad-kunjan-pillai-ed-malayalam-lexicon-a-comprehensive-malayalammalayalamenglish-dictionary-on-historical-and-philological-principles-vols-i-aii-aau-clxxviii-902-105-pp-xl-1380-50-pp-trivandrum-university-of-kerala-19651970/7729F95A98A7F8F28CFFB07E10A2215A |title=Suranad Kunjan Pillai (ed.): Malayalam lexicon: a comprehensive Malayalam-Malayalam-English dictionary on historical and philological principles. Vols. I [a]-II [ā-au] |last=Asher |first=R. E. |date=1972 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=378–379 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00109590 |s2cid=161861578 |access-date=2019-04-20|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In between, he served in various positions such as the Secretary of Text Book Committee, as an assistant to Sadasya Tilakam T. K. Velu Pillai in the preparation of Travancore State Manual,<ref name="About Mali - Mali Foundation">{{Cite web |url=http://www.malifoundation.org/about_mali.php |title=About Mali - Mali Foundation |date=2010-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212070653/http://www.malifoundation.org/about_mali.php |access-date=2019-04-20|archive-date=12 February 2010 }}</ref> as the assistant secretary of education to the Government of Kerala, as the honorary director of the Kerala University Manuscripts Library, as a member of Indian Historical Records Commission and [[University of Kerala]] Faculty of Oriental Studies, as the editor of Kerala Archives News Letter Board, as the chief advisor of Navasahithi Biographical Encyclopedia, as a member of the Phd Evaluation Board of University of Kerala, as the president of Sahithya Parishad, as an executive council member of the [[Sahitya Akademi|Kendra Sahitya Akademi]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and History Association,<ref name="Important Personalities ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralawindow.net/imp_k.html |title=Important Personalities |date=2019-04-20 |website=www.keralawindow.net |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> as the president of Kanfed, as the editor of the Journal of Indian History and as a member of the first [[Jnanpith]] Award Committee. He also presided over the fourth Annual Conference of Dravidian Linguists held in Chennai in 1974.<ref name="Annual Conference of Dravidian Linguists">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ijdl.org/Html/Confrence.htm |title=Annual Conference of Dravidian Linguists |date=2019-04-20 |website=www.ijdl.org |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

Kunjan Pillai was married to C. Bhagavathi Amma (of the Panniyarathala family in [[Jagathy]], d. 2007), the marriage taking place in 1935. He died on 8 March 1995, at the age of 83, survived by his wife, three daughters and a son, the eminent neurologist [[K. Rajasekharan Nair|Dr. K. Rajasekharan Nair]].<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Legacy ==
Kunjan Pillai was known to have written books in Malayalam, English and Sanskrit his oeuvre covered such genres as novels, short stories, poems, biographies, history, essays, lexicon and grammar.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/SooranadKunjanPillai/Html/SooranadBooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-20 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> He also had some knowledge of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]]. He published his first work Smashanadeepam (Collected Poems) in 1925 when he was still in school. He has prepared more than 150 textbooks for high school classes. He has written more than 1000 forewords for the books of many contemporary writers of Malayalam. He led a team which compiled a ''Malayala nikhandu'' (Malayalam Dictionary),<ref name="Malayalam lexicon : a comprehensive Malayalam--Malayalam-English dictionary on historical and philological principles">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/5248068 |title=Malayalam lexicon : a comprehensive Malayalam--Malayalam-English dictionary on historical and philological principles |date=1965 |publisher=London: Distributed by Books from India |editor-last=Suranad Kunjan Pillai |language=ml}}</ref> though the work could not be completed during his time.<ref name="Semantics, Phonetics and the Lexicographer’s art">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/semantics-phonetics-and-the-lexicographers-art/ |title=Semantics, Phonetics and the Lexicographer's art |date=2018-09-15 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> The work, started in 1953 and by the time the first and second volumes were published bu 1970, the team of scholars had examined all important available texts from eleventh century to 19th century.<ref name="Suranad Kunjan Pillai (ed.): Malayalam lexicon: a comprehensive Malayalam-Malayalam-English dictionary on historical and philological principles. Vols. I [a]-II [ā-au]" /> He also compiled the Malayalam translation of [[Kathasaritsagara]], a book of fables and legends in Sanskrit.<ref name="Kathasarithsagaram">{{Cite web |url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com:443/books/kathasarithsagaram?t=1 |title=Kathasarithsagaram |date=2019-04-20 |website=onlinestore.dcbooks.com |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
The [[Kingdom of Cochin|Rajah of Cochin]] honoured Kunjan Pillai with the title ''Sahithya Nipunan''.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> In 1984 he was honoured with [[Padmashri]] by [[Govt. of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards - Interactive Dashboard">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=1984-1984&Field=Literature%20and%20Education |title=Padma Awards - Interactive Dashboard |date=2019-04-20 |website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> He was inducted as a distinguished fellow by the History Association and by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] in 1976.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/Html/HonoraryList.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship |date=2019-04-20 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> He received the [[Vallathol Award]] in 1992<ref name="Winners of Vallathol Literary Awards">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pscnet.in/7574/vallathol-puraskaram-awards-winners/ |title=Winners of Vallathol Literary Awards |date=2019-04-20 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> and the Government of Kerala awarded him the inaugural [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]], their highest literary award, in 1993.<ref name="Literary Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |title=Literary Awards |publisher=kerala.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524212356/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |archive-date=24 May 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ezhuthachan award for M Mukundan">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/kerala/general/ezhuthachan-award-for-m-mukundan-9190 |title=Ezhuthachan award for M Mukundan |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> He was also honoured by two Indian universities with [[D.Litt]]; by [[Meerut University]] in 1991<ref name="Important Personalities " /> and [[University of Kerala]] in 1992.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

An annual award, ''Sooranad Kunjan Pillai Award'', has been instituted for recognizing excellence in Malayalam literature and [[M. Leelavathy]] is among the writers who have received the award.<ref name="2015 Sooranad Kunjan Pillai Award for M Leelavathi">{{Cite web |url=http://currentaffairsnews365.blogspot.com/2016/01/2015-sooranad-kunjan-pillai-award-for-m.html |title=2015 Sooranad Kunjan Pillai Award for M Leelavathi |website=Current Affairs for Exams |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Novels ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* Amba Devi (Novel) 1930
* Kalyana Sowdam (Novel) 1936
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=43695 |title=Pushpanjali |publisher=V V Book Depot |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranadu |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{div col end}}

=== Poems ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* Smashanadeepam (Collected poems) 1930
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=4999300 |title=Vathil thurappathukal |date=1954 |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranadu |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=50136 |title=Kuchelavrutham |date=1956 |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranadu |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=64522 |title=Unniyatee charitam |date=1956 |publisher=Manuscript Library |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranadu |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=50097 |title=Sabhapravesampan |date=1957 |publisher=Author |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranadu |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* Hridayarpanam (Collected poems) 1971
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=224344&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Sooranad%2520Kunjan%2520Pillai |title=Ramayanam irupathnalu vrutham |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranattu |date=1962 |publisher=Vidhya vilasini |location=Vidhya vilasini}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=91185&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Sooranad%2520Kunjan%2520Pillai |title=Leelathilakam |date=2011 |publisher=Kerala Bhasha Institute |isbn=9788176389860 |editor-last=Kunjan Pillai |editor-first=Sooranadu |edition= 3rd |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{div col end}}

=== Short stories ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=63579 |title=Sourabhan |date=1947 |publisher=P. Govinda Pillai |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranadu |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* Ratnasamragyam (Stories) 1948
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=223622&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Sooranad%2520Kunjan%2520Pillai |title=Ponnirathalkadha |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranattu |date=1968 |publisher=University of kerala |location=University of kerala}}
* Panchathantrakathamanigal (Stories)
{{div col end}}

=== Biography ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* Prachinakeralam (Biographies)1931
* Veeraraghavashasanam (Biography) 1954
* Thiruvuthankoorile Mahanmar (Biographies) 1946
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=133698&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Sooranad%2520Kunjan%2520Pillai |title=Sree swati thirunal Rama Varma Maharajavu |last=Kunjan pillai |first=Sooranad |date=1989 |series=Kendreeya Mahatmakkal |location=Trivandrum, Govoernment of Kerala |language=en}}
* Sree Sankaracharyar (Biography) 1945
{{div col end}}

=== Lexicon ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/5248068 |title=Malayalam lexicon : a comprehensive Malayalam--Malayalam-English dictionary on historical and philological principles |date=1965 |publisher=London: Distributed by Books from India |editor-last=Suranad Kunjan Pillai |language=ml}}

=== Drama ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=37274 |title=Asokavanikankam |last=Kunjan pillai |first=Sooranad |date=1957 |publisher=Manuscript Library |location=Trivandrum, Government of Kerala |language=ml}}

=== Essays and literary criticism ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* Thiruvuthankoor - Kochi Charithra Kathakal, 1932
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=63286 |title=Thirumulkazcha |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranad |date=1938 |location=Trivandrum}}
* Jeevithakala, 1939
* Malabar in the Eyes of Travellers, 1940
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=15378 |title=Varnavidhikal |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranad |date=1954 |location=Trivandrum}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=36927 |title=Alankarasamkshepam |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranad |date=1954 |location=Trivandrum}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=37230 |title=Kalarividya |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranad |date=1955 |series=Bhasha Grandhavali|location=Trivandrum}}
* Bhashadeepika, 1955
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=36897 |title=Nhaanmuthumaala |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranad |date=1956 |series=Bhasha Grandhavali|location=Trivandrum}}
* Pushpanjali (Collected Essays) 1957
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=65717 |title=Malayala kavya ratnakaram |date=1962 |publisher= Kerala Sahitya Akademi |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranadu |location=Thrissur}}
* Kairali Pooja (Collected Essays) 1962
* Hridayaramam, 1966
* Malayala Lipi parishkaram- Chila Nirdeshangal, 1967
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=15161 |title=Mathrupooja |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranad |date=1954 |location=Trivandrum}}
* Kairali Samaksham (Literary Criticism)1979
* Bharathapooja, 1983
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=133457&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Sooranad%2520Kunjan%2520Pillai |title=Kairalee Samaksham Adhava Agrapooja |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranad |date=1979 |location=Trivandrum, Jaya Printets}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=15156 |title=Sahitya pravesika |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranad |publisher=Govinda Pillai |location=Trivandrum}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=15238 |title=Veera raghava sasanam |last=Kunjan Pillai |first=Sooranad |publisher=Vidyavilasini |location=Trivandrum}}
* Sahithyabhooshanam (Collected Essays)
* Krisishastram
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=33147 |title=Sooranattu Kunjan Pilla: arivinte prakasa gopuram |date=2011 |publisher=State Institute of Languages |last=Sooranadu Rajasekharan |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=133249 |title=Arivu, anveshanam: sooranadu Kunjanpillayude sambhavanakal |date=2008 |publisher=Vallathol Vidyapeedam |last=Sooranadu Rajasekharan |location=Edappal}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/SooranadKunjanPillai/Html/SooranadKunjanPillai.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-15 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-15}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/SooranadKunjanPillai/Html/SooranatScript.htm |title=Handwriting |date=2019-04-15 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-15}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmIo6gTA5s0#action=share |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/SmIo6gTA5s0 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Centinary Celebrations of Sooranad Kunjan Pillai |last=Oommen Chandy |website=[[YouTube]] |author-link=Oommen Chandy |date=2011-08-02 |access-date=2019-04-20}}{{cbignore}}

{{Ezhuthachan Puraskaram}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Sooranad Kunjan}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian lexicographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century lexicographers]]

Hotte Paksha Rangaswamy

2026-02-07T22:53:11Z

Indiabulez: slightly refined details for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Hotte Paksha Rangaswamy
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = 1933
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|01|07|1933||}}
|death_place =
|other_names =
|known_for = contesting polls
|occupation = political leader
|party = Stomach Party
}}

'''Hotte Paksha Rangaswamy''' ({{langx|kn|ಹೊಟ್ಟೆ ಪಕ್ಷ ರಂಗಸ್ವಾಮಿ}}; 1933 – 7 January 2007) was a political leader from the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]], who had a penchant for contesting elections. He is a ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' holder for having contested the highest number of elections - he unsuccessfully did so 86 times.<ref>[http://www.newkerala.com/news4.php?action=fullnews&id=76035 Guinness record holder 'Hotte Paksha' Rangaswamy passes away] NewKerala - 7 January 2007 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Name==
His name literally translates to Rangaswamy of the Stomach Party in Kannada. This is attributed to his electoral plank of food shortage, which made him popular. He earned the name Hotte Paksha after he floated a political party by that name.<ref name='Rangaswamy - Hindu'>{{cite news | title=Hotte Paksha Rangaswamy is dead | date=2007-01-08 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/08/stories/2007010815130400.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000600/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/08/stories/2007010815130400.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =2007-10-01 | access-date = 2007-01-08 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==Electoral penchant==
He made his electoral debut in 1967 when he contested the [[Lok Sabha]] poll against the then railway minister [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]. He fought 85 further electoral battles.<ref name="Rangaswamy - Times">{{cite news | title=Hotte Paksha Rangaswamy dead | date=2007-01-08 | newspaper=Times of India | url =http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNy8wMS8wOCNBcjAwNjA4&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011149/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNy8wMS8wOCNBcjAwNjA4&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom | url-status =dead | archive-date =28 September 2007 | page =6 | access-date = 2007-01-08 }}</ref>

In the 1970s, he ran against [[Indira Gandhi]] in the [[Chikmagalur]] by-poll. He also ran against the former [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Ministers]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. His final electoral battle was against former Chief minister of Karnataka [[S. M. Krishna]].<ref name="Rangaswamy - Times" />

==Drive against poverty==
Rangaswamy released his own manifesto in 1967, made food shortage his election plank, and has been known to have sold rice at [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 1 a kg during election time, peddling his wares on a bullock cart. He also went across Karnataka cycling for the same cause. He was also known for his proclivity for filing [[Public Interest Litigation]] petitions.<ref name="A one-man Crusade - The Hindu">{{cite news | title= A one-man crusade | date=2004-03-25 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/26/stories/2004032609190400.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20040404153656/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/26/stories/2004032609190400.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =2004-04-04 | access-date = 2007-01-08 | work= [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==Later life==
"Hotte Paksha" Rangaswamy, with his trident and matted locks, was a familiar sight across [[Bangalore]]. In his later life, he wanted to be known as Swami Ranganathapuri, of Kishkindha Ashram in [[Ayodhya]].<ref name="A one-man Crusade - The Hindu" /> He was survived by three sons.

==Trivia==
*His campaign symbol was an airplane.<ref>[http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/kar2004/P2.HTM S10-KARNATAKA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040816080834/http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/kar2004/P2.HTM |date=2004-08-16 }} - Election Commission of India - Karnataka 2004</ref>

==See also==
* [[Joginder Singh (politician)]]
* [[K. Padmarajan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangaswamy, Hotte}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Karnataka local politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karnataka]]

Gangulys Wed Guhas

2026-02-05T18:09:07Z

Indiabulez: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Gangulys Wed Guhas Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
| writer = [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
| genre = Romance Drama
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = Saumya Sengupta, Ebong Ipsita, Romi Choudhuri, Biplab Bandyopadhyay, [[Sudipa Basu]], [[Samadarshi Dutta]], [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]], [[Subhrajit Dutta]], Kaushiki, and [[Jayati Chakraborty]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| studio =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|09|20|df=y}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| executive_producer = Amlandeep Chowdhury
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network =
| budget =
}}
'''''Gangulys Wed Guhas''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Bengali language]] romance drama [[web series]] written and directed by [[Samadarshi Dutta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=প্রণয়-মধুরার বিয়ের জমাটি আসর, সমদর্শীর ওয়েব সিরিজের স্পেশ্যাল স্ক্রিনিং-এর ঝলক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/klikk-s-new-series-gangulys-wed-guhas-is-about-a-big-fat-bengali-wedding-check-out-pics-from-it-s-special-screening-31632846398399.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023115627/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/klikk-s-new-series-gangulys-wed-guhas-is-about-a-big-fat-bengali-wedding-check-out-pics-from-it-s-special-screening-31632846398399.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2021 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |date=28 September 2021}}</ref>

The main cast in the series are Saumya Sengupta, Ebong Ipsita, Romi Choudhuri, Biplab Bandyopadhyay, [[Sudipa Basu]], [[Samadarshi Dutta]], [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]], [[Subhrajit Dutta]], Kaushiki, and [[Jayati Chakraborty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gangulys Wed Guhas: Latest News, Photos and Videos on Gangulys Wed Guhas |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/topic/gangulys-wed-guhas |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Photos, Photo Gallery, Latest Pictures, News in Bengali, পিকচার্স, বাংলা নিউজ – HT Bangla |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/photos |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> The web series is produced under Orange & Yellow Films.

==Synopsis==
The Gangulys, who still reside as a single family in their old Nilmoni Mitra Lane home, are very different from the Guhas who now reside at Ballygunge Place. The "artsy" Bengali family the Guhas can practically all dance kathak, sing rabindra sangeet, and watch plays at Tolly club while enjoying wine and cheese. The Ganguly family, on the other hand, is a long-established North Calcutta "Bonedi" family that still takes great pride in its collection of antique furniture and ties to the Cooch Behar royal line. They have an air of fake intellectual superiority about them and are a "joint family" of distinguished advocates, physicians, and engineers. Despite how different the two families are from one another, they end up together.<ref>{{cite web |title=সমদর্শীর দ্বিতীয় ইনিংস, এবার ওয়েব সিরিজের পরিচালনায় অভিনেতা |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/samadarshi-dutta-directed-web-series-gangulys-wed-guhas-is-about-a-big-fat-bengali-wedding-ss-655197.html |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn |date=8 September 2021}}</ref>

The narrative follows the entire wedding process, from Paka Dekha and [[Aiburo Bhaat|Aiburo bhaat]] through the reception and how these families ultimately reconcile amid rising tension, funny mishaps, rib-tickling secrets, unplanned romantic reunions, and youthful love.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gangulys Wed Guhas: Samadarshi Dutta calls the experience of directing oneself 'messed up' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gangulys-wed-guhas-samadarshi-dutta-calls-the-experience-of-directing-oneself-messed-up/7f42d99fb2245 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gangulys Wed Guhas is about a Big Fat Bengali Wedding! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/gangulys-wed-guhas-is-about-a-big-fat-bengali-wedding/cid/1829117 |website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Saumya Sengupta
*Ebong Ipsita
*Romi Choudhuri
*Biplab Bandyopadhyay
*[[Sudipa Basu]]
*[[Samadarshi Dutta]]
*[[Amrita Chattopadhyay]]
*Kaushiki
*[[Jayati Chakraborty]]
*[[Subhrajit Dutta]]

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#A3B1BF |overall=They say marriage is also the marriage of "two families". But in this show, that ends up happening in more ways than one. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Astonishing Aiburo Bhaat
|DirectedBy = [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|20}}
|ShortSummary = The Guhas have arrived at the Gangulys, the wedding preparations are in full swing, and amid the rekindling of old, unfulfilled ties, new ones emerge.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Spicy Sangeet
|DirectedBy = [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|20}}
|ShortSummary = The Guhas and the Gangulys arguing about a lavish sangeet feast. What happens when Pranay and Madhura try to play cupid?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Glamorous Gaaye Holud
|DirectedBy = [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|20}}
|ShortSummary = Reliving old experiences can either heal the soul or open up fresh wounds—a thousand silent whispers. What kind of thing? Stranger than fiction, truth is.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Magnificent Malabodol
|DirectedBy = [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|20}}
|ShortSummary = After the gaye-holud ritual, a drunk Subimal causes chaos. What happens if your own app indicates that you are not suitable before the wedding?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Blissful Basarrat
|DirectedBy = [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|20}}
|ShortSummary = Mohini-Ricky, Sneha-Piklu, Shuktara-Antarikkho, and Rita-Pritimoy had a heart-to-heart talk while a little intoxicated by love. Pranay is reluctant to confess, and Snigdha loses it.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Baffling Basi Biye
|DirectedBy = [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|20}}
|ShortSummary = Madhura hears Pranay admit to sleeping with Tanya at a school reunion. What follows is what?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = A Brilliant Boubhaat
|DirectedBy = [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|20}}
|ShortSummary = The Gangulys and the Guhas finally unite for Pranay and Madhura's reception after much fighting.
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==Soundtrack==
'''Gangulys Wed Guhas''' (Original Score from the series) The songs in the series are sung by Sravan Bhattacharyya, Jayanti Bhattacharyya, Soumya Murshidabadi, Amrita Singh and Ujjaini Mukherjee. And music is composed by Ritam Sen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gangulys Wed Guhas - EP by Ritam Sen |url=https://music.apple.com/ag/album/gangulys-wed-guhas-ep/1599701642 |website=music.apple.com |date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gangulys Wed Guhas |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0o6Oy32lOCiGLYSDvlu6i1 |publisher=Spotify |language=en |date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || Jodi Hridoy (Duet) || Sravan Bhattacharyya/Jayanti Bhattacharyya || 4:00
|-
| 1 || Jodi Hridoy (Male) || Sravan Bhattacharyya || 4:18
|-
| 1 || Jodi Hridoy (Female) || Jayanti Bhattacharyya || 4:18
|-
| 1 || Jodi Hridoy (Reprise) || Soumya Murshidabadi/Amrita Singh || 4:18
|-
| 1 || Du Chokhe Harai || Ujjaini Mukherjee || 4:12
|-
| || || Total Length || 21:06
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15405102}}

[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Cosmos Co-operative Bank

2026-01-31T05:12:28Z

Indiabulez: stub - done

{{Short description|Banking institution in India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Cosmos Co-operative Bank Ltd.
| logo = File:Cosmosbank latest logo.png
| type = Multi State Co-operative Bank
| foundation = 1906
| location = [[Pune]], India
| founder = N.C. Kelkar
| industry = [[Financial service]]s
| products = [[Commercial banking]] [[Retail banking]] [[Private banking]]
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|3790.8|m}} (2020)<ref name="auto">{{Citation |title=114th Annual Report: 2019-2020 |date=2024-09-02 |url=https://www.cosmosbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/114-Annual-Report-Soft-Copy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424142103/https://www.cosmosbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/114-Annual-Report-Soft-Copy.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-24 |url-status=dead |place=India |publisher=The Cosmos Co-Op Bank LTD}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|-543.4|m}} (2020)<ref name="auto"/>
| assets =
| num_employees = 2,714 (2020)
| homepage = [https://www.cosmosbank.com/ Official Website]
}}

The '''Cosmos Co-operative Bank Ltd.''' ('''Cosmos Bank'''), established in 1906, is one of the oldest Urban Co-operative Banks in India. Cosmos Bank celebrated its centenary on 18 January 2006. It is one of the first co-operative banks in the country to implement [[Core Banking System]] (CBS) across the entire network of its then 140 service outlets using [[Finacle]]-[[Infosys]] Core Banking Software. It also received an authorized dealer (AD) license from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] to become the third co-operative bank in India to have such a license in thirty years.

The bank is headquartered in Pune in its Corporate Office at Cosmos Tower, Ganeshkhind Road, Shivajinagar, Pune.

This bank was founded on 18 January 1906 in Pune by Krishnaji Sadashiv Gore and Shankar Hari Barve. The first Chairman of the Cosmos Bank was ''Sahitya Samrat N.C. Kelkar alias Tatyasaheb Kelkar''. On 1 December 1990, Cosmos Bank received the Scheduled status and within a short span of just 7 years, on 28 November 1997 the Bank was awarded the 'Multi-State' status. The Cosmos Bank is operative in 7 States of India, viz., Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu through its 140 branches. Bank has more than 2 Millions customers and 79,000 shareholders.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

Cosmos Bank is the first bank in co-operative sector to be granted permission to operate a Currency Chest. Cosmos Bank has a Currency Chest in Pune, offering services to other banks in [[Pune]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==History==

{{Empty section|date=April 2021}}

==Branches==
Cosmos Bank has in total 5 regional offices with 140 service outlets in India. These are spread across 7 [[States and territories of India|states]] and in 39 major Indian cities. Those are as follows:

* [[Andhra Pradesh]]: [[Vijayawada]]
* [[Gujarat]]: [[Ahmedabad]], [[Ankleshwar]], [[Baroda]], [[Bhavnagar]], [[Bhuj]], [[Gandhidham]], [[Rajkot]], [[Surat]]
* [[Karnataka]]: [[Bangalore]], [[Belgaum]], [[Nipani]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh]]: [[Indore]], [[Annapurna Branch]]
* [[Maharashtra]]:[[Amravati]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Baramati]], [[Bhusawal]], [[Jalgaon]], [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nashik]], [[Phaltan]], [[Pune]], [[Sangli]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Solapur]], [[Thane]], [[Yavatmal]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]]: [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]]
* [[Telangana]]: [[Hyderabad]], [[Secundarabad]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.cosmosbank.com/ COSMOS Bank Website]

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Banks established in 1906]]
[[Category:Cooperative banks of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1906]]

{{India-company-stub}}
{{Asia-bank-stub}}

National Security Strategy (India)

2026-01-22T07:18:46Z

Indiabulez: update formatting per standard format further and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|National security policy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

The '''National Security Strategy''' (NSS) of India has not been defined since its Independence in 1947.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Saran|first=Shyam|date=4 June 2019|title=Need for a Comprehensive National Security Strategy|url=https://cprindia.org/news/need-comprehensive-national-security-strategy|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Centre for Policy Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Raja|date=8 February 2021|title=India Must Chart Out a National Security Strategy for a Changing Geopolitical World|url=https://thewire.in/security/india-must-chart-out-a-national-security-strategy-for-a-changing-geopolitical-world|access-date=2021-03-04|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sethi|first=Deepak|date=26 August 2020|title=China Impasse the Product of India's Lack of National Security Strategy, Accountability|url=https://thewire.in/security/china-impasse-the-product-of-indias-lack-of-national-security-strategy-accountability|access-date=2021-03-04|website=The Wire}}</ref> Framing an NSS has remained a major policy goal and challenge of successive Indian governments.

== Background ==
In 2007, a draft National Security Strategy was prepared by the [[Integrated Defence Staff]], but was not approved by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security|Cabinet Committee of Security]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-defence-panel-to-focus-on-national-security-reforms-in-1st-meeting/articleshow/63993291.cms|title=New defence panel to focus on national security, reforms in 1st meeting|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=2 May 2018|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102112532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-defence-panel-to-focus-on-national-security-reforms-in-1st-meeting/articleshow/63993291.cms|archive-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref>

The [[Defence Planning Committee (India)|Defence Planning Committee]] (DPC), a senior decision-making mechanism created In April 2018 by the [[Government of India|Central Government of India]], according to the notification issued by Indian Government the DPC, will have several mandates including a task to prepare a draft National Security Strategy for India.<ref name="Hindu_DPCfirst">{{cite news|date=4 May 2018|title=Doval chairs first meet of defence panel|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/doval-chairs-first-meet-of-defence-panel/article23765476.ece|accessdate=4 May 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[Indian National Congress]] came out with a document 'India's National Security Strategy', also called the Hooda report, which was subsequently integrated into its manifesto.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|date=2019-04-23|title=Modi Isn't the Only 'Chowkidar', He Can Learn from Hooda Report|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/congress-national-security-general-hooda-document-bjp-modi-chowkidar|access-date=2021-03-04|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2021, [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] General [[Bipin Rawat]], at a talk at the [[College of Defence Management]], stated that "some important steps that we need to take, include-- defining the national security strategy [...]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-04|title=Indian military must be prepared for threats from China, Pakistan: Bipin Rawat|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-military-must-be-prepared-for-threats-from-china-pakistan-bipin-rawat-11614844425128.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=mint|language=en|quote=Some important steps that we need to take, include-- defining the national security strategy [...]}}</ref>

The Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 contains reference to the "National Security Strategy/Guidelines (as and when promulgated)".<ref>Raza, Mohd Rameez and Shekhar, Raj, Defence Acquisition Procedure, 2020: Great Boast, Little Roast (July 4, 2021). Law School Policy Review, 2021, Available at SSRN: {{SSRN|3893191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203105203/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=13 November 2021|website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India|page=7}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[National Cyber Security Policy 2013]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

*{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2021-07-07|title=N.N. Vohra pitches for publicly known national security policy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nn-vohra-pitches-for-publicly-known-national-security-policy/article35195550.ece|issn=0971-751X}}
*PK Khup Hangzo, Associate Fellow (10 April 2020) [https://www.vifindia.org/article/2020/april/10/rethinking-national-security-in-an-age-of-pandemics Rethinking National Security in an Age of Pandemics]. [[Vivekananda International Foundation]] (VIF).
*[[Arvind Gupta (administrator)|Arvind Gupta]] (20 October 2011). [https://idsa.in/idsacomments/ANationalSecurityStrategyDocumentforIndia_arvindgupta_201011 A National Security Strategy Document for India]. [[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses]] (MP-IDSA)
*Lt Gen (Retd) AS Lamba. [http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs_books_selreviews.php?recNo=282 Review: ''The New Arthashastra: A Security Strategy for India'']. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS)

[[Category:Cabinet Secretariat of India]]
[[Category:21st century in India]]
[[Category:National security policies]]
[[Category:National security of India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

Radha Kessar

2025-12-26T16:39:05Z

Indiabulez: Added Initial Article W/ Sources

{{short description|Indian mathematician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Radha Kessar Oberwolfach 2019.jpg|thumb|Kessar at [[Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach|Oberwolfach]] in 2019]]
'''Radha Kessar''' is an Indian mathematician known for her research in the [[representation theory of finite groups]]. She holds the [[Fielden Professor of Pure Mathematics|Fielden Chair in Pure Mathematics]] at the [[University of Manchester]], and in 2009 won the [[Berwick Prize]] of the [[London Mathematical Society]].{{r|ab}}

==Education and career==
Kessar graduated from [[Panjab University]] in 1991.{{r|cul}} She completed her Ph.D. in 1995 from [[Ohio State University]]; her dissertation, ''Blocks And Source Algebras For The Double Covers Of The Symmetric Groups'', was supervised by [[Ronald Solomon]].{{r|cul|mgp}}

After taking visiting assistant professor positions at [[Yale University]] and the [[University of Minnesota]], and working as a Weir Junior Research Fellow at [[University College, Oxford]],
she returned to Ohio State as an assistant professor in 2002. She moved to the [[University of Aberdeen]] in 2005, to [[City, University of London]] in 2012, and then to the [[University of Manchester]] in 2022.

==Book==
With [[Michael Aschbacher]] and Bob Oliver, she is an author of the book ''Fusion Systems in Algebra and Topology'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).{{r|fsat}}

==Recognition==
Her 2009 Berwick award was joint with her future City colleague Joseph Chuang, for the research reported in their paper ''Symmetric Groups, Wreath Products, Morita Equivalences and Broué's Abelian Defect Conjecture''.{{r|ab}} She was named [[Mathematical Sciences Research Institute|MSRI]] Simons Professor for 2017-2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MSRI|title=Mathematical Sciences Research Institute|url=http://www.msri.org/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.msri.org}}</ref>

==References==
<references>

<ref name=ab>{{citation|url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/3100/|title=Aberdeen academic awarded prestigious mathematics prize|date=20 July 2009|publisher=University of Aberdeen|accessdate=2018-05-13}}</ref>

<ref name=cul>{{citation|url=https://www.city.ac.uk/people/academics/radha-kessar|title=Professor Radha Kessar|work=Academic Experts|publisher=City, University of London|accessdate=2018-05-13}}</ref>

<ref name=fsat>Reviews of ''Fusion Systems in Algebra and Topology'':
*Eaton, Charles W. (2012), {{MR|2848834}}
*{{citation
| last = Linckelmann | first = Markus
| doi = 10.1090/S0273-0979-2012-01394-0
| issue = 3
| journal = Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
| mr = 3049878
| pages = 523–526
| series = New Series
| title = none
| volume = 50
| year = 2013| doi-access = free
}}
</ref>

<ref name=mgp>{{mathgenealogy|id=10561}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*[http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~sbbj244/ Home page]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kessar, Radha}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women mathematicians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Academics of City, University of London]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:British mathematicians]]
[[Category:British women mathematicians]]
[[Category:Fellows of University College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Ohio State University faculty]]
[[Category:Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]

2018 Sukma attack

2025-12-13T13:47:09Z

Indiabulez: enhance section per standard format per sources

{{Short description|Bomb attack in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Sukma attack
| partof = the [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 13 March 2018
| place = [[Sukma district]], [[India]]
| territory =
| result =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| commander1 =
| commander2 =
| units1 =
| units2 = [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF)
| strength1 = 100<ref name="Times Now">{{cite news|title=Sukma Naxal attack: 9 CRPF jawans martyred as 100 Maoists ambush convoy; 'distressing', says Rajnath|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/india/video/central-reserve-police-force-chhattisgarh-sukma-crpf-attack-latest-news-today-naxalite-maoist-insurgency-communist-party-of-india-maoist/207196|accessdate=14 March 2018|work=Times Now|date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 = 9 killed 6 wounded
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Naxalite insurgency}}{{Campaignbox India terrorism}}
}}

On 13 March 2018, at least nine [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) personnel were killed and six others were injured when [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]] blew up a [[mine-protected vehicle]] with an [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] in [[Sukma district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last1=Drolia|first1=Rashmi|title=9 CRPF jawans killed in Sukma Maoist attack|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-crpf-personnel-killed-in-a-naxal-attack-in-chhattisgarhs-sukma-district/articleshow/63282963.cms|accessdate=14 March 2018|work=Times of India|agency=TNN|date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news|last1=Ritesh Mishra|first1=Rajesh Ahuja|title=Sukma attack: 9 CRPF jawans killed in encounter with Maoists after IED blows up truck|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/8-crpf-jawans-killed-in-blast-by-maoists-in-chhattisgarh-s-sukma/story-En00ju2Ta6si6hBYjqpgCL.html|accessdate=14 March 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=9 government troops killed in Maoist attack in eastern India|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/government-troops-killed-maoist-attack-eastern-india-53702489|accessdate=14 March 2018|work=ABC News|agency=Associated Press|date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319183528/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/government-troops-killed-maoist-attack-eastern-india-53702489|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=Maoist Attack In Chhattisgarh's Sukma: 9 CRPF Personnel Killed, 4 Injured|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sukma-attack-live-updates-8-crpf-personnel-killed-in-maoist-attack-1823270|accessdate=14 March 2018|work=NDTV|date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Express">{{cite news|title=Chhattisgarh Maoist attack HIGHLIGHTS: 9 CRPF personnel killed in IED blast|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-crpf-personnel-naxal-attack-sukma-district-killed-injured-5096179/|accessdate=14 March 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sukma Attack: 9 CRPF Jawans Dead, CM Says Attack Was out of Panic|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/crpf-jawans-killed-maoist-attack-sukma|accessdate=14 March 2018|work=The Quint}}</ref>

==Background==
The attack came almost eleven days after Indian security personnel killed 10 alleged [[Naxalite]]s in the forests of Chhattisgarh's [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur district]] on 2 March.<ref name="HT"/> It also came almost a year after at least 25 CRPF personnel were [[2017 Sukma attack|killed]] in one of the deadliest attacks by Maoist rebels.<ref name=TOI/>

==Incident==
On 13 March 2018, an [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] blast occurred when a contingent of CRPF's 212th battalion was patrolling in a [[mine-protected vehicle]] in the forest of [[Kistaram]] area in [[Sukma district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. At least nine [[Central Reserve Police Force]] personnel were killed and six others were injured in the attack.<ref name="Times Now"/> The blast ripped the vehicle apart and some dead bodies were found 20 to 30 feet away from the blast site. The injured were airlifted for treatment in [[Raipur]].<ref name=TOI/>

According to Special Director General CRPF D. M. Awasthi, "There were about 11 men in the vehicle. A patrolling party was going from Kistaram to Palodi in an anti-landmine vehicle which was targeted by Naxals with an IED".<ref name="Times Now"/> He said that, "they were only 1km from the nearest camp in Palodi".<ref name=TOI/> According to him, "there is an exchange of fire almost on a daily basis. The security forces have been running an aggressive campaign against Naxalites".<ref name="Times Now"/>

The security forces are trying to figure out if the attack was carried out by a single group of Naxals or multiple.<ref name="Times Now"/>

==Arrests==
Seven individuals, identified by authorities as Komram Sade, Madkam Joga, Madkam Hindwa, Mandvi Sukka, Madkam Ganga, Vanjam Aayta and Vanjam Singha, have been arrested and are being investigated on suspicion of involvement with the attack. Athhorities assert that all seven members of the "Jan Militia". All are residents of Kistram in Sukma.<ref name="SukmaArrested">{{cite news|title=7 Maoists involved in last week attack on CRPF in Sukma arrested|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/7-maoists-involved-in-last-week-attack-on-crpf-in-sukma-arrested-police/story-U80W7VyvqGVVrR3braW6uN.html|accessdate=27 March 2018|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="ArrestedAttack">{{cite news|title=Seven Maoists Arrested for Sukma Attack|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/seven-maoists-arrested-for-sukma-attack/articleshow/63459071.cms|accessdate=27 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

==Reaction==
Indian President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] in a tweet expressed anguish at the attack and saluted the CRPF personnel who lost their lives. He also offered condolences to the bereaved families and stated that, "we remain firm in our resolve to take on and defeat all forms of terrorism".<ref name="Times Now"/>

Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in a tweet saluted the CRPF personnel who were killed in the attack and said that, "the nation stands shoulder to shoulder" with the families and friends of those killed "in this hour of grief".<ref>{{cite news|title=PM salutes CRPF men killed in Sukma blast|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/pm-salutes-crpf-men-killed-in-sukma-blast-1188903-2018-03-13|accessdate=14 March 2018|work=India Today|agency=PTI|date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

Indian Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] expressed distress in a tweet. He also expressed condolences to the families of those who lost their lives in Sukma blast and prayed for the speedy recovery of the injured. He further stated that, "I spoke to DG CRPF regarding the Sukma incident and asked him to leave for Chhattisgarh".<ref name="Times Now"/>

Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh [[Raman Singh]] condemned the "cowardly attack".<ref name=TOI/>

[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] President [[Rahul Gandhi]] tweeted that the attack mirrors a "deteriorating internal security situation due to flawed policies". He called the attack "tragic" and expressed condolences to the families of those killed and wished speedy recovery to those injured.<ref name="Times Now"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Naxalite-Maoist insurgency}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 2018]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) attacks]]
[[Category:History of Chhattisgarh (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
[[Category:Sukma district]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2018]]
[[Category:March 2018 in India]]
[[Category:Political violence in India]]

Sajeev Pazhoor

2025-12-12T12:35:53Z

Indiabulez:

{{short description|Indian screenwriter}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{BLP refimprove|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sajeev Pazhoor
| image = Sajeev-Pazhoor.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Pazhoor, [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = Mahatma Gandhi University
| occupation = {{hlist|Screenwriter|Actor|Novelist|Director|Government Employee}}
| years_active = 2003{{Endash}}present
| spouse = Deepa Sajeev
| children = 2
}}

'''Sajeev Pazhoor''' (born 8 April ) is an Indian screenwriter, novelist and director in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He is known for his movie [[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]] starring [[Fahadh Faasil]] and directed by [[Dileesh Pothan]]. He made his debut in Malayalam film industry with [[Swapaanam]](2013) directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]]. He had scripted and directed more than 80 [[Documentary film]].

==Personal life==
Sajeev Pazhoor was born in the village of Pazhoor in [[Ernakulam district]] on {{Date|8 April }}. He is the eldest son of P. K. Sankaran Nair and VishalakshiAmma. He received primary education from the Government L. P school Pazhoor and Government High School [[Piravom]]. He did his pre-university course and graduated in [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam Literature]] at [[Government College, Manimalakkunnu|Government College Manimalakunnu]]. He also secured Post Graduate Diploma in [[Journalism]] and started working as a [[sub-editor]] and later senior sub-editor in [[Deshabhimani]] daily. After his 19 years of service in [[Deshabhimani]], he took voluntary retirement and started working as an Assistant Information Officer in the [[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]], Government of Kerala. Currently, he is working as the Assistant Cultural Development Officer at the same.

==Career==
His debut documentary ''Agnisakshiyude Sakshi'' brought him State television Award for best Documentary Director (2003). After that, he directed and scripted almost hundreds of documentaries and ten short stories. Later in 2014, he won the State Award for the Best Documentary Director. He entered the Malayalam film industry as an [[assistant director]] and later associate director under [[Shaji N. Karun|Shaji. N. Karun]]. He made his debut in the screenplay arena through Shaji. N. Karun's movie [[Swapaanam|Swaapanam]]. He also worked with [[Lenin Rajendran]] and [[Sanjeev Sivan|Sanjeev Shivan]] as associate director. He wrote the screenplay for the movie ''Swayam'' directed by [[R. Sarath]]. Meanwhile, he worked as associate director and [[script editor]] of many movies in the [[Kokborok]] language. Of which the movie [[Yarwng]] received a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for the best feature movie in Kokborok. He wrote the story, screenplay and dialogue for [[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]] directed by [[Dileesh Pothan]] that has won various awards.. He won the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Award]] for Best [[Screenwriter|Scriptwriter]] in 2017 for the movie. He worked for the movie [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9396112/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 Sathyam Paranga Viswasikumo] by [[G. Prajith]].

==Short Film/Documentary Film==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2011||
Agnisakshiyude Sakshi (Life and times of Agnisakshi) - [[Short film]]
|| Writer/Director || State television Award for Best Documentary Director - 2003
|-
|2011||
Chood(Soddem) - [[Short film]]
|| Writer/Director ||
|-
|2015||
Sangeetham M.K Arjunan - [[Documentary film]]
|| Writer/Director|| State television Award for Best Documentary Director - 2014
|}

==Feature Film==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2013||
[[Swapaanam]]
||Screenplay Co-Writer with Harikrishnan || Directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]]
|-
|2017||
[[Thondi Muthalum Dhriksakshiyum]]
||Story/Screenplay Writer || Directed by [[Dileesh Pothan]]
|-
|2017||
[[Swayam (Selfless)]]
||Screenplay Writer with R. Sarath|| Directed by [[R. Sarath]]
|-
|2019||
[[Sathyam Paranja Viswasikkuvo]]
|| Story/Screenplay Writer || Directed by [[G. Prajith]]
|-
|2021
|[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]
|Story/Screenplay writer
|Directed by [[Nadirshah]]
|-
|}

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Programme
!Category
!Notes
|-
|2003
|Kerala State Television Awards
|Agnisakshiyude Saakshi- [[Short film]]
|Best Director
|
|-
|2008
|International Film Festival of Kerala
|[[Media reporter]]
|Best Media Reporter (print)
|
|-
|2014
|Kerala State Television Awards
|Sangeetham-M.K. Arjunan [[Documentary film]]
|Best Director
|
|-
|2017
|Kerala State Awards For Malayalam Films
|[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]
|Best Screenplay Writer
|
|-
|2017
|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]
|Best Script Writer
|
|-
|2017
|Kerala Film Critics Awards
|[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]
|Best Script Writer
|
|-
|2018
|Flowers Indian Film Awards
|[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]
|Best Script Writer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flowers Indian Film Awards 2018 -Winners List|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/05/flowers-indian-film-awards-2018-winners.html|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref>
|
|-
|2018
|National Award
|[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]
|Best Original Screenplay
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*[http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-conversation-with-sajeev-pazhoor-this-years-national-award-winner-for-original-screenplay/article23526385.ece In conversation with Sajeev Pazhoor, this year's National Award winner for original screenplay]
*[http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/urvashi-to-lead-opposite-indrans-153214.html Urvashi to Lead Opposite Indrans]
*[http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Sajeev-Pazhoors-Short-Fiction-Film-Choodu Sajeev Pazhoor's Short Fiction Film ‘Choodu’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063408/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Sajeev-Pazhoors-Short-Fiction-Film-Choodu |date=15 April 2018 }}
* [http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=80752 Fahadh with Dileesh Pothen again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234319/http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=80752 |date=14 April 2018 }}
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/biju-menons-signs-realistic-thriller-with-g-prajith/articleshow/61592263.cms Biju Menon's signs realistic thriller with G Prajith?]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180114132236/http://teammediaproductions.com/director-b-unnikrishnans-prepping-next-venture-suraj-venjaramoodu-lead/ Director B Unnikrishnan's is prepping up for his next venture with Suraj Venjaramoodu as lead]}}
* [[48th Kerala State Film Awards]]

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8263949}}

{{National Film Award Best Screenplay}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pazhoor, Sajeev}}
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]

Muhammed Saadulah

2025-12-05T11:14:10Z

Indiabulez: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Assam from 1937 to 1946}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Sir
| name = Syed Muhammad Saadulla
| native_name = ছাৰ ছৈয়দ মহম্মদ ছাদুল্লাহ
| native_name_lang = as
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Syed Saadulla.jpg
| imagesize =
| Office =
| leader =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Premier of [[Assam]]<ref name="listofcm" />
| term_start2 = 1 April 1937
| term_end2 = 11 February 1946 (1 month interruption by Bordoloi govt.)
| predecessor2 = Office Established
| successor2 = [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
| office3 = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<ref name="memberconst" />
| term_start3 = 9 December 1946
| term_end3 = 24 January 1950
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1885|05|21}}
| birth_place = [[Gauhati]], [[North-East Frontier]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|01|08|1885|05|21}}
| death_place = Gauhati, [[Assam (1947–1963)|Assam]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Assam Valley Party]] (coalition under Assam United Muslim Party and [[Indian National Congress|INC]] later with [[All-India Muslim League|AIML]])
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Cotton College, Guwahati]] [[Presidency College, Calcutta]]
| occupation = 1st Prime Minister of Assam Province before independence, politician
| awards = [[Order of the Indian Empire]](1946)
| profession = Lawyer, politician
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| caption = Official Portrait,1946
}}
'''Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] ({{langx|as|ছাৰ ছৈয়দ মহম্মদ ছাদুল্লাহ}}; 21 May 1885 – 8 January 1955) was the 1st [[Prime Minister of Assam]] in [[British India]] from 1937 to 1946.<ref name="listofcm">{{Cite web |title=List of Chief ministers of assam since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020143827/http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=assamassembly.gov.in}}</ref> He was also the member of Constituent Assembly of India from 1946 to 1950.<ref name="memberconst">{{Cite web |last=Khosa |first=Aasha |date=25 January 2023 |title=Who was the Muslim member of Constitution drafting committee? |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/who-was-the-muslim-member-of-constitution-drafting-committee-19103.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=awazthevoice.com}}</ref>

Saadulla was knighted in the [[1928 Birthday Honours]]<ref name=knight>{{cite news |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33390/supplement/3851 |page=3847 |title=Birthday Honours List of King George V |date=4 June 1928 |newspaper=[[The London Gazette]]}}</ref> and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in the [[1946 Birthday Honours]].<ref name=KCIE>{{cite news |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37598/supplement/1 |page=2762 |title=Birthday Honours List of King George VI |date=13 June 1946 |newspaper=[[The London Gazette]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Syed Muhammad Saadulla was born on 21 May 1885 in [[Guwahati]], to an orthodox [[Assamese Muslims|Assamese Muslim family]].

His father, Syed Muhammad Tayyabulla, came from Kacharihat, a village near the town of Golaghat, to Guwahati around 1878.

==Lawyer==
Saadulla, M.A., B.L., became a Pleader in Guwahati and set up practice at Lakhtakia in 1910. In the same year, he married the eldest daughter of Syed Muhammad Saleh of Kacharihat. He soon made his mark as a lawyer. He became chairman, Guwahati Municipality, and was nominated as a member of the Legislative Council at [[Shillong]]. Assam became a chief Commissioners Province in April 1919. Saadulla participated in the council's deliberations, and expressed himself freely and forcefully on the matters of interest of the people of Assam. The qualities of citizenship which inspired him to unselfish efforts for what he believed to be right and patriotic were evident early in his political career.

Preoccupation with legal profession and civic responsibilities and duties of a Legislative Councillor left Saadulla with little time for recreation. Nevertheless, he played association football and cricket for the Town Club regularly at Judge's Field. Most afternoons he played Lawn tennis at the erstwhile Jubilee Gardens, where the regulars were [[Tarun Ram Phukan]], [[Gopinath Bordoloi]] and Hemanta Kumar Lahiri.

With his enhanced fortunes Saadulla bought a plot of land adjacent to his father's house, and built a large residence for the joint family and an outhouse to serve as his office. He soon became a prominent figure in the Province of Assam. Saadulla displayed tireless energy, indestructible self-confidence, a searching and analytical mind, and prodigious memory.

In a decade, all ambition has been fulfilled, and Saadulla was recognized as the most conspicuous pleader in Assam. He had the gratification of being able to refuse two offers of important employment under the Government. He became restless and found himself disposed to a change. He consulted his younger brother, Syed Muhibulla, a Professor of Arabic and Persian at Cotton College, Guwahati and asked for the blessings of his 80-year-old father, and prepared to leave for Calcutta.

In 1922, in his mid-thirties, Saadulla enrolled himself as an Advocate at the [[Calcutta High Court]]. He rented a house in Turner Street in the neighborhood of [[A.K. Fazlul Huq]], Nawab Ataur Rahman, Barrister Khuda Bux and Nawabzada A.F.M. Abdul Ali. Before long, briefs from Assam for appeal before the High Court began to arrive and once more Saadulla was engrossed in preparing plaints. Success came slowly, but no sooner he was settled in the new establishment his wife and three sons joined him and he spent as much time in their company as possible.

Assam became a Governor's province, under the GOI Act 1833 with an enlarged Legislative Council; and accordingly Elections were held in November 1880. Saadulla decided to concentrate on practice at the Calcutta High Court, and therefore did not enter Assam politics. He came to Guwahati with his family to be at the bed-side of his dying father, Syed Tayyabulla, who died on 22 November 1922. A year later he returned to Assam once more to stand for elections to the Reformed Legislative Council, and was returned with a comfortable majority.

==Politics==
Towards the end of February, 1924 Saadulla received a letter from Sir Kerr, Governor of Assam offering him a seat in his Council. As the newly elected Legislative Council was due to meet at Shillong on 24 March, there was very little time to decide between Calcutta High Court Bar and Ministership in Assam. Saadulla wrote to the Governor accepting his offer and assuring him of reaching Shillong well in advance of the date of commencement of the Council session. He was sworn in as Minister, and rented a house known as "Rookwood" for his family. In 1924 his wife died at child-birth in the early hours of 9 December. He never really recovered from the cruel shock and profound grief. He never remarried and immersed himself in work and bringing up an infant daughter and looking after three sons.

Elections to the third Reformed council were held in November, 1926, and Saadulla was returned from his constituency by large majority. He was re-appointed as a Minister. The honour of Knighthood was conferred on him in 1928.<ref name=knight/> The following year, [[Laurie Hammond|Sir Egbert Laurie Lucas Hammond]], Governor of Assam invited him to join his Executive Council, as a member for a term of five years.
[[File:Saadullah cabinet.jpg|thumb|After swearing-in of 2nd coalition Saadulah ministry, February 1938, Standing (l to r) [[James Joy Mohan Nichols Roy|J J M Nichols Roy]], Saadulla, [[Abdul Matin Chaudhury]]. Seated (l to r) [[Rohini Kumar Chaudhuri]], [[Munawar Ali]], [[Akshay Kumar Das]]]]
After eleven years at Shillong, and disenchanted with Assam politics, Saadula felt that it was time for him to make a move. Opportunity was at hand, Sir John Anderson, Governor of Bengal, had personally offered him a High Court Judgeship. Saadulla went to Calcutta in 1935. Much to his dismay, Sir Harold Darbyshire, the Chief Justice, pointed out that he could not be appointed as a Judge for want of requisite experience of ten years of continuous practice at the Bar. In an effort to assuage his profound disappointment, he was appointed as a Government Pleader with an assurance of elevation to the Bench within a reasonable period.
The lure of politics combined with tremendous pressure by former colleagues was too strong for him. A General Election, under the Government of India Act., 1935, was being held in February, 1937. Saadulla returned to Assam and was elected to the Legislative Assembly. The Governor invited him to form the Ministry and he became premier of Assam. He headed the Coalition Ministry from 1 April 1937 to 10 September 1938 and from 17 November 1939 to 25 December 1941 and again from 24 August 1942 to 11 February 1946. These were turbulent years in Assam politics but he performed the onerous task with devotion, enthusiasm and generosity. The honour of Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) was conferred upon him on 1 January 1946.<ref name=KCIE/>

As Assam premier, Saadulla also undertook land settlement policy to populate the state with migrants from erstwhile East Bengal. Known as the Line System, the policy had its roots in a British effort to extract more revenue from Assam by making the land more productive (since the local peasants were not willing to work for the British). It later ramped up the migration policy under its "grow more food" programme in the build-up to World War II.
Saadulla remained a close friend and associate of the [[Punjab]] Premier/Chief Minister [[Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan]] (in power from 1937 to 1942) and was a member of the executive committee of the [[All India Muslim League]] which met in March 1940 to draft the Lahore or ''[[Pakistan Resolution]]''.

The Assam Legislative Assembly elected Saadulla to the Constituent Assembly of India in 1947 and the later elected him to the drafting committee. Thus he helped in the preparation of the Constitution of the Republic of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_making_process/drafting_commitee | title=Constitution of India }}</ref>

He was seriously ill in 1951. He recovered gradually and was restored to health. Thereafter he accepted life in retirement, with social activities, including dispensing hospitality on a magnificent scale.

His health deteriorated, at the approach of winter at Shillong, and to escape the rigours of cold weather, he went down to plains. He died at Guwahati, his birthplace, on 8 January 1955.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* C. F. J. Hankinson (ed.), ''Debretts Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, 1954'', Odhams Press, 1954

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saadulah, Muhammed}}
[[Category:People from Guwahati]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1937–1946]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1946–1952]]

Nitin Bose

2025-11-22T02:44:44Z

Indiabulez: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian film director (1897–1986)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nitin Bose
| image = Nitin Bose 2013 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Bose on a 2013 stamp of India
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1897|4|26}}
| birth_place = Dasnagar, [[Howrah]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|4|14|1897|4|26}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| othername =
| occupation = Film director, [[cinematographer]], screenwriter
| years_active = 1930–1972
| spouse =
| partner =
| awards =
}}
'''Nitin Bose''' (26 April 1897 – 14 April 1986) was an Indian film director, cinematographer and screenwriter of the nation's [[Cinema of India|film industry]]. He was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and died in the same city. In the 1930s and early 40s, he worked with [[New Theatres]], who made bilingual movies: in both [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]]. Later, he moved to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and directed under the banners of [[Bombay Talkies]] and [[Filmistan]].

The first use of [[playback singing]] in Indian films occurred in films directed by Bose in 1935: first in ''[[Bhagya Chakra]]'', a Bengali film, and later the same year in its Hindi remake, ''[[Dhoop Chhaon (1935 film)|Dhoop Chhaon]]''. His most well-known work is ''[[Ganga Jamuna]]''.

==Early life==
Nitin Bose was son of Bengali entrepreneur [[Hemendra Mohan Bose]] and Mrinalini Bose. Mrinalini was sister of writer [[Upendrakishore Raychowdhury]], who was father of poet [[Sukumar Ray]] and grandfather of film director [[Satyajit Ray]]. Bose's another cousin was legendary children's author Lila Mazumdar.

Bose had a great interest in photography from his childhood. His father, who was a keen photographer himself, nourished his son's interest in the same.<ref name=encyclo>Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind and Chatterjee, Saibal eds. (2003) ''Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema''. Encyclopaedia Britannica (India). pp. 262–264. {{ISBN|81-7991-066-0}}</ref>

==Career==
Bose's first venture in film direction was a documentary film on Belgian Emperor's visit to India (1921).

Bose started his film career as a cinematographer in 1926 in the movie ''Punarjanma''.<ref name=HistBengaliFilm>[http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/cinema.htm An article on 'History of Bengali Cinema' from BFJA site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924155956/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/cinema.htm |date=24 September 2005 }}</ref> His debut as cinematographer under [[New Theatres]] banner was in the movie ''[[Devdas (1928 film)|Devdas]]'' (1928). He was cinematographer of the only film directed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], ''[[Natir Puja]]'' (1932), which was based on a dance-drama composed by Tagore.

Bose worked closely with director [[Debaki Bose]], but then Debaki Bose temporarily left New Theatres to [[Madan Theatre]]s for making ''Seeta''(1934). At this time, producer of New Theatres, [[B. N. Sircar]] asked Nitin Bose to venture into film direction. Bose started with remaking of Debaki Bose's ''Chandidas'' (1932) in Bengali to ''[[Chandidas (1934 film)|Chandidas]]'' in Hindi (1934).<ref name=encyclo/>

His 1935 film ''Bhagya Chakra'' was the first Indian film to use [[playback singing]]. The singers were [[K C Dey]], Parul Ghosh and Suprabha Sarkar.<ref name=HistBengaliFilm/> The movie was remade in Hindi with the title ''Dhoop Chhaon'', which was the first Hindi film to use playback singing.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=%22Nitin+Bose%22+%22playback+singing%22&pg=PT40 Google Books preview from 'Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema'], Gulzar, Govind Nihalani, Saibal Chatterjee, Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema, {{ISBN|81-7991-066-0}}</ref> It was Bose who came up with the idea of playback singing. He discussed with music director [[Raichand Boral]] and Bose's brother Mukul Bose, who was the sound recordist in New Theatres, implemented the idea.<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/50e.htm A page from screenindia.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022124829/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/50e.htm |date=22 October 2008 }}</ref>

During the making of ''Kashinath'' (1943), Bose had a misunderstanding with B N Sircar. After completion of the film, he did not go back to New Theatres, with which he was associated since it was established in 1931. Eventually, Bose moved to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and Sircar closed New Theatres.<ref name=encyclo/>

Bose's first movie under [[Bombay Talkies]] banner was ''Naukadubi'' (1947), based on Tagore's novel of the same name. Hindi version of this film was named ''[[Milan (1946 film)|Milan]]'', in which [[Dilip Kumar]] acted in the lead role. His next film ''[[Drishtidan]]'' (1948) introduced [[Uttam Kumar]], who later became superstar of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Cinema]].

In the 1960s, Bose directed a number of movies under the banner of [[Filmistan]]. [[Ganga Jamuna]] (1961), directed by Bose, is still considered one of the all-time blockbusters of Indian Cinema.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210202310/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners All Time Earners Inflation Adjusted (Figures in Ind Rs)]. Boxoffice India</ref>

==Family==
Bose was a son of Hemendra Mohan Bose, Bengali swadeshi entrepreneur and creator of the Kuntalin Puroshkar for literature.
[[Satyajit Ray]] was a nephew of Bose and worked under him in the movie ''Mashaal'' (1950), which was produced by Bombay Talkies.<ref>Ranade, Ashok Damodar (2006) ''Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries''. Bibliophile South Asia. p. 95. {{ISBN|81-85002-64-9}}</ref>

Among thirteen siblings of Bose, there was Rabindrasangeet singer (Malati Ghosal), one painter, sound recordist (Mukul Bose) and four cricketers (Kartik Bose et al.)<ref name=innereye>Robinson, Andrew (1989) ''Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye''. University of California Press. pp. 12, 32. {{ISBN|1-86064-965-3}}</ref>

Bose's brother Mukul Bose was a pioneering and highly respected sound recordist who introduced many techniques in playback singing and voice dubbing.<ref>[http://www.bfjaawards.com/archives/articles/198801.htm An article from BFJA site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213093841/http://www.bfjaawards.com/archives/articles/198801.htm |date=13 February 2010 }}</ref>
He leaves behind his wife Santi Bose, daughters Rina and Neeta and 6 grandchildren and 8 great-grandchildren.

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[9th National Film Awards|1961]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Certificate of Merit for Second Best Feature Film]] – ''Ganga Jamna''<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Bose received [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 1977.
;[[Filmfare Awards]] Nominated
*[[Best Director]] – ''Ganga Jamna''

==Filmography==
{{refbegin|20em}}

===Director===
* Buker Bijha (1930)
* [[Daku Mansoor (1934 film)|Daku Mansoor]] (1934)
* [[Chandidas (1934 film)|Chandidas]] (1934)
* [[Bhagya Chakra]] (1935)
* [[Dhoop Chhaon (1935 film)|Dhoop Chhaon]] (1935) (Hindi remake of Bhagya Chakra)
* Didi (1937)
*''[[President (1937 film)|President]]'' (1937) (Hindi remake of Didi; alternative title: Badi Bahen)
* [[Jiban Maran]] (1938)
* Desher Mati (1938)
* [[Dharti Mata (1938 film)|Dharti Mata]] (1938) (Hindi remake of Desher Mati)
* [[Dushman (1939 film)|Dushman]] (1939) (Hindi remake of Jiban Maran)
* Kapal Kundala (1939)
* Parichay (1941)
* [[Lagan (1941 film)|Lagan]] (1941) (Hindi remake of Parichay)
* Kashinath (1943)
* Bichar (1943) (Hindi title: Paraya Dhan)
* Mujrim (1944)
* Mazdoor (1945)
* [[Milan (1946 film)|Milan]] (1946)
* ''[[Noukadubi (1947 film)]]'' (Bengali remake of Milan)
* [[Drishtidan]] (1948)
* Mashaal (1950) (Bengali title: Samar)
* [[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]] (1951)
* Dard-e-Dil (1953)
* Waris (1954)
* Amar Saigal (1955)
* Char Dost (1956)
* Madhabir Janye (1957)
* [[Kathputli (1957 film)|Kathputli]] (1957)
* Jogajog (1958)
* [[Gunga Jumna]] (1961) (alternative title: [[Ganga Jamuna]], English title: The Confluence)
* Ummeed (1962)
* [[Nartaki (1963 film)|Nartaki]] (1963)
* Dooj Ka Chand (1964)
* Hum Kahan Ja Rahe Hain (1966)
* [[Samaanta]] (1972)

===Documentary===
* Belgian Emperor's Visit to India (1921)

===Cinematographer===
* [[Devdas (1928 film)|Devdas]] (1928)
*[[Dena Paona (film)|Dena Paona]] (1931)
* [[Natir Puja]] (1932)
* [[Chirakumar Sabha]] (1932)
* Chandidas (1932)
* [[Yahudi Ki Ladki (1933 film)|Yahudi Ki Ladki]] (1933)
* [[Rajrani Meera]] (1933)
* [[Puran Bhagat (1933 film)|Puran Bhagat]] (1933)
* Meerabai (1933)
* [[Chandidas (film)|Chandidas]] (1934)
* [[Bhagya Chakra]] (1935)
* [[Dhoop Chhaon (1935 film)|Dhoop Chhaon]] (1935)
* Didi (1937)
* [[President (1937 film)|President]] a.k.a. ''Badi Bahen'' (1937)
* Jiban Maran (1938)
* Desher Mati (1938)
* [[Dharti Mata (film)|Dharti Mata]] (1938)
* [[Dushman (1939 film)|Dushman]] (1938)
* Parichay (1941)

===Writer===
* [[Dhoop Chhaon (1935 film)|Dhoop Chhaon]] (1935) (screenplay)
* [[Bhagya Chakra]] (1935) (writer)
* Didi (1937) (writer)
* [[President (1937 film)|President]] a.k.a. ''Badi Bahen'' (1937) (writer)
* Jiban Maran (1938) (writer)
* Desher Mati (1938) (screenplay) (story)
* [[Dharti Mata (film)|Dharti Mata]] (1938) (screenplay) (story)
* [[Dushman (1939 film)|Dushman]] (1939) (writer)
* Parichay (1941) (writer)
* Kashinath (1943) (dialogue)
* Bichar (1943) (Hindi title: Paraya Dhan) (screenplay)

===Camera and electrical department===
* [[Mohabbat Ke Ansu]] (1932) (camera operator)
* Bichar (1943) (Hindi title: Paraya Dhan) (camera operator)

===Miscellaneous crew===
* Deedar (1951) (photographic treatment)
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0097887|name=Nitin Bose}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0156353 IMDb page on ''Bhagya Chakra'']
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0379255 IMDb page on ''Dhoop Chhaon'']

{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{Ray family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Nitin}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Bengali screenwriters]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Satyajit Ray]]

Origin of the Gurjara-Pratiharas

2025-11-18T23:09:24Z

Indiabulez: Added New Article More To Come

{{Short description|Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty}}
The '''origin of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] dynasty''' of India is a topic of debate among historians. The rulers of this dynasty used the self-designation "Pratihara" for their clan, but have been described as "Gurjara" by their neighbouring kingdoms. Only one particular inscription of a feudatory ruler named Mathanadeva mentions him as a "Gurjara-Pratihara".

According to one school of thought, Gurjara was the name of the territory (see [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara-desha]]) originally ruled by the Pratiharas; gradually, the term came to denote the people of this territory. An opposing theory is that Gurjara was the name of the tribe to which the dynasty belonged, and Pratihara was a clan of this tribe.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=612-613}} Among those who believe that the term Gurjara was originally a tribal designation, there are disagreements over whether they were native Indians or a foreign tribe who had migrated to India somewhere around 5th century. A related question is whether the modern [[Gurjar|Gujjar]]s are representatives of the ancient Gurjara tribe or not.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=1-2}}

== Earliest mentions of the terms ==

The earliest mentions of the terms Gurjara, Pratihara and Gurjara-Pratihara in historical records have been analyzed by scholars to determine the origin of the dynasty.

=== Pratihara ===

The Gurjara-Pratiharas as well as the [[Pratiharas of Mandor]] used the self-designation "Pratihara". They claimed descent from the legendary hero [[Lakshmana]], who is described as the brother of king [[Rama]] in the [[Sanskrit]] epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. The 837 CE Jodhpur inscription of the Mandor Pratihara ruler Bakuka states that the younger brother of Ramabhadra (Rama) served as a ''pratihari'' (door keeper) to his elder brother, because of which his descendants came to be known as Pratihara. The Sagar-Tal (Gwalior) inscription of the Gurjara-Pratihara king [[Mihira Bhoja]] says that Saumitri ("son of [[Sumitra]]", that is, Lakshmana) acted as a door-keeper for his elder brother as he defeated the enemies in a battle with [[Meghanada]].{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=223}}{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=7}}

[[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] theorized that the ancestors of the Pratiharas served the [[Rashtrakuta]]s, and the term "Pratihara" derives from the title of their office in the Rashtrakuta court.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri |title=History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oychAAAAMAAJ |year=1953 |publisher=S. Viswanathan |page=194 }}</ref>

=== Gurjara ===
[[File:Bilingual old Kannada-Sanskrit inscription (866 AD) from Nilgund of Rashtrakuta King Amoghavarsha I.jpg|thumb|right|Nilgund inscription (866) of Amoghavarsha mentions that his father Govinda III subjugated the Gurjaras of Chitrakuta]]

The 6th century [[Tamil language|Tamil]] text ''[[Manimekalai]]'' mentions a temple of "Kucharakudihai" or "Kuchcarakudihai" workmanship. Some scholars interpret this word as the Tamil transliteration of "Gurjara". However, [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|Krishnaswami Aiyangar]] doubts the accuracy of this interpretation.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=5}}

The earliest undebatable references to the word "Gurjara" date back to 7th century:{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=9}}
* The word Gurjara occurs in ''[[Harshacharita]]'', a Sanskrit work by [[Banabhatta|Bana]] . The relevant verse describes the military successes of the king [[Prabhakaravardhana]] against various kingdoms. It states that the king was a "a lion to the [[Huna people|Huna]] deer, a burning fever to the king of [[Sindhu Kingdom|Sindhu]], a troubler of the sleep of the Gurjara king, a [[bilious fever]] to that scent elephant - the lord of [[Gandhara Kingdom|Gandhara]], destroyer of the skill of the [[Lata (region)|Latas]], an axe to the creeper which is the goddess of fortune of [[Malwa|Malava]]".<ref name="DKG_1984">{{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=History and Historians in Ancient India |url=https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang |url-access=registration |year=1984 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-391-03250-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang/page/101 101] }}</ref>{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=5}}
* Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]] describes a kingdom named ''Kiu-che-lo'' and its capital ''Pi-lo-mi-lo''. These two words have been identified as Chinese transcriptions of "Gurjara" and "Bhillamala" ([[Bhinmal]]). This kingdom was located in present-day [[Rajasthan]], surrounded by ''Mo-la-po'' ([[Malwa]]), ''U-sha-ye-na'' ([[Ujjayini]]), ''Po-lu-kie-che-po'' ([[Bharukaccha]]), Fa-la-pi ([[Vallabhi]]), and ''Su-la-ca'' ([[Saurashtra Kingdom|Saurashtra]]).{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=9}}
* The 634 CE [[Aihole inscriptions|Aihole inscription]] of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] king [[Pulakeshin II]] states that the Gurjaras, the Latas, and the Malavas accepted his suzerainty. According to Puri, the Gurjaras referred to in this record were from Bharukaccha (Bharuch). They are mentioned as "[[Samanta]]", and probably owed allegiance to the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=9}}

Other early epigraphic evidence includes:

* The 739 CE [[Navsari]] copper-plate inscription records the victory of [[Chalukyas of Badami|Chalukya]] feudatory [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin]] over Tajika (Arab) army. This inscription states that the Tajika army had plundered the Saindhavas, Kachchhelas (Kutch), Saurashtra, Chavotakas, [[Mori Kingdom|Mauryas]], Gurjaras and other kings.<ref>{{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA166 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |page=166 }}</ref>
* The Ragholi (Balaghat) copper plates, dated to 8th century on palaeographic grounds, were issued by Jayavardhana II of the obscure Shaila dynasty of central India. It states that his ancestor Prithuvardhana conquered the Gurjara country.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=10}}
* The 808 CE [[Radhanpur]] copper-plates of the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Govinda III]] describes his subjugation of several kings. It states that on seeing Govinda, the Gurjara vanished - nobody knows where - and even in a dream he (the Gurjara) might not see another battle.{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=231}}<ref>{{cite book |author=F. Kielhorn |chapter=Radhanpur Plates of Govinda III.; Saka-Samvat 730 |editor=E. Hultzsch |title=Epigraphia Indica |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndicaVol6/Epigraphia%20Indica_Vol%206#page/n313/mode/1up |volume=VI |year=1901 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=250 }}</ref> Here, "Gurjara" obviously refers to a particular king.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=10}}
* The 812 CE Baroda copper-plates of the Rastrakuta feudatory [[Karka Suvarnavarsha|Karka]] mentions two terms - Gurjareshvara-pati and Gurjareshvara. According to B. N. Puri, both of these refer to one king.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=10}} According to R. C. Majumdar, this king was Nagabhata II of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=613}} D. C. Ganguly argued that these two referred to two different kings: Gurjareshvara-pati ("overlord of Gurjareshvara") was a king of the imperial Pratihara dynasty, while Gurjareshvara was a subordinate ruler.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly1935|p=168}}
* The Arab merchant Sulaiman, in his ''Silsilat Al Tawarikh'' (851 CE), mentions Jurz (or Juzr) kingdom. Jurz appears to be a transcription of the word Gurjara, and refers to the kingdom of Kannauj.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|pp=12-13}}
* The 866 CE Sirur and Nilgund inscriptions of the Rashtrakuta king [[Amoghavarsha]] state that his father [[Govinda III]] subjugated the people of Kerala, Malava and Gauda (or Sauta), together with the Gurjaras who resided in the [[Chittorgarh Fort|hill fort of Chitrakuta]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=371}}{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=12}}
* The 867 CE Bharuch grant of Dhruva III mentions that he was attacked by "the very powerful army of the Gurjaras", who had allied with his younger brother. It also states that a king named Mihira attacked Dhruva, but was defeated. According to [[Georg Bühler]] and [[E. Hultzsch]], the powerful army here probably refers to that of the [[Chavda dynasty|Chavada]] (Chapotaka) king Kshemaraja.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rathor grants No. III. A Grant of Dhruva III., of Bharoch |author=Georg Bühler and E Hultzsch |journal=Indian Antiquary |volume=XII |editor=JAS Burgess |editor-link=James Burgess (archaeologist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOY2AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA179 |year=1883 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |pages=180–181 }}</ref> However, B. P. Puri believes that the army here refers to that of the Gurjara-Pratihara king [[Mihira Bhoja]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=10}}
* The 940 CE [[Deoli, Maharashtra|Deoli]] inscription of the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Krishna III]] states that his ancestor [[Krishna II]] (r. c. 878-914 CE) had frightened the Gurjara, and humbled the Gauda, the Anga, the Kalinga, the Ganga and the Magadha. Here "Gurjara" and others are names of the countries, which signify their kings.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=10}}
* The Karhad plates of Krishna III state that on hearing about Krishna's conquests in the southern region, the hopes about [retaining] Kalanjara ([[Kalinjar]]) and Chitrakuta ([[Chittor]]) vanished from the heart of the Gurjara.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=38}} Here, "the Gurjara" obviously refers to a particular king.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=10}} This king can only be an Pratihara ruler, as no other dynasty ruled these two forts during this period.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=613}}
* The Badal Pillar inscription of the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] ruler [[Narayanapala]] (9th-10th century CE) states that he "scattered" the conceit of the Gurjara-natha ("Lord of Gurjara"). Here, Gurjara refers to a country, and the term Gurjara-natha probably refers to the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=11}}
* The 954 CE inscription of the [[Chandela]] ruler [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] boasts that he subjugated the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauḍas]], the [[Khasa Malla kingdom|Khasas]], the [[Kosala]]s, the [[Kashmira|Kashmiris]], the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithilas]], the [[Malavas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]], the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], and the Gurjaras.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=43}} The Gurjaras here refer to the Pratihars of Kannauj.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=11}}
* The 10th century Kannada work ''[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya|Pampa-Bharata]]'' mentions "Gurjara-raja Mahipala", who is identified with the Pratihara king Mahipala.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=613}}
* The 1047 CE Goharwa inscription of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king Karna-deva states that his ancestor Lakshmana-raja (c. 950 CE) defeated the kings of Vangala, Pandya, Lata, Gurjara and Kashmira. Gurjara here refers to the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=12}}
* The 12th century ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' mentions that the 9th century Kashmiri king Shankara-Varman defeated Alakhana, the king of Gurjara.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=12}} Some scholars, such as Helmut Humbach and G. Djelani Davary, theorized that "Alakhana" is the [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] transcription of the Bactrian word "Alxano", and is related to "[[Hara Huna Kingdom|Hara Huna]]" (or Hala Huna) mentioned in ancient Indian texts.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gritli von Mitterwallner |author2=Frederic Salmon Growse |title=Kuṣāṇa Coins and Kuṣāṇa Sculptures from Mathurā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uufVAAAAMAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Uttar Pradesh |page=47 }}</ref> However, other scholars identify Alakhana as Ali Khan, a ruler of [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]] in present-day Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Buddha Prakash |title=Aspects of Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKg5AQAAIAAJ |year=1965 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |page=157 |isbn=9780842616812 }}</ref>

=== Gurjara-Pratihara ===

The Rajor inscription of a feudatory ruler named Mathanadeva describes him as a Gurjara-Pratihara.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=613}} According to Puri, he might have been a scion of the Pratihara royal house of Kannauj.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=14}}

== Gurjara: Tribe vs country ==

The term "Gurjara-Pratihara" in the Rajor inscription of Mathanadeva has been variously interpreted as "Pratihara clan of the Gurjara tribe" and "Pratihara of the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara country]]".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=613}} It contains a phrase: "all the fields cultivated by the Gurjaras". Scholars such as Rama Shankar Tripathi believe that this phrase makes it clear that the term "Gurjaras" here refers to a tribe or a group of people, rather than a region.{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=222}}{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly1935|p=167}} Tripathi further argues that in Pampa's description of Mahipala as a Gurjara king can only refer to Mahipala's ethnicity, and not territory, since the Pratiharas ruled a much larger area of which Gurjara country was only a small part.{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=222}} [[Burjor Avari]], a historian of South Asia, believes that the Gurjara and Pratihara were two clans among a larger tribal grouping in Rajasthan and that some elements of that larger federation later became known as [[Rajput]]s.<ref name="Avari">{{cite book|title=India: The Ancient Past. A History of the Indian-Subcontinent from 7000 BC to AD 1200|first=Burjor |last=Avari |author-link=Burjor Avari |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-203-08850-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmB_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT204 |pages=204–205|quote=Madhyadesha became the ambition of two particular clans among a tribal people in Rajasthan, known as Gurjara and Pratihara. They were both part of a larger federation of tribes, some of which later came to be known as the Rajputs}}</ref>

Critics of this theory, such as D. C. Ganguly, argue that the term "Gurjara" is used as a [[demonym]] in the phrase "cultivated by the Gurjaras". In his support, Ganguly cited a verse from Bana's ''Kadambari'', which uses the term "Malavi" ("women of Malva") to describe the women of Ujjain, which was located in the Malva region.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly1935|pp=167-168}} [[K. M. Munshi]] similarly argued that the people residing in the ''Gurjaradesa'' (Gurjara country), whenever they migrated to other parts of the country, were known as Gurjaras.<ref>[[K. M. Munshi]], The Glory that was Gurjaradēśa, Vol. III, pp. 5–6, quoted in {{harvnb|V. B. Mishra|1954|p=51}}</ref> V. B. Mishra similarly argues that the expression ''Gurjara Pratihārānvayah'' may very reasonably be taken to mean the Pratihara family of the Gurjara country.{{sfn|V. B. Mishra|1954|p=51}}

Ganguly further points out that several ancient sources clearly mention "Gurjara" as the name of a country or list it among territories. These sources, according to him, include the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II, the Ragholi plates, and the [[Al Baladhuri]]'s chronicle of Al Junayd's expeditions (723-726 CE).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly1935|p=168}} Several other ancient sources mention Gurjara as the name of a country. The Gurjara country is mentioned in [[Banabhatta|Bana]]'s ''[[Harshacharita]]'' (7th century CE). It is described in detail as a beautiful country in Udyotana Suri's ''[[Kuvalayamala]]'' (8th century CE, composed in [[Jalore]]), whose residents are also referred to as Gurjaras. [[Xuanzang]] also names Gurjara (''Ku-che-lo'') as a country with its capital at [[Bhinmal]] (''Pi-lo-mo-lo''). The fourth book of [[Panchatantra]] contains the story of a ''rathakāra'' (charioteer) who went to a Gurjara village in the Gurjara country in search of camels.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|pp=9-10}}{{sfn|V. B. Mishra|1954|pp=50-51}}

A 795 CE inscription of Gallaka states that [[Nagabhata I]], the founder of the Imperial Pratihara dynasty, conquered the "invincible Gurjaras". According to historian Shanta Rani Sharma, this makes it unlikely that the Pratiharas were themselves Gurjaras.{{sfn|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012|p=8}}{{sfn|Shanta Rani Sharma|2017|pp=39–40}}

== Foreign vs native ==

Among the scholars who believe that "Gurjara" was the name of an ancient tribe, there is disagreement over the original homeland of this tribe.

=== Foreign origin theory ===
[[File:Sindh. Gurjura Confederacy. Circa AD 570-712.jpg|thumb|300px|Coin of the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjura Confederacy]], on the model of the [[Sasanian coinage of Sindh]]. [[Sindh]]. Circa 570-712 CE]]
[[A. M. T. Jackson]] first proposed a foreign origin of the Gurjaras. This view was later endorsed by other historians, including Indian scholars such as [[D. R. Bhandarkar]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=2}} Proponents of this theory point out that:
* The Gurjara-Pratiharas suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around 6th century CE, shortly after the [[Huna people|Huna]] invasion of that region.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=2}} They are not mentioned in earlier Indian literature.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=6}} The Gujara-Pratihara were "likely" formed from a fusion of the [[Alchon Huns]] ("White Huns") and native Indian element.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |title=The Huns |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34091-1 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |language=en|quote="Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India, had a powerful [[Hephthalite|White Hunnic]] element. The Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansin in India through Sind for centuries."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA279 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Banabhatta|Bana]]'s ''[[Harshacharita]]'' (7th century CE), the Gurjaras are associated with the Hunas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA279 |language=en}}</ref>
* The word Gurjar has an ending similar to the word "[[Khazar]]" (the name of an ancient Turkic group of [[Central Asia]] and [[Caucasus]]).{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=2}} The ancient Gurjaras might have been Khazars who invaded India as part of a Huna confederacy. Jackson argued that the ancient records do not mention them while describing the Hunas, because they might have been a subordinate to the Hunas.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|pp=2-3}} A related hypothesis is that the Gurjaras were a distinct Central Asian tribe who arrived in India soon after the Huna invasion, following the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]].{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=221}}
* [[Banabhatta|Bana]] names Hunas and Gurjaras together in a verse, among rivals subjugated by the king [[Prabhakaravardhana]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|pp=3-5}}

Another argument in favour of the foreign origin theory is the prevalence of seemingly non-[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] names among the [[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura]]. This is the earliest known Pratihara dynasty, and according to some scholars such as R. C. Majumdar, the Gurajara-Pratiharas may have branched from this dynasty. Its earliest known member Harichandra was also known as "Rohilladhi"; another ruler Narabhatta had a second name "Pellapelli".{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=222}}

According to the [[Agnivansha]] legend given in the later manuscripts of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', the Pratiharas and three other [[Rajput]] dynasties originated from a sacrificial fire-pit (agnikunda) at [[Mount Abu]]. Some [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted this myth to suggest a foreign origin for these dynasties. According to this theory, the foreigners were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=35}} However, this legend is not found in the earliest available copies of ''Prithviraj Raso''. The legend was probably invented by the 10th century [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] court-poet Padmagupta, whose ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita]]'' uses it to describe the origin of the Paramaras.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=10-13}} The 16th century Rajput bards probably extended this legend to include other dynasties including the Pratiharas, to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=17-18}}

=== Indigenous origin theory ===

Critics of the foreign origin theory, such as [[Baij Nath Puri]], argue that:

* The word "Gujjar" or "Gurjar" is a modern derivative of "Gurjara" (resulting from [[schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa-deletion]]). The ancient Sanskrit term was "Gurjara", which does not have same ending as "Khazar". Since -jara and -zar cannot be considered as similar endings, the Khazar origin theory is invalid.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=2}}
* The rise of Gurjaras after Huna invasion does not itself suggest a foreign origin for the Gurjaras. The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions the Hunas (in ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'') as well as several other foreign tribes, but does not mention the Gurjaras or the Khazars.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=3}}{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|2001|p=31|ps=:"The point about the Gurjaras is to be more seriously taken: the Mbh indeed does not know about them."}} At the same time, the absence of Gurjaras in earlier literature does not prove their foreign origin. They might have been an obscure group, who came to power only after the fall of the Gupta empire.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=6}}
* It seems unlikely that a tribe occupying a position subordinate to the Hunas (as suggested by Jackson) could establish several important kingdoms. For example, [[Xuanzang]]'s writings suggest that Kiu-che-lo (Gurjara) was a sovereign kingdom ruled by a [[Kshatriya]]. It does not name any Huna overlord of this kingdom.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=3}}
* The 899 CE (956 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) [[Una, Gujarat|Una]] inscription states that the Gurjara-Pratihara feudatory Balavarman had "freed the earth from the Huna race" through his battle victories. This again suggests that the Gurjaras were not considered subordinate to the Hunas.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=4}}
* Bana makes a clear distinction between the Hunas and the Gurjaras, and describes several other kingdoms in the same sentence (such as [[Malwa|Malava]] and [[Lata (region)|Lata]]). His writings do not prove that these two groups were related in any way.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=3}}<ref name="DKG_1984"/>
* The theory about the Gurjaras being an independent Central Asian tribe is pure conjecture, as there is no historical evidence of their clash with any Indian power. Moreover, they would have invaded India through the north-west: it is inexplicable why would they choose to settle in the semi-arid area of present-day Rajasthan, rather than the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=4}}

The supporters of the native origin theory argue that the Gurjaras were well-assimilated in the Indo-Aryan society, unlike the well-known foreign tribes. For example, historical records mention Gurjara [[Brahmin]]s; such a high [[varna in Hinduism|varna]] status was not accorded to foreigners. There is no record of a Brahmin from Huna, [[Shakas|Shaka]] or [[Yavana]] groups. But the 1250 CE Tasgaon inscription of the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] king Krishna mentions a Gurjara Brahmin from north India.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=4}} The Pratiharas worshipped the native gods [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]], and also patronized [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=William McGaughey |title=Five Epochs of Civilization: World History as Emerging in Five Civilizations |url=https://archive.org/details/fiveepochsofcivi0000mcga |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Thistlerose |isbn=978-0-9605630-3-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fiveepochsofcivi0000mcga/page/231 231] }}</ref> For example, the Sagar-Tal (Gwalior) inscription of [[Mihira Bhoja]] begins with a salutation to [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|V. B. Mishra|1966|p=2}}

Moreover, the Pratihara dynasties of Mandor and Kannauj traced their origin to the legendary native hero [[Lakshmana]] of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. The Gwalior inscription specifically describes the Pratihara king Vatsaraja as a [[Kshatriya]] from the Ikshvaku dynasty. The Pratihara court-poet Mahendrapala also supports this claim by describing him as a descendant of [[Raghu]] in ''Viddhasala-Bhanjika'' and ''Bala-bharata''.{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=224}} The proponents of the foreign origin theory argue that such claims are a characteristic of foreign settlers wanting to establish themselves as the natives. But there are several instances of indigenous dynasties claiming descent from mythological Indian heroes.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=6}}

Scholars who identify "Kucharakudihai" mentioned in the ''[[Manimekalai]]'' as "Gurjara" argue that it is unlikely that a Huna architect was tasked with the construction of a Hindu temple in southern India in 6th century. However, as stated earlier, the accuracy of this transliteration is doubtful.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=5}}

==== Original homeland in India ====

[[R. C. Majumdar]] theorized that the place names such as [[Gujranwala]], [[Gujar Khan]], [[Gurjaradesa|Gujaratra]] (a historical region in present-day Rajasthan) and [[Gujarat]] may indicate a gradual migration of a tribe named Gurjara from the north-west to the south. However, he did not believe that this tribe was necessarily of a foreign origin.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=612-613}}

Historian [[Baij Nath Puri]], on the other hand, theorized a migration in the opposite direction. According to him, the tribe would have not left the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] to settle in the semi-arid areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=4}} Puri believes that their homeland was the Arbuda region (present-day [[Mount Abu]]). He presents following arguments in support of hist theory:{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=7}}
* The 625 CE (682 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) Vasantagarh inscription of a king named Varmalata states that his feudatory Vajrabhata Satayashraya protected Arbuda. The inscription names Rajjila as the son of Vajrabhata; the son of the earliest known Pratihara ruler Harichandra was also called Rajjila. Based on this Puri theorizes that the two families shared a common ethnicity. The Vasantgarh inscription also mentions a Pratihara named Bhotaka as one of the contributors to a temple. Puri reads the name as "Bhota" and pointed out there was a man named "Jhota" in Harichandra's family. He cites this point to further his theory, arguing that the similar-sounding names indicate same ethnicity.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=7}} However, J N Asopa points out that "Bhotaka" is not same as "Bhota", and the name Rajjila could have been shared by two families of different lineages.{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1990|p=21}}
* The 11th century [[Jainad]] inscription of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] prince [[Jagaddeva (Paramara dynasty)|Jagaddeva]] states that the wives of the Gurjara warriors shedded tears in the caves of Arbuda as a result of his military victories.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=7}}
* The ''Tilaka-Manjari'' of the 11th century Jain scholar Dhanapala also associates Gurjaras with Arbuda.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=7}}

Based on this, Puri proposes that Gurjaras were an obscure pastoral tribe living around Mount Abu area until sixth century, when they gained political power.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=7}}

The term "Gurjaratra", from which the word "Gujarat" is derived, appears as the name of a geographical region starting from 8th century. It appears in the 918 VS Ghatiyala inscription of Kakkuka. The undated Daulatpur grant of Bhoja of Mahodaya, placed in 8th century by [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|L. F. Kielhorn]], also mentions a person from Gurjaratra-[[Rajamandala|Mandala]]. The locations mentioned in these inscriptions have been identified with areas around present-day [[Jodhpur]]. Puri theorizes that "Gurjaratra" was originally used as a generic term for any Gurjara-dominated settlement. Later, it came to denote the present-day Gujarat area. Jinadatta-Suri in his ''Ganadharasarasataka'' describes "Gujaratta" as the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] kingdom of [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]], with its capital at [[Anahilavada]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=8}}

Puri goes on to connect the modern [[Gurjars]] with the ancient Gurjaras.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|pp=14-16}}

== Capital before Kannauj ==

The Gurjara-Pratiharas established their control over the important city of [[Kanyakubja]] (modern Kannauj), and are noted for their involvement in the [[Tripartite Struggle]] for its control. Earlier colonial scholars believed that before establishing their control over Kannauj, the Gurjara-Pratiharas ruled [[Bhinmal]] (as mentioned in the writings of [[Xuanzang]]).{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=226}}

However, the discovery of the 871 CE [[Sanjan (Gujarat)|Sanjan]] copper-plates and other evidence has now led historians to believe that the original Gurjara-Pratihara capital was at [[Ujjayini]] (modern Ujjain) in [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] region.{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=226}} The Sanjan inscription of the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Amoghavarsha]] states that his ancestor [[Dantidurga]] (r. 735–756 CE) performed a religious ceremony at Ujjayani. At that time, the king of Gurjara-desha (Gurjara country) acted as his door-keeper (''pratihara'').{{sfn|V. B. Mishra|1966|p=18}}{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|pp=10-11}} The usage of the word ''pratihara'' seems to be a [[word play]], suggesting that the Rashtrakuta king subdued the Gurjara-Pratihara king who was ruling Avanti at that time.{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=226-227}} In addition, the Jain ''[[Harivamsa Purana|Harivaṃśa]]'' names one Vatsaraja as the ruler of Avanti as a contemporary of Indrayudha of Kannauj. Historians have identified this king as the Gurjara-Pratihara ruler [[Vatsaraja]] ({{reign|780|800}}).{{sfn|Rama Shankar Tripathi|1959|p=225-226}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jch6VZHb07QC&pg=PA31 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-34053-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Baij Nath Puri |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] }}
* {{cite journal |author=D. C. Ganguly |title=Origin of the Pratihara Dynasty |editor=Narendra Nath Law |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=XI |publisher=Caxton |year=1935 |pages=167–168 }}* {{cite book |author=Ganga Prasad Yadava |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 }}
* {{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=A socio-political and economic study, northern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uvq1AAAAIAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Prateeksha }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 }}
* {{cite book |author= Singh|first=R. B. |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |chapter=The Gurjara-Pratiharas |editor=R. S. Sharma and K. K. Dasgupta |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=3 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Rama Shankar Tripathi |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8GPENMw_psC&pg=PA231 |year=1959 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0478-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA371 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shanta Rani Sharma |title=Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan: Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Change |date=2017 |publisher=University of Rajasthan |location=Jaipur |isbn=978-93-85593-18-5}}
* {{cite journal |author=Shanta Rani Sharma |title=Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=39 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1177/0376983612449525 |s2cid=145175448 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA38 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 |page=38 }}
* {{cite book |author=V. B. Mishra |title=The Gurjara-Pratīhāras and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDMJAQAAIAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=S. Chand }}
* {{cite journal |author=V. B. Mishra |title=Who were the Gurjara-Pratīhāras? |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=35 |number=¼ |year=1954 |pages=42–53 |jstor=41784918 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Pratihara Empire]]

Indu Sharma Katha Samman

2025-10-15T14:00:30Z

Indiabulez: started a bio!

{{Short description|Literary award}}
'''Indu Sharma International Katha Samman''' is a literary award given by the [[Indu Sharma Memorial Trust]]. [[Chitra Mudgal]] received the first Katha Samman. The award was instituted in memory of poet and short story writer [[Indu Sharma]].<ref name="jha2011">{{Cite news |date=2011-04-11 |title=Indian wins Indu Sharma Katha Samman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Indian-wins-Indu-Sharma-Katha-Samman/article14679665.ece |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She died of cancer in 1995.

== Awardees ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Recipient !! Work !! Ref.
|-
| 2000 || [[Chitra Mudgal]] || Novel Aawaan || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chitramudgal.info/2008/07/download-cv.html |title=Chitra Mudgal's CV |access-date=2016-04-23 |archive-date=2018-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511081824/http://www.chitramudgal.info/2008/07/download-cv.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| 2001 || Sanjiv || Jungle Jahan Shuru Hota hai || <ref name="maji" />
|-
| 2002 || [[Gyan Chaturvedi]] || ||
|-
| 2003 || [[S.R. Harnot]]||Darosh aur Anya Kahanian || <ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi Sewa Samman award for Himachal writer SR Harnot |url=http://www.himachallive.com/hindi-sewa-samman-award-for-himachal-writer-sr-harnot.html |publisher=Himachal Live |date=17 July 2010 |accessdate=23 April 2016 |archive-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509085348/http://www.himachallive.com/hindi-sewa-samman-award-for-himachal-writer-sr-harnot.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Himachal writer selected for Katha award |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/himachal-writer-selected-for-katha-award_96123.html |publisher = Zee News |date = 5 May 2003 |accessdate = 23 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || [[Vibhuti Narain Rai]] || Tabaadala ||
|-
| 2005 || Pramod Kumar Tiwari || Darr Hamari Jebon Mein ||
|-
| 2006 || [[Asghar Wajahat]] || Kaisee Aaagi Lagaai ||
|-
| 2007 || Mahua Maji || Main Borishailla || <ref name="maji">{{cite web|title= Mahua Maji, Gautam Sachdev to receive Katha Awards |url = http://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/20/mahua-maji-gautam-sachdev-to-receive-katha-awards-1179644700.html |work= OneIndia |date = 20 May 2007 |accessdate= 23 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || Nasera Sharma || Kuiyaanjaan || <ref>{{cite web|title=Indian writers honoured in London |url =http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/indian-writers-honoured-in-london_4817.html |publisher = Zee News |date = 20 May 2007 |accessdate= 23 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || Bhagwan Das Morwal || Ret ||
|-
| 2010 || Hrishikesh Sulabh || Vasant ke Hatyare ||
|-
| 2011 || Vikas Kumar Jha || McCluskieganj || <ref>{{cite web |title= 17th Katha (U.K.) awards '11 |publisher= The Sunday Indian |date= 20 May 2007 |accessdate= 23 April 2016 |url= http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/17th-katha-uk-awards-%2711/5/13972/ |archive-date= 12 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160512173505/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/17th-katha-uk-awards-%2711/5/13972/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="jha2011" />
|-
| 2012 || Pradeep Saurabh || Teesri Tali ||
|-
|2013
|Pankaj Subir
|Mahua Ghatvarin
|-
|2014
|Sundar Chandra Thakur
|Patthar Par Doob
|-
|2015
|Alka Sarawagi
|Jankidas Tejpal Manson
|-
|2016
|Vivek Mishra
|Dominik Ki Wapasi
|-
|2017
|Gyanprakash Vivek
|Dari Hui Ladki
|-
|2018
|Sudhakar Adeeb
|Katha Virat
|-
|2019
|Manish Kulshreshtha
|Mallika
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://tejinder007.tripod.com/ Official page]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Fiction awards]]

Student Organisation of India

2025-10-05T03:58:05Z

Indiabulez: fixed information as per guidelines and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Indian student organization}}
{{Infobox political youth organization
|name = Student Organization of India
|colorcode = #FF9900
|logo = 
|president= Ranbir Singh Dhillon Rana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/dhillon-rana-to-head-sads-student-wing/articleshow/107040534.cms|title=Dhillon Rana to head SAD’s student wing ; Chandigarh News - Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|
|communications director=
|development director=

|programs director=
|national council chair=
|
|honorary chair=
|founded = 2009
|headquarters = [[Punjab, India]]
|mother party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|international =
|website = [http://youthakalidal.com youthakalidal.com]
}}
'''Student Organization of India''' ('''SOI''') is the student division of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD) party in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pusu-sopu-lose-top-brass-to-soi/|title=PUSU, SOPU lose top brass to SOI|date=27 March 2014|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> The organization is a part of [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/students-allege-sad-using-unfair-means-to-ensure-its-wing-soi-wins/article1-1259814.aspx|title=Students allege SAD using unfair means to ensure its wing SOI wins|last1=Sharma|first1=Surender |date=4 September 2014|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2015, SOI Alliance won all four seats in the [[Panjab University Campus Students Council]].<ref name="Service 2015">{{cite web | last1=Service | first1=Indo Asian News | title=Jasmeen Kang is PU students' council president | website=Yahoo News India | date=16 April 2015 | url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/jasmeen-kang-pu-students-council-president-163616175.html | accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref> SOI made a debut in [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] student elections in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/after-pu-victory-soi-to-try-luck-in-du-polls/|title=After PU victory, SOI to try luck in DU polls|date=September 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/soi-to-contest-delhi-university-students-union-elections-290824-2015-08-29|title=SOI to contest Delhi University Students Union elections|website=India Today}}</ref> SOI contested 18 seats in three colleges under [[University of Delhi|DU]] and was able to win 10.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20150911/2677891.html|title=SOI wins student polls in 3 colleges of Delhi|website=news.webindia123.com}}</ref>

SOI candidates won all six seats student union seats at [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce]], [[Pitam Pura]], with Mandeep Singh GGS as president, Agamjeet Singh Malhotra as vice-president, Deepakshi Garg as joint secretary, and Tavleen Kaur as general secretary. Pavneet Kaur and Amanpal Singh are central counselors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/delhi/soi-bags-all-six-seats-at-ggscc-132034|title=SOI bags all six seats at GGSCC|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> Manjot Singh was elected as the president and Ishmeet Singh Vicky of SOI was elected vice-president in [[Sri Guru Nanak Dev Khalsa College]], [[Karol Bagh]]. Also, at [[SGTB Khalsa College|Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College]] (North Campus), SOI's Naresh Rohilla was elected president, with Rajni Arora and Himanshu Sharma as joint secretaries. The SOI Delhi State President is Mandeep Singh GGS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/soi-makes-its-presence-felt-in-du-elections/articleshow/48931248.cms|title=SOI makes its presence felt in DU elections | Chandigarh News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Also, Harkirat Singh Brar from IETVE is the Senior President at Panjab University.

==See also==
* [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]]
*[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
*[[All India Sikh Students Federation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 2009]]

Mandur, Bengaluru East

2025-08-15T13:10:57Z

Indiabulez: stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandur, Bengaluru East
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0816832|N|77.732284|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,295
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562129
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 080
| registration_plate = KA 53
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Legislative Assembly]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]]<ref name="174_Mahadevapura">{{cite web|url=https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|title="174-Mahadevapura : BLO Details"|accessdate=2025-02-23|archive-date=17 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517042839/https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Mandur ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India. Mandur village is located in [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]] taluka of Bangalore Urban district in Karnataka, India. It is situated 11 km away from [[Krishnarajapuram]] and around 13 km from [[Hoskote]]. As per 2009 stats, Mandur village is also a [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder|title=2011 census of India Village: Mandur|accessdate=2025-02-23}}</ref><ref name="Map">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mandur,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka+562129/@13.0816832,77.732284,1360m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bae1ab6cda0384d:0xf66f1b0a6568f898!8m2!3d13.0829326!4d77.7380549!16s%2Fg%2F1td4sqnp?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIyNC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D|title=Mandur Map|accessdate=2025-02-23}}</ref>
==Demographics==
According to [[2011 census of India]] information the location code or village code of Mandur village is 613094. The total geographical area of the village is 527.07 hectares. Mandur has a total population of 2,295 people, out of which male population is 1,170 while female population is 1,125. The literacy rate of mandur village is 72.03% out of which 77.69% males and 66.13% females are literate. There are about 533 houses in mandur village. Pincode of Mandur village locality is 562129.<ref name="census_2011"/>
==Gram Panchayat==
As per 2009 stats, Mandur village is also a [[gram panchayat]]. 
Below are the Villages in Manduru Gram Panchayat:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
#[[Bendiganahalli, Bengaluru East|Bendiganahalli]]
#[[Bommenahalli, Bengaluru East|Bommenahalli]]
#[[Hancharahalli]]
#[[Huskur, Bengaluru East|Huskur]]
#[[Jyothipura, Bengaluru East|Jyothipura]]
#[[Kattugollahalli]]
#[[Kodigehalli, Bengaluru East|Kodigehalli]]
#[[Lagumenahalli, Bengaluru East|Lagumenahalli]]
#[[Nimbekaipura]]
#[[Raghuvanahalli, Bengaluru East|Raghuvanahalli]]
#[[Thirumenahalli, Bengaluru East|Thirumenahalli]]
#Shringaripura
#Vanajanahalli
#Mandur
{{div col end}}

==Facilities==
Mandur has below basic types of facilities.

* Mandur Gram Panchayat Office
* Digital Library, Mandur Gram Panchayat
* Commercial Complex, Mandur Gram Panchayat
* Primary Health Center
* Animal Hospital
* Krishi Bhavana- Agriculture center, Bangalore East
* [[Anganwadi]] Kendra
* Govt Higher Primary School, Mandur – The school is owned by the government of Karnataka.<ref name="174_Mahadevapura"/>
* KMF ([[Karnataka Milk Federation]]) Dairy
* Hosabelaku Home For The Aged
* KPTCL Mandur
* BMTC Depot
* Dr. B R Ambedkar Bhavana
* Budigere Road- Alternative route for [[Kempegowda International Airport]].
* Public Toilet
* Someswara temple Pond, Mandur
* Mandur - Jyothipura Reserved Forest

==Places of Worship==
* Sri Someshwara Temple
* Sri Abhaya Anjaneya swamy Temple
* Lagumamma Devi Temple
* Sri Durgadevi Temple
* Sri Radha Krishna Temple
* Ambhabhavani Temple
* Om Shakthi Temple
* BMTC Depot 47 - Mandur

==Garbage Dump Yard==
During 2008, [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP) started dumping garbage in outskirts area of Mandur village, This landfill site spread over 135 acres in Mandur village. In the year 2014, After the protest by the villagers and environmentalists, dumping was stopped on 1 December 2014.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Mandur-residents-intensify-protest/article11638204.ece|title=Mandur residents intensify protest|accessdate=2014-06-03}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/Jun/18/dumping-in-mandur-to-stop-by-december-1-625955.html|title=Dumping in Mandur to Stop by December 1|accessdate=2014-06-18}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/tender-for-biomining-of-waste-at-mandur-landfill-cleared/article65907313.ece|title=Tender for biomining of waste at Mandur landfill cleared
|accessdate=2022-09-18}}</ref> Overall, the dump site was active nearly for 6 years, which led to over 20 lakh tonnes of legacy waste. In order to clear the waste, Currently [[biomining]] of legacy waste is in progress.<ref name="bangaloremirror">{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/legacy-of-waste/articleshow/109571995.cms|title=Legacy of waste|accessdate=2024-04-25}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Budigere]]
* [[Konadasapura]]

==References==
*Book: Census of India, 1981: District census handbook. A. Village & town directory ; B. Village & townwise primary census abstract, Publisher: University of Minnesota, Contributor:India. Director of Census Operations, Karnataka
*Book: The Mysore Gazette, 1962
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/

{{Settlements in Bangalore Urban district}}
{{Bangalore Urban district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

Om Prakash Gandhi

2025-07-11T04:52:03Z

Indiabulez: Added Basic Pg First Draft

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
'''Om Prakash Gandhi''' (official name '''Om Prakash Poswal''') (born 1 February 1942) is a [[social worker]] from the [[India]]n State of [[Haryana]] dedicated to the cause of girl child education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Will continue to work for women's education:Padma Shri Om Prakash Gandhi |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/interview-of-haryana-social-worker-om-prakash-gandhi-honored-with-padma-shri-award/na20220126180925632 |website=ETV Bharat |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

He was born in a [[Gurjar]] farmer family in Madhobans village in [[Yamunanagar]] district in Haryana and completed his school education from Mukand Lal Senior Secondary School, [[Radaur]]. He obtained the B Sc degree from Agra University. After securing MSc degree in physics from [[Meerut University]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]), he joined Gurjar Degree College (since renamed as Gochar Mahavidhyalaya) at [[Rampur Maniharan]] in [[Saharanpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh as a lecturer. After 20 years of service in the college, he resigned his job to work in the field of women education. He formed the Kanya Vidhya Pracharni Sabha, a society to spread awareness about education among girls at Khadri village, in 1984 and under the aegis of the Sabha founded the Gurjar Kanya Vidhya Mandir School in Devdhar village in Yamunanagar district in Haryana. The Sabha has also established Gurjar Kanya Gurukul Mahavidyalaya, Yamuna Nagar a higher education institution for girls. On 14 January 2022, Haryana Chief Minister [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] laid the foundation stone of a new institution Samrat Mihir Bhoj Gurukul Vidyapeeth being established under the patronage of Om Praksh Gandhi.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite web |last1=Shiv Kumar Sharma |title=Social worker Om Prakash Gandhi conferred the Padma Shri |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/social-worker-om-prakash-gandhi-conferred-the-padma-shri-364401 |website=Dainik Tribune |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tribune News Service |title=Khattar lays stone of Jagadhri Samrat Mihir Bhoj Vidyapeeth |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/khattar-lays-stone-of-jagadhri-samrat-mihir-bhoj-vidyapeeth-361452 |website=Dainik Tribune |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

==Recognition: Padma Shri==

In the year 2022, the government of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] Award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Om Prakash Gandhi for his distinguished service in the field of [[social work]].<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "Social Worker from Haryana dedicated to the cause of girl child education".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash Gandhi, Om}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bhanu Bandopadhyay

2025-04-21T08:12:02Z

Indiabulez: Minor updates and cleanup applied

#REDIRECT [[Bhanu Banerjee]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

National Highway 701 (India)

2025-02-28T17:48:25Z

Indiabulez: fix details additionally and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 701
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=9|frame-lat=34.36|frame-long=74.15|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55473469|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 701}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| image_notes =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 1
| ahn =
| maint = [[Border Roads Organisation|BRO]]
| length_km = 126
| length_notes = 
| established =
| allocation =
| direction_a = East
| terminus_a = {{jct|NH|1|country=IND}} in [[Baramulla]]
| junction =
| direction_b = West
| terminus_b = [[Tangdhar, Jammu and Kashmir|Tangdhar]]
| states = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| destinations = [[Baramulla]], [[Rafiabad, India|Rafiabad]], [[Kupwara]], [[Tangdhar, Jammu and Kashmir|Tangdhar]]
| previous_type = NH
| previous_route = 501 
| next_type = NH
| next_route = 701A 
}}

'''National Highway 701''', commonly referred to as '''NH 701''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_1527_2013_007.pdf|title=New highways notification dated August, 2012|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 1 (India)|National Highway 1]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> NH-701 traverses the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/centre-announces-8-new-highways-for-jk/|title=Centre announces 8 new Highways for J&K|date=25 July 2015|work=[[Daily Excelsior]]|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

== Route description ==
[[Baramulla]] - [[Rafiabad, India|Rafiabad]] - [[Kupwara]] - Tangdhar .<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" />

== Major intersections ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|1|country=IND}} Terminal near Baramula.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3817979 NH 701 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH1 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Baramulla]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Belepole

2024-11-21T19:16:15Z

Indiabulez: minor changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{onesource|date=October 2010}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Belepole
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
|pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|38|N|88|18|11|E}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 =
{{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}}
[[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name4 = [[Howrah]]
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|HMC]] ward
|blank1_info_sec1 = 44
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Shibpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shibpur]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 711104
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| iso_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Belepole''' is a neighbourhood in [[Howrah]] of [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. Belepole is under the jurisdiction of Chatterjeehat Police Station of [[Howrah Police Commissionerate|Howrah City Police]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref> It is an [[urban sprawl]] which sprung up near the old localities of South Howrah, like Bhattacharjee Para, Chatterjeehat etc. It is located near [[Shibpur]]. It has excellent communication and transportation facilities owing to its location, its life line is [[Kona Expressway]] which connects it to the Vidyasagar Setu ([[Second Hooghly Bridge]]) and hence [[Kolkata]] is just 15 minutes away. It is close to the State administrative building [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna]].

==Demographics==
The area is mainly inhabited by Hindus who have [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their mother tongue. Hence Bengali is the main language of the area.

==Notable locations==

* Belepole Panch Mathar More or Belepole Bus Stop.
* Hang Sang Crossing or Belepole Crossing.
* Kusum Kumari Park.
* Dhole Company Warehouse and Factory.
* [[Howrah Indoor Stadium]] and [[Dumurjala Sports City]]
* Zaika Inn.
* Bayleaf Restaurant.
* Chatterjeehat.

==Main occupations==

The main occupations of the area are running restaurants and eateries, working in factories and family business, in addition to that a number of doctors, engineers, IT consultants and government workers live in the locality. Many Old residential houses are also there.

==Transport==
Belepole has grossly a 2 km radius and is interconnected by lanes and bylanes. Dr. Bholanath Chakraborty Sarani (Formerly Drainage Canal Road), Sarat Chatterjee Road and [[Kona Expressway]] intersect in the area making transportation excellent, although [[traffic jam]]s are frequent in the area. Bus and E-rickshaw are the main means of transport of the locals.

===Bus===
====Private Bus====
* 72 Dumurjala - [[Park Circus]]
* K6 [[Tikiapara railway station]] - [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]]
* K11 [[Domjur]] - [[Rabindra Sadan]]
* KB15 [[Santragachi railway station]] - [[Anandapur, Kolkata|Anandapur]]

====Mini Bus====
* 7 Carry Road - [[Shyambazar]]
* 26 Unsani - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* S119/1 [[Santragachi railway station]] - [[B.B.D. Bagh]]

====WBTC Bus====
* C11 [[Domjur]] - [[B.B.D. Bagh]]/[[Belgachia]]
* E6 [[Amta]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* E7 [[Bagnan railway station]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* EB1A [[Santragachi railway station]] - [[Belgharia]] (Rathtala)
* T8 [[Tikiapara railway station]] - [[B.B.D. Bagh]]/[[Belgachia]]
* VS12 [[Santragachi railway station]] - [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Bus Stand
Many Shuttle Buses (Without Numbers) also pass through Belepole crossing.

===Train===
[[Padmapukur railway station]] and [[Santragachi Junction]] are the nearest railway stations.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal||India}}
* [[Kadamtala]]
* [[Shibpur]]
* [[Santragachi]]
* [[Ramrajatala]]
* [[Howrah Indoor Stadium]]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Howrah]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Commiphora madagascariensis

2024-01-12T04:09:24Z

Indiabulez: new - done

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Commiphora madagascariensis.jpg
|image_caption = ''Commiphora madagascariensis'' grown in West Bengal, India
|status = NT
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
|genus = Commiphora
|species = madagascariensis
|authority = Jacq. (1797)
}}

'''''Commiphora madagascariensis''''', with the [[common name]] '''Madagascar corkwood''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Commiphora madagascariensis - Madagascar Corkwood |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Madagascar%20Corkwood.html |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> is a [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Burseraceae]]. The species is native to Tanzania, introduced into India.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
This slender sometimes scandent shrub or tree (1–15 m) is found in thickets and semi-evergreen dry forest at elevations of 0–660 m.
[[File:Commiphora wightii.jpg|alt=Leaves close-ups'|thumb|Close-up of leaves]]
The bark smooth, dark brown, grey-brown or green-brown; branches often spiny, hairless. Leaves are 1-foliolate or 3-foliolate with 2 much smaller lateral leaflets; leaf-stalk very short, about 1 mm long, or considerably longer, up to 1–5 cm; leaflet-blade up to 4 x 1–5 cm, elliptic or narrowly ovate-spoon-shaped, tip pointed or blunt, margins finely rounded saw-toothed, base wedge-shaped, hairless on both sides. Flowers appear before the leaves or with the young leaves in nearly stalkless clusters on short side-shoots or spines. Sepal-cup is about 2 mm long, tubular, lobed to 1/3 to 1/2-way, and hairless. Petals are about 4 mm long. Disk-lobes are 4. Stamen-filaments slender, nearly round. Fruit is about 1-2 x 0–6 cm, ellipsoid, somewhat flattened, hairless, tip somewhat apiculate.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commiphora madagascariensis Jacq – Shri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic College & Hospital |url=https://www.sdach.ac.in/dravyaguna-vigyan-blogs/commiphora-madagascariensis-jacq/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Endangerment and rescue ==
[[World Conservation Union]] (IUCN) has enlisted it in its [[IUCN Red List]] of threatened species. The species is known from 11 locations, some of which have threats such as urbanisation (Mjimwema), increasing human population (Mnazi Bay) or planned hydropower schemes (Stiegler's Gorge). We assess this species as Near Threatened, as it is close to meeting the thresholds for listing in a threatened category.<ref name=iucn>{{Cite web |last=Mwangoka, M., Ndangalasi, H., Kindeketa, W., Luke, W.R.Q., Kabuye, C., Kalema, J., Minani, V., Kelbessa, E., Gereau, R.E. & Malombe |date=13 May 2009 |title=Commiphora madagascariensis |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/179786/1590034 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15546041}}

[[Category:Commiphora|madagascariensis]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1797]]

Pittalavanipalem mandal

2023-10-09T06:53:56Z

Indiabulez: Added First Data Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pittalavanipalem mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.984|N|80.631|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:mandal_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Pittalavanipalem]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 71.43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 53269
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Pittalavanipalem''' is a [[mandal]] in the [[Bapatla district]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bapatla.ap.gov.in/tehsil/ |title=Bapatla district - Mandals |access-date= 2 June 2023}}</ref> in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Its headquarters are in [[Pittalavanipalem]].

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Pittalavanipalem mandal (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|16.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.55}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.35}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 38,609 in 10,992 households. The total population constitutes
19,175 males and 19,434 females — a sex ratio of 1014 females per 1000 males. 3,536 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 1,857 are boys and 1,679 are girls — a sex ratio of 904 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 67.60% with 23,711 literates. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6,450 (16.71%) and 1,900 (4.92%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/146/download/234/DH_2011_2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Pittalavanipalem mandal (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|thumb = left
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 83.50 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 16.30 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.20 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 83.50% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 16.30% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bapatla district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Bapatla district]]

Haripur, Cooch Behar

2023-06-10T16:43:45Z

Indiabulez: started info

{{other uses|Haripur (disambiguation){{!}}Haripur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haripur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.36873|N|89.36792|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 995
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 736165
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03582
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Uttar]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Haripur''' is a village in the [[Cooch Behar II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=370| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|26|20|30|N|89|27|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision in Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|20|37|N|89|28|26|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Baisguri | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Baisguri]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|23|30|N|89|29|45|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Baneswar| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Baneswar]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|20|10|N|89|28|44|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Chakchaka| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chakchaka]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|16|50|N|89|28|18|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Dhaliabari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Dhaliabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|18|49|N|89|27|50|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Guriahati| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Guriahati]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|21|36|N|89|27|36|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Khagrabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Khagrabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|18|55|N|89|28|15|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Kharimala Khagrabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Kharimala Khagrabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|20|0|N|89|25|55|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Takagachh| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Takagachh]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|19|40|N|89|27|3|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Cooch Behar| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Cooch Behar]] (M) | shape-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|14|37|N|89|29|10|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Dewanhat| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dewanhat]] (R) | shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|17|8|N|89|28|12|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Ghughumari| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ghughumari]] (R)| shape-color11= #C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|26|15|N|89|22|30|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kalarayerkuthi| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kalarayerkuthi]] (R)| shape-color12= #C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|24|32|N|89|22|56|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Pundibari| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Pundibari]] (R) | shape-color13= #C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|27|20|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Gudam Maharaniganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Gudam Maharaniganj]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|19|37|N|89|26|18|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Cooch Behar Palace| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Cooch Behar Palace]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|21|48|N|89|22|41|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16= Madhupur Satra| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Madhupur Satra]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|22|7|N|89|22|4|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Haripur| numbered17=H| mark-title17= Haripur, Cooch Behar (H) |shape-color17=black| label-size17=13|label-color17=black 
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|22|11|N|89|29|59|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Baikunthapur| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Baikunthapur]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|23|12|N|89|30|45|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Sidheswari| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Sidheswari]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|18|0|N|89|29|0|E}}|label23= Mara| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-24| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|30|30|E}}|label24= Torsha River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=34| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}

===Location===
Haripur is located at {{coord|26.36873|N|89.36792|E|display=inline}}.

Haripur is {{convert|1.6|km}} west of [[Madhupur Satra]] and is on the banks of the [[Torsha River]].<ref name="temple">Koch Bihar Jelar Purakirti (in Bengali), Data compilation and writing by Dr. Shyamachand Mukhopadhayay, published by the Department of Archaeology, Government of West Bengal, Second edition 1974, Pages 61-62.</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the north-central part of the district. It has the highest level of urbanisation in an overwhelming rural district. 22.08% of the population of the Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision lives in the urban areas and 77.92% lives in the rural areas.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The entire district forms the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] flood plains of mighty rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Haripur had a total population of 995. There were 523 (53%) males and 472 (47%) females. There were 119 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Haripur was 667 (76.14% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 August 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
The Harihar Mahadev temple is a squarish brick-built structure, that has sunk considerably because of an earthquake. Devotees have to descend 8 ft, stepping over 8 stairs to reach the [[Lingam|Shiva linga]] in the [[garbhagriha]] or the [[sanctum sanctorum]] of the temple. A tin shed has been built over the entrance door to prevent rainwater from entering the temple. The temple now measures {{convert|4.6|m}} in height. The original height must have been around {{convert|7.8|m}}. The temple is a {{convert|5|m}} square. The temple is estimated to have been built in the 18th century by the [[Cooch Behar State]] rulers. There are some stone decorations in the walls, which seem to be of an earlier period, but these may have been brought from other temples.<ref name="temple"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar District}}

[[Category:Villages in Cooch Behar district]]

Jaunpur (Assembly constituency)

2022-05-23T09:32:07Z

Indiabulez: basic fix citations based on references and added references

#REDIRECT [[Jaunpur Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Gifu, Japan

2022-03-17T11:41:49Z

Indiabulez: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gifu Prefecture]]