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Farakka Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T17:10:21Z

IndiaTurney9471:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Farakka
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Farakka.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Farakka Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Md. Mahatab Shaikh
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| constituency_no = 55
| established = 1951
| electors = 227,549
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Farakka Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 55 Farakka Assembly constituency covers [[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Gajinagar Malancha and Kanchantala [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 11 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Farakka Assembly constituency is part of No. 8 [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| rowspan="3" | Mahammad Giasuddin
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| T.A.N. Nabi
| {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Sk Sahadat Hossain
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | Jerat Ali
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=6|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Abul Hasnat Khan]]
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Mainul Haque]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Manirul Islam (Indian politician)|Manirul Islam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Md. Mahatab Shaikh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election result==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Farakka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Md. Mahatab Sk |party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:63050}}|percentage=36.06|change={{increase}} 17.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunil Chowdhury|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:54857}}|percentage=31.38|change={{increase}} 8.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|Amirul Islam|candidate=Amirul Islam|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:47256}}|percentage=27.03|change= {{decrease}} 27.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mojaffar Hossain|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:4177}}|percentage=2.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|Amirul Islam|candidate=Imtiaz Ahmed Molla|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:781}}|percentage=0.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:1783}}|percentage=1.02|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:8193}}|percentage=4.68|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Farakka constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Manirul Islam (Indian politician)|Manirul Islam]]|votes=102,319|percentage=55.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Hemanta Ghosh|votes=42,374|percentage=23.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mainul Haque|votes=36,205|percentage=19.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=Rest of the candidates + NOTA (None of the above)|votes=~5,500|percentage=2.80|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=59,945|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 elections, Mainul Haque of Indian National Congress defeated his nearest rival Md. Mustafa of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Farakka constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mainul Haque]]|votes=83,314|percentage=51.05|change=+12.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Md. Mustafa|votes=55,147|percentage=33.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Indranath Upadhyay|votes=15,952|percentage=9.77|change=-9.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Dr. Rejaul Karim|votes=4,022|percentage=2.46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Khairul Alam|votes=1,909|percentage=1.17|change=+0.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,840|percentage=1.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mir Mainul Haque
|votes = 1,014
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=163,198|percentage=84.99|change=-4.05}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Mainul Hague of Congress defeated his nearest rival Abdus Salam of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Farakka constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=55| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604194928/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=55| url-status=usurped| archive-date=4 June 2013|title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Farakka| publisher=Empowering India |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mainul Haque]]|votes=52,780|percentage=38.77|change=–13.97#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Abdus Salam|votes=48,041|percentage=35.29|change=–7.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Hemanta Ghosh|votes=26,696|percentage=19.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanu Seikh
|votes = 3,914
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Satrughna Rabidas|votes=1,314|percentage=0.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Indian Unity Centre
|candidate = Md. Safikul Islam
|votes = 1,250
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Mahah Saijul Hoque|votes=1,122|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee|MLKSC]]
|candidate = Baidul Haque
|votes = 1,010
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=136,127|percentage=89.04|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = −6.59#
}}
{{Election box end}}

Sanu Seikh, contesting as an independent, was a Congress rebel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=365076:murshidabad-birbhum-independents-pose-problems-for-official-candidates&catid=73:kolkata-plus&from_page=search |title=Murshidabad, Birbhum Independents pose problems for official candidates |work=The Statesman |date=6 April 2011 |access-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612082640/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=365076%3Amurshidabad-birbhum-independents-pose-problems-for-official-candidates&catid=73%3Akolkata-plus&from_page=search |archive-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref>

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> 2001<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1996<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> state assembly elections, Mainul Haque of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the Farakka assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Abdus Salam, Mir Tarekul Islam and Abul Hasnat Khan, all of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Abul Hasnat Khan]] of CPI(M) defeated Mainul Haque and Mainul Sheikh, both of Congress, in 1991<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1987<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> respectively, and Jerat Ali, Independent, in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp50.htm |title=50 - Farakka Assembly Constituency |work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date= 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Jerat Ali of CPI(M) won in 1972<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Shadat Hossain of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969.<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> T.A.N.Nabi of Bangla Congress won in 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Mahammad Giasuddin of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]],<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Woh Kaun Thi?

2026-05-05T15:19:03Z

IndiaTurney9471: creating details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Woh Kaun Thi?
| image = Woh Kaun Thi.jpg
| alt = The poster is a hand-drawn portrait featuring random objects, buildings and faces from the film. The title appears on top-left.
| caption = Original poster
| director = [[Raj Khosla]]
| producer = N. N. Sippy M. A. Madhu {{small|([[Executive producer|exec.]])}}
| writer = [[Dhruva Chatterjee]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Dhruva Chatterjee Manoj Kumar
| story = Dhruva Chatterjee
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]|[[Manoj Kumar]]|[[K.N. Singh]]|[[Helen (actress)|Helen]]|[[Prem Chopra]]}}
| music = [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]] [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = K. H. Kapadia
| editing = D. N. Pai
| distributor = Prithvi Pictures
| released = {{film date|1964|2|7}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Woh Kaun Thi?''''' ({{Translation|''Who Was She?''}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Raj Khosla]], starring [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[Manoj Kumar]] and [[Prem Chopra]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Puri |first=Chhavi |date=12 October 2022 |title=25 Best Bollywood horror movies of all time that will send shivers down your spine |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/25-best-bollywood-horror-movies-of-all-time-that-will-send-shivers-down-your-spine-1194713 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=20 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029061119/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/25-best-bollywood-horror-movies-of-all-time-that-will-send-shivers-down-your-spine-1194713 |archive-date=29 October 2022}}</ref> Though the screenplay was written by [[Dhruva Chatterjee]], parts were later rewritten, wherein Manoj Kumar took an active role. Madan Mohan rendered the music for this movie. The film was a box-office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! - Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915183938/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its success had Khosla directing Sadhana in two more suspense thrillers: ''[[Mera Saaya]]'' (1966) and ''[[Anita (1967 film)|Anita]]'' (1967).

The film's premise is primarily taken from [[Wilkie Collins]]' fifth published novel, ''[[The Woman in White (novel)|The Woman in White]]''.

==Plot==
On a rainy night, the highly reputed Dr. Anand is driving. He sees a woman standing by the road and gives her a lift. She introduces herself as No one. As soon as she steps in the car (Austin Cambridge A55 Mark II), the wipers eerily stop working. He's even more spooked when she shows him the way when it is not visible and guides him outside a cemetery. On reaching the cemetery, the gates open automatically and he hears someone sing the words "Naina Barse Rimjhim Rimjhim".

Dr. Anand is about to inherit a large fortune from a distant relative under the condition that he is perfectly mentally stable—otherwise, he would not inherit the property as there had already been cases of mental instability in his family in the past. His colleague, Dr. Lata loves Dr. Anand, but he already has a girlfriend, Seema. Soon Seema is killed by a cyanide injection and the suspects are Dr. Lata and her father, Dr. Singh, the head doctor of the hospital in which Anand and Lata work.

On a stormy night, Anand is called to a dilapidated mansion on an emergency case. There, he learns that the patient has already died. He is surprised to see that the patient is the same woman. Some policemen tell him that the place has been deserted for a while and that it is rumoured to be haunted. The policemen inform him that what he saw in the mansion happened years ago and many a doctor has registered similar cases with the police on rainy nights. On another occasion, he sees a newspaper that says that the same woman died in a rail accident.

Anand is very unhappy after his girlfriend's demise, but his marriage is fixed to a woman named Sandhya. Anand's mother has never seen her but she was recommended by her sister. On the wedding night, Anand is shocked to see that she resembles the woman he gave a lift to. He starts avoiding her. One day, he sees that she has painted the same bungalow in which he was called on that rainy night. Just after that, he hears her singing a part of "Naina Barse Rimjhim Rimjhim". Another evening, he sees an unmanned boat sailing in the lake and hears another part of "Naina Barse Rimjhim Rimjhim". Another night, the woman (Sandhya) visits Anand at his workplace and asks him to follow her to an isolated place, where she proceeds to sing a song (Lag Ja Gale se Phir). He is impressed and they sit in the car, where he has a sense of déjà vu as the wipers stop working and she can clearly see the way on the stormy and foggy night. He takes her to the bungalow and to the room where he had seen her dead and she disappears. When he reaches home, she is waiting for him and his mother says that she never left the house.

Anand is finally successful in persuading his mother to let Sandhya go back to her home by train. The next day, he learns that the train was in an accident, but he had seen Sandhya on the terrace that same night. All these happenings take a toll on his mental health and he is advised to take rest in [[Shimla]]. There, he meets a monk on a hilltop who tells him that 100 years ago at this very spot, a boy and a girl were romancing when the girl fell and died. Since then, her spirit has been roaming, waiting for her lover to return, who has been reborn as Anand. Anand then sees Sandhya far down the hillside and she sings the last part of "Naina Barse Rimjhim Rimjhim". Persuaded, Anand jumps but is saved by Lata.

Later, when Anand sees Sandhya trying to lure him out, he follows her to the same old bungalow, where he sees Sandhya on the stairway in one moment and then impossibly beside him in the next. She lures him to the terrace, where suddenly he sees a duplicate of Sandhya who came running out of a room in the house. The duplicate shouts that she is the real Sandhya but she is taken away. Strengthened by this sudden revelation, Anand realises this woman on the roof is not a ghost and confronts her, but she accidentally falls down and dies. Ramesh, Anand's cousin, reveals that he orchestrated all the eerie events so that Anand is termed mentally unstable and that his entire inheritance would pass to the next of kin i.e., Ramesh. A duel follows with the henchmen of Ramesh joining to kill Anand but the police arrive and arrest the perpetrators.

The superintendent of police reveals the details of how the previous acts had been staged with the policeman, the monk, and the 'servant' Madhav and tells the story of the other woman who was Sandhya's twin, whose existence was unknown to Sandhya. Sandhya's parents had separated them 18 years ago when her mother took away the other girl. Her mother died, and she was forced to adopt unfair means to earn a living. Her father learned of her after 16 years but he could not tell Sandhya about her identical twin out of shame. Ramesh learned of this twin sister and he started his scheming. The "Sandhya" who had lured him in the hospital, the woman he had met by the road, the dead woman in the mansion, and the woman in white in Shimla were all acts by Sandhya's twin. This explains the entire story and Sandhya's simultaneous presence in two places. Thus, the mystery is solved and Sandhya and Anand reunite.

==Cast==
*[[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] as Sandhya / Sandhya's twin sister
*[[Manoj Kumar]] as Dr. Anand
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Seema, Anand's girlfriend
*Ratnamala as Dr. Anand's mother
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Ramesh, Anand's distant cousin
*Parveen Choudhary as Dr. Lata, a coworker of Anand
*[[K. N. Singh]] as Dr Singh, Anand's boss and Lata's father
*[[Mohan Choti]] as Sher Singh, servant of the Simla quarters
*[[Dhumal (actor)]] as Madhav, the new servant in Anand's home
*Indira Bansal as Rosy
*[[Raj Mehra]] as Police Superintendent
*Anwari Bai as Old lady in old bungalow
*Pal Sharma as the monk in Shimla

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Woh Kaun Thi?
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| released = {{start date|1964}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Film soundtrack]]|[[Bollywood]]<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/woh-kaun-thi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1338740978|title=Woh Kaun Thi? (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|website=[[iTunes]].com|date=January 1964|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317041448/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/woh-kaun-thi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1338740978|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| length = {{duration|m=24|s=20}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama]]
| prev_title = Suhagan
| prev_year = 1964
| next_title = Bombay Race Course
| next_year = 1965
}}

The music was nominated for the Filmfare award that year. The lyrics of the songs were written by Raja Mehdi Ali Khan

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "[[Lag Jaa Gale]]"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Aap Kyun Roye"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Naina Barse Rimjhim"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Chhodkar Tera Pyar Ka Daman"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
| "Tiki Riki Tiki Riki Takori, Tiki Riki Tiki Riki Tum"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Shokh Nazar Ki Bijliyan"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
===Won===
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer]] for Black & White Film- K.H. Kapadia

===Nominated===
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]- [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]- [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=1st Filmfare Awards 1953 |access-date=27 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Remakes==
In 1966, the film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Aame Evaru?]]'' and in Tamil as ''[[Yaar Nee?]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0232960|title=Woh Kaun Thi?}}

[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1964 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Khosla]]
[[Category:Films scored by Madan Mohan]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1960s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:1960s psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]

Udees

2026-05-05T12:13:21Z

IndiaTurney9471: creating article!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Udees
| image = Udees.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[P. N. Sathya]]
| writer = P. N. Sathya
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Mayur Patel]] [[Sonali Joshi]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Sundarnath Suvarna]]
| editing = Nagendra Urs
| music = Venkat Narayan
| studio = Sri Maruthi Film Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|2|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Udees''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[P. N. Sathya]] starring [[Mayur Patel]] and [[Sonali Joshi]]. The film was released on 3 February 2005 and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_mayurpatel_website.asp|title=Official Launch of www.mayurpatel.net - conceptualized by viggy.com|website=www.viggy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_love_story02.asp|title=Mayur is counting on Love Story|website=www.viggy.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mayur Patel]] as Sathya
* [[Sonali Joshi]] as Sneha
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Parameshwaraiah, Sathya's father
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Hanumantha
* [[Anu Prabhakar]] as Seetha
* [[Padma Vasanthi]] as Parvati
* [[P. N. Sathya]] as an underworld rowdy
* Harish Rai as "Meter Baddi" Mohana
* Shekar Kotyan as Kotyan
* Dr Vijay as Seetha's fiancé
* R. Raj
* Suryakanth
* Hanumanthe Gowda
* [[V. Manohar]] in a [[guest appearance]] as music teacher
* [[M. S. Umesh]] in a guest appearance as matchmaker / priest
* Krishne Gowda in a guest appearance as Shivayya
* [[Prithviraj (Kannada actor)|Prithviraj]] in a guest appearance as Sneha's father
* Shailaja Joshi in a guest appearance as Shivayya's wife
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by Venkat Narayan.<ref name=":AM">{{cite web |title=Udees (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Venkat Narayan on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/udees-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1253129435 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=20 August 2024 |date=3 February 2005}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Udees
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Venkat Narayan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:19<ref>{{cite web |title=Udees (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2ncZTmFnEVOaW50mchkFs3 |website=[[Spotify]] |access-date=20 August 2024 |language=en |date=3 February 2005}}</ref>
| language = Kannada
| label = Ashwini Recording Co<ref name=":AM" />
| producer = Venkat Narayan
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|dJuKcgzTIa0|Udees – Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rukku Rukku
| length1 = 4:29
| lyrics1 = [[Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = Narayan, [[Swarnalatha]]
| title2 = Yaro Yaro Ivanyaro
| length2 = 5:07
| lyrics2 = Dwarki
| extra2 = Lakshmi, Narayan
| title3 = Damaal Dichi
| length3 = 3:51
| lyrics3 = Ramnarayan
| extra3 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]], Ravivarma
| title4 = Yellovo Bramha
| length4 = 3:55
| lyrics4 = Thangali Nagaraj
| extra4 = [[C. Ashwath]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| title5 = Ragavee Ragavee
| length5 = 4:55
| lyrics5 = Thangali Nagaraj
| extra5 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Sujatha (singer)|Sujatha]]
| total_length = 22:19
}}

==Reception==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Udees'' falls flat on many counts. Quite a few sequences remind you of Hindi films like ''Vaastav'', ''Garv'' and the Kannada film ''Om''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/21udees.htm|title=Udees is a mindless bloodbath|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=21 February 2005|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy.com'' wrote that "Story, direction and the screenplay are the real villains of the movie. The only performance worth remembering is of Mayur who has given a brilliant performance in action, dance and emotional scenes despite of shoddy script".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_udees.asp|title='Udees' film review - a film starring Mayur directed by P.N. Sathya|website=www.viggy.com}}</ref> SN Deepak of ''Deccan Herald'' wrote "The director has mixed sentiments and action well. Add some hard-hitting dialogues and we have a watchable film. The screenplay seems to have been ‘inspired’ by Hindi films. Mayur (of Mani fame) has done an action role for the first time and does a decent job. Debutante actress Sonali Joshi, as the daydreaming heroine is good."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb202005/mr4.asp|date=20 February 2005|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=27 March 2025|title=Udees|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050223115447/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb202005/mr4.asp|archive-date=23 February 2005}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|udees}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]

Raipur City Gramin Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T06:56:03Z

IndiaTurney9471: Made Location

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raipur Gramin
| mla = [[Motilal Sahu]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party ]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:349371}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 48
| map_image= Raipur City Gramin Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Raipur City Rural''' also known as '''Raipur Gramin''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> The seat was formed after the demolition of Raipur Town Vidhan Sabha Constituency in 2008. It is in [[Raipur district|Raipur]] district and is a segment of [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''Prior to 1977: Seat did not exist''
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ramesh Warlyani
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Tarun Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ranveer Singh Shastry
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tarun Chatterji|Tarun Prasad Chaterji]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Rajesh Munat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Nand Kumar Sahu
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Satyanarayan Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/raipurcitygramin-chhattisgarh-assembly-constituency|title=Raipur City Gramin Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Constituency: Raipur Rural (48) |website=Empowering India Org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raipur-Rural(Chhattisgarh) Assembly Constituency Elections |url=http://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/Raipur-Rural.html |website=Elections IN |accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Motilal Sahu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Raipur Rural<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2647.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Motilal Sahu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 113,032
|percentage = 54.98
|change = +15.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pankaj Sharma|party=Indian National Congress|votes=77,282|percentage=37.59|change=-7.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dhirendra Sahu|party=Jai Chhattisgarh Party|votes=5,485|percentage=2.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manoj Kumar Banjare|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=2,243|percentage=0.94|change=-8.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=730|percentage=0.36|change=-0.19}}
{{Election box majority||votes=35,750|percentage=17.39|change=+11.35}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=205599|percentage=58.85|change=-2.26}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Raipur Rural<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Satyanarayan Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 78,468
|percentage = 45.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nand Kumar Sahu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 68,015
|percentage = 39.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Panna Lal Sahu
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 17,175
|percentage = 9.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 955
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,453
|percentage = 6.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 173,013
|percentage = 61.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
* Satyanarayan Sharma (INC) : 70,774 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results-february.html/|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election 2013 - results, polling stats, winners and more|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
* Nande Sahu (BJP) : 68,913

===1980===
* Tarunprasad (INC-I) : 20463 votes
* Ramesh Varliyani (JNP-Secular) : 6553

===1977===
* Ramesh Warlyani (JNP) : 19,682 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1977|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* Swarup Chand Jain (INC) : 14,429

==See also==
* [[Raipur]]
*[[Raipur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.32|81.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Raipur district]]
[[Category:Raipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Murarka College

2026-04-30T18:00:33Z

IndiaTurney9471: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University#Constituent Colleges]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Additional secretary to the Government of India

2026-04-28T15:44:27Z

IndiaTurney9471:

{{Short description|Senior government rank and civil service post in the Government of India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Union Additional Secretary
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| insigniasize = 80px
| insigniacaption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| reports_to = {{hlist |[[Secretary to the Government of India]] | [[Union Council of Ministers]] | [[Prime Minister of India]]}}
| residence =
| appointer_qualified =
| inaugural =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1940}}{{efn|The post of Additional Secretary emerged in British India during the early 1940s, mainly as a response to increased administrative complexity during World War II. It became more formally institutionalized after India’s independence in 1947, as part of the standardized Central Secretariat framework.}}
| salary = {{INRConvert|182200}} '''(Minimum Pay)''' to {{INRConvert|224100}} '''(Maximum Pay)'''
| website =
| department = [[Government of India]]
| native_name =
| member_of = Committee of Secretaries on Administration
| termlength_qualified = Term extendable
| body =
| image =
| incumbent =
}}
'''Additional Secretary''' (often abbreviated as '''AS, GoI''' or Union Additional Secretary or Additional Secretary to [[Government of India]]) is a post and a rank under the Central Staffing Scheme of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="CSS">{{cite web|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02eod/36_77_94_EO(SM-I).pdf|title=The Central Staffing Scheme|date=January 1996|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]|accessdate=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310222757/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02eod/36_77_94_EO(SM-I).pdf|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The authority for creation of this post solely rests with [[Cabinet of India]].<ref name="Joint Secretary Cabinet India">{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8615222_Only-Cabinet-can-create-Joint-Secretary--above-level-posts.html|title=Only Cabinet can create Joint Secretary, above level posts|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|accessdate=18 April 2017|archive-date=15 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515100628/https://www.ptinews.com/news/8615222_Only-Cabinet-can-create-Joint-Secretary--above-level-posts.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additional secretary is mostly a [[Civil Services of India|career civil servant]],<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/alleging-bias-non-ias-officers-petition-pm-modi-4473316/|title=Alleging bias, non-IAS officers petition PM Modi|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|date=14 January 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=13 August 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=15 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515100626/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/alleging-bias-non-ias-officers-petition-pm-modi-4473316/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parity-between-ias-and-non-ias-the-ias-will-get-to-decide/story-9RijZjXY4DeaPlvo8m25mJ.html|title=Parity between IAS and non-IAS? The IAS will get to decide|last=Tikku|first=Aloke|date=15 January 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=13 August 2017|language=en|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531004148/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parity-between-ias-and-non-ias-the-ias-will-get-to-decide/story-9RijZjXY4DeaPlvo8m25mJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and is a government official of high seniority. The civil servants who hold this rank are either from [[All India Services]] or [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Civil Services]]. All promotions and appointments to this rank and post are directly made by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]].

In the functioning of [[Government of India]], an additional secretary is the administrative head of a wing in a department.<ref name="JS GOI">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/key-posts-vacant-at-centre-few-takers-116061100631_1.html|title=Archive: JS-level posts vacant at Centre, few takers|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106170600/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/key-posts-vacant-at-centre-few-takers-116061100631_1.html|archive-date=6 November 2016|url-status=dead|accessdate=6 November 2016|df=dmy}}</ref> Additional secretaries in the [[Government of India|Union Government]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(4).pdf|title=Part I of the Constitution of India- The Union and its territory - Article 1|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141832/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(4).pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=15 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(17).pdf|title=Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits - Article 300|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131439/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(17).pdf|archive-date=2011-12-03|url-status=dead|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Services under the Union and the states">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|title=Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Services under the Union and the States - Article 312(2)|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|language=en|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131448/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|archive-date=3 December 2011|url-status=dead|accessdate=16 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is analogous to [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]<ref name="LTG Additional Secretary GOI">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1937014|title=Vice Admiral Atul Anand takes over as Additional Secretary, DMA|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]]|accessdate=18 July 2024}}</ref> or [[Major general (India)|Major General]] (PSO)<ref name="Military Civilian parity">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161028/jsp/nation/story_116104.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028151302/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161028/jsp/nation/story_116104.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2016|title=Govt 'clarifies', soldiers upset|last=Dutta|first=Sujjan|date=28 October 2017|website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref> in [[Indian Armed Forces]]. In the [[Department of Military Affairs]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], an [[Indian Armed Forces|officer from all the three armed forces]] of the rank of Lieutenant General and equivalent is currently appointed{{efn|See [[Atul Anand]].}} and designated as Additional Secretary (Army/Navy/AirForce).

Additional secretaries rank 25th on [[Indian order of precedence|Order of Precedence of India]].<ref name="rajyasabha2">{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|title=Order of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|work=[[Rajya Sabha]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929091917/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|archive-date=2010-09-29|url-status=dead|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=Table of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|title=Table of Precedence|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428030937/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|archive-date=28 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari 2001 6662">{{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|edition=6th|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

== History ==
During the majority of the British period, particularly between 1920 and 1940, the position of [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India]] functioned as the second-highest rank within central departments, subordinate only to [[Secretary to the Government of India]]. By the mid-1940s, the designation of Additional Secretary was introduced in select departments, but was not yet universal.

[[Richard Tottenham (civil servant)|Sir Richard Tottenham]], [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|ICS]] had once expressed "In my opinion there is, or should be, no distinction of function, but only of pay between a joint and an additional Secretary. Additional and joint secretaries should not be either cheap secretaries or expensive deputy secretaries."<ref name="Richard Tottenham">{{cite book|last=Jayapalan|first=N.|title=Indian Administration 2 Vols. Set|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|isbn=9788171569212|pages=668}}</ref>

==Tenure and Appointment==
===Tenure===
A member of [[All India Services]] is appointed to this rank and post only on tenure. This tenure is a deputation to the Central Government and is fixed for 4 years, after which they are sent back to their own parent cadre. To be eligible for deputation, a civil servant has to have a mandatory prior central work experience at Deputy Secretary and above level in [[Government of India]].<ref name="Empanelment Center Khemka">{{Cite news|title=DoPT turns down Khemka request for empanelment, cites ‘nil central experience’|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dopt-turns-down-khemka-request-for-empanelment-cites-nil-central-experience-7557070/|access-date=2025-07-22|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724023948/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dopt-turns-down-khemka-request-for-empanelment-cites-nil-central-experience-7557070/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="Empanelment Center Khemka2">{{Cite news|title=Centre tells HC: Ashok Khemka not eligible for central government appointment|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/centre-tells-hc-ashok-khemka-not-eligible-for-central-government-appointment/story-wGxK2IWIGozHudNJBB2MtO.html |access-date=2025-07-22 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

A member of [[Central Civil Services]] is appointed to this rank and post as per vacancy in their own service cadre and are empanelled.

== Powers, responsibilities and postings ==
[[File:Government of India hierarchy.svg|alt=|thumb|The organizational structure of a department of the Government of India.]]
Additional secretary is the overall in charge with the necessary measure of independent functioning and responsibility of the wing of the department allocated and entrusted to him.<ref name="Powers and Duties">{{cite web|url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/RTI/rti_Power_Duties.htm|title=Powers and Duties of Officers and Employees as defined in the Manual of Office Procedure|date=21 August 2014|publisher=Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion|accessdate=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823033029/http://dipp.nic.in/English/RTI/rti_Power_Duties.htm|archive-date=23 August 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An additional secretary in charge of administration also exercises all administrative powers as head of the department wing of the ministry/department.<ref name="CSMOP India">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf|title=Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension]]|page=6|accessdate=15 November 2016|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603153325/https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additional secretaries and [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|joint secretaries]] are responsible for filing all affidavits and responses before the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="JS SCI">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-confidential-new-responseibility-4468682/|title=Delhi Confidential: New Respons(e)ibility|date=11 January 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=3 October 2017|archive-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034806/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-confidential-new-responseibility-4468682/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Affidavit SC JS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8276002_SC-against-filing-of-affidavit-below-officer-of-Jt-Secy-level-.html|title=SC against filing of affidavit below officer of Jt Secy level|date=10 January 2017|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|accessdate=3 October 2017|archive-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034522/http://www.ptinews.com/news/8276002_SC-against-filing-of-affidavit-below-officer-of-Jt-Secy-level-.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Prime Minister of India]] is the final authority on posting and transfer of officers of additional secretary level.<ref name="Postings and Transfer2">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/PM-to-oversee-cadre-allocation-of-bureaucrats-postings-of-joint-secretaries-and-above/articleshow/40451799.cms|title=PM to oversee cadre allocation of bureaucrats, postings of joint secretaries and above|date=21 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=17 September 2017|archive-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404084407/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/PM-to-oversee-cadre-allocation-of-bureaucrats-postings-of-joint-secretaries-and-above/articleshow/40451799.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Additional secretaries report to their departmental [[Secretary to Government of India|secretary]] and ministerial/departmental [[Union Council of Ministers of India|cabinet minister]].

== Position ==
In the Union government, the members head department wings in the departments and ministries of Union Government.<ref name="CSMOP India" />

Government nominated board members in the [[Public sector undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Enterprises]]/[[Public sector undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertakings]] are either of the rank of additional secretary or [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|joint secretary]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/B-Composition%20of%20Board%20of%20Directors_0.pdf|title=CHAPTER II PERSONNEL POLICIES (b) Composition of Board of Directors|website=Department of Public Enterprises, [[Government of India]]|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113202954/http://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/B-Composition%20of%20Board%20of%20Directors_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[Pay Commission|Seventh Central Pay Commission of India]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officers]] hold 98 out of 107 positions of additional secretary in the [[Government of India]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

== Emolument, accommodation and perks ==
[[File:Indian Official Passports Front.svg|thumb|An Indian Diplomatic Passport and an Official Passport generally issued to Additional Secretary (GOI).|300x300px]]
All additional secretaries to Government of India are eligible for a [[diplomatic passport]]. They are allotted Type-V (D-II and D-I) and Type-VI (C-II) apartments in areas like [[New Moti Bagh]] across [[Delhi]] by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]] (Directorate of Estates).<ref name="Live Residence">{{cite web|url=http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlrtiact/compendium.pdf|title=Compendium (RTI Act) – Government Residence (General Pool in Delhi) Rules|date=January 2013|publisher=Directorate of Estates, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]|accessdate=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113222729/http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlrtiact/compendium.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The salary and emolument in this rank is equivalent<ref name="Army Pay Rules">{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.nic.in/writereaddata/ArmyOfficersPayRules.pdf|title=Army Officers Pay Rules, 2017: Government of India|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]]|accessdate=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516184107/http://www.mod.nic.in/writereaddata/ArmyOfficersPayRules.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> to Principal staff officers (PSO) of the rank of [[Major general]] and certain officers not PSOs, but in [[Lieutenant general (India)|lieutenant general]] and equivalent ranks in [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="Army Pay Rules" /><ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|website=Seventh Central Pay Commission, [[Government of India]]|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|accessdate=16 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1ex 0 1ex 1ex; "

|+'''Additional Secretary, GoI monthly pay and allowances'''
!Base Salary as per [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7th Pay Commission]] (Per month)
!Level on Pay Matrix
!Sources
|-
|{{INRConvert|182200}} '''(Minimum Pay)''' to {{INRConvert|224100}} '''(Maximum Pay)'''
|Level 15
|<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" /><ref name=":India Today 7CPC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29|title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?|date=29 June 2016|editor-last=Biswas|editor-first=Shreya|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 September 2017|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201145/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets/1/703452.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Reforms and challenges ==
Non-IAS civil services have complained to Government of India because of lack of empanelment in the rank/post of additional secretary on numerous occasions.<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/ias-emperor-the-kings|title=IAS: Emperor among the kings?|last=Tripathi|first=Shishir|date=8 December 2015|work=Governance Now|access-date=13 August 2017|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813060013/http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/ias-emperor-the-kings|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/need-pay-parity-with-ias-officers-say-officials-of-20-civil-services-1426279|title=Need Pay Parity With IAS Officers, Say Officials Of 20 Civil Services|date=30 June 2016|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=13 August 2017|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813142643/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/need-pay-parity-with-ias-officers-say-officials-of-20-civil-services-1426279|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Lateral entry===
During the tenure of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]], a new post was created named "Spokesman and Media Advisor to the Prime Minister", which was equivalent to this rank <ref name="MMB"/> in [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], where [[Sanjaya Baru]] served from 2004-2008.<ref name="MMB">{{cite book|title=[[The Accidental Prime Minister|The Accidental Prime Minister: The Making and Unmaking of Manmohan Singh]]|edition=6th|last=Baru|first=Sanjaya|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2014|isbn=9780670086740|location=}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|edition=6th|location=[[New Delhi]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Britain's Imperial Administrators, 1858-1966|last=Kirk-Greene|first=A.|author-link = Anthony Kirk-Greene|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=9780230286320|location=[[New York City]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Indian Administration 2 Vols. Set|last=Jayapalan|first=N.|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|year=2001|isbn=9788171569212}}
* {{cite book|title=Handbook Of Public Relations In India|last=Mehta|first=Dalpat Singh|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1968|isbn=978-8170233343|location=New Delhi}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Amjyot Singh

2026-04-24T12:10:02Z

IndiaTurney9471: made the bio first draft!

{{short description|Indian professional basketball player (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Amjyot Singh
| image = Amjyot Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Singh with the [[India national basketball team|Indian national team]] in 2013
| league =
| team = Filou Oostende
| number =
| position = [[Power forward (basketball)|Power forward]] / [[small forward]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 8
| weight_lb = 229
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|1|27}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| nationality = Indian
| high_school =
| college =
| draft_year = 2014
| career_start = 2015
| career_end =
| years1 = 2015–2016
| team1 = [[Yokohama Excellence]]
| years2 = 2016–2017
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals (basketball)|Delhi Capitals]]
| years3 = 2017–2018
| team3 = [[Oklahoma City Blue]]
| years4 = 2019
| team4 = [[Wisconsin Herd]]
| years5 = 2019-2022
| team5 = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| years6 = 2023-present
| team6 = [[Filou Oostende]]
| highlights =
* [[National Basketball Championship]] winner (2019)<ref>[https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/70th-national-championship-punjab-men-railways-women-champions 70th National Basketball Championship: Punjab men and Railways women repeat as champions] Gopalakrishnan R (Sportskeeda), 1 April 2020. Accessed 13 August 2021.</ref>
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[basketball]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Lusophony Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2014 Lusophony Games|2014 Goa]]|[[Basketball at the 2014 Lusophony Games|Team]]}}
}}

'''Amjyot Singh Gill''' (born January 27, 1992) is an Indian professional [[basketball player]] for the [[Filou Oostende]] basketball club in [[Belgium]]. He has previously played for the [[Oklahoma City Blue]] and [[Wisconsin Herd]] of the [[NBA G-League]], the [[Yokohama Excellence]] of the [[B.League]] and the [[Delhi Capitals (basketball)|Delhi Capitals]] of the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]]. He and [[Amritpal Singh (basketball)|Amritpal Singh]] became the first Indian male to sign a professional basketball contract abroad. Singh, along with [[Princepal Singh]] became the first players to sign with the [[NBA G League]].

At 6 ft 8 in (2.04m), Singh is primarily a [[forward (basketball)|forward]] and has regularly competed with [[India national basketball team|India]] on the international stage, playing in several editions of the [[FIBA Asia Championship]]. A native of [[Chandigarh]], he was trained at the Ludhiana Basketball Academy in [[Ludhiana]] while playing for the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state team. Early in his career, Singh spent several years with local teams in Punjab and [[Tamil Nadu]], winning the Senior National Basketball Championship multiple times.

== Early life and career ==
Singh was born on 27 January 1992 in a jat Sikh family in Chandigarh. His mother Nirmal Kaur was an athlete, while his father Mohinder Singh was [[sub-inspector]] of the [[Chandigarh Police]] and a former member of the India national basketball team.<ref name="blueht">{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Ashutosh|title=India's Amjyot Singh selected by Oklahoma City Blue in 2017 NBA G League Draft|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/india-s-amjyot-singh-selected-by-oklahoma-city-blue-in-2017-nba-g-league-draft/story-oMzkMeJCCLcEIyvxzcOQgJ.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=26 October 2017|date=22 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="sultan">{{cite web|first1=R.|last1=Gopalakrishnan|title=Amjyot Singh Gill- The Sultan of Swat|url=http://ekalavyas.com/2014/12/08/amjyot-singh-gill-sultan-swat/|website=Ekalavyas|accessdate=15 November 2016|date=8 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="globetrotting">{{cite web|last1=Raymond|first1=Jonathan|title=Amjyot Singh: India's globetrotting basketball star with sights on the NBA D-League|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/amjyot-singh-india-s-globetrotting-basketball-star-with-sights-on-the-nba-d-league-1.162747|website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|access-date=15 November 2016|date=30 October 2016}}</ref> Amjyot started out by playing [[cricket]], the most popular game in India, and he was mainly a [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]].<ref name="meteoric">{{cite web|last1=Basu|first1=Suromitro|title=Amjyot Singh: The meteoric rise of Indian basketball's future superstar|url=https://cricket.yahoo.com/news/amjyot-singh-meteoric-rise-indian-120414618.html|website=[[Yahoo! Cricket]]|publisher=Sportskeeda|accessdate=15 November 2016|date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="bowl">{{cite web|last1=Siwach|first1=Vinay|title=Amjyot Singh–The cager who wanted to bowl fast|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/fiba-asia-championship-2015-amjyot-singh-a-cager-who-wanted-to-bowl-fast/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=15 November 2016|date=1 October 2015}}</ref> In high school, an injury prevented him from playing cricket for three months. During the time, Singh's interest of basketball grew, and his father and coach advised him to switch. He joined his high school team in 2007.<ref name=bowl/><ref name="ascent">{{cite web|last1=Madhok|first1=Karan|title=Ascent of Amjyot: Amjyot Singh's rapid journey to become the superstar that Indian basketball desperately needed|url=http://ekalavyas.com/2015/10/14/ascent-of-amjyot-amjyot-singhs-rapid-journey-to-become-the-superstar-that-indian-basketball-desperately-needed/|website=Ekalavyas|accessdate=15 November 2016|date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114172834/http://ekalavyas.com/2015/10/14/ascent-of-amjyot-amjyot-singhs-rapid-journey-to-become-the-superstar-that-indian-basketball-desperately-needed/|archive-date=14 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Singh said, "In all honesty, I didn't even know the rules of basketball or even thought of playing the sport ever."<ref name=meteoric/>

By 2008, Singh was promoted to the state team and the national under-16 team.<ref name=meteoric/><ref name=ascent/> He also joined the prestigious Ludhiana Basketball Academy in [[Ludhiana|Ludhiana, Punjab]]. The [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state-run academy has trained many of India's top players, such as [[Satnam Singh Bhamara]], [[Amritpal Singh (basketball)|Amritpal Singh]], and [[Jagdeep Singh (basketball)|Jagdeep Singh]].<ref name=ascent/><ref name="dirtypicture">{{cite web|last1=Duggal|first1=Saurabh|title=Dirty picture: A peek into the academy where Satnam got training|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other/dirty-picture-a-peek-into-the-academy-where-satnam-got-training/story-Oc88ovoHMCeVstELEAVjLP.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016|date=29 June 2015}}</ref> With Ludhiana, Amjyot was coached by S. Subramanian.<ref name=tokyo/> Singh, in 2010, led Punjab to a junior national basketball title as its captain.<ref name=sultan/><ref name="blueie">{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Nitin|title=Amjyot Singh picked in NBA G League draft: 'It is a special day for us… prayed for Amjyot's success in the draft'|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chandigarh-basketball-player-picked-in-nba-draft-it-is-a-special-day-for-us-prayed-for-amjyots-success-in-the-draft-4900973/|website=[[Indian Express Limited|The Indian Express]]|accessdate=27 October 2017|date=22 October 2017}}</ref> In March 2011, his Ludhiana team was defeated by Punjab Police Jalandhar at the Shaheed-e-azam Bhagat Singh Punjab Games championship.<ref name="ludhianapunjab">{{cite web|last1=Datt|first1=Anil|title=Ludhiana girls win gold|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110306/sports.htm|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=17 November 2016|date=5 March 2011}}</ref>

Singh won the 2012 Senior National Basketball Championship with Punjab, helping defeat Tamil Nadu by 8 points.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Teja|first1=Gaga K.|title=Basketball: Punjab team champs|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120102/sports.htm|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=26 October 2017|date=1 January 2012}}</ref> In May 2012, he was selected to play at the third edition of the India Basketball All-Star Showcase in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="allstarshowcase">{{cite web|title=Indian Basketball's All Star Showcase to tip off in Mumbai|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/indian-basketballs-all-star-showcase-to-tip-off-in-mumbai|website=SportsKeeda.com|accessdate=26 October 2017|date=3 May 2012}}</ref> In 2013, Singh left Punjab to join Tamil Nadu at the Senior National Basketball Championship. However, he was unable to play because he did not receive a [[No Objection Certificate]] (NOC) to compete for Tamil Nadu. Without Singh, they were defeated by his old team in the semifinal round.<ref name="uttarakhand">{{cite web|title=Review: Uttarakhand defeat Punjab at 63rd Basketball Nationals|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/review-uttarakhand-defeat-punjab-at-63rd-basketball-nationals|website=SportsKeeda.com|accessdate=27 October 2017|date=8 March 2017}}</ref> At the same event in 2014, Singh was forced to sit out again after suffering five fractures to his nose during the tournament. Despite his absence, his Tamil Nadu team won the title.<ref name=sultan/>

== Professional career ==
{{Multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 170
| image1 = Amjyot Singh with Oklahoma City Blue.png
| footer = Singh with the Oklahoma City Blue during the 2018-19 season.
}}
===NBDL: Kobe Storks (2015-2016)===
In the summer of 2015, Singh took part in the BJ Challenge Summer League in Japan, where he played for Hyogo Impulse, the developmental team to the [[Nishinomiya Storks|Kobe Storks]], in pursuit of a professional contract.<ref name="hyogo">{{cite web|title=Amjyot Singh and Amrit Pal Singh get chosen to play for Japan's National Basketball Summer League|url=http://sportswire.in/amjyot-singh-and-amrit-pal-singh-get-chosen-to-play-for-japans-national-basketball-summer-league/|website=SportsWire.in|accessdate=29 October 2017|date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030003318/http://sportswire.in/amjyot-singh-and-amrit-pal-singh-get-chosen-to-play-for-japans-national-basketball-summer-league/|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He saw immediate success in his first week with his team at the summer league.<ref name="travel">{{cite web |last1=Judge |first1=Shahid |title=Travel and tales of India's basketball giants |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/indian-basketball-nba-palpreet-singh-brar-japan-amyjot-gill-amritpal-singh-4624124/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=4 August 2018 |date=23 April 2017}}</ref> On 25 August 2015, he signed a one-year contract with the [[Yokohama Excellence]] of the [[National Basketball Development League (Japan)|National Basketball Development League]] (NBDL), the second-tier league in Japan.<ref name="tokyo">{{cite web|title=Indian cagers Amjyot, Amritpal to play in Japans National Basketball Development League|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/indian-cagers-amjyot-amritpal-play-japans-national-basketball-development-league|website=SportsKeeda.com|accessdate=29 October 2017|date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Singh and former Hyogo teammate [[Amritpal Singh (basketball)|Amritpal Singh]], who joined the Excellence at the same time, became the first Indian men's players to play in a professional basketball league outside of India.<ref name=hyogo/> He finished the season averaging 18 points, 10 rebounds, 2 assists, and 4 blocks per game.<ref name="eurobasket">{{cite web |title=Amjyot Singh basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Amjyot_Singh/Japan/Tokyo_Excellence/204941 |publisher=[[Eurobasket.com]] |accessdate=4 August 2018}}</ref>

===NBA D-League (2017-2019)===
On October 12, 2016, Singh signed with the [[NBA D-League]] after going [[undrafted]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amjyot Singh Gill signs NBA D-League contract |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/17777747/amjyot-singh-gill-signs-nba-d-league-contract |website=ESPN |publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd. |date=October 12, 2016 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>

===NBA G League: Oklahoma City Blue and Wisconsin Herd (2017-2019)===
On 17 March 2018, Singh was waived by the Oklahoma City Blue,<ref name="Transactions">{{cite web|title=2017-2018 Oklahoma City Blue Transactions History|url=https://basketball.realgm.com/dleague/teams/Oklahoma-City-Blue/38/Transaction-History/2018|website=RealGM.com|accessdate=15 April 2018}}</ref> but was re-signed five days later.<ref name="Transactions" /> Singh later became the 3rd Indian-born player to hold a [[NBA G League]] roster spot. With the Blue, Singh played a total of 30 games for them, where he averaged 2.7 points, one rebound, and 0.4 assists on 8.3 minutes of gameplay.

On February 18, 2019, Singh signed with the [[Wisconsin Herd]] to fill in roster void while [[Xavier Munford]] was playing for [[USA Basketball]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Wisconsin Herd (@WisconsinHerd)|title=Tweet: “Welcoming...",|url=https://x.com/WisconsinHerd/status/1097551493916430336|website=X|access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wallace |first=Jake |title=NBA G-League: Amjyot Singh joins Wisconsin Herd (Milwaukee Bucks affiliate) |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba-g-league/news/nba-g-league-amjyot-singh-wisconsin-herd-milwaukee-bucks-india-okc-blue-official/qqemwtnslvif1je4rdo5c4sv2 |website=Sporting News |publisher=The Sporting News |date=February 15, 2019 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref> In his six games with the Herd, Singh averaged two points, 1.7 rebounds, and 0.7 assists in the six games he played with them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amjyot Singh G-League Stats |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/gleague/players/s/singham01d.html |website=Basketball-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amjyot Singh – Career Stats |url=https://stats.gleague.nba.com/player/1627958/career/ |website=NBA G League Stats |publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>

== National team career ==
Singh made his first international appearance for India with the under-16 national basketball team at the Children of Asia Games in [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia, Russia]].<ref name=blueie/><ref name=sultan/> In the following years, he played with the under-18 team and was soon promoted to the senior national team.<ref name=sultan/>

===2011 FIBA Asia Championship===
{{main|2011 FIBA Asia Championship}}

Singh made his first appearance for the [[India national basketball team|senior team]] at the [[2011 FIBA Asia Championship]] in [[Wuhan]], China. In his debut on 15 September 2011, he recorded 2 points, 2 rebounds, and 2 blocks vs. [[Lebanon men's national basketball team|Lebanon]]. At the event, Singh most notably posted a [[double (basketball)|double-double]] of 13 points and a team-high 12 rebounds against [[Malaysia national basketball team|Malaysia]].<ref name="realgm">{{cite web|title=Amjyot Singh Gill Player Profile|url=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Amjyot-Singh-Gill/Summary/28931|website=[[RealGM]]|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=2011fiba>{{cite web|title=Amjyot Singh Gill Game Logs|url=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Amjyot-Singh-Gill/GameLogs/28931/Special/2012|website=[[RealGM]]|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> Singh averaged 6.2 points, 7.2 rebounds, and 1.8 blocks per game mostly coming off the bench, but India would lose all four of their games.<ref name=2011fiba/>

===2013 FIBA Asia Championship===
{{main|2013 FIBA Asia Championship}}
In June 2013, Singh helped the [[India national basketball team]] earn a bid for the [[2013 FIBA Asia Championship]] in [[Metro Manila]], Philippines, scoring 13 points in a win over [[Afghanistan national basketball team|Afghanistan]] at the qualifying round of the [[SABA Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India qualify for Fiba Asia Championship|url=http://www.asia-basket.com/Afghanistan/news/319161/India-qualify-for-Fiba-Asia-Championship|website=[[Eurobasket.com]]|accessdate=26 October 2017|date=5 June 2013}}</ref> At the FIBA Asia Championship, Singh took on a starting role for the Indian team, averaging 9.6 points, 6.9 rebounds, and 1.4 blocks en route to a 2–6 record.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amjyot Singh Game Logs|url=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Amjyot-Singh-Gill/GameLogs/28931/Special/2014|website=[[RealGM]]|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> India suffered an overtime loss to [[Bahrain national basketball team|Bahrain]] in their opening game, as Singh scored 16 points and grabbed 14 rebounds.<ref name="gmabahrain">{{cite web|title=2013 FIBA Asia Championship: Bahrain comes back from nine down, shocks India in overtime|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/320229/2013-fiba-asia-championship-bahrain-comes-back-from-nine-down-shocks-india-in-overtime/story/|website=[[GMA Network]]|accessdate=27 October 2017|date=1 August 2013}}</ref>

===2015 FIBA Asia Championship===
{{main|2015 FIBA Asia Championship}}
Singh represented India at the [[2015 FIBA Asia Championship]] in [[Changsha]], China where he recorded most minutes, points, rebounds and blocks for his team. He was the tournament's overall second-best scorer.<ref>[https://www.fiba.basketball/asia/2015/player/Gill-Singh-Amyjot 2015 FIBA Asia Championship – Amjyot Singh's profile], FIBA.com, accessed 11 February 2016.</ref> Later on he went on to represent India at the 2016 Williams Jones Invitational Cup<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://basketballfederationindia.org/index.php/on-the-court/national-teams/211-2016-38th-william-jones-cup-international-basketball-tournament|title=Basketball Federation of India - 38th William Jones Cup International Basketball Tournament 2016|publisher=Basketball Federation of India|accessdate=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412022418/http://www.basketballfederationindia.org/index.php/on-the-court/national-teams/211-2016-38th-william-jones-cup-international-basketball-tournament|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> followed by the 2016 FIBA Asia Challenge. Singh is also the first Indian national to participate in the FIBA 3x3 World Tour Finals. In 2016, he starred in the FIBA Asia Challenge, where he averaged 12.8 points, 8.3 rebounds, 2.4 assists, and 0.6 blocks. He led the tournament in free-throw percentage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://basketballfederationindia.org/index.php/news/latest-news/243-after-reaching-top-7-in-asia-bfi-president-announces-cash-prize-to-indian-men-s-basketball-team-india-s-big-three-among-asia-s-best|title=Basketball Federation of India - After reaching top 7 in Asia, BFI President announces cash prize to Indian men's basketball team; India's 'Big Three' among Asia's Best|publisher=Basketball Federation of India|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027134027/http://basketballfederationindia.org/index.php/news/latest-news/243-after-reaching-top-7-in-asia-bfi-president-announces-cash-prize-to-indian-men-s-basketball-team-india-s-big-three-among-asia-s-best|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In July 2016, Singh competed at the [[2016 William Jones Cup|William Jones Cup]] for India. He entered the tournament expected to be one of his team's top scorers.<ref name="wjones">{{cite web|title=Amjyot returns to India squad for William Jones Cup|url=http://www.asia-basket.com/William-Jones-Cup/news/455122/Amjyot-returns-to-India-squad-for-William-Jones-Cup|website=[[Eurobasket.com]]|accessdate=27 October 2017|date=22 July 2016}}</ref>

==Player Profile==
At the time, former head coach of the Blue, [[Mark Daigneault]] stated that "Amjyot has a really-really strong skillset for his size, so he shoots the ball effortlessly, he can put the ball on the court, he's got good court vision." Daigneault also stated how he's developed very well offensively and defensively.<ref>{{cite video |title=OKC Blue Forward Amjyot Singh's Journey From India (Thunder Feature)
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrOfN2Q8DY4
|publisher=YouTube |access-date=October 27, 2025}}</ref>

==Legal issues==
In 2018, the [[Basketball Federation of India]] (BFI) placed a one-year ban on Singh, along with Palpreet Singh. This was due to indisciplined activities before and during the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] in April.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mathew |first=Maxin |title=BFI ban is a disservice done to me, says Amjyot Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/bfi-ban-is-a-disservice-done-to-me-says-amjyot-singh/articleshow/64511439.cms |website=Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |date=June 8, 2018 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wallace |first=Jake |title=India’s former NBA G-Leaguer Amjyot Singh Gill — A Career, Interrupted |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba/news/indias-former-nba-g-leaguer-amjyot-singh-gill-legacy-a-career-interrupted/ue12g5zkwvec1obyzeakjl8c0 |website=Sporting News |publisher=The Sporting News |date=April 12, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>

In November 2019, Amjyot Singh went out to party with fellow Indian basketball teammates Arshpreet Bhullar, Armaan Sandhu, and [[Amritpal Singh (basketball)|Amritpal Singh]] without obtaining the necessary permission. Later that night, the group was involved in a motorcycle accident in Bengaluru, where all of them sustained injuries. During the incident, Singh and Bhullar reportedly got into a roadside altercation. The event was described as a drunken fight that took place while they were attending a national team camp. Due to this incident, in December, following their games, both Singh and Bhullar received bans, with Singh getting a three-year ban, while Bhullar received a one-year ban. Sandhu and Amritpal Singh were issued warnings for their actions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Basu |first=Sohinee |title=Despite bans, Amjyot and Arshpreet turn out for Punjab in Basketball Nationals |url=https://thebridge.in/basketball/despite-bans-amjyot-arshpreet-turn-out-punjab-basketball-nationals/ |website=The Bridge |date=December 30, 2019 |access-date=October 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sharda |first=Deepankar |title=BFI bans Amjyot for 3 years; 1-year suspension for Arshpreet |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/bfi-bans-amjyot-for-3-years-1-year-suspension-for-arshpreet-19556/ |website=The Tribune |date=December 30, 2019 |access-date=October 23, 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Singh is also a [[police officer]] for the state [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He is [[married]] to Manpreet Gill, Singh also has two kids he has a four-year-old [[son]], named Agampartap, and an two-year-old son whose name hasn't been publicly announced.<ref>{{cite web|author=Amjyot Singh (@amjyot_singh20)|title=God has blessed me in various ways, but this baby boy is the best blessing of all times 👨🏻‍🍼 #wahegurumeharkare🙏|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw-XgkpPHlZ/?img_index=1|website=Instagram|access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Amjyot Singh (@amjyot_singh20) |title=Instagram post: "Happy 2nd birthday my son! You have grown so much in so little time, always remember you are everything we always wanted. We love you so much; hopefully when you grow up and see these pictures you cherish each and every moment you had with us. #wahegurumeharkare🙏❤️" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DOahzp8kQkc/?img_index=1 |website=Instagram |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Amjyot Singh (@amjyot_singh20) |title=Instagram post: "It feels like just yesterday we met and said 'I do' – every day with you still feels like a dream come true, my love #wahegurumeharkare🙏" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DOahzp8kQkc/?img_index=1 |website=Instagram |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>

Singh stated that his favorite [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player is [[Kevin Durant]], whom Singh modeled his game after.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wallace |first=Jake |title=NBA G-League: Amjyot Singh signs with Oklahoma City Blue |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba/news/amyjot-singh-nba-g-league-oklahoma-city-blue/klgsg2vx9ryp18a9022m67hug |website=Sporting News |publisher=[[The Sporting News]] |date=February 15, 2019 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>

Singh, along with other Indian basketball stars, is also the [[Aide-de-camp|honorary general secretary]] of the Punjab Basketball Association (PBA) men's and women's basketball team. <ref>{{cite web |last=Tribune News Service |title=Amjyot, Anmolpreet to lead state b’ball teams |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/amjyot-anmolpreet-to-lead-state-bball-teams/ |website=The Tribune |date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tribune News Service |title=Amjyot, Shabnum to lead Punjab teams in Senior National Basketball Championship |website=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/amjyot-shabnum-to-lead-punjab-teams-in-senior-national-basketball-championship/ |date=2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-10-21}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Patka in sports]]
*[[National Basketball Championship (men)|Notable players of India's National Basketball Championship]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mzQCLqtvgs Singh's 32 points & 11 rebounds against Palestine - 2015 FIBA Asia Championship] YouTube.com video
* [http://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Amjyot_Singh/Japan/Tokyo_Excellence/204941 Asia-basket.com profile]
* [https://www.basketball-reference.com/gleague/players/s/singham01d.html Basketball Reference page]
* [https://stats.gleague.nba.com/player/1627958/career/ NBA G-League page]
* [https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Amjyot-Singh-Gill/Summary/28931 RealGM page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Amjyot}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asian Games basketball players for India]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Forwards (basketball)]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Oklahoma City Blue players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Yokohama Excellence players]]
[[Category:Wisconsin Herd players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Ranu Prabhu Desai

2026-04-20T09:44:45Z

IndiaTurney9471: Made A Stub

{{short description|Indian politician and social worker (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ranu Prabhu Desai
| birth_name = Ranu Anant Prabhu Desai
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|7|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rivona]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| education = [[Secondary School Certificate]]
| spouse = Shubha Desai
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1994
| constituency = [[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]
| predecessor = [[Pandu Naik]]
| successor = Pandu Naik
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1989–1994)
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Social worker]]
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Public Undertakings
* Library
* Privileges}}
}}

'''Ranu Anant Prabhu Desai''' (born 8 July 1945) is an Indian politician and social worker. He is a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sanguem Assembly constituency]] from 1989 to 1994.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=235 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alvares |first=Claude Alphonso |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG3tAAAAMAAJ&q=Ranu+Prabhu+Desai |title=Unwanted Guest: Goans V/s. Du Pont |date=1991 |publisher=Other India Press |isbn=978-81-85569-02-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xheLAAAAMAAJ&q=Ranu+Prabhu+Desai |title=List of Members of Electoral College for Presidential Election, 1992 |date=1992 |publisher=The Commission |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Ranu Anant Prabhu Desai was born at [[Rivona]], India. He completed his [[Secondary School Certificate]]. He is married to Shubha Desai, an [[agriculturist]]. Desai currently resides at Colomba, Rivona.<ref name=":0" />

==Positions held==
* Director of Goa Milk Producers Union{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* Chairman of Rushivan Dairy Co-operative Society{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* Director of Sugar Factory, [[Sanguem]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* Member of Committee on Public Undertakings 1990, 1991–92 {{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* Member of Library Committee 1990{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* Member of Committee on Privileges 1991–92<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Prabhu Ranu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]

Ram Prakash Mahto

2026-04-20T09:27:15Z

IndiaTurney9471: Made Stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = File:Ram Prakash Mahto.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| constituency = [[Katihar Assembly constituency|Katihar]]
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 1995
| term_start1 = 2000
| term_end1 = 2005
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Tarkishore Prasad]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| father =
| mother =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Ram Prakash Mahto''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Bihar]]. He has represented the [[Katihar Assembly constituency|Katihar legislative assembly constituency]] in Bihar Vidhan Sabha. Mahto is a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] but he has also been a member of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and [[Janata Dal]] in past.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/rjd-candidate-dr-ramprakash-mahato-from-katihar-assembly-seat-election-tstb-1147006-2020-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608041023/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/rjd-candidate-dr-ramprakash-mahato-from-katihar-assembly-seat-election-tstb-1147006-2020-10-17|archive-date=8 June 2022 |title=Katihar : RJD प्रत्याशी बोले- ऐसा कोई सगा नहीं जिसको नीतीश ने ठगा नहीं|website=AajTak|accessdate=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6ImFDVFhGTzZaZlBHcXVRSFBWa2ZzNEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNjhMR0pKMTh5ZFBIaWxrWnZSczk4UT09IiwibWFjIjoiMDM1NmFiYWMwOTQyZGZmZjVmZDU3ZTQ2NWRmYTliN2YxNDAwYjA5NWVlNmMwNjg1NThlZTRhMGFmOTcxMjAxMiJ9/MTM=/OQ==/Mw==/QUM=|title=Election Affidavit|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==Political career==
Mahto started his political career in 1990. He was a member of [[Janata Dal]]. In election to Bihar Legislative Assembly, Mahto defeated Jagbandhu Adhikari of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] and reached [[Vidhan Sabha]] for the first time. He continued his winning streak and won the assembly elections from Katihar constituency in year 2000. After this victory, he was made a cabinet minister in the government of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. He was allotted the portfolio of education ministry. In 2005, though [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] won the elections once again but government couldn't be formed and Mahto also lost his seat to [[Tarkishore Prasad]] of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-dr-ram-prakash-mahato-fir-against-rjd-candidate-over-katihar-bike-rally-127822038.html|title=आचार संहिता उल्लंघन:सिंबल मिलते ही गाइडलाइन भूले राजद प्रत्याशी, कटिहार में बिना आदेश समर्थकों के साथ बाइक रैली निकाली|website=Bhaskar.com|accessdate=8 June 2022|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805200357/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-dr-ram-prakash-mahato-fir-against-rjd-candidate-over-katihar-bike-rally-127822038.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahto, Ram Prakash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]

Khuraijam Loken Singh

2026-04-19T23:12:46Z

IndiaTurney9471: New a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khuraijam Loken Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1971|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| spouse =
| children =
| office = [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh ministry|Cabinet Minister of Arts & Culture, Tourism]] in [[Government of Manipur|Manipur]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]
| term_start = 4 February 2026
| predecessor =
| 1blankname1 = Portfolio
| 1namedata1 =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Wangoi Assembly constituency|Wangoi]]
| term_start1 = 10 March 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]]
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
}}
'''Khuraijam Loken Singh''' (born 1 January 1971)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician and a state cabinet minister of Arts & Culture, Tourism from [[Manipur]] in [[Y. Khemchand Singh ministry]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Wangoi Assembly constituency]] in [[Imphal West district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=HYNews |title="If Centre Decides the Riot against the Wishes of the Meitei People, I would Join and Lead the General Public in Their Fight against the Kukis" – Khuraijam Loken Singh, MLA –Wangoi AC |url=https://hynews.in/article/state/ldquo-i-will-join-and-lead-the-general-public-in-their-fight-against-kuki-militants-if-central-government-fails-their-demands-rdquo-ndash-mla-khuraijam-loken-singh/4532 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=hynews.in |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], representing the National People's Party.

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from Yumnam Huldrom, [[Wangoi]], Imphal West district, Manipur. He is the son of Khuraijam Yaima Singh. He married Nganbi Devi, and together they have a son and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Before the oath commisioner (judicial), Manipur at Imphal | url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/22/Khuraijam%20Loken%20Singh.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217125445/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/22/Khuraijam%20Loken%20Singh.pdf | archive-date=2022-02-17}}</ref> He completed his pre-university course in arts in 1989 at Mayai Lambi College, Yumnam Huidrom, Manipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khuraijam Loken Singh (NPP):Constituency- Wango (Imphal West) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=7 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Wangoi Assembly constituency, representing the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. He polled 15,606 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by 3,266 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wangoi Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Khuraijam Loken Singh of NPP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/wangoi-election-result-2022-live-updateswinner-loser-leading-trailingmla-margin-4855046.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Wangoi, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: NPEP's Khuraijam Loken Singh defeats BJP's Oinam Lukhoi Singh with 3266 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/wangoi-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923454-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Singh was sworn in as a cabinet minister in the [[Y. Khemchand Singh ministry]] in 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/politics/yumnam-khemchand-singh-takes-oath-as-manipur-chief-minister-as-presidents-rule-ends-9879543.html|title=Yumnam Khemchand Singh Takes Oath As Manipur Chief Minister After President's Rule Ends|work=[[News18]]|date=4 February 2026|access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Khuraijam Loken}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]

List of villages in Sikar district

2026-04-19T16:13:40Z

IndiaTurney9471: Made a location

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

This is a list of villages in [[Sikar district]], a district of [[Rajasthan]] state in northern [[India]]. [[Sikar]] is the administrative headquarters of the district.

{{horizontalTOC|nonum=yes}}

== A–D ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Alakhpura Bogan]]
* [[Balaran, Sikar|Balaran]]
* [[Basni, Laxmangarh|Basni]]
* [[Bau Dham]]
* [[Beri, Rajasthan|Beri]]
* [[Bhoodha Ka Bas]]
* [[Bhopatpura]]
* [[Bhuma]]
* [[Bidasar, Sikar|Bidasar]]
* [[Bidsar]]
* [[Birania]]
* [[Birodi Bari]]
* [[Birodi Chhoti, India|Birodi Chhoti]]
* [[Chandpura, Sikar|Chandpura]]
* [[Churimiyan]]
{{div col end}}

== D–H ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Dantla, Rajasthan|Dantla]]
* [[Darunda]]
* [[Deorala]]
* [[Dhandhan]]
* [[Dhani Pujariyon Ki]]
* [[Fadanpura]]
* [[Ganeshwar]]
* [[Garinda]]
* [[Gothra Bhukaran]]
* [[Harsawa]]
* [[Harsh, Sikar|Harsh]]
{{div col end}}

== J–L ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Jeenmata]]
* [[Jhadhewa, Sikar|Jhadhewa]]
* [[Karanga Chhota]]
* [[Katrathal]]
* [[Khatikan Pyau]]
* [[Khatushyamji, Rajasthan|Khatushyamji]]
* [[Khinwasar]]
* [[Khood]]
* [[Khuri Bari]]
* [[Khuri Chhoti]]
* [[Kishor Pura]]
* [[Kudan, Rajasthan|Kudan]]
* [[Ladhana]]
* [[Lampua]]
{{div col end}}

== M–P ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Mandela Chhota, Rajasthan|Mandela Chhota]]
* [[Mandholi]]
* [[Mangloona]]
* [[Maonda]]
* [[Mirzwas]]
* [[Moondwara]]
* [[Mundru]]
* [[Nabipura]]
* [[Nagardas]]
* [[Nangal Abhaypura]]
* [[Nangal Bhim]]
* [[Neemera]]
* [[Nethwa]]
* [[Nimakidhani]]
* [[Nimera]]
* [[Pachar, Sikar|Pachar]]
* [[Palthana]]
* [[Peepli, Laxmangarh|Peepli]]
* [[Piprali]]
* [[Puran Badi]]
{{div col end}}

== R–V ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ramjipura]]
* [[Ramshisar]]
* [[Roru]]
* [[Rosawa]]
* [[Salamsingh Ki Dhani]]
* [[Sankhu, Sikar|Sankhu]]
* [[Sanwali]]
* [[Sewad Bari]]
* [[Sewad Chhoti]]
* [[Singodara]]
* [[Singodari]]
* [[Sujawas]]
* [[Sutot]]
* [[Tajsar]]
* [[Thikariya]]
* [[Tihawali]]
* [[Vijaipura]]
{{div col end}}

{{Sikar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district|*]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in Rajasthan|Sikar district]]

Along West Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:31Z

IndiaTurney9471: made some data first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Along West
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 30
| map_image = Along West Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[West Siang district|West Siang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
|established = 1990
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Tumke Bagra]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|electors = 14,811

}}
'''Along West''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. It is part of [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/along-west.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Along West Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.arunachalassembly.gov.in/ Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Kirge Eshi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | Kento Ete || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=2 | Gadam Ete<ref name="16 Arunachal ministers, Parliamentary secretaries lose in assembly polls">{{cite news |date=17 May 2014 |title=16 Arunachal ministers, Parliamentary secretaries lose in assembly polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/16-arunachal-ministers-parliamentary-secretaries-lose-in-assembly-polls/articleshow/35253733.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520164113/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/16-arunachal-ministers-parliamentary-secretaries-lose-in-assembly-polls/articleshow/35253733.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tumke Bagra]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Topin Ete]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along West<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Topin Ete]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,629 |percentage=57.10% |change={{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyamo Ete |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,678 |percentage=42.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,951 |percentage=14.60% |change= {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,361 |percentage=90.21% |change= {{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,811 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along West<ref name="Along West 2024 Assembly election">{{cite news |title=Along West 2024 Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/election/arunachalpradesh-along-west-assembly-constituency/?page=2 |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525164655/https://www.thehindu.com/election/arunachalpradesh-along-west-assembly-constituency/?page=2 |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tumke Bagra]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,000 |percentage=51.48% |change={{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Topin Ete]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=5,034 |percentage=43.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyadar Loya |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=385 |percentage=3.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yaman Bagra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=172 |percentage=1.48% |change={{decrease}}35.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=63 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=966 |percentage=8.29% |change= {{decrease}}17.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,654 |percentage=87.85% |change= {{increase}}2.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,266 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tumke Bagra]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,312 |percentage=61.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gadam Ete |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,726 |percentage=36.55% |change={{decrease}}13.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geli Ete |party=Naga People's Front |votes=124 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,586 |percentage=25.37% |change= {{increase}}25.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,194 |percentage=85.56% |change= {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,915 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gadam Ete |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,113 |percentage=50.15% |change={{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duter Padu |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=5,082 |percentage=49.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31 |percentage=0.30% |change= {{decrease}}3.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,195 |percentage=86.41% |change= {{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,799 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gadam Ete |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,926 |percentage=48.34% |change={{decrease}}17.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jumbi Bagra |party=Independent politician |votes=3,636 |percentage=44.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ige Ete |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=529 |percentage=6.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=290 |percentage=3.57% |change= {{decrease}}27.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,122 |percentage=84.79% |change= {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,983 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kento Ete |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,647 |percentage=65.37% |change={{increase}}17.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kirge Eshi |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,462 |percentage=34.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,185 |percentage=30.74% |change= {{increase}}15.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,109 |percentage=82.14% |change= {{decrease}}6.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,762 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kento Ete |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,086 |percentage=47.39% |change={{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kirge Eshi |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,110 |percentage=32.40% |change={{decrease}}21.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moji Bagra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,316 |percentage=20.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=976 |percentage=14.99% |change= {{increase}}7.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,512 |percentage=88.77% |change= {{increase}}10.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,406 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kirge Eshi |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,313 |percentage=53.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kento Ete |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,829 |percentage=46.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=484 |percentage=7.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,142 |percentage=78.74% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,921 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Along West]]
* [[West Siang district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.14|93.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:West Siang district]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

List of institutions of higher education in Hisar

2026-04-16T15:59:23Z

IndiaTurney9471: Made a details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
This is the list of universities and colleges in '''Hisar''', previously spelled '''Hissar''', in [[Hisar district]] in the state of [[Haryana]] in northwestern India.

==Universities in Hisar==
* [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]]
* [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]], established in 1995.
* [[Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences]], established in 2010.
* Om Sterling Global University, private university.
* [[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation|Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation, Hisar Airport]].

==Research Institutes==
===National Research Institutes===
** [[Central Sheep Breeding Farm]]<ref name="csf">{{cite web|url=http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/compendium-of-schemes/central-sheep-breeding-farm-hissar-haryana.aspx |title=Central sheep breeding farm |publisher=Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, GoI |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122055903/http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/compendium-of-schemes/central-sheep-breeding-farm-hissar-haryana.aspx |archivedate=22 November 2012 }}</ref>
** [[Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes]] (CIRB)<ref name="about cirb">{{cite web|url=http://www.cirb.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=1&lang=en|title=About CIRB|publisher=Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes|access-date=27 May 2012}}</ref>
** [[National Research Centre on Equines]]<ref name="vision 2030">{{cite web|title=Vision 2030|url=http://nrce.nic.in/downloads/NRCE%20Vision%202030.pdf|publisher=National Research Centre on Equines|access-date=7 June 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913134303/http://www.nrce.nic.in/downloads/NRCE%20Vision%202030.pdf|archivedate=13 September 2012}}</ref>
** [[National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Hisar]] offers MTech in Plant Biotechnology<ref name="nrcpb1">[http://www.nrcpb.res.in/ National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Hisar], official website.</ref>

===State Research Institutes===
** [[Government Livestock Farm, Hisar]]<ref name="ppu">{{cite web|url=http://www.ppu.edu.in/about-hisar.html |title=Climate of Hisar |publisher=PPU |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505132444/http://www.ppu.edu.in/about-hisar.html |archivedate=5 May 2012 }}</ref>
** [[Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar]] (HARSAC), offers MTech in Gio-Informatics<ref name=hars1>[http://www.harsac.org/ HARSAC], official website.</ref>
** [[Indo-Israeli Centre of Excellence for Animal Husbandary & Dairying, Hisar]] at Government Livestock Farm, Hisar<ref name=IP3>[http://embassies.gov.il/delhi/NewsAndEvents/Pages/MASHAV%20and%20Haryana%20ink%20pact%20for%20an%20Indo-Israeli%20CoE%20in%20Dairy.aspx Haaryana and Israel sign MOU]</ref>
** [[Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute]]<ref name="nrfmtti">{{cite web|url=http://nrfmtti.dacnet.nic.in/ |title=About us |publisher=Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916140714/http://nrfmtti.dacnet.nic.in/ |archivedate=16 September 2011 }}</ref>
** [[Regional Fodder Station, Hisar]]<ref name=RF>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rsfphsr.com/services.php |title=Regional Fodder Station, Hisar website |access-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207062244/http://rsfphsr.com/services.php |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Colleges in Hisar==
[[File:Maharaja_Agrasen_Institute_Agroha.JPG|thumb|200px|Maharaja Agrasen Institute Agroha]]

As of December 2019, there are 31 government degree colleges in Hisar district, 10 government and 21 private.<ref name=bhascol1>[https://www.bhaskar.com/haryana/hisar/news/haryana-news-hisar-gave-hundreds-of-well-known-national-international-players-like-geetika-ekta-udaychand-jayabhagwan-3-universities-31-colleges-not-yet-bpad-and-mped-courses-074155-6204544.html हिसार ने गीतिका, एकता, उदयचंद, जयभगवान जैसे सैकड़ों नामी नेशनल-इंटरनेशनल प्लेयर दिए, यहां 3 यूनिवर्सिटीज-31 कॉलेज फिर भी नहीं बीपीएड और एमपीएड कोर्स], Dainik Bhaskar, 18 December 2019.</ref>

===Degree colleges (govt)===
There are 10 government degree colleges in [[Hisar (district)|Hisar district]] (c. December 2019).<ref name=bhascol1/><ref name=col1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fhisar-hisar-gets-huge-share-in-haryana-budget-17638435.html colleges in Hsar]</ref>
* [[Government College, Adampur]]
* [[Government College, Barwala]]
* [[Government College, Data]], establishment announced in fy2018–19
* [[Nehru Memorial Government College, Hansi]]
* [[Govt. Post Graduate College, Hisar]]
* [[Govt. College for Girls, Hisar]]
* [[Government College, Kheri Chaupta]], establishment announced in 2018–19
* [[Government College, Nalwa]]
* [[Government College, Narnaund]]
* [[Government College Uklana]], establishment announced in 2018–19

===Degree colleges (private)===
There are 21 private degree colleges in Hisar district (c. December 2019).<ref name=bhascol1/> Some of the oldest colleges are<ref name=HsrEdu1>[http://www.highereducationinindia.com/india/hisar-institutes.php list of educational institutes in Hisar]</ref><ref name="hisar jano">{{cite web |url=http://www.hisarjano.com/sylabs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509034906/http://www.hisarjano.com/sylabs.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 May 2024 |title=Hisar jano |publisher=Jambh Shakti Trust |access-date=23 May 2012 }}</ref>
* Akash Education Society
* [[CRM JAT College]]
* [[Chhaju Ram Law College, Hisar]]
* [[Chhaju Ram College of Education, Hisar]]
* [[Dayanand college]]
* [[Fateh Chand College for Women (Lahore), Hisar]]
* [[Imperial PG College]]
* [[Maharani Lakshmi Bai Post Graduate College, Bhiwani Rohilla]], Hisar
* Manav Institute of Education, Hisar
* [[Mata Jiyo Devi College of Education, Khanda Kheri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/mata-jiyo-devi-college-of-education-3828.php|title=Mata Jiyo Devi College of Education Hisar – Mata Jiyo Devi College of Education Hissar Haryana|website=www.highereducationinindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prepsure.com/colleges/overview/hisar/mata-jiyo-devi-college-of-education/4305|title=Exams & Results}}</ref>
* [[Shanti Niketan Vidyapeeth, Hisar]]

===Degree college (sanskrit)===
* [[Dayanand Brahm Mahavidyala, Hisar]]

===Engineering and technology===
; Engineering
* Kalpana Chawla Institute of Engineering and Technology Chikanwas, Hisar
* OM Institute of OM Institute of Technology and Management, Hisar
* Manav Institute of Technology and Management, Jeora
* Prannath Parnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hisar
* [[Shanti Niketan Vidyapeeth, Hisar]]
* Shree Balaji Institute of Technology, Hisar
* Saraswati Institute of Technology, Hisar
* [[Vishwakarma Government College Of Engineering, Hisar]]

; Polytechnic college
* [[Government Polytechnic, Hisar]]
* Government Polytechnic Adampur
* [[Shanti Niketan Vidyapeeth, Hisar]]

===Medical===
* [[Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha]], MBBS, MS and MD

===Nursing===
* [[Indus College of Nursing, Khanda Kheri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/48900-indiacolleges-Indus-College-of-Nursing-Khanda-Kheri/|title=Indus College of Nursing Khanda Kheri Haryana|website=www.punjabcolleges.com}}</ref>
* [[Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha]]: offers GNM
* Savitri Devi Jindal Institute of Nursing, Hisar

===Paramedical===
; AYUSH
* National College of Ayurveda & Hospital Barwala Hisar Haryana 125121 the worst college

; BioTechnology
* [[CCS Haryana Agricultural University]]: Department of Biochemistry offers PhD
* [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]]: offers Masters in BioTech

; Homoeopathy
* Haryana Medical Institute, Hisar

===Pharmacy===
* Government Polytechnic Adampur
* [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]]: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences offers MPhrama and BPharma
* Manav Group's Institute of Pharmacy: offers BPharma and DPharma
* Rajendra Institutes of Technology & Sciences: Technology: offers MPhrama and BPharma

===Physiotherapy===
* [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]]: Department of Physiotherapy offers Bachelors and master's degree
* [[Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha]], Bachelors and master's degree

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Education}}
* [[List of schools in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia topic|Education in}}
{{Education in India}}
{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Haryana|Hisar]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India by populated place|Hisar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hisar (city)| ]]

Tadubi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:35Z

IndiaTurney9471: creating new entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tadubi
| state = [[Manipur]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Senapati district|Senapati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]
| constituency_no = 49
| established = 1974
| reservation = ST
| mla = Vacant<ref>{{cite news|last=S|first=Vangamla Salle K.|date=January 18, 2025 |title=Manipur: Sitting NPP MLA N Kayisii passes away at 58 |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/free-digest/2025/01/18/manipur-sitting-npp-mla-n-kayisii-passes-away-at-58/|work=EastMojo|access-date=January 18, 2025}}</ref>
| party = TBA
| latest_election_year =
| electors = {{formatnum:49410}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}

'''Tadubi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Senapati district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Saheni Adani || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Luikang || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || rowspan=2 | N. G. Luikang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || O. Lohrii || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 by-election]] || Haokholet Kipgen || {{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || K. Raina
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Francis Ngajokpa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || K. Raina || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Francis Ngajokpa]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || rowspan=2 | [[N. Kayisii]]|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|47.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|41.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|35.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|24.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|23.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|36.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|32.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Hills Union }}|29.97}}

}}

===2026 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 elections in India#State Legislative Assembly by-elections|2026 Tadubi by-election]]: Tadubi
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Kayisii]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=21,601 |percentage=47.81 |change={{increase}}5.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Francis Ngajokpa |party=Naga People's Front |votes=21,052 |percentage=46.60 |change={{increase}}30.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robert Tailu Maram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,277 |percentage=5.04 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Lohrii |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=191 |percentage=0.42 |change= {{decrease}}38.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=58 |percentage=0.13 |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=549 |percentage=1.22 |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,179 |percentage=91.44 |change= {{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,410 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}5.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kayisii |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=17,115 |percentage=41.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Francis Ngajokpa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,816 |percentage=38.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Raina |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,614 |percentage=16.23% |change={{decrease}}20.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilungheing |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=354 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Hingba Thomas |party=Manipur National Democratic Front |votes=330 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Henry Hiilii |party=Indian National Congress |votes=305 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}54.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=223 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,299 |percentage=3.19% |change= {{decrease}}15.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,757 |percentage=87.49% |change= {{increase}}12.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,584 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Francis Ngajokpa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,006 |percentage=55.43% |change={{increase}}26.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Raina |party=Naga People's Front |votes=11,951 |percentage=36.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athikho Solomon Enah |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,529 |percentage=7.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,055 |percentage=18.64% |change= {{increase}}17.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,486 |percentage=75.42% |change= {{decrease}}19.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,075 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Raina |party=Independent politician |votes=14,126 |percentage=35.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kayisii |party=Independent politician |votes=13,512 |percentage=34.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Francis Ngajokpa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,535 |percentage=29.38% |change={{increase}}4.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=614 |percentage=1.56% |change= {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,260 |percentage=94.52% |change= {{decrease}}2.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,537 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Francis Ngajokpa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,766 |percentage=24.60% |change={{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Raina |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,416 |percentage=23.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Lohrii |party=Samata Party |votes=5,841 |percentage=16.39% |change={{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kayaisii |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=4,897 |percentage=13.74% |change={{decrease}}10.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,100 |percentage=11.51% |change={{decrease}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. G. Luikang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,301 |percentage=9.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=350 |percentage=0.98% |change= {{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,635 |percentage=97.44% |change= {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,571 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Raina |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=7,903 |percentage=23.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Francis Ngajokpa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,802 |percentage=23.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lenkhomang Chongloi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,933 |percentage=14.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hangzing |party=Independent politician |votes=4,296 |percentage=12.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Solomon Enah |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,288 |percentage=12.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Lohrii |party=Samata Party |votes=2,798 |percentage=8.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kayisii |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,013 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=101 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,238 |percentage=95.75% |change= {{increase}}95.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,715 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Tadubi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Feb. 1998, Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208134047/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |archive-date=8 February 2005|access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Haokholet Kipgen |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=UNCONTESTED |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,407 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Lohrii |party=Janata Dal |votes=10,614 |percentage=36.28% |change={{increase}}14.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hangzing |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=7,303 |percentage=24.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Raina |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=5,613 |percentage=19.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. G. Luikang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,382 |percentage=18.40% |change={{decrease}}21.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,311 |percentage=11.32% |change= {{increase}}9.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,252 |percentage=93.24% |change= {{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,372 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. G. Luikang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,244 |percentage=39.61% |change={{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hangzing |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=10,675 |percentage=37.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kholi |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,219 |percentage=21.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=569 |percentage=2.00% |change= {{decrease}}2.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,387 |percentage=91.20% |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,127 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. G. Luikang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,163 |percentage=36.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hangzing |party=Independent politician |votes=7,086 |percentage=31.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahani Adani |party=Independent politician |votes=3,542 |percentage=15.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Lohro |party=Independent politician |votes=3,243 |percentage=14.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,077 |percentage=4.82% |change= {{decrease}}3.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,350 |percentage=92.94% |change= {{increase}}8.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,047 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Luikang |party=Independent politician |votes=5,218 |percentage=32.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haokholet |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,907 |percentage=24.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Lokho Kolakhe |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,558 |percentage=21.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahani Adani |party=Janata Party |votes=3,071 |percentage=18.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,311 |percentage=8.09% |change= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,214 |percentage=84.14% |change= {{increase}}5.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,270 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Manipur Hills Union |swing= {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadubi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Saheni Adani |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=3,464 |percentage=29.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khupkholam |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=3,208 |percentage=27.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doiho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,584 |percentage=22.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taluba |party=Independent politician |votes=2,060 |percentage=17.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=256 |percentage=2.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,559 |percentage=78.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,650 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Manipur Hills Union |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Senapati district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|25.48|94.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Senapati district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Manipur]]

Purulia Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:01:55Z

IndiaTurney9471: Made Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Purulia
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Purulia.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Purulia Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sudip Kumar Mukherjee]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]]
| constituency_no = 242
| established = 1957
| electors = 192,269
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Purulia Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 242 Purulia Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Purulia]] municipality; [[Purulia II (community development block)|Purulia II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Bhandar Purachipida and Manara [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Purulia I (community development block)|Purulia I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2011-01-27 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 13 August 2011 }}</ref>

Purulia Assembly constituency is part of No. 35 [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Labanya Prabha Ghosh
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Nakul Chandra Sahis
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Tara Pada Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2"|Bibhuti Bhusan Dasgupta
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2"|Sanat Kumar Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Mahadeb Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| Sukumar Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan=3 | Mamata Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan=2 | Nikhil Mukherjee
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| K.P. Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"|Sudip Kumar Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Purulia}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sayantan Ghosh
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: Purulia<ref name=1vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/purulia-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title = Purulia Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =22 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25242.htm?ac=242 | title = Assembly Election Result 2021 – West Bengal, Purulia | publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date =22 May 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= [[Sudip Kumar Mukherjee]] |votes=89,733|percentage=43.38|change=+603.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= All India Trinamool Congress |candidate=Sujoy Banerjee |votes=82,715|percentage= 39.98|change=+8.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Indian National Congress|candidate=Partha Pratim Banerjee |votes=24,996|percentage= 12.08|change=-69.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate= Birendranath Mahato |votes=1,918|percentage=0.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Independent (politician)||candidate=Aditya Mahato |votes=1,304|percentage=0.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)||candidate= Rani Mahato|votes=1,209|percentage=0.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate= Manas Sardar|votes=1,034|percentage=0.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate= Mrityunjoy Pandey |votes=558|percentage=0.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abhijit Bhattacharya|votes=423|percentage=0.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Amra Bangalee|candidate=Harendranth Mahato|votes=389|percentage=0.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,588|percentage=1.25|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=206,868 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

In the 2016 elections, [[Sudip Kumar Mukherjee]] of Indian National Congress defeated his nearest rival Jyotiprasad Singh Deo of All India Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Purulia<ref name=1vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/purulia-west-bengal-assembly-constituency| title= Purulia| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =22 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = http://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/864-Puruliaassembly_election_result_2016.html | title= Purulia| work= Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date =22 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sudip Kumar Mukherjee]]
|votes = 81,365
|percentage = 44.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dibyajyoti Prasad Singh Deo
|votes = 76,454
|percentage = 41.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nagendra Kumar Ojha
|votes = 12,757
|percentage = 6.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Mahato
|votes = 2,162
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Thuru Mahato
|votes = 1,511
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dhiren Rajak
|votes = 1,199
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Mulnibasi Party of India
|candidate = Upendranath Mahato
|votes = 1,104
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All Jharkhand Students Union
|candidate = Dhirendra Nath Rajak
|votes = 696
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Binay Mahato
|votes = 651
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Subrata Mukherjee
|votes = 642
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Alok Pancharia
|votes = 625
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anita Mahato
|votes = 488
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,974
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 182,528
|percentage = 80.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

In the 2011 elections, Kamakshya Prasad Singh Deo of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Koushik Majumder of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Purulia<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25242.htm|title = Purulia |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results| publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=242| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070310/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=242| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Purulia| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Purulia |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Kamakshya Prasad Singh Deo
|votes = 83,396
|percentage = 53.95
|change = +8.49#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Koushik Majumdar
|votes = 56,909
|percentage = 36.81
|change = -13.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Panchkari Mukherjee
|votes = 3,630
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Sanat Sao
|votes = 2,705
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Sohan Rajowar
|votes = 2,386
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dhiren Rajak
|votes = 2,241
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All Jharkhand Students Union
|candidate = Naran Sahis
|votes = 1,915
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Thuru Mahato
|votes = 140
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 154,589
|percentage = 80.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 22.38#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===

In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections, Nikhil Mukherjee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Purulia assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Dr. Sukumar Roy of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and Kamakshya Prasad Singh Deo of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Mamata Mukherjee of CPI(M) defeated Sukumar Roy of Congress in 1996, 1991 and 1987. Sukumar Roy of [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] defeated Mahadeb Mukherjee of CPI(M) in 1982. Mahadeb Mukherjee of CPI(M) defeated Sanat Kumar Mukherjee, Independent, in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp239.htm |title = 239 - Purulia Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-26 }}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Sanat Kumar Mukherjee of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Bibhuti Bhusan Dasgupta of Lok Sewak Sangh/ Independent won in 1969 and 1967. Tara Pada Roy of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] Purulia was a joint seat with one seat reserved for SC. Nakul Chandra Sahis, Independent, and [[Labanya Prabha Ghosh]], Independent, won in 1957.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purulia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purulia district]]
[[Category:Purulia]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

When I Hit You: Or, A Portrait of the Writer as a Young Wife

2026-04-05T22:13:06Z

IndiaTurney9471: creating new article

{{Short description|2020 novel by Meena Kandasamy}}
{{Infobox book
| name = When I Hit You: Or, A Portrait of a Writer as a Young Wife
| image = MeenaKandasamy.jpg
| author = [[Meena Kandasamy]]
| language = English
| genre = [[Autofiction]]
| publisher = [[Atlantic Books]]
| pub_date = May 4th, 2017
| pages = 249
| isbn = 9781786491268
}}
'''''When I Hit You: Or, a Portrait of a Writer as a Young Wife''''' is a 2020 novel by [[Meena Kandasamy]] that is set in modern-day India. It explores domestic violence and survival through a feminist lens, showcasing how the patriarchy silences women.

''When I Hit You'' follows an unnamed narrator retelling the story of her four-month marriage and how she was able to survive it. The narrator is an academic and a writer, who marries a communist college professor studying Marxism. The novel follows her becoming increasingly isolated from her friends, family, and working life while finding her own methods of coping as her husband bullies her into becoming his idea of an obedient wife. The marriage that she originally fell into as a respite from heartbreak turns deeply abusive, with this story covering some of the darkest moments with her ex-husband.

After its debut, it was shortlisted for the [[Women's Prize for Fiction]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Passmore |first=Lynsey |date=2018-04-25 |title=Revealing the 2018 Women's Prize shortlist… |url=https://womensprize.com/revealing-the-2018-womens-prize-shortlist/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Women's Prize |language=en-US}}</ref> and the [[Jhalak Prize]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 |url=https://www.jhalakprize.com/2018 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Jhalak Prize |language=en}}</ref> along with being longlisted for the [[Dylan Thomas Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Longlist - Swansea University |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/archive/2018-longlist/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.swansea.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The story opens to the narrator in her home, Primrose Villa, in the town of Mangalore, which is where her and her husband moved after their marriage. The relocation is because of the husband’s new job as a professor for a local college, where our narrator hopes to work as well once the new semester starts. This move to a costal town is the first step in isolating the narrator from those she loves.

The husband continues to take the isolation further, first by forcing the narrator to deactivate her [[Facebook]], then by convincing her to share her email password with him by showing how he signs his emails with both of their names. Later, she learns he has been answering her emails for her, and she feels as though she is losing her identity as a writer and a person. This only worsens when she learns she will not be able to teach at school. Her husband does allow her to lecture in his course, but the students exchange notes about her messy hair and appearance. She shares this with her husband, but he blames her.

The deactivation of her Facebook account has taken a serious toll on her career as a writer because that was her main form of networking. He continues to take the isolation further, restricting her internet use to three hours a day under his supervision. He justifies his abuse with Marxist and anti-capitalist rhetoric. When he is away from home, she writes letters to imagined lovers, deleting them before he can see. This helps her cope and creates a sense of control.

Through flashbacks, we learn of the narrator’s previous relationship with a politician. The politician made her keep the relationship a secret because he thought being a bachelor made him more trustworthy to the voters. She was deeply in love with him, although he was significantly older, but there were many rumors of him sleeping with other woman. Despite this, the relationship continues until he ends up in the hospital because of an emergency. Not only is she the last to know, but when she arrives, he refuses to even acknowledge her. This breaks her heart, and she realizes that she deserves better from a relationship.

Her husband takes it upon himself to delete all the narrator’s emails, causing her to lose her writing contacts, drafts, and important messages. His abuse escalates; he calls her derogatory terms and begins physically abusing her. He beats her with objects like her MacBook cord and his belt. He hits her and kicks her. Whenever she tries to bring up the abuse to her parents, they tell her to keep her head down and stick it out. She tries to take their advice, but it only gets worse. He uses her sexual past to humiliate her and brutally rapes her, forcing her to take no pleasure from sex, using it as a corrective measure and to try to disable her.

After four months, he feels that it is time for her to have his baby. The last thing she wants is to bring a child into a home she feels so unsafe in. He begins to threaten to kill her. This and the thought of a child is her breaking point. She calls her parents and tells them all the horrible truths of her marriage, including the threats of murder. They tell her if he threatens her life again, she must leave and come to them. She instigates a fight while emasculating him, causing him to smash her face into the ground while beating her. Afterward, she finds an opportunity to escape and runs to her parents.

She seeks legal repercussions for her ex-husband but finds it is more difficult than imagined. He is asked to resign but finds a new job quickly and eventually becomes an activist and gets a new girlfriend. The narrator fears becoming controlled by another man, although she does want true love. Eventually, she leaves town to find a new path. She will always write as it gives her an escape and a home.

== Principal characters ==
The Wife: She is the unnamed narrator of the story who is a young, educated, aspiring writer. After she is heartbroken from a two-year affair with a politician, she meets and marries a man who isolates and abuses her.

The Husband: A university lecturer and Marxist scholar, he is married to the narrator and becomes increasingly abusive and manipulative as the novel continues.

The Wife’s Parents: Middle-class Tamil couple who encourage their daughter to make the marriage to her husband work, until the end of the novel where they become her escape.

== Major themes and motifs ==

=== Writing as an act of healing ===
After leaving the abusive marriage, the narrator writes about her marriage in a magazine, using the act of writing to help her heal. Leaving everything on the page allows her to share her trauma while also coming to new realizations. The novel shows how the narrator can channel the hurt they felt from the marriage into their art, like the love letters written to imaginary lovers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balachandran |first=Indu |date=2024-07-04 |title=Resilience through Autofiction: The art of Writing Back in Meena Kandasamy's When I Hit You: The Portrait of the Writer as a Young Wife. |url=https://doi.org/10.53555/ks.v10i1.3176 |journal=Kurdish Studies |pages=85–88 |doi=10.53555/ks.v10i1.3176}}</ref>

=== Domestic violence ===
Domestic violence is a prevalent issue all over the world, but in India a significant amount of women have experienced it due to the patriarchal system and cultural norms. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005 was put in place to protect women from all types of abuse because it was estimated “that 40% of women experience abuse at the hands of a partner.”<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Domestic violence against women in India: A systematic review of a decade of quantitative studies|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1119293|journal=Global Public Health|date=2016-02-17|issn=1744-1692|pages=498–513|volume=12|issue=4|doi=10.1080/17441692.2015.1119293|first=Ameeta|last=Kalokhe|first2=Carlos|last2=del Rio|first3=Kristin|last3=Dunkle|first4=Rob|last4=Stephenson|first5=Nicholas|last5=Metheny|first6=Anuradha|last6=Paranjape|first7=Seema|last7=Sahay|pmc=4988937}}</ref> But it doesn’t protect against everything. If you are over the age of fifteen, nonconsensual sexual intercourse between you and your husband is not defined as rape.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marital Rape: A Non-criminalized Crime in India – Harvard Human Rights Journal|url=https://journals.law.harvard.edu/hrj/2019/01/marital-rape-a-non-criminalized-crime-in-india/|website=journals.law.harvard.edu|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref>

The narrator of ''When I Hit You'' endures the violence of her husband, a Marxist scholar, in their four month marriage. It starts with her being isolated from her support system after moving cities for his job, and continues to escalate. He verbally, physically, and emotionally abuses her, taking away every aspect of her freedom.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Submission to Subversion: An Analytical Study of Meena Kandasamy's 'When I Hit You: Or, A Portrait of the Writer as a Young Wife'|url=https://tpls.academypublication.com/index.php/tpls/article/view/5027|journal=Theory and Practice in Language Studies|date=2022-11-03|issn=2053-0692|volume=12|issue=11|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240702192106/https://tpls.academypublication.com/index.php/tpls/article/view/5027|archive-date=2024-07-02|language=en|first=Purnachandra Rao|last=Alapati|last2=Venkata Raghu Ram Mantri|first3=Kalpana Devi|last3=G|last4=Subba Rao V. V.}}</ref> Kandasamy also deals with the question asked of many domestic violence victims; why didn’t they leave? She paints it as not only a story of abuse, but also one of figuring out how to get out of the intense isolation she is in.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Feminist Study in Meena Kandasamy's Novels 'When I Hit You: Or, A Portrait of a Writer as a Young Wife' and "The Gypsy Goddess|last=Kashyap|first=Tanu|date=2018|journal=Research Journal of English Language and Literature|issue=3|volume=6|url=http://www.rjelal.com/6.3.18/66-77%20Dr.%20TANU%20%20KASHYAP.pdf}}</ref>

=== Patriarchal social structures ===
Indian society typically views marriage as the goal for all woman, putting them in the housewife position to bear children and care for their husband. The narrator in ''When I Hit You'' is forced to stay silent and perform these duties while being abused and violated by her husband. Kandasamy highlights the gender bias of society through her novel, showing the toll it takes on the wives stuck in these marriages and how common it is. When the narrator converses with her parents about her abuse, they tell her to stay quiet and make the marriage work, a great example of how much blame is put on the wife about marital problems.<ref name=":0" />

== Background ==
Meena Kandasamy wrote this book because of her own personal experience with marital violence during the writing of her [[debut novel]], ''The Gypsy Goddess.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Gypsy Goddess|last=Kandasamy|first=Meena|date=April 1, 2014|publisher=4th Harper|isbn=9789351160274}}</ref> After finishing that book, she felt the need to write about something that she had directly been a part of. Although the book is not a direct copy of what happened in her own experience, it is her memories of the situation she was in. She leaves the narrator unnamed and mostly undescribed so that any woman can imagine themselves in that story.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News,News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture|url=https://thewire.in/books/meena-kandasamy-marital-violence|website=thewire.in|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:2017 novels]]

Chandrabhanu Paswan

2026-04-04T04:06:22Z

IndiaTurney9471: added a info w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Chandrabhanu Paswan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| website =
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]]
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Awadhesh Prasad]]
| successor =
}}

'''Chandrabhanu Paswan'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrabhanu Paswan: कौन हैं मिल्कीपुर के नए विधायक? पहली बार में ही सपा को दे दी दमदार पटखनी - Chandrabhanu Paswan Who is new MLA of Milkipur contested elections for first time defeated SP Ajit Prasad |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-chandrabhanu-paswan-who-is-new-mla-of-milkipur-contested-elections-for-first-time-defeated-sp-ajit-prasad-23880871.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 2025 representing [[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-08|title=LIVE Counting! Milkipur Bypoll Election Result: BJP set to return in Ayodhya as Chandrabhanu Paswan takes early lead|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-counting-milkipur-bypoll-election-result-2025-bjp-set-to-return-in-ayodhya-chandrabhanu-paswan-lead-3131423/amp|access-date=2025-02-08|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-08|title=
Milkipur Bypoll Election Results Live: BJP inches towards win in Ayodhya with lead of over 22,000 votes against SP|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/milkipur-bypoll-election-result-2025-bjp-samajwadi-party-vote-counting-chandrabhan-paswan-ajeet-prasad-up/amp_liveblog/118043838.cms|access-date=2025-02-08|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Milkipur Assembly bypoll results 2025: BJP’s Chandrabhanu Paswan leads by over 22,000 votes against SP’s Ajit Prasad">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=8 February 2025 |title=Milkipur bypoll results: BJP scores impressive victory for U.P. Assembly seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/milkipur-assembly-bypoll-results-samajwadi-party-bjp-february-8-2025/article69194998.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208174049/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/milkipur-assembly-bypoll-results-samajwadi-party-bjp-february-8-2025/article69194998.ece |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Milkipur bypoll Results - February 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Milkipur bypoll Results - February 2025 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeFeb2025/candidateswise-S24273.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208174225/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeFeb2025/candidateswise-S24273.htm |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BJP clinches emphatic win in Milkipur bypoll, defeats SP by over 61,000 votes">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BJP clinches emphatic win in Milkipur bypoll, defeats SP by over 61,000 votes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Feb/08/bjp-clinches-emphatic-win-in-milkipur-bypoll-defeats-sp-by-over-61000-votes |access-date=8 February 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=8 February 2025 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paswan, Chandrabhanu}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ayodhya]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Nishadas

2026-03-14T13:10:06Z

IndiaTurney9471: small fix

{{Short description|Ancient Indian tribe}}
{{Distinguish|Niṣāda|Nishada (moth)|Nishadha}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=April 2013}}
'''Nishada''' (''{{IAST|niṣāda}}'') is a tribe mentioned in ancient Indian literature (such as the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''). The ancient texts mention several kingdoms ruled by this tribe.<ref name="IVK">{{cite book|last1=Gopal|first1=Ram|title=India of Vedic Kalpasūtras|date=1983|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9780895816351|page=116|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjcpAAAAYAAJ&q=Nishada+kingdom|access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>

In the Mahabharata, the Nishadas are described as hunters, fishermen, mountaineers or raiders that have the hills and the forests as their abode.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-03 |title=Nishada, Niṣāda, Nisāda, Nisada, Nisha-ada: 24 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/nishada |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Their origin is associated with a king called [[Vena (Hindu King)|Vena]] who became a slave to wrath and malice, and became unrighteous. Sages killed him for his malice and wrongdoings.<ref name="VV1">{{cite book|last1=Anand|last2=Sekhar|first2=Rukmini|title=Vyasa and Vighneshwara|date=2000|publisher=Katha|isbn=9788187649076|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV1hRu-gj1QC&q=Nishada+Kingdom+eklavya&pg=PA31|access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> [[Ekalavya]] is stated to be an archer of a Nishada tribe in the text.<ref name="man12">{{cite book |last1=Manish Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHBwBgAAQBAJ&q=krishna+killed+eklavya&pg=PT1 |title=Eklavya |date=January 1, 2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9789351861447}}</ref> In the epic [[Ramayana]], a king named [[Guha (Ramayana)|Guha]] of the Nishada clan assists [[Rama]] during his period of exile.

== Identity ==

In the earliest of the Indo-Aryan texts, the term "Nishada" may have been used as a generic term for all indigenous non-Aryan tribes rather than a single tribe.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|pp=67-68}} This is suggested by the fact that according to [[Yaska]]'s ''[[Nirukta]]'', [[Aupamanyava]] explains the [[Rigveda]] term "[[pancha-janah]]" ("five peoples") as the four [[varna in Hinduism|varnas]] of the Indo-Aryan society and the Nishadas.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=68}}

Linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|S. K. Chatterji]] notes that the Nishadas appear to be different from the [[Dasa]]s and the Dasyus, which are the other non-Aryan people mentioned in the Vedic texts. Historian [[Ramaprasad Chanda]] identifies the Nishadas as the original speakers of the [[Munda languages]]. N. K. Dutt also identifies with them pre-[[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] peoples of India, who presumably spoke a language belonging to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic family]], the parent family of the Munda languages.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=69}}

The Nishadas are sometimes confused with the [[Nishadha kingdom|Nisadhas]] ([[IAST]]: Niṣādha), who were a distinct, Indo-Aryan tribe.<ref>{{cite book |author=Haripada Chakraborti |title=Vedic India: political and legal institutions in Vedic literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6-NAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |quote=The Niṣādhas, residing in the Niṣādha country were obviously Aryan tribes and they should not be confused with the Niṣāda, the non-Aryan tribe.}}</ref>

== Physical appearance ==

The ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' of the ''Mahabharata'' describes the Nishadas having dark skin colour similar to that of charred wood, black hair, [[blood red]]-coloured eyes, and short limbs. The later texts such as the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' also emphasize the dark skin colour of the Nishadas. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' mentions the Nishadas as having copper-coloured hair, high [[cheekbone]]s, and low-tipped nose.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=68}}

== Occupation ==

Various ancient texts associate the Nishadas with [[hunting]] and [[fishing]].{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|pp=73-74}}

Nishadas are presented as hunters in the ''[[Bala Kanda]]'' of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Utpala's 8th century commentary on the ''[[Brihat Samhita]]'', and the [[Dharmasutra]]s of Vaikhanasa and Ushanas. The ''[[Adi Parva]]'' of the ''Mahabharata'' describes the Nishada prince ''[[Ekalavya]]'' as the son of an archer, which suggests that [[archery]] was a hereditary trait of the Nishadas.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=74}}

The ''[[Manusmriti]]'' and the ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mention fishing as the profession of the Nishadas.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=73}} The ''[[Vishnu Smriti]]'' also seems to consider subsistence on fishing a characteristic of the Nishadas, as attested by Nanda-pandita's commentary on the text and the ''[[Kathasaritsagara|Katha-sarit-sagara]]''.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|pp=73-74}}

The ''[[Raghuvamsha]]'' presents the Nishada as [[boatmen]]. The ''Ayodhya Kanda'' of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', which mentions the Nishada as the name of an occupational [[caste system in India|caste]] ([[jāti]]), states that the Nishada king helped [[Rama]] cross the [[Ganges River]]. The ''[[Harivamsha]]'' states that the Nishadas collected gems and jewels from the river beds.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=74}}

Maskarin's commentary on [[Apastamba Dharmasutra|Gautama]] ''Dharmasutra'' suggests that elephant-training was another occupation associated with the Nishadas. This is also corroborated the use of the term "Nishadin" to describe an elephant-keeper in [[Banabhatta|Bana]]'s ''[[Harshacharita|Harsha-charita]]'' and [[Magha (poet)|Magha]]'s ''[[Shishupala Vadha|Shishupala-vadha]]''.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=74}}

Several ancient texts present the Nishadas as progeny of parents from different occupational classes, called the [[varna in Hinduism|varnas]] (see [[#Social status|Social status]] section below). However, such classifications are not indicative of the contemporary occupations of the Nishadas: rather, they appear to be a legal attempt to define the status of the Nishadas relative to the other varnas, so that the varna-specific laws could be applied to them.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=73}}

== Relations with the early Indo-Aryans ==

The Nishadas appear to have been among the first [[indigenous peoples|indigenous tribes]] encountered by the [[Indo-Aryans]] in India. Most of the other indigenous tribes find few mentions in the [[Vedas|Vedic texts]]. The Nishadas appear in these texts several times, and as a full-fledged tribe within the Indo-Aryan social framework.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=67}}

''[[Aitareya Brahmana]]'', an early text, describes the Nishadas as raiders operating in the forests. However, the later [[Shrauta]] texts suggest that they were gradually assimilated into the Indo-Aryan society, and were not considered as [[untouchability|untouchable]] at this time.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=69}} For example:

* The ''Apastamba-Shrauta-Sutra'' and the ''Latyayana-Shrauta-Sutra'' indicate that the Nishadas lived in villages: the performance of the ''Vishvajit'' Vedic ritual sacrifice required the performer to live with the Nishadas for three nights, and share their food.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=69}}
* The ''Shrauta-Sutras'' of Apastamba, Katyayana, and Varaha, mention the participation of Nishadas in a sacrificial ceremony: A Nishada official (''sthapati'') makes offerings to fire to propitiate the deity [[Rudra]], although this ceremony does not involving chanting of the Vedic [[mantra]]s.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=69}}
* The ''Manava-Shrauta-Sutra'' explicitly prescribes a Shrauta (Vedic) sacrifice for a Nishada chief.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=69}}
* The ''Satyashadha-Shrauta-Sutra'' mentions a Nishada (a Nishada chief according to a commentary) in connection with the [[agnihotra]] and darsha-purna-masa rituals.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=69}}
* The [[Purva Mimamsa Sutras|Purva-Mimamsa-Sutra]] of [[Jaimini]] discusses if the Nishada ''sthapati'' involved in the above-mentioned rituals should be a tribal chief or a person from one of the three higher [[varna in Hinduism|varnas]] ("traivarnika"). It concludes that the ''sthapati'' should be a tribal chief.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|pp=69-70}}
* The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' mentions them among the groups whom the Vedic priests taught ''[[Itihasa]]'', the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', the art of snake-charming (''sarpa-vidya''), and [[demonology]] (''deva-jana-vidya''). The other groups included the [[Asura]]s, the [[Gandharva]]s, the ''selaga''s (possibly robbers or thieves), the snake-charmers, the bird-catchers etc.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=70}}

These references suggest that the Indo-Aryans made efforts to assimilate the Nishadas into their own social order, but the Vedic ritual status granted to the Nishadas was limited in nature. Historian [[Ramaprasad Chanda]] speculates that the Nishadas were too numerous and too powerful to be eliminated, enslaved, or expelled by the Indo-Aryans: this may explain the limited attempts to assimilate them.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=70}}

It is possible that only the high-class among the Nishadas were inducted into the Indo-Aryan society, while the majority of them remained unassimilated. [[Panini (grammarian)|Panini]]'s ''Ganapatha'' mentions a [[gotra]] called Nishada, which according to scholar [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi|D. D. Kosambi]], suggests that some tribal priests were assimilated as [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]] in the Indo-Aryan society.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|pp=71-72}}

== Social status ==

The ''Rudra Adhyaya'' of the ancient ''[[Yajurveda]]'' ''[[Samhita]]'' shows reverence to the Nishadas, among others.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=67}}

Nevertheless, the Nishadas held a low status in the Indo-Aryan society:{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=76}}

* [[Yaska]]'s ''[[Nirukta]]'' excludes the Nishadas from the four [[varna in Hinduism|varnas]] of the Indo-Aryan society, quoting [[Aupamanyava]].{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|pp=68, 70}} The text explains the meaning of the word "Nishada" as a being in whom "sin or evil sits down".{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=70}}
* ''[[Baudhayana sutras|Baudhayana Dharmasutra]]'' and ''[[Arthashastra]]'' state that a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]]'s son from a [[Shudra]] woman should inherit one-tenth of his father's property. Both these texts describe Nishadas as progeny of Brahmana men and Shudra women, but do not apply the inheritance rule to the Nishadas. The ''Baudhayana Dharmasutra'' states that a Nishada son should not receive any inheritance, while the ''Arthashastra'' allows only a maintenance for a Nishada son.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=73}}
* The ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' states that the Nishada originated from the pierced thigh of the tyrant king [[Vena (Hindu king)|Vena]].{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=70}}

In what appears to be an attempt to define the status of the Nishadas in the [[varna in Hinduism|varna system]], several ancient texts present them as progeny of parents from different varnas. This appears to have been done for legal purposes, since a person's varna status determined how the contemporary law treated them.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|pp=72-73}} For example:

* Multiple sources describe the Nishadas as the children of [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] men and their [[Shudra]] wives. These texts include ''[[Baudhayana sutras|Baudhayana Dharmasutra]]'', ''[[Arthashastra]]'', ''[[Vashistha Dharmasutra]]'', ''[[Manusmriti]]'', ''[[Yajnavalkya Smriti]]'', and the ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' (48.5) of ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=72}}
* [[Apastamba Dharmasutra|Gautama]], according to his commentators Maskarin and Haradatta, describes the Nishadas as the progeny of a Brahmana father and a [[Vaishya]] mother.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|pp=72-73}}
* The ''Anushasana Parva'' (48.12) and the ''[[Naradasmriti]]'' describe the Nishadas as of mixed [[Kshatriya]] and Shudra parentage.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=73}}

Gradually, the Nishadas were relegated to the status of untouchables in the Indo-Aryan society.{{sfn|Vivekanand Jha|1974|p=73}}

==Description in Ramayana==
The main profession of Nishadas was fishing and hunting. According to one telling, once, a Nishada had killed one bird from a pair, causing the other bird to be aggrieved by its loss and experience the pangs of pain. Observing this deep pain inspired the sage [[Valmiki]] to write about the legend of king [[Rama]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] and his dutiful wife queen [[Sita]], who lived in separation due to her capture by the [[rakshasa]] king [[Ravana]].<ref>Ramayana by Valmiki, [[Gita Press]] publication, Gorakhpur, India{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> In the Ramayana, the king of the Nishadas, named Guha, is stated to be an ally of Rama. He helps Rama and Sita to cross the [[Ganges]] river near [[Shringverpur|Shringiverapura]].

[[File:Guha, King of the hunter tribe (Nishadas) helped the rama and his companions to cross the river.jpg|thumb|Painting of Guha helping Rama to cross the river Ganga]]

== References in Mahabharata ==
The [[Mahabharata]] speaks of Nishaada as forest hunters and fishermen.<ref>The Cultural Process in India by Irawati Karve, Vol. 51, Oct., 1951 (Oct., 1951), pp. 135-138</ref> Nishadas were mentioned as tribes that have the hills and the forests for their abode and fishing as their chief occupation. They ruled over the hills, plains, land and dominated over the water. They were linked with a king called [[Vena (Hindu King)|Vena]] (see [[Saraswata kingdom]]) (12,58). Nishadas lived in hamlets (12,328).{{citation needed|reason = please provide a link to the source text; Mahabharata is public domain and several translations are available online |date=August 2013}}

Aushmikas, and '''Nishadas''', and Romakas were mentioned as bringing tribute to king [[Yudhishthira]] during his [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice (2,50).

=== Nishada kingdom of Ekalavya ===

[[Ekalavya]] was the son of Hiranyadhanus, king of the Nishadas (1,134). He came to [[Hastinapura]] to join the [[Kuru kingdom|military school]] of [[Drona]].
Ekalavya's kingdom was the most famous Nishada kingdom during the time of the [[Pandavas]]. This kingdom was visited by [[Sahadeva]] during his military campaign to the south, to collect tribute for [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice;- [[Sahadeva]], the Kuru warrior, conquered the country of the '''Nishadas''' and also the high hill called Gosringa, and that lord of earth called Srenimat (2,30). Nishada and Srenimat were mentioned together again at (5,4).

Ekalavya, the king of the Nishadas, always used to challenge [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]] to battle; but he was slain by Krishna in battle (5,48), (7-178,179) (16,6).

[[Arjuna]] had come to Nishada kingdom of Ekalavya, after the [[Kurukshetra War]], to collect tribute for [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Ashwamedha]] sacrifice.

[[Arjuna]] proceeded to the dominions of the Nishada king, viz., the son of Ekalavya. The son of Ekalavya received Arjuna in battle. The encounter that took place between the Kuru hero and the Nishadas was furious. Unvanquished in battle, the valiant son of Kunti defeated the Nishada king who proved an obstacle to the sacrifice. Having subjugated the son of Ekalavya, he proceeded towards the southern ocean. (14,83).

=== Nishadas on the banks of Saraswati ===

A spot named Vinasana on the banks of [[Sarasvati River]] is mentioned as the gate to the kingdom of the Nishadas.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} There the river is completely dried up and exist as a dry river channel (3,130).{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} [[Pandava]]s were led to this place by their guide viz sage Lomasa, during their pilgrimage all over India.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

=== Nishada kingdom in the South India ===

This kingdom was visited by [[Sahadeva]] during his military campaign to the south, to collect tribute for [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice;- After defeating the [[Danda kingdom|Dandakas]] ([[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]]) the Kuru warrior, [[Sahadeva]] vanquished and brought under his subjection numberless kings of the Mlechchha tribe living on the sea coast, and the '''Nishadas''' and the cannibals and even the Karnapravarnas, and those tribes also called the Kalamukhas (2,30).

This Nishada's battled for the sake of [[Pandavas]] in the [[Kurukshetra War]]: The [[Dravida kingdom|Dravida]], the [[Andhra kingdom|Andhaka]], and the '''Nishada''' foot-soldiers, urged on by [[Satyaki]], once more rushed towards [[Karna]] in that battle ([[Kurukshetra War]]) (8,49).

===Nishada kingdom of Manimat===

Manimat had his kingdom to the south of [[Kosala kingdom|Kosala]]. This kingdom was visited by [[Bhima]] during his military campaign to the east, to collect tribute for [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice;- After conquering [[Vatsa kingdom|Vatsabhumi]] [[Bhima]] defeated the king of the Bhargas, as also the ruler of the Nishadas viz Manimat and numerous other kings (2,29). This kingdom is possibly the [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The famous Nishada king named Guha who befriended the [[Kosala kingdom|Kosala]] prince [[Raghava Rama]] was also the king of this kingdom.

===Nishada kingdom close to Kalinga and Vanga===

A prince named Ketumat is mentioned as battling along with the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]s against [[Bhima]], in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. He was mentioned as the son of the Nishada king. He could be the son of Manimat the Nishada king, who was defeated formerly by [[Bhima]]. Ketumat was slain by [[Bhima]] along with the Kalinga heroes (6,54).

The [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]], the [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]], and the '''Nishada''' heroes, riding on elephants were said to attack [[Arjuna]] in [[Kurukshetra War]] (8,17).

Mekalas (a kingdom close to [[Dakshina Kosala kingdom]], in [[Chathisgad]]) and Utkalas (western [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]), and [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]s, and '''Nishadas''' and Tamraliptakas (south of [[West Bengal]]), were mentioned as advancing against [[Nakula]] (8,22). The Kalingas, the [[Vanga kingdom|Vangas]], the [[Anga kingdom|Angas]], the '''Nishadas''' and the [[Magadha kingdom|Magadhas]] were mentioned together on the Kaurava side at (8,70).

=== Nishadas in Kurukshetra War ===

==== On Pandava side ====

Nishadas were mentioned as battling for the sake of [[Pandavas]] along with the Pauravakas and Patachcharas; at(6,50). The southern Nishadas were also mentioned in the army of [[Pandavas]] (8,49).

==== On Kaurava side ====

Nishada prince Ketumat was mentioned who was slain by [[Bhima]] along with the Kalinga heroes (6,54). Nishada army was mentioned to fight for the sake of [[Kauravas]] at various instances (6-118), (7,44), (8-17,20,22,60,70). [[Bhima]] is said to slay a Nishada prince (other than Ketumat) at (8,60).

===A mountain range named Nishada===

A mountain range in ancient India is named ''Nishada'', mentioned along with other mountains like Meru, Mahendra, Malaya, Sweta, Sringavat, Mandara, Nila Dardurna, Chitrakuta, Anjanabha, the Gandhamadana mountains and the sacred Somagiri (13,165).

===Nishada as a musical note===

Shadaja, Rishabha, together with Gandhara, Madhyama, and likewise Panchama; after this should be known Nishada, and then Dhaivata (14,50). The seven original notes are Shadja, Rishabha, Gandhara, Mahdhyama, Panchama, Dhaivata and Nishada (12,183).

=== Other references ===
*Swords of excellent quality were manufactured in the country of the Nishadas. Pandavas possessed such swords (2,42).
*The Utpalas, the Mekalas, the Paundras, the Kalingas, the Andhras, the Nishadas etc. were mentioned as defeated by [[Karna]] (7,4).
* The story of a robber of the name of Kayavya, born of a Kshatriya father and a Nishada mother is mentioned at (12,134).
*In a remote region in the midst of the ocean, the Nishadas have their fair home (1,28).
*Nishada king is equated with an Asura tribe called Krodhavardhana (1,67)
*In Indian music, Nishada is the seventh note ([[swara]]) of the octave.

==See also==
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Vivekanand Jha |chapter=From tribe to untouchable: the case of Niṣādas |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=Indian Society: Historical Probings in memory of D. D. Kosambi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI5hGgAACAAJ |year=1974 |orig-year=1958 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research / People's Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7007-176-1 }}
*[[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]], ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883–1896.
{{refend}}

{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Adivasi]]
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Karakoram]]

Vettikkunnel church

2026-03-09T21:36:07Z

IndiaTurney9471: redirect

#redirect[[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese#Parishes]]

Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh

2026-03-09T12:12:27Z

IndiaTurney9471: Added New Bio

{{Short description|City in Uttar Pradesh India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lakhimpur
| native_name = लखीमपुर
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Lakhimpur Skyline.jpeg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Lakhimpur city
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.95|N|80.77|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Lord Shri Krishna
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=::Welcome to Nagar Palika Parishad Lakhimpur Kheri :: |url=http://www.npplakhimpur.in/en/AboutNagarPalika_Eng.aspx |website=www.npplakhimpur.in |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128165932/http://npplakhimpur.in/en/AboutNagarPalika_Eng.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.10
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 151993<ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=1 October 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
[[English language|English]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]
| postal_code = 262701<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.app/lakhimpur-s-o-Pin-Code-262701|title=Pin Code: Lakhimpur, Kheri, Uttar Pradesh is 262701 | |website=pincode.app}}</ref>
| registration_plate = UP-31
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Lakhimpur Kheri
}}
'''Lakhimpur''' is a city and a [[municipal board]] in the [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Lakhimpur is located at {{Coord|27.95|N|80.77|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Lakhimpur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Lakhimpur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|147|m}}.

* Latitude : 27.6 to 28.6 (North)
* Longitude : 80.34 to 81.30 (East)

It shares its boundaries with<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://kheri.nic.in/Forms/profile.htm |title=Profile |access-date=9 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173117/http://kheri.nic.in/Forms/profile.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> –
* North – [[Nepal]]
* West – [[Shahjahanpur]] districts
* South – [[Hardoi]] & [[Sitapur]] district
* East – [[Bahraich]] district.

Its main rivers are [[Sharda River|Sharda]], [[Ghaghara]], Koriyala, Ull, [[Sarayan river|Sarayan]], Chauka, [[Gomti River|Gomti]], [[Kathana]], [[Sarayu|Saryu]] and [[Mohana River|Mohana]].

==Climate==
The climate is hot throughout the year except the rainy seasons. In winter, nights are very cold. Fog is very common in this season.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

* Winter: November to February 30 °C to 0 °C
* Summer: March to June 46 °C to 20 °C
* Rainy Season: July to October 35 °C to 20 °C
* Rainfall: 1400 mm (Normal)

{{Weather box
|location = Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh (1991–2020, extremes 1951–2020)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 32.1
| Feb record high C = 34.2
| Mar record high C = 42.2
| Apr record high C = 47.6
| May record high C = 47.0
| Jun record high C = 47.3
| Jul record high C = 43.4
| Aug record high C = 42.0
| Sep record high C = 40.0
| Oct record high C = 39.4
| Nov record high C = 35.3
| Dec record high C = 31.4
|year record high C = 47.6
| Jan high C = 20.2
| Feb high C = 25.4
| Mar high C = 31.1
| Apr high C = 36.8
| May high C = 38.4
| Jun high C = 36.8
| Jul high C = 33.6
| Aug high C = 33.3
| Sep high C = 33.4
| Oct high C = 32.4
| Nov high C = 28.5
| Dec high C = 23.1
|year high C = 31.1
| Jan low C = 8.4
| Feb low C = 11.9
| Mar low C = 16.2
| Apr low C = 21.3
| May low C = 24.7
| Jun low C = 26.3
| Jul low C = 25.9
| Aug low C = 25.8
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 20.5
| Nov low C = 14.5
| Dec low C = 9.9
|year low C = 19.0
| Jan record low C = 1.0
| Feb record low C = 3.4
| Mar record low C = 7.4
| Apr record low C = 11.1
| May record low C = 16.7
| Jun record low C = 15.0
| Jul record low C = 19.2
| Aug record low C = 20.3
| Sep record low C = 18.0
| Oct record low C = 12.8
| Nov record low C = 6.1
| Dec record low C = 3.5
|year record low C = 2.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 14.6
| Feb rain mm = 19.0
| Mar rain mm = 6.7
| Apr rain mm = 2.6
| May rain mm = 34.6
| Jun rain mm = 140.6
| Jul rain mm = 205.8
| Aug rain mm = 225.9
| Sep rain mm = 144.9
| Oct rain mm = 16.7
| Nov rain mm = 0.9
| Dec rain mm = 7.1
|year rain mm = 819.3
| Jan rain days = 1.2
| Feb rain days = 1.6
| Mar rain days = 0.8
| Apr rain days = 0.4
| May rain days = 2.2
| Jun rain days = 5.5
| Jul rain days = 9.4
| Aug rain days = 9.3
| Sep rain days = 6.2
| Oct rain days = 0.8
| Nov rain days = 0.2
| Dec rain days = 0.5
|year rain days = 38.0
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 69
| Feb humidity = 59
| Mar humidity = 47
| Apr humidity = 43
| May humidity = 44
| Jun humidity = 58
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 68
| Nov humidity = 64
| Dec humidity = 69
|year humidity = 62
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Kheri- Lakhimpur Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 417–418
| access-date = 22 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M218
| access-date = 22 September 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Government and politics==
* 2 Parliamentary Constituencies – [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (विन) and [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* Member of Parliament of [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)]] - [[Utkarsh Verma]]
* Member of Parliament of [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)]] - [[Anand Bhadauriya]]
* 8 Assembly Constituencies – [[Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh|Mohammadi]], Gola Gokarannath, Kasta, Lakhimpur, Srinagar, Nighasan, Dhaurahara, Palia.
* 7 Tehsils – Lakhimpur, Mohammdi, Gola, Nighasan, Dhaurahra, [[Palia Kalan|Palia]], Mitauli
* 15 blocks – Lakhimpur, Behjam, Mitauli, Pasgawan, Mohammdi, Gola, Bankeyganj, Bijuwa, Paliya, Nighasan, Ramiyabehar, Issanagar, Dhaurahara, Nakaha, Phoolbehar.
* 4 Nagar Palikas – Lakhimpur, Gola, [[Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh|Mohammadi]], [[Palia Kalan|Palia]]
* 6 Town Areas – [[Kheri]], Oel, [[Mailani]], Barbar, Singahi, Dhaurahara.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Lakhimpur city had a total population of 151,993, of which 80,523 were males and 71,470 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 17,167. The total number of literates in Lakhimpur was 112,043, which constituted 73.7% of the population with male literacy of 76.9% and female literacy of 70.1%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Lakhimpur was 83.1%, of which male literacy rate was 86.8% and female literacy rate was 78.9%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 13,394 and 312 respectively. Lakhimpur had 28199 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Lakhimpur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=157334 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref>

===Languages===
Languages spoken here include Hindi, Urdu, and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], a vernacular in the [[Hindi language (generic)|Hindi]] [[dialect continuum]] spoken by over 38 million people, mainly in the [[Awadh]] region.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Awadhi: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=awa | access-date =28 September 2011 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher=SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Lakhimpur city
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Perfect
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|Hinduism|Orange|75.62}}
{{Bar percent|Islam|Green|22.29}}
{{Bar percent|Sikhism|Darkkhaki|1.06}}
{{Bar percent|Other|Black|1.03}}}}

==Economy==
[[File:Gola BHL TempleAndChimeny.jpg|thumb|left|Bajaj Hindustan Sugar Factory, Gola]]
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Lakhimpur Kheri one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is the largest district of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date= 5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Agriculture==
Known for its sugar cane industry, it satisfies a huge part of the world's sugar demands. Some of the biggest sugar mills are in the district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business.mapsofindia.com/sugar-industry/uttarpradesh.html|title=Uttar Pradesh Sugar Industry|website=business.mapsofindia.com}}</ref> Bajaj sugar mill in [[Gola Gokarannath|Gola Gokarnath]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bajajhindustan.com/home.htm |title=:: Bajaj hindusthan LTD. :: |access-date=9 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040419013558/http://bajajhindustan.com/home.htm |archive-date=19 April 2004 }}</ref> and Bajaj sugar mill in [[Palia Kalan]] and DSCL sugar mills (Ajbapur), kumbhi sugar mills kumbhi, (Mohammdi) are the four largest sugar mills in Asia. Balrampur Industries also runs its sugar mills from Lakhimpur. Lakhimpur is also famous for cottage industries of incense sticks.

==Industry==
The main industry which dominates Lakhimpur Kheri is the sugar industry. It houses various sugar industries ranging from small plants to big integrated sugar mills. There are many private, government and co-operative sugar mills in the region.
[[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL) is setting up a steel processing unit in Behjam, Lakhimpur at an estimated cost of {{INR}}85 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/|title=Share/Stock Market News - Latest NSE, BSE, Business News, Stock/Share Tips, Sensex Nifty, Commodity, Global Market News & Analysis|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>http://jpcindiansteel.nic.in/newsdetail.asp?mdate=2%2F24%2F2009 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> The processing unit will have an installed capacity of 100,000 tonnes per annum and produce TMT (thermo mechanically treated) bars from input material sourced from SAIL's integrated steel plants.Lakhimpur has GSDP of Rs 19459 cr.

==Education==
Education is available at the Junior and Senior Basic Schools, Senior Secondary Schools and college level.
[[File:Don Bosco College Lakhimpur.jpg|thumb|right|St. Don Bosco's College]]
Lakhimpur Kheri has a majority of small schools with limited enrollments. However the bigger ones include Lucknow Public School [[St. Don Bosco Inter College]] Lakhimpur Kheri and Pt. Deen Dayal upadhyay vidya mandir

==Tourism==
[[File:Katarniaghat Tree Hut.jpeg |thumb|right|Tree Hut at Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary]]
Dudhwa Tiger Reserve (DTR) has two core areas, [[Dudhwa National Park]]<ref>Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves – Page 211, {{ISBN|0-691-12219-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref> and [[Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary]], which were merged in 1987. Dudhwa National Park is known as the first National Park of the state after the formation of [[Uttarakhand]].

It is home to a large number of rare and endangered species including Tiger, Leopard cat, [[Rhinoceros]] (one-horned), Hispid hare, Elephants, Black deer, Swamp deer, etc.

A bird watchers' haven, Dudhwa is noted for its avian variety – about 400 species. Its swamps and several lakes attract varieties of waterfowl. Being close to the Himalayan foothills, Dudhwa also gets its regular winter visitors – the migratory water birds. The Banke Tal is perhaps the most popular spot for bird watchers. There are egrets, cormorants, herons and several species of duck, geese and teal.

[[File:Dudhwa Deep Forest.JPG|thumb|left|Dudhwa]]
'''Conservation History '''

The visit of [[Sir D.B. Brandis]] in 1860 to the area culminated in a {{convert|303|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}} forest area of the present day Dudhwa National Park being brought under the control of Government in 1861 for preservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/dudhwa.htm |title=Dudhwa Tiger Reserve-Project Tiger |access-date=15 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040510030350/http://projecttiger.nic.in/dudhwa.htm |archive-date=10 May 2004 }}</ref>
In Kheri District all the Sal and miscellaneous forests and grasslands in Khairigarh Pargana, between the [[Mohana River|Mohana]] and [[Suheli River|Suheli]] rivers, were included in the then North Kheri Forest Division. More areas were reserved for protection between 1867 and 1879 and added to the Division. The area of the Division was legally constituted as Reserved Forests in 1937.
[[File:Sharda Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Sharda River]]
The Sonaripur Sanctuary, comprising 15.7 km2, was created in 1958 to specifically protect swamp deer (Cervus duvaceli duvaceli). The area was too small and was later enlarged to 212 km2 and renamed as Dudhwa Sanctuary in 1968. Later, more area was added to the Sanctuary and in 1977, it was declared Dudhwa National Park. The total area of the Park was 616 km2 of which 490 km2 was the core zone and the balance of 124 km2 was a buffer zone.

The area was established in 1958 as a wildlife sanctuary. On 1 February 1977 wildlife sanctuary became a national park and after 11 years, in 1988, largely due to the efforts of [[Billy Arjan Singh]] it was established as a tiger reserve. Dudhwa Tiger Reserve lies on the India-Nepal border in the foothills of the Himalaya. Dudhwa Tiger Reserve was created in the year 1987–88 comprising Dudhwa National Park and Kishanpur Sanctuary (203.41 km2). With an addition of 66 km2 to the buffer zone in 1997, the present area of the Tiger Reserve is 884 km2. Distance from Lakhimpur railway station to Dudhwa is about 100 km by road.
'''Sharda Dam''' and '''Deer Park''' are other major attractions of Lakhimpur.

==Historical places==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2020}}

===Naseeruddin Memorial Hall===
[[East India Company]] built Willoughby Memorial Hall in 1924 in the memory of Sir Robert William Douglas Willoughby, Deputy Commissioner of Kheri. On 26 April 1936, Willoughby Memorial Library was established. Freedom Fighter Naseeruddin Mauzi Nagar and Rajnarayan Mishra shot the Deputy Commissioner and they were later hanged by the colonial rulers during freedom struggle. Willoughby Memorial Hall was recently renamed as Naseeruddin Memorial Hall.

===Eid Gaah, Kheri===
The Eid Gaah is a mosque well known for its picturesque scene and architecture. It is near the railway tracks between Lakhimpur and [[Kheri]].

===Shiv Temple Gola Gokaran Nath===
[[File:TeerathKund.jpg|thumb|right|Teerth-Kund at Shiv Temple, Gola]]
Shiv [[Temple of Gola Gokaran Nath]] is a temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kheri.nic.in/HistoricPlaces/historical_places.htm |title=Historical Places at Lakhimpur-Kheri |access-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907031905/http://kheri.nic.in/HistoricPlaces/historical_places.htm |archive-date= 7 September 2011 }}</ref> The Gola Gokaran Nath is also called ''Choti Kashi''. It is the belief of the people that Lord Shiva was pleased with the penance (Tapasya) of Rawana (King of Lanka) and offered him a boon. Rawana requested the Lord Shiva to go to Lanka with him and leave Himalaya forever. The Lord Shiva agreed to go on condition that he should not be placed anywhere on the way to Lanka. If he were placed anywhere, he would settle at that place. Rawana agreed and started his journey to Lanka with the Lord on his head. When Rawana reached the Gola Gokaran Nath (then called Gollihara) he felt the need to urinate (a call of nature). Rawana offered some gold coins to a shepherd (who was none other than Lord Ganesha sent by deities) for placing the Lord Shiva on his head until he returned. The shepherd (Lord Ganesha) placed him on the land. Rawana failed to lift him up despite all his efforts. He pressed him on his head with his thumb in full anger. The impression of Rawana's thumb is still present on the Shivling. In the month of Chatra (April) a great fair is organised for one month known as ''Cheti-Mela''.

===Sankata Devi Mandir===
Sankata Devi Mandir is also located in Lakhimpur.

===Frog Temple===
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}
[[File:Frogtemple5.jpg|thumb|left|Frog temple]]
The unique Frog Temple lies at Oel town, {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} from Lakhimpur on the route from Lakhimpur to Sitapur. It is an important tourist centre for the city. It is also the only one of its kind in India based on ''Manduk Tantra''. It was built by the former king of Oel State (Lakhimpur Kheri district) between 1860 and 1870. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple is built at the back of a large frog. The Temple is constructed within an octagonal lotus. The Shivling installed in the temple was brought from the ''Banasur Prati Narmdeshwar Narmada Kund''. The main gate of the temple opens in the east and another gate is in the south. The architecture of this temple is based on Tantra Vidya.

===Shiv Temple Devkali===
It is said that Janmejayi son of king Prikshit organised famous Nag Yagya at this place. It is believed that snakes do not enter houses where the holy soil of this temple is present. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is also believed that the Devakali, daughter of Lord Brahama (Founder of the world) did a hard penance (Tapsya) at this place. After the name of ''Lord Brahama's daughter'' this place is known as ''Devakali''.it is said if we request to God with pure heart then God provide thatgift to them

==Transport==
Lakhimpur city is {{convert|124|km|abbr=on}} from the state capital [[Lucknow]]. It can be easily reached by train ([[Broad gauge]]) or [[UPSRTC]] Bus services.

The nearest airports are [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]], [[Lucknow]] (135 km) and [[Palia Kalan|Palia]] (not operational – 90 km)

==Communication and radio stations==

'''Communication networks'''

All prominent tele-communication network providers in India offer their services in Lakhimpur. The city of Lakhimpur falls under "Uttar Pradesh Central telecom Circle". Calls from the city of Lakhimpur to neighbouring districts including the rest of the area in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] and "Uttarakhand telecom circle" are considered to be local.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%; border:1px solid black;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! style="width:25%;"|[[GSM]] Service Providers
! style="width:25%;"|[[GSM]] Service Providers
! style="width:25%;"|Broadband Service Providers
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| {{center|[[Idea Cellular]]([[Idea Cellular|Escotel]])}}
| {{center|[[Jio]]}}
| {{center|[[BSNL]] Broadband}}
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| {{center|[[CellOne]]}}
| {{center|[[Tata Indicom]]<ref name=TataIndicomservicesinLakhimpur>{{cite web|url=http://www.tataindicom.com/t-onthego-ptb-locations.aspx |title=Tata Indicom services in Lakhimpur |access-date=28 April 2009 |publisher=tataindicom.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211195556/http://www.tataindicom.com/t-onthego-ptb-locations.aspx |archive-date=11 December 2008 }}</ref>}}
| {{center|[[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] Broadband}}
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| {{center|[[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]]}}
| {{center|[[BSNL|BSNL WLL]]}}
| {{center|[[Sify|Sify iWay]]}}
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| {{center|[[Vodafone|Vodafone-IN]] }}
| {{center|[[Aircel]]}}
|
|}

'''Radio services'''

Radio is one of the modes of entertainment in Lakhimpur. Radio services available are:

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid black"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! Service Provider
! Frequency
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| {{center|[[All India Radio|Akashwani]]}}
| {{center|100.4 MHz}}
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| {{center|[[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big 92.7 FM]]}}
| {{center|92.7 MHz}}
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| {{center|[[Radio Mantra]]}}
| {{center|91.9 MHz}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Dudhwa National Park]]
* [[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://kheri.nic.in}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090516205235/http://www.indiaelections.co.in/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kheri/ Previous Lok Sabha Elections Results of Kheri]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Lakhimpur Kheri district
|North = ''[[Nepal]]''
|Northeast =
|East = [[Bahraich district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Sitapur district]]
|Southwest = [[Hardoi district]]
|West = [[Shahjahanpur district]]
|Northwest = [[Pilibhit district]]
}}

{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Lakhimpur Kheri district|state=expanded}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh]]

Chikka Devaraja

2026-03-04T00:49:41Z

IndiaTurney9471:

{{Short description|Maharaja of Mysore from 1673 to 1704}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Chikka Devaraja
| image = Chikkadevaraja.jpg
| succession = [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
| reign = 28 February 1673 – 16 November 1704
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Dodda Kempadevaraja]] (paternal uncle)
| successor = [[Kanthirava Narasaraja II]] (son)
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Wodeyar]]
| father = Dodda Devaraja
| mother =
| birth_date = 22 September 1645
| birth_place =
| death_date = 16 November 1704
| death_place =
| buried =
| issue = [[Kanthirava Narasaraja II]]
| full name = Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar
}}

'''Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar II''' (22 September 1645 – 16 November 1704) was the fourteenth [[Maharaja of Mysore|maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] from 1673 to 1704.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=33}}</ref> During this time, Mysore saw further significant expansion after his predecessors. During his rule, centralised military power increased to an unprecedented degree for the region.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=33}}, {{Harvnb|Stein|1985b|pp=400–401}}</ref> He also fought battles against maratha king Sambhaji. Aurangzeb made him ally to counter Marathas. Earlier in battle Chikka devraja was winning because of venom arrows but later Sambhaji develop leather suit for his soldiers which lead to victory of Marathas. After losing the war Chikka devraja paid huge amount to Marathas.

==Early years==
Chikka Devaraja was born on 22 September 1645, the eldest son of Maharani Amrit Ammani and Dodda Deva Raja ([[Dodda Kempadevaraja|Devaraja Wodeyar I]]'s elder brother), who had been the governor of a Mysore Kingdom town. He succeeded his uncle, [[Dodda Kempadevaraja|Devaraja Wodeyar I]] upon the latter's death on 11 February 1673. He was installed on the Mysore throne on 28 February 1673. He continued his predecessor's expansion by conquering Maddagiri, thereby making Mysore contiguous to the Carnatic-Bijapur-Balaghat province administered by [[Venkoji]], the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Raja of Tanjore]], and [[Shivaji]]'s half-brother.

==Taxation and the Jangama massacre==
In the first decade of his rule, Chikka Devaraja introduced various petty taxes that were mandatory for the peasants, but those from which his soldiers were exempted.<ref name="stein85b-400-401">{{Harvnb|Stein|1985b|pp=400–401}}</ref> The unusually high taxes and the intrusive nature of his regime created wide protests in the [[ryot]]s which had the support of the Jangama priests in the Virasaiva monasteries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stein|1985b|pp=400–401}}, {{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series|1908|pp=20–21}}</ref> According to {{Harv|Nagaraj|2003}}, a slogan of the protests was: <blockquote>"Basavanna the Bull tills the forest land; Devendra [[Indra]] gives the rains; Why should we, the ones who grow crops through hard labour, pay taxes to the king?"<ref name="nagaraj378-379">{{Harvnb|Nagaraj|2003|pp=378–379}}</ref></blockquote>

According to sources, the king, resolving upon a ''treacherous massacre'',<ref name="igimc-20-21">{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series|1908|pp=20–21}}</ref> used the stratagem of inviting over 400 priests to a grand feast at the famous [[Shaivite]] centre of ''[[Nanjangud|Nanjanagudu]]'', and upon its conclusion having them first receive gifts and then exit one at a time through a narrow lane, whereupon his royal wrestlers strangled each exiting priest.<ref name="nagaraj378-379" /> This 'sanguinary measure' had the effect of stopping all protests to the new taxes.<ref name="igimc-20-21" /> Around this time, in 1687, Devaraja Wodeyar II also made an agreement with [[Venkoji]] to formally purchase [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore]] town for Rs. 3 lakhs. The Maratha king opened negotiations with Wadiyar and agreed to transfer the city for three lakh rupees. While the transaction was in progress, the Mughal army under Khasim Khan came, occupied the city, and hoisted the Mughal flag on its rampart on July 10, 1687. When the Marathas tried to retaliate, Chikka Devaraja Wadiyar stood before the walls of Bangalore and fought for the Mughals hoping that this would help him earn the favours of Aurangzeb. The deal that he negotiated with the Marathas was then sealed by the Mughals.<ref>Muddacharia, B, Mysore Mughal Relations (1686-87)</ref><ref name="igimc-20-21" />[[File:Mysore1617to1799b.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map comparing the boundaries of Chikka Devaraja's realms to other boundaries of Mysore from 1617 to 1799.]]

==Relations with the Mughal empire==
The Mughals, under Aurangzeb, invaded the Vijayanagara region and, having conquered the Maratha-Bijapur province of Carnatic-Bijapur-Balaghat (of which Bangalore was a part), made it a part of the Mughal province of Sira. The payment for Bangalore was consequently made to Qasim Khan, the Mughal ''Faujdar Diwan'' of Sira and, through him, Devaraja Wodeyar II "assiduously cultivated an alliance" with Aurangzeb.<ref name=igimc-20-21/> He also soon turned his attention to the regions to his south which were less the objects of Moghul interest.<ref name=igimc-20-21/> The regions around Baramahal and Salem below the Eastern Ghats were now annexed by Mysore, and in 1694, were extended by the addition of regions to the west up to the Baba Budan Mountains.<ref name=igimc-20-21/> Two years later, Devaraja Wodeyar II attacked the lands of the Naiks of Madura and laid a siege of [[Tiruchirapalli|Trichinopoly]].<ref name=igimc-20-21/> Soon, however, Qasim Khan, his Mughal liaison, died. With the intention of either renewing his Mughal connexions or seeking Mughal recognition of his southern conquests, Devaraja Wodeyar II sent an embassy to [[Aurangzeb]], at Ahmadnagar.<ref name=igimc-20-21/> In response, in 1700, the Mughal emperor sent the Mysore maharaja a signet ring seal bearing the title "''Jug Deo Raj''" (literally, "lord and king of the world"), and permission to sit on an ivory throne, and also a sword from Aurangzeb's personal regalia, a [[Firangi (sword)|firangi]], with gold etching on the hilt, to be used as a sword of the State by the Mysore maharajas, while seated on the ivory throne.<ref name=igimc-20-21/> Devaraja Wodeyar II, at this time, also reorganised his administration into eighteen departments, which, even today, is famous as the 'athaara kacheri' (eighteen departments), in "imitation of what the envoys had seen at the Mughal court."<ref name=igimc-20-21/> When the maharaja died on 16 November 1704, his dominions extended from [[Tumkur district|Medigeshi]] in the north to [[Palni Hills|Palni]] and [[Anaimalai]] in the south, and from [[Kodagu]] and Balam in the west to [[Dharmapuri district|Baramahals]] in the east.<ref name=igimc-20-21/>[[File:Joppen1907MysoreChickDeoWadiyar1704.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mysore at the end of the seventeenth century.]]

==Massacre of Lingayats==
It has been reported that mass murders of [[Jangama]] took place in an extensive area over this period, during which Lingayat monasteries (mathas) and sacred sites were destroyed as well. This murder was alleged to have been enacted as revenge for the murder of one of the many well known [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] scholars. While the scholar was dying, the ruling king visited the scholar and was advised that, if he wished to prevent more attacks, he should find Tirumala Ayyangar, who was both a Vaishnavite and associated closely with the ruler as his court scholar, and make him the Chief Minister. The king then made the appointment as recommended by the dying scholar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=B. Muddachari |url=https://archive.org/details/mysore-maratha-relations-under-shahji-shivaji-sambhaji-and-rajaram-as-revealed-in-kannada-sources/page/n83/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Mysore-Maratha Relations Under Shahji, Shivaji, Sambhaji And Rajaram (As Revealed In Kannada Sources)}}</ref>

==Legacy==
According to {{Harvnb|Subrahmanyam|1989}}, the state that Devaraja Wodeyar II left for his son was "at one and the same time a strong and a weak state."<ref>{{Harvnb|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=212}}</ref> Although it had uniformly expanded in size from the mid-seventeenth century to the early eighteenth, it had done so as a result of alliances that tended to hinder the very stability of the expansions.<ref name=subra1989-213>{{Harvnb|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=213}}</ref> Some of the southeastern conquests described above (such as of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]), although involving regions that were not of direct interest to the Mughals, were nonetheless the result of alliances with Mughal ''Faujdar Diwan'' of Sira and with [[Venkoji]], the Maratha ruler of Tanjore.<ref name=subra1989-213/> For example, the siege of [[Tiruchirapalli|Trichnopoly]] had to be abandoned because the alliance had begun to rupture.<ref name=subra1989-213/> Similarly, in addition to receiving a signet ring and a sword described above, a consequence of the embassy sent to Aurangzeb in the Deccan in 1700 was a formal subordination to Mughal authority and a requirement to pay annual tribute.<ref name=subra1989-213/> There is evidence, too, that the administrative reforms mentioned above might have been a direct result of Mughal influence.<ref name=subra1989-213/>

Chikka Devaraya was a devout and learned Śrīvaiṣṇava, evidenced in his two surviving works of poetry: the ''Gītagōpālam'' and ''Cikadēvarāya Binnapaṃ''. The ''Gītagōpālam'' is a musical work revolving around the life and glories of Kṛṣṇa, composed as "celebration of Hari, conducive to the final liberation."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=N/A |first=Cikkadēvarāya |title=Śrī Gītagōpālam |publisher=GTA Press |year=1915 |edition=1st |location=Mysore |publication-date=1915 |pages=ii |language=kn}}</ref> S.G. Narasiṃhācāryar and M.A. Rāmānujaiyaṅgār speculate that Chikka Devaraya may have had the work organized by [[Tirumalarya|Tirumalārya]],<ref name=":0" /> his court poet who composed his ''vaṃśāvali'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=N/A |first=Tirumalārya |title=Cikkadēvarāya Vaṃśāvaḷi |publisher=Kannada Sahitya Parishat |year=1999 |edition=2nd |location=Bangalore, IN |language=kn |trans-title=The Lineage of Cikkadēvarāya}}</ref> among other writings about the king. The ''Binnapaṃ'' is a versified theological work, dealing with many key issues of Śrīvaiṣṇava teaching.

==See also==
*[[History of Mysore and Coorg, 1565–1760]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{Citation |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Sekhar |year=2004 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |location=New Delhi and London |publisher=Orient Longmans |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2}}
*{{Citation|last=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series|title = Mysore and Coorg|year=1908|publisher=Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. Pp. xvii, 365, 1 map.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgO2AAAAIAAJ}}
*{{Citation |last=Nagaraj |first=D. R.|chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture|pages=323–383|editor-last=Pollock|editor-first=Sheldon |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |year=2003|publisher=Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 1066|isbn=9780520228214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC}}
*{{Citation|last = Stein|first=Burton|authorlink=Burton Stein|title=State Formation and Economy Reconsidered: Part One|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=19|issue = 3, Special Issue: Papers Presented at the Conference on Indian Economic and Social History, Cambridge University, April 1984|year = 1985b|pages=387–413|jstor=312446|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00007678|s2cid=154665616 }}
*{{Citation|last=Subrahmanyam|first=Sanjay|title=Warfare and state finance in Wodeyar Mysore, 1724–25: A missionary perspective|year=1989|journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=26|issue=2|pages=203–233|doi=10.1177/001946468902600203|s2cid=145180609}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devaraja, Chikka}}
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wadiyar dynasty]]
[[Category:1645 births]]
[[Category:1704 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]

Mastana (1970 film)

2026-03-03T23:34:41Z

IndiaTurney9471: small added formatting for clarity further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mastana
| image = Mastana (1970).jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
| producer = Premji
| writer = [[O. P. Dutta]] [[S. Ali Raza]]
| story = [[K. Balachander]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]]
| music = [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| cinematography =
| editing = T.Krishna
| distributor = Suchitra International
| released = {{Film date|1970|10|16|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Mastana''''' is a 1970 [[Bollywood]] [[comedy film]] directed by Adurthi Subba Rao. The film stars [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] and [[Vinod Khanna]]. The film is remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Sattekalapu Satteya]]'' (1969), directed by [[K. Balachander]], starring [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] and which was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in 1970 as ''[[Patham Pasali]]'' starring [[Nagesh]] and in [[Kannada]] in 1980 as ''[[Manku Thimma]]'' by [[Dwarakish]].

== Cast ==
*[[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] as Satya / Mastana
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Gauri
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as Inspector Prasad
*[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan (actress)|Bharathi]] as Sharda
*[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Dhanraj
*[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] as Mrs. Dhanraj
*[[Bobby (actor)|Bobby]] as Naintara
*[[Mukri]] as Dhanraj's Chauffeur
*[[Leela Mishra]] as Nani
*[[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as Mrs. Rosa Daniels
*[[Ramesh Deo]] as Jaggu
*[[Kamal Kapoor]] as Jaggu's Boss
*[[Hema Malini]] in a Guest appearance

== Soundtrack ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Soyi Ja Tara"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Jagi Ja Tara"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Jab Jab Hum Tumka Dekhe Hai Re Chhaila, Man Mor Machave Shor"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Maine Maa Ko Dekha Hai"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Pee Le Pee Le Pee Le"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Chhed Mere Hamrahi Geet Koi Aisa"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Nandlala Holi Khele Biraj Mein Dhoom Machi Hai"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
|}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0317902|title=Mastana}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970 comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Adurthi Subba Rao]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-comedy-film-stub}}

Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra

2026-03-03T20:17:42Z

IndiaTurney9471: small enhance formatting for accuracy additionally

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Madvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra
| image = Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Kondaveeti Venkatakavi|Kondaveeti Venkata Kavi]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = N. T. Rama Rao
| producer = N. T. Rama Rao
| director = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Rati Agnihotri]]
| music = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
| cinematography = Nandamuri Mohana Krishna
| editing = Ravi
| studio = [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]]
| based_on = life of ''[[Pothuluri Veerabrahmam]]''
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1984|11|29}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹6.6 crore
}}

'''''Sri Madvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra''''' is a 1984 Indian Telugu-language [[biographical film]], based on life of [[Pothuluri Veerabrahmam]], produced and directed by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] under his [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]] banner. N. T. Rama Rao portrayed the characters of [[Gautama Buddha]], [[Vemana]], [[Ramanuja]], [[Adi Shankara]] along with the title role. It stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] and [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] with music composed by [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]. Actually, shooting of the film was completed by 1981, but the release got delayed due to objection from the censor board asking to delete a few scenes from the movie, to which NTR did not agree and immediately took the matter to court and finally got it released in November 1984.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lord-krishna-army-officer-roles-endeared-ntr-masses-141688 | title=From Lord Krishna to army officer: Roles that endeared NTR to the masses | date=18 January 2021 | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=15 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715225938/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lord-krishna-army-officer-roles-endeared-ntr-masses-141688 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/playing-god-screen-how-ntrs-mythological-roles-shaped-his-political-career-94682 | title=Playing god on screen: How NTR's mythological roles shaped his political career | date=8 January 2019 | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=14 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130507/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/playing-god-screen-how-ntrs-mythological-roles-shaped-his-political-career-94682 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sr-ntrs-birth-anniversary-a-flashback-of-his-film-and-political-foray/photostory/83029372.cms | title=N. T. Rama Rao | Sr NTR's birthday anniversary: A flashback of his film and political foray | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 May 2021 | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=1 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601060829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sr-ntrs-birth-anniversary-a-flashback-of-his-film-and-political-foray/photostory/83029372.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/remembering-nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-on-his-24th-death-anniversary-the-life-and-legacy-of-viswa-vikhyatha-nata-sarvabhouma/photostory/73353193.cms | title=Remembering Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao on his 24th death anniversary: The life and legacy of Viswa Vikhyatha Nata Sarvabhouma | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=18 January 2020 | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=7 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107165810/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/remembering-nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-on-his-24th-death-anniversary-the-life-and-legacy-of-viswa-vikhyatha-nata-sarvabhouma/photostory/73353193.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with a brief life of Gautama Buddha, Ramanuja, Adi Shankara & Vemana. Next, it shifts to [[Pothuluri Veerabrahmam|Sri Madvirat Potuluri Veerabrahmam Swamy]], a futurist whose parents, Paripurnacharya & Prakrutamba die in a flash of his birth. After this, a couple, Veerabhojacharya & Veerapapamamba adopts him. At the age of 10, his foster father also passes away when he quits his mother. Before leaving, he teaches her the secret of life, the delivery process, and the completion of their debt. Years roll by, and Veerabrahmam, as a wanderer, reaches a town, Banaganapalli, and turns into a cowherd at Achamma. Day to day, he keeps his stick as a protector when the palm tree bows its head down to befit as a source for him. On the benefit of the doubt, Achamma is behind him. Hither, she spots Veerabrahmam sculpting his scripture "Kaalagnynam," which proclaims how the country will be after 5000 years of "[[Kaliyuga]]." The destruction of the caste system, [[British Empire]] occupying the country, the birth of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and relieving from slavery, and the existence of the modern woman.

Consequently, he buries his scripture, covers it with a tamarind plant, and says that at the end of "Kaliyuga," it will shower blood and flourish yellow flowers when he arrives as Veera Bhoga Vasanta Rayalu to establish righteousness. Next, Veerabrahmam continues his journey and lands at a new location, molding himself as a blacksmith. Soon, he constructs a house and conducts almsgiving every day beyond castes. Further, he nuptials a benevolent Govindamma and is blessed with progeny. It begrudges a few sly men, Karanam & Munasab, of the village and fires his house. Plus, they command them to perform worship & processions in the name of God and order Veerabrahmam to model the chariot in one night. He does so with his spiritual power, which punishes the evil who comes to an understandable state by Veerabrahmam's magnanimous.

Besides, Sayyad, an ambitious Muslim guy, endears his maternal uncle's daughter, Raziya, and the elders decide to knit them. At that point, he is perplexed by witnessing several disabled people and is desperate. Forthwith, he gets enlightenment from Veerabrahmam to know the meaning of life. Then, Sayyad proceeds to him forsaking all, and Veerabrahmam receives him as a disciple, titling him Siddha. Sensing it, Sayyad's uncle complicates the Muslim ruler against Veerabrahmam, and he organizes a judicial inquiry. Sayyad announces that devotion has no boundaries, which merges with universal love. Subsequently, he triumphs in onerous tasks when amazed Nawab invites Veerabrahmam. In what respect, he forecasts a diverse newfangled, i.e., occurrence of so-called saints, unions in all fields & strikes for a trifle, currency dominating the world, dirty politics, atrocities going to happen in modern society, destruction of temples, division of [[Pakistan]] and clashes at Kashmir—moreover, the formation of dams, trains, aircraft, current, radio, television, etc.

Later, Veerabrahmam moves forward with Siddha when the various aristocracy mocks him, and he locks him by showing his marvel. All along the line, Siddha stands as his top pupil. Parallelly, Veerabrahmam forgoes his preachings viz drowning of Hyderabad, draughts, tsunami effects, communism, gold rate hikes, a 6-year-old girl giving birth to a boy, actors transforming into elders, etc. He also provides knowledge of "[[Kundalini]]" and the seven wheels in the human body before scheduled caste people "[[Harijans]]." Presently, Veerabrahmam affirms to take salvation "Sajeeva Samadhi," i.e., buried alive. Here, he tests Siddha's adoration by entrusting him to get flowers for his prayer from Banaganapalli on one impossible night. Nevertheless, Siddha won it with allegiance. By the time he backs, Veerabrahmam takes salvation when Siddha woes before his burial. At last, Veerabrahmam spells to Siddha by declaring him his heir and asking him to continue his mission by getting espoused. He will obtain salvation by reincarnation as "Bala Yogi" and endorses him with his shoes, & personal effects for the memories of his outstanding service. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami|Sri Potuluri Veerabrahmendra Swamy]], [[Gautama Buddha]], [[Adi Shankara|Aadi Shankaracharya]], [[Ramanuja]]charya & [[Vemana|Yogi Vemana]] (Five roles)
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Sayyad/ Siddayya
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Kakkadu
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Karanam
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Siva Kotaiah
* [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Siddayya's father-in-law
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Bhooshaiah
* [[P. J. Sarma]] as Munsab
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Sultan
* [[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]]
* Madan Mohan
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Raziya
* [[Rushyendramani]] as Veerapapamanba
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Govindamma
* [[Devika]] as Gollalu
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as Vishwada
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Siddayya's mother
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavita]] as Polamma
* [[Dubbing Janaki]] as Yekukalasani
* [[Rajya Lakshmi (actress)|Rajyalakshmi]]
* Krishnaveni as Veeranarayanamma
* [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Master Harish]] as Child Veerabrahmendra Swamy
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sri Madvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra
| type = film
| artist = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1984
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 81:57
| label = Saregama Audio
| producer = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]. Lyrics written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]]. Music released on Saregama Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|Aasathoma Sadhgamaya
|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|0:30
|-
|2
|Vemana Sukthulu
|[[V. Ramakrishna]]
|3:17
|-
|3
|Neevuyevaro
|P. Leela
|4:11
|-
|4
|Bhuloka Kalpataruvu
|V. Ramakrishna
|0:30
|-
|5
|Shiva Govinda Govinda
|V. Ramakrishna
|4:40
|-
|6
|Shiva Govinda Govinda-II
|V. Ramakrishna
|6:00
|-
|7
|Nandamaya Guruda Nandamaya
|V. Ramakrishna
|4:11
|-
|8
|Vinara Vinara O Naruda
|V. Ramakrishna
|4:08
|-
|9
|Kulabheda Matabheda
|V. Ramakrishna
|1:42
|-
|10
|Yemandi Pandithulara
|V. Ramakrishna
|5:08
|-
|11
|Chilakamma Palakave
|V. Ramakrishna
|6:07
|-
|12
|Pavithram (Slokam)
|V. Ramakrishna
|0:35
|-
|13
|Yoganandhakari (Slokam)
|V. Ramakrishna
|0:32
|-
|14
|Srungara Rasaraja
|[[Vani Jayaram]]
|4:25
|-
|15
|Mama Kuthura
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:21
|-
|16
|Chenguna Dhookali
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:31
|-
|17
|Matham Neethira
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|5:18
|-
|18
|Mayadhaari Marala Bandira
|V. Ramakrishna
|7:06
|-
|19
|Slokam
|V. Ramakrishna
|1:00
|-
|20
|Panchamudani Ninu
|V. Ramakrishna
|4:38
|-
|21
|Cheppaledhantanaka
|V. Ramakrishna
|5:45
|-
|22
|Narudaa Naa Maata
|V. Ramakrishna
|3:50
|-
|23
|Swasthivachanam (Slokam)
|V. Ramakrishna
|0:32
|}

==Box office==
This movie was an Industry hit and was the first Telugu film to gross over ₹1 crore in its first week. It grossed ₹6.6 crore in its full run and ran for 300 days in Hyderabad.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0259579}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:1984 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:1980s biographical films]]

LYF: Love Your Father

2026-03-03T09:09:44Z

IndiaTurney9471: New info

{{Short description|2025 Indian family drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = LYF: Love Your Father
| image = LYF – Love Your Father.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pavan Ketharaju
| writer = Pavan Ketharaju
| producer = {{ubl|Annapareddy Samrajyam|Annapareddy Chetan Sai|Kishore Rathi|Mahesh Rathi}}
| starring = {{ubl|Sri Harsha|[[S. P. Charan]]|[[Kashika Kapoor]]}}
| cinematography = Sam K Naidu
| editing = Devarampati Siva Rama Krishna
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = {{ubl|Manisha Arts and Media|Annapareddy Studios}}<ref>{{cite news |title= 'LYF' trailer wins hearts, BJP Leader Kishan Reddy buys first ticket|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/lyf-trailer-wins-hearts-bjp-leader-kishan-reddy-buys-first-ticket-959027|access-date=1 April 2025|work=The Hans India|date=1 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|04|04|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''LYF: Love Your Father''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[family drama film]] directed by Pavan Ketharaju<ref>{{cite news|title=First look unveiled of LYF (Love Your Father)|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/09/first-look-unveiled-of-lyf-love-your-father|access-date=1 April 2025|work=Cinema Express|date=9 November 2024|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109180029/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/09/first-look-unveiled-of-lyf-love-your-father|url-status=live}}</ref> and produced by Annapareddy Samrajyam, Annapareddy Chetan Sai, Kishore Rathi, and Mahesh Rathi. Music by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Telugu Movie LYF Launched Tollywood|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/lyf-love-your-father-explores-bond-between-father-and-son-882011|access-date=1 April 2025|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
LYF: Love Your Father is a heartfelt drama that explores the themes of love, resilience, and the unbreakable bond between a father and son. The story follows Siddu, portrayed by Sri Harsha, as he embarks on a relentless journey to clear his family's name and seek redemption. Throughout his quest, Siddu is guided by the spirit of his beloved father, whose influence serves as both a source of strength and motivation in overcoming the challenges he faces.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*Sri Harsha
*[[S. P. Charan]]<ref>{{cite news |title= LYF - Love Your Father First Ticket Purchased by Kishan Reddy|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/lyf-love-your-father-first-ticket-purchased-by-kishan-reddy-1870217|access-date=1 April 2025|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=1 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kashika Kapoor]] as Sweety
*[[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]]
*[[Chatrapathi Sekhar]]
*[[Shakalaka Shankar]]
*Praveen Bellamkonda
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*Vedartham Dwarakanath
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/lyf-love-your-father-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1805837743|title=Lyf (Love Your Father) (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Mani Sharma, Rehman, Kasarla Shyam & Uma Vanguri on Apple Music|date=1 April 2025|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
| total_length = 19:56
| title1 = You Are My First Friend
| lyrics1 = Rehman
| extra1 = Prudhvi Chandra
| length1 = 3:47
| title2 = Party Song
| lyrics2 = Rehman
| extra2 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| length2 = 4:04
| title3 = Hey Madhumathi
| lyrics3 = Rehman
| extra3 = P V N S Rohit
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Chamkaare Chamka
| lyrics4 = Kasarla Shyam
| extra4 = Keerthana Sharma
| length4 = 4:09
| title5 = Biginchki Pidikilli
| lyrics5 = Kasarla Shyam
| extra5 = Pavan Charan, Swarag
| length5 = 3:50
}}

== Reception ==
Sushmita Dey of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote, "the film does have its moments of predictability, especially in the plot twists that, while emotionally satisfying. Despite this, the performances and the heartfelt message of the film more than make up for any narrative shortcomings."<ref>{{cite news |title=LYF Love Your Father Movie Review: Pavan Ketharaju Film Is A Heartfelt Rollercoaster Of Love, Loss, Redemption |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/lyf-love-your-father-movie-review-pavan-ketharaju-film-is-a-heartfelt-rollercoaster-of-love-loss-redemption-review-151344556/ |work=Times Now |date=4 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "Overall, ''LYF – Love Your Father'' is a well-intentioned film that doesn’t fully deliver on its promise. It has moments of genuine warmth, particularly in its depiction of the father-son bond, and flirts with interesting themes of death and fate. But it lacks the narrative conviction to tie everything together seamlessly."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devulapally |first1=Aditya |title=LYF review: A decently engaging attempt weighed down by outdated ideas |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Apr/04/lyf-review-a-decently-engaging-attempt-weighed-down-by-outdated-ideas |work=Cinema Express |date=3 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "Had the comedy been toned down and the pacing tightened, ''Love Your Father'' could’ve reached even greater heights. Despite a shaky start, ''Love Your Father'' succeeds in delivering a moving revenge drama that balances myth, mystery, and emotion."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title='LYF -Love Your Father' review: An emotional rollercoaster ride |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/lyf-love-your-father-review-an-emotional-rollercoaster-ride-959957 |work=The Hans India |date=4 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33095912}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]

NTPC Limited

2026-02-28T15:49:51Z

IndiaTurney9471: improved details based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Indian government entity governing electricity generation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NTPC Limited
| logo = National Thermal Power logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| former_name = National Thermal Power Corporation
| type = [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|532555}}|{{NSE|NTPC}}|[[BSE SENSEX|BSE SENSEX Constituent]]|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50 Constituent]]}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE733E01010}}
| industry = [[Electric utility|Electricity]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1975|11|07}}
| founder = 
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/en/contact-us|title=Contact Us - NTPC|website=ntpc.co.in|access-date=8 March 2017|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416075333/http://www.ntpc.co.in/en/contact-us|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_served = India
| key_people = [[Gurdeep Singh (NTPC)|Gurdeep Singh]] (Chairman & [[Managing Director|MD]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/en/about-us/board-of-directors|title=Board of Directors - NTPC|website=ntpc.co.in|access-date=8 March 2017|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825074129/https://www.ntpc.co.in/en/about-us/board-of-directors|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| products =
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| services = [[Electricity generation]] and [[electricity distribution|distribution]], [[mining]] natural gas [[hydrocarbon exploration|exploration]], [[energy production|production]], transportation and distribution
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|1.88|lc|lk=on}} (2025)<ref name="ntpc">{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/d5ada13c-0cf1-4dae-a157-47537e83678c.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519141025/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/a30bcea6-b0b1-434b-b820-4c8afdc897f5.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2023|title=NTPC Limited|website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}}
{{INRConvert|59066|c}} (2025)<ref
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| profit = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|23953|c}} (2025)<ref name="ntpc"/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|5.24|lc}} (2025)<ref name="ntpc"/>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1.911|lc}} (2025)<ref name="ntpc"/>
| equity_year = 
| owner = {{nowrap|[[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite news |title=NTPC says Govt pares stake to 51.02% |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/ntpc-says-govt-pares-stake-to-51-02-120030500753_1.html |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=5 March 2020}}</ref> }}
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = 18,786
| num_employees_year = 2024<ref name="ntpc"/>
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid = *[[THDC India Limited]]
* [[NSPCL]]
| module = 
| website = {{URL|https://ntpc.co.in/|ntpc.co.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''NTPC Limited''', formerly known as '''National Thermal Power Corporation''', is an Indian [[Public sector undertakings in India|central Public Sector Undertaking]] (PSU) owned by the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]] and the [[Government of India]], which is engaged in the [[Electricity generation|generation of electricity]] and other activities. The headquarters of the PSU are situated at [[New Delhi]]. NTPC's core function is the generation and distribution of electricity to State Electricity Boards in India. The body also undertakes consultancy and [[turnkey]] project contracts that involve engineering, project management, construction management, and operation and management of [[Power station|power plants]].

It is the largest power company in India, with an [[Nameplate capacity|installed capacity]] of 80,154.50 MW.<ref name="installed capacity as on 04.10.2024">{{cite web |url= https://ntpc.co.in/|title=| | NTPC wind projects }}</ref> Although the company has approximately 16% of the total national capacity, it contributes to over 25% of total power generation due to its focus on operating its power plants at higher efficiency levels (approximately 80.2% against the national [[Plant load factor|PLF]] rate of 64.5%). NTPC currently produces 25 billion units of electricity per month.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

NTPC Mining Ltd (NML) has mined about 100 MMT coal in 2023-2024 FY, NML has Pakri Barwadih, Chatti Bariatu and Kerandari Coal Mines in Jharkhand, Dulanga Coal Mine in Odisha and Talaipalli Coal Mine in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/ntpc-mining-produces-34mmt-coal-in-23-24/articleshow/108986928.cms | title=NTPC Mining produces 34MMT coal in 23-24 | newspaper=The Times of India | date=3 April 2024 }}</ref>
NTPC currently operates 55 power stations: 24 coal, seven combined cycle gas and liquid fuel, two hydro powered, one wind turbine, and 11 solar projects. Additionally, it has 9 coal and 1 gas station, owned by joint ventures or subsidiaries.

It was founded by [[Government of India]] in 1975, which now holds 51.10% of its equity shares<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/en/investors/shareholding-pattern|title=Shareholding Pattern - NTPC|website=ntpc.co.in|access-date=7 December 2015|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127230444/https://www.ntpc.co.in/en/investors/shareholding-pattern|url-status=dead}}</ref> after [[divestment]] of its stake in 2004, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2017. In May 2010, NTPC was conferred [[Maharatna]] status by the Union Government of India, one of only four companies to be awarded this status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/4-psus-get-maharatna-status/621716/ |title=4 PSUs get maharatna status – Indian Express |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> It is ranked 433rd in the [[Forbes Global 2000]] for 2023.<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web |date= |title=NTPC Limited |url=https://www.ntpc.co.in/media/press-releases/ntpc-achieves-433rd-rank-climbing-52-positions-forbes-global-list-2023 |access-date=17 February 2015 |work=Forbes}}</ref>

==History==
===1975–1994===
The company was founded on 7 November 1975 by India's former [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] as National Thermal Power Corporation Private Limited. It started working on its first thermal power project in 1976 at [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]]—named [[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station|National Thermal Power Corporation Private Limited Singrauli]]—in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=History>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=73&lang=en |title=History of NTPC |publisher=NTPC Limited |access-date=12 October 2013 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014105305/http://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=73&lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the same year, its name was changed to "National Thermal Power Corporation Limited". In 1983, NTPC began commercial operations and earned profits of INR 4.5 crores in FY 1982–83. By the end of 1985, it had achieved power generation capacity of 2000 MW. In 1986, it completed synchronisation of its first 500 MW unit at Singrauli. In 1988, it commissioned two 500 MW units, one each in Rihand and [[Ramagundam]]. In 1989, it started a consultancy division. In 1992, it acquired Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Station from Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=ETHistory>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ntpc-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12316.cms |title=Company History - NTPC Ltd. |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> By the end of 1994, its installed capacity crossed 15,000 MW.

===1995–2004===
In 1995, it took over the Talcher Thermal Power Station from Orissa State Electricity Board.<ref name=History/> In the year 1997, the [[Government of India]] conferred it with "Navratna" status. In that same year, it achieved a milestone of generating 100 billion units of electricity in a single year.<ref name=History/> In 1998, it commissioned its first Naptha-based plant at Kayamkulam with a capacity of 350 MW. In 1999, its plant in Dadri, which had the highest [[Capacity factor|plant load factor]] (PLF) in India of 96%, was certified with ISO-14001. During 2000, it started construction of its first hydro-electric power project, with 800 MW capacity, in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=History/> In 2002, it incorporated 3 subsidiary companies: NTPC Electric Supply Company Limited for forward integration by entering into the business of distribution and trading of power; NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Limited for meeting the expected rise in energy trading; and NTPC Hydro Limited to carry out the business of implementing and operating small and medium hydropower projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/annualreports/2002-03/chairman%20speech%2003.pdf |title=Chairman's statement in 27th Annual Report |publisher=NTPC |date=24 September 2003 |access-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014112132/http://www.ntpc.co.in/annualreports/2002-03/chairman%20speech%2003.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref> Later in 2002, its installed capacity crossed 20,000 MW.<ref name=History/>

NTPC got listed on BSE and NSE on 5 November 2004. Against the issue price of ₹62 per share, it closed the first day of listing with ₹75.55 per share.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/business/india-business/NTPC-does-a-power-listing/articleshow/913865.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015114501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-05/india-business/27170389_1_equity-shares-issue-price-public-issue |url-status=live |archive-date=15 October 2013 |title=NTPC does a power listing |date=5 November 2004 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> On the day of listing, it became the third largest company in India in terms of market capitalisation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/06/stories/2004110603941600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119195239/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/06/stories/2004110603941600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2004 |title=Power major NTPC lists at premium |date=6 November 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

===2005–present===
In October 2005, the company's name was changed from National Thermal Power Corporation Limited to NTPC Limited. The primary reason for this change was the company's foray into [[Hydroelectricity|hydro]] and [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] based power generation along with backward integration of coal mining. In 2006, it entered into an agreement with the [[Government of Sri Lanka]] to set up two units of 250 MW each in [[Trincomalee]] in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=History/> During 2008 and 2011, NTPC entered into [[joint venture]]s with [[Bharat Heavy Electricals|BHEL]], [[Bharat Forge]], [[NHPC Limited|NHPC]], [[Coal India]], [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]], [[National Mineral Development Corporation|NMDC]], and [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCIL]] to expand its business of power generation.<ref name=History/><ref name=ETHistory/> By the end of 2010, its installed capacity crossed 31,000 MW.<ref name=History/>

The company in 2009 joined forces with other [[Public sector undertakings|state enterprises]] [[Rashtriya Ispat Nigam]], [[Steel Authority of India]], [[Coal India]], and [[National Mineral Development Corporation|National Minerals Development Corporation]] to invest in coal mining operations through a [[joint venture]] vehicle named International Coal Ventures Private Limited (ICVL). In July 2014, ICVL acquired a 65 percent stake in the [[Benga coal mine]] in [[Mozambique]] from the [[Rio Tinto Group]].<ref name="RioICVL">{{cite news|title=Indian JV to acquire Rio Tinto's Riversdale coal assets in Mozambique|url=http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/224277887/scat/701ee96610c884a6/ht/Indian-JV-to-acquire-Rio-Tintos-Riversdale-coal-assets-in-Mozambique|access-date=31 July 2014|work=India Gazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810065801/http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/224277887/scat/701ee96610c884a6/ht/Indian-JV-to-acquire-Rio-Tintos-Riversdale-coal-assets-in-Mozambique|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2022, the [[market capitalization|market capitalisation]] of NTPC limited was ₹1,66,249.34 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 stocks by Market Capitalization {{!}} BSE Listed stocks Market Capitalization |url=https://www.bseindia.com/markets/equity/eqreports/topmarketcapitalization.aspx |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref>

==Operations==
NTPC operates from 70 locations in India, one location in Sri Lanka and two locations in Bangladesh. In India, it has eight regional headquarters (HQ):

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
! Sr. No.
! Headquarters
! City
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 1
| NCRHQ
| [[Delhi]]
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 2
| ER-I HQ
| [[Patna]]
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 3
| ER-II HQ
| [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 4
| NRHQ
| [[Lucknow]]
|-| style="text-align:left;"
|5
|SRHQ
|[[Secunderabad]]
|-
|6
|WR-I HQ
|[[Mumbai]]
|-| style="text-align:left;"
| 7
| style="text-align:left;"| WR-II HQ
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Raipur]]
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 8
| Hydro HQ
| [[Dehradun, India|Delhi]]
|}

=== Scheduling and generation dispatch ===
The scheduling and dispatch of all the generating stations owned by National Thermal Power Corporation are done by respective regional load dispatch centers, which are the apex body to ensure integrated operation of the power system grid in the respective region. All these load dispatch centers come under [[Power System Operation Corporation Limited]] (POSOCO).

==Subsidiaries==
# [[Convergence Energy Services Limited]]
# [[Energy Efficiency Services Limited]]
# Green Valley Renewable Energy Limited (GVREL)
# [[NTPC Mining Limited]]
# [[NTPC Green Energy]]
# [[NTPC Renewables Limited]]
# [[National High Power Test Laboratory Private Limited]] (NHPTL)
# [[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|NEEPCO]]
# [[THDC India Limited]]
# Tusco Ltd.

==Joint ventures==
# Aravali Power Company Pvt. Ltd.

==Capacity of plants==
The total installed capacity of the company is 72,304 MW (including 13,465 MW through JVs/subsidiaries) across the country, (26 Coal based stations, seven gas based stations, one hydro station, one [[small hydro]], 11 solar PV, and one wind based station) and 25 joint venture stations (nine coal based, four gas based, eight hydro-powered, one small hydro, two wind-powered, and one solar PV).

===Thermal power===
====Coal-based power plants (own operational)====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sr. No.
! Project
! State
! Capacity in [[Megawatt|MW]]
! Units in [[Megawatt|MW]]
! Status
|-
| 1
| [[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 2,000
| 5x200, 2x500
| All units functional,2×800 MW unit under construction.
|-
| 2
| [[NTPC Korba]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 2,600
| 3x200, 4x500
| All units functional
|-
| 3
| [[NTPC Ramagundam]]
| [[Telangana]]
| 2,600
| 3x200, 4x500
| All units functional.
|-
| 4.
| [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| 2,100
| 3x200, 3x500
| All units functional
|-
| 5
| [[Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4,783
| 6x210, 7x500, 2x4, 1x15
| All units functional. Largest Thermal Power Station in India. A small hydro of 8 MW and a PV Solar power station of 15 MW is also present.
|-
| 6
| [[Rihand Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 3,000
| 6x500
| All units functional
|-
| 7
| [[Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Bihar]]
| 2,340
| 4x210, 3x500
| All units functional
|-
| 8
| [[NTPC Dadri]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1,820
| 4x210, 2x490
| All units functional
|-
| 9
| [[Talcher Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Odisha]]
| 3,010
| 6x500, 1x10
| All units functional
|-
| 10
| [[Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1,550
| 5x210, 1×500
| All units functional
|-
| 11
| [[Talcher Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Odisha]]
| 460
| 2x110, 4x60
| All units retired and shut down, will be replaced by 2×660 MW Unit<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/talcher-thermal-power-plant-shuts-down-ntpc-says-modern-unit-will-replace-it-76269 | title=Talcher thermal power plant shuts down, NTPC says modern unit will replace it | date=2 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 12
| [[Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 2,000
| 4x500
| All units functional
|-
| 13
| NTPC Tanda<ref>[https://ntpc.co.in/tanda NTPC Tanda]</ref>
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1,760
| 4x110, 2×660
| All units functional
|-
| 14
| [[Sipat Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 2,980
| 2x500, 3x660
| All units functional
|-
| 15
| [[Mauda Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 2,320
| 2x500, 2x660
| All units functional
|-
| 16
| [[Barh Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Bihar]]
| 3,300
| 3×660, 2x660
| All units functional
|-
| 17
| [[Kudgi Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| 2,400
|3x800
| All units functional
|-
| 18
| [[NTPC Bongaigaon]]
| [[Assam]]
| 750
| 3x250
| All units functional
|-
| 19
| [[LARA Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 1600
| 2x800, 2x800
| 2×800 MW unit functional, 2×800 MW unit under construction.
|-
| 20
| [[Solapur Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 1,320
| 2x660
| All units functional.
|-
| 21
| [[Gadarwara Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|1,600
| 2×800, 2×800
| 2×800 MW unit functional, 2×800 MW unit under construction
|-
| 22
| [[North Karanpura Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 1,980
| 3×660
| 2 units functional, 1 under construction
|-
| 23
| [[Darlipali Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Odisha]]
| 1,600
| 2×800
| 2×800 MW unit functional, 1×800 MW unit under construction.
|-
| 24
| [[Khargone Super Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1,320
| 2×660
| All unit functional.
|-
| 25
| [[Telangana Super Thermal Power Project]]
| [[Telangana]]
| 1,600
| 2×800
| all units functional
|-
| 26
| [[Barauni Thermal Power Station]]
| [[Bihar]]
| 720
| 2×110, 2×250
| Stage 1 2×110 MW retired 2*250 functional <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/ntpc-acquires-720-mw-barauni-thermal-power-plant-in-bihar/67115504|title = NTPC acquires 720 Mw Barauni thermal power plant in Bihar - ET EnergyWorld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/ntpc-acquires-barauni-thermal-power-station-118121600028_1.html|title = NTPC acquires Barauni Thermal Power Station}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Coal-based (JV/subsidiary)====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
! Sr. No.
! Name of the JV
! Location
! State
! Capacity in [[Megawatt|MW]]
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 1
| [[NSPCL]]. Joint venture with [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]].
| [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| 160
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 2
| [[NSPCL]]. Joint venture with [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]].
| [[Rourkela]]
| [[Odisha]]
| 370
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 3
| [[NSPCL]]. Joint venture with [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]].
| [[Bhilai]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 574
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 4
| [[Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project|NPGC]]. Wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC.
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| [[Bihar]]
| 1980
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 5
| [[Muzaffarpur Thermal Power Station]] (MTPS). Wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC.
| [[Kanti, Muzaffarpur|Kanti]]
| [[Bihar]]
| 610
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 6
| [[Nabinagar Thermal Power Project|BRBCL]]. Joint venture with [[Indian Railways]].
| [[Nabinagar]]
| [[Bihar]]
| 1000
|- style="text-align:left;"
| 7
| [[Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project|Aravali Power CPL JV with HPGCL & IPGCL]]
| [[Jhajjar]]
| [[Haryana]]
| 1500
|- style="text-align:left;"|
| 8
| [[Vallur Thermal Power Project|NTECL JV with NTPC & TNEB]]
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 1500
|- style="text-align:left;"|
| 9
| [[Meja Thermal Power Station|Meja Thermal Power Station JV with NTPC & UPRVUNL]]
| [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1320
3*800 mw planned at meja, 2*800mw planned at obra, 2*800mw planned at anpara under MVUNL
|- style="text-align:left;"|
| 10
| [[Patratu Super Thermal Power Project|PUVNL (Patratu)]] joint venture with Jharkhand State Electricity Board.
| [[Patratu]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 4000
|- style="text-align:left;"|
| 11
|[[Khurja Super Thermal Power Plant|Khurja-THDC]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1320
|}

====Gas-based power plants (own operational)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Power project !! State !!Capacity [[Megawatt|MW]] !! Unit Size [[Megawatt|MW]] !! Status
|-
| 1
| [[Anta Thermal Power Station|Anta]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 419.33
| 3×88, 1×149
| All unit running
|-
| 2
| [[Auraiya Thermal Power Station|Auraiya]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 663.36
| 4×110, 2×106
| All unit running
|-
|3
| [[Kawas Thermal Power Station|Kawas]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| 656.20
| 2×110.5, 4×106
| All unit running
|-
| 4
| [[NTPC Dadri|Dadri]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 829.78
| 4×130.19,2×154.51
| All unit running
|-
| 5
| [[Jhanor-Gandhar Thermal Power Station|Jhanor-Gandhar]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| 657.39
| 3×131, 1×155
| All unit running
|-
| 6
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant|Kayamkulam]], [[Haripad]]
| [[Kerala]]
| 359.58
| 2x115.2 + 1x129.177
| All unit running
|-
| 7
| [[Faridabad Thermal Power Plant|Faridabad]]
| [[Haryana]]
| 431.59
| 2×143, 1×144
| All unit running
|}

====Gas-based (JV/subsidiary)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Power project !! State !!Capacity [[Megawatt|MW]]
|-
| 1
| [[Ratnagiri Gas and Power Private Limited]] (RGPPL)
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 1967
|-
| 2
| [[Assam Gas based power plant]]
| [[Assam]]
| 291
|-
|3
| [[Agartala GT CCPP]]
| [[Tripura]]
| 135
|-
| 4
| [[Tripura Gas based CCPP]]
| [[Tripura]]
| 101
|-
|}

===Hydro power===
The company has also stepped up its [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]] (hydel) project implementation. Some of these projects are:

====Hydro-electric power plants (own operational)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Power project !! State !!Capacity [[Megawatt|MW]] !! Unit in [[Megawatt|MW]] !! Status
|-
| 1
| [[Koldam Dam]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 800
| 4×200 MW
| All four units commissioned
|-
| 2
| [[Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Plant|Tapovan Vishnugad]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| 520
| 4×130 MW
| Under construction
|-
|-
| 3
| [[Lata Tapovan]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|171
| 3 × 57 MW
| Under construction
|-
|4
| [[Rammam Hydro]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| 120
| 3 × 40 MW
| Under construction
|}

====Hydro-electric power plants (JV/Subsidiary)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Project !! State/UT !! Capacity [[Megawatt|MW]]
|-
| 1
|[[Tehri Dam|Tehri HPP]] ([[THDC Ltd|THDC]])
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|1000
|-
| 2
|[[Tehri PSP]] ([[THDC Ltd|THDC]])
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|1000
|-
|3
|[[Koteshwar Dam|Koteshwar HPP (THDC)]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| 400
|-
| 4
|[[Vishnugad Pipalkoti HEP(THDC)]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| 444
|-
|5
| [[Ranganadi Dam|Ranganadi HEP]] ([[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|NEEPCO]])
| [[Arunachal]]
| 405
|-
| 6
|[[Doyang HEP]] ([[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|NEEPCO]])
| [[Nagaland]]
| 75
|-
| 7
|[[Pare HEP]] ([[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|NEEPCO]])
| [[Arunachal]]
|110
|-
| 8
| [[Tuirial HEP]] ([[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|NEEPCO]])
| [[Mizoram]]
| 60
|-
| 9
| [[Kopili Hydro Electric Project|Kopili HEP]] ([[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|NEEPCO]])
| [[Assam]]
| 275
|-
| 10
| [[Kameng HEP]] ([[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|NEEPCO]])
| [[Arunachal]]
| 600
|}

===Renewable energy===
NTPC's current renewable power plants in solar and wind include:

====Solar photovoltaic power plants (own operational)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Project !! State/UT !! Capacity
|-
| 1
| [[NTPC Dadri Solar Power Plant|Dadri Solar PV]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 05 MW
|-
| 2
| [[NTPC Port Blair Solar Power Plant|Port Blair Solar PV]]
| [[Andaman & Nicobar Island]]
| 05 MW
|-
| 3
| [[NTPC Ramagundam Floating Solar Power Plant|Ramagundam Solar PV]]
| [[Telangana]]
| 110 MW
|-
| 4
| Talcher Kaniha
| [[Odisha]]
| 10 MW
|-
| 5
| Faridabad Solar PV
| [[Haryana]]
| 05 MW
|-
| 6
| Unchahar Solar PV
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 10 MW
|-
| 7
| [[NTPC Rajgarh Solar Power Plant|Rajgarh Solar PV]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 50 MW
|-
| 8
| Singrauli Solar PV
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 15 MW
|-
| 9
| [[NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Park|Ananthpuram Solar PV]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 250 MW
|-
| 10
| [[NTPC Bhadla Solar Power Plant|Bhadla-Solar PV]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 260 MW
|-
| 11
| [[NTPC Mandsaur Solar Power Plant|Mandsaur Solar PV]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 250 MW
|-
|12
|[[Bishrampur, Chhattisgarh|Bishrampur Solar PV]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|20 MW
|-
|13
|[[Bhatgaon, Surajpur|Bhatgaon Solar PV]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|20 MW
|-
|14
|[[NTPC Fatehgarh Solar Power Plant|Fatehgarh Solar PV]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|296 MW
|-
|15
|Simhadri Floating Solar
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|25 MW
|-
|16
|[[NTPC Haripad Floating Solar Power Plant]]
|[[Kerala]]
|92 MW
|-
|
| Total
|
| 1443 MW
|}

====Solar photovoltaic power plants (JV/subsidiary)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Project !! State/UT !! Capacity
|-
| 1
| Solar TGBPP Tripura ([[NEEPCO]])
| Tripura
| 05 MW
|}

====Wind Power (own operational)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Project !! State/UT !! Capacity
|-
| 1
| Rojmal
| [[Gujarat]]
| 50 MW
|}

====Wind Power (JV/subsidiary)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Project !! State/UT !! Capacity
|-
| 1
| Patan Wind Power Project ([[THDC Ltd|THDC]])
| [[Gujarat]]
| 50 MW
|-
| 2
| Devbhumi Dwarka Wind Power Project ([[THDC Ltd|THDC]])
| [[Gujarat]]
| 63 MW
|}

====Small hydro====
* Singrauli CW Discharge (small hydro) 8 (4x2) MW is on the discharge canal of the [[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. All units of this project are under commercial operation.
* NTPC-THDC has installed 24(8x3) MW Small Hydro Project at Dhukwan on Betwa river in [[Jhansi]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Future goals==
The company has developed a long-term plan to become a 1,28,000 MW company by 2032. NTPC Limited is on an expansion spree to meet the power requirements of the country—the company has targeted to add 14,058 MW in 12th Plan (from FY13 to FY 17) of which it had already added 4,170 MW in 2012–2013, 1835 MW in 2013–2014, 1290 MW in 2014–2015, and 1150 MW from April–30 November 2015.

As of 30 November 2015, the company has 23,004 MW under construction. NTPC is diversifying its capacity mix with much emphasis on renewable energy. As on 30 November 2015, NTPC has 110 MW Solar PV capacity under operation, 250 MW under construction, and 1260 MW under tendering. The company intends to add 10,000 MW of Solar PV capacity in the next five years. On 18 July 2015, NTPC declared commercial its first Hydro Power plant at Koldam in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The company has a long-term plan to reduce its fossil fuel capacity mix to 56% by 2032.

NTPC also plans to go global. The public sector company has signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|memorandum of agreement]] (MoU) with the Government of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Ceylon Electricity Board]] for setting up a 500 MW (2x250) coal-based thermal power plant in the island nation. An MoU has also been signed with Kyushu Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan, for establishing an alliance for exchange of information and experts from different areas of the business. The company is also in the process of finalising an MoU with [[Nigeria]] for setting up power plants against the allocation of LNG on a long-term basis for NTPC plants in India. NTPC is also developing a joint-venture coal-based power plant 1,320 MW (2x660) with the [[Bangladesh Power Development Board]] known as [[Rampal Power Station (Proposed)|Bangladesh India Friendship Power Company]] in [[Rampal Power Station (Proposed)|Ramp]] [[Bangladesh]], which is facing tremendous opposition from the people of [[Bangladesh]] owing to the plant's dangerously close proximity to the [[Sundarbans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/08/23/power-plant-like-rampal-never-allowed-india/|title=' A power plant like Rampal would never be allowed in India' - Dhaka Tribune|website=dhakatribune.com|date=23 August 2016}}</ref>

NTPC has also been allotted coal blocks, namely Pakri Barwadih, Chatti Bariatu, and Kerandari in [[Jharkhand]] as well as Talipalli, Chhattisgarh, and Dulanga in [[Odisha]]. Except for Pakri Barwadih, all other blocks were canceled by a decision of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 24 September 2014. However, the company was again allotted canceled block under Section 5 of Coal Mines (Special Provision Act 2015)<ref>[http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/2015/201511.pdf 5618GI1.p65]</ref> Besides these blocks, the Ministry of Coal has according to its press release dated 3 July 2013 allotted four more blocks namely, Banai and Bhalmuda in Chhattisgarh, Chandrabila and Kudanli Laburi in Odisha. Two more blocks namely Mandakini-II and Banhardih are expected to be allotted to NTPC soon. All these mines are having estimated geological reserves of 6.7 billion tonnes. NTPC has appointed Mining Cum Development Operator (MDO) for its Pakri Barwadih mine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.coalpost.in/thriveni-sainik-appointed-as-mdo-for-ntpcs-pakri-barwadih-coal-block-of-jharkhand/ |title=Thriveni-Sainik appointed as MDO for NTPC's Pakri-Barwadih coal block of Jharkhand * Coal Power Steel |access-date=7 December 2015 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930172507/http://www.coalpost.in/thriveni-sainik-appointed-as-mdo-for-ntpcs-pakri-barwadih-coal-block-of-jharkhand/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Listings and shareholding==
The equity shares of NTPC are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/ntpc-ltd/ntpc/532555/ |title=NTPC LTD. |publisher=BSEindia.com |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[BSE SENSEX]] index,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |title=Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX |publisher=BSE India |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201094728/http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=NTPC |title=NTPC Limited |publisher=NSE India |access-date=11 October 2013}}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[Nifty 50]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |title=Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv) |publisher=NSE India |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

In September 2015, the Government of India held around 74.96% equity shares in NTPC. Over 6,80,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 1.92% of its shares. Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 10.03% shareholding.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/download/shareholdig-pattern-31032015-ntpc |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195543/http://www.ntpc.co.in/download/shareholdig-pattern-31032015-ntpc |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In August 2017, the GoI divested further its 5% stake in NTPC through OFS (Stock Exchange Mechanism) and reduced the holding of GOI in NTPC to 5,76,83,41,760 shares i.e. 64.96% out of total 8,24,54,64,400 shares.

The balance is held by public, FIIs, Mutual Funds, and Banks.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shareholders !! Shareholding<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/investors/shareholding-pattern|title=Shareholding Pattern - NTPC|website=ntpc.co.in}}</ref>
|-
| Promoters: Government of India
| 51.10%
|-
| DII
| 18.20%
|-
| Foreign Institutional Investors
| 14.54%
|-
|Body Corporate & Insurance Companies
|12.88%
|-
| Individuals/HUFs
| 2.20%
|-
| Others
| 1.08%
|-
| Total
| 100.0%
|-
|}

==Employees==
As of 31 March 2015, the company had 24,067 employees. The attrition rate for the FY 2014–2015, including the trainee employees and employees working for subsidiaries and JVs, was 1.35%. Man MW Ratio of the company has fallen from 0.77 in the FY11 to 0.61 in FY 15. NTPC has been awarded continuously as great places to work for in PSUs category.

NTPC was ranked second among the 250 largest power producer energy traders in the world by [[Platts]] in 2015. On overall basis NTPC ranked 56th amongst Platts 250 companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top250.platts.com/Top250Rankings/2015/Region/IndependentPowerProducersandEnergyTraders|title=Platts Top 250 Rankings|website=top250.platts.com}}</ref> In 2009, it received ICSI National Award for Excellence in Corporate Governance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icsi.edu/WebModules/Programmes/CGAward/2009/cga2007wiiners.htm |title=ICSI National Awards for Excellence in Corporate Governance for 2009 |publisher=ICSI |date=21 December 2009 |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

==Criticism==

=== Land acquisition in tribal areas ===
The company (and other PSUs in India) has been allotted land for setting power plants and related infrastructure in rural or tribal areas across the country by Central Government and various state governments. Some of these lands have been allotted to NTPC (and other PSUs in India) through Land Acquisition Acts passed by Central and State Governments. Wherever a land acquisition law is enacted, it also places a liability on the PSUs or governments to take actions for proper rehabilitation of displaced residents of that rural or tribal area. Governments or PSUs are criticised if they do not fulfill their liability towards displaced residents. In many areas where land acquisition is proposed through land acquisition laws, local residents oppose the forcible acquisition, as they are not sure of proper rehabilitation.

=== Future growth ===
Draft National Electricity Plan (2016), prepared by GoI, states that India does not need additional coal-fired power plants until 2027 with the commissioning of various coal-based power plants which are presently under construction.<ref>{{cite web| title=Draft National Electricity Plan, 2016, CEA| url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf| access-date=11 December 2016| archive-date=20 December 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133152/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> India is not facing regular power shortages to purchase electricity at high prices, offering higher profit margins to the competing power generating companies. With the help of assured power purchase agreements (PPA) from the state-owned DisComs, NTPC was able to sell its power at higher margins on the deployed capital and higher overhead costs. Moreover, its main expertise of generating power from coal-fired stations is becoming obsolete in terms of technology and economics against non-conventional power generation like wind, solar, etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-may-drop-further-expansion-plans-of-kudgi-thermal-project-in-karnataka/articleshow/57859308.cms |title= NTPC may drop further expansion plans of Kudgi thermal project in Karnataka|newspaper= The Economic Times|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> In the future, for the satisfactory growth mainly from wind and solar power projects, NTPC is ready to slash all its extra profit margins on capital deployed to bring down the power sale price at par with the IPPs to secure the projects in open competitive bidding.

Government has decided to scrap the coal-fired power stations which are more than 25 years old to reduce the pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/ntpc-to-phase-out-11000-mw-old-power-plants-in-five-years-piyush-goyal/55983681| title=NTPC to phase out 11000 MW old power plants in five years - Piyush Goyal|access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Instead of scrapping old pulverised coal-fired units, NTPC should replace coal with [[Torrefaction|torrefied]] crops waste/biomass as fuel in these units (nearly 11,000 MW) to make them profitable and productive assets without contributing to pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biomasscofiring.ca/images/stories/PDFs/WoodPelletCo-firingOverviewFutureMetrics.pdf|title=Overview of Wood Pellet Co-firing|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062520/http://www.biomasscofiring.ca/images/stories/PDFs/WoodPelletCo-firingOverviewFutureMetrics.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

To utilise its proven O&M expertise, NTPC may venture on a major scale to implement the [[concentrated solar power|solar thermal storage power]] as they can offer clean and cheaper electricity than fossil fuel-fired power generation plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://helioscsp.com/dispatchable-solar-concentrated-solar-power-broke-price-records-in-2017/ |title=Dispatchable Concentrated Solar Power Broke Price Records in 2017 |work=HELIOSCSP |access-date= 22 September 2017}}</ref>

Rather than install emissions-cutting technologies, NTPC has chosen to lobby the government to extend pollution reduction deadlines.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-ntpc-emissions-exclusive/exclusive-indias-ntpc-snubs-foreign-emissions-tech-shuts-out-ge-others-from-2-billion-orders-idUSKBN1YN0G1?il=0|title=Exclusive: India's NTPC snubs foreign emissions tech, shuts out GE, others from $2 billion orders|newspaper=Reuters|date=19 December 2019|last1=Varadhan|first1=Sudarshan}}</ref>

=== Controversies with projects ===
[[Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project]] by NTPC Ltd: Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project (600 MW i.e. 150 MW × 4 units) is located on the river [[Bhagirathi]] (a tributary of the Ganges) in [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]] district of [[Uttarakhand]] state. This is the first project downstream from the origin of the [[Ganges]] at [[Gangotri]]. The project was at the advanced stage of construction when it was discontinued by the Government of India in August 2010.

Rupasiyabagar Khasiabara HPP, 261 MW in Pithoragarh, [[Uttarakhand]] State, near China Border, is yet to be given investment approval..

[[Badarpur Thermal Power Station]] has been permanently closed due to pollution issues in [[Delhi]] [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]. The total installed capacity of all of its units was 705 [[Megawatt|MW]], which has been retired and fully closed since 15 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/badarpur-power-plant-shut-action-plan-to-tackle-air-pollution-in-delhi-ncr-comes-into-force/story-Exu4ZryrjCEYZN2Wzpgs9H.html|title = Badarpur power plant shut, action plan to tackle air pollution in Delhi-NCR comes into force| work=Hindustan Times |date = 16 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/badarpur-thermal-plant-delhi-s-biggest-power-generator-to-shut-down-from-october-15/story-6r1DhoDjb7G0yr48iv8IqI.html|title=Badarpur thermal plant, Delhi's biggest power generator, to shut down from October 15|date=5 October 2018|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-date=21 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421060942/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/badarpur-thermal-plant-delhi-s-biggest-power-generator-to-shut-down-from-october-15/story-6r1DhoDjb7G0yr48iv8IqI.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|Energy}}
* [[Electricity in India]]
* [[Energy in India]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[List of public sector undertakings in India]]
* [[2017 NTPC power plant explosion]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{NTPC Power Stations}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Power Plants of Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:BSE SENSEX]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Electric power companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Public utilities established in 1975]]
[[Category:Electric-generation companies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Power (India)]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Simha (month)

2026-02-28T07:51:53Z

IndiaTurney9471: creating new stub!

{{Short description|Month in Indian lunisolar calendars}}
'''Siṃha''' is one of the twelve months in the [[Hindu calendar|Indian solar calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p72"/><ref name=sewell5>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/5 5]–11, 23–29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vasudeva Rao|title=Living Traditions in Contemporary Contexts: The Madhva Matha of Udupi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-utNEpTZWUkC |year=2002|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|isbn=978-81-250-2297-8|pages=48–53}}</ref>

Simha corresponds to the zodiacal sign of [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]], and overlaps with about the second half of August and about the first half of September in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p72"/> In Vedic texts, the Simha month is called ''Nabhas'' (IAST: Nabhas), but in these ancient texts it has no zodiacal associations.<ref name="Dershowitz2008p123">{{cite book|author1=Nachum Dershowitz|author2=Edward M. Reingold|title=Calendrical Calculations|title-link= Calendrical Calculations |year= 2008|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-88540-9|pages=123–128}}</ref> The solar month of Simha overlaps with its lunar month [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]], in Hindu lunisolar calendars.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC|year=2004|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-69112-04-85|pages=291–293}}</ref><ref name=sewell10/> The Simha marks the end of monsoon season and the start of the autumn for the Indian subcontinent. It is preceded by the solar month of [[Karkaṭa]], and followed by the solar month of [[Kanyā]].<ref name=sewell5/>

The Simha month corresponds to [[Avani (month)|Avani]] in the [[Tamil calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p72">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/72 72]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/72}}</ref> The ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts of India vary in their calculations about the duration of Simha, just like they do with other months. For example, the ''Surya Siddhanta'', dated to c. 400 CE, calculates the duration of Simha to be 31 days, 0 hours, 26 minutes and 48 seconds.<ref name=sewell10/> In contrast, the ''Arya Siddhanta'' calculates the duration of the Simha month to be 31 days, 2 hours, 5 minutes and 31 seconds.<ref name=sewell10>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/10 10]–11}}</ref>

The Indian solar month names are significant in epigraphical studies of South Asia. For example, ''simha'' month, along with other solar months such as ''Makara'', are found inscribed in South Indian temples. The Pandya King Jatavarman Sundara-Pandaya II dedicated the Kalisvara temple at [[Kalayar Kovil]] in his 12th year of reign, reads one inscription, on the third ''tithi'' of the second fortnight of the Simha month, which corresponds to Wednesday August 27, 1287.<ref>{{cite book|author=E Hultzsch|title=Epigraphia Indica|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MxE9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277|year= 1906|publisher=Education Society Press|pages=279, 277–280}}</ref>

Simha is also an astrological sign in Indian horoscope systems, corresponding to [[Leo (astrology)]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bangalore V. Raman|title=Studies in Jaimini Astrology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW2DIFHrxfgC |year=2003|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1397-7|pages=10–19}}</ref>

Simha is also the eighteenth month in the [[Darian calendar]] for the planet [[Mars]], when the [[Sun]] traverses the eastern sector of the constellation Leo as seen from Mars.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Nepali calendar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simha}}
[[Category:Hindu solar months]]

Spiti

2026-02-24T23:37:24Z

IndiaTurney9471: quick reworked lead to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|River valley in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox valley
| name = Spiti
| other name =
| photo = File:Spiti River Kaza Himachal Jun18 D72 7232.jpg
| photo_alt = Spiti River upstream of Kaza
| photo_caption = Spiti River upstream of Kaza
| map = India Himachal Pradesh##India
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh##Location of Spiti Valley in India
| location =
| relief = 1
| label =
| label_position =
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|14|49|N|78|03|08|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 2,950-4,100
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Losar - Chango, OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=32.4382%2C77.7501%3B31.9778%2C78.5944#map=10/32.2154/78.1788&layers=C |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603050226/https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=32.4382,77.7501%3B31.9778,78.5944#map=10/32.2154/78.1788&layers=C |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=January 2023}}
| direction =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| type =
| age =
| boundaries =
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Indian Himalayan Region|Indian Himalayas]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
| river = [[Spiti river|Spiti]]
| topo =
| towns = Losar, [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]], [[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo]], Sumdo, Chango
| traversed =
| watercourses =
}}
[[File:Kee monastery Spiti Valley (edited).jpg|thumb|250px|View of Spiti Valley and [[Key Monastery]] in winter, January 2008]]

'''Spiti''' (pronounced as '''piti''' in [[Spiti Bhoti|Bhoti]] language) is a high-altitude region of the [[Himalayas]], located in the north-eastern part of the [[North India|northern]] [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The name "Spiti" means "The middle land", i.e. the land between [[Tibet]] in China and [[India]].{{sfn|Kapadia|1999|p=209}} Spiti incorporates mainly the valley of the '''Spiti River''', and the valleys of several rivers that feed into the Spiti River. Some of the prominent side-valleys in Spiti are the Pin valley and the Lingti valley. Spiti is bordered on the east by Tibet, on the north by [[Ladakh]], on the west and southwest by [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul]], on the south by [[Kullu district|Kullu]], and on the southeast by [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]. Spiti has a [[cold desert]] environment.<ref>{{cite book |author=A. S. Kashyap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Sjt-7O_eAC&pg=PA201 |chapter=Horticulture in Cold Desert Conditions with Particular Reference to Spiti Valley of Himachal Pradesh |title=Temperate Horticulture: Current Scenario |publisher=New India Publishing |year=2006 |editor=Dr. Satish K. Sharma |pages=201–202 |isbn=9788189422363 |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403082424/https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Sjt-7O_eAC&pg=PA201 |url-status=live }}</ref> The valley and its surrounding regions are among the least populated regions of India. The Bhoti-speaking local population follows [[Tibetan Buddhism]].

Traditionally, [[agriculture]] was for subsistence, but has shifted to cash crops in the past few decades. Spiti is a popular destination for photography, [[snow leopard]] spotting, and adventure [[tourism]] of various kinds, including winter sports.

== Etymology ==
The name "Spiti" is derived from "Piti", which means "the middle land", as the valley is surrounded on all sides by the mountain ranges that separate it from former empires. These include Ladakh to the north, Tibet to the east, [[Bushahr]] to the south, and Kullu to the west.{{sfn|Kapadia|1999|p=209}}

Others attribute the name to a Tibetan [[Dacoity|dacoit]] named Spiti Thakur. Based in Spiti valley, the Thakur gangs raided the upper parts of Kullu, before the [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh#Historical events|Sen kings]] established their rule.{{sfn|Kapadia|1999|p=209}}

== History ==
[[File:TaboMonastery-Tabo-Spiti-Himachal-D72_6768.JPG|thumb|Tabo Monastery viewed from monks' caves]]'''<big>Ancient Period</big>'''

Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]], had established Spiti valley, including settlement valleys in Lahaul, Spiti, and Tibet Autonomous Region. In 95 BC, invasions began which were unsuccessful even until 846 A.D.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

=== Pre-historical period ===
There is evidence of very early human habitation in the Spiti valley, primarily through its rich heritage of pre-Buddhist Khasa rock art. Spiti's rock art is thought to have been produced over a wide period of time, with the earliest examples dating back nearly 3,000 years. Spiti's rock art has been categorized, based on differences of the designs depicted, into the following periods: the Late Bronze Age (c.1500–800 BCE), the early Iron Age (c.800–500 BCE), the Iron Age (c.500–100 BCE), the Protohistoric period (100 BCE–650 CE), Early Historic Period (650–1000 CE), Vestigial Period (1000–1300 CE), and the Late Historical Period (post-1300 CE).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Belleza |first=John Vincent |date=September 2017 |title=The Rock Art of Spiti. A General Introduction. |url=http://www.himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_41_03.pdf |journal=Revue d'Études Tibétaines |volume=41 |pages=56–85 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809074707/http://www.himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_41_03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== The period from the mid-7th century to the early 19th century ===
[[File:Empire of King Nyimagon with three divisions about 975 .- 1000 CE.png|thumb|right|Empire of [[Kyide Nyimagon]], divided into three parts after his death, with Zanskar and Spiti forming one part]]
There is some evidence to show that Spiti was a part of the western Tibetan kingdom of [[Zhangzhung|Zhang Zhung]] until the mid-7th century CE.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jahoda |first=Christian |title=Socio-economic organisation in a border area of Tibetan culture. Tabo, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences |year=2015 |location=Vienna |pages=37}}</ref>

In the 10th century, Spiti was part of the kingdom of Ngari Khorsum, established by [[Kyide Nyimagon]] of the Tibetan royal lineage. After Kyide Nyimagon's death, Zanskar and Spiti were given to his youngest son Detsukgon, while the eldest son [[Lhachen Palgyigon]] became the [[King of Ladakh]]. After that, the history of Spiti was linked with the history of [[Ladakh]] for a long time. Local rulers had the title of Nonos. They were either descendants of a native family of Spiti or chiefs sent to look after the affairs of Spiti by [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|the rulers of Ladakh]]. This region became autonomous whenever the rulers of Ladakh were weak. However the rulers of Spiti periodically sent tributes to Ladakh, [[Chamba State|Chamba]] and [[Kullu]].{{sfn|Kapadia|1999|loc=Chapter 2}}

Buddhism first came to Spiti, likely through the [[History of Tibetan Buddhism|Second Diffusion of Buddhism]] into Tibet, and it was at this time that the [[Tabo Monastery|Tabo monastery]] was built (996 CE).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahoda |first=Christian |title=Socio-economic organisation in a border area of Tibetan culture. Tabo, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences |year=2015 |location=Vienna |pages=45–46}}</ref>

Spiti became practically free after the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] of 1679–1683. This prompted Man Singh, Raja of Kullu, to invade Spiti and establish a loose control over this principality. Later on, in the 18th century, control once again passed back to Ladakh. An official was sent from [[Leh]] as Governor, but he usually went away after the harvest time, leaving the local administration in the hands of the Wazir or Nono. There was a headman for a group of villages for day-to-day administrative affairs.{{sfn|Kapadia|1999|loc=Chapter 2}} Spiti briefly came under the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] rule (as part of the [[Sikh Empire]]) between 1842 and 1846, after which it was annexed to the British Empire.

=== Colonial period ===
[[File:Dhankar Gompa-25-Klosterburg-2016-gje.jpg|thumb|The fort at Dhankar (right), which served as the official seat of the Nono of Spiti during the British period. ]]
Under the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]] (1846), Spiti alongside Lahaul was split off from the erstwhile kingdom of Ladakh, and came under direct British administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahoda |first=Christian |title=Socio-economic organisation in a border area of Tibetan culture. Tabo, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |year=2015 |location=Vienna |pages=62}}</ref> Mansukh Das, hereditary Wazir of Bushahr, was entrusted with the local administration of this region from 1846 to 1848. The Wazir had to pay the British revenue of only Rs. 700 annually for the whole of Spiti. In 1849, Spiti came directly under the control of the Assistant Commissioner, Kooloo (Kullu).<ref name="Harcourt1871">{{Cite book |last=Harcourt |first=A.F.P. |title=The Himalayan Districts of Kooloo, Lahoul and Spiti |publisher=W.H. Allen & Sons |year=1871 |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|page=132}} Kullu was a sub-division of the Kangra district, of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]. In 1873 the Nono of Kyuling village, near Kaza, was delegated the responsibility of collecting revenue from Spiti for the British, and was also given some judicial powers.<ref name=":6" /> In 1941, Spiti was made part of the Lahaul tehsil (sub-division) of Kullu district, with its headquarters at Keylong.

The only built structure in Spiti which reflects colonial architecture is the Attargu suspension bridge, which was built in 1911 and formerly connected Spiti valley with Pin valley.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Abhimanyu |date=June 23, 2024 |title=Spiti's forgotten bridge |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/spitis-forgotten-bridge-633175 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

=== Post-Independence period ===
After the formation of [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] into a district in 1960, Spiti was formed into a sub-division with its headquarter at Kaza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Lahaul and Spiti: History |url=https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/history/ |access-date=15 Oct 2021 |website=[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026232131/https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Lahaul and Spiti district was merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act]].

The [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|annexation of Tibet]] by the People's Republic of China in 1951 turned Spiti into a sensitive region for the Indian government. Due to this, roads were built to Spiti over the 1950s-60s. By the 1970s, Spiti had road connectivity to [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] and [[Shimla]].<ref name=":6" />

== Geography ==
[[File:Confluence Spiti Satluj Jun18 D72 6744.jpg|thumb|right|The Spiti River emerges from a gorge to merge into the Satluj near Khab, June 2018.]]
[[File:Losar-Kunzum Road Jun18 D72 7836.jpg|thumb|right|Barren, high mountains with sparse vegetation along Spiti tributary near [[Kunzum Pass]]]]
The Spiti valley is located between the Kunzum range in the NW to Khab on the Sutlej river in Kinnaur in the SE. The Spiti River originates from the base of the {{cvt|20,073|ft|m|order=flip}} K-111 peak.<ref name="Harcourt1871"/>{{rp|page=27}} The Taktsi tributary flows out of the Nogpo-Topko glacier, near [[Kunzum Pass|Kunzum La]] {{cvt|150|km|mi}}, the Spiti ends in the [[Sutlej|Satluj]] at Khab. The [[Pin Valley National Park|Pin]], Lingti and Parachu as the major tributaries. The catchment area of the Spiti river is about {{cvt|6,300|km2|sqmi}}. Situated in the rain shadow of the main Himalayan range, Spiti does not benefit from the [[Monsoon|South-West monsoon]] that causes widespread rain in most parts of India from June to September. The river attains peak discharge in late summers due to glacier melting.<ref name="Srivastava2013"/>

There are two distinct parts of the Spiti valley. In the ''upper valley'' from [[Losar Khas|Losar]] to Lingti, the river is braided with a very wide river bed, though the water channel is narrow.<ref name="Srivastava2013"/><ref name="Harcourt1871"/>{{rp|pages=30–31}} The valley floor has ancient sedimentary deposits, and the sides have extensive [[scree]] slopes. The ''lower valley'' runs from Lingti to Khab. Here, the meandering river has incised channels and gorges about {{cvt|10-130|m|ft}} deep in the [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] deposits and [[bedrock]]. Tributaries and other streams join at right angles, indicating [[Neotectonics|neotectonic]] activity in the past few million years.<ref name="Srivastava2013"/>

Steep mountains rise to very high altitudes on either side of the Spiti River and its numerous tributaries. The highest peak in the Parung range to the NE has an altitude of {{cvt|23,064|ft|m|order=flip}} and on the SW side, is [[Manirang]] Peak at {{cvt|21,646|ft|m|order=flip}}. The mountains are barren and largely devoid of trees except for a few stunted willows and scattered trees in a some villages.<ref name="Harcourt1871"/>{{rp|pages=14,29}} The main settlements along the Spiti River and its tributaries are [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]] and [[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khab, Himachal, OpenStreetMap.org |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=12/31.79943/78.64345 |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=OpenStreetMap.org |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020225657/https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=12/31.79943/78.64345 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Geology===
Over millennia, the Spiti River and its tributaries such as the Pin River, have cut deep gorges in the uplifted sedimentary strata. As vegetation is sparse, the rock strata in the steep cliffs are easily visible to the geologist, without excavation or drilling. Thomson during his 1847 expedition noted three forms of alluvia in the Spiti valley. The first is deposits of fine clay. The second is triangular platforms that slope gently from the mountains to the river, usually ending in a steep cliff. The third are enormous masses of great depth, {{cvt|400-600|ft|m|disp=flip}} above the river bed. The river has cut deep gorges through these platforms. The latter two consist of clay, pebbles and boulders. Thomson speculated that the valley appeared to have been a lake bed in the past though he could not conceive mechanisms to explain the phenomena.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomson |first=Thomas |title=Western Himalayas and Tibet |publisher=Reeve and Co. |year=1852 |location=London |pages=27, 123–124}}</ref>
Now, we know that the valley was uplifted from the ocean bed due to the [[Plate tectonics#Formation and break-up of continents|movement of tectonic plates]].<ref name="Srivastava2013"/>

The Moravian geologist [[Ferdinand Stoliczka]] discovered a major geological formation near [[Mud village, Spiti#Geology|Mud village]] in Spiti in the 1860s. Stoliczka identified a number of layers or successions, one of which he named as the ''Muth succession''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Stoliczka |first=F. |date=1866 |title=Geological Sections across the Himalayan Mountains from Wangtu Bridge on the River Sutlej to Sungdo on the Indus, with an account of the formations in Spiti, accompanied by a revision of all known fossils from that district |journal=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India |publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]] |volume=V |pages=1–154}}</ref> This was later renamed as the ''Muth System'' by Hayden (1908) and as the ''Muth Formation'' by Srikantia (1981).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Parcha |first1=S.K. |last2=Pandey |first2=Shivani |date=Sep 2011 |title=Devonian Ichnofossils from the Farakah Muth Section of the Pin Valley, Spiti Himalaya |journal=Journal Geological Society of India |publisher=[[Geological Society of India]] |publication-place=Bangalore |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=263–270 |doi=10.1007/s12594-011-0082-8 |bibcode=2011JGSI...78..263P |s2cid=129814827}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Spiti valley is arid as it is situated in the monsoon rain shadow of the Himalayas. The average annual rainfall is about {{cvt|50|mm|in}} with snowfall less than {{cvt|200|cm|ft}}. Sporadically, there may be up to {{cvt|15|mm|in}} rainfall in a day resulting in erosion and landslides. The extreme temperatures are {{Cvt|-25|C|F}} in winter and {{Cvt|15|C|F}} in summer.<ref name="Srivastava2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=P. |first2=Y. |last2=Ray |first3=B. |last3=Phartiyal |first4=A. |last4=Sharma |date=1 March 2013 |title=Late Pleistocene-Holocene morphosedimentary architecture, Spiti River, arid higher Himalaya |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00531-013-0871-y |journal=[[International Journal of Earth Sciences]] |volume=102 |issue=7 |pages=1967–1984 |doi=10.1007/s00531-013-0871-y |bibcode=2013IJEaS.102.1967S |s2cid=129143186 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121061220/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00531-013-0871-y |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Climate change ====
Villagers in Spiti, especially those in higher villages like Komik, Kibber, Lhangza etc., claim that in recent decades, glaciers have been melting faster, and the quantity of snowfall has decreased. Villages in Spiti are dependent entirely on snowmelt water from winter snows and glaciers. Lesser snow and faster-melting glaciers endangers agriculture in the valley, which has only one agricultural season, being a high-altitude cold desert.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-15 |title=Climate change in Spiti: Water crisis engulfs world's 'highest' village |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/climate-change-global-warming-water-crisis-himachal-pradesh-spiti-mountain-valley-virbhadra-singh-himachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-himachal-farmers-4939235/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806205036/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/climate-change-global-warming-water-crisis-himachal-pradesh-spiti-mountain-valley-virbhadra-singh-himachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-himachal-farmers-4939235/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Climate change is threatening the tradition of Gaddi shepherds' annual migrations to Spiti with their herds of goat and sheep. It is degrading the quality of the pastures, and the ice bridges that Gaddis with their flocks could earlier use to cross rivers while bypassing villages are now disappearing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lenin |first=Janaki |title=How Climate Change is Affecting an Old Pastoral Tradition in Spiti |url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/shepherds-climate-glaciers-spiti |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=The Wire |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806194954/https://thewire.in/agriculture/shepherds-climate-glaciers-spiti |url-status=live }}</ref> Scientific studies back up the ground-level observations that [[climate change]] due to [[global warming]] has been adversely affecting the environment of the Spiti valley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of Climate Change on Flora of Spiti Valley, SAC (2016), Monitoring Snow and Glaciers of Himalayan Region, Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333755185 |access-date=August 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sangomla |first1=Akshit |last2=Sajwan |first2=Raju |title=On thin ice: Less snow, high temperatures have upturned lives in Himalayan cold desert |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/on-thin-ice-less-snow-high-temperatures-have-upturned-lives-in-himalayan-cold-desert-81203 |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806205037/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/on-thin-ice-less-snow-high-temperatures-have-upturned-lives-in-himalayan-cold-desert-81203 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
Spiti is a high altitude cold desert located above the tree line, with only a few stunted willows and scattered trees in some villages. There are shrubs on the valley floor.<ref name="Srivastava2013"/>{{rp|page=1968}}<ref name="Harcourt1871"/>{{rp|page=28}} Despite this, Spiti boasts of more than 450 species of plants. These include [[Hippophae|Seabuckthorn]], ''[[Dactylorhiza hatagirea]]'', ''[[Aconitum]]'', [[Ratan jot|ratanjot]] (Khamad), [[Ephedra (plant)|''Ephedra'']], [[Artemisia (plant)|''Artemisia'']] and other herbs. The alpine pastures on the high plateaus of Spiti are home to a variety of small bushes and grasses including ''[[Rosa sericea]]'', Hipopheae, and ''[[Lonicera]]'' among others.<ref name="Ecosphere Spiti Eco-Livelihoods">{{Cite web |title=Ecosphere Spiti Eco-Livelihoods |url=http://www.spitiecosphere.com/eco_travel_features_3.htm#:~:text=Despite%20being%20a%20high%20altitude,Ephedra,%20Artemisia%20and%20other%20condiments. |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.spitiecosphere.com |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812101004/http://www.spitiecosphere.com/eco_travel_features_3.htm#:~:text=Despite%20being%20a%20high%20altitude,Ephedra,%20Artemisia%20and%20other%20condiments. |url-status=live }}</ref> In terms of wildlife, among other species, the Spiti region is home to the [[Himalayan ibex|Himalayan Ibex]] (Capra sibirica hemalayanus), the [[snow leopard]] (''Panthera uncia''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raacho Trekkers |url=https://raachotrekkers.com/spiti-snow-leopard-trail-winter-in-kinnaur-spiti/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Raacho Trekkers |date=2 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024230353/https://raachotrekkers.com/spiti-snow-leopard-trail-winter-in-kinnaur-spiti/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[red fox]] (''Vulpes vulpes''), [[pika]] (''Ochotana roylei''), [[Himalayan wolf]] (''Canis lupus laniger''), and [[weasel]]s (''Mustela'' spp).<ref name="Ecosphere Spiti Eco-Livelihoods"/> The avifauna of the region includes the [[lammergeier]] (''Gypaetus barbatus''), [[Himalayan Griffon]] (''Gyps himalayensis''), [[golden eagle]] (''Aquia chryaetos''), [[Chukar partridge]] (''Alectronics chukor''), [[Himalayan snowcock]] (''Tetraogallus himalayensis''), and a host of [[rosefinch]]es (''Corpodacus'' spp).<ref name="Ecosphere Spiti Eco-Livelihoods"/> Spiti is home to two protected areas, the Pin Valley National Park and the [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308031368_Management_Plan_for_the_Upper_Spiti_Landscape_and_Kibber_Wildlife_Sanctuary Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary.]

== Administration ==
The total area of the Spiti valley is {{cvt|7,828.9|km2|sqmi}} and the total population in 2011 was 17,104 persons. Administratively, most of Spiti valley falls under Lahaul and Spiti district with a small part coming under Kinnaur district.<ref name="GeoAreaHP"/><ref name="CensusKinnaurA"/>{{rp|page=44,83}}

=== Spiti sub-division, Lahaul and Spiti district ===
The upper Spiti valley and the lower valley up to Sumdo<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2018 |title=Sumdo |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/299646431 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126104943/https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/299646431 |url-status=live }}</ref> form one of the two sub-divisions of the [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] district of Himachal Pradesh, the other one being the Lahaul sub-division. The sub-divisional headquarters (capital) of the Spiti sub-division of the Lahaul and Spiti district is Kaza,<ref name="himachaltourism">{{cite web |title=Himachal Tourism - Lahaul & Spiti District |url=http://himachaltourism.nic.in/laha.htm#kaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610182301/http://himachaltourism.nic.in/laha.htm#kaza  |archive-date=2008-06-10 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Department of Tourism & Civil Aviation, Government of Himachal Pradesh}}</ref> which is situated on the bank of the Spiti River at an elevation of about {{cvt|3,650|m|ft}}. The district headquarters lies at [[Kyelang]] in the Lahaul valley. But the Spiti valley is separated from [[Lahul|Lahaul valley]] by These two divisions of Lahaul and Spiti district are connected by NH-505 over the high Kunzum Pass, at {{cvt|4,590|m|ft}}. However, the Spiti sub-division is cut off from the district headquarters for 5–6 months in winter and spring as this road is cut off due to heavy snow.<ref name="himachaltourism" />

The Spiti sub-division is spread over an area of {{cvt|7,101.1|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="GeoAreaHP">{{Cite web |title=Geographical Area {{!}} District Lahaul and Spiti, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/geographical-area/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814210706/https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/geographical-area/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2011 Census, the population of the Spiti sub-division is 12,445 persons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population {{!}} District Lahaul and Spiti, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/population/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723021344/https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/population/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Designated as one of the 'Tribal Areas' of Himachal Pradesh, Spiti is administered under the Single-Line Administration system, which facilitates direct communication between the Kaza administration and the higher levels of administration in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Draft Annual Tribal Sub-Plan 2018-19 |url=https://himachalservices.nic.in/tribal/pdf/PlanChapters_2018_19.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001075003/https://himachalservices.nic.in/tribal/pdf/PlanChapters_2018_19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Electorally, Spiti is a part of the [[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Lahaul and Spiti constituency]] for the state-level Vidhan Sabha, and of the [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi constituency]] for the national-level Lok Sabha.

=== Hangrang sub-tehsil, Kinnaur district ===
{{anchor| Hangrang }}

The lower Spiti valley from the Sumdo bridge until the Spiti merges with the Sutlej river at Khab is called the Hangrang valley. This area forms the Hangrang sub-tehsil which is part of the Poo sub-division in [[Kinnaur district]].<ref name="CensusKinnaurB">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/handbooks |last= |first= |title=District Census Handbook: Kinnaur, Himachal -- Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA) |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |year=2011 |isbn= |series=3 Part XII B |location= |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228104052/https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/handbooks |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page=14}} The Hangrang sub-tehsil covers an area of {{cvt|727.8|km2|sqmi}} with a population of 4,659 persons. The sub-tehsil is approximately {{cvt|100|km|mi}} from the district headquarters at [[Reckong Peo]].<ref name="CensusKinnaurA">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/handbooks |last= |first= |title=District Census Handbook: Kinnaur, Himachal -- Village and Town Directory |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |year=2011 |isbn= |series=3 Part XII A |location= |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228104052/https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/handbooks |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page=44,83}}

== Access ==
[[File:NH505 Spiti Kaza Losar Jun18 D72 7797.jpg|thumb|250px|Deep gorge in alluvium bed, Spiti River, and [[National Highway 505 (India)|NH-505]], June 2018]]
Spiti valley is accessible throughout the year via [[Kinnaur]] from [[Shimla]] on a difficult {{cvt|412|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} road. The Spiti subdivision of Lahaul and Spiti District starts at Sumdo ({{cvt|74|km|mi}} from Kaza) which is quite near the India–China border. In summer Spiti can be reached via Manali through the [[Atal Tunnel|Atal]] tunnel and Kunzum Pass. Kaza, the headquarters of the Spiti subdivision, is {{cvt|201|km|mi}} from Manali. The road joining Manali to Spiti is treacherous and in bad condition as compared to the Shimla to Spiti road. Due to the high altitude one is likely to feel [[altitude sickness]] in Spiti. The Shimla to Spiti route is advised for travelers coming from lower altitudes as it gives them enough time to get acclimatized to the high altitude. This is because the road runs parallel to the Sutlej river initially, climbing steadily to {{cvt|2550|m|ft}} at the confluence of the Spiti and Satluj near Khab. From Khab, [[National Highway 505 (India)|NH-505]] runs along the Spiti River, climbing steeply up to [[Nako, Himachal Pradesh|Nako]] (elev. {{cvt|3620|m|ft}}) before continuing to Kaza. NH-505 enters Lahaul at Kunzum La.

All foreign nationals require an [[Inner Line Permit|inner line permit]] to visit the Spiti valley. Earlier, Indian citizens also needed an Inner Line permit to visit Spiti, but this was abolished in 1992.<ref name=":5" />

==Society and culture==
=== Ethnicity ===
The approximately ten thousand inhabitants of Spiti speak a dialect of [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] called [[Spiti Bhoti]]. Their close economic and cultural ties with [[Tibet]] were severed by [[Annexation of Tibet by China|the Chinese takeover of Tibet]] in 1959. The teaching of the Bhoti language is minimal, ceasing after the primary level.<ref>[https://www.rinchenzangpo.org/spiti-valley.html Spiti Valley]</ref>

=== Religion ===
The local people of Spiti follow [[Tibetan Buddhism]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmxuAAAAMAAJ |page=67 |title=Spiti: A Buddhist Land in Western Himalaya |author=V. Verma |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1997 |isbn=9788170189718}}</ref> and its culture is similar to those of its neighbouring regions such as [[Tibet]], Ladakh,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cold Desert Cultural Landscape of India |author=Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=2 February 2023 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6055/ |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527061843/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6055/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Hangrang valley of Kinnaur district. The [[Gelug]], [[Nyingma]], and [[Sakya]] schools of Tibetan Buddhism have a presence in the Spiti valley. Each of these schools has monasteries in Spiti.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thukral |first=Kishore |title=Spiti through Legend and Lore |publisher=Mosaic Books |year=2006 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monasteries in Spiti {{!}} District Lahaul and Spiti, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/monasteries-in-spiti/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804191040/https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/monasteries-in-spiti/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Tabo, [[Key Monastery|Key]], and [[Dhankar Gompa|Dhankar]] monasteries of Spiti belong to the Gelug school. The [https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/monasteries-in-spiti/ Kungri] monastery, and [[Mud village, Spiti#Places of interest|nunneries in Mud village]] in the Pin valley belong to the Nyingma school. The Kaza and [[Tangyud Monastery|Komik]] monasteries belong to the Sakya School. In the recent decades, nunneries have been established at Kwang, Morang, Pangmo, and Kungri. The [[Pin Valley]] of Spiti is home to the few surviving Buchen Lamas of the [[Nyingmapa|Nyingma]] school.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sutherland |first1=P. |title=Disciples of a Crazy Saint: The Buchen of Spiti |last2=Tsering |first2=Tashi |publisher=Pitt Rivers Museum |year=2011}}</ref> After Taklung Setrung Rinpoche, the head of the Nyingma sect and a noted scholar of the [[Tibetan tantric practice|Tibetan Tantric school]] died on 24 December 2015, a search was started for his successor. In November 2022, the Nyingma sect located a boy in Rangrik village, Spiti who they believed to be the reincarnation of the late Rinpoche. The four-year old boy, [[Nawang Tashi Rapten]], was born on 16 April 2018. On 28 November 2022, his head was [[tonsure]]d to induct him into his new position and he started his formal religious education.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=K. |date=24 Nov 2022 |title=Buddhist Nyingma sect finds 'reincarnation' of famous Rinpoche |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/buddhist-nyingma-sect-identifies-reincarnation-of-prominent-rinpoche/article66174971.ece |access-date=25 Nov 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125000721/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/buddhist-nyingma-sect-identifies-reincarnation-of-prominent-rinpoche/article66174971.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bisht |first=G. |date=28 November 2022 |title=Nyingma monks find reincarnation of Buddhist master in 4-year-old Spiti boy |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/nyingma-monks-find-reincarnation-of-buddhist-master-in-4-year-old-spiti-boy-101669655975680.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125132728/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/nyingma-monks-find-reincarnation-of-buddhist-master-in-4-year-old-spiti-boy-101669655975680.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Every village in Spiti has a small temple, or 'Lhakhang'. A well-known Lakhang in Spiti is the 'Serkhang', or 'Golden Temple', at [[Lhalung Monastery|Lhalung]] village.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tropper |first=Kurt |title=The founding inscription in the gSer khaṅ of Lalung (Spiti, Himachal Pradesh): edition and annoted translation. |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. |year=2008}}</ref>

=== Social organisation ===
Traditionally, in Spiti, the society consisted of a hierarchy, with the Nonos (local aristocracy) at the top, the Chhazang (agriculturalists, practitioners of Tibetan medicine, and astrologers) in the middle, and the 'pyi-pa' (the separate endogamous groups of the 'Zo' blacksmiths and the 'Beda' musicians) at the bottom. Each of these groups tended to marry only among others of their own status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahoda |first=Christian |title=Socio-economic organisation in a border area of Tibetan culture: Tabo, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. |year=2015 |location=Vienna |pages=169–174}}</ref> By custom, inheritance in Spiti has been through [[primogeniture]], with the eldest son inheriting the estate. All younger sons would have to become monks. If the eldest son died, the younger brother would have to leave the monastery and become the husband to the widowed wife. This was a form of fraternal [[Polyandry in Tibet|polyandry]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tobdan |title=Spiti: a Study in Socio-Cultural Relations |publisher=Kaveria Publishers |year=2015 |location=New Delhi |pages=29–30}}</ref> Similarly, among women, by custom, only the eldest daughter would marry in earlier times. In some cases, younger daughters would become nuns. In others, they would stay at home either with their parents or the eldest brother, and were valuable additional work hands. In many cases, they died spinsters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tobdan |title=Spiti: a Study in Socio-Cultural Traditions |publisher=Kaveri Books |year=2015 |location=New Delhi |pages=36–37}}</ref> Polyandry was prevalent until a few decades ago; its practice has almost disappeared now. Monogamy and nuclear families prevail nowadays.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahoda |first=Christian |title=Socio-economic organisation in a border area of Tibetan culture: Tabo, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. |year=2015 |location=Vienna |pages=178}}</ref>

The entire local population of Spiti is categorised as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] by the Government of India.<ref name=":2" /> Nautor land rules have made it possible for those people to resort to law to get land, who by custom could not inherit and own land, just as in the neighbouring district of Kinnaur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahimzadeh |first=Aghaghia |date=2018-01-01 |title=Political ecology of land reforms in Kinnaur: Implications and a historical overview |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837717304039 |journal=Land Use Policy |language=en |volume=70 |pages=570–579 |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.025 |issn=0264-8377|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Traditional livelihoods ===
Agriculture in Spiti has traditionally revolved around the cultivation of [[barley]], and some amount of black pea. In recent decades, these crops have been supplanted by [[Pea|green pea]] cultivation.<ref name="Crops2013"/> Animal husbandry, particularly in higher parts of Spiti, revolves around [[yak]]s. Pin valley is renowned for the rearing of the rare Chumurti horse breed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lenin |first=Janaki |title=How Climate Change is Affecting an Old Pastoral Tradition in Spiti – The Wire Science |date=17 October 2016 |url=https://science.thewire.in/economy/agriculture/shepherds-climate-glaciers-spiti/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804170704/https://science.thewire.in/economy/agriculture/shepherds-climate-glaciers-spiti/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Spiti is a summer home to many semi-nomadic [[Gaddis|Gaddi]] sheep and goat herders who bring their animals for grazing. They come to Spiti from neighbouring regions and sometimes from as far as {{cvt|250|km|mi}} away. They enter the valley during summer as the snow melts and leave just a few days before the first snowfall of the winter season.

[[File:Sakya sports and cultural club Kaza.jpg|thumb|Performers of Spiti's traditional dance in traditional dresses posing during the Ladarcha fair. |318x318px]]

=== Local festivals ===
Some significant local festivities in Spiti include the Guitor at Kyi Gonpa (July), Ladarcha fair (mid-August), Spiti Losar (around November), Thuckchu (winter solstice in December), Dachang (around February), and Sia Mentok (around February). All these festivals have been traditionally tied up with agricultural and seasonal shifts. The alcoholic beverages [[chhaang]] and [[Ara (drink)|arak]] are locally prepared and very popular, both in festivals and on various occasions like birth, marriage, the celebration of some success, and death.

=== In popular culture ===
*Spiti was first photographed in the 1860s by [[Samuel Bourne]], an early pioneer of photography in the Himalayas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samuel Bourne's Himalaya |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/see/story/27347/samuel-bournes-himalayan-photographs |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/ |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813152616/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/see/story/27347/samuel-bournes-himalayan-photographs |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Spiti was first filmed in 1933 by Eugenio Ghersi, a member of the Italian Tibetologist [[Giuseppe Tucci]]'s expedition to Spiti and Western Tibet. The narration of this 46 minute-long video is in Italian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nel Tibet occidentale - Primo, secondo e terzo tempo |url=https://patrimonio.archivioluce.com/luce-web/detail/IL3000087327/1/nel-tibet-occidentale-primo-secondo-e-terzo-tempo.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Archivio Storico Luce |language=it |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123010121/https://patrimonio.archivioluce.com/luce-web/detail/IL3000087327/1/nel-tibet-occidentale-primo-secondo-e-terzo-tempo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*The climax episode of [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s novel [[Kim (novel)|''Kim'']], first published as a book in 1901, is set in the Spiti valley.
*Spiti valley was the location for the shooting of some scenes in the [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] movies ''[[Paap]],'' ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]],'' and ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]].''
*The Tibetan language film ''[[Milarepa (2006 film)|Milarepa]],'' a biographical adventure tale about one of the most famous [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] masters, was partly shot at the [[Dhankar Gompa]] and some other sites in the Spiti valley.
*[[Lonely Planet]] listed Lahaul and Spiti district as a whole, with specific mentions of both Lahaul and Spiti regions, among the 'Top 10 regions' in the world that were considered the best for travel over 2018, in an article published online on October 23, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best in Travel 2018: top 10 regions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/best-in-travel-2018-top-10-regions-2 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811102736/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/best-in-travel-2018-top-10-regions-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*The [[National Geographic Magazine|''National Geographic'']] issue of July 2020 carried a long story on the snow leopards of Spiti, and the social, conservation, and tourism-related issues around them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=Himalaya snow leopards are finally coming into view |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/himalaya-snow-leopards-are-finally-coming-into-view-feature |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=National Geographic Magazine |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811095729/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/himalaya-snow-leopards-are-finally-coming-into-view-feature |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Economy ==
Cash-crop agriculture (of the green pea and apples), employment in state departments and development projects, and tourism are the main sources of income in the Spiti valley. Road accessibility has been of central importance to all these livelihoods and developmental activities.<ref name=":5" />

=== Agriculture ===
Spiti supports only one crop/year, in the period May – September. An administrator in 1871 reported that yaks were used for ploughing and the main crops were a fine hexagonal wheat, peas, mustard and two kinds of barley. As the Spiti river has eroded channels well below the valley floor, crops are irrigated using long channels winding along the terrain, often for many miles, to bring water from streams.<ref name="Harcourt1871"/>{{rp|pages=30–31}}

A survey of 10 villages in Spiti, ranging from Losar and [[Kibber]] in the upper valley to Tabo and Lari in the lower valley, was conducted in 2007–2009 by agricultural scientists. It was found that up to 1980, the important five crops were black pea, potato, barley (hulless and covered) and wheat. By 1990, farmers had diversified to nine crops. One of the new crops, garden peas, covered about 27% of the surveyed area, increasing to 47% by 2000. Some of the main reasons for adoption of new crops included better road connectivity and transport to reach markets, declining demand for traditional crops, and availability of hybrid seeds and favourable micro-climatic niches. A few farmers near [[Kaza]] have introduced apples, though the success rate is low owing to the low temperatures.<ref name="Crops2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=H.R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S.K. |date=2013 |title=Agricultural Transformation in Trans Himalayan Region of Himachal Pradesh: Cropping Pattern, Technology Adoption and Emerging Challenges |journal=Agricultural Economics Research Review |url=http://aeraindia.in/journalaerr |volume=26 |issue=Conference |pages=173–179 |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124134819/http://aeraindia.in/journalaerr |url-status=live }}</ref>

Road access has been noted as being vital to Spiti's cash crop economy, as the harvest is almost entirely sold in distant markets in the north Indian plains. Interruptions in road access caused by landslides during the post-harvest season, which overlaps with the monsoon season, can adversely affect the pricing of Spiti's cash crop produce.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Abhimanyu |url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/reader/download/1166/1166-43-103429-1-10-20230405.pdf |title=Aktuelle Forschungsbeiträge zu Südasien - 12. Jahrestagung des AK Südasien, 21./22. Januar 2022, Bonn/online. |publisher=Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing |year=2023 |editor-last= |editor-first= |location=Heidelberg |pages=14–17 |chapter=Fragile mountains, extreme winters, and bordering China: Interrogating the shaping of remoteness and connectivity through roads in a Himalayan borderland}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Chicham Bridge Spiti Himachal Jun18 D72 7433.jpg|thumb|Chicham bridge, June 2018]]
[[File:Kibber Spiti Himachal Jun18 D72 7488.jpg|thumb|Kibber village, June 2018]]
[[File:Pin Valley, Spiti.jpg|thumb|[[Pin Valley National Park|Pin valley]] in Spiti]]
Spiti was opened to tourism in 1992. Since 2016, this region has witnessed a tourism boom. Over 2019, 64,700 Indian tourists and 3,612 foreign tourists visited Spiti via the Shimla route, while numbers were not available for the Manali route.<ref name=":5" />

Places in Spiti popular among tourists include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beinghimalayan.com/blog/places-to-visit-in-spiti-valley/|title=Places to Visit in Spiti Valley {{!}} Welcome to the Heaven!|date=2019-02-03|website=Being Himalayan|language=en|access-date=2019-03-22|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322155926/https://beinghimalayan.com/blog/places-to-visit-in-spiti-valley/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://raachotrekkers.com/spiti-valley-tour-package/ |title=Spiti Valley Circuit Tour |date=2022-04-21 |website=Raacho Trekkers |language=en |access-date=2022-04-21 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418191834/https://raachotrekkers.com/spiti-valley-tour-package/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

*Chicham Bridge
*[[Chandra Taal]] lake
*[[Dhankar Lake]] and Dhankar monastery
*Gue monastery
*[[Hikkim, Himachal Pradesh|Hikkim village]]
*[[Demul]] village
*[[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]]
*[[Key Monastery]]
*[[Kibber]]
*[[Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*Komic village
*[[Kunzum Pass]]
*Langza village & Budhha statue
*[[Lhalung Monastery]] (Serkhang Monastery)
*[[Losar Khas|Losar]]
*[[Mane villages, Spiti|Mane Gogma and Mane Yogma villages]]
*[[Mud village, Spiti|Mud village]]
*[[Pin Valley National Park]]
*[[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo]] Caves and [[Tabo Monastery]]

=== Sports ===
Spiti valley is an emerging destination for winter and ice sports, trekking and mountaineering, and adventure sports.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Deepak Sanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4STz7t15FkC&pg=PA276 |title=Exploring Kinnaur in the Trans-Himalaya |author2=Dhanu Swadi |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=9788173871313 |page=276 |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413094241/https://books.google.com/books?id=u4STz7t15FkC&pg=PA276 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Winter sports ====
Winter sports in Spiti include ice-skating, ice-hockey, skiing, and ice-climbing.

*In December 2019, an [[Ice skating|ice-skating]] and [[Ice hockey|ice-hockey]] training camp was organised for the first time in Spiti, in Kaza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Ice hockey training camp begins at Kaza |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/ice-hockey-training-camp-begins-at-kaza-15001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811103322/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/ice-hockey-training-camp-begins-at-kaza-15001 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> In winter 2021–22, national ice-hockey and ice-skating championships were held in Kaza.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bisht |first=Gaurav |date=16 Jul 2022 |title=Himachal govt sets up highest gym at Kaza in Spiti valley |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/himachal-govt-sets-up-highest-gym-at-kaza-in-spiti-valley-101657992318580.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718103017/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/himachal-govt-sets-up-highest-gym-at-kaza-in-spiti-valley-101657992318580.html |archive-date=18 July 2022}}</ref>
*[[Skiing]] can also be attempted during winters in Spiti.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Mar 2022 |title=Lahaul-Spiti to host its maiden skiing and snowboard championship |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/lahaulspiti-to-host-its-maiden-skiing-and-snowboard-championship-101648499840204.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 Aug 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824081044/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/lahaulspiti-to-host-its-maiden-skiing-and-snowboard-championship-101648499840204.html |archive-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>
*In January 2019 and January 2020, [[Ice climbing|ice-climbing]] festivals were organised in Spiti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piti Dharr – International Ice Climbing Festival in the Himalayas |url=https://pitidhar.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811102756/https://pitidhar.com/ |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Townscript {{!}} Online Event Registration and Ticketing Platform |url=https://www.townscript.com/e/screwed-up-ice-climbing-festival-302242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928160951/https://www.townscript.com/e/screwed-up-ice-climbing-festival-302242 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.townscript.com}}</ref>

==== Trekking ====
[[File:Kanamo Peaks South Kibber Spiti Jun18 D72 7523.jpg|thumb|Kanamo twin peaks]]
Some of the popular [[Backpacking (hiking)|treks]] in Spiti include the following:

*The Kanamo peak is a popular {{cvt|5960|m|}} high mountain above Kibber village, whose summit people can trek to.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dheeraj |date=2020-09-14 |title=Kanamo Peak Trek in Spiti Valley - A Travel Guide Covering Everything |url=http://devilonwheels.com/kanamo-peak-trek-the-most-complete-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811102422/https://devilonwheels.com/kanamo-peak-trek-the-most-complete-guide/ |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Devil On Wheels |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bikat Adventures |url=https://www.bikatadventures.com/Home/Itinerary/kanamo-peak-trek |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618013858/https://www.bikatadventures.com/Home/Itinerary/kanamo-peak-trek |archive-date=18 June 2025 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Bikat Adventures |language=en}}</ref>
*The Parang La trek is a well-known trek for crossing from Spiti valley into Rupshu plains of Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raacho Trekkers |url=https://raachotrekkers.com/parang-la-trek/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028175507/https://raachotrekkers.com/parang-la-trek/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Raacho Trekkers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spiti Holiday Adventure |url=http://www.spitiholidayadventure.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814033503/https://spitiholidayadventure.com/ |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Spiti Holiday Adventure |language=en}}</ref>
*The Bhaba Pass trek in the Pin valley is a popular summer trek.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Bhaba Pass Trek |url=https://indiahikes.com/pin-bhaba-pass-trek |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811102418/https://indiahikes.com/pin-bhaba-pass-trek |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=indiahikes.com}}</ref>
*The Pin-Parvati pass trek, from Spiti into Kullu or the other way round, is considered a more challenging trek.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Parvati Pass |url=https://indiahikes.com/pin-parvati-pass |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811102700/https://indiahikes.com/pin-parvati-pass |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=indiahikes.com}}</ref>
*The trek from [[Reckong Peo]] in the Satluj valley to Nako in the Spiti valley climbs steeply to the Hango Pass, then descends to [[Leo, Kinnaur|Leo]] (Liyo) on the south bank of the Spiti. The trail crosses the Spiti river and climbs up to Nako.<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Himachal Pradesh |date=24 January 2023 |title=Kinnaur: Adventures: Reckong Peo to Nako |url=https://hpkinnaur.nic.in/adventures/}}</ref>

==== Mountaineering ====
Spiti also has a number of peaks of interest to [[Mountaineering|mountaineers]].{{sfn|Kapadia|1999|p=9}} Some of the significant peaks in Spiti include:

*The [[Mount Gya|Gya peak]] - the highest peak in Spiti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The HJ/55/12 THE CONTINUING STORY OF GYA |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615084048/https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=The HJ/55/12 THE CONTINUING STORY OF GYA |language=en}}</ref>
*The [[Manirang|Manirang peak]]
*The [[Shilla (mountain)|Shilla peak]]
*Mt [[Chau Chau Kang Nilda|Chocho Kang Nilda]] (CCKN)
*[[Reo Purgyil]] - the highest peak of Himachal Pradesh state; it lies in the Kinnaur district, but the Spiti River drains a part of its [[massif]].

==== Others ====
Cycling and running in Spiti's high altitudes are also undertaken by some visitors to Spiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Abhirup |date=2020-06-08 |title=Cycling in Spiti Valley - Experience of a Lifetime |url=https://vargiskhan.com/log/cycling-in-spiti-valley/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812094459/https://vargiskhan.com/log/cycling-in-spiti-valley/ |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Vargis Khan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spiti Half Marathon |url=https://worldsmarathons.com/marathon/spiti-half-marathon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812094500/https://worldsmarathons.com/marathon/spiti-half-marathon |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=World's Marathons |language=en}}</ref> Driving cars and motorcycles on the roads leading to and within Spiti is considered an adventurous activity by many.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spiti Valley Road is one of the toughest roads left on this planet |url=https://www.dangerousroads.org/asia/india/4784-spiti-valley-road.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807182921/https://www.dangerousroads.org/asia/india/4784-spiti-valley-road.html |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.dangerousroads.org |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dheeraj |date=2013-02-18 |title=Spiti Valley Most Common Itinerary - Detailed Travel Plan for Travellers |url=http://devilonwheels.com/spiti-valley-most-common-itinerary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815094901/https://devilonwheels.com/spiti-valley-most-common-itinerary/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Devil On Wheels |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Lahaul and Spiti district]]
*[[National Highway 505 (India)]]

== Bibliography ==
*Banach, Benti. (2010). ''A Village Called Self-Awareness, life and times in Spiti Valley''. Vajra Publications, Kathmandu.
*Besch, Nils Florian (2006). ''[http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/7893/1/Diss.onlinefassung.Besch.pdf Tibetan medicine off the roads: Modernizing the work of the Amchi in Spiti]'' (Doctoral dissertation).
*Ciliberto, Jonathan. (2013). [http://jonciliberto.com/spiti/index.html "Six Weeks in the Spiti Valley"]. Circle B Press. 2013. Atlanta. {{ISBN|978-0-9659336-6-7}}
*Francke, A. H. (1914, 1926). ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet''. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.
*Jahoda, Christian. (2015) ''Socio-economic organisation in a border area of Tibetan culture: Tabo, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India''. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna.
*{{cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOzHDG7NfooC |title=Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya |edition=2nd |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7387-093-4}}
*Mishra, Charudutt. (2001). ''[https://edepot.wur.nl/199100 High altitude survival: Conflicts between pastoralism and wildlife in the Trans-Himalayas.]'' (Doctoral dissertation).
*Thukral, Kishore. (2006). ''Spiti: through Legend and Lore.'' Mosaic Books, New Delhi.
*Tobdan. (2015) ''Spiti: a Study in Socio-Cultural Traditions''. Kaveri Books, New Delhi.
*Gavali, Ravindra. (2003). [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/19366 Ecosystem structure and function in relation to grazing in the alpine landscape of cold desert (Spiti catchment, Himachal Pradesh)] (Doctoral Thesis).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster |Spiti}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Lahaul and Spiti}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Valleys of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Former principalities]]
[[Category:Regions of Tibet]]

Skiing in India

2026-02-24T05:30:15Z

IndiaTurney9471: expand page and fixed typos based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Sport overview
| image = Gulmarg Gondola, Cable Car.JPG
| imagesize = 250px
| image_alt = Gulmarg Gondola
| caption = View of the Himalayas from the [[Gulmarg Gondola]]
| union = [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]]
| country = India
| sport = Skiing
| first = 
| registered = 
| clubs = 
| national_list = 
| club_list = 
| intl_list = 
| match = 
| league = 
}}

'''Skiing in India''' is centered in the northern states of India, where the [[Himalayas]] are situated. Skiing is administered by the [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]] in India. The Himalayas provide an excellent skiing experience owing to their great height which allows long descents. [[Heliskiing]] is also gaining popularity in places like [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] [[Gulmarg]] and [[Drass, Ladakh|Drass]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.powderhounds.com/Other/India.aspx|title = Ski India | India Ski Tours | Heli Skiing India}}</ref> However, skiing in India suffers from lack of infrastructure. The security concerns near the [[Line of Control]] have reduced since 2002, which has led to an increase in skiing activity in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.powderhounds.com/Other/India.aspx|title = Ski India | India Ski Tours | Heli Skiing India}}</ref> Some of the most popular skiing locations in India are Gulmarg in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Drass in [[Ladakh Union Territory]] and [[Solang]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Auli, India|Auli]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. The skiing season in India is from January to March.

[[File:Solang valley under snow, 2015.jpg|thumb|Skiing ropeway at Solang near Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]

== List of skiing destinations ==
[[File:... Auli (7752049238).jpg|right|thumb|Chairlift in Auli]]

[[Skiing]] destinations<ref>Vats, Aditya (2023) [https://books.google.com/books?id=MCOwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 ''The Garhwal Diaries''] Blue Rose Pub. p127,128</ref><ref>Hudson, Simon (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=y89Bcof_8oIC&pg=PA98 ''Sport and Adventure Tourism''] Taylor & Francis {{ISBN|9781136393914}} p98
</ref> in [[India]] are mostly in the [[Himalaya]]s and are listed here by [[States of India|state]] (North-West to South-East):

;[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]:
*[[Gulmarg]], cable car available
*[[Pahalgam]]

;[[Himachal Pradesh]]:
*[[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], heli-skiing offered in [[Hanuman Tibba]], Rohtang Pass, [[Deo Tibba]] and Chanderkhani Pass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incredibleindia.org/newsite/cms_page.asp?pageid=828 |title=Incredible India |access-date=2014-04-08 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223212123/http://www.incredibleindia.org/newsite/cms_page.asp?pageid=828 |archive-date=2012-02-23 }}</ref>
*[[Kufri, India|Kufri]]
*[[Narkanda]]
*[[Solang Valley]] (Ropeway available)
*[[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itopc.org/discover-india/hills-holidays/chamba.html |title=Chamba India Tourism, Chamba India Travel, Tour to Chamba India, Places to see in Chamba Himachal Pradesh - Indian Tour Operators |access-date=2014-04-08 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904094344/http://www.itopc.org/discover-india/hills-holidays/chamba.html |archive-date=2012-09-04 }}</ref>
* Shoja
* Triund
* Fagu

;[[Uttarakhand]]:
*[[Auli, India|Auli]], ropeway from Joshimath<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/sports/skiing.html |title=Skiing in India, Skiing Holidays in India, History of Skiing, Skiing Vacations in India |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726115412/http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/sports/skiing.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Munsiyari]]
*Dayara Bugyal, near [[Uttarkashi]]
*Mundali, in [[Garhwal district]]

;[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*Ski India, DLF Mall of India (indoor)<ref>[https://www.skiresort.info/ski-resort/ski-india-delhi/ Ski India]</ref>

;[[Sikkim]]:
*[[Lachung]]
*[[Yumthang Valley|Yumthang]]

;[[Arunachal Pradesh]]:
*[[Tawang]]

==Skiing in Manali==
Though Europeans were skiing on slopes of [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] for years, it was Darjeeling's Wangdi Sherpa's small skiing school at Vashisht village which started giving lessons on skiing to local residents. Simultaneously Western Himalayan Mountaineering Institute (WHMI) (now ABVIMAS) started its courses in skiing and mountaineering in 1961. Winter Sports Club of Manali was founded by some local skiing enthusiasts in 1978 which instilled spirit of skiing in other youths of the region. In 1984, Winter Games Federation of India (WGFI) was formed by a group of visionaries and adventure loving individuals. When Solang ski slopes were not developed, competitions were organized at Rohtang pass in summer months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discoverkullumanali.in/glorious-history-of-skiing-in-manali-journey-from-homemade-wooden-skis-to-olympic/|title = Glorious history of skiing in Manali - Journey from homemade wooden skis to Olympic|date = 13 February 2019}}</ref>

==Indian skiers==
*[[Jeremy Bujakowski]] was the first Indian at the Winter Olympics, and represented India in skiing in the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pal |first1=Sanchari |title=The Forgotten Story of Jerry Bujakowski, The First Indian at The Winter Olympics |url=https://thebetterindia.com/127370/jerry-bujakowski-first-indian-winter-olympics/ |website=The Better India |access-date=2 April 2025 |date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Olympedia – Jeremy Bujakowski |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/84457 |website=www.olympedia.org |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
*[[Aanchal Thakur]] won bronze in the [[Alpine Ejder 3200 Cup]] organised by the [[Federation Internationale de Ski]]. This was India's first international medal in skiing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/aanchal-thakur-gives-india-its-1st-international-medal-in-skiing/articleshow/62438226.cms|title = India skiing: Aanchal Thakur gives India its 1st international medal in skiing | More sports News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*[[Arif Khan (skier)|Arif Khan]] represented the country in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and has qualified for the 2026 Olympics as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=He grew up amid ‘gunfights and bombs’. Now he’s headed to second straight Olympics: Arif Khan’s journey from Valley to Italy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/gulmarg-arif-khan-qualifies-alpine-skiing-italy-2026-winter-games-9912536/ |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He is the first Indian to secure qualification in two events of the same edition of the Games.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winter Olympics opening ceremony: Lone Indian athlete Arif Khan carries the tricolour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/india-moment-at-winter-olympics-opening-skier-arif-khan-leads-contingent-out-7757167/ |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Skiing institute in India ==

There are many institutes in India conducting vocational courses in Skiing. Some major institutes are,
*[[Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports]]: Basic skiing & Intermediate skiing courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theghumakkads.in/review-of-basic-skiing-course-at-jawahar-institute-of-mountaineering-and-winter-sports/|title = Review: Basic Skiing Course at JIM & WS- Ski Out Your Heart|date = 12 May 2020}}</ref>
*[[Nehru Institute of Mountaineering]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nimindia.net/skiing-course|title = Skiing Course}}</ref>
*[[Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iismgulmarg.in/ |title=Home |website=iismgulmarg.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Yak skiing]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indmount.org/ Indian Mountaineering Foundation]
* [http://www.indiavacationspots.com/adventure-vacations/water-skiing-india/ Water Skiing in India]

{{Sport in India}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Skiing in India| ]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Samanar Hills

2026-02-20T07:33:03Z

IndiaTurney9471: creating new page

{{Short description|Hills in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Samanar Malai
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]], [[Hinduism]]
| image = 10th century Samanar Malai Jain monuments, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu India - 01.jpg
| alt = Samanar Hills
| caption = Samanar Hills
| location = Vadivelkari Village, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established = 2000 years old
| completed = 9th century CE
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Samanar Hills''', also known as '''Samanar Malai''' or '''Amanarmalai''' or '''Melmalai''', is a rocky stretch of hills located near Vadivelkari village, {{convert|10|km}} west of [[Madurai]] city, [[Tamil Nadu]], India. They stretch east–west over 3 kilometers towards Muthupatti village. These rocky hillocks are home to many Jain and Hindu monuments.<ref name=sripal>T.S. Sripal (1954), ''Samanar Malai'', University of Madras Press, Appendix on Samanarmalai Inscriptions by M Venkataramayya, pp. 1–14</ref> The hill has been declared as a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu|protected monument]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.asichennai.gov.in/monuments_full_list.html | title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments – Tamil Nadu | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India | accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Green hope ">{{cite news | url=http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/green-hope-amidst-ruins/article5088635.ece | title=Green hope amidst ruins | publisher=Frontline.in | date=14 September 2013 | accessdate=19 January 2014}}</ref>

==Location and history==
[[File:10th century Samanar Malai Jain monuments, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu India - 1.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|The entrance to the lower Samanar hills Samanar monuments.]]
The Samanar Hills are located west of Madurai, near the junction of Indian highways NH44 and NH85. The rocky hills begin around the village Kilkuyilkudi and stretch in an easterly direction towards south Madurai. Different parts of these rocky hills are called by different names and are home to a range of monuments dating between 2nd-century BCE and 12th-century CE. The south side of the extreme western end of this rocky hillocks is called the Samanar hills, and these containing a number of Samanar and Hindu monuments.<ref name=sripal/> The eastern parts of the same rocky hillocks include other important sites such as the Kanjamalai with the Thiruparankundram Jain cave and Hindu monuments (Umai Andar), the major rock cut [[Thiruparankundram Murugan temple|Subramaniya Swamy temple]] (Kandan) and the 17th to 18th-century Islamic dargah for Sikandar Shah – the last Sultan of the Madurai Sultanate (1372–1377 CE).<ref name=branfoot146>Crispin Branfoot (2003), The Madurai Nayakas and the Skanda Temple at Tirupparankundram, Ars Orientalis, Volume 33, pp. 146-179, {{JSTOR|4434276}}</ref> The Samanar hills contain many Jain and some Hindu monuments and inscriptions at several levels.<ref name=sripal/>

''Samanar'' is derived from Sanskrit word ''[[Sramana]]'', colloquially denoting any ascetic tradition. In contemporary Tamil Nadu, the word is equated with the [[Jain]] tradition. In [[Tamil language]], ''malai'' means 'hill'. Thus Samanar malai denotes a "Jain hill".<ref name="Chandrashekaran2005">{{cite book|author=M. K. Chandrashekaran|author-link=M. K. Chandrashekaran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8A4wsWYGWsC&pg=PA83|title=Time in the Living World|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-546-4|pages=83–}}</ref> The hill was also known as ''Melmalai'' (hills to the west), ''Amanarmalai'' (derived from Samanarmalai).<ref name=sripal/> In some Tamil texts, a Jain site named Thiruvuruvakam is mentioned, which scholars suggest is same as Samanar Hills.<ref name=kannan49>R Kannan and K Lakshminarayanan (2002), ''Iconography of the Jain Images in the Districts of Tamilnadu'', The Commissioner of Archaeology and Museums, Pub Vol XVII, Chennai, p. 49–50</ref>

According to Mahajan, it was the 8th-century Jain scholar [[Akalanka]] who founded Samanar Hills and nearby Madurai Jain basadis (settlements) after vanquishing the Buddhist scholars at Kanchipuram. This led to Jains flourishing here between the 9th and 12-century, along with the establishment of a monastery.<ref>D. G. Mahajan (1956), Ancient Dravidian Jain Heritage, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 19, pp. 70-79, {{JSTOR|44140800}}</ref>

The Samanar hills have two significant collection of Jain monuments. On the southwestern slope tip is the Settipodavu with a 10th-century Jain cave (povadu from pudai, means cave). Settipodavu is a short climb up from the base.<ref name=sripal/> On the southeastern slope is the Pechchipallam site at a higher level. The Pechchipallam is on the other side of the hills than Settipodavu, and they too contain Jaina reliefs and inscriptions. The Pechchipallam carvings and inscriptions are mostly from the 10th century, a few from the late 9th century and a few after the 10th century.<ref name=sripal/> A few Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions have also been found at the top of the Samanar hills, but their translation is a secular language, and does not imply a definite connection with Buddhism, Jainism or Hinduism.<ref name=sripal/> Near the base and at the top of the Samanar hills are the damaged and then restored Karuppu Sami temple and a ruined Koyil dedicated to Vishnu whose ''jagati'' (base platform) only survives.<ref name=sripal/> These were probably one of the many victims of the religious demolitions and wars in the Thiruparankundram area in the 14th-century, given Thiruparankundram-Madurai were among sites targeted for raids and looting by the Delhi Sultanate, and thereafter served as the capital of Madurai Sultanate.<ref name=branfoot146/>

==Description==
The Settipodavu site on the Samanar hills is more easily accessible and oft visited. It is a small cave on the southwestern tip of these hillocks, on the western slope. The cave is a natural one. As one walks towards the cave, into the view comes a large seated Tirthankara relief. A closer look below his asana affirms the lion emblem, suggesting that the image is of [[Mahavira]].<ref name=sripal/> Below him is a 10th-century Tamil inscription in a rounded script (Vatteluttu), whose shape and style helps date the image. Inside the cave are three Tirthankaras in the middle. To the left is the Jaina goddess Ambika Devi depicted as a female warrior riding a lion with a drawn bow and arrow in her hands. To the right of the three Tirthankaras is a seated and larger Padmavati Devi. Smaller characters accompany Ambika Devi on elephant and foot. Below these reliefs are three inscriptions, all in Tamil language, Vatteluttu script and all from the 10th century.<ref name=sripal/>

{{Gallery
|title=Settipodavu
|width=240
|height=200
|align=center
|File:10th century Samanar Malai Jain monuments, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu India - 2.jpg|Approaching Settipodavu, Mahavira
|File:Samanar Malai, Madurai (9).jpg|Mahavira closeup
|File:10th century Samanar Malai Jain monuments, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu India - 4A.jpg|Reliefs in the Jain cave
|10th century Samanar Malai Jain monuments, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu India - 6A.jpg|Close up of Ambika Devi in Durga-like warrior posture
}}

The Pechchipallam site is on the eastern slope, the other side of the Samanar hills yet relatively close to Settipodavu. As one approaches the Pechchipallam site, a row of eight Jaina reliefs come into view. Four are of Parsvanatha with serpent hood, one is of Bahubali, and remaining three of other Tirthankaras.<ref name=kannan49/> In one of these, the Jain yaksha Dharanendra is notable for its relatively rare iconography. He is shown as half snake and half human as he holds the chamaras above the head of Parvanatha. A similar iconography is found near [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]].<ref name=kannan49/>

Below these eight reliefs at the Pechchipallam site are six Tamil inscriptions in Vatteluttu script from donors. These help date them between the 9th and 10th century, with two possibly from the late 8th century CE.<ref name=sripal/> Thus, the Pechchipallam site had become popular to wealthy patrons supporting Jaina ascetics by about the 9th century. Further up from the Pechchippalam reliefs is a temple site whose jagati has survived. There is a 10th-century inscription there. At the top of the Samanar hills is a solitary stone lamp post. Not too far from the foot this post is an 11th-century or more likely 12th-century predominantly Kannada inscription with one line in Tamil.<ref name=sripal/> This is also a Jaina inscription. Taken together with many more 11th- to 13th-century Jaina inscriptions found in Madurai area, other regions of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, this Kannada inscription at Samanar hills top confirms a thriving Jaina tradition in Madurai area through the 14th century and an active interaction between Digambara Jain sites in Karnataka and those in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=sripal/>

{{Gallery
|title=Pechchipallam
|width=240
|height=200
|align=center
|File:Samanar Malai-Madurai-Tamilnadu-IMG 1793.jpg|Stairs to the site
|File:Jain carvings at the Samanar Hills near Madurai.jpg|Approaching Pechchipallam
|File:Samanar Malai, Madurai (17).jpg|Parsvanatha with serpent hood, inscription on the right
|File:Samanar Malai-Madurai-Tamilnadu-IMG 1801.jpg|Reliefs of Tirthankaras
}}

The Samanar hills also had 12 stone beds, used by the monks to take rest. However, these were damaged when nearby quarrying for rocks and rains caused a collapse of the covering stone of the cavern.<ref name=kannan49/>

In the foothills, there is an Ayyanar Karuppanasamy temple and a lotus pond. The temple is dedicated to a rural folk deity – [[Karuppu Sami]]. Tamil texts mention a Maadevi Perumpalli, a monastery here. The kings from the [[Pandyan Dynasty]], who ruled Madurai, visited this monastery.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

=== Inscriptions ===
[[File:RELICS OF JAINS - Bas-relief sculptures.jpg|thumb|Reliefs of [[Tirthankaras]], Pecchippallam]]
Samanar Malai has several very old [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions, likely the early centuries of the common era.<ref name="2,200-year">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/2200yearold-tamilbrahmi-inscription-found-on-samanamalai/article3220674.ece | title=2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscription found on Samanamalai | work=The Hindu | date=24 March 2012 | accessdate=19 January 2014 | author=T. S. Subramanian}}</ref>

Several of the inscriptions in the cave at Settipodavu site, all from the 10th-century, mention that a disciple of Gunasena Deva "caused this holy image to be made" and that Gunasena Deva was the head of "this ''palli''" (monastery), or in the honor of their mentor who in turn was the disciple of Gunasena Deva.<ref name=sripal2/> Thus these records imply the significance of Gunasena Deva around 10th-century, and that a Jain monastery existed near the contemporary Keelakuyilkudi village. The donor names include Vardhamana Panditar, Deyvabaladeva and Andalaiyan.<ref name=sripal2/> On the other side at the Pechchipallam site, again Gunasena Deva and the monastery he runs are mentioned. Additionally, a mother and relatives of Jain ascetics are the donors, as they declare their relationships in the inscription. One of the inscriptions call the Tirthankara image as "Devar".<ref name=sripal2/> Other tentative Jaina ascetics mentioned in the interpolated versions of the inscriptions at Samanar hills are Chandraprabha, Balachandradeva, Nemideva, Ajitasenadeva and Govardhanadeva.<ref>K.V. Raman (1972), ''Some aspects of Pandyan History in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', University of Madras, p. 71, {{OCLC|61540428}}</ref>

The inscription above the Pechipallam Jain reliefs on the foundation of a lost temple are mostly damaged. The remaining characters mention a "protection of Sri parama" and otherwise show no persuasive Jaina connection.<ref name=sripal2/>

The inscription at the top of the Samanar hill that is predominantly in Kannada is partly eroded and difficult to read, but the characters that have survived and best interpolations suggest that a Jain monk, likely from a Mula sangha died here. That may be an allusion to historic ''[[sallekhana]]'' ('fast unto death') ritual of the Jains.<ref name=sripal2>T.S. Sripal (1954), ''Samanar Malai'', University of Madras Press, Appendix on Samanarmalai Inscriptions by M Venkataramayya, pp. 7–14</ref>

==Related sites==
The tradition of calling historic ascetic sites, particularly of Jaina tradition with the prefix ''Samanar'' is common in many parts of Tamil Nadu. However, these are different sites. For example, another site near the Narthamalai group of rocky hillocks about 18 kilometers north of [[Pudukkottai]] is also called "Samanar malai". It is also a historic Jain site, and it too had a Jaina monastery near Bommamalai (Bommadimalai), but that Samanar-malai is a very different site than the one west of Madurai city.<ref>P.B. Desai (1957), Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs, Ocotacamund Department of Archaeology, Jaina Samskriti Samrakshaka Sangha, Editors: AN Upadhye and HL Jain, p. 53–54</ref> About {{convert|50|km}} southwest of Madurai,

'''[[Kupalantham Poigaimalai Jain Cave Temple]]''';

there is the Jain site at Poigai malai in the village of [[Kuppalnatham]], temple was locally called in the name of sammanar kovil. The temple is important Jain site of madurai district . It is also a cave with eight Jina bas-reliefs and an inscription, much mentioned in early studies on Jainism in Tamil Nadu.<ref>P.B. Desai (1957), Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs, Ocotacamund Department of Archaeology, Jaina Samskriti Samrakshaka Sangha, Editors: AN Upadhye and HL Jain, p. 60</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Sewell|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mllBAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA296|year=1882|publisher=Government Press|page=296}}</ref><ref>W Francis (1905), [https://archive.org/details/madurafrancis01madr/page/n5/mode/2up Madura], Volume 1, Madras District Gazetteers, p. 327</ref>

==Gallery==
{{commons category|Samanar Hills}}
<gallery>
File:Karuppanasamy temple and lotus pond at the foot hills of Samanar Hills.jpg|Karuppanasamy temple and lotus pond at the foothills of Samanar Hills
File:GREEN LAKE VIEW OF SAMANAR HILLS.jpg|View of lotus pond below from Samanar Hills top
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Jain Caves in India}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Hills of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Geography of Madurai]]
[[Category:Caves of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madurai]]
[[Category:9th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Tamil Nadu]]

Ragini Shah

2026-02-10T02:45:21Z

IndiaTurney9471: Made New Details

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ragini Shah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Deepak Gheewala
| yearsactive = 1970–present
}}

'''Ragini Shah''' is an Indian film, stage and television actress, and a veteran of [[Gujarati theatre]]. She had numerous supporting roles on [[Indian television]], with her portrayal of Dugba in the daily Hindi soap ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]'' being one of the most remembered.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmitown.com/2012/02/04/actor-ragini-shah-has-been-roped-in-for-sanjay-leela-bhansali%25E2%2580%2599s-ambitious-venture-on-small-screen/ |title=Actor Ragini Shah has been roped for Saraswatichandra |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819053744/http://www.filmitown.com/2012/02/04/actor-ragini-shah-has-been-roped-in-for-sanjay-leela-bhansali%e2%80%99s-ambitious-venture-on-small-screen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==

Shah has appeared in more than 50 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]]. She is also a director. Due to repetitive roles and financial limitations in the Gujarati industry, she moved to Mumbai, where she took part in some Hindi television serials and live performances. There she appeared in the lead role in the Gujarati-language TV drama, ''Moti Baa'' which was aired on [[ETV Gujarati]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Ragini also has numerous Hindi TV dramas to her credit. She made her debut with a supporting role in ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]'' in the early 1990s on [[Doordarshan]]. She appeared as Rashmi Shekhar Nanavati in the Hindi serial ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]'' on [[Sony TV]] in 1999, which remains to date one of the most popular comedy-dramas on [[Indian television]]. In 2001, she bagged a role in ''[[Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori]]'', which was followed by a series of supporting and motherly roles in various Hindi soap operas. Shah is widely remembered for her role of Dugba in the romantic drama ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]'' (2013–14),<ref name=":0" /> which was based on a novel of the same name; as well her portrayal of Maasa in ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' (2011–16), which remains one of the highet-rated shows on Indian television.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

She had a role in ''Harun Arun'' (2009), under the direction of Vinod Ganatra. Shah has also performed live all across India, as well in the UK and the USA.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

From May 2017 to May 2018, Shah portrayed a parallel lead role of Dayavanti Mehta in ''[[Naamkarann]]'' on [[Star Plus]]. Producer [[Mahesh Bhatt]] approached Shah for the role, after the sudden demise of veteran actress [[Reema Lagoo]], who was previously playing the same role.<ref>[http://www.india.com/buzz/ragini-shah-to-play-dayavanti-mehtas-role-made-famous-by-reema-lagoo-in-naamkaran-know-more-about-gujarati-actress-2149933/ Ragini Shah to play Dayavanti Mehta’s role made famous by Reema Lagoo in Naamkarann: Know more about Gujarati actress!]</ref>

Since February 2021, she is playing the role of Jaya Rao in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali]]''.

==Personal life==
Ragini is married to actor-director Deepak Gheewala, with whom she worked with in the drama ''[[Gulaal (TV series)|Gulaal]]''. Gheewala has directed Gujarati shows like ''Jo Jo Moda Na Padta'' and ''Grahan'', among others.

==Filmography==
===Television===
* 1991 [[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]] as Chanakya's mother
*2001 [[Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori]] as Mrs. Janki Bhimani
* 2009 Moti Baa (Gujarati Serial)
* 2011-2016 [[Diya Aur Baati Hum]] as Maa Saa
*2013-2014 [[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]] as Dubga Shahastrar
*2017 [[Naamkarann]] as Dayawanti Mehta
*2021 [[Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali]] as Jaya Rao
* 2024 United State Of Gujarat as Suryakanta Vaishnav (Gujarati Serial)

===Selected films===
* ''[[Daku Rani Ganga]]'' (1976, debut Gujarati film)
* ''Harun Arun'' (2009, Gujarati)
* ''[[Hardik Abhinandan]]'' (2016, Gujarati film)
* ''Dada Ho Dikari'' - Gujarati film
* ''Sasan'' ''-'' Gujarati film

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5565133}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Ragini}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]

Gusainji Maharaj

2026-01-28T10:26:04Z

IndiaTurney9471: refined lead per standard format and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Hindu holy man}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2024}}
{{POV|date=February 2024}}}}
'''Gusainji Maharaj''' is a revered figure among both [[Hindus]] and Muslims.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=rajasthaninformation |title=Gosai Baba Ka Mandir गोसाई बाबा का मंदिर - PuraniHistory |url=https://puranihistory.com/gosai-baba-ka-mandir/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> One of the prominent temples dedicated to him is situated in [[Junjala]] village of [[Nagaur district]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. Gusainji holds a special place in Hindu beliefs, he is also venerated by [[Muslims]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=जोशी 'शतायु' |first=अनिरुद्ध |title=जुंजाला धाम एक चमत्कारिक स्थान, जानकर रह जाएंगे हैरान {{!}} Junjala Gusainji Mharaj in Rajasthan |url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/religious-journey-articles/junjala-gusainji-mharaj-in-rajasthan-115070300050_1.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=hindi.webdunia.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Legend ==
According to legend, during the [[Vamana]] avatar, a manifestation of God in Hindu mythology, the first step was taken in [[Mecca and Medina]], which became significant locations for Muslim worship and the annual [[Hajj]] pilgrimage.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=नाथ |first=प्रहलाद |title=श्री गुसांईजी महाराज के भजन व रचना |pages=5}}</ref> The second step took place in [[Kurukshetra]], where a sacred bathing lake is located.<ref name=":2" /> The third step came near the Ram Sarovar in the village of [[Junjala]], where the temple dedicated to Gusainji Maharaj stands.<ref name=":1" /> This site, known as Tirtha Ram Sarovar, attracts pilgrims. Hindus refer to it as Gusainji Maharaj, while Muslims know it as Baba Kadam Rasool.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Gusainji}}
[[Category:Hindu mythology]]

{{Hindu-deity-stub}}
{{Islam-stub}}

Parigi, Sri Sathya Sai district

2026-01-18T21:17:22Z

IndiaTurney9471: Made Location

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parigi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Sri Sathya Sai
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Parigi
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 624
| population_total = 12,614
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Parigi''' is a village in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|accessdate=2007-05-29
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=6 June 2017|pages=420|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[Indian census]], 2001, the demographic details of Parigi mandal is as follows:<ref>[http://www.ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=28530 Parigi mandal at Our Village India.org]</ref>
*Total Population: 52,852 in 11,187 Households
*Male Population: 27,287 and Female Population: 25,565
*Children Under 6-years of age: 7,339 (Boys – 3,816 and Girls – 3,523)
*Total Literates: 25,650

== Geography ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2017}}
Parigi is located at {{Coord|13.9069|N|77.4572|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Parigi.html Fallingrain genomics. Parigi]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{cvt|624|m}}.

Parigi is a Mandal in Andhra Pradesh and is the headquarters for a few villages around it. It is around {{cvt|8|km}} from Hindupur and {{cvt|35|km}} from Lepakshi. 350 years ago its name was Bhanupuri Kota. Parigi cheruvu (an irrigation tank) is one of the biggest irrigation tanks in the Sri Sathya Sai district.

Parigi is on the border of [[Karnataka]] is {{cvt|5|km}} to Karnataka on the north and south and it is a 40-minute drive to [[Pavagada]] Taluk (Known for the Shaneshwara Temple) in the [[Tumkur district]] of Karnataka.

Research is being done to know historical significance by reading ancient inscriptions found surroundings of parigi village near pannadamma temple of parigi village, and a copper plate document of Adhembhatta a purohit of Penukonda. Those three copper plates are now in Chennai Museum. According to the research, The inscription is in Sanskrit, the script employed being old Telugu- Kannada. The inscription translated to English is as follows "The Western Ganga King Madhava Mahadhiraja II, alias Simhavarman, gave sixty-five paddy fields, sowable with twenty five khandukas of paddy, below the big tank of Paruvi(old name of Parigi 200AD-1400AD) in "Paruvi [[Vishaya]]", to a Brahman named Kumarasarma of the vatsa gotra. The grant was made on the full-moon day in the month of Chaitra (lunar). No further deailts regarding the date are given. This Madhava Mahadhiraja is stated to have been installed on the throne, by the Pallava King Skandavarma Maharaja and Aryavarman, father of Madhava, was installed on the throne, by Simhavarma Maharaja, lord of the Pallava family. These plates are very important as there is mention of two contemporaneous Pallava Kings. Skandavarman appears to have been the son of Simhavarman and is supposed to have ruled during latter part of the 5th Century AD. The plates must therefore have been issued at the beginning of the 6th Century AD.

== Panchayats ==
The following is the list of [[Panchayati raj in India|village panchayats]] in Parigi mandal: Beechiganipalli, Honnampalli, Kodigenahalli, Moda, P.Narasapuram, Parigi, Pydeti, Sasanakota, Seegipalli, Sirekolam(Dhanapuram), Srirangarajupalli, Utakur, Vittapalli Yerragunta and Boreddipalli

== Temples ==
There are a few Hindu temples in and around Parigi and a couple of them are believed to have been built between 200–400 years ago as per local records and anecdotes. These are the:

Sri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple

Sri Anjaneya Swamy Temple

'''The other Temples are:'''

Devi Panadamma Temple - Grama Devatha

Sri Subramanya Temple

Sri RamaLingeshwara Temple

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sri Sathya Sai district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Sri Sathya Sai district]]

Sangita Makarandha

2026-01-13T09:26:50Z

IndiaTurney9471: creating new page

{{Short description|Ancient work on classical music}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}
'''Sangita Makaranda''' is an ancient work on classical music (''[[sangita]]'') written by [[Narada]]. This work is a rare collection of definitions, descriptions and comments on all the essential music by other ancient reputed authors from [[Bharata Muni]] to Sharangdeva. Its main feature is the treatment of [[Raga]]s; categorizing them as male, female and neuter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aalaap.net/sangitamakaranda.html |title=Sangita Makaranda |access-date=2010-01-18 |archive-date=2008-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004200024/http://www.aalaap.net/sangitamakaranda.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==The three distinct stages==
It also hints on the uniqueness of the raga-nomenclaturing. On close study of it, one learns of three distinct stages on the nomenclaturing of the Indian ragas.

*Stage one refers Bharata's ''Natyashastra'' (prior 2nd century BC). It is the stage of raga-nomenclature when the ragas were named after the saliant swara of the ragas. For example, after Shadja swara, originated the name of the Raga called shadja; after Arshabha swara originated the name of Arsharbha Raga; and after Gandhari swara was named the Gaandhari Raga, the last one being still in currency.
*In the second stage, the Ragas were named after different jana ([[tribe]]s or the [[clan]]s) dwelling in different geographical locations. For example, after [[Shaka]] tribe was named Shakatilak Raga or Shakamishrat variants of Shaka Raga; after Pulinda tribe was named the Pulinda Raga; after [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] clan was named Abhiri Raga; after Savara tribe was named Saviri or Saverka. Similarly after Malava, [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]], [[Gurjar]], [[Kambojas|Kambhoja]] (Kamboja) tribes were named Ragas Malvika, Andhrri, Gurjari and Kambhoji (Kamboji) respectively, with all their variants.<ref>cf: Ragas and Raginis, pp 72-77, O. P. Ganguli; cf: Music in Education, 1955, p 80, Dmitrij Kabalevskij; Ancient Kamboja People and the Country, 1981, p 233, Dr J. L. Kamboj.</ref>
*In the third stage, the ragas were named after the [[janapada]] or desha or country of their origin. For example, after [[Bengal]] was named Bangal-Raga; after Sindhudesha was named Saindhvi Raga; after Sauvira Janapada was named Sauviri or Sauvirak Raga; after [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] was named the Saurashtri (or Sorathi or Surat or Surat-malar); and after Karnata janapada was named Karnati Raga etc. Similarly, the Kambhoji Raga or Ragini which is now very popular in southern India was named after the Kambhoja janapada. Scholars believe that the Kambhoji raga or ragini had probably originated in the ''jana'' rather than the ''janapada'' stage.<ref name="Country 1981, p 233">Ancient Kamboja People and the Country, 1981, p 233, Dr J. L. Kamboj, cf: Ragas and Raginis, pp 72-77, O. P. Ganguli, The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 94, S Kirpal Singh</ref> This implies that the basic tune of raga Kamboji or Kambhoji must have evolved during [[Epic India|epic]] or even pre-epic times.

==See also==
* [[Sangita Ratnakara]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Critical Study of Sangita Makaranda of Narada By M. Vijay Lakshmi; foreword by G.H. Tarlekar {{ISBN|81-212-0526-3}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustani music literature]]
[[Category:Ragas]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Music books]]

Dr. Rajkumar filmography

2026-01-13T02:06:03Z

IndiaTurney9471: added a bio more to come

{{Short description|Filmography of Indian actor Rajkumar}}
[[File:GDlC0fDa4AAs-0p.jpg|thumb|Dr. Rajkumar receives the [[Kentucky Colonel]], the highest title of honor bestowed by the [[Commonwealth of Kentucky]]. He remains the only Indian actor to receive the honor.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

[[Dr. Rajkumar|Singanalluru Puttaswamaiah Muthuraj]] (24 April 1929 – 12 April 2006),<ref name="VK">{{cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when-dr-rajkumar-spoke-about-his-debut-movie/articleshow/75551966.cms |title='ಬೇಡರ ಕಣ್ಣಪ್ಪ' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಡಾ. ರಾಜ್‌ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದ ಆ ಎರಡು ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು ಯಾವುವು? |date=5 May 2020 |access-date=12 April 2021 |language=Kannada |trans-title=Before 'Bedara Kannappa' What were those two movies that Dr. Raj starred in? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915061109/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when-dr-rajkumar-spoke-about-his-debut-movie/articleshow/75551966.cms |archive-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> better known by his stage name '''Dr. Rajkumar''', was an Indian actor and singer who worked in [[Kannada cinema]]. Through his over five-decade long career of over 200 films, he was regarded one of the most pivotal and influential figures of the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film industry]]. His films were praised for acting as a bridge between the [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|popular]] and [[art film]]s because of the theme of the story and their treatment.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Poonacha |first=Sahitya P. |date=2020-04-24 |title=Remembering Dr Rajkumar: Lesser-known facts and trivia about the legendary 'Annavaru' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/remembering-dr-rajkumar-lesser-known-facts-trivia-about-legendary-annavaru-818308 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=IBTimes India |language=en}}</ref> He debuted as a [[child actor]] in the 1942 Kannada film ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''. His first role as an adult came in ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana (1952 film)|Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]'' (1952) and as a lead, two years later, in ''[[Bedara Kannappa]],'' which gave him stardom. He debuted as a singer with the track ''Om Namaha Shivaya'' from the 1956 film ''[[Ohileshwara]].'' In 1960, he made his debut as a producer by producing ''[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2006-09-15 |title=T O T A L K A N N A D A Save Our Movieland "Kannada Cinema FAQs" |url=http://www.totalkannada.com/Kannada%20Cinema%20FAQs.asp |access-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915090451/http://www.totalkannada.com/Kannada%20Cinema%20FAQs.asp |archive-date=15 September 2006 }}</ref> According to [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]] in the book ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, Ranadheera Kanteerava'' was the first "big hit" in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |year=1994 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |edition=Second |location=[[United Kingdom]] |language=English}}</ref> In a film career spanning fifty years, Rajkumar received eleven [[Karnataka State Film Awards]], including nine [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and two [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Singer]] awards, eight [[Filmfare Awards South]], and one [[National Film Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-08 |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |access-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008114601/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2015 }}</ref> Along with [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Ambareesh]], he is counted in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]'s "triumvirate" as its most celebrated actor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2018-11-25 |title=Ambareesh was Kannada industry's troubleshooter |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ambareesh-was-kannada-industrys-troubleshooter/article25592304.ece |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 1983, [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] was honoured with the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award, for his contributions to [[Indian cinema]], and the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 1995. In 1985, he became the first Indian actor to receive the [[Kentucky Colonel]], an honorary order from the [[governor]] of [[Kentucky]], United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous Colonels |url=https://www.kycolonels.org/famous-colonels/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Kentucky Colonels |language=en-US}}</ref> On the occasion of the "Centenary of Indian Cinema" in April 2013, [[Forbes]] included his performance in ''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]'' on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances Of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/1 |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Upon his death, ''[[The New York Times]]'' had described him as one of India's most popular movie stars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=2006-04-13 |title=Rajkumar, Beloved Indian Film Star, Dies at 77 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/movies/rajkumar-beloved-indian-film-star-dies-at-77.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He received the [[NTR National Award]] in 2002 and was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Mysore]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Google doodles legendary Kannada actor Dr Rajkumar on 88th birth anniversary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/apr/24/google-doodles-legendary-kannada-actor-dr-rajkumar-on-88th-birth-anniversary-1597136.html |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928185006/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/apr/24/google-doodles-legendary-kannada-actor-dr-rajkumar-on-88th-birth-anniversary-1597136.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Dr. Rajkumar Samagra Charithre'' - a two-volume book by film critic D. Rukkoji on the life and achievements of Rajkumar won the ''Swarna Kamal Award'' at the [[63rd National Film Awards]] under the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] category.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-28 |title=Rajkumar's biography wins Swarna Kamal |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/rajkumars-biography-wins-swarna-kamal/article8407164.ece |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On the occasion of Rajkumar's 100th film [[Government of Karnataka]] honored him with the title of ''Nata Saarvabhouma.''<ref>http://www.filmibee.in/2016/04/govt-of-karnataka-organizes-88th.html{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He is also the first film star to win the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] for the song ''Naadamaya Ee Lokavella'' from the film ''[[Jeevana Chaitra]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-24 |title=Google honours veteran Kannada actor Rajkumar with a doodle on his 88th birth anniversary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/google-doodle-honours-rajkumar-kannada-actor-88-birthday-4625455/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka|State Government]] established [[Dr. Rajkumar Award]] in 1993–94 to be given for lifetime achievement towards contributions to [[Kannada cinema]].<ref name=":3" />

Dr. Rajkumar's 1972 film ''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]'' was the longest running [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film]] at the time of its release.<ref>"[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/bangarada-manushya-1972/article1423317.ece Bangarada Manushya 1972]". ''The Hindu''. 23 August 2008. Retrieved</ref> The film elevated him from being just another very popular actor to nearly demigod status among the masses.<ref name=":1" /> His 1986 film ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'' was the first Indian film to be remade in seven other languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=pratiba |title=Not Rajinikanth or Amitabh Bachchan, Rajkumar's film was first to be remade in 6 languages in India |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/not-rajinikanth-or-amitabh-bachchan-rajkumar-s-film-was-first-to-be-remade-in-6-languages-in-india-q9ykmn |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> His 1973 film ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' was reported to be the first Indian film to be made on the concept of [[Forest protection|protection of forest]] and [[wildlife conservation]] with a focus on the need to preserve the flora and fauna at a time when the [[CITES]] treaty was signed with an aim to reduce the economic incentive to poach endangered species.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2017-05-13 |title=Masti Gudi: Lopsided concern for tiger |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/masti-gudi-lopsided-concern-for-tiger/article18446493.ece |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The British daily newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]'' praised him for his subtle acting and described him as a humble, modest being who was a symbol of Kannada consciousness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Haresh |date=2006-04-17 |title=Obituary: Rajkumar |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/apr/18/guardianobituaries.film |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]'' acknowledged him as one of the greatest actors of his time and called him ''The Gentle Giant of Karnataka''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Top Bandit Kidnaps Top Movie Star |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=83002&page=1 |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Maharashtra]] State Government had prescribed the biography of the actor for its class VIII students detailing his achievements and contributions to the Kannada culture under the title ''Natasarvabhouma''.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2014-11-24 |title=Lesson on Rajkumar in Maharashtra government Kannada textbook |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/lesson-on-rajkumar-in-maharashtra-government-kannada-textbook/article6630161.ece |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1989, the critical failure of ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]'' led him to take a hiatus from acting. However, he returned to acting three years later, in 1992 with ''[[Jeevana Chaitra]],'' which was a blockbuster running for more than a year in theatres.<ref name=":2" /> His final film was 2000's ''[[Shabdavedhi]].''<ref>[https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films "ರಾಜ್‌ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ"]</ref><ref name=":0">[[Ashish Rajadhyaksha|Rajadhyaksha, Ashish]]; [[Paul Willemen|Willemen, Paul]] (1998) [1994]. ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' (PDF). [[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-19-563579-5}}.</ref> He had a minimum of ten releases in each of the years from 1963 to 1971. He held the record for highest releases as a lead in a single year (16 in 1968) in Kannada movies for 24 years until it was broken by [[Malashri]] in 1992 with 19 releases.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QmbLF0uc8IY&feature=youtu.be | title=ಸಿನಿ ಸಿಪ್ 23-ಮಾಲಾಶ್ರೀ ಮೆಟ್ಟಿಲುಗಳು...| Malashree's film path | website=[[YouTube]] | date=29 April 2021 }}</ref> His 39 movies have been remade 63 times in 9 languages<ref>{{cite web | last1=Sharma | first1=Damini | url=https://www.newsdayexpress.com/entertainment/the-only-actor-in-the-country-whose-films-were-remade-more-than-50-times-amitabh-bachchan-also-touched-feet/ | title=The only actor in the country whose films were remade more than 50 times, Amitabh Bachchan also touched feet | work=News Day Express | date=2 November 2022 }}</ref> by 34 actors <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.quora.com/How-many-films-of-Dr-Rajkumar-were-remade/answer/Nithin-121?ch=10&oid=103758948&share=e2e7be66&srid=3rHAC&target_type=answer | title=How many films of Dr. Rajkumar were remade? }}</ref> making him the first actor whose movies were remade more than fifty times<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chithrapatha.com/thirty-five-years-for-anuraga-aralitu/|title=ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ದಾಖಲೆಗಳ 'ಅನುರಾಗ ಅರಳಿತು' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ 35 ವರ್ಷ|date=15 September 2021|website=Chitrapatha.com|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> and the first actor whose movies were remade in nine languages.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films| title = ರಾಜ್‌ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ |website=Udayavani.com}}</ref> 90% of his movies are considered to be successful.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajkumar-to-puneeth-rajkumar-prominent-actors-of-kannada-film-industry/etphotostory/78037349.cms | title=Rajkumar to Puneeth Rajkumar: Prominent actors of Kannada film industry | newspaper=The Times of India | date=10 September 2020 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Film
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |
{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row"| 1942
| ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' || School child || Child Artist || <ref name="VK"/>
|-
!scope="row"| 1952
| ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana (1952 film)|Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]'' || [[Agastya|Agastya Maharshi]] || Cameo || <ref name="VK"/>
|-
! rowspan=2 scope="row" | 1954
| ''[[Bedara Kannappa]]'' || [[Kannappa]]/Dinna/Manimantha{{efn|Rajkumar played one character with three names}} ||Debut as a lead actor
| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=335}}
|-
| ''[[Kalahasti Mahatyam]]'' || Thinnayya/Kannappa {{efn|name=two names|Rajkumar played one character with two names}} || Telugu film
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Do you know the legendary Rajkumar once acted in a Telugu movie? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/do-you-know-the-legendary-rajkumar-once-acted-in-a-telugu-movie-888722.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210413030127/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/irul-four-changes-that-would-have-made-the-fahadh-faasil-starrer-a-good-watch-971015.html |language=en |date=17 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| 1955
| ''[[Sodari]]'' || Kailasanatha || ||
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1956
| ''[[Bhakta Vijaya]]'' || Santhoba Pavar || ||
|-
| ''[[Hari Bhakta]]'' || Hari/Pundarika(Pundaleeka) {{efn|name=two names}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Ohileshwara]]'' || Ohila || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1957
| ''[[Sati Nalaayini]]'' || Kaushikha || ||
|-
| ''[[Rayara Sose]]'' || Dr. Govind Rao || ||
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1958
| ''[[Bhookailasa (film)|Bhookailasa]]''|| [[Ravana]] || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=353}}
|-
| ''[[Shree Krishna Gaarudi]]''|| [[Arjuna]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Anna Thangi (1958 film)|Anna Thangi]]''|| Mallanna || ||
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 1959
| ''[[Jagajyothi Basveshwara]]''|| [[Bijjala II|King Bijjala]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma Vijaya]]''|| Saradara Vijaya || ||
|-
| ''[[Mahishasura Mardini (film)|Mahishasura Mardini]]'' || [[Mahishasura]] || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=360}}
|-
| ''[[Abba Aa Hudugi]]''|| Suresh || Extended Cameo || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=357}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 1960
| ''[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]''|| [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]] || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=366}}
|-
| ''[[Rani Honnamma]]''|| Veeranayaka || ||
|-
| ''[[Aasha Sundari]]''|| Gunasheela || ||
|-
| ''[[Dashavathara (film)|Dashavathara]]''|| [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya]]/ [[Hiranyakashipu]]/ [[Ravana]]/ [[Shishupala]] {{efn|Rajkumar played four distinct characters in the film}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhakta Kanakadasa]]''|| [[Kanaka Dasa]]/Thimmanayaka {{efn|name=two names}} || || <ref name="FL1"/>
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" | 1961
| ''[[Sri Shaila Mahathme]]''|| Chandragupta|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kittur Chennamma (film)|Kittur Chennamma]]''|| Raja Mallasaraja || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=369}}
|-
| ''[[Kantheredu Nodu]]''|| Gopi || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaiwara Mahathme]]''|| Narayanappa || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhakta Cheta]]''|| Cheta || ||
|-
| ''[[Nagarjuna (film)|Nagarjuna]]''|| Nagarjuna || ||
|-
! rowspan="8" scope="row" | 1962
| ''[[Gaali Gopura]]''|| Krishna || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoodaana]]''|| Dasanna || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganesh |first1=Deepa |title=Bhoodana: the classic at 55 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bhoodana-the-classic-at-55/article8607600.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516133902/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bhoodana-the-classic-at-55/article8607600.ece |archive-date=16 May 2016 |language=en-IN |date=16 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Swarna Gowri]]''|| Kalinga/Chandrashekhara {{efn|name=two names}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Devasundari]]''|| [[Gandharva]] Shankhapala || ||
|-
| ''[[Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu]]''|| Kumar || || <ref name="th1"/>
|-
| ''[[Mahathma Kabir]]''|| [[Kabir Das]] || || <ref name="FL1"/>
|-
| ''[[Vidhivilasa]]''|| Madhava Simha || ||
|-
| ''[[Thejaswini]]''|| Shivappa Nayaka || ||
|-
! rowspan="15" scope="row" | 1963
| ''[[Valmiki (1963 Kannada film)|Valmiki]]''|| Raksha/ [[Valmiki]] {{efn|name=two names}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Saaku Magalu]]'' || Raghuram || ||
|-
| ''[[Nanda Deepa]]''|| Shankar || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanyarathna]]''|| Raju || ||
|-
| ''[[Gowri (1963 film)|Gowri]]''|| Ramaiah || ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevana Tharanga]]''|| Kumar || ||
|-
| ''[[Malli Maduve]]''|| Ananda/Paramananda {{efn|name=double|Rajkumar played dual roles in the film.}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Kulavadhu]]''|| Suryanarayana "Soori" || || <ref name="th1"/>
|-
| ''[[Kalitharu Henne]]''||Chandrayya|| ||
|-
| ''[[Sathi Shakthi]]''|| Virupaksha/Rakthaksha {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Veerakesari (film)|Veerakesari]]''|| Narasimhanayaka || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=378}}
|-
| ''[[Mana Mecchida Madadi]]''|| Srinath || ||
|-
| ''[[Chandra Kumara]]''|| Prachanda || ||
|-
| ''[[Santha Thukaram]]''|| [[Tukaram]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha]]''|| [[Rama]] || ||
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" | 1964
| ''[[Navakoti Narayana]]''|| [[Purandara Dasa]]/Srinivasanayaka {{efn|name=two names}} || || <ref name="FL1">{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Ravi |title=Pride of Kannada |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30209241.ece |website=Frontline |date=4 May 2006 |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814035215/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30209241.ece |archive-date=14 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chandavalliya Thota]]''|| Hanumanna || || <ref name="th1">{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=K. N. Venkatasubba |title=Will there be another like him? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Will-there-be-another-like-him/article14748122.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628230500/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Will-there-be-another-like-him/article14748122.ece |archive-date=28 June 2018 |language=en-IN |date=12 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shivarathri Mahathme]]''|| Vijaya || ||
|-
| ''[[Annapoorna (film)|Annapoorna]]'' || Krishna || ||
|-
| ''[[Tumbida Koda]]'' || Ramachandra || ||
|-
| ''[[Shivagange Mahathme]]'' || Ashoka || ||
|-
| ''[[Muriyada Mane]]'' || Chennegowda || || <ref name="FL1"/>
|-
| ''[[Prathigne]]'' || Dr. Shankar || ||
|-
| ''[[Naandi (film)|Naandi]]'' || Murthy || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=369}}
|-
! rowspan="11" scope="row" | 1965
| ''[[Naga Pooja]]'' ||Nagakumara || ||
|-
| ''[[Chandrahasa (1965 film)|Chandrahasa]]'' || [[Chandrahasa]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Sarvagna Murthy]]'' || [[Sarvajna]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaatsalya]]'' || Rajashekhar "Raju" || ||
|-
| ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]]'' || Veeradasu/[[Harishchandra]] {{efn|name=two names}} || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=386}}
|-
| ''[[Mahasathi Anasuya]]'' || [[Narada]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Ide Mahasudina]]'' || Dr. Anand || ||
|-
| ''[[Bettada Huli]]'' || Raju || || <ref name="FL1"/>
|-
| ''[[Sati Savithri]]'' || [[Savitri and Satyavan|Satyavan]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Maduve Madi Nodu]]'' || Vasu || ||
|-
| ''[[Pathivratha]]'' || Gopal || ||
|-
! rowspan="11" scope="row" | 1966
| ''[[Mantralaya Mahatme]]'' || Venkatanatha Bhatta/[[Raghavendra Tirtha|Raghvendra Swamy]] {{efn|name=two names|Rajkumar played one character with two names}}|| || <ref name="FL1"/>
|-
| ''[[Katari Veera]]'' || Vijaya || || <ref name="FL1"/>
|-
| ''[[Bala Nagamma (1966 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' || Anandavardhana || ||
|-
| ''[[Thoogudeepa]]'' ||Ramachandra || ||
|-
| ''[[Premamayi]]'' || Madhava "Maadhu" || ||
|-
| ''[[Kilaadi Ranga]]''|| Sanjaya/Ranga {{efn|name=double}} || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=110}}
|-
| ''[[Madhumalathi]]'' || Trivikramasena || ||
|-
| ''[[Emme Thammanna]]''|| Murali/Thammanna {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Mohini Bhasmasura]]''|| [[Bhasmasura (Hinduism)|Bhasmasura]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Kannika Parameshwari Kathe]]''|| Vishnuvardhana || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=335}}
|-
| ''[[Sandhya Raga]]''|| Lakshmana || || <ref name="th1"/>
|-
! rowspan="13" scope="row" | 1967
| ''[[Anuradha (1967 film)|Anuradha]]'' || Himself || Cameo ||<ref>{{cite AV media |date=23 July 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMvmWG63rMU |title=Anuradha – ಅನುರಾಧ{{!}} Kannada Full Movie {{!}} FEAT. M Pandaribai, Mynavathi |publisher=SRS Media Vision {{! }} Kannada Full Movies |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113151305/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMvmWG63rMU |archive-date=13 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Parvathi Kalyana]]''|| [[Shiva]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Sathi Sukanya]]''||[[Chyavana|Chyavana Maharshi]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Gange Gowri]]''|| [[Shiva]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajashekara]]''|| Shekharavarma || ||
|-
| ''[[Lagna Pathrike]]''|| Raghuram || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadurgada Rahasya]]''|| Ramanna Nayaka/Somanna Nayaka {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Devara Gedda Manava]]''|| Vijaya || ||
|-
| ''[[Beedi Basavanna]]''|| Gopal Rao || ||
|-
| ''[[Manassiddare Maarga]]'' || Ramachandra "Ramu" Rao || ||
|-
| ''[[Bangarada Hoovu]]''|| Anand || ||
|-
| ''[[Chakra Theertha]]''|| Srinivasa || || <ref name="th1"/>
|-
| ''[[Immadi Pulikeshi (film)|Immadi Pulakeshi]]''|| [[Pulakeshin II]] || || <ref name="fl2">{{cite web |last1=Katakam |first1=Anupama |title=The eternal Kannada icon |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30255448.ece |website=Frontline |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805022937/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30255448.ece |archive-date=5 August 2020 |language=en |date=25 November 2000}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="16" scope="row" | 1968
| ''[[Jedara Bale]]''|| Prakash (CID 999) || || <ref name="dh1">{{cite web |last1=Prakash |first1=Hita |title=Here are some must-watch iconic films of Dr Rajkumar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/here-are-some-must-watch-iconic-films-of-dr-rajkumar-829441.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210413174912/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/aavrutti-launches-first-new-single-886228.html |archive-date=13 April 2021 |language=en |date=24 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gandhinagara]]'' || Shekhar/Mahadevayya {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Mahasathi Arundathi]]'' || [[Vasishtha]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Manassakshi]]'' || Somanna || ||
|-
| ''[[Sarvamangala]]'' || Nataraja || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagya Devathe]]'' || Chaduranga || ||
|-
| ''[[Bangalore Mail]]'' || Shyamsundar || ||
|-
| ''[[Hannele Chiguridaga]]'' || Prasad || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=395}}
|-
| ''[[Bhagyada Bagilu]]'' || Raju || ||
|-
| ''[[Nata Sarvabhouma]]'' || Himself || Documentary || <ref name="NS">{{cite web |date=17 September 2013 |title=History 50 - Rajkumar's 100th Film in 1968 |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3880-history-50-rajkumar-s-100th-film-in-1968.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921162927/http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3880-history-50-rajkumar-s-100th-film-in-1968.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=Chitraloka}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rowdi Ranganna]]''|| Ranga || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhoomaketu]]''|| Kumar || ||
|-
| ''[[Amma (1968 film)|Amma]]''|| Sridhar || ||
|-
| ''[[Simhaswapna]]''|| Manohara || ||
|-
| ''[[Goa Dalli CID 999]]''|| Prakash (CID 999) || || <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
| ''[[Mannina Maga]]''|| Raju || || <ref name="FL1"/>
|-
! rowspan="10" scope="row" | 1969
| ''[[Margadarshi]]''|| Srikaanth || || <ref name="th1"/>
|-
| ''[[Gandondu Hennaru]]''|| Anand Rao || ||
|-
| ''[[Mallammana Pavada]]''|| Chandrakantha || ||
|-
| ''[[Choori Chikkanna]]''|| Chikkanna/Bhaskar {{efn|name=two names}}|| ||
|-
| ''[[Punarjanma (1969 film)|Punarjanma]]'' || Chenna || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhale Raja]]'' || Shivaraj/Raju {{efn|name=two names}}|| ||
|-
| ''[[Uyyale]]'' || Krishnegowda || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=402}}
|-
| ''[[Chikkamma]]'' || Sundar || ||
|-
| ''[[Mayor Muthanna]]'' || Mutthanna || || <ref name="FL1"/>
|-
| ''[[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999]]'' || Prakash (CID 999) || || <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
! rowspan="12" scope="row" | 1970
| ''[[Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)|Sri Krishnadevaraya]]'' || [[Krishnadevaraya]] || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=406}}
|-
| ''[[Karulina Kare]]'' || Parameshi || || <ref name="fl2"/>
|-
| ''[[Hasiru Thorana]]'' || Madhu || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoopathi Ranga]]'' || Bhaskar/Bhoopathi Ranga {{efn|name=two names}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Rajkumar]]'' || Raj/Kumar/Farooq Baba {{efn|Rajkumar played one character with three names}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhale Jodi (1970 film)|Bhale Jodi]]''|| Ramesh/Suresh {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. Rajanna]]''|| CID Rajanna || ||
|-
| ''[[Nanna Thamma]]''|| Prasad|| ||
|-
| ''[[Baalu Belagithu]]''|| Shankar/Paapanna {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Devara Makkalu]]''|| Ranga || ||
|-
| ''[[Paropakari]]''|| Mohan/Ramanna {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Nadina Bhagya]]'' || Balu || Extended Cameo ||
|-
! rowspan="10" scope="row" | 1971
| ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]''|| Ravi Varma || || <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
| ''[[Baala Bandhana]]''|| Ranga || ||
|-
| ''[[Kula Gourava]]''|| Raja Raghunatha Rao/Ravi (Chandrashekharaiah)/ Dr. Anand {{efn|name=triple|Rajkumar played triple role in the film}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Samsara]]''|| Krishna || ||
|-
| ''[[Kasidre Kailasa]]''|| Gopinath || ||
|-
| ''[[Thayi Devaru]]''||Krishna || ||
|-
| ''[[Pratidwani]]''|| Ashok || ||
|-
| ''[[Sakshatkara]]''|| Mahesh || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Prithviraj Kapoor in 'Sakshatkara' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/did-you-know-that-these-bollywood-actors-have-also-acted-in-kannada-films/photostory/73698363.cms?picid=73698576 |website=The Times of India |access-date=13 April 2021 |language=en |date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nyayave Devaru]]''|| Raghu || ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama]]''|| [[Krishna]] || ||
|-
! rowspan="8" scope="row" | 1972
| ''[[Janma Rahasya]]''|| Kumar || ||
|-
| ''[[Sipayi Ramu]]''|| Ramu/Ram Singh {{efn|name=two names}}|| ||
|-
| ''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]''|| Rajeeva || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=412}}
|-
| ''[[Hrudaya Sangama]]''|| Rajanna/Kumar {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Kranti Veera]]''|| Chandrakumara/Vijay || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhale Huchcha]]''|| Gopi || ||
|-
| ''[[Nanda Gokula]]''|| Anand || ||
|-
| ''[[Jaga Mecchida Maga]]''|| Aaditya || ||
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" | 1973
| ''[[Devaru Kotta Thangi (1973 film)|Devaru Kotta Thangi]]''|| Raghu || ||
|-
| ''[[Bidugade]]''|| M. B. Shekhar || ||
|-
| ''[[Swayamvara (film)|Swayamvara]]''|| Nataraj || ||
|-
| ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]''|| Kumar || || <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
| ''[[Doorada Betta]]''|| Shiva || ||
|-
| ''[[Mooroovare Vajragalu]]''|| [[Narada]] / [[Krishna]] {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 1974
| ''[[Bangaarada Panjara]]''|| Beera || ||
|-
| ''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]''|| Ramachandraraya || ||
|-
| ''[[Sampathige Saval]]''|| Veerabhadra || || <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
| ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]''|| [[Gora Kumbhar]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]''|| [[Lord Srinivasa]] || ||
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1975
| ''[[Daari Tappida Maga]]''|| Prasad / Prakash (Prashanth) {{efn|name=double}} || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Rajkumar's 'Daari Tappida Maga' to re-release in 120 theaters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajkumars-daari-tappida-maga-to-re-release-in-120-theaters/articleshow/72041083.cms |website=The Times of India |date=13 November 2019 |access-date=13 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]''|| [[Mayurasharma]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Trimurti (1975 film)|Trimurti]]''|| Sridhar / Vijay / Shekhar / Sheshagiri {{efn|Rajkumar played one character with four names}} || ||
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 1976
| ''[[Premada Kanike]]''|| Manohar || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Did you know Puneeth Rajkumar was a part of Rajkumar's 'Premada Kanike'? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/did-you-know-puneeth-rajkumar-was-a-part-of-rajkumars-premada-kanike-847847.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=13 April 2021 |language=en |date=10 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bahaddur Gandu]]''|| Panju || ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Nanna Raja]]''|| Raja || ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]''|| Anand || ||
|-
| ''[[Badavara Bandhu]]''|| Ranganatha "Ranga" || ||
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 1977
| ''[[Babruvahana (film)|Babruvahana]]''|| [[Babruvahana]] / [[Arjuna]] {{efn|name=double}} || || <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
| ''[[Bhagyavantharu]]''|| Kumar || ||
|-
| ''[[Giri Kanye]]''|| Chenna || ||
|-
| ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]''|| Appanna || ||
|-
| ''[[Olavu Geluvu]]''|| Mohan || ||
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1978
| ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]''|| Rajashekhar (Jayraj)/ Shankar/ Gurumurthy {{efn|name=triple}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Operation Diamond Racket]]''|| Prakash (CID 999) || || <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
| ''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]''|| Kumar || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1979
| ''[[Huliya Haalina Mevu]]''|| Chengumani || ||
|-
| ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]''|| Gopi/Chandrasekhar {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1980
| ''[[Ravichandra]]''|| Ravi/Chandra {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Vasanta Geetha]]''|| Vasanth || ||
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 1981
| ''[[Haavina Hede]]''|| Mutthanna/Raj {{efn|name=two names}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Nanna Gellalare]]''|| Srikanth || ||
|-
| ''[[Keralida Simha]]''|| Shankar || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyavantha]]'' || Unnamed character || Cameo ||
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1982
| ''[[Hosa Belaku]]''|| Ravi || ||
|-
| ''[[Haalu Jenu]]''|| Rangaswamy || ||
|-
| ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]''|| Mohan || || <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 1983
| ''[[Kaviratna Kalidasa]]''|| [[Kalidasa]]/ [[Dushyanta]] {{efn|Rajkumar played two distinct characters in the film}} || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=460}}
|-
| ''[[Kaamana Billu]]''|| Suryanarayana "Soori" || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''|| [[Hiranyakashipu]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]''|| Vijaya || ||
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 1984
| ''[[Samayada Gombe]]''|| Anil/Gurumurthy {{efn|name=two names}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Shravana Banthu]]''|| Raghu/Kumar/Peter {{efn|Rajkumar played one character with three names}} || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=467}}
|-
| ''[[Yarivanu]]''|| Bhaskar || ||
|-
| ''[[Apoorva Sangama]]''|| Santhosh/Gopi {{efn|name=two names}} || ||
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1985
| ''[[Ade Kannu]]''|| Jagannatha Rao/Gopi {{efn|name=double}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Jwaalamukhi]]''|| Jayasimha || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhruva Thare]]''|| Sagar || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1986
| ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]''|| Panduranga || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
| ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]''|| Shankar || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
| ''[[Guri (1986 film)|Guri]]''|| Kaliprasad || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1987
| ''[[Ondu Muttina Kathe]]''|| Aithu || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
| ''[[Shruthi Seridaaga]]''|| Dr. G. N. Murthy || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1988
| ''[[Devatha Manushya]]''|| Krishna Murthy || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
| ''[[Shiva Mecchida Kannappa]]'' || Shiva || Special Appearance || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
!scope="row"| 1989
| ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]''|| Parashuram || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
!scope="row"| 1992
| ''[[Jeevana Chaitra]]''|| Vishwanathaiah || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
!scope="row"| 1993
| ''[[Aakasmika]]''|| Narasimha Murthy || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1994
| ''[[Odahuttidavaru]]''|| Ramanna || || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
| ''[[Gandhada Gudi Part 2]]'' || Kumar || Special Appearance || {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=187}}
|-
!scope="row"| 2000
| ''[[Shabdavedhi]]'' || Sandeep || || <ref name=":2">{{cite web |last1=Riti |first1=M. D. |title=Kannada cinema's biggest superstar makes a comeback! |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/20raja.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=13 April 2021 |date=20 December 1999}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of songs recorded by Rajkumar]]
* [[Kannada cinema]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071021091527/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/indiancinema/?browse=language&start=Kannada Kannada cinema database by University of Pennsylvania]
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Dawatha

2026-01-05T04:47:33Z

IndiaTurney9471: added some post added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Dawatha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.510774605574934|N|76.90232445536905|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dawatha''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Dawatha Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]], its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dawatha(474324) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531514 |accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

JioPhone

2025-12-10T14:00:35Z

IndiaTurney9471: New a details

{{short description|4G LTE feature phone made by Jio}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
'''JioPhone''' is a [[feature phone]] marketed by [[Jio]] which runs the [[KaiOS]] operating system. It supports [[4G|4G LTE]] network and comes with [[KaiOS]]. It was announced on 21 July 2017 during [[Reliance Industries]]' [[annual general meeting]] of that year<ref name="ettelecom_top5">{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ril-agm-mukesh-ambanis-big-bang-announcements-in-last-5-annual-meets/reliance-agm-2018/slideshow/93846672.cms |title=RIL AGM: Mukesh Ambani's Big Bang announcements in last 5 annual meets |last=Singh |first=Navdeep |date=2022-08-29 |website=ETTelecom.com |access-date=2024-05-09 |language=en}}</ref> and released in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JioPhone announced: A quick look at price, features, plans and availability |language=en |work=TechRadar |url=http://www.techradar.com/news/jiophone-announced-a-quick-look-at-price-features-plans-and-availability |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722201903/http://www.techradar.com/news/jiophone-announced-a-quick-look-at-price-features-plans-and-availability |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=jio phone launch: Reliance Jio 4G feature phone: Here's all you want to know about it |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/reliance-jio-feature-phone-launched/articleshow/59695466.cms |access-date=21 July 2017 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728002945/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/reliance-jio-feature-phone-launched/articleshow/59695466.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |title=Reliance announces JioPhone, an effectively free 4G feature phone for the masses |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/reliance_announces_jiophone_an_effectively_free_4g_feature_phone_for_the_masses-news-26330.php |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-13 |title=Reliance JioPhone: What plans work with this, the list of apps, and everything else to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/reliance-jiophone-what-plans-work-with-this-the-list-of-apps-features-everything-else-4980499/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was succeeded by the [[JioPhone 2]] in August 2018.<ref name="ettelecom_top5"/>
{{infobox mobile phone
| name = JioPhone
| released = {{Start date and age|2017|08|}}
| type = [[Feature phone]]
| os = [[KaiOS]]
| memory = 512 MB [[Random-Access Memory|RAM]]
| storage = 4 GB internal storage
| battery = 2,000 mAh removable battery
| rear_camera = 2 MP
| form = Bar
| successor = [[JioPhone 2]]
| networks = [[4G LTE]]
| cpu = *'''Chipset:''' Spreadtrum SC9820A
*'''Cores:''' Dual Core
*'''Speed:''' 1 GHz
*'''Cortex A7'''
| memory_card = microSD; expandable up to 128 GB
| display = *'''Size:''' 2.4 inches
*'''Type:''' TFT
*'''Resolution:''' 240 × 320
| front_camera = 0.3 MP
| sim = 4G supported [[nanoSIM|Nano-SIM]]
| connectivity = *[[Wi-Fi]]
*[[Bluetooth]]
*[[GPS]]
*[[Near-field communication|NFC]]
*[[FM radio]]
| sound = *[[Loudspeaker]]
*3.5 mm headphone jack
| image = Jio Phone.svg
| imagesize = 200 px
| colors = [[Black]]
| manufacturer = [[LYF]]
| references = <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/jiophone-next-to-jiophone-1-a-look-at-all-the-devices-that-reliance-jio-launched-so-far-7599108/|title=A look at all the phones that Reliance Jio has launched so far|date=October 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.91mobiles.com/reliance-jio-phone-price-in-india|title=Reliance JioPhone in India, JioPhone specifications, features & reviews | 91mobiles.com|website=91mobiles}}</ref>
| gpu = Mali-400
| caption = A vector illustration of the JioPhone
}}

== Specifications ==
The JioPhone has a 2.4-inch [[TFT LCD|TFT display]] with a resolution of 240 × 320,<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto"/> a 2-[[megapixel]] rear camera and a 0.3-megapixel front camera.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/reliance-jio-feature-phone-launched/articleshow/59695466.cms|title=jio phone launch: Reliance Jio 4G feature phone: Here's all you want to know about it|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/jiophone-announced-a-quick-look-at-price-features-plans-and-availability|title=JioPhone announced: A quick look at price, features, plans and availability|author1=Sudhanshu Singh|date=July 21, 2017|website=TechRadar}}</ref> It comes with 512 MB of RAM and 4 GB of internal storage, expandable with a [[microSD]] card with storage of up to 128 GB,<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto"/> and support for 4G LTE, [[Wi-Fi]], [[Bluetooth]] and [[Near-field communication|NFC]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto"/> Its processor is a 1 GHz dual-core [[Spreadtrum]] SC9820A with a Mali-400 [[GPU]]<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto"/> and its battery is removable and has a capacity of 2000 [[mAh]]<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto"/>

JioPhone runs the KaiOS operating system. It also has support for [[Facebook]] and [[YouTube]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jio]]
[[Category:KaiOS phones]]
[[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2017]]
[[Category:Mobile phones with user-replaceable battery]]

Bina Rai

2025-11-20T13:24:54Z

IndiaTurney9471: added some entry first draft!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bina Rai
| image = Bina Rai.png
| caption =
| birth_name = Krishna Sarin
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1931|07|13}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2009|12|06|1931|07|13}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| other_names = Beena Rai
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 1950–1991
| spouse = [[Prem Nath]]
| children = 2
| homepage =
}}

'''Bina Rai''' (13 July 1931 – 6 December 2009), sometimes referred to as '''Beena Rai''', was an Indian [[actress]], primarily of the black and white era of [[Hindi cinema]]. She is most known for her roles in [[classics]] such as ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' (1953), ''[[Ghunghat (1960 film)|Ghunghat]]'' (1960) and ''[[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (1963), and won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for her performance in ''Ghunghat''.

==Early life==
Bina Rai, born as Krishna Sarin, hailed from [[Lahore]], Punjab, British India in 1931. Her family was uprooted from Lahore during the communal frenzy and was resettled in Uttar Pradesh. She went to school in Lahore and then attended IT college in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Bina Rai lived in [[Kanpur]] until she moved out for acting. She had to convince her parents to allow her to act in films, she claimed that she went on a hunger strike to convince her disapproving parents to let her join films, and they finally relented.

==Career==
Bina Rai was a first year student of Arts in the [[Isabella Thoburn College]] of [[Lucknow]] in 1950, when she came across an advertisement for a talent contest, she applied and received a call from the sponsors. Although she had been active in college dramatics, a film career was never within her field of vision. Nevertheless, she went to Bombay to participate in the contest, where she won along with the 25,000 rupees in prize money, a leading role in Kishore Sahu's ''[[Kali Ghata (1951 film)|Kali Ghata]]'' (1951), which became her film debut, and also featured [[Kishore Sahu]] in the lead role.<ref>[http://www.bollymood.com/biography/bina-rai/ Bina Rai biography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033046/http://www.bollymood.com/biography/bina-rai/ |date=27 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name=scr>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020208/fcover2.html Bina Rai: The good old days] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227030830/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020208/fcover2.html |date=27 December 2009 }} [[Screen (magazine)|Screen]].
</ref><ref name=times2009/>

Bina Rai was born on 13 July 1931, she signed the contract on her first film on 13 July 1950, namely ''Kali Ghata'', her first film released on 13 July 1951, on this happy day she was engaged to [[Prem Nath|Premnath]]. On 2 September 1952 she married actor [[Prem Nath|Premnath]], whose sister Krishna was married to the actor-director [[Raj Kapoor]] and was part of the [[Kapoor family]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bye bye, Bina |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091213/jsp/7days/story_11857115.jsp |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 December 2009 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Bharathi S. |last=Pradhan |access-date=8 March 2011 |archive-date=11 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111081319/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091213/jsp/7days/story_11857115.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref> They had acted together in some films, the first movie in which he was paired with Rai was ''[[Aurat (1953 film)|Aurat]]'' (1953), a [[Bollywood]] version of the tragic Biblical tale of ''[[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]]'' (1949). The film was not a hit, but Bina Rai and [[Prem Nath|Premnath]] fell in love with each other. They married and soon set up their own production unit, known as P.N. Films. Their first film from P.N. Films was ''Shagufa'' (1953) and they had pinned high hopes on it, but audiences rejected it. Neither Bina Rai's elfin charm nor [[Prem Nath|Premnath]]'s sensitive portrayal of the role of a doctor could save ''Shagufa'' from being a flop. And the films that followed ''Shagufa'' are ''Prisoner of Golconda'', ''Samunder'' and ''Watan'' disappeared almost as soon as they hit the theatre screens. Thus the Premnath-Bina Rai pairing never clicked on the screen.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011028/spectrum/main8.htm Spouses don't click as screen lovers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520004716/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011028/spectrum/main8.htm |date=20 May 2016 }} [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 28 October 2001.</ref>
However, her films with leading man [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] remain her best-remembered performances, where she played the title role in ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' (1953), ''[[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' and ''[[Ghunghat (1960 film)|Ghunghat]]'', for which she won the [[Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Best Actress Award|Best Actress]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/03/14/stories/2009031452261100.htm Anarkali 1953] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105100039/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/03/14/stories/2009031452261100.htm |date=5 November 2012 }} [[The Hindu]], 14 March 2009.</ref>

In the 1970s, her son [[Prem Krishen]] became an actor and had one big hit; ''[[Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaye (1977 film)|Dulhan Wohi Jo Piya Man Bhaye]]'' (1977), but couldn't sustain the momentum, so he turned producer, with the Cinevistaas banner, which went on produce TV series such as ''Kathasagar'', ''Gul Gulshan Gulfam'' and ''Junoon''. He launched his daughter Akanksha Malhotra as an actress in 2002 in his home productions, claiming that she reminds him so much of his mother Bina Rai.

Bina Rai stopped acting in films many years ago, claiming that women after a certain age don't get good roles. She also talked fondly of her husband [[Prem Nath|Premnath]], who had died on 3 November 1992. In 2002, their son, Kailash (Monty) released a tribute album, to his father on the occasion of his 10th death anniversary and 86th birth anniversary, titled ''Amar Premnath'', released by [[Saregama]].<ref name=ref>[http://business.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/06akan.htm Anarkali reborn ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234315/http://business.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/06akan.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} [[Rediff.com]], 6 February 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/archive/archive_fullstory.php?content_id=10 TRIBUTE: Monty Nath on father Premnath]{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [[Screen (magazine)|Screen]], 8 November 2002.</ref> Her grandson, Siddharth Malhotra, directed the successful TV series on doctors; ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'' (2004).<ref name=scr/>

==Death==
Bina Rai died on 6 December 2009, following a cardiac arrest. She is survived by her two sons, [[Prem Kishen]] and Kailash (Monty), and grandchildren Sidharth and Akansha. Prem Kishen had a short-term career as a film actor before shifting to film and television production; [[Cinevistaas Limited]]. Her grandson, Siddharth Malhotra is a film director, who made his debut with [[Dharma Productions]]'s [[We Are Family (2010 film)|''We Are Family'']] (2010).<ref name=times2009>{{cite news |title=Bina Rai, noted actress of B&W era, passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bina-Rai-noted-actress-of-BW-era-passes-away/articleshow/5308939.cms |date=7 December 2009 |access-date=22 March 2013 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200826/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-07/india/28080149_1_bina-rai-sidharth-malhotra-prem-kishen |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=toi09>{{cite news |title=Noted actress Bina Rai passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Noted-actress-Bina-Rai-passes-away/articleshow/5307454.cms |date=6 December 2009 |access-date=22 March 2013 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200316/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-06/india/28103032_1_first-film-cardiac-arrest-subsequent-films |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[8th Filmfare Awards|1961]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]: ''[[Ghunghat (1960 film)|Ghunghat]]''

== Filmography ==
* 1951: ''[[Kali Ghata (1951 film)|Kali Ghata]]''
* 1952: Sapna
* 1953: ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dhunio.com/movie/anarkali/ |title=Anarkali songs, Anarkali videos, 2005 |access-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305150029/http://www.dhunio.com/movie/anarkali/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>
* 1953: ''[[Aurat (1953 film)|Aurat]]''
* 1953: ''[[Gauhar]]''
* 1953: ''[[Shagufa]]''
* 1953: ''[[Shole]]''
* 1954: ''[[Meenar]]''
* 1954: ''[[Prisoner of Golconda]]''
* 1955: ''[[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]]''
* 1955: ''[[Madh Bhare Nain]]''
* 1955: ''[[Marine Drive (film)|Marine Drive]]''
* 1955: ''[[Sardar (1955 film)|Sardar]]''
* 1956: ''[[Chandrakant]]''
* 1956: ''[[Durgesh Nandini]]''
* 1956: ''[[Hamara Watan]]''
* 1957: ''[[Bandi (film)|Bandi]]''
* 1957: ''[[Chengiz Khan (film)|Chengiz Khan]]''
* 1957: ''[[Hill Station (film)|Hill Station]]''
* 1957: ''[[Mera Salaam]]''
* 1957: ''[[Sammundar]]''
* 1957: ''[[Talaash (1957 film)|Talaash]]''
* 1960: ''[[Ghunghat (1960 film)|Ghunghat]]''
* 1962: ''[[Vallah Kya Baat Hai]]''
* 1963: ''[[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
* 1966: ''[[Daadi Maa]]''
* 1967: ''[[Ram Rajya (1967 film)|Ram Rajya]]''
* 1968: ''Apna Ghar Apni Kahani''<ref>"Indian Filmography", Firoze Rangoonwalla, 1970.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0706790}}

{{FilmfareBestActressAward}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Bina}}
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Isabella Thoburn College alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]

Nalini Ranjan Mohanty

2025-09-24T23:17:29Z

IndiaTurney9471: Made biography

{{Short description|Indian technocrat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nalini Ranjan Mohanty
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1944|11|8}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Bureaucrat, Technocrat
| yearsactive = Since 1965
| known for = [[Public sector]] management
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Ruchi Prativa Samman
}}
'''Nalini Ranjan Mohanty''' is a retired [[IOFS]] officer and former Chairman & Managing Director of the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL).<ref name="'MiG man' Mohanty is next HAL chairman">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/MiG-man-Mohanty-is-next-HAL-chairman/articleshow/472805949.cms | title='MiG man' Mohanty is next HAL chairman | publisher=Times of India | date=13 August 2001 | access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> He is a former president of the [[Aeronautical Society of India]] (ASI) and has been the chairman and managing director of [[Textron]] India.<ref name="Nalini Ranjan Mohanty BE">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=13226639&privcapId=20342697 | title=Nalini Ranjan Mohanty BE | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> A Fellow of the [[Aeronautical Society of India|ASI]] and the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]], Mohanty received the ''Ruchi Prativa Samman'' in 2003.<ref name="Ruchi Prativa Samman">{{cite web | url=http://www.ruchifoodline.com/Images/Prativa%20Samman%20to%20Eminent%20Persons.doc | title=Ruchi Prativa Samman | publisher=Ruchi Food Line | date=2015 | access-date=24 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730195352/http://ruchifoodline.com/Images/Prativa%20Samman%20to%20Eminent%20Persons.doc | archive-date=30 July 2009 }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth-highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2004, for his contributions to Indian industrial sector.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Mohanty was born on 8 November 1944 in the Indian state of [[Odisha]], joined the Regional Engineering College, Rourkela (present day [[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela|National Institute of Technology]]) from where he graduated in mechanical engineering (BTech Hons) in 1965.<ref name="Nalini Ranjan Mohanty Profile Page">{{cite web | url=http://alumni.nitrkl.ac.in/index.php/cb-profile/userprofile/nalini_mohanty | title=Nalini Ranjan Mohanty Profile Page | publisher=National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Alumni | date=2015 | access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> The same year, he joined NIT as a member of faculty and, later, resigned from there to join the [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] (IOFS) <ref name="'MiG man' Mohanty is next HAL chairman" /> after securing the second rank in the All India Engineering Services Examination,.<ref name="Nalini Ranjan Mohanty BE" /> As an IOFS officer, he worked in several ordnance factories in India including [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur|Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur]] and the [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]], Avadi, and, in 1971, joined [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] where he rose through ranks to become its chairman in 2001, the second civilian to hold the post.<ref name="'MiG man' Mohanty is next HAL chairman" /> Three years later, he superannuated from HAL and, in 2007, joined [[Textron]] India, the Indian subsidiary of the American conglomerate and the parent company of [[Bell Helicopters]] and [[Cessna Aircraft Company|Cessna Aircraft]].<ref name="Textron Names N.R. Mohanty Chairman and Managing Director for India">{{cite web | url=http://investor.textron.com/newsroom/news-releases/press-release-details/2007/Textron-Names-NR-Mohanty-Chairman-and-Managing-Director-for-India/default.aspx | title=Textron Names N.R. Mohanty Chairman and Managing Director for India | publisher=Investor.textron.com | date=1 May 2007 | access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

Mohanty has served in many [[Public sector undertakings in India]] such as [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company]], [[Mahanadi Coalfields]], [[Dynamatic Technologies]], [[National Aluminium Company]], [[Bharat Earth Movers]] and Sankhya Infotech in the capacity of non-executive director.<ref name="Nalini Ranjan Mohanty BE" /> He has chaired two joint ventures, the Indo-Russian Aviation Limited and the [[British Aerospace]]-Hindustan Aeronautics Software Limited.<ref name="Textron's India arm headed by Mohanty">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianewengland.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=77AD4400258B41139947336A70D7593A&AudID=182310D47902439AA847170BE1DBB538 | title=Textron's India arm headed by Mohanty | publisher=India New England | date=2 August 2007 | access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> He was a member of the ''Kelkar Committee'', headed by [[Vijay Kelkar]], which examined the private sector participation in defence production,<ref name="Kelkar Committee submits report on defence acquisition">{{cite web | url=https://www.geod.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Kelkar-Committee-submits-report-on-defence-acquisition.pdf | title=Kelkar Committee submits report on defence acquisition | publisher=Geod | date=2015 | access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> and served the ''Society of Defence Technologists'' (SODET) as its chairman.<ref name="Nalini Ranjan Mohanty BE" /> He is a former vice president of the [[Aeronautical Society of India]] (ASI) and is a Fellow of the Society. He is also a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India).<ref name="Nalini Ranjan Mohanty BE" /> He received ''Ruchi Prativa Samman'' in 2003<ref name="Ruchi Prativa Samman" /> and the Government of India included him in the 2004 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" />

== See also ==
* [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]]
{{portal|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Nalini Ranjan}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela]]
[[Category:Indian Ordnance Factories Service officers]]

Vikram Nagar, Ujjian

2025-08-11T04:54:13Z

IndiaTurney9471: cleanup

{{Short description|Upcoming residential locality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Vikram Nagar''' is an upcoming residential locality within [[Ujjain]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. As the number of land developers have increased here, real estate prices have shot up and are comparable to the posh areas of [[Ujjain]]. Vikram Nagar is located near the [[Vikramnagar railway station]] a suburban station of [[Ujjain]]. It is located near [[Vikram University]] as well.<ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/ujjain/ujjain-girl-jumps-off-over-bridge-in-suicide-attempt/1018690 Girl jumps off over-bridge in suicide attempt]</ref><ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/ujjain/ujjain-newly-inaugurated-nagziri-ps-registers-maximum-firs-in-dist-in-24-hrs/1017121 Newly inaugurated Nagziri PS registers maximum FIRs in dist in 24 hrs]</ref><ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/ujjain/ujjain-pardi-women-steal-equipment-from-vus-botany-lab/1010545 Pardi women steal equipment from VU’s botany lab]</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the area is derived from King [[Vikramaditya]] of the [[Ujjaini]] Kingdom.

== See also ==
* [[Ujjain]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ujjain.nic.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630201443/http://ujjain.nic.in/ |date=30 June 2015 }}

{{City of Ujjain}}
{{coord|23.164|75.817|display=title}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Vikram University]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

Barbil

2025-08-07T06:50:44Z

IndiaTurney9471: rework intro for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barbil
| native_name = Badabil
| native_name_lang = or
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.12|N|85.40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Keonjhar district|Keonjhar]]
| established_title = <-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = '''Barbil'''
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 165
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1077
| population_total = 300000
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_rank = 15th
| population_density_km2 = 1978
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages|
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 758035
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06767
| registration_plate = OD-09
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 967 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Barbil''' is a town and a [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]] in the [[Kendujhar district]] (also known as Iron Town) of the state of [[Odisha]], India. The region around Barbil has one of the largest deposits of iron ore and manganese ore in the world. It is a major source of revenue generation for both the central and the state governments.

According to sources, 45% to 48% ST and SCs are living here.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/govt-to-develop-joda-barbil-as-model-towns/|title = Govt to develop Joda, Barbil as model towns|date = 21 July 2018}}</ref> It is a fifth scheduled area under the constitution of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|title=ST & SC Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department:: Government of Odisha|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009133658/http://stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/scheduled-tribes-welfare/fifth-schedule-areas|title = Vikaspedia Domains}}</ref>

==Geography==
Barbil is located at {{coord|22.12|N|85.40|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Barabil.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Barbil}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|477|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Barbil is fully surrounded by hills. The [[Kiriburu]] range runs parallel to it. The surrounding hills are densely forested with predominantly [[Sal (tree)|Sal]] trees. The close proximity to forest has led to several incidents of wild elephants being spotted in the town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/odisha-radio-collars-third-problematic-elephant-out-of-18-identified-244453|title=Odisha radio-collars third ‘problematic’ elephant out of 18 identified|first=Rajendra Prasad|last=Mohapatra|website=Odisha radio-collars third ‘problematic’ elephant out of 18 identified}}</ref>

==Climate==
Barbil has, like all of Odisha, a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw''). It nonetheless has lower average temperatures than most of the state because of higher elevation. Summer afternoons remain sweltering, but winter mornings can be quite cool.

{{Weather box
| location = Barbil, Odisha
| metric first = Y
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 25.6
| Feb high C = 28.1
| Mar high C = 33.2
| Apr high C = 37.3
| May high C = 39.0
| Jun high C = 34.9
| Jul high C = 29.8
| Aug high C = 29.6
| Sep high C = 30.0
| Oct high C = 29.3
| Nov high C = 27.1
| Dec high C = 25.3
| Jan low C = 11.2
| Feb low C = 13.5
| Mar low C = 17.9
| Apr low C = 22.5
| May low C = 25.4
| Jun low C = 25.0
| Jul low C = 23.7
| Aug low C = 23.5
| Sep low C = 23.2
| Oct low C = 20.3
| Nov low C = 14.5
| Dec low C = 10.8
| Jan rain mm = 12
| Feb rain mm = 25
| Mar rain mm = 25
| Apr rain mm = 20
| May rain mm = 56
| Jun rain mm = 201
| Jul rain mm = 354
| Aug rain mm = 370
| Sep rain mm = 237
| Oct rain mm = 65
| Nov rain mm = 11
| Dec rain mm = 2
| rain colour = green
| source= {{cite web | title=Barbil climate: Weather Barbil & temperature by month | website=Climate data for cities worldwide | url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/odisha/barbil-968980/ | access-date=2024-09-26}}
}}

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 India [[census]], Barbil had a population of 66,540.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Barbil has an average literacy rate of 72.18%. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. An additional 50,000 people come to Barbil for work. According to sources, 45% to 48% ST and SCs are living here.<ref name="auto"/>

==Administrations==
Tahasildar and Executive Magistrate<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=565338080&bih=664&biw=360&hl=en&sxsrf=AM9HkKmfKPms69UbYlQxnE1bPCnzwBDeTw:1694952683707&q=Tahasil+Office+Barbil&ludocid=14118425709285913703&lsig=AB86z5WZirvejfkxM0JI-B1V7xA_&kgs=c59142cbd6fb907c&shndl=-1&shem=lbse,lsp&source=sh/x/kp/local/m1/2|title=Tahasil Office Barbil - Google Search|website=www.google.com}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of Barbil is reliant on [[iron ore]] mining industry and steel manufacturing industry. The iron ore mines in the Barbil - Joda region caters to some of the largest steel plants of India like [[Tata Steel]] Jamshedpur, [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]] Bokaro and Rourkela.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tataworld.com/Error?aspxerrorpath=/news/openinside/tata-steels-noamundi-and-joda-east-iron-mines|title=TATAWORLD|website=www.tataworld.com}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Barbil railway station|Barbil Railway Station]] under [[Chakradharpur railway division|Chakradharpur division]] is on a byline in the [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]] of the [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]] connecting the mainline at Rajkharshavan station which is about {{cvt|100|km}} from Barbil. Barbil is connected to Howrah, Bhubaneshwar, Puri, and Tatanagar by train. [[Howrah–Barbil Jan Shatabdi Express|Jan Shatabdi Express]] runs from Howrah to Barbil and one passenger train from Barbil to Tatanagar on daily basis [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-tatanagar-barbil-passenger-58103/5420/168/2890 58103/Tatanagar - Barbil Passenger (UnReserved) - Tatanagar to Barbil SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry].

Barbil is also connected to Bhubaneshwar & Puri by a daily-running [[Puri–Barbil Express|Barbil-Puri Intercity Express]] train. [[Rourkela–Barbil Intercity Express|Rourkela - Barbil Intercity Express]] (Daily) via [[Chakradharpur railway station|Chakradharpur]], [[Rajkharsawan Junction railway station|Rajkharswan]], [[Chaibasa railway station|Chaibasa]] Dongoaposi, Jhinkpani at one can extend the journey to [[Rourkela]] or even [[Sambalpur]] Vizag Chennai Alleppy, etc. towards the south and Bilaspur Nagpur Mumbai towards West and also via Keonjhar Kendujhar. Jajpur Road, Cuttack Bhubaneshwar for connecting trains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/2472/238/7867|title = 18416/Puri - Barbil Express - Bhubaneswar to Banspani ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref> (Puri-Barbil).

== Social activities ==
Organizations in Barbil include Barbil Haalchal,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/BARBILHAALCHAL/?ref=share|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> Native Voice,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://give.do/discover/RK1/native-voice/|title=Native Voice|website=Give Discover}}</ref> Barbil Bikash Parisad,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/aug/09/rail-link-from-odishas-barbil-to-banspani-demanded-2342208.html|title=Rail link from Odisha's Barbil to Banspani demanded|first=Express News|last=Service|date=9 August 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and N.D.C.C.<ref>{{cite web | title=Log into Facebook | website=Facebook | url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2Fbarbil%2F%3Fref%3Dshare | access-date=2024-09-26}}</ref>

== Places of interest ==
Murga Mahadev is a temple beside a picturesque waterfall, dedicated to lord [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatour.in/murga-mahadev-keonjhar/|title=Murga Mahadev Temple & Waterfall, Keonjhar|first=Odisha|last=Tour|date=4 November 2020|website=Odisha Tour}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kendujhar district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Iron ore mining in India]]
[[Category:Mining in Odisha]]

Kalki's Great Escape

2025-07-31T08:37:03Z

IndiaTurney9471: New stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| creator =
| genre = [[Travel]]
| runtime =
| starring = [[Kalki Koechlin]] Joel Koechlin
| country = India
| executive_producer =
| editor =
| network = [[Fox Life]]<ref name="huff">{{cite web|last1=Pathak|first1=Ankur|title=PHOTOS: Kalki Koechlin Hit The Road With Her Dad For This Upcoming TV Show|url=http://m.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/30/photos-kalki-koechlin-hit-the-road-with-her-dad-for-this-upcomi/|website=[[The Huffington Post]]|accessdate=5 September 2016|date=8 August 2016}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|09|18}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalki's Great Escape - Trailer|url=http://www.hotstar.com/kalkis-great-escape-trailer/1000151131|publisher=[[Hotstar]]|accessdate=5 September 2016|archive-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907140745/http://www.hotstar.com/kalkis-great-escape-trailer/1000151131|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| last_aired = present
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
}}

'''''Kalki's Great Escape''''' is an Indian travel [[television show]] that premiered on [[Fox Life]] on 17 September 2016 at 8 p.m. IST. The show is hosted by actor [[Kalki Koechlin]].

''Kalki's Great Escape'' focusses on the bike journey of Koechlin and her father, Joel Koechlin, through Northeast India, exploring the cultures of [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Koechlin and her father covered a journey of nearly {{convert|4000|km}} riding on a [[Royal Enfield]] Himalayan Bike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalki Koechlin's 4,000km biking trip to the Northeast with her father will inspire you to travel.|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/kalki-koechlin-northeast-royal-enfield-fox-life-travel-india-lifetr/1/754044.html|website=[[India Today]]|accessdate=5 September 2016|date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalki's Great Escape}}
[[Category:Travel Channel original programming]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}
{{nonfiction-tv-prog-stub}}

United Front (West Bengal)

2025-07-23T08:20:26Z

IndiaTurney9471:

{{For|the coalition in Kerala|United Front (Kerala)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = United Front
| native_name = {{lang|ur|যুক্তফ্রন্ট}} {{transliteration|bn|Jhuktofront}}
| colorcode = {{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1967|||df=yes}}
| dissolved = {{end date and age|1970|||df=yes}}
| merger = [[United Left Front (1967)|ULF]] + [[People's United Left Front|PULF]]
| website =
| country = India
| abbreviation = UF
| predecessor =
| membership_year =
| position = [[Left-wing politics|Left]] to [[Centre politics|Centre]]
| seats1_title = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|214|294|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}}}[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Election 1969]]
| colours = {{color box|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}|border=darkgray}} Red
| native_name_lang = bn
| eci =
| chairman =
| leader1_title = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Leader]]
| leader1_name = [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
| leader2_title = [[Deputy Chief Minister of West Bengal|Deputy Leader]]
| leader2_name = [[Jyoti Basu]]

| regional =
| symbol =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
}}
The '''United Front''' ({{langx|bn|যুক্তফ্রণ্ট}}) was a political coalition in [[West Bengal]], India, formed shortly after the 1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. It was conceived on 25 February 1967, through the joining of the [[United Left Front (1967)|United Left Front]] and the [[People's United Left Front]], along with other parties. Soon after its formation, a massive rally was held in [[Calcutta]], at which an 18-point programme of the Front was presented. [[Ajoy Mukherjee]], leader of the Bangla Congress, was the head of the United Front.<ref name="rao">Rao, 2003, p. 229.</ref>

The Front formed a state government with Mukherjee as its chief minister and [[Jyoti Basu]] became the Deputy Chief Minister,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/18/stories/2010011852100300.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : A unique political figure|work=thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=15 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330122651/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/18/stories/2010011852100300.htm|archive-date=30 March 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> dislodging the [[Indian National Congress]] for the first time in the history of the state. The ministry took oath on 15 March 1967.<ref name="rao2">Rao, 2003, p. 236.</ref>

==18-point programme==
The points listed in the programme announced in Calcutta promised that the United Front government would ensure availability of primary needs of the people; handle the food crisis, provide rehabilitation to refugees; fight against corruption, nepotism, black-marketing, unemployment, [[food prices]]; pay special attention to women, [[scheduled castes]] and [[adivasi|tribals]]; reorganise the police force to respect democratic rights.<ref name="rao3_2">Rao, 2003, p. 236-237.</ref>

==UF Ministries==
*[[Bangla Congress]]: 3 ministers (General Administration, Home, Industry)
*[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]: 3 ministries (Land and Land Revenue (Reforms), Finance, Transport,)
*[[Communist Party of India]]: 2 ministries (Information, Irrigation and Waterways)
*[[All India Forward Bloc]]: 2 ministries
*[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]: 1 ministry
*[[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]: 1 ministry (Labour)
*[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]: 1 ministry
*[[Workers Party of India]]: 1 ministry
*[[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League]]: 1 ministry
*[[Praja Socialist Party]]: 1 ministry
*[[Lok Sevak Sangh]]: 1 ministry
*[[P.C. Ghosh]] ([[independent (politician)|independent]]): Food and Agriculture

A United Front Committee was formed. Every party in the cabinet had its representative in the committee. The function of the committee was to solve disputes that might arise in the coalition, and coordinate the work in the ministries.<ref name="rao2"/>

==Food issue==
Tackling the food crisis in the state was a major challenge for the United Front government. When in opposition, the parties behind the United Front had made fervent criticisms of the Congress government for not solving the food crisis. Thus, once in government they were under heavy pressure to perform better than their predecessors. The situation deteriorated in March 1967 as the central government allocated far less food relief supplies to West Bengal than the UF government had asked for (the West Bengal government had asked for 1.5 million tons of food grains per year, the central government pledged to provide around 1 million tons per year). P.C. Ghosh made a presentation on the situation to the Legislative Assembly on 29 March 1967.

Differences on how to manage the food crisis provoked ruptures in the Front. Ghosh's policies focused mainly on voluntary measures and incentives to gather food supplies. Following Ghosh's presentation at the assembly, the CPI(M) sharply criticised him for not having procured enough food supplies, as well as for going soft on wealthier landlords. CPI(M) and other left parties in the Front demanded fixed prices of essential food grains. In [[Midnapore]], CPI(M) cadres organised a protest against Ghosh. In other places, meetings were organized by CPI(M) where demands for Ghosh's resignation were raised.

There were another difference between the Food Minister and the left. The Front decided to politize the food question, and attack the central government and the Congress for withholding food grains from West Bengal. A hunger strike outside the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]'s residence for 23 August 1967. Furthermore, a one-day West Bengal [[general strike]] to protest the central government's actions was planned. Ghosh strongly disagreed with these methods of protest. He began threatening to resign, and stopped attending the cabinet meetings.<ref name="rao4">Rao, 2003, p. 237-238.</ref>

==Gheraos==
In the programme of the United Front, it had promised to reorganize the police force not to interfere in democratic movements. A fundamental aspect of this was barring the police from taking actions in labour disputes. After assuming office, the United Front government issued a circular to the police, stating that police would not be able to interfere in ''[[gherao]]s'' (besieging blockades) unless having the permission of the Minister of Labour. Essentially, this resulted in a sharp rise in ''gheraos'' in connection to labour disputes (In May 1967 there were 151 gheraos in West Bengal, compared to 32 in March).

The High Court intervened and nullified the circular. The United Front government responded by issuing a new circular on 12 June 1967. The new circular differentiated between 'legitimate' and 'unlawful' actions in labour conflicts, barring police from intervening in legitimate trade union activities. In the case of unlawful activities the police would be able to intervene, but only after establishing factual grounds. The numbers of gheraos continued to increase, reaching 194 in September. The High Court intervened again, ordering the police force to ignore the circular of the state government in case of gheraos and act in accordance with the law.

As a result of the gheraos, many industrial units were closed down. The Bangla Congress came under pressure from industry owners to stop the gheraos. The Industry and Labour ministries, run by Bangla Congress and SUCI respectively, were at loggerheads with each other.<ref>Rao, 2003, p. 238-239.</ref>

==Naxalbari==
Yet a further complication to the United Front government was the internal divisions within CPI(M). Radical elements, calling for immediate revolution, were present in the second-rank leadership of the party in West Bengal. In the northern parts of the state, [[Charu Majumdar]] and [[Kanu Sanyal]] had built up a power base of their own inside the party ranks. In March 1967 peasants led by the [[All India Kisan Sabha (Ashoka Road)|Krishak Samiti]], the CPI(M) peasants front, began occupying excess lands in [[Naxalbari]]. The revolt grew, and by June reports came that the rebels in Naxalbari had acquired firearms. Inside the United Front differences arose over how to deal with the rebellion. The view of the CPI(M) was that social and economic problems were the cause behind the insurgency, whilst Bangla Congress wished to deal with the rebellion as a law and order problem.<ref name="rao3">Rao, 2003, p. 239-240.</ref>

==Line of CPI(M) on the United Front==
The [[Central Committee]] of the CPI(M) met in Calcutta between 10 and 16 April 1967. At the meeting the line towards the United Front governments in West Bengal and [[Kerala]] was discussed. The strategy approved by the meeting outlined that "The UF government that we now have are to be treated and understood as instruments of struggle in the hands of our people, more than as Governments that actually possess adequate power, that can materially and substantially give relief to the people. In clear class terms our party's participation in such governments is one specific forms of struggle to win more and more people and more and more allies for the proletariat."<ref name="rao55">Rao, 2003, p. 240-241.</ref>

==Ghosh resigns, UF cabinet is dismissed==
As a result of the various political contradictions inside the United Front, [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] resigned from his ministerial post, broke with the UF and formed a new party, the [[Progressive Democratic Front (1967)|Progressive Democratic Front]] along with 16 other members of the Legislative Assembly. Ghosh stated his intention to form a government of his own. The Congress declared their support to Ghosh's bid for power. The governor ordered the Chief Minister to gather the Legislative Assembly in two weeks. Mukherjee responded to the governor that he was unable to do so. On 16 November, the governor dismissed the UF cabinet and let Ghosh form a new cabinet.<ref name="rao55"/>

==UF protests==
The UF claimed that the way the dismissal of their cabinet had been done was illegal. On 22 November 1967, UF gave a call for a mass rally in at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Brigade Parade Grounds]], Calcutta, to protest the actions of the governor. The prohibitory orders were issued against the rally, and the demonstration was attacked by police. In response the UF, Rashtriya Sangram Samiti and labour organisations gave a call for a 2-day general strike in West Bengal. During the strike, several violent incidents were reported and one person was killed. Hundreds were arrested. On 18 December 1967, UF launched a [[civil disobedience]] campaign across the state. 3500 persons were arrested during the campaign, including 14 assembly members. Violent incidents continued to occur. In February 1968, [[President's Rule]] was declared in West Bengal.<ref>"President's Rule Imposed on West Bengal: State Legislature is Dissolved." ''The Times of India ''(1968, 21 February).</ref>

==1969 Assembly election==
{{main|Second Ajoy Mukherjee ministry}}
Fresh elections to the Legislative Assembly were held in February 1969, having been postponed due to severe floods. The United Front presented a 32-point programme ahead of the elections.

The PSP had left the UF, but in [[Midnapore district]] there was an electoral collaboration between PSP and UF. The [[Bangla Jatiya Dal]] had sought to become a member of UF, but its entry had been blocked by Bangla Congress. Except for the parties having held ministries in the UF cabinet, the [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] (which had failed to get any seat in 1967) contested two seats as a member of UF.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Party
!Candidates
!Seats won
!% of votes
|-
|CPI(M)
|97
|80
|19.93%
|-
|BC
|49
|33
|8.33%
|-
|CPI
|36
|30
|6.83%
|-
|AIFB
|28
|21
|5.01%
|-
|RSP
|17
|12
|2.86%
|-
|SSP
|14
|9
|1.86%
|-
|SUCI
|7
|7
|1.53%
|-
|LSS
|7
|4
|0.76%
|-
|ABGL
|4
|4
|0.54%
|-
|WPI
|2
|2
|0.36%
|-
|RCPI
|2
|2
|0.39%
|-
|MFB
|1
|1
|0.21%
|-
|Independents
|12
|9
|2.09%
|}

The result of the election was an overwhelming victory for the UF, with over 50% of the votes and a clear majority in the assembly.

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
; Works cited
* M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front: Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. Prajasakti Book House, Hyderabad. 2003.
{{refend}}

[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:Political history of West Bengal]]
[[Category:1960s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Coalition governments of India]]
[[Category:United fronts]]

Tarapada Roy

2025-07-09T09:28:55Z

IndiaTurney9471: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Tarapada Roy
| honorific_suffix =
| image = TarapadaRoyPic.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1936|11|17}}
| birth_place = [[Tangail]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|08|25|1936|11|17}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| residence =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education =
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'''Tarapada Ray''' ({{langx|bn|তারাপদ রায়}}) was a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer of poems, short stories, and essays. He is especially known for his satirical sense of humour.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |pages=394 |language=en |chapter=Ray, Tarapada}}</ref> He was born on 1 November 1936 in [[Tangail]], now in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Kartik Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W1OAAAAYAAJ |title=Who's who of Indian writers, 1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0873-5 |volume=2 |location=New Delhi |pages=1078 |chapter=Ray, Tarapada}}</ref> He lived in [[Kolkata]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] until his death on 25 August 2007.

== Early life ==
He had his schooling in Bangladesh where he passed his matriculation from Bindubasini High English School. In 1951, he came to Calcutta to attend college. He studied economics in Central Calcutta College (presently [[Maulana Azad College]]). For a time he taught in a school in Habra in North 24 Parganas.

Apart from numerous short stories and essays (mostly satirical), he wrote many poems as well. His first collection of poems, "Tomar Pratima" was published in 1960. He also wrote several short shorties commemorating his childhood days spent in East Bengal (Bangladesh). Among his most important works are novel like Charabari Porabari and travelogue like Neel Digante Tokhon Magic. He died on 25 August 2007. He was survived by a son and his wife. He was suffering from [[kidney failure]] for the last few months. He was so enthusiastic about writing, that it was reported that he even wrote several pieces from his hospital.

Tarapada had close friendship with Hollywood actor [[Wallace Shawn]] and famous author [[Deborah Eisenberg]].

==Selected bibliography==
*''Kandogyan''
*''Bidda Buddhi''
*''Bhadralok(gentleman)''
*''Mandhata''
*''Buddhishuddhi''
*''Gyan gomyi''
*''Dodo tatai palakahini''
*''Swanirbachita Tarapada Roy''
*''Chilam bhalobashar neel potakatole shadhin''
*''Charabari Porabari''
*''Balish''
;Poem Collection
*''Tomar protima - 1960''
*''Chhiam Bhalobasar Nil Patatae Swadhin - 1967''
*''Kothay Jachchhen Tarapada Babu - 1970''
*''Neel Digante Ekhon Magic - 1974''
*''Pata O Pakhider Alochana - 1975''
*''Bhaobasar Kabita - 1977''
*''Daridrarekha - 1986''
*''Durbhikker Kabita''
*''Jaler Moto Kabita - 1992''
*''Din Ani Din Khai - 1994''
*''Tubeshishur Baba - 1995''
*''Bhalo Achho Garib Manus - 2001''
*''Kobi O Parashini - 2002''

==Awards==
*Shiromani award
*Katha award (1995)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Tarapada}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:People from Tangail District]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Maulana Azad College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category: Writers from Kolkata]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Rajasthan Pradesh Youth Congress

2025-05-18T09:33:46Z

IndiaTurney9471:

{{Short description|Organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox political youth organization
| name= Rajasthan Youth Congress
| native_name= राजस्थान युवा कांग्रेस
| colorcode= DeepSkyBlue
| logo= [[File:Indian Youth Congress Logo.jpg|200px]]
| president = [[Abhimanyu Poonia]]
| national president = [[Srinivas BV]]
| national in charge = [[Krishna allavaru]]
| state in charge = [[Abraham Roy Mani]]|[[Dr. Palak Verma]]|[[Manju Tongad]]
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Populism]]|[[Social liberalism]]|[[Democratic socialism]]|[[Social democracy]]|[[Secularism]]}}
| founder = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| founded = 1970
| headquarters = 13E, Sawai Jaisingh Highway, Jaipur, Rajasthan
| website = [http://iyc.in/ iyc.in]
}}
The '''Rajasthan Youth Congress''' or Rajasthan Pradesh Youth Congress is the state wing of the [[Indian Youth Congress]], youth wing of [[Indian National Congress]].[[Abhimanyu Poonia]] is the incumbent president of the Rajasthan Youth Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=डूंगरपुर : गणेश घोघरा को बनाया यूथ कांग्रेस का प्रदेशाध्यक्ष, डूंगरपुर कांग्रेस में जश्न का माहौल|url=https://firstindianews.com/news/Anuj verma 0777 President-of-Youth-Congress-271239898|access-date=2020-08-16|website=firstindianews.com|language=en}}</ref>

==List of Presidents==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.no
! President
! colspan=3|Term
|-
!1.
|[[Ashok Chandna]]
|28 March 2013
|7 April 2020
|'''{{ayd|2013|3|28|2020|4|7|}}'''
|-
!2.
|[[Mukesh Bhakar]]
|7 April 2020
|14 July 2020
|'''{{ayd|2020|4|7|2020|7|14|}}'''
|-
!3.
|[[Ganesh Ghogra]]
|14 July 2020
|3 December 2023
|'''{{ayd|2020|7|14|2023|12|3|}}'''
|-
!4.
|[[Abhimanyu Poonia]]
|3 December 2023
|'''Incumbent'''
|'''{{ayd|2023|12|3|}}'''
|-
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.iyc.in iyc.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729211103/https://iyc.in/ |date=29 July 2021 }}

[[Category:Indian Youth Congress|*]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-stub}}

Veyyalore Nagar Panchayat

2025-05-08T13:47:18Z

IndiaTurney9471: creating stub!

{{short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2024}}

{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Veyyalore
| native_name = Veyya luru
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.45606|N|79.688|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2234
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Veyyalore Town Panchayat''' (''Veyyalore Gram Panchayat''), is located in Keerapalayam district in [[Cuddalore district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=தமிழக ஊராட்சிகளின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/tn_village_details.pdf |website=tnrd.gov.in |publisher=தமிழ்நாடு ஊரக வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் ஊராட்சித்துறை}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blks_info.php?dcode=30&blk_name=Agastiswaram&dcodenew=28&drdblknew=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033159/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blks_info.php?dcode=30&blk_name=Agastiswaram&dcodenew=28&drdblknew=1 | archive-date=2016-03-05 | title=Taluk Information }}</ref> This panchayat falls under [[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency]]
and [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency]].
This panchayat has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies. 7 Panchayat Council members are elected from these.<ref name="panchayat">{{Cite web |title=Village Panchayat |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/coresite/download/Village_Panchayat.pdf |website=www.tamilvu.org}}</ref> According to the 2011 India Census, the total population is 2234. Among them 1120 females and 1114 males.

== Villages ==
List of villages located in this panchayat:<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Habitation in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/Habitation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912134237/http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/Habitation.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-12 |website=Lwww.tnrd.gov.in}}</ref>

# Paripoorana nattam
# Veyyalur

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Villages in Cuddalore district]]
{{Cuddalore district}}

RDX: Robert Dony Xavier

2025-01-14T02:13:58Z

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#REDIRECT [[RDX (film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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}}

Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)

2024-09-21T15:26:02Z

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#REDIRECT [[Muhammad Shah IV]]

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Pattia

2024-07-08T12:30:58Z

IndiaTurney9471: minor adjusted formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pattia
| other_name = Pulopattia / Patia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Great Nicobar]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 11
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 645155
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pattia''', also known as Pulopattia, is a village in the [[Nicobar district]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Great Nicobar]] [[tehsil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095346/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Pattia has 2 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 10%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |access-date=2015-07-21 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 11 || 8 || 3
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 11 || 8 || 3
|-
| Literates || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Workers (all) || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers (total) || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 11 || 8 || 3
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nicobar district }}

{{coord|27|22|N|79|29|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Great Nicobar tehsil]]

Ghanpur, Vikarabad district

2024-06-02T06:37:40Z

IndiaTurney9471: added a place and citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.608576|N|77.783596|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vikarabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 598
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08416
| registration_plate = TS-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sangareddy]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:0.958 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Ghanpur''' is a village ('''Ghanpur''', [[Gram panchayat]]) in [[Marpalle]] [[Mandal (disambiguation)|mandal]], [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626072308/https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|archivedate=26 June 2022|format=PDF|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ghanpur is located at {{Coord|17.608576|N|77.783596|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Ghanpur6.html Ghanpur6 at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 598 metres (1965 ft).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

Tim Boyd

2024-02-17T17:01:08Z

IndiaTurney9471: slightly correct page to improve readability and fixed typos to improve readability

{{short description|American religious leader}}
{{for|the American golfer|Tim Boyd (golfer)}}
'''Timothy Breck Boyd '''(born October 22, 1953) is a [[theosophist]] religious leader who was elected the president of the [[Theosophical Society Adyar]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Theosophical-society-looks-at-change-under-new-head/articleshow/34851217.cms|title=Theosophical society looks at change under new head| work=The Times of India | date=May 9, 2014 | accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ts-adyar.org/content/about-ts#Past_International_Presidents | title=International Presidents | publisher=The Theosophical Society International Headquarters Adyar | accessdate=3 September 2014 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113090637/http://www.ts-adyar.org/content/about-ts#Past_International_Presidents | archivedate=13 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Theosophical-Society-President-Hopes-to-Involve-Youth-in-Voluntary-Services/2014/05/10/article2215612.ece1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021836/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Theosophical-Society-President-Hopes-to-Involve-Youth-in-Voluntary-Services/2014/05/10/article2215612.ece1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 5, 2014 | title=Theosophical Society President Hopes to Involve Youth in Voluntary Services | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=10 May 2014 | accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref> He succeeded [[Radha Burnier]], who had been president of the Theosophical Society Adyar from 1980 until her death in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Radha-Burnier-president-of-Theosophical-Society-dies-at-90/articleshow/25048170.cms | title=Radha Burnier, president of Theosophical Society, dies at 90 | publisher=Times of India | date=Nov 1, 2013 | accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Boyd was born in [[New York City]] and lived there for seventeen years until he went away to college at [[Brown University]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. From Brown University he transferred to the [[University of Chicago]], where he was an honors graduate with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Public Affairs.

==Career==
On October 5, 1974 he joined the [[Theosophical Society in America]]. Together with Bill Lawrence, a TS member, and others he founded a Theosophical spiritual community in Chicago's inner city. The group formed the Royal Associates, a business that initially focused on reclaiming and renovating some of the deteriorating residential buildings in their area. Royal Associates would develop residential buildings for low and middle-income families. The organization’s work helped stabilize neighborhoods through the training and employment of local youth and the creation of affordable homes for area residents.

In 1988 he started as a national lecturer for the TSA. From 1996 to 2000 he worked in hospice services as a volunteer in a team that involved doctors, social workers, and nurses. In 2007 Boyd became president of the [[Theosophical Order of Service]] (TOS) USA. In 2014 he was elected president of the Theosophical Society Adyar and he assumed office as their eighth international president at the international Headquarters in Adyar on April 27, 2014.

==Personal life==
He currently divides his time between the TSA headquarters in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], India and the [[Olcott Estate]] in [[Wheaton, Illinois|Wheaton]], [[Illinois]], where he lives with his wife, Lily, and daughter, Angelique.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theosophical.org/president-s-bio | title=Biography Tim Boyd | publisher=TSA | accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://theosophical.org/ Theosophical Society in America]
* [http://www.ts-adyar.org/ Theosophical Society Adyar]

{{Theosophy }}
{{Theosophy series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyd, Tim}}
[[Category:American Theosophists]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]